tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Harold Kniest Faber, Virginia Murray
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

Repeated injections into the blood stream of streptococci and stapnylococci derived from cases of scarlet fever, and of Bacillus coli communior failed to produce typical glomerulonephritis even when immune antibodies could be demonstrated in the serum in high dilutions. Bacteriolysis of streptococci was not found by the usual tests in intro or by the Pfeiffer procedure. It is therefore concluded that the weight of evidence is against the theory that glomerulonephritis is due to immune bacteriolysis of streptococci. The experiments also failed to give any support to the hypothesis of allergy or. of sensitization as a factor in the production of the disease. Evidence is presented to show that bacterial emboli are rapidly removed from the glomerular capillaries by leukocytes, and that this embolism, even after injections of enormous quantities of bacteria, affects but a small proportion of the glomeruli. It is again suggested that a circulating poison in the soluble state is responsible directly for the disease in question.
Interactions Among Antibiotics and Other Drugs
Authors: Sherwin A. Kabins
Journal: JAMA (1972)

With the increasing use of multiple therapeutic agents, it has become increasingly evident that the pharmacologic action of a drug may be quantitatively altered in patients receiving other drugs. Antibiotics may interact with unrelated nonantibiotic drugs, and the result may be the enhanced or decreased activity of the antibiotic or other drug. Two antibiotics may be administered in combination in order to (1) delay emergence of resistant organisms; (2) treat mixed or undiagnosed infections; or (3) enhance the rate of bactericidal action. Whether a combination of antibiotics will be synergic, additive, indifferent, or antagonistic frequently is not predictable. In vitro tests are required to determine synergic combinations. Interactions and the mechanisms of these interactions involving antimicrobial agents in man are reviewed in this communication. <h3>Interactions Among Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Drugs</h3> The magnitude of the problem of drug interactions is unknown, and it is probable that the clinician is unaware of
Tolbutamide Mortality in the Six "Phenformin Clinics"
Authors: Holbrooke S. Seltzer
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I had serenely awaited publication of the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) findings on phenformin (<b>217</b>:777-784, 1971), knowing that the acceptable mortality among patients treated with tolbutamide in the six "phenformin clinics" would largely exonerate it as a killer drug. I was therefore taken aback to find the tolbutamide data omitted from the report on the grounds that "... The mortality data for patients in the tolbutamide group in the six clinics administering phenformin were similar to, although not as conclusive as, the mortality data observed for patients in this treatment group in the other six clinics" (p 779). This statement is incompatible with the UGDPfindings reproduced in the Table, in which values are collated for both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the five treatment groups in all 12 clinics, the first six "non-phenformin clinics," and the last six "phenformin clinics," respectively. In particular, the cardiovascular
Avoidable factors in stroke: Smoking, drinking, and hypertension
Authors: P Langhorne
Journal: BMJ (1994)

patients may also be taking an antidepressant with anticholinergic properties and, almost routinely, receive an anticholinergic drug such as procyclidine to prevent or alleviate rigidity.Though some patients with anticholinergic intoxication will be "hot as a hare, blind as a bat, red as beetroot, and mad as a hatter," in psychiatric practice they will more probably be noticed to have a fever and will be diagnosed as having the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.Patients considered to have this syndrome should always be examined for the physical hallmarks of anticholinergic intoxication, particularly pupillary dilatation and dry skin and mucous membranes.The investigation and treatment of this condition are considerably less enigmatic than those of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and have been well described by Lipowski.3
Are All Readmissions Bad Readmissions?
Authors: Eiran Z. Gorodeski, Randall C. Starling, Eugene H. Blackstone
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Are All Readmissions Bad Readmissions?To The Editor: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) view readmission for any reason after an index hospitalization for heart failure as a sign of poor quality of care."From the patient perspective, readmission from any cause is an adverse event." 1 Little consideration has been given, however, to a potential association between readmissions and mortality, an outcome that is of primary interest to medical professionals and the general public.We examined the association between riskadjusted readmission and risk-adjusted death within 30 days after hospitalization for heart failure among 3857 hospitals included in the CMS Hospital Compare public reporting database (www .hospitalcompare.hhs.gov) that had no missing data.We used linear regression analysis with restricted cubic splines 2 (piecewise smoothing polynomials) (Fig. 1).Analysis was performed with the use of R, version 2.10.1 (www.r-project.org), and Harrell's Hmisc library.A higher occurrence of readmissions after index admissions for heart failure was associated with lower risk-adjusted 30-day mortality.Our findings suggest that readmissions could be "adversely" affected by a competing risk 3 of death -a patient who dies during the index episode of care can never be readmitted.Hence, if a hospital has a lower mortality rate, then a greater proportion of its discharged patients are eligible for readmission.As such, to some extent, a higher readmission rate may be a consequence of successful care.Furthermore, planned readmissions for procedures or surgery may represent appropriate care that decreases the risk of death, but this is not accounted for in Hospital Compare.These observations are consistent with a recent study of 3999 Medicare beneficiaries in California who were hospitalized at various hospitals with a principal diagnosis of heart failure.Hospitals that used more resources had lower mortality rates. 4 It is unclear why the relation between 30-day readmissions and 30-day mortality was flat among hospitals with the lowest readmission rates (Fig. 1).We speculate that this has to do with variations in hospital characteristics between hospitals with low readmission rates versus those with high readmission rates or in hospitals' approaches to
A MURINE VIRUS (JHM) CAUSING DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS WITH EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION OF MYELIN
Authors: Orville T. Bailey, Alwin M. Pappenheimer, F. Sargent Cheever, Joan B. Daniels
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949)

