tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Polynesians of Western Samoa
Authors: Veronica R Collins, Gary K Dowse, Walter E Plehwe, Tofaeono T Imo, Palanitina M Toelupe, Hugh R Taylor, Paul Z Zimmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy retinopathy and nephropathy and to define associated risk factors in Polynesian Western Samoans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A 1991 population-based study in Samoan adults (ages 25–74 years) included a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure recordings. Subjects with NIDDM or IGT had 45-degree stereo photographs taken (n = 263) (three standard fields of the right eye), and retinopathy was graded in comparison with Airlie House photographs. First-morning urine samples (n = 304) were also collected from these subjects and from a subsample with normal glucose tolerance. Urinary albumin concentration (UAC) was measured by radio-immunoassay: microalbuminuria was defined as UAC of 30–299 μg/ml; and macroalbuminuria was defined as UAC ≥300 μg/ml. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 43.2% among subjects with known diabetes and 15.4% in those newly diagnosed. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was found in 4.5% of known diabetic subjects. The prevalence of elevated UAC was 15.0% in subjects with IGT, 26.0% in newly diagnosed diabetes subjects, and 23.4% in known diabetes subjects. For all diabetic subjects (n = 162), the factors independently associated with diabetic retinopathy (logistic regression) were duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, and body mass index (inversely). Duration of diabetes, serum triglyceride concentrations, and systolic blood pressure were independently associated with elevated UAC in all diabetic subjects (n = 138), and fasting plasma glucose had borderline significance. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria are common in Polynesian Western Samoans. Duration of diabetes and level of glycemia were the most important associated factors. These data underline the need for cost-effective programs for the detection and early treatment of diabetes in Western Samoa and other developing populations with high susceptibility to NIDDM.
Bleeding Problems in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Robert T. Breckenridge
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Dr. Quick's many books are a pleasure to read, and this short monograph is no exception. He has been one of the active participants in unraveling the intricacies of hemostasis and therefore has first-hand knowledge of the personalities involved and the pitfalls which have caught many investigators. This is the strength of this particular book. The first chapter is an excellent first-hand summary of the history of hemostasis and should be read by all interested in medical history and especially by those involved in coagulation research. Next, Dr. Quick traces the development of aspirin and his discovery that it prolongs the bleeding time. This chapter contains a great deal of information regarding the chemistry of aspirin along with the author's view of the physiology of the prolonged bleeding time after its ingestion. Unfortunately the remaining chapters do not measure up to the introductory pair. There are too many hypotheses presented
Allele-specific RNAi Mitigates Phenotypic Progression in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Edgardo Rodríguez-Lebrón, Cynthia M Gouvion, Steven A Moore, Beverly L Davidson, Henry L Paulson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Despite recent advances suggesting new therapeutic targets, Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains incurable. Aberrant production and accumulation of the Abeta peptide resulting from altered processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is central to the pathogenesis of disease, particularly in dominantly inherited forms of AD. Thus, modulating the production of APP is a potential route to effective AD therapy. Here, we describe the successful use of an allele-specific RNA interference (RNAi) approach targeting the Swedish variant of APP (APPsw) in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), we delivered an anti-APPsw short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to the hippocampus of AD transgenic mice (APP/PS1). In short- and long-term transduction experiments, reduced levels of APPsw transprotein were observed throughout targeted regions of the hippocampus while levels of wild-type murine APP remained unaltered. Moreover, intracellular production of transfer RNA (tRNA)-valine promoter-driven shRNAs did not lead to detectable neuronal toxicity. Finally, long-term bilateral hippocampal expression of anti-APPsw shRNA mitigated abnormal behaviors in this mouse model of AD. The difference in phenotype progression was associated with reduced levels of soluble Abeta but not with a reduced number of amyloid plaques. Our results support the development of allele-specific RNAi strategies to treat familial AD and other dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases.
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS THROUGH THE VAGINA IN RETROVERSION OF THE UTERUS.
