tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol Screening of Children
Authors: Wendy L. Stuhldreher
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor. —  In their article describing tracking of cholesterol levels in school-age children, Lauer and Clarke 1 provided no data describing the dietary intake of their subjects and how changes in dietary intake during the study period may have influenced total blood cholesterol levels over time.  The link between diet and coronary artery disease received increasing attention by the mass media during the study period (1971 through 1986), and recommendations to reduce consumption of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were widely disseminated. Indeed, a recent analysis 2 of 171 studies completed in the United States showed a steady decline in total and saturated fat consumption from the middle 1960s to 1984, while polyunsaturated fatty acid intake increased. The subjects followed up in the Lauer and Clarke study were told their blood cholesterol values. That knowledge may have given those with high values an incentive to make dietary
Long term in vivo biotransformation of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Michael Levy, Nathalie Luciani, Damien Alloyeau, Dan Elgrabli, Vanessa Deveaux, Christine Pechoux, Sophie Chat, Guillaume Wang, Nidhi Vats, François Gendron, Cécile Factor, Sophie Lotersztajn, Alain Luciani, Claire Wilhelm, Florence Gazeau
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Barriers to using warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Melina Gattellari, Nicholas A Zwar, John M Worthington, Sandy Middleton
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Anticoagulation is underused in the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Choudhry et al show that adverse outcomes from anticoagulation have greater influence on its management than occurrences of avoidable ischaemic stroke.1 They speculate that this result arises from undue fear or concern about adverse consequences of anticoagulation.

We are conducting a representative national survey of 1000 Australian general practitioners, addressing how fear of anticoagulation affects management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Our preliminary findings indicate that aversion to the risk of …
Pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression in transgenic mice protects against development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Mark W. Geraci, Bifeng Gao, David C. Shepherd, Mark D. Moore, Jay Y. Westcott, Karen A. Fagan, Lori A. Alger, Rubin M. Tuder, Norbert F. Voelkel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) is the final committed enzyme in the metabolic pathway leading to prostacyclin (PGI2) production. Patients with severe pulmonary hypertension have a PGIS deficiency of their precapillary vessels, but the importance of this deficiency for lung vascular remodeling remains unclear. We hypothesized that selective pulmonary overexpression of PGIS may prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension. To study this hypothesis, transgenic mice were created with selective pulmonary PGIS overexpression using a construct of the 3.7-kb human surfactant protein-C (SP-C) promoter and the rat PGIS cDNA. Transgenic mice (Tg+) and nontransgenic littermates (Tg–) were subjected to a simulated altitude of 17,000 ft for 5 weeks, and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured. Histology was performed on the lungs. The Tg+ mice produced 2-fold more pulmonary 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (PGF1α) levels than did Tg– mice. After exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia, Tg+ mice have lower RVSP than do Tg– mice. Histologic examination of the lungs revealed nearly normal arteriolar vessels in the Tg+ mice in comparison with vessel wall hypertrophy in the Tg– mice. These studies demonstrate that Tg+ mice were protected from the development of pulmonary hypertension after exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia. We conclude that PGIS plays a major role in modifying the pulmonary vascular response to chronic hypoxia. This has important implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of severe pulmonary hypertension.
The role of empathy in the formation and maintenance of social bonds
Authors: Cameron Anderson, Dacher Keltner
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

A primary function of empathy is to help individuals form and maintain social bonds. Empathy should thus occur only when individuals seek to solidify social bonds, and not in response to any opportunity to process others' emotions. Empathy should also involve only certain types of emotion – specifically, emotions that facilitate social bonds – and not any and all types of emotion.
Cardiac-enriched LIM domain protein fhl2 is required to generate IKs in a heterologous system
Authors: S Kupershmidt
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Objective: Co-expression of the KvLQT1 and minK potassium channel subunits is required to recapitulate IKs, the slow component of the cardiac delayed rectifier current, and mutations in either gene cause the congenital Long QT syndrome. It is becoming increasingly well-recognized that multiprotein channel complexes containing proteins capable of modulating channel function assemble at the plasma membrane. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify proteins involved in IKs modulation. Methods and results: Using a yeast-two-hybrid screen with the intracytoplasmic C-terminus of minK as bait, we identified the cardiac-enriched four-and-a-half LIM domain-containing protein (fhl2) as a potential minK partner. We show interaction between the two proteins in GST pulldown assays and demonstrate overlapping subcellular localization using immunocytochemistry of transfected cells supporting a potential interaction. At the functional level, expression of KvLQT1and minK in HEK cells, which lack endogenous fhl2 protein, generated IKs only when fhl2 was co-expressed. By contrast, in CHO-K1 cells, which express fhl2 endogenously, IKs was suppressed by anti-fhl2 antisense which did not affect the currents generated by KvLQT1alone. Conclusion: These data indicate that at least in heterologous cells, the generation of IKs requires fhl2 as an additional protein component.
REPORT OF A CASE OF INTUSSUSCEPTION
Authors: A. L. SHARBER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