A description has been given of the pathologic changes produced experimentally in animals by the inoculation of a virus material obtained from a mouse with spontaneous encephalomyelitis. The most distinctive feature of the lesions in the central nervous system is the widespread destruction of myelin. Giant cells derived from a variety of tissue elements characterize the early lesions. The liver in the majority of cases is the seat of focal necrosis. In some mice, infected with large doses by the intravenous route, there is produced massive necrosis of the liver, with fat infiltration and calcification. Giant cells are occasionally found in lymphatic tissue, but no significant changes were noted in other organs. Inclusions or elementary bodies were not demonstrated in the lesions. Similar lesions were produced by the inoculation of mouse virus into hamsters. In rats, the lesions were of a more chronic character. The relation of this disease to other demyelinating diseases of man and animals is discussed.
Idiotypic immunization induces immunity to mutated p53 and tumor rejection
Authors: Pedro J. Ruiz, Roland Wolkowicz, Ari Waisman, David L. Hirschberg, Pnina Carmi, Netta Erez, Hideki Garren, Johannes Herkel, Marcela Karpuj, Lawrence Steinman, Varda Rotter, Irun R. Cohen
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Effect of day care attendance on sensitization and atopic wheezing differs by Toll-like receptor 2 genotype in 2 population-based birth cohort studies
Authors: Adnan Custovic, Janet Rothers, Debbie Stern, Angela Simpson, Ashley Woodcock, Anne L. Wright, Nicolaos C. Nicolaou, Jenny Hankinson, Marilyn Halonen, Fernando D. Martinez
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
US Supreme Court to decide whether health reform law is constitutional
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The US Supreme Court agreed this week to decide whether President Barack Obama’s health reform act, passed in March 2010 ( BMJ 2010;340:c1635, doi:10.1136/bmj.c1635), is constitutional.

Members of the Democratic Party support the law; Republicans strongly oppose it. The White House expressed confidence in its constitutionality. However, the recent rulings of the Supreme Court have tended to be strictly conservative.

The court will hear unusually long oral arguments, probably next March, and is likely to issue its decision by late June 2012, in the heat of the presidential campaign.

The court said that it would rule on a challenge to the law brought by 26 Republican state governors and attorneys general who …
What went wrong with the quality and safety agenda? An essay by Michael Buist and Sarah Middleton
Authors: M. Buist, S. Middleton
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Despite huge investment in quality and safety over the past two decades, healthcare is still failing to learn the lessons from its mistakes. <b>Michael Buist</b> and <b>Sarah Middleton </b>examine the reasons and call for a shift in medical culture
Polysomy for Chromosomes 1 and 19 Predicts Earlier Recurrence in Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas with Concurrent 1p/19q Loss
Authors: Matija Snuderl, April F. Eichler, Keith L. Ligon, Quynh U. Vu, Michael Silver, Rebecca A. Betensky, Azra H. Ligon, Patrick Y. Wen, David N. Louis, A. John Iafrate
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Loss of chromosome arms 1p and 19q is a molecular feature of oligodendroglial tumors characterized by responsiveness to chemotherapy and a favorable prognosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of polysomy of chromosomes 1 and 19 in the setting of 1p/19q codeletion.We analyzed 64 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q loss or maintenance diagnosed at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital from 1996 to 2005; fluorescence in situ hybridization for 1p/19q and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was done. Polysomy was defined as more than two 1q and 19p signals in >30% of the cells with concurrent 1p/19q deletion. Tumors were divided into groups based on their 1p/19q status and compared for progression-free survival, overall survival, and 5-year survival probabilities.Forty-six tumors (72%) in our cohort had 1p/19q loss and 18 (28%) had 1p/19q maintenance. Of those with loss, 19 (41%) had concurrent polysomy and 27 (59%) lacked polysomy. In agreement with previous studies, the group of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q loss had significantly better progression-free survival and overall survival than anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q maintenance (P = 0.0009 and P < 0.0003, respectively). Among anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q loss, those with polysomy showed shorter progression-free survival than those with 1p/19q loss without polysomy (P = 0.0048). Overall survival was similar in tumors with and without polysomy. The Ki-67 labeling index was not associated with polysomy and did not have prognostic significance.The presence of polysomy in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with deletion of 1p/19q is a marker of earlier recurrence.
Changes in Sexual Behavior and a Decline in HIV Infection among Young Men in Thailand
Authors: Kenrad E. Nelson, David D. Celentano, Sakol Eiumtrakol, Donald R. Hoover, Chris Beyrer, Somboon Suprasert, Surinda Kuntolbutra, Chirasak Khamboonruang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

