tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The missing data that cost $20bn
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Poor symptom appraisal (detection, interpretation and response to symptoms) plays a major role in prolonged prediagnosis interval in various health conditions. Theories and models have been proposed to study the symptom appraisal process but how they could be employed to improve symptom appraisal remains unclear. We therefore aimed to review approaches to improving symptom appraisal in the literature and to develop a theoretical framework that could guide the development of approaches to improving symptom appraisal among individuals in the general population. <h3>Design</h3> Systematic review. <h3>Data sources</h3> Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus were searched from inception to 30 March 2021. <h3>Eligibility criteria</h3> We included original articles in English in which approaches to improve the detection, interpretation or response to symptoms for symptomatic individuals were described. We excluded articles in which approaches were developed to improve symptom appraisal among healthcare professionals. <h3>Data extraction and synthesis</h3> A predefined data extraction form was used to extract the development, characteristics and evaluation of approaches to improving symptom appraisal. This formed the basis for the narrative synthesis. <h3>Results</h3> Of 19 046 publications identified from the literature search, 112 were selected for full-text review and 29 approaches comprising provision of knowledge of symptoms/signs and additional components (eg, symptom self-examination and comparison) for symptom appraisal were included in the synthesis. Less than half (41.4%) of these approaches were developed based on theories/models. Interestingly, despite the variety of theories/models adopted in developing these approaches, the components of these approaches were similar. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Symptom appraisal is an essential process in a patient's journey that can be targeted to facilitate early diagnosis but is largely unstudied. Building on the literature, we proposed a theoretical framework and approaches to improving symptom appraisal. This could facilitate early identification of a variety of health conditions in the general population. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> CRD42021279500.
Inverse Association of Dietary Calcium With Systolic Blood Pressure in Young Children
Authors: Matthew W. Gillman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To investigate the association of dietary calcium with blood pressure in young children. <h3>Design.</h3> —Cohort. <h3>Setting.</h3> —General community. <h3>Subjects.</h3> —Eighty-nine boys and girls, aged 3 to 6 years, from The Framingham Children's Study. <h3>Measurements.</h3> —During the first year of the study, we derived nutrient data from multiple food diaries (a mean of 9.6 days of recording for each subject). At the beginning of the second year of the study, we obtained anthropometric data and up to five blood pressure readings (mean, 4.5) on each child at a single sitting. <h3>Results.</h3> —The range of subjects' average daily calcium intake was 4.9 to 19.6 mmol per 4200 kJ, with a mean of 12.8 mmol per 4200 kJ. Subjects' average systolic blood pressure ranged from 73 to 129 mm Hg, with a mean of 95.9 mm Hg; for diastolic blood pressure, the range was 37 to 78 mm Hg, mean 54.6 mm Hg. Multiple linear regression analysis, adjusted for the effects of sex, height, body mass index, and heart rate, showed that for each increment of 2.5 mmol of dietary calcium per 4200 kJ per day, systolic blood pressure was 2.27 mm Hg lower (95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 3.91 mm Hg; P =.008). We found no such association for diastolic blood pressure. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Dietary calcium is inversely related to systolic blood pressure in young children. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:2340-2343)
Rheumatic Fever in Warm Climates-Reply
Authors: Robert H. Persellin
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In Reply.—  Dr Garcia-Palmieri has very properly emphasized that the epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever relates to the intensity and severity of streptococcal disease, whether it be in the tropics or in temperate climates. Wherever the predisposing factors of inadequate primary medical treatment with crowded living conditions, close person-to-person contact, inadequate nutritional intake, and lowered host defenses exist, acute rheumatic fever can be expected—and the prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease will not be related to climate, per se, nor to any particular racial or ethnic group.  For further information, the reader is referred to the very excellent monographRheumatic Fever and Streptococcal Infectionby Dr Gene H. Stollerman (New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1975).
ABC of Breast Diseases: Prognostic Factors
Authors: W R Miller, I O Ellis, J R C Sainsbury, J M Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Prognostic factors are of value for three main reasons: i 6L6 3 1| 0 To help select the appropriate treatment for individual patients (64 _ 0* To allow comparisons of treatments between groups of patients at similar risks of recurrence or death _ 1 _ _(49 0 * To improve our understanding of breast cancer, which may permit the development of new strategies or treatments 83) Prognostic factors can be broadly classified into two groups: Age (years): chronological factors, which are indicators of how long the cancer has 35-65 s been present and relate to stage of disease at presentation, and l 5| 35biological factors, which relate to the intrinsic or potential behaviour of the tumour.However, recent evidence suggests that age at diagnosis may also be a risk factor: younger women (aged under 35) have a -; _= poorer prognosis than older patients with cancer of equivalent stage.
A dose-response study of 13-cis-retinoic acid in acne vulgaris
Authors: D.H. JONES, KATHRINE KING, A.J. MIILER, W.J. CUNLIFFE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

