tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Two Cases of Empyema Quickly Following Simple Pleural Effusions
Authors: S. A. Bontor
Journal: BMJ (1892)

anid be very moderate in smoking: nourishment was ordered in small bulk, but frequently.Eight days after first being called to see him he had a business meeting in his house, smoked, played cards, ate a good dinner and went to bed feeling very well.Next morning he was awakened by a pain in his chest, flatulence, and vomiting.He had no marked pallor; constant wearing pain in left chest, midway between the nipple and the shoulder.Pulse 90, soft, regular, compressible; ten- sion notincreased or prolonged; no rigidity or thickening of arterial
The Thyrotropin Receptor and the Regulation of Thyrocyte Function and Growth*
Authors: GILBERT VASSART, JACQUES E. DUMONT
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1992)

IN classical physiology, the main regulation of the thyroid gland involves a positive control by pituitary TSH. The pituitary thyrotrophs that synthesize and secrete TSH are submitted to tonic stimulation by the hypothalamic TRH and to negative feedback by T3, which is generated in these cells from plasma T4 (1, 2). The predominant role of TSH in thyroid regulation is exemplified by physiological experiments and pathological situations. Hypophysectomy, or treatment with thyroid hormones that reduces plasma TSH levels without interfering with other pituitary functions, almost abolishes thyroid function and greatly reduces the weight and cell mass of the gland. Conversely, chronic inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and thus of their secretion, which greatly enhances TSH plasma levels, enhances thyroid growth and iodine metabolism upstream from the inhibited step. In pathology, hyperthyrotropinemia caused by pituitary adenomas induces hyperthyroidism and goiter. Hypopituitarism or an isolated TSH deficiency causes hypothyroidism and thyroid atrophy. Although the recent findings of receptors and effects of various cytokines, growth factors, and neurotransmitters in the thyroid may convey another impression, TSH and its receptor constitute the main regulatory pathway of the thyroid (3). of the thyroid (3). The predominant role that TSH plays in the activation of the cAMP cascade in thyroid regulation is exemplified by the hypothyroidism found in patients with Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy and by the hyperthyroidism of McCune-Albright syndrome patients who have, respectively, a congenital deficiency or a stimulatory mutation of as, the GTP binding protein that activates adenylate cyclase (4, 5). Of course, the activity of the TSH receptor and its dependent cascades is modulated by a whole network of regulatory agents and receptors. The main thyroid-specific control is exerted by iodide, presumably through an oxidized derivative. Various neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, adenosine, etc.), local hormones (prostaglandins, atrionatriuretic factor, etc.), growth factors (epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factors, etc.) and cytokines [interferon, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and others], also regulate thyroid metabolism, but the agents involved and their effects vary from one species to another and the physiological role of these agents remains unknown (3, 6).
The Origin of the Jingwei Gene and the Complex Modular Structure of Its Parental Gene, Yellow Emperor, in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Wen Wang, Jianming Zhang, Carlos Alvarez, Ana Llopart, Manyuan Long
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

Jingwei (jgw) is the first gene found to be of sufficiently recent origin in Drosophila to offer insights into the origin of a gene. While its chimerical gene structure was partially resolved as including a retrosequence of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH:), the structure of its non-ADH: parental gene, the donor of the N-terminal domain of jgw, is unclear. We characterized this non-ADH: parental locus, yellow emperor (ymp), by cloning it, mapping it onto the polytene chromosomes, sequencing the entire locus, and examining its expression patterns in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that ymp is located in the 96-E region; the N-terminal domain of ymp has donated the non-ADH: portion of jgw via a duplication. The similar 5' portions of the gene and its regulatory sequences give rise to similar testis-specific expression patterns in ymp and jgw in Drosophila teissieri. Furthermore, between-species comparison of ymp revealed purifying selection in the protein sequence, suggesting a functional constraint in ymp. While the structure of ymp provides clear information for the molecular origin of the new gene jgw, it unexpectedly casts a new light on the concept of genes. We found, for the first time, that the single locus of the ymp gene encompasses three major molecular mechanisms determining structure of eukaryotic genes: (1) the 5' exons of ymp are involved in an exon-shuffling event that has created the portion recruited by jgw; (2) using alternative cleavage sites and alternative splicing sites, the 3' exon groups of ymp produce two proteins with nonhomologous C-terminal domains, both exclusively in the testis; and (3) in the opposite strand of the third intron of ymp is an essential gene, musashi (msi), which encodes an RNA-binding protein. The composite gene structure of ymp manifests the complexity of the gene concept, which should be considered in genomic research, e.g., gene finding.
