tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Review of Gastric Freezing
Authors: Donald C. McIlrath, George A. Hallenbeck
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Studies in animals indicate that gastric freezing is often followed by necrosis. As the "freezing" procedure is currently performed clinically however, either none or only a small portion of the stomach actually freezes solidly. Probably for this reason, gastric "freezing" is reasonably safe when performed under carefully controlled conditions with the temperature of the coolant and the duration of the procedure regulated according to recommendations of Wangensteen and his associates. Effectiveness of gastric "freezing" for duodenal ulcer is difficult to assess at present because most of the clinical data available are from uncontrolled studies. In our judgment there is not yet enough evidence that gastric freezing is superior to standard methods of treatment for duodenal ulcer to justify its widespread use, and the procedure should be considered experimental.
Abstract 1151: HER2- and EGFR-specific Affiprobes - Novel recombinant optical probes for cell imaging
Authors: Ilya Lyakhov, Monika Kuban, Rafal Zielinski, Gabriela Kramer-Marek, Jacek Capala
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The human epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR (Her1, ErbB1) and HER2 (HER2/neu, ErbB2, or c-erb-b2) are members of EGFR (ErbB) family of cell-surface receptors/tyrosine kinases: EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4. There are several identified ligands for these receptors (except HER2), including EGF and TGF-alpha, that induce receptor dimerization followed by tyrosine autophosphorylation, which leads to cell proliferation. EGFR and HER2 are found overexpressed in a number of cancer types, such as breast, ovarian, salivary gland, stomach, kidney, colon, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. Research has shown that EGFR- or HER2-positive cancers represent a more aggressive disease with greater likelihood of recurrence, poorer prognosis, and decreased survival rate compared to EGFR- or HER2-negative cancers. The details of HER2 proto-oncogenic function, its internalization mechanism, and subcellular trafficking are not fully understood, partially because the availability of imaging reagents and tools for detection of EGFR and HER2 is still restricted to medium/low affinity antibody conjugated to small-molecule dyes. We have created photo-stable and relatively simple-to-prepare imaging probes for in vitro staining of EGFR and HER2. These new reagents, called Affiprobes, consist of the targeting moiety, a HER2- or EGFR-specific Affibody® molecule, and a fluorescent detection moiety mCherry (Red), or EGFP (Green). These fluorescent proteins were chosen due to their high stability and solubility and low toxicity for eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, HER2 and EGFR receptors can be detected simultaneously using corresponding optical filter sets. Our flow cytometry and confocal microscopy experiments demonstrated high specificity and signal/background ratio for the Affiprobes. This type of optical probe can be easily extended to targeting other cell-surface antigens/receptors using different Affibody® molecules and fluorescent proteins. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1151.
Clinical Experience With the 20-Minute 99mTc-Neck/Thigh Ratio: A Quick, Simple, Reproducible Test of Thyroid Function
Authors: FRANK VIERAS, CHARLES M. BOYD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

Technetium-99m neck/thigh ratios were obtained in 110 patients referred for evaluation of thyroid function by injecting 2 mCl of 99mTc-pertechnetate intravenously and 20 minutes after injection, taking 1-minute counts over the neck and thigh with a standard radionuclide uptake probe. The Tc-99m neck/thigh ratio was: 1) normal in all 46 patients judged to be free of thyroid disease; 2) normal in 28 and elevated in 6 of 34 patients with nontoxic goiters; 3) elevated in all 12 untreated hyperthyroid patients; 4) normal in all 5 patients with hypothyroidism; and 5) reliable in monitoring response to therapy for hyperthyroidism. Correlation was higher with the 2-hour 131I thyroid uptakes (r = 0.987) than with the 24-hour uptakes (r = 0.826). The 20-minute 99mTc-neck/ thigh ratio is a quick, safe, simple reproducible and reliable thyroid function test for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, followup of treated hyperthyroid patients, and for the evaluation of nontoxic goiters. The test is not useful in hypothyroidism. It is a measure of the trapping function of the thyroid gland; elevated values are indicative of a hyperactive thyroid trapping mechanism.