In presenting the following case of intussusception which came under my care, I wish to call attention to its most unusual phases, which were of great interest to me and to those of my colleagues who saw the operations. <h3>Patient.—</h3> On April 1, 1910, I was called to see I. H., white, aged 21, a dairyman, single, with family history as follows: Mother living and widow; father died at age of 81, of senility; one brother living, married and in good health. Two sisters living, one married, one single, both enjoying good health. No history of tuberculosis, cancer, rheumatism, heart, kidney or nervous trouble. The patient used no tobacco or spirits; drank coffee three times a day: at times drank quantities of tea. Habits regular, except constipation. He had had most diseases of childhood; had never had diphtheria, scarlet or typhoid fever, pneumonia, kidney or heart trouble. Genitourinary examination was
ACE inhibitors are endothelium dependent vasodilators of coronary arteries during submaximal stimulation with bradykinin
Authors: W. Auch-Schwelk, C. Bossaller, M. Claus, K. Graf, M. Grafe, E. Fleck
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on vascular tone of isolated coronary arteries was determined in the presence of bradykinin and other vasodilators to elucidate the mechanisms leading to augmented bradykinin effects during ACE inhibition.Rings of isolated bovine and human coronary arteries were mounted in organ chambers for measurement of isometric force. The effects of lisinopril, enalaprilat, and captopril were investigated in the presence of submaximal concentrations of bradykinin or other vasodilators.ACE inhibitors alone did not affect vascular tone. Threshold concentrations of bradykinin (10(-10) M), kallidin (10(-9.5) M), and the slowly degraded bradykinin agonists D-Arg(Hyp3)-bradykinin (10(-9.5) M) and [Hyp3-Tyr(Me)8]-bradykinin (10(-10.5) M) caused partial relaxation of bovine rings with endothelium. Subsequent addition of ACE inhibitors markedly potentiated the relaxations to the kinins. Bradykinin concentrations in the organ bath measured by a specific bradykinin radioimmunoassay remained stable during the addition of lisinopril. Variation of the exposure time to bradykinin (10 to 60 min) did not affect the relaxations to the ACE inhibitor. The relaxations to lisinopril were not observed after either removal of the endothelium or incubation with nitro-l-arginine or the bradykinin-2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140. Other vasodilators including acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate, substance P, or SIN-1 did not prime the rings to respond to ACE inhibitors. Endothelium dependent relaxation to lisinopril and captopril was also observed in human coronary arteries treated with bradykinin (> or = 10(-7) M), but not in those treated with substance P (10(-8) M).ACE inhibitors selectively potentiate endothelium dependent relaxations to submaximal concentrations of bradykinin in bovine and human coronary arteries by a local mechanism. This effect on endothelial cells might occur in addition to augmented bradykinin concentrations in the blood and reduced angiotensin II generation.
Comparison of Fluid Hysteroscopy and CO<sub>2</sub>Hysteroscopy
Authors: M. Seki, L. Mettler, K. Semm
Journal: Endoscopy (1982)

