tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ethical problem solving
Authors: Geoff Lindsay
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1988)

All psychologists need to know about and adhere to ethical standards and to be able to deal with ethical dilemmas. European national psychology associations have adopted EFPA's European Meta-Code of Ethics as the basis for national codes - and thus for the standards applying to all psychologists in Europe.This book outlines and discusses the Meta-Code on the basis of practical examples and vignettes. The four ethical principles, Respect, Competence, Responsibility, and Integrity are covered in core chapters. Others give substance to underlying concepts, as well as practical advice and examples for ethical problem solving and for application of the code.Practicing psychologists can see how to put their daily practice on a sound ethical foundation and deal with challenging ethical dilemmas. The book will also be invaluable for teaching and training, in both basic courses and further education.In addition, it provides a basis for psychologists' associations to develop codes and guidelines, monitor national practice, and evaluate ethical complaints - and for users of psychologists' services to see what ethical standards they should expect.
Effect of step-down therapy of ceftriaxone plus loracarbef versus parenteral therapy of ceftriaxone on the intestinal microflora in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: F. Vogel, H.R. Ochs, K. Wettich, S. Kaiich, I. Nihson-Ehle, I. Odenholt, C.E. Nord
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2001)
Proteotoxicity and Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Patrick M. McLendon, Jeffrey Robbins
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Baseline physiological function of the mammalian heart is under the constant threat of environmental or intrinsic pathological insults. Cardiomyocyte proteins are thus subject to unremitting pressure to function optimally, and this depends on them assuming and maintaining proper conformation. This review explores the multiple defenses a cell may use for its proteins to assume and maintain correct protein folding and conformation. There are multiple quality control mechanisms to ensure that nascent polypeptides are properly folded and mature proteins maintain their functional conformation. When proteins do misfold, either in the face of normal or pathological stimuli or because of intrinsic mutations or post-translational modifications, they must either be refolded correctly or recycled. In the absence of these corrective processes, they may become toxic to the cell. Herein, we explore some of the underlying mechanisms that lead to proteotoxicity. The continued presence and chronic accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins can be disastrous in cardiomyocytes because these misfolded proteins can lead to aggregation or the formation of soluble peptides that are proteotoxic. This in turn leads to compromised protein quality control and precipitating a downward spiral of the cell's ability to maintain protein homeostasis. Some underlying mechanisms are discussed and the therapeutic potential of interfering with proteotoxicity in the heart is explored.
Subepicardial delayed gadolinium enhancement in asymptomatic athletes: let sleeping dogs lie?
Authors: Frédéric Schnell, Guido Claessen, André La Gerche, Jan Bogaert, Pierre-Axel Lentz, Piet Claus, Philippe Mabo, François Carré, Hein Heidbuchel
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

Background Subepicardial delayed gadolinium enhancement (DGE) patches without underlying cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. It is often reported as the result of prior silent myocarditis. Its prognostic relevance in asymptomatic athletes is unknown; therefore, medical clearance for competitive sports participation is debated. This case series aims to relate this pattern of DGE in athletes to outcome. Methods We report on seven young asymptomatic athletes with isolated subepicardial DGE detected during workup of abnormalities on their regular screening examination, that is, pathological T-wave inversions on ECG (n=4) or ventricular arrhythmias on exercise test (n=3). All underwent a comprehensive initial investigation in order to assess left ventricular (LV) function at rest and exercise (exercise cardiac MRI and/or exercise echocardiography) and occurrence of arrhythmias (exercise test, 24 h-ECG Holter, electrophysiological study). All underwent a careful follow-up with biannual evaluation. Results All athletes had extensive subepicardial DGE (12.0±4.8% of LV mass), predominantly in the lateral wall. Three athletes had non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias, whereas two of them had LV ejection fraction &lt;50% at rest with no contractile reserve at exercise. During a follow-up of 3.0±1.5 years in the four remaining athletes, two had symptomatic ventricular tachycardia and one demonstrated progressive LV dysfunction. Hence, six of seven athletes had to be excluded from competitive sports participation. Conclusions Isolated large areas of subepicardial DGE in an asymptomatic athlete are not benign and require a careful evaluation at exercise and a strict follow-up. These findings question whether extreme exercise during silent myocarditis may facilitate fibrosis generation and adverse remodelling.
Optimizing Fertility Preservation Practices for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients
Authors: Rebecca H. Johnson, Leah Kroon
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