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: Translating Basic Knowledge into Clinical Practice
Authors: Aaron D. Schimmer
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of antiapoptotic proteins that bind and inhibit caspases 3, 7, and/or 9, but not caspase 8. Growing evidence also indicates that IAPs also modulate cell division, cell cycle progression, and signal transduction pathways. As our basic understanding of IAPs has increased, the knowledge is being translated into clinically useful applications in the diagnosis and treatment of malignancy. For example, IAPs such as survivin are being investigated as diagnostic markers for the presence of occult malignancy. In addition, IAP overexpression is a poor prognostic marker in a variety of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Finally, IAPs are attractive therapeutic targets, and efforts are under way to develop antisense and chemical IAP inhibitors that may be useful for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. For all of these potential clinical applications, however, the challenge remains to incorporate these findings into actual clinical practice.
Was the “ABC” Approach (Abstinence, Being Faithful, Using Condoms) Responsible for Uganda's Decline in HIV?
Authors: Elaine M Murphy, Margaret E Greene, Alexandra Mihailovic, Peter Olupot-Olupot
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Uganda is one of the few African countries where rates of HIV infection have fallen, from about 15 percent in the early 1990s to about five percent in 2001. At the end of 2005, UNAIDS estimated that 6.7 percent of adults were infected with the virus. The reasons behind Uganda's success have been intensely studied in the hope that other countries can emulate the strategies that worked. Some researchers credit the success to the Ugandan government's promotion of "ABC behaviors"--particularly abstinence and fidelity. Uganda receives funds from the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, which promotes the ABC approach with a focus on abstinence-driven public health campaigns. Other researchers question whether the ABC approach was really responsible for the decline in HIV infection. Critics of the ABC approach also argue that by emphasizing abstinence over condom use, the approach leaves women at risk of infection, because in many parts of the world women are not empowered to insist on abstinence or fidelity.
Potential Dilemma: The Methods of Meeting Automotive Exhaust Emission Standards of the Clean Air Act of 1970
Authors: Warren T. Piver
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

This review attempts to provide an overview of the interconnected industrial changes associated with compliance with the exhaust emission standards of the Clean Air Act of 1970. To understand the complex nature of air pollution problems, Federal legislation, and compliance with this legislation requires an understanding of automotive technology, petroleum refining, atmospheric chemistry and physics, economics, and public health. The endeavors of all of these different areas impinge to a greater or lesser extent on the final response to the Clean Air Act which is designed to safeguard public health. This overview begins by examining gasoline refinery practice and gasoline composition. Included in this discussion are average values for trace contaminants in gasoline, and an explanation of the function of the many gasoline additives. Next, exhaust emissions are characterized, average values of exhaust components given, and a summary of important atmospheric air pollution reactions presented. Emission control devices and sulfate emissions from these devices are described. This is followed by a complete discussion of methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, a substitute antiknock for tetraethyllead. In the event TEL is legally banned from gasoline, or removed because it poisons the catalytic muffler surface, this manganese antiknock is the most efficaous replacement. In this discussion, the adverse health effects caused by exposure to manganese oxide particulates, the possible exhaust emission products from this additive, are examined in detail. The review concludes with comments on automotive engine and gasoline composition redesign as an approach to automotive air pollution.
