tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Do all COPD patients present irreversible airflow limitation
Authors: Stefan Wesolowski, Piotr Boros
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

COPD is a disease characterised by airflow limitation (AL) that is not fully reversible. GOLD guidelines define AL in COPD as a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC of  12% from baseline and >200 mL) was observed in 243 (38.7%) patients. Interpretation of bronchodilator tests according to ATS/ERS 2005 guidelines confirmed irreversible AL (pre- and postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC
The effects of theophylline on mucosal inflammation in asthmatic airways: biopsy results
Authors: R Djukanović, J P Finnerty, C Lee, S Wilson, J Madden, S T Holgate
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Theophylline, a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has only recently been reconsidered as a potential anti-inflammatory drug. Its ability to inhibit late asthmatic responses has pointed to possible inhibition of mechanisms regulating the influx and activity of inflammatory cells into the airways. Increasing evidence points to an anti-inflammatory action of theophylline at doses lower than those necessary for a bronchodilator effect. Withdrawal of theophylline from regular treatment results in an increase both in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the bronchial mucosa and a concomitant decrease in the blood, suggesting that theophylline prevents T-cell trafficking from blood into the airways. Furthermore, pretreatment with theophylline significantly attenuates the influx of eosinophils into the airways associated with an allergen-induced late asthmatic response. In keeping with these observations, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving mild to moderately severe atopic asthmatics, treatment with theophylline resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of epithelial CD8+ T-cells. In addition, the numbers of cells containing cytokines, interleukin 4 and 5 (IL-4 and IL-5), decreased in the theophylline-treated group and increased in the placebo-treated group, with the difference between the changes being significant. It would, therefore, appear that theophylline may contribute to asthma control due to its ability to reduce the suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells and cytokines which are relevant to allergic mucosal responses.
Total respiratory resistance and reactance in ankylosing spondylitis and kyphoscoliosis
Authors: JA van Noord, M Cauberghs, KP Van de Woestijne, M Demedts
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1991)

Ankylosing spondylitis and kyphoscoliosis both alter the function of the lung by modifying the mechanical properties of the thoracic cage. The purpose of the present study was to assess the changes in total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) in these patients and to compare these data with conventional pulmonary function tests. In 16 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and seven with kyphoscoliosis we measured lung volumes, maximal flows, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, lung compliance and Rrs and Xrs between 2-26 Hz by means of the forced oscillation technique (FOT). In the patients with ankylosing spondylitis mean total lung capacity was 83% predicted (range 60-105%). Mean values of Rrs were normal; there was a small decrease in Xrs at the lowest frequency. In the patients with kyphoscoliosis mean total lung capacity (TLC) was 41% predicted for arm span (range 26-75%). Mean Rrs was elevated with a negative frequency dependence, and mean Xrs was decreased. The observed differences in Rrs and Xrs between the two groups of patients are related to differences in severity of the restriction. There is evidence that the changes in Rrs and Xrs in both groups are mainly attributable to an increase in chest wall resistance and a decrease in chest wall compliance, while in the patients with kyphoscoliosis an increase in airway resistance and a decrease in lung compliance also intervenes.
Phase I study of carboplatin given on a five-day intravenous schedule.
Authors: M Rozencweig, C Nicaise, M Beer, N Crespeigne, M Van Rijmenant, L Lenaz, Y Kenis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1983)