13‐cis‐retinoic acid has been used as a single agent in the treatment of seventy‐six patients with previously unresponsive cystonodular acne. The study was carried out in a double‐blind fashion using three doses of the drug. Ninety per cent of the patients responded with a 70% improvement in the acne severity. Sixty‐six per cent of the patients experienced no further problems with their acne during follow‐up. Side‐effects were frequent. The 0.5 mg/kg b.w. dose is recommended for the initial course of treatment.
The Attending Physician
Authors: James B. Reuler
Journal: JAMA (1980)

THE GOALS of medical education today, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, are thwarted by a multitude of forces. Medical school enrollments are increasing. Academic and administrative demands on the faculty abound. Financial difficulties plague the institutions. The public is dissatisfied with and distrustful of the profession. House staff clamors for more tolerable working conditions. Within this milieu patients must be cared for and trainees instructed. Central to the successful provision of quality medical education and patient care stands the attending physician. His strengths, however, have become dissipated out of need for self-preservation in the pursuit of more tangible, more remunerative activities. As attending physicians for students and house officers, through discussions with students from visiting medical schools, and from interviewing applicants for house staff training, we have identified several problems. Students and house officers are rarely counseled about their performance, whether good or bad. Often the student reaches
Gastric Hypochlorhydria and Achlorhydria in Older Adults-Reply
Authors: Aryeh Hurwitz
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The studies by Dr Russell and colleagues have added to our appreciation that achlorhydria, resulting from either omeprazole administration or atrophic gastritis, can cause malabsorption of protein-bound vitamin B 12 . 1 Though we did not determine absorption or levels of vitamin B 12 , we do not share his view that our data show one third of elderly Americans to be at risk of malabsorption of food-bound vitamin B 12 . Six (2%) of our 248 subjects were receiving vitamin B 12 injections, 4 of whom had low basal acidity by the resin test (urine quinine
Bronchial Reactivity in Relation to Immune Responses in Rats after Subcutaneous Sensitization without Adjuvant
Authors: G. Smedegård, S. Ahlstedt, B. Björkstén, H. Nygren
Journal: Allergy (1984)

Rats of BN×Wi/Fu strain were immunized by daily subcutaneous (S.C.) injections of antigen without the use of adjuvant for two 2‐week periods with a 4‐week interval. The bronchial responses to airway and intravenous (i.v.) antigen challenge were measured during and after the immunization period. These responses were compared with both the humoral and the cell‐mediated immune response of the animals. Immunization induced bronchial reactivity of the animals to antigen after airway and i.v. challenge. This reactivity persisted for 7 weeks following the second immunization period. Specific IgE antibodies were detected in serum, bronchial fluid and in supernatants from cultured peripheral lymph node cells. The immunization also resulted in an IgG antibody response. Neither the amount of IgE. IgG2a, nor of any other isotype, correlated with the bronchial reactivity in the animals. Antigen simulation of lymph node cells mixed with syngeneic spleen cells induced proliferation. This procedure also resulted in a maturation of mast cells in 3‐week cultures. The immunization also resulted in some increase in the number of mast cells around vessels in the lung. There was no correlation between these parameters of cell‐mediated immunity and either antibody responses or bronchial reactivity.
Parotid Gland Metastasis From Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus Detected by FDG PET/CT
Authors: Te-Chun Hsieh, Yu-Chin Wu, Shung-Shung Sun, Chun-Fan Yang, Chia-Hung Kao
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A 55-year-old man was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma in the middle thoracic esophagus. The FDG PET/CT revealed an incidental strong FDG-avid finding (SUVmax, 11) in the right parotid gland, which was subsequently confirmed as metastasis from the squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus via surgery. The current case adds another differential diagnosis of parotid FDG-avid lesion to the existing literature.
Radiation-induced cell transformation: transformation efficiencies of different types of ionizing radiation and molecular changes in radiation transformants and tumor cell lines.
Authors: L Hieber, K Trutschler, J Smida, M Wachsmann, G Ponsel, A M Kellerer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