Authors: J. WESLEY BOVEE
Journal: JAMA (1902)

The treatment of retroversion of the uterus has been a subject that has afforded a great amount of discussion and application of mechanical ingenuity. That it is a condition,<i>per se</i>, requiring treatment is still an unsettled question. In nearly every discussion of the subject before any body of scientific men, either ignorant of or well informed concerning the subject, there are some who say usually no symptoms are created by it alone and therefore no treatment is required. No doubt this is true in an occasional case, but as a rule I am inclined to the opposite belief. However, in any case of retroversion in which no symptoms are present I would suggest no treatment—a broad principle applicable as well in this as in some other conditions. It is not, therefore, of such cases of retroversion I would speak to-day, but rather of those in which symptoms and complications
Simplified Treatment of Pneumothorax
Authors: Gerald B. Reams
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In consideration of the fact that even in thermonuclear injuries, there will be a certain percentage of low velocity missile wounds of the chest which have produced a pneumothorax predominantly, it is believed that there will be need for a more simplified therapeutic approach to the problem under a mass casualty situation than that now commonly used. A simple underwater drainage apparatus consisting of the items used for intravenous therapy was constructed and evaluated in therapy. Technically, a needle is introduced into the chest in the second interspace, and a plastic catheter is introduced through the needle into the pleural cavity. The needle is withdrawn to the hub of the catheter and connected to an intravenous tube which is inserted into an intravenous bottle in the air outlet instead of into the usual one. In this manner, an effective airtight water trap has been fashioned out of
Nodular subepidermal fibrosis in non-filarial endemic elephantiasis of the legs
Authors: E.W. PRICE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article Nodular subepidermal fibrosis in non‐filarial endemic elephantiasis of the legs Get access E.W. PRICE E.W. PRICE Princess Zenebework Hospital, P.O. Box 5033, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue 5, 1 November 1973, Pages 451–456, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb03004.x Published: 01 November 1973 Article history Accepted: 08 March 1973 Published: 01 November 1973
A 0.8-mm Depressed Adenoma of the Colon with High-Grade Dysplasia
Authors: G. Naylor, T. Fujii, H. Ishii, S. Kato, Y. Sano, S. Yoshida
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Flat and depressed cancers of the colon have now been recognized in several centers throughout the world. We report here a case of a 0.8-mm depressed adenoma with high-grade dysplasia in a 70-year-old man. We believe this to be the smallest adenoma ever reported, and unusually (for a small lesion) it was positive for the K-ras mutation.
Release of platelet derived growth factor in serum-free organ culture of human coronary artery
Authors: C. M Holt, S. E Francis, P. A Gadsdon, A. Violaris, M. B Izzat, G. D Angelini
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Release of platelet derived growth factor in serum-free organ culture of human coronary artery Get access Cathy M Holt, Cathy M Holt Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Correspondence to Dr Holt. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sheila E Francis, Sheila E Francis Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patricia A Gadsdon, Patricia A Gadsdon Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Andonis Violaris, Andonis Violaris Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mohammed B Izzat, Mohammed B Izzat Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gianni D Angelini Gianni D Angelini Department of Cardiac Surgery, Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, United Kingdom: C M Holt, S E Francis, P A Gadsdon, A Violaris; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom: M B Izzat, G D Angelini. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 8, August 1994, Pages 1170–1175, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.8.1170 Published: 01 August 1994 Article history Received: 16 December 1993 Accepted: 03 March 1994 Published: 01 August 1994
ANTIGENIC MODULATION
Authors: Lloyd J. Old, Elisabeth Stockert, Edward A. Boyse, Jae Ho Kim
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

Antigenic modulation (the loss of TL antigens from TL+ cells exposed to TL antibody in the absence of lytic complement) has been demonstrated in vitro. An ascites leukemia, phenotype TL.1,2,3, which modulates rapidly and completely when incubated with TL antiserum in vitro, was selected for further study of the phenomenon. Over a wide range of TL antibody concentrations modulation at 37 degrees C was detectable within 10 min and was complete within approximately 1 hr. The cells were initially sensitized to C' by their contact with antibody, thereafter losing this sensitivity to C' lysis together with their sensitivity to TL antibody and C' in the cytotoxic test. The capacity of the cells to undergo modulation was abolished by actinomycin D and by iodoacetamide, and by reducing the temperature of incubation to 0 degrees C. Thus modulation apparently is an active cellular process. Antigens TL. 1,2, and 3 are all modulated by anti-TL.1,3 serum and by anti-TL.3 serum. This modulation affects all three TL components together, even when antibody to one or two of them is lacking. aAnti-TL.2 serum does not induce modulation and in fact impairs modulation by the other TL antibodies. The influence of the TL phenotype of cells upon the demonstrable content of H-2 (D region) isoantigen, first shown in cells modulated in vivo, has been observed with cells modulated in vitro. Cells undergoing modulation show a progressive increase in H-2 (D region) antigen over a period of 4 hr, with no change in H-2 antigens of the K region. Restoration of the TL+ phenotype of modulated cells after removal of antibody is less rapid than TL+ --> TL- modulation and may require several cell divisions.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS
Authors: Surendra Kumar, Keith I. Loken, Alan J. Kenyon, Robert K. Lindorfer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

The continuous flow paper electrophoretic methods used to isolate alpha hemolysin are presented. The purity of the alpha hemolysin preparation is demonstrated by double agar diffusion, immunoelectrophoretic, and ultracentrifugation techniques. Indirect evidence of purity is provided by the fact that rabbit immunized with purified alpha hemolysin produced detectable antibody only to alpha hemolysin. Direct support is given to the "unitarian theory" by the demonstration that purified alpha hemolysin also possessed dermonecrotic, lethal, and leucocidal activities. Further studies dependent on the availability of purified alpha hemolysin are outlined.