Twenty-six adult patients were entered in a phase I trial of carboplatin, a new cisplatin derivative with reduced potential for nephrotoxicity. All patients had solid tumors and the median World Health Organization performance score was 2 (0-3). Twelve patients had not received prior chemotherapy. The drug was administered as a 15-minute IV infusion, without pre- or posthydration, at daily doses of 40-125 mg/m2 for five consecutive days. Antiemetics were given only if needed. Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were dose related and dose limiting. One patient died from septic shock at the highest dose level. Nonhemolytic anemia was also encountered. Nausea and vomiting were experienced by most patients but gastrointestinal intolerance was severe in only two patients. One patient had hypercreatininemia, which was minor and rapidly reversible. Other toxic effects consisted of negligible fatigue, paresthesia, pruritus, local pain, stomatitis, headache, and alopecia. Although none of the patients achieved a partial or complete response, antitumor effect was strongly suggested in two patients with thyroid and cervix cancer, respectively. Carboplatin is an attractive candidate for phase II trials. In good-risk patients, such trials could be initiated at a daily dose of 100 mg/m2 for five consecutive days every five to six weeks.
Tuberculous empyema thoracis surgical perspective. A tertiary care center experience
Authors: Ali Raza Uraizee, Jawed Ahmed Memon, Anil Roy Bhagwani, Ahmed Ali Poonawala, Imroz Arif Farhan, Syed Arshad Husain
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but other species of Mycobacteria are also present which may produce similar change. A granulomatous response associated with intense tissue inflammation and damage, and is a leading pulmonary disease whereas pleural tuberculosis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis. 90% originates from primary infection, while 10% due to reactivation of cavitated or fibrocaseous lesion.   Patients and methods:  Between June 2008 to June 2009, 85 patients of 20-50 years of age underwent Thoracotomy and decortication for Tuberculous Empyema Thoracis were included in this study. Age less than 20yrs and above 50yrs, poor functional and nutritionally status, underlying parenchymal disease, A.T.T. Defaulters and MDR T.B were excluded.   Results:  There was no mortality, mean day of discharge was 6 post-operative date 5/85 had wound complications, 3 patients required upto 10 day of hospitalization due to air leaks and wound complications 1 patient required revision of procedure and ended with pleurocutaneous window. Operating patients early with T.B Empyema Thoracis carries equally good results if compared to those operated at a later stage.   Conclusion:  Operating patients early with T.B Empyema Thoracis carries similar results if compared to those operated at a later stage.Patient selection are an important factor. Key to success is: Patients taking adequate dose of A.T.T. Observed Treatment with regular followup. Surgery remains the standard Treatment.
Angioplasty with paclitaxel coated balloon reduces restenosis in peripheral artery disease
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using a paclitaxel coated balloon notably improves arterial patency at one year when compared with the same procedure using a standard uncoated balloon in patients with femoropopliteal artery disease, a study in the New England Journal of Medicine has shown.1

Treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is effective in restoring blood flow to patients with atherosclerotic disease in the femoral and popliteal arteries. But restenosis occurs in nearly two thirds of patients within a year of the procedure.