A total of 247 women were subjected to liquid and CO2-hysteroscopy used as adjuncts in the screening of bleeding abnormalities in reproductive and post-menopausal groups. A point system of scoring proved quite useful. Using CO2-hysteroscopy the percentage of the detected malignancies corresponded to the percentages obtained by curettage in the age group of these patients. In liquid hysteroscopy, a group already suspicious for malignancy yielded a higher percentage of malignancies detected than normally expected. In post-menopausal women 41.7 % of the cases examined were malignant. The nine point scoring system used in liquid hysteroscopy correlated well with the histological findings. Both hysteroscopic techniques have their application and both are complementary, since they can be used for different indications in the visualization of the uterine cavity.
Allen-Barker-Hines Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<b>Diagnosis of Peripheral Vascular Diseases</b>, by A. Kappert, 308 pp, 368 illus, Fr 98, DM 88, Hans Huber Publishers, 1971. In 1946 Allen, Barker, and Hines, all internists at the Mayo Clinic, produced the comprehensive<i>Peripheral Vascular Diseases</i>which immediately became one of the best texts in the field. The new authors of the 4th edition are also internists, who have written 22 of the 36 chapters by themselves or with collaborators and have involved others in both basic and clinical fields to write the remaining chapters. Surgery is now interwoven with medicine to give a balanced approach consistent with today's realities. The book is divided into three portions, the first on basic considerations, the second on specific diseases, the third on principles of management which sum up and recapitulate much of the earlier material. It is interesting to note the Mayo Clinic attitudes toward certain trends. They take Frederickson's
Characterization of Nonresponse to High Caloric Oral Nutritional Therapy in Depleted Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: EVA C. CREUTZBERG, ANNEMIE M. W. J. SCHOLS, CLARIE A. P. M. WELING-SCHEEPERS, WIM A. BUURMAN, EMIEL F. M. WOUTERS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Nutritional support can increase body weight and physiologic function in COPD, but there are some patients who do not respond to nutritional therapy. The aim of this prospective study was to describe the nonresponse to 8 wk of oral nutritional supplementation therapy (500 to 750 kcal/d extra), implemented in an inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program, with respect to lung function, body composition, energy balance, and systemic inflammatory profile in 24 (16 male) depleted patients with COPD. On the basis of the weight change after 8 wk, patients were divided into three groups (Group 1: weight gain < 2% of baseline body weight, n = 5; Group 2: weight gain 2 to 5%, n = 9; Group 3: weight gain ⩾ 5%, n = 10). Although no differences were seen in lung function and body composition, Group 1 was characterized by older age, a lower baseline dietary intake/resting energy expenditure (REE) ratio, and a greater number of users of continuous supplemental oxygen when compared with Group 3. In addition, Group 1 exhibited higher baseline concentrations of fasting glucose and LPS-binding protein than did Groups 2 and 3. The concentrations of the soluble TNF- receptors 55 and 75 were elevated in Groups 1 and 2 when compared with Group 3. Furthermore, a significant, inverse correlation coefficient between baseline dietary intake and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule was revealed (r = − 0.50, p = 0.016). On linear regression analysis, age, baseline intake/REE ratio, sTNF-receptor 55, and extracellular/intracellular water (ECW/ICW) ratio were selected as independent, significant parameters contributing to a total explained variation of 78% in weight change after nutritional therapy. In conclusion, nonresponse to nutritional therapy in COPD is associated with ageing, relative anorexia, and an elevated systemic inflammatory response. Further research is needed to investigate whether these factors contribute to eventual disturbances in intermediary metabolism as reflected by the increased glucose concentration and ECW/ICW ratio. Creutzberg EC, Schols AMWJ, Weling-Scheepers CAPM, Buurman WA, Wouters EFM. Characterization of nonresponse to high caloric oral nutritional therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Immunoreactive calcitonin in leukaemia.
Authors: C J Hillyard, D G Oscier, R Foa, D Catovsky, J M Goldman
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of immunoreactive human calcitonin (HCT) in plasma and leucocytes from patients with various leukaemic and myeloproliferative disorders. Plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations were increased in 32 out of 33 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and in all eight patients with acute myeloid leukamia (AML) at presentation or in relapse. Out of 11 patients with other myeloproliferative disorders, eight had increased plasma immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Buffy-coat-cell extracts and culture media from peripheral leucocytes of patients with CGL also contained increased immunoreactive HCT concentrations. In contrast, plasma from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and AML in remission had low or undetectable immunoreactive HCT concentrations. Increased plasma and cellular concentrations of immunoreactive HCT may be a consequence of abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells and might prove to be valuable in predicting relapse in patients with myeloid leukaemias.
A CASE OF FATAL ANEMIA, SECONDARY TO PYELONEPHRITIS, IN AN INFANT OF ELEVEN MONTHS.
Authors: HOWARD CHILDS CARPENTER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The following case illustrates the great importance of examining the urine of infants: <h3>History.</h3> —Agnes M., a white infant, 11 months old, was brought to the medical dispensary of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Sept. 13, 1907. The father was in good health and the mother was a well-nourished woman, but suffered from indigestion, and was of a nervous disposition. She had had ten children, nine of whom were living, and all were well except the patient. The baby, whose birth preceded the patient's, was born dead after a difficult instrumental delivery, due to some abnormal presentation. Two maternal aunts and one paternal uncle died of tuberculosis. The patient's birth was difficult, being a face presentation. The physician in attendance stated the baby weighed 12 pounds at birth, although he did not weigh the baby with scales. The patient since birth had been fed exclusively on the breast. The mother
Surgery Useful for Morbid Obesity, but Safety and Efficacy Questions Linger
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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Nurse practitioners and the future of general practice
Authors: J. Alcolado
Journal: BMJ (2000)