Differences in Management and Survival Depending on the Grade of Differentiation in Neuroendocrine Tumors (Nets). Updating of Our Institution'S Experience
Authors: Aranzazu González-Vicente, Encarnación González-Flores, Cynthia González-Rivas, Beatriz González-Astorga, Jesús Soberino-García, Verónica Conde-Herrero, Julia Ruiz-Vozmediano, Javier García-García, Lucia Castillo-Portellano, Joaquina Martinez-Galán, José Antonio Ortega-Dominguez, Raquel Luque-Caro, Juan Ramón lgado De Pérez
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
471. Chimeric Lentiviral Vectors with Safety Insurance
Authors: Kritika Kachapati, Geetanjali Sachdeva, Suresh Arya
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Lentiviral vectors as presently designed are considered to be safe. No evidence for the generation of replication competent viruses has emerged for these vectors when transduced in vitro into cultured cells. Their behavior in vivo remains to be ascertained. Their propensity to cause insertional mutagenesis, if any, is also unknown. One major safety concern is the recombination between the components of the vector system during vector production in the laboratory and with the resident virus in the clinic during therapy of individuals with apparent or non-apparent HIV infection. As an additional safety insurance, we have created chimeric or hybrid lentiviral vectors derived from HIV-1 and HIV-2. This was done for both transfer vectors and packaging constructs. Our premise was that HIV-1 and HIV-2 are dissimilar enough in sequence to curtail recombination, but similar enough to functionally complement. Our initial studies were done with HIV-2 vectors lacking the central polypurine track (PPT) and the woodchuck post-transcriptional enhancer element (WPRE), two regulatory elements reported to enhance transduction efficiency of HIV-1 vectors. This study includes HIV-2 vectors with these elements. A non-reciprocal interaction between conventional HIV-1 and HIV-2 vectors was observed in cross-packaging experiments. The titer of HIV-2 vectors was roughly the same whether packaged with the HIV-1 or HIV-2 packaging construct when titrated in cells in culture. In contrast, the titer of the HIV-1 vectors was twenty to thirty folds lower when packaged with HIV-2 than with the HIV-1 packaging construct. This could be due to the difference in the abundance of the transfer vector RNAs in the packaging cells, or due to the particular specificities of recognition and encapsidation. It was possible that the titer of HIV-1 vector was low when packaged with HIV-2 packaging construct because the Tat provided by the HIV-2 construct was poor in transactivating HIV-1 vector RNA. However, provision of additional HIV-1 or HIV-2 Tat did not change the outcome. This might imply that the reason for differential titer or non-reciprocacity lies in the interaction of the packaging signal and the gag determinants. With the chimeric packaging construct where the 'gag-pol' of the HIV-2 packaging constructs was replaced with the 'gag-pol' of HIV-1, the titer of the HIV-1 vector increased and that of the HIV-2 vector decreased relative to homologous packaging. This was not the case for the 'tat-rev' chimeric packaging constructs. However, the exchange of 'leader-gag' of HIV-1 vector with that of the HIV-2 vector in transfer vector chimeras by itself was detrimental for vector titer in both cases. These results support the possibility of creating chimeric vectors with added safety features and without sacrificing efficiency.