In …
Protection against allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) by olodaterol in guinea pigs is synergistically enhanced by tiotropium
Authors: Marieke Smit, Annet Zuidhof, Sophie Bos, Harm Maarsingh, Reinoud Gosens, Johan Zaagsma, Herman Meurs
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The ultra-long acting β 2 -agonist olodaterol has shown to be effective in asthma and COPD. Increased cholinergic tone, common to these diseases, may reduce β 2 -agonist responsiveness. In a guinea pig model of asthma, we investigated the protection of allergen (ovalbumin, OA)-induced AHR by olodaterol, alone and in combination with the long acting anticholinergic tiotropium. Airway responsiveness (PC 100 ) was assessed at baseline (24h before OA) and after the early (EAR, 6h after OA) and late (LAR, 24h after OA) asthmatic reactions. 1h before OA, animals were treated with PBS (control), 1 mM olodaterol and/or 0.1 mM tiotropium (nebulizer concentrations, 3 min). OA induced AHR to histamine after the EAR (4.9-fold decrease in PC 100  compared to baseline), which was fully protected by olodaterol (2.3-fold  increase  in PC 100 ) and tiotropium (1.3-fold  increase ). When combined, a synergistic 4.8-fold  increase  in PC 100  was observed. After the LAR, AHR (2.8-fold decrease), was also protected by olodaterol, tiotropium and their combination (1.5-, 1.3- and 1.6-fold  increase  in PC 100 , respectively). OA-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, measured by BAL after the LAR, was not affected by any treatment. In conclusion, in a guinea pig model of asthma olodaterol and tiotropium protect against allergen-induced AHR after the EAR and LAR, without affecting inflammatory cell influx. Synergism between the drugs was found after the EAR, indicating that acetylcholine reduces the effectiveness of the β 2 -agonist and that the combination of olodaterol and tiotropium may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic asthma. (supported by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma).
Lifestyle Intervention with Weight Reduction
Authors: Henri P. I. Tuomilehto, Juha M. Seppä, Markku M. Partinen, Markku Peltonen, Helena Gylling, Jaakko O. I. Tuomilehto, Esko J. Vanninen, Jouko Kokkarinen, Johanna K. Sahlman, Tarja Martikainen, Erkki J. O. Soini, Jukka Randell, Hannu Tukiainen, Matti Uusitupa
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONReferencesCITING ARTICLES
An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement: Current Understanding and Future Research Needs in Tobacco Control and Treatment
Authors: Frank T. Leone, Kai-Hakon Carlsen, Patricia Folan, Karen Latzka, Alfred Munzer, Enid Neptune, Smita Pakhale, David P. L. Sachs, Jonathan Samet, Dona Upson, Alexander White
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Since the mid-20th century, the scientific community has substantially improved its understanding of the worldwide tobacco epidemic. Although significant progress has been made, the sheer enormity and scope of the global problem put it on track to take a billion lives this century. Curbing the epidemic will require maximizing the impact of proven tools as well as the development of new, breakthrough methods to help interrupt the spread of nicotine addiction and reduce the downstream morbidity.Members of the Tobacco Action Committee of the American Thoracic Society queried bibliographic databases, including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Collaborative, to identify primary sources and reviews relevant to the epidemic. Exploded search terms were used to identify evidence, including tobacco, addiction, smoking, cigarettes, nicotine, and smoking cessation. Evidence was consolidated into three thematic areas: (1) determinants of risk, (2) maternal-fetal exposure, and (3) current tobacco users. Expert panel consensus regarding current gaps in understanding and recommendations for future research priorities was generated through iterative discussion.Although much has been accomplished, significant gaps in understanding remain. Implementation often lags well behind insight. This report identifies a number of investigative opportunities for significantly reducing the toll of tobacco use, including: (1) the need for novel, nonlinear models of population-based disease control; (2) refinement of "real-world" models of clinical intervention in trial design; and (3) understanding of mechanisms by which intrauterine smoke exposure may lead to persistent, tobacco-related chronic disease.In the coming era of tobacco research, pooled talent from multiple disciplines will be required to further illuminate the complex social, environmental and biological codeterminants of tobacco dependence.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive, radiation-free imaging modality to study the onset and progression of lung disease in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Monika Eichinger, Eva Fritzsching, Annette Kopp-Schneider, Migle Sumkauskaite, Daiva-Elzieta Optazaite, Marcus Mall, Michael Puderbach
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Little is known about the onset and spontaneous progression and routine lung function testing is not available for monitoring of early CF lung disease. The aim of the present study was to validate pulmonary MRI to study the onset and progression of lung disease in infants and young children with CF.  In 34 CF patients (age: 2.5±0.4; 17f, 17m) MRI (1.5T) was performed in free breathing. For morphological imaging a T2w-(HASTE PACE) and a T1w T1-TSE sequences pre and post contrast media in coronal and transversal orientation were used. Functional imaging was performed using a 3D-FLASH-sequence with a temporal resolution of 1.5s after iv injection of Gadolinium-DTPA. Two independent radiologists analyzed the images with a dedicated MRI score (range 0-72).  Morphological and functional abnormalities in the CF lung were detected by MRI in the first year of life (MRI score 6.3±1.1; n=6) and the score increased significantly to 16.2±1.7 (p  Our study indicates that MRI of the lung is sensitive to detect abnormal morphology, function and response to therapy in early CF lung disease. These results suggest that MRI may be suitable for non-invasive diagnostic monitoring of disease severity and may serve as a novel endpoint for clinical trials in early CF lung disease. Supported by Mukoviszidose e.V.
Effect of the type of end-stage lung disease on postoperative evolution of lung transplantation patients
Authors: Marc Brosseau, Thomas Vandemoortele, Charles Poirier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction : The postoperative period is a critical time in lung transplantation. It has already been established that the type of end-stage lung disease has an impact on the survival benefit after lung transplantation. However, the specific aspects of postoperative evolution such as mechanical ventilation duration (MVD), intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), and hospital LOS have not been extensively studied.  Methods: We reviewed the experience in our center through a retrospective chart analysis of 201 patients who underwent lung transplantation from 2004 to 2010. We investigated if the MVD, ICU LOS, hospital LOS and the need for a tracheotomy are related to the underlying end-stage lung disease. We analyzed the data with descriptive statistics to identify differences between subgroups. Access to medical charts was granted by the Research Ethics Committee.  Results: Our results show that Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients have much longer MVD, ICU LOS and hospital LOS, require more tracheotomies and have higher mortality in the postoperative period when compared to other end-stage lung diseases. (Table 1)  Conclusion: Patients with IPF have longer ICU LOS and this seems to be related to longer MVD. Further research could address methods of improving weaning from mechanical ventilation in these patients.
Reducing LDL with PCSK9 Inhibitors — The Clinical Benefit of Lipid Drugs
Authors: Brendan M. Everett, Robert J. Smith, William R. Hiatt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