Most adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer will survive their disease, and fertility issues are a major concern for this population. The ASCO and new NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology recommend that oncologists offer the option of fertility preservation to all postpubertal AYAs before the start of potentially gonadotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, providing that the patient does not require emergent start of therapy. Despite the published practice guidelines, many AYAs diagnosed with cancer are still not offered fertility preservation, with oncologists citing lack of time, lack of knowledge, and discomfort in discussing fertility and sexuality with AYAs as reasons. Developing a systematic and coordinated multidisciplinary strategy for fertility preservation referrals within a practice site may streamline the referral process, off-loading some tasks from the oncologist and potentially increasing patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, and compliance with the guidelines.
Origin in Tobacco Smoke of N ′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: Brief Communication 2 3
Authors: Dietrich Hoffmann, Michael Dong, Stephen S. Hecht
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Origin in Tobacco Smoke of N′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: Brief Communication Get access Dietrich Hoffmann, Dietrich Hoffmann Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael Dong, Michael Dong Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stephen S. Hecht Stephen S. Hecht Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 58, Issue 6, June 1977, Pages 1841–1844, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/58.6.1841 Published: 01 June 1977 Article history Received: 04 August 1976 Accepted: 29 November 1976 Published: 01 June 1977
Genome-wide analysis of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients identified recurrent copy number variations in genes regulating the cell cycle and the B-cell differentiation
Authors: I. Iacobucci, E. Ottaviani, A. Astolfi, N. Testoni, T. Storlazzi, C. Papayannidis, P. Giannoulia, R. Foà, M. Baccarani, G. Martinelli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

7022 Background: The Ph chromosome is the most frequent cytogenetic aberration associated with adult ALL and it represents the single most significant adverse prognostic marker. The constitutively active tyrosine kinase encoded by BCR-ABL blocks the differentiation of B precursor cells, prevents apoptosis and also causes genetic instability. Methods: To identify, at submicroscopic level, genetic lesions which can escape standard cytogenetic observations and may contribute to leukemogenesis and resistance, we profiled, until now, the genomes of 20 out of 55 Ph+ ALL patients treated in our institute. 250 ng of genomic DNA were processed on 500K SNP array according to protocols provided by the manufacturer (Affymetrix Inc., USA). Copy number state was calculated with respect to a set of 48 Hapmap normal individuals and a set of samples obtained from acute leukaemia cases in remission using Partek Genomics Suite. Results: We identified region of high level amplification and homozygous deletion in all patients, with deletions outnumbering amplification almost 3:1. Lesions varied from loss or gain of complete chromosome arms (trisomy 4, monosomy 7, loss of 9p, 10q, 14q, 16q and gain of 1q and 17q) to microdeletions and microduplications targeting genomic intervals. Recurring copy number abnormalities were identified in genes with an established role in leukemogenesis, (MDS, BTG1, PBX1, RUNX1). Amplifications were detected in genes involved in RNA splicing and processing (e.g. PRPF3, RBM8A, SF3B4), whereas deletions affected two major cell processes: the B-lymphocyte differentiation, (e.g. PAX5, BLNK, VPREB1 and IKZF1) and the control of G1/S cell cycle transition (e.g. CDKN2A, CDKN2B, GADD45A, FAS). Conclusions: Using high-resolution genome wide approach we showed that Ph+ ALL is a highly complex disease characterized by multiple independent copy number anomalies which could contribute to its poor prognosis. Supported by: European LeukemiaNet, AIL, AIRC, FIRB 2006, Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna, PIO project 2007, Strategico di Ateneo. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Pathogenesis of Avian Lymphoid Leukosis. I. Histogenesis&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: M D Cooper, L N Payne, P B Dent, B R Burmester, R A Good
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1968)