This study aims to compare the efficiencies of 5.4 keV soft X-rays, alpha-particles, and gamma-rays in transforming C3H 10T1/2 cells and to assess the sequence of cellular and molecular changes during the process of radiation-induced transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. The somewhat more densely ionizing soft X-rays are more effective than gamma-rays both for cell inactivation and cell transformation. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) appears to be independent of dose; it is approximately 1.3 for either end point. The RBE of alpha-particles versus gamma-rays, on the other hand, increases with decreasing dose; the dose dependence is somewhat more apparent for cell transformation than for cell inactivation. SHE cells transformed by different types of ionizing radiation and related tumor cell lines isolated from nude mice tumors were found to have a distinct growth advantage compared to primary SHE cells, documented by higher plating efficiencies, shorter doubling times, and higher cloning efficiencies in semisolid medium. Most transformed and tumor cell lines that were investigated have elevated mRNA levels for the H-ras gene, some of them show restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the H-ras gene, and some exhibit a substantially amplified c-myc gene. In a sequence analysis of the Syrian hamster H-ras gene of eight tumor cell lines from radiation transformants, we have not found any mutation in codons 12, 13, 59, 61, nor in the flanking regions of these codons. The transformed and tumor cell lines tend to have lower chromosome numbers than primary SHE cells.
Laminin receptor initiates bacterial contact with the blood brain barrier in experimental meningitis models
Authors: Carlos J. Orihuela, Jafar Mahdavi, Justin Thornton, Beth Mann, Karl G. Wooldridge, Noha Abouseada, Neil J. Oldfield, Tim Self, Dlawer A.A. Ala’Aldeen, Elaine I. Tuomanen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

A diverse array of infectious agents, including prions and certain neurotropic viruses, bind to the laminin receptor (LR), and this determines tropism to the CNS. Bacterial meningitis in childhood is almost exclusively caused by the respiratory tract pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae, but the mechanism by which they initiate contact with the vascular endothelium of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is unknown. We hypothesized that an interaction with LR might underlie their CNS tropism. Using affinity chromatography, coimmunoprecipitation, retagging, and in vivo imaging approaches, we identified 37/67-kDa LR as a common receptor for all 3 bacteria on the surface of rodent and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Mutagenesis studies indicated that the corresponding bacterial LR-binding adhesins were pneumococcal CbpA, meningococcal PilQ and PorA, and OmpP2 of H. influenzae. The results of competitive binding experiments suggest that a common adhesin recognition site is present in the carboxyl terminus of LR. Together, these findings suggest that disruption or modulation of the interaction of bacterial adhesins with LR might engender unexpectedly broad protection against bacterial meningitis and may provide a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of disease.
Livedo reticularis induced by amantadine
Authors: M.J. Sladden, N. Nicolaou, G.A. Johnston, P.E. Hutchinson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Livedo reticularis induced by amantadine Get access M.J. Sladden, M.J. Sladden Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. Nicolaou, N. Nicolaou Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.A. Johnston, G.A. Johnston Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.E. Hutchinson P.E. Hutchinson Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K. E‐mail: m.sladden@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 149, Issue 3, 1 September 2003, Pages 656–658, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05479.x Published: 01 September 2003
The effect of brain death on cardiovascular function in rats. Part II. The cause of the in vivo haemodynamic changes
Authors: P Herijgers
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: Brain death-induced haemodynamic collapse in rats is not caused by intrinsic myocardial damage as shown in the accompanying paper. We investigated whether this collapse could be caused by the withdrawal of the basal adrenergic tone. Methods: Heart rate and blood pressure variability was studied in rats before and after brain death. The effect of high doses of phentolamine, propranolol or their combination administered before or after brain death was assessed. Results: Heart rate variability in the respiratory frequency range significantly increased, whereas in the low-frequency range it tended to decrease after brain death. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability up to 0.18 Hz largely disappeared, but stayed unchanged in the respiratory frequency range. High-dose combined phentolamine and propranolol pretreatment induced a haemodynamic picture comparable to the situation seen after brain death without pharmacological intervention. Brain death did not further deteriorate the haemodynamic situation after combined pretreatment. On the other hand, once the haemodynamic collapse after brain death had settled, adrenergic blockade had no important influence any more. Conclusion: We conclude that the haemodynamic situation seen after brain death is one of profound sympathetic withdrawal.
Utility of Combined 99mTc-Phosphate and 67Ga Imaging in Diagnosis of Septic Arthritis
Authors: HIKARU SETO, NORIHISA TONAM, KINICHI HISADA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