Interview with Dr. Kevin Schulman on the recent approval of two PCSK9 inhibitors and what their prices could mean for insurance premiums. (09:12)Download Despite limitations in the data on the two new PCSK9 inhibitors, an FDA advisory committee has voted to approve alirocumab and evolocumab. But committee members emphatically stated that LDL cholesterol levels are not a reliable surrogate for cardiovascular benefit.
Rectal Polyposis as a Guide to Duodenal Polyposis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Authors: A D Spigelman, C B Williams, R K S Phillips
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1992)

Almost all patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) develop duodenal polyps, the severity of which is graded stage 1 (minor) to stage V (cancer). Regular endoscopy is recommended for all patients with FAP. To test whether the development of severe duodenal polyposis could be predicted in another way, rectal and duodenal polyp severity were compared in 91 patients with FAP. The fulguration ratio (number of rectal fulgurations divided by number of years since colectomy) supplied the rectal polyp severity index. Patients with stage V duodenal polyposis had significantly higher fulguration ratios (median 0.38) than did patients with stage 1 disease (median 0; P=0.009). However, the wide scatter of results means that rectal polyp severity cannot be used as a guide to duodenal polyp severity in individual patients. The coexistence of populations with severe duodenal and rectal polyposis suggests that environmental factors are important in phenotypic expression in FAP.
Effects of Prostaglandins and Cholera Enterotoxin on Intestinal Mucosal Cyclic AMP Accumulation
Authors: Daniel V. Kimberg, Michael Field, Elaine Gershon, Antonia Henderson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Both cholera enterotoxin and certain prostaglandins have been shown to stimulate intestinal fluid secretion in vivo, to cause ion flux changes in vitro similar to those caused by addition of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and to activate intestinal mucosal adenyl cyclase. It has been suggested that the effects of the enterotoxin on intestinal cyclic AMP metabolism may be indirect, and that locally synthesized prostaglandins may serve as required intermediates for the effects of the enterotoxin in activating intestinal mucosal adenyl cyclase. In order to clarify certain aspects of the mechanisms by which these two agents alter intestinal mucosal cyclic AMP metabolism and ion transport, their effects on cyclic AMP accumulation in rabbit ileal mucosa were examined in vitro. Addition of 5 mug per ml (75 mug per 150 mg mucosa) of purified cholera enterotoxin produced a peak increase in cyclic AMP level in 3 h but there was a time delay of at least 30 min before any effect was observed. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with theophylline failed to reduce this time delay. In contrast, addition of prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) increased the cyclic AMP level rapidly, a peak effect being observed in 2 min. The time of the peak prostaglandin-induced changes in cyclic AMP level and short-circuit current correlated closely. A maximal increment in cyclic AMP level was achieved with 5 x 10(-5) M PGE(1). When 10(-4) M PGE(1) was added to mucosa already maximally stimulated with cholera toxin, the resulting cyclic AMP level was equal to the sum of the levels reached when each agent was added alone. Furthermore, the effects of the enterotoxin on mucosal cyclic AMP levels were not influenced by indomethacin under conditions where mucosal prostaglandins synthesis was inhibited. The results suggest that endogenous prostaglandins do not provide an essential link in the activation of intestinal mucosal adenyl cyclase by cholera enterotoxin. The present study also indicates that the effect of cholera enterotoxin on intestinal mucosal cyclic AMP metabolism involves a definite time delay which is not due to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity.
Origin and Distribution of Virus-Like Particles Associated With Mammary Tumors in DBA Strain Mice. II. Virus-Like Particles in the Blood and Organs&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Dorothy Gelber Feldman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1963)