Chloroquine induces human mononuclear phagocytes to inhibit and kill Cryptococcus neoformans by a mechanism independent of iron deprivation.
Authors: S M Levitz, T S Harrison, A Tabuni, X Liu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans are common in AIDS patients. We investigated the effect of chloroquine, which raises the pH of phagolysosomes, on the anticryptococcal activity of mononuclear phagocytes. C. neoformans multiplied within monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in the absence of chloroquine but were killed with the addition of chloroquine. Ammonium chloride was also beneficial, suggesting that effects were mediated by alkalinizing the phagolysosome. Chloroquine inhibits growth of other intracellular pathogens by limiting iron availability. However, chloroquine-induced augmentation of MDM anticryptococcal activity was unaffected by iron nitriloacetate, demonstrating that chloroquine worked by a mechanism independent of iron deprivation. There was an inverse correlation between growth of C. neoformans in cell-free media and pH, suggesting that some of the effect of chloroquine on the anticryptococcal activity of MDM could be explained by relatively poor growth at higher pH. Chloroquine enhanced MDM anticryptococcal activity against all tested cryptococcal strains except for one large-capsule strain which was not phagocytosed. Positive effects of chloroquine were also seen in monocytes from both HIV-infected and -uninfected donors. Finally, chloroquine was therapeutic in experimental cryptococcosis in outbred and severe combined immunodeficient mice. Thus, chloroquine enhances the activity of mononuclear phagocytes against C. neoformans by iron-independent, pH-dependent mechanisms and is therapeutic in murine models of cryptococcosis. Chloroquine might have clinical utility for the prophylaxis and treatment of human cryptococcosis.
Optimum dosage of 5-aminosalicylic acid as rectal enemas in patients with active ulcerative colitis.
Authors: M Campieri, P Gionchetti, A Belluzzi, C Brignola, M Tampieri, P Iannone, M Miglioli, L Barbara
Journal: Gut (1991)

5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the active moiety of sulphasalazine (SASP), was given as a rectal enema to patients with mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis to determine the minimum effective dosage. A double blind study was carried out using enemas containing 1, 2, or 4 g or 5-ASA or placebo for a one month treatment period. One hundred and thirteen patients with ulcerative colitis attending our outpatient clinic volunteered to participate. Clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histological assessments were carried out at the beginning of the study and after 15 and 30 days of treatment. All patients who received 5-ASA enemas showed significantly better results than those who received a placebo enema (p less than 0.001) but no difference was detected among the patients receiving differing concentrations of 5-ASA. This study suggests that 1 g 5-ASA (in a 100 ml enema) is a sufficient dosage for patients with a mild to moderate attack of ulcerative colitis.
Targeting of Runx2 by miR-135 and miR-203 Impairs Progression of Breast Cancer and Metastatic Bone Disease
Authors: Hanna Taipaleenmäki, Gillian Browne, Jacqueline Akech, Jozef Zustin, Andre J. van Wijnen, Janet L. Stein, Eric Hesse, Gary S. Stein, Jane B. Lian
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Progression of breast cancer to metastatic bone disease is linked to deregulated expression of the transcription factor Runx2. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the potential for clinical use of Runx2-targeting miRNAs to reduce tumor growth and bone metastatic burden. Expression analysis of a panel of miRNAs regulating Runx2 revealed a reciprocal relationship between the abundance of Runx2 protein and two miRNAs, miR-135 and miR-203. These miRNAs are highly expressed in normal breast epithelial cells where Runx2 is not detected, and absent in metastatic breast cancer cells and tissue biopsies that express Runx2. Reconstituting metastatic MDA-MB-231-luc cells with miR-135 and miR-203 reduced the abundance of Runx2 and expression of the metastasis-promoting Runx2 target genes IL11, MMP-13, and PTHrP. In addition, tumor cell viability was decreased and migration suppressed in vitro. Orthotopic implantation of MDA-MB-231-luc cells delivered with miR-135 or miR-203, followed by an intratumoral administration of the synthetic miRNAs, reduced the tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to bone. Furthermore, intratibial injection of these miRNA-delivered cells impaired tumor growth in the bone environment and inhibited bone resorption. Importantly, reconstitution of Runx2 in MDA-MB-231-luc cells delivered with miR-135 and miR-203 reversed the inhibitory effect of the miRNAs on tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, we have identified that aberrant expression of Runx2 in aggressive tumor cells is related to the loss of specific Runx2-targeting miRNAs and that a clinically relevant replacement strategy by delivery of synthetic miRNAs is a candidate for a therapeutic approach to prevent metastatic bone disease by this route.