In Thailand the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is of recent origin. Because of the high seroprevalence of HIV among sex workers, the Ministry of Public Health began a program in 1990 and 1991 to promote the use of condoms during commercial sex. We evaluated the effect of this and other programs to prevent HIV infection in Thailand.
Gallium-67 Scan of a Patient With African Variety of Burkitt??s Lymphoma Involving Waldeyer??s Ring
Authors: SUNIL K. ROHIRA, JAY A. BIANCO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

A 10-year-old black boy presented with Burkitt's lymphoma involving Waldeyer's ring. The sensitivity of Ga-67 in the detection of this disease approaches 95-100%. The African variety presents as a tumor in the jaw associated with spread to meningeal and bone marrow sites. Epstein Barr virus is present in more than 90% of these patients. Because the tumor doubling time of Burkitt's lymphoma is about 72 hours, rapid diagnosis of the extent of disease as well as treatment is vital. Therefore, staging is not very helpful. A baseline scan helps detect gallium avidity and defines the extent and distribution of the disease. Radiotherapy of the tumor may cause loss of Ga-67 uptake, which returns on relapse in more than half the patients.
Is the fluoroscopic image always a true representation of the position of an endoscopically placed device?
Authors: B. Mangiavillano, E. Masci, P. Testoni
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Malignant lesions are the most common cause of large-bowel obstruction, accounting for more than 150 000 deaths annually worldwide [1], and up to 75 % of colorectal cancers occur in the left colon [2]. Since their first description by Dohmoto in 1991 [3], self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) have provided an alternative to surgery for effective palliation in the management of colorectal obstructions [4]. Despite the fact that the technique of endoscopic SEMS placement under radiographic control has become fairly standard, the fluoroscopic image of the guide wire correctly positioned through a malignant stricture might sometimes not be a true representation of the actual position, however.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in Great Britain: influence of age, sex, HBsAg status, and aetiology of underlying cirrhosis.
Authors: P J Johnson, N Krasner, B Portmann, A L Eddleston, R Williams
Journal: Gut (1978)

An analysis of 294 patients who died with cirrhosis showed that 24% had developed hepatocellular carcinoma. Haemochromatosis and HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis were high risk groups (36% and 42% respectively) and the frequency was lowest in primary biliary cirrhosis and HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis (3% and 11% respectively). Those with hepatocellular carcinoma showed a striking male preponderance (11:1) and further analysis has shown that the proportion developing this tumour in each group was closely related to the proportion of males in that group (r=0.97). Age was the only other significant factor, malignant change occurring more commonly in those over the age of 50 years than those below (30% and 7% respectively, P less than 0.005). The indluence of HBsAg was largely accounted for by the known predisposition of males to carry HBsAg. The group of patients who had developed this tumour without cirrhosis were younger (mean age 39 years) and had a lower male to female ratio of 1.1:1 and the place of contraceptive-related tumour within this group is dicussed.
An Illustrated History of Brain Function
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The graphic presentation of ideas, embodied in contemporary illustrations, can give the historian a surprising insight into the culture and thought processes as they develop through the ages. This is especially true in the various fields of human biology. The collection and analysis of illustrative material throws great light on the historical development, and is receiving more and more attention as a tool for historical study. This new book, by Clarke and Dewhurst, is a splendid addition to the select list of comparable works. The volume complements many areas in the earlier book by Clarke and O'Malley, that had dealt with historical aspects of brain anatomy and function. Clarke and Dewhurst, concerning themselves with quite specific aspects, have gathered together a fabulous collection of illustrations, all of which express in one or another way concepts of functional localization in the brain. Each of the 157 pictures has a legend, usually
Relationship Between Cows' Milk Consumption and Incidence of IDDM in Childhood
Authors: Knut Dahl-Jørgensen, Geir Joner, Kristian F Hanssen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