Inbred White Leghorn chickens, line 15l, were killed and examined monthly after infection at hatching with the avian tumor virus, RPL12. The earliest neoplastic changes of lymphoid leukosis were found in the bursa of Fabricius by age 8 weeks. After a latency period of approximately 14 weeks lymphomatous foci occurred in peripheral visceral organs. Removal of the bursa at 12 weeks prevented dissemination of lymphoid leukosis. Although histologic evidence of neoplastic transformation was found in the bursas of approximately 70% of males and females, only 40% of RPL12-inoculated birds developed disseminated lymphoid leukosis, and most of these were females. Physiologic regression of the bursa occurred serveral weeks earlier in males than in females. The observations indicate that avian lymphoid leukosis begins in the bursa of Fabricius and is featured by an alteration of differentiation of the bursal line of lymphoid cells. The results also suggest that, while the lymphoma is localized to the bursa, the physiologic influences which induce bursal regression may also bring about a regression of the tumor.
Adenotonsillectomy and orthodontic therapy: Outcome after one year of follow-up in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Rosa Castaldo, Ottavio Vitelli, Silvia Miano, Anna Rita Mazzotta, Francesco Biagiarelli, Susanna Fedeli, Maria Pia Villa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

INTRODUCTION: Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the primary therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children, although a residual disease is reported. Rapid maxillary espander (RME) is a valid treatment for children with malocclusion and high arched palate. AIM: to evaluate the efficacy of AT and RME in children with OSAS. METHODS: We enrolled children undergoing a clinical and polysomnographic assessment for OSAS at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up, after treatment (T1). RESULTS: We studied 47 children (mean age 5.03 ± 2.03 years, body mass index, BMI, 17.15 ± 3.07 kg/m2, 34 males). At T1, AHI (apnea hyponea index) decreased (11.90 ± 12.30 vs 2.18 ± 2.51 ev/h, p<0.0001) as well as arousal index (18.29 ± 6.71vs 13.95 ± 6.11 ev/h, p<0.0001) while total sleep time (TST) increased (6.77 ± 0.96 vs 7.24 ± 0.85, p<0.05), as overnight oxygen saturation (96.31 ± 2.21 vs 97.50 ± 1.50 %, p<0.0001). Twenty five children underwent AT (group 1) whereas 22 orthodontic therapy (group 2). After one year of treatment, in group 1 percentile of BMI and overnight mean saturation increased significantly, while AHI and arousal index decreased. In group 2 mean overnight saturation and TST increased from T0 to T1, while AHI decreased. The correlation analysis showed that percentile of BMI is a negative predictive factor of the efficacy of AT in group 1, while duration of disease is a negative predictive factor in group 2. DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrated that both treatments are efficacious for pediatric OSAS, although the increase of BMI is a negative predictive factor for residual disease in group 1, and the duration of disease in group 2.
COPD comorbidities - Do they add more cost? A 1-year follow-up study
Authors: Nikolay Yanev, Nikolay Kyuchukov, Pavlina Nikolova, Plamen Pavlov, Yavor Ivanov, Tsania Popova, Ilia Krachunov
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction

Comorbidities associated with COPD are an additional burden to desease severity.

Aim

This study attempted to determine the direct costs and costs of associated comorbidities derived from the management of COPD patients in hospital through a retrospective 1-year, follow-up study.

Methods

A total of 512 (397 male and 117 female) COPD patients with different severity degrees were recruited. Comorbidities were searched by history, previous medical papers and by performing clinical examinations. All direct medical costs incurred by the cohort and related to their comorbidities were calculated.