Preventing the Impending Doctor Glut
Authors: Donald B. Louria
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> There is increasing evidence that the problems of physician maldistribution will be virtually solved within the next few years and that we are moving inexorably toward a massive doctor glut that is likely to result in both physician dissatisfaction and increase in patient costs because of use of even more sophisticated technology. There has been general consensus about the doctor glut for the last two years, but, surprisingly, the medical profession has not moved expeditiously to head off the problem. If we do not move effectively soon, even draconian measures may subsequently fail. I have offered in the past and offer again the following three simple suggestions. Medical school enrollment must be cut by 20%. This should be accomplished by the start of the 1985 first-year enrollment. It could be accomplished by rollbacks toward 1975 enrollments in older schools and arbitrary cuts of 20% for all
Bidirectional Relationship between Cognitive Function and Pneumonia
Authors: Faraaz Ali Shah, Francis Pike, Karina Alvarez, Derek Angus, Anne B. Newman, Oscar Lopez, Judith Tate, Vishesh Kapur, Anthony Wilsdon, Jerry A. Krishnan, Nadia Hansel, David Au, Mark Avdalovic, Vincent S. Fan, R. Graham Barr, Sachin Yende
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Relationships between chronic health conditions and acute infections remain poorly understood. Preclinical studies suggest crosstalk between nervous and immune systems.To determine bidirectional relationships between cognition and pneumonia.We conducted longitudinal analyses of a population-based cohort over 10 years. We determined whether changes in cognition increase risk of pneumonia hospitalization by trajectory analyses and joint modeling. We then determined whether pneumonia hospitalization increased risk of subsequent dementia using a Cox model with pneumonia as a time-varying covariate.Of the 5,888 participants, 639 (10.9%) were hospitalized with pneumonia at least once. Most participants had normal cognition before pneumonia. Three cognition trajectories were identified: no, minimal, and severe rapid decline. A greater proportion of participants hospitalized with pneumonia were on trajectories of minimal or severe decline before occurrence of pneumonia compared with those never hospitalized with pneumonia (proportion with no, minimal, and severe decline were 67.1%, 22.8%, and 10.0% vs. 76.0%, 19.3%, and 4.6% for participants with and without pneumonia, respectively; P < 0.001). Small subclinical changes in cognition increased risk of pneumonia, even in those with normal cognition and physical function before pneumonia (β = -0.02; P < 0.001). Participants with pneumonia were subsequently at an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 2.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.62-3.11]; P = 0.01). Associations were independent of demographics, health behaviors, other chronic conditions, and physical function. Bidirectional relationship did not vary based on severity of disease, and similar associations were noted for those with severe sepsis and other infections.A bidirectional relationship exists between pneumonia and cognition and may explain how a single episode of infection in well-appearing older individuals accelerates decline in chronic health conditions and loss of functional independence.