In my daily clinical practice I work closely and happily with nurses who specialise in looking after patients with diabetes. An increasing number of tasks, previously the domain of doctors, are carried out by nurses. So why do I feel uneasy about the nurse practitioner in general practice?

Firstly, I am concerned that the title is not protected. A newly qualified nurse can be a nurse practitioner. At present they tend to have considerable experience and maturity—they have often spent several years as practice nurses or sisters in accident and emergency departments. But what of the future? When I receive a referral from a medical colleague I make certain assumptions about their training and experience. They will have gone to medical school, been through vocational training, and, almost invariably, be members of the Royal College of General Practitioners. When I receive a letter from a nurse practitioner, I have no way of knowing the background of the individual.

> When is a nurse really a doctor in all but name? 

Secondly, I am concerned …
Human papillomaviruses in anogenital warts in children: Authors' reply
Authors: K A Fleming, A F Padel
Journal: BMJ (1990)

and i blockers.But those who favour these drugs for first line treatment because of circumstantial evidence, as Professor Sever does, while disregarding the proved safety and efficacy of the older drugs in long term intervention trials threaten to return us to the dark ages of therapeutics.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VARIATION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF GROUP-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE BY STREPTOCOCCAL VARIANT STRAINS
Authors: Elia M. Ayoub, Burton A. Dudding
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A temperature-dependent alteration in the synthesis of the group-specific polysaccharide was found to occur in two "variant" streptococcal strains, A-486-Var and C 121/46/4. These strains synthesize a polysaccharide with variant immunochemical characteristics when grown at 37 degrees C. However, when these organisms are grown at lower temperatures, 22 degrees C, an enhanced synthesis of Group A carbohydrate occurs. Other variant strains show no appreciable alteration of the cell wall carbohydrate composition when grown at lower temperatures. Studies on an intermediate strain show that this organism has a propensity for the synthesis of a polysaccharide with higher glucosamine content and enhanced Group A serological reactivity when grown at 22 degrees C. Immunochemical studies performed on the carbohydrates produced by the A-486-Var at various temperatures revealed that the appearance of Group A serological reactivity at lower temperatures is due to the additional synthesis of a polysaccharide with Group A specificity along with the continued synthesis of a variant carbohydrate. This finding contrasts with data obtained on the carbohydrate produced by the intermediate organisms that appears to consist predominently of one molecule bearing dual A and variant antigenic determinants.
Immune mechanisms of allergen‐specific sublingual immunotherapy
Authors: P. Moingeon, T. Batard, R. Fadel, F. Frati, J. Sieber, L. Van Overtvelt
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Sublingual immunotherapy has been shown in some clinical studies to modulate allergen‐specific antibody responses [with a decrease in the immunoglobulin E/immunoglobulin G4 (IgE/IgG4) ratio] and to reduce the recruitment and activation of proinflammatory cells in target mucosa. Whereas a central paradigm for successful immunotherapy has been to reorient the pattern of allergen‐specific T‐cell responses in atopic patients from a T helper (Th)2 to Th1 profile, there is currently a growing interest in eliciting regulatory T cells, capable of downregulating both Th1 and Th2 responses through the production of interleukin (IL)‐10 and/or transforming growth factor (TGF)‐ β . We discuss herein immune mechanisms involved during allergen‐specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), in comparison with subcutaneous immunotherapy. During SLIT, the allergen is captured within the oral mucosa by Langerhans‐like dendritic cells expressing high‐affinity IgE receptors, producing IL‐10 and TGF‐ β , and upregulating indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), suggesting that such cells are prone to induce tolerance. The oral mucosa contains limited number of proinflammatory cells, such as mast cells, thereby explaining the well‐established safety profile of SLIT. In this context, second‐generation vaccines based on recombinant allergens in a native conformation formulated with adjuvants are designed to target Langerhans‐like cells in the sublingual mucosa, with the aim to induce allergen‐specific regulatory T cells. Importantly, such recombinant vaccines should facilitate the identification of biological markers of SLIT efficacy in humans.