Results

The mean age of patients was 67 years (SD ± 10,3). Severity evaluation of airflow limitation showed that – 3,7% had mild COPD, 27,7% - moderate, 37,5% - severe and 31,2% - very severe obstruction. Mean FEV1 was 42,5% predicted value. From all patients 82,5% (424) had comorbidities. The mean direct cost for COPD patients was €431 per hospitalization. The mean cost generated by the patients with COPD and with associated comorbidities were as follows – cardiovascular diseases €438, diabetes €437, anemia €571, osteoporosis €426, depression €503. The patients without comorbidities generated mean direct cost of €416.

Conclusion

Costs of comorbidities were found to be higher than the mean costs of COPD without comorbidities. In percentage the added cost were as follows – cardiovascular disease +5.13%, diabetes +4.93%, anemia +37.13%, osteoporosis +2.40% and depression +20.80%. Mean added cost is 12,34%. There was a statistically significant difference only for the costs incurred by COPD patients with cardiovascular diseases and anemia (p>0,05) respectively compared to the cost of COPD patients without comorbidities.
Early Postoperative Feeding - A Continuing Controversy in Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: M E Foster, W G Lewis
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1989)

Two regimens of postoperative fluid management are currently used following pyloromyotomy. Both early or delayed feeding have their advocates. The present study reviews 127 infants managed by the early feeding regimen. Although vomiting was common (79%) early discharge (75% within 72 h) was followed by no adverse effects. Weight gain at 7 days was unaffected by postoperative vomiting. Early feeding and early discharge can be achieved without increase in morbidity and may be the preferred method of postoperative management.
Photoradiation Therapy. II. Cure of Animal Tumors With Hematoporphyrin and Light23
Authors: T. J. Dougherty, G. B. Grindey, R. Fiel, K. R. Weishaupt, D. G. Boyle
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

Exposure of mouse and rat tumors of various types to more than 600 nm light 24 or 48 hours after an injection of hematoporphyrin resulted in a substantial number of long-term cures. Since hematoporphyrin is preferentially retained in tumor tissue, selective tumor destruction could be obtained. Light penetration studies and the high efficiency of this technique indicated its applicability even to certain deep-seated human tumors.
Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis in T-Cell-Depleted Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: K. C. Norbury, M. L. Kripke
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

The induction of skin tumors by chronic UV irradiation was compared in normal C3H/HeN(MTV-) mice, T-cell-depleted mice, and T-cell-depleted mice reconstituted with thymus grafts. The T-cell-depleted mice were thymectomized as young adults, lethally X-irradiated, and repopulated with neonatal liver cells. Skin tumors appeared earlier in the immunosuppressed T-cell-depleted mice than in the normal mice. However, tumors developed most rapidly in the group that was T-cell depleted and immunologically restored with thymus grafts. In the latter group, most of the tumors were squamous cell carcinomas, whereas in the normal mice, fibrosarcomas predominated. These experiments illustrated the limitations of this approach to studying the role of the immune response in carcinogenesis.
Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (NEHI) and NEHI Syndrome: Lung biopsy necessary?
Authors: Marcela Moreno, Silvia Castillo, Bárbara Fernández, Vicente Posadas, Olga Benavent, Amparo Escribano
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background: NEHI, initially known as persistent tachypnea of infancy, is a rare early debut disorder (tachypnea, hypoxemia, crackles and failure to thrive), with a characteristic high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT), and usually favorable evolution without specific treatment, which make doubts about the need for routine biopsy.

Objectives: To compare clinical and radiological course of 5 children, 2 with diagnosis of NEHI by lung biopsy and 3, classified as NEHI syndrome (diagnosis by clinical and radiological data without biopsy).