Objective To compare age-standardized incidence rates of diabetes in children 0–14 yr of age and cows' milk consumption in various countries. Research Design and Methods Ecological correlation study. Only incidence rates from diabetes registries carefully validated by the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Study Group were used-Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Denmark, United States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Canada, France, Israel, and Japan. Data on fluid cows' milk consumption in corresponding countries were obtained from the International Dairy Federation. Results Correlation between milk consumption and incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was 0.96. The data fit a linear regression model, and analysis showed that 94% of the geographic variation in incidence might be explained by differences in milk consumption. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that cows' milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of IDDM.
Down Syndrome—New Prospects for an Ancient Disorder
Authors: Stewart L. Einfeld
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Erythema elevatum diutinum - evidence for disease-dependent leucocyte alterations and response to dapsone
Authors: J. Grabbe, N. Haas, A. Möller, B.M. Henz
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a type of leucocytoclastic vasculitis of unknown aetiology. We report a patient with unusually widespread and disabling EED that had been unresponsive to corticosteroids and antibiotics, but resolved on dapsone. Biopsies of fresh lesions showed typical features of leucocytoclastic vasculitis, with prominent neutrophil infiltration, marked expression of the β2-integrins CR3 and LFA-1, and increased mast cell numbers. Older lesions exhibited granulation tissue and fibrosis, macrophages were more dominant, β2-integrins were expressed less markedly, and mast cell numbers were lower. In vitro chemotaxis of the patient's peripheral blood neutrophils prior to treatment showed increased random migration and directed migration towards interleukin-8 (by 424%), but a profoundly decreased responsiveness towards the bacterial peptide analogue N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) (by 98%). These values returned to normal after dapsone treatment and clinical improvement 5 months later. These findings support the concept that in EED, activation via cytokines such as interleukin-8 allows a selective recruitment of leucocytes to tissue sites, while immune complexes and bacterial peptides sustain the persistent local inflammatory infiltrate and the leucocytoclastic vasculitis.
Pain Relief in Advanced Cancer
Authors: G W Hanks
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The genetic factors that contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly understood. Many candidate genes have been proposed, including enzymes that protect the lung against oxidative stress, such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). To date, most reported findings have been for EPHX1, particularly in relation to functional variants associated with fast and slow metabolism of epoxide intermediates. The present study aimed to identify any association of variation in these genes with COPD susceptibility or severity. In total, 1,017 white COPD patients and 912 nondiseased age and sex matched smoking controls were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EPHX1 (including the fast and slow variants and associated haplotypes), and eight SNPs in the two genes encoding GCL. GCL is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione, a major contributor to anti-oxidant protection in the lung. No association of variation was found in EPHX1 or GCL with susceptibility to COPD or disease severity. This is the largest reported study to date and is well powered to detect associations that have been previously suggested. The current data indicate that these genetic variants are unlikely to be related to susceptibility or disease severity in white chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
p27kip1 acts as a downstream effector of and is coexpressed with the β1C integrin in prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mara Fornaro, Giovanni Tallini, Duo-Qi Zheng, W. Michael Flanagan, Michela Manzotti, Lucia R. Languino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Integrins are a large family of transmembrane receptors that, in addition to mediating cell adhesion, modulate cell proliferation. The β1C integrin is an alternatively spliced variant of the β1 subfamily that contains a unique 48–amino acid sequence in its cytoplasmic domain. We have shown previously that in vitro β1C inhibits cell proliferation and that in vivo β1C is expressed in nonproliferative, differentiated epithelium and is selectively downregulated in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Here we show, by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis, that β1C is coexpressed in human prostate epithelial cells with the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1, the loss of which correlates with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. In the 37 specimens analyzed, β1C and p27kip1 are concurrently expressed in 93% of benign and 84%–91% of tumor prostate cells. Forced expression of β1Cin vitro is accompanied by an increase in p27kip1 levels, by inhibition of cyclin A–dependent kinase activity, and by increased association of p27kip1 with cyclin A. β1C inhibitory effect on cell proliferation is completely prevented by p27kip1 antisense, but not mismatch oligonucleotides. β1C expression does not affect either cyclin A or E levels, or cyclin E–associated kinase activity, nor the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. These findings show a unique mechanism of cell growth inhibition by integrins and point to β1C as an upstream regulator of p27kip1 expression and, therefore, a potential target for tumor suppression in prostate cancer.