Toward a Quantitative Estimate of Future Heat Wave Mortality under Global Climate Change
Authors: Roger D. Peng, Jennifer F. Bobb, Claudia Tebaldi, Larry McDaniel, Michelle L. Bell, Francesca Dominici
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Climate change is anticipated to affect human health by changing the distribution of known risk factors. Heat waves have had debilitating effects on human mortality, and global climate models predict an increase in the frequency and severity of heat waves. The extent to which climate change will harm human health through changes in the distribution of heat waves and the sources of uncertainty in estimating these effects have not been studied extensively.We estimated the future excess mortality attributable to heat waves under global climate change for a major U.S. city.We used a database comprising daily data from 1987 through 2005 on mortality from all nonaccidental causes, ambient levels of particulate matter and ozone, temperature, and dew point temperature for the city of Chicago, Illinois. We estimated the associations between heat waves and mortality in Chicago using Poisson regression models.Under three different climate change scenarios for 2081-2100 and in the absence of adaptation, the city of Chicago could experience between 166 and 2,217 excess deaths per year attributable to heat waves, based on estimates from seven global climate models. We noted considerable variability in the projections of annual heat wave mortality; the largest source of variation was the choice of climate model.The impact of future heat waves on human health will likely be profound, and significant gains can be expected by lowering future carbon dioxide emissions.
Cell proliferation in human melanoma
Authors: S. Shirakawa, J. K. Luce, I. Tannock, E. Frei
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

The cytokinetics of subcutaneous metastases in five patients with melanoma was studied. Multiple simultaneous biopsies following pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine were performed in one patient. There was relatively uniform labeling and mitotic indices among these. Within the individual tumors, there was some variation in the labeling index with small clusters of tumor cells having significantly higher labeling indices than more sparsely infiltrating tumor cells. Repetitive biopsies following pulse labeling were performed in two patients. The per cent labeled mitosis curves were similar in the two patients. By computer analysis a median G(2) period of 5.3 hr and an S period of 21 hr were obtained. The generation time (T(e)) was highly variable with a median of 3 days. This T(e) was consistent with that calculated from grain count studies in these patients. Two patients received either intermittent or continuous tritiated thymidine over a 10-20 day period. Analysis of the labeling index curve by computer fitting indicated a growth fraction of 20-30%. The growth fraction calculated by other indirect methods was consistent with the computer analysis. The potential tumor doubling time as calculated from the T(e) and growth fraction was much shorter than the actual doubling time indicating that cell loss was approximately 70% of the rate of cell production.
Hypothyroidism in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Felix Flohr, Jan Harder, Jochen Seufert, Hubert E. Blum, Hans C. Spangenberg
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard of care for patients with an intermediate or advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compensated liver cirrhosis.1 The procedure involves the application of approximately 10 g of iodide in the form of iodized oil as a radiopaque contrast medium, for example lipiodol, mixed with a chemotherapeutic agent. Although hyperthyroidism induced by a contrast medium is well known, the development of hypothyroidism is generally not considered in clinical practice. This phenomenon is called the Wolff Chaikoff effect and is caused by iodide-induced inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis.2 It is rarely observed after the administration of water-soluble iodinated radiographic contrast media but should be considered after application of lipid-soluble iodinated contrast media.3 To date, there is very little information regarding the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in patients treated with TACE.4 We therefore retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 219 patients with histologically proven HCC who were treated with TACE at our institution between 1997 and 2007. The patients had a mean age of 66 years; 88% were males. The causes of liver disease were chronic hepatitis C in 32%, chronic hepatitis B in 20%, and alcohol in 36%; in 12% of the patients, other or no etiologies could be identified. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels before and after TACE were available from 138 of 219 patients. TSH suppression was observed after TACE in 23 of 138 patients (16.7%). Among them, four patients developed clinical hyperthyroidism requiring medical therapy; 19 patients developed subclinical hyperthyroidism. In 19 of 138 patients (13.8%), TSH levels increased from a mean before TACE of 3.08 μU/ mL to a mean of 22.45 μU/ mL after TACE (range 4.59-76.66 μU/mL). Although six patients showed a transient hypothyroidism with spontaneous normalization of TSH within 3.2 months, seven patients were lost to follow-up and six patients developed clinical hypothyroidism that required substitution therapy. In conclusion, we found a clinically relevant incidence of hypothyroidism after TACE. In clinical practice, therefore, patients treated with TACE should be monitored not only for the development of hyperthyroidism but also of hypothyroidism. Felix Flohr*, Jan Harder*, Jochen Seufert*, Hubert E. Blum*, Hans C. Spangenberg*, * Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Reporter gene assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida.