Examination of tissue from the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, testis, seminal vesicle, and epididymis of strain DBA mice failed to reveal either A or B particles. One B particle was seen in a capillary of a spontaneous tumor. Also, a fluorocarbon extraction of the blood from a tumor-bearing mouse contained many B particles. It thus appears possible that the infectivity exhibited by the organs may be due to the presence of B particles in the blood supply to these organs. Particles, resembling the A particles of mammary tumors, were within the endoplasmic reticulum of the epididymis of both high-cancer strain DBA and agent-free C57BL males. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
Comparison of the Effects of Beeswax: Trioctanoin and Trioctanoin Vehicles on 3-Methylcholanthrene, Benzo[&lt;italic&gt;a&lt;/italic&gt;]pyrene, and 7,12-Dimethylbenz[&lt;italic&gt;a&lt;/italic&gt;]anthracene Subcutaneous Carcinogenesis in Three Strains of Mice and One Hybrid&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: C E Whitmire, A Lopez
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Subcutaneous tumor induction with three dose levels of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in two vehicles was studied in C3H/Anf Cum, C57BL/6 Cum, DBA/2J, and (C57BLXC3H/Anf)F1 (BC3F1/Cum) mice. Median tumor dose levels were significantly lower when the three carcinogens were suspended in trioctanoin. When beeswax: trioctanoin (B:T) was used as a vehicle, the three carcinogens differed in their abilities to be absorbed or solubilized from the vehicle by the three strains of mice and the hybrid. In C3H/Anf mice, BP in B:T failed to produce tumors. In BC3F1 mice, no tumors were produced by MCA, BP, or DMBA in B:T. In C57BL/6 mice, no tumors were produced with DMBA or MCA in B:T. In DBA/2 mice, no tumors were produced by BP or MCA in B:T. These results indicated that the interpretation of tumor induction results obtained with B:T vehicle may be related to the conditions of bioassay rather than to the carcinogenic potential of a compound.
Cancer Morbidity Among Two Male Cohorts With Increased Alcohol Consumption in Finland2
Authors: Timo Hakulinen, Lenni Lehtimäki, Marja Lehtonen, Lyly Teppo
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

The correlation between alcohol consumption and morbidity from cancer was investigated in 2 male Finnish populations. For the first population, the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry on cancer of the esophagus, liver, and colon (1965-68) and lung (1968) in mares were checked against the files of the “alcohol misuser” registry; this group totaled ≈ 205,000 males registered due to conviction for drunkenness, sanctions imposed by the municipal Social Welfare Boards, and breaches against the regulations governing alcohol usage in connection with the buyer surveillance conducted by the Finnish State Alcohol Monopoly in 1944–59. Excess morbidity was observed from cancer of the esophagus (P<O.OOI), liver (P<0.05), and lung (P<0.001) but not from cancer of the colon. For the second population, the files on a group of chronic skid-row alcoholics were studied. The mean annual number of males, >30 years old, registered as alcoholics by the Social Welfare Board of Helsinki was 4370 in 1967–70. The data of this registry were checked against those of the Finnish Cancer Registry (1967–70). Excess morbidity (P< 0.05) was observed from cancer of the pharnyx, esophagus, and lung; excess total cancer morbidity was also noted. The results agree with the hypothesis of a correlation between alcohol consumption and morbidity from cancer of the pharynx, esophagus, and liver. The high incidence of lung cancer in both populations may be attributed to concomitant heavy smoking, which may also be partly responsible for the excess morbidity from esophageal cancer.