A case of septic arthritis diagnosed by combined 99m Tc-phosphate and 67Ga imaging, which preceded positive cultures of the infecting organism, is presented. A previously healthy 10-year-old girl complained of pain in her left hip with persistent fever. Initial laboratory studies showed a normal white cell count and negative blood cultures. A septic process was not confirmed. Blood flow studies and bone images with 99m Tc-phosphate showed markedly increased perfusion in the left hip joint without extension to bone. Subsequent 67Ga images revealed a marked increase in radioactivity in the same region, indicating the presence of a septic process. Serial blood cultures and arthrocentesis showed Staphylococcus aureus. The patient improved on antibiotics.
Abstract 1040: Downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling is related to DHA-induced cytotoxicity in A549 human lung cancer cells
Authors: Nayeong Kim, Kyoung-Sub Song, Kaipeng Jing, Soyeon Jeong, Soyeon Shin, Hyerim Oh, Jun-Young Heo, Ji-Hoon Park, Kang-Sik Seo, Hyun-Joo Kwon, Jong-Il Park, Seung-Kiel Park, Gi-Ryang Kweon, Wan-Hee Yoon, Byung-Doo Hwang, Kyu Lim
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Lung cancer is leading cause of all cancer deaths. Although omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) have been reported to inhibit cell growth in several cancers, the anti-cancer mechanism of ω3-PUFAs on lung cancer is still unclear. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of anti-cancer action of DHA, one of ω3-PUFAs, in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. Following treatment of DHA, the viability of A549 cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. DHA induced apoptotic cell death as revealed by increased cleaved PARP, TUNEL positive cells and subG1 population. The amounts of PI3K and phospho-Akt proteins were decreased after DHA treatment dose-dependent manner. In addition, DHA decreased the level of phospho-phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (p-PTEN) protein, which is an inactive form of PTEN. Moreover, transient transfection of constitutive active Akt cDNA and full length of Akt cDNA into A549 cells partially restored DHA-dependent inhibition of cell growth compared with the cells transfected with kinase dead form of Akt. Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may be related to anti-cancer action of DHA in A549 human NSCLC cells. Therefore, utilization of DHA may represent a potential effective therapy for the chemoprevention and treatment of human non-small cell lung cancer. [This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R13-2007-020-01000-0)] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1040. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1040
INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Samuel Strober
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

Thoracic duct cells and spleen cells were tested for their ability to restore the primary antibody response of X-irradiated rats to bovine serum albumin (BSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), horse spleen femtin (HSF), and Salmonella typhi flagella. Spleen cells were at least as efficient as thoracic duct cells in restoring the response to BSA, HSF, and Salmonella typhi flagella. In further experiments thoracic duct cells lacking large dividing lymphocytes were tested for their ability to restore the primary response. Large lymphocytes were eliminated by the in vitro incubation of thoracic duct cells for 24 hr at 37°C or by treatment of thoracic duct cell donors with the mitotic inhibitor vinblastine sulfate 24 hr prior to cannulation of the thoracic duct. Experiments with SRBC show that incubated cells and cells from vinblastine-treated donors are as efficient as normal cells in restoring the primary antibody response. On the other hand, experiments with HSF and Salmonella typhi flagella show that incubated cells and cells from vinblastine-treated donors are about five times less efficient than normal cells in restoring the response. Normal thoracic duct cells were more efficient than incubated cells but less efficient than cells from vinblastine-treated donors in restoring the early response to BSA. The experimental findings indicate that the classes of thoracic duct lymphocytes which initiate the primary antibody response to SRBC differ from the classes which initiate the response to HSF and Salmonella typhi flagella, or BSA.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with inappropriate antidiuresis and psychogenic polydipsia.
Authors: C R Tomson
Journal: BMJ (1986)

pressing need for culturally acceptable educational aids that recognise the regional differences between Asian communities.Such aids'shouldencourage a reduced consumption of refined carbohydrates and saturated fats and an increased consumption of unrefined carbohydrates rich in fibre.We gratefully acknowledge research grants from the North
Genes and the environment: their impact on children's health.
Authors: W A Suk, G W Collman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Because the human population is biologically diverse and genetically heterogeneous, it is not surprising that differences in susceptibility to disease among individuals with or without exposure to environmental agents exist. Individuals vary greatly in their susceptibility to disease. This is true of adults and children. The etiologies of many diseases of childhood are due to a combination of factors, including genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures during vulnerable periods of development. Genes regulate cellular growth and development, DNA replication and repair, the metabolism of endogenous agents in the body, and the metabolism and excretion of exogenous agents that the body comes in contact with in the environment. This regulation varies over the life span, contributing to the cellular consequences of the environmental exposures. This paper summarizes the contributions of genetics in understanding the etiology of environmentally induced diseases in children. The use of biomarkers of genetic susceptibility in the study of these diseases will be discussed. Future research needs for expanding our knowledge of the interactions between genetic and environmental components of childhood diseases will be presented.