Authors: E R Fairey, J S Edmunds, N J Deamer-Melia, H Glasgow, F M Johnson, P R Moeller, J M Burkholder, J S Ramsdell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Collaborative studies were performed to develop a functional assay for fish-killing activity produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Eight cell lines were used to screen organic fractions and residual water fraction by using a 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-(2-4)]-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay. Diethyl ether and a residual water fraction were cytotoxic to several cell lines including rat pituitary (GH(4)C(1)) cells. Residual water as well as preextracted culture water containing P. piscicida cells induced c-fos-luciferase expressed in GH(4)C(1) cells with a rapid time course of induction and sensitive detection. The reporter gene assay detected activity in toxic isolates of P. piscicida from several North Carolina estuaries in 1997 and 1998 and may also be suitable for detecting toxic activity in human and animal serum.
806 TRIPHASIC VIRAL LOAD KINETICS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS DURING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY POST-TRANSPLANTATION: EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF PEGYLATED-IFN AND BASELINE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Authors: C. Ortiz, F.X. Lopez-Labrador, R. Cañada, J.J. Abellan, B. Risalde, A. Rubin, V. Aguilera, M. Prieto, M. Berenguer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
LIVER FUNCTION AS INFLUENCED BY THE DUCTLESS GLANDS
Authors: G. H. Whipple, P. W. Christman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

When phenoltetrachlorphthalein is injected intravenously, it is eliminated from the body in the bile through the activity of the hepatic epithelium. The feces may be collected after purgation and the phthalein extracted and estimated against a standard solution. The estimation of phthalein can be done with accuracy in a suitable colorimeter and the elimination in normal dogs is quite constant. Given a definite liver injury by means of poisons (chloroform, phosphorus), the amount of phthalein excreted will be diminished and the fall in output will be proportional to the amount of injury. With an acute fatal poisoning the curve may fall to zero. Under certain conditions of vascular interference the liver phthalein may show a decreased output; in passive congestion of the liver and with the Eck fistula the liver output may fall considerably below normal. Known disturbances of the liver function due to parenchymatous injury or vascular disturbances are indicated by a fall in the phthalein. excretion curve. Conversely it may be claimed that a drop in phthalein excretion may indicate a decrease in the functional capacity of the liver even if there be no detectable histological changes. Adrenal insufficiency produced by extirpation of three fourths or more of the gland tissue will be associated with a drop in liver phthalein excretion. With hypertrophy of the adrenal fragment the excretion comes back to normal, but may fall again when more adrenal tissue is removed (text-figure 1). Pancreatic insufficiency causes a progressive fall in the phthalein excretion indicating a grave lowering of the functional capacity of the liver (text-figure 2). This fact has a direct bearing on the question of diabetes. Parathyroid insufficiency with tetany causes no decrease in phthalein output, but at times a rise above normal. This comes out best when the phthalein curve is low following pancreas extirpation. Parathyroid tetany may cause hyperactivity on the part of the liver cells. Thyroid insufficiency produces no change in the uniform curve of phthalein excretion. Hypophysis insufficiency shows an initial fall in the curve, followed by a return to normal and a final drop in the last few days before death. These experiments supply evidence to the effect that the liver is very much concerned in the derangement that follows the removal of the ductless glands. Hence it seems probable that this disturbance of the liver function may be an important factor in the general symptom complex of ductless gland insufficiency. In conclusion we wish to express our appreciation to Dr. S. J. Crowe and Dr. A. P. Jones for assistance rendered in performing some of the operations for gland removal.