Patients: All cases debuted before one year of age (mean 5 months). All had tachypnea (>60 breaths/minute), failure to thrive, oxygen saturation between 85-94% and crackles. HRCT shows a characteristic pattern of ground-glass opacity in the central regions of lungs (more in middle lobe and lingula). No specific changes in bronchoalveolar lavage. Surfactant protein deficiency and mutations were excluded (only one patient with low Pro-SC but normal surfactant protein C). In 2 cases with poor outcome, lung biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis, was performed (European reference center/Dr. Griese). The outcome was favorable in all cases, without receiving any specific treatment.

Conclusion: The clinic and radiological evolution is very similar in our patients. Basing on this, in infants who meet clinical and radiological criteria of NEHI and have favourable evolution, it could be avoid biopsy, as long as they behave as we expect in a NEHI.
Role of T-Cell Subsets in the Destruction of Established Metastases of 13762A Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: L E Howell, J W Kreider, G L Bartlett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1986)

The 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma metastasizes with high frequency to regional lymph nodes and lungs. The intratumoral injection of Corynebacterium parvum on day 7 followed by primary tumor excision on day 20 significantly prolonged survival and cured 10-40% of syngeneic F344 rats. Established metastases were destroyed by the treatment, and strong and specific tumor rejection immunity was induced. The purpose of the present study was to determine if T-cells were required for the C. parvum treatment to be effective and to identify the subsets of T-lymphocytes that might participate in the response. The results indicated that rats depleted by either neonatal thymectomy or a combination of adult thymectomy, 900 rad, and bone marrow reconstitution did not inhibit tumor growth after C. parvum treatment. Restoration of depleted rats with lymph node cells permitted effective treatment. The lymph node cells that were responsible for restoration expressed both W3/13 (pan-T-cell) and W3/25 (helper T-cell) membrane-associated differentiation antigens. T-cells that bore the MRC OX8 (cytotoxic-suppressor T-cell) antigen did not restore the response to C. parvum treatment. The effect of lymph node restoration was markedly potentiated by simultaneous administration of thymocytes, a T-cell population that expresses both W3/25 and MRC OX8 antigens. In conclusion, the cytotoxic-suppressor T-cells were ineffective in the restoration of T-cell-depleted, tumor-bearing rats to benefit from C. parvum but helper T-cells were highly effective, and their activity was strongly potentiated by administration of thymocyte amplifier cells.
Changes in Reticuloendothelial Phagocytosis in Mice With Spontaneous Tumors&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Kurt Stern, Carole A. Bartizal, Sarah Divshony
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1967)

Reticuloendothelial (RE) phagocytosis was investigated in mice with spontaneous mammary carcinomas of strains C3H/S, DBA/S, BALB/cf/S, and A/Sn/S, and mice with lymphomas of strains AKR/S and SJL. Tumor-bearing mice and their tumor-free litter mates were tested simultaneously. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal injection of 51Cr-labeled sheep red cells, the mice were killed and the radioactivity in liver and spleen was determined, which permitted calculation of phagocytic uptake (percentage of injected radioactivity) in these organs. When data obtained for animals grouped according to strain, sex, and presence or absence of tumors were compared, mice with spontaneous tumors were found to have significantly lower splenic uptakes than did comparable tumor-free animals. Hepatic uptake was less regularly decreased in the presence of tumor. Lower levels of splenic and hepatic phagocytosis than in tumor-free mice were also observed in C3H/S and BALB/cf/S mice with spontaneous mammary carcinomas, when tested by means of radioassay of liver and spleen 2 hours after intravenous injection of suspensions of chromic radio-phosphate. The rate of blood clearance of the radioisotope was slower in tumor-bearing than in tumor-free mice. Evaluation of these findings included discussion of their relationship to previously reported changes in RE phagocytosis in mice and rats with transplanted tumors. Depression of splenic phagocytosis was common to all experimental models studied, whereas hepatic phagocytosis was affected variably. Reference was made to results of other recent studies of RE functions in experimental cancer. A working hypothesis was proposed concerning the interrelation between RE functions and development and progression of cancer.