UK universities are on the case
Authors: J. V Parle, P. Begg
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Zosia Kmietowicz’s article on physician assistants was encouraging1—Ms Allen is an excellent role model. In the UK, a framework defining the role and education of physician assistants has been developed,2 and some 100 students are currently training in four centres, with two more medical schools planning courses. In …
Medical Education in Greece
Authors: GEORGE T. HARRELL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Abroad1 February 1975Medical Education in GreeceGEORGE T. HARRELL, M.D., F.A.C.P.GEORGE T. HARRELL, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-278 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA third medical school for Greece, to be built at the new University of Patras, has been proposed. The existing schools are in Greece's two largest cities, Athens and Thessaloníki. Patras, the third largest city and a major seaport on the northwestern coast of the Peloponnesus, is in the midst of an agricultural region without heavy industry and serves as a trading and cultural center for a wide area.The major growth of population in Greece has been in the cities. The rural population has increased slightly and is centered around small villages clustered in the hills; family ties are... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: 2010 Eastridge Road, Timonium, Maryland The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center The Pennsylvania State University PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMedical education in Greece: Necessary reforms need to be re-considered 1 February 1975Volume 82, Issue 2Page: 278-279KeywordsMedical education Issue Published: 1 February 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
SMALL-POX VACCINATION BY PUNCTURE
Authors: H. W. Hill
Journal: BMJ (1917)

IJudging from tejo sugar roactions, the organismn corre- spondis iost closely witlh Strepteoooc 8 fatcecls, except as rogards raffinose, whlichi is unaffected by Streptocovcct3 faccalis as a -rule4 It greweasily on most lmedia iwhich had a sowlewhiLt alkaline: eaction.On nmarkedly acid mediuLml I -was unable to obta.in a growth.It grew well
Pseudo-Sjögren Syndrome With Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: John A. Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Eight patients with parotid enlargement were seen because of varying musculoskeletal complaints. All were overweight and hypertensive; six had diabetes mellitus, four had palpable hepatomegaly, and six were 49 years or older. One patient had arthritis type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. Four patients had varying degrees of fibrositis, and two of these also had osteoarthritis. Of the others, one each had gout, Reiter syndrome, and restless legs syndrome. All had hyperlipoproteinemia type IV or IIB, and none abused alcohol. None of these patients have true Sjögren syndrome. (<i>JAMA</i>237:1582-1584, 1977)
Endothelial Dysfunction and Damage in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Aun Yeong Chong, Andrew D. Blann, Jeetesh Patel, Bethan Freestone, Elizabeth Hughes, Gregory Y.H. Lip
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with endothelial perturbation (as defined by flow-mediated endothelial-dependent vasodilation [FMD, an index of endothelial dysfunction], circulating endothelial cells [CECs, an index of endothelial damage], or plasma indexes of endothelial damage/dysfunction [eg, von Willebrand factor (vWf) and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM)]) and raised plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP, a peptide hormone associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and prognosis). However, the relations between these parameters are unclear. Methods and Results— To test the hypothesis that there is a relation between endothelial perturbation (defined by FMD, CECs, vWf, and sTM) and BNP in CHF, we studied these indexes in 30 patients with CHF who were compared with 20 age-matched control subjects. FMD, CECs, plasma vWf, and BNP levels (but not sTM) were all abnormal in patients with CHF. There were significant inverse correlations between FMD and vWf ( P =0.001), CECs ( P =0.002) and BNP ( P =0.006) as well as a positive correlation between CECs and vWf ( P =0.032). In multivariate analysis, BNP ( P &lt;0.001) and FMD ( P &lt;0.001) were both independently associated with CHF. Conclusions— Ample evidence of endothelial cell damage/dysfunction in CHF cannot be fully explained by the variance in plasma BNP per se. Therefore, the routes by which these indexes influence the pathophysiology of CHF as well as predict adverse outcomes may be independent.