A doctor's dilemma
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A doctor's dilemma "Let us hope the medical profession can continue to learn from all the other worlds that surround it and which it ultimately serves," writes David Connell in this week's journal (p 489).He's talking about the blues, but he may just as well be talking about sport, literature-or indeed the theatre.This year is the centenary of George Bernard Shaw's The Doctor's Dilemma, a play with even more to teach the medical profession today than when it was first written.James Sabin of Harvard Medical School has given a good account of what the play can tell us (www.amrep.org/past/doctor/charlatans.html)."The play revolves around what high school students refer to as 'lifeboat ethics,' the question of who should come first when there isn't enough to go around.The preface delineates a second quandary-no matter how we pay our doctors, we inevitably create destructive conflicts of interest.Finally, Shaw dramatises the clash between intellectual integrity and the fear of death.Integrity requires us to face facts.Fear prefers the consolation of fantasy."Sir Muir Gray, the NHS's knowledge guru, has proposed a public reading of the play on 20 November, the date in 1906 when it was first performed.We're hoping Sir Mike Rawlins, the director of the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), will read Sir Colenso Ridgeon, the doctor faced with the "lifeboat ethics" rationing dilemma, and that the BMA's chairman, Jim Johnson, will read Cutler Walpole, the surgeon whose answer to every ill is to remove the patient's nuciform sac.And why not also have a network of readings at hospitals and medical institutes around the world on that day?People might do it instead of the weekly grand round or journal club.If you're planning a reading, send us a rapid response, and we'll register your event on bmj.com.You could even send us a video.Back to this week's journal, Anthony J Pelosi and colleagues (p 491) explore the ramifications of a bitterly fought present day rationing dilemma, and one in which NICE made first an unpopular stand-that cholinesterase inhibitors should not be available on the NHS for people with dementia, and then a reluctant concession-that they should be restricted to people with moderate Alzheimer's disease.The authors contend that the drugs have diverted resources towards memory clinics whose main aim is to monitor patients' cognitive decline rather than providing effective multidisciplinary care.As patients and carers cry foul against NICE, Pelosi and colleagues write, "The tragedy is not the proposed restrictions, but the fact that the only currently available licensed medicines for this cruel illness have turned out to be of marginal benefit."What would Shaw have made of all of this?In his preface to The Doctor's Dilemma, he suggested that it be "compulsory for a doctor using a brass plate to have inscribed on it, in addition to the letters indicating his qualifications, the words 'Remember that I too am mortal.'"
Assessment by Fibroscan of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: XL versus M probe?
Authors: Salvatore Petta, Antonio Craxì
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The study by Myers et al.,1 which tests the performance of the new Fibroscan XL probe, in comparison to the standard M probe, in the evaluation of liver stiffness in overweight/obese patients with metabolic (nonalcolholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) or viral (hepatitis B virus [HBV] or HCV) chronic liver disease, marks an important point, i.e., that the failure of measurement occurs only in 1% of patients with the XL probe as compared with 16% with the M probe. While this clearly increases the reliability in the setting of patients with a high body mass index (BMI), some issues should be considered. First of all, the XL probe does not improve the accuracy in predicting the stage of fibrosis, as assessed by using liver biopsy as the "gold standard." In fact, both the M and XL probes showed a comparable area under the curve (AUC) for significant and severe fibrosis and for cirrhosis. Second, 27% of cases using the XL probe were still inadequate. In addition, it would be interesting to know if the BMI, other than affecting reliability of stiffness measurement using both M and XL probes, is also able to interfere with its performance in predicting fibrosis, as we have recently shown in a cohort of biopsy-proven NAFLD patients.2 These considerations somewhat mitigate our enthusiasm for the XL probe, since even in overweight/obese patients the M probe is clearly not inferior, when the test was feasible, to the XL. Another relevant issue is that with the inclusion of patients with viral liver diseases (HBV and HCV), the diagnostic performance of Fibroscan3 may be vastly different and could lead to potentially misleading results in the setting of obese liver patients, where most if not all have NAFLD. Finally, interobserver reproducibility was not explicitly assessed in this study, which reports data on a new diagnostic tool, recorded at five different centers by five different operators. Thus, a potential observation bias cannot be excluded. In our opinion, given the already high cost of the Fibroscan, there is no sufficient evidence yet to suggest that the XL probe should complement the M probe to assess fibrosis in overweight/obese patients. In fact, other techniques such as acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI), easily implementable on standard ultrasound machines, can give a precise, noninvasive assessment of fibrosis in chronic liver disease while bringing to zero the number of unreliable examinations even in patients with a high BMI.4 Salvatore Petta XX*, Antonio Craxì XX*, * Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Health Care Access and Birth Outcome-Reply
Authors: Jennifer S. Haas
Journal: JAMA (1993)

In Reply.  —We agree with Dr Ferguson that public policy to improve the birth outcomes of disadvantaged women should address limited access to affordable family planning services. Unfortunately, our data set cannot address the role of unintended pregnancy in our findings.  Dr Rodney questions whether the decline of family physicians with training in obstetrics may contribute to our findings. We unfortunately cannot address the role of the family physician in providing access to prenatal care for disadvantaged women in Massachusetts.  Both of these letters suggest that factors beyond health coverage may affect access to prenatal care and birth outcomes. Although we believe that health coverage is a necessary first step toward improving access to prenatal care, our study suggests that health coverage alone may not be sufficient to ensure improved access and birth outcomes. We believe that policymakers should consider broader interventions to improve access to prenatal care and birth