652. Adeno-Associated Vector Delivery of Gutamate Transporters in an ALS Mouse Model
Authors: Christine Haenggeli, Brian Kaspar, Jeffrey Rothstein
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. The cause of motor neuron degeneration remains largely unknown and there is to date no effective therapy. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Paradoxically, overactivation of glutamatergic neurons and extracellular accumulation of glutamate contributes to neuronal cell death observed in acute and chronic CNS insults, including ALS. The increased glutamate levels surrounding vulnerable motor neurons result from a pronounced loss of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in affected ALS brain regions. EAAT2 (called GLT1 in rodents) is the predominant glutamate transporter in the CNS and is present on astrocytes. Loss of GLT-1 protein and function also occurs in mouse and rat ALS models.
Effect of acetylcholine on aconitine induced delayed afterdepolarisation in the frog atrium and ventricle
Authors: T. SAWANOBORI, Y. HIRANO, M. HIRAOKA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1987)

The effect of acetylcholine on the aconitine induced delayed afterdepolarisation and triggered electrical activities under nominally calcium free conditions were studied in frog atrium and ventricle. The changes in intracellular potassium activity were also examined. The aconitine induced delayed afterdepolarisation and triggered electrical activities in atrial muscles were transiently suppressed by acetylcholine. This inhibition was correlated with the time course of the development of hyperpolarisation in the resting membrane potential during acetylcholine application. Propranolol did not abolish the transient inhibition of delayed afterdepolarisation during continuous application of acetylcholine, whereas atropine completely inhibited this effect of acetylcholine. Intracellular potassium activity decreased with time after acetylcholine application, whereas the resting potential became hyperpolarised at an early stage, showing slow recovery thereafter. These results indicate that the transient inhibition of delayed afterdepolarisation by acetylcholine is associated with transient hyperpolarisation of the membrane potential, which is assumed to be caused by potassium accumulation or desensitisation of the muscarinic receptor, or both.
Plasma levels of opioid peptides after sunbed exposures
Authors: T. Gambichler, A. Bader, M. Vojvodic, A. Avermaete, M. Schenk, P. Altmeyer, K. Hoffmann
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Summary Background Previous studies have indicated that solar and artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiation have a positive influence on psychological variables such as mood and emotional state. Circulating opioid peptides have been suggested as being important in this effect. Objectives To investigate in a controlled trial the influence of UVA radiation on opioid peptide levels. Methods We determined plasma levels of β-endorphin immunoreactive material (IRM) and met-enkephalin in UV-exposed ( n = 35) and non-exposed ( n = 9) healthy volunteers. On the first day of the study, blood samples were taken from the volunteers (time A). UVA irradiation was subsequently administered with an air-conditioned tanning device. During the UV exposures the volunteers wore opaque goggles. Twenty minutes after UV exposure, blood samples were collected again (time B). Within the following 3 weeks the volunteers had a series of five UV exposures. On the last day of the study (24 h after the sixth UV exposure) blood samples were collected (time C). The cumulative UVA doses were 96 J cm −2 for skin type II and 126 J cm −2 for skin type III. The controls had no UV exposures. Plasma β-endorphin IRM and met-enkephalin levels were determined using radioimmunoassays. Results At all times of blood collection (A, B, C), there were no significant differences in plasma levels of β-endorphin IRM and met-enkephalin between UV-exposed and non-exposed volunteers ( P > 0·05). Conclusions UVA irradiation does not significantly elevate plasma levels of β-endorphin IRM and met-enkephalin. Therefore we suggest that psychological benefits claimed to occur after UV exposure are unlikely to be mediated by the types of circulating opioid peptides measured in this study.
Expression and Function of Endothelial Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Activated K <sup>+</sup> Channels in Human Mesenteric Artery
Authors: Ralf Köhler, Christiane Degenhardt, Meike Kühn, Norbert Runkel, Martin Paul, Joachim Hoyer
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (K(Ca)) channels have been suggested to play a role in the control of endothelial functions such as regulation of vascular tone and cell proliferation. We established a method for single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis in combination with the patch-clamp technique to characterize K(Ca) channel expression and function in single endothelial cells (ECs) within the endothelial monolayer of intact human mesenteric arteries (MAs) and in disease states. We tested whether endothelial K(Ca) channel expression and function are altered in MAs obtained from patients with colonic adenocarcinoma (CA) compared with those in MAs from non-cancer patients with inactive diverticulitis. Expression of the intermediate-conductance K(Ca) channel (hIK1) was detected in non-cancer and CA patients. In whole-cell patch-clamp measurements, only ECs expressing hIK1 exhibited corresponding K(Ca) currents, whereas respective K(Ca) currents were missing in hIK1-negative ECs. This heterogeneity of hIK1 expression patterns is indicative of a specialized subset of ECs within the endothelial monolayer. In CA patients, compared with non-cancer patients, a 2.5-fold increase in hIK1-expressing ECs per MA was observed (P:<0.05). However, K(Ca) current densities in hIK1-expressing ECs of both groups were similar. In addition to hIK1, expression of the large-conductance K(Ca) channel (hSlo) was detected in single ECs from CA patients. The increased K(Ca) channel expression in CA patients resulted in a 2. 7-fold increase of bradykinin-induced endothelial hyperpolarization compared with controls (P:<0.05). This increased expression and function of K(Ca) channels might indicate an altered functional state of the endothelium in cancer patients and could play a role in tumor angiogenesis.
Acute psoriasis associated with Lancefield Group C and Group G cutaneous streptococcal infections
Authors: CATRIONA A. HENDERSON, A.S. HIGHET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Involvement of Streptococcus pyogenes (beta haemolytic streptococcus, Lancefield Group A) infection, usually of the throat, in acute exacerbations of psoriasis is well known. We report here two cases of an acute psoriatic eruption associated in one patient with Group C streptococcal cellulitis and in another with Group G streptococcal intertrigo.
Interleukin-10 Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia After Angioplasty or Stent Implantation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits
Authors: Laurent J. Feldman, Luc Aguirre, Marianne Ziol, Jean-Pierre Bridou, Nathalie Nevo, Jean-Baptiste Michel, P. Gabriel Steg
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation is the main cause of in-stent restenosis. Activated monocytes play a key role in intimal growth. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent monocyte deactivator, endogenously produced in the atherosclerotic plaque. We tested the hypothesis that exogenous IL-10 may limit postangioplasty intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty or stenting. Methods and Results —Hypercholesterolemic rabbits were treated with recombinant human IL-10 (rhuIL-10) for 3 days after balloon angioplasty or 28 days after stent implantation. High IL-10 serum levels and intense deactivation of circulating monocytic cells, assessed by inhibition of IL-1β release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood, were detected for at least 8 hours after rhuIL-10 intravenous injection (ELISA). Morphometric analyses, performed 28 days after injury, indicated that rhuIL-10 reduced intimal growth by ≈50% after balloon angioplasty or stenting, resulting in more preserved lumen in stented arteries. Moreover, rhuIL-10 reduced macrophage infiltration by 67% and proliferative activity by 81% in the intima and the media. No toxic effect was detected except minor changes in blood cell count. Conclusions —The anti-inflammatory cytokine rhuIL-10 reduces postinjury intimal hyperplasia. The potent attenuation of in-stent intimal growth by rhuIL-10 and its favorable toxicity profile suggest that rhuIL-10 may be useful in the prevention of in-stent restenosis.
Habitual rumination: a benign disorder.
Authors: D F Levine, D L Wingate, J M Pfeffer, P Butcher
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Nine patients who habitually ruminated after meals underwent clinical tests and psychological questioning. Barium meal radiography showed no abnormalities. In one patient oesophageal manometry detected an abnormally large gastric pressure wave 20 minutes after food. Although four patients had family psychiatric histories and three histories of overdose, anorexia nervosa, and mild reactive depression, none had any present serious psychiatric disorder. Behavioural therapy to reduce rumination was successful in one patient. Most patients responded to reassurance that the habit was harmless. Since the condition is a distinct clinical syndrome it may be recognised early with minimal investigations if doctors are aware of its existence.