tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends in sexual behaviour and HIV incidence in homosexual men.
Authors: C. Thompson, D. H. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Data from Edinburgh, Scotland, on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men between 1980-1987 suggest that this high-risk population is effectively adopting "safer sex" practices. The incidence of early syphilis in homosexual men presenting to the department of genitourinary medicine at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary peaked at 20 cases in 1984, and then began precipitous decline; no such cases were diagnosed in 1986 and 1987. The incidence of rectal gonorrhea reached a high of 58 cases in 1982, and has fallen steadily since then; there were 5 such cases diagnosed in 1987. Since unprotected anoreceptive intercourse is the main risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in homosexual men, trends in the incidence of rectal gonorrhea provide reliable information about the extent to which safe sex practices are being followed. Diagnoses of all types of gonorrhea peaked in 1982 at 120 cases, at which point they began a steady decline to 10 cases in 1987. Since this clinic does not have a policy of random anonymous testing for HIV infection, information on trends in the incidence of this infection are not available for this population. In general, these incidence trend date imply that the homosexual community in Edinburgh adopted sexual practices aimed at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infection even before government health education campaigns were launched. While declines in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea were not recorded in the heterosexual population in Edinburgh until 1985, homosexual men began demonstrating this trend around 1982.
Physical properties of isolated perfused renal tubules and tubular basement membranes
Authors: Larry W. Welling, Jared J. Grantham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

To study the physical properties of renal tubular basement membranes directly, the epithelial layer of single isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted, proximal straight, and cortical collecting tubules was removed with sodium desoxycholate. Tubular segments were perfused using micropipets. The distal end of each segment was occluded in order to simplify the measurement of transmembrane water flow. The relation between outer tubular diameter and applied transmural pressure was identical in intact tubules and their respective isolated tubular basement membranes indicating that the basement membrane determines tubular distensibility. Young's modulus for basement membranes from all tubular segments corresponded to that of tendon collagen. Membrane hydraulic conductivity was measured in two ways: (a) from the rate of transmural flow in response to an applied difference in hydrostatic pressure and, (b) from the rate of transmural flow in response to a difference in colloid osmotic pressure. The hydraulic conductivity of tubular basement membranes was 300-800 times greater than that of the intact epithelial layer. Basement membrane hydraulic conductance was similar to that of peritubular and glomerular capillaries in vivo. The hydrostatic conductance of tubular basement membranes exceeded the osmotic conductance by 3-10-fold owing largely to the fact that the membranes were moderately permeable to the osmotic solute (albumin). In view of these findings we suggest that oncotic and hydrostatic pressure may play an important role in the movement of tubular absorbate from the epithelial compartment into the renal interstitium.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Function in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Michael Kellner, Dewleen G. Baker, Alexander Yassouridis, Silke Bettinger, Christian Otte, Dieter Naber, Klaus Wiedemann
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: The study examined whether enhanced limbic mineralocorticoid receptor activity resulting in negative glucocorticoid feedback could contribute to the diminished basal and stress-induced cortisol output reported in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: The effects of acute antimineralocorticoid (spironolactone) versus placebo pretreatment on levels of plasma cortisol at baseline and after stimulations with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level were measured in 12 PTSD patients and 12 healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS: Spironolactone significantly elevated basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations as well as cortisol secretion after CRH stimulation, but no differential effect between PTSD patients and comparison subjects was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate intact, but not enhanced, mineralocorticoid receptor function in PTSD. The study's experimental conditions did not allow determination of whether other compensatory factors might have masked the putative mineralocorticoid receptor changes.
VERBALIZATION AND LANGUAGE SYMBOLS IN PERSONALITY ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Mandel Sherman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1938)

From the foregoing account it can be readily seen that language is the chief aid to personality adjustment. The overt non-verbal adjustmental reactions which allow an infant and young child to relate himself to others are replaced to a large extent by linguistic activity. In various neurotic and psychotic disorders a skilled observer may be able to detect personality disturbances long before they may show themselves by distortions of overt activity. Difficulties arise, however, in the attempt to make diagnoses from observations of language alone because the verbal responses may not give a true picture of the individual's personality. This is especially true of the psychoses because even an accurate account of the mental content may not be sufficient for a definition of the personality disorder.
Apolipoprotein E E4 Allele and Risk of Dementia
Authors: Allen D. Roses
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In response to the letter by Dr Frisoni and colleagues<sup>1</sup>that reported a series of 42 vascular dementia patients with an apolipoprotein E (apo E)<sup>E4</sup>allele frequency equivalent to that reported for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we believe that their cases represent AD patients who share a clinically suggested diagnosis of vascular dementia. Frisoni et al do not provide convincing evidence that their patients diagnosed as having vascular dementia do not also have AD. The cited "research criteria" (NINDS-AIREN<sup>2</sup>) provide for a diagnosis of probable or possible vascular dementia during life. These research criteria have yet to be tested with postmortem validation. It should also be noted that Roman and Tatemichi, coauthors of the published NINDS-AIREN criteria, more recently commented that the "criteria do not dismiss the coexistence of AD and vascular dementia."3 Roman and Tatemichi also commented that "in the absence of laboratory tests
Adenylate Kinase–Catalyzed Phosphotransfer in the Myocardium
Authors: Petras P. Dzeja, Konradas T. Vitkevicius, Margaret M. Redfield, John C. Burnett, Andre Terzic
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —Although the downregulation of creatine kinase activity has been associated with heart failure, creatine kinase–deficient transgenic hearts have a preserved contractile function. This suggests the existence of alternative phosphotransfer pathways in the myocardium, the identity of which is still unknown. In this study, we examined the contribution of adenylate kinase–catalyzed phosphotransfer to myocardial energetics. In the isolated mitochondria/actomyosin system, which possesses endogenous adenylate kinase activity in both compartments, substrates for adenylate kinase promoted the rate and amplitude of actomyosin contraction that was further enhanced by purified adenylate kinase. Inhibition of adenylate kinase activity diminished both actomyosin contraction and mitochondrial respiration, which indicated reduced energy flow between mitochondria and myofibrils. In intact myocardium, the net adenylate kinase–catalyzed phosphotransfer rate was 10% of the total ATP turnover rate as measured by 18 O-phosphoryl labeling in conjunction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In pacing-induced failing heart, adenylate kinase–catalyzed phosphotransfer increased by 134% and contributed 21% to the total ATP turnover. Concomitantly, the contribution by creatine kinase dropped from 89% in normal hearts to 40% in failing hearts. These phosphotransfer changes were associated with reduced levels of metabolically active ATP but maintained overall ATP turnover rate. Thus, this study provides evidence that adenylate kinase facilitates the transfer of high-energy phosphoryls and signal communication between mitochondria and actomyosin in cardiac muscle, with an increased contribution to cellular phosphotransfer in heart failure. This phosphotransfer function renders adenylate kinase an important component for optimal myocardial bioenergetics and a compensatory mechanism in response to impaired intracellular energy flux in the failing heart.
Cancer-Selective Targeting and Cytotoxicity by Liposomal-Coupled Lysosomal Saposin C Protein
Authors: Xiaoyang Qi, Zhengtao Chu, Yonatan Y. Mahller, Keith F. Stringer, David P. Witte, Timothy P. Cripe
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Saposin C is a multifunctional protein known to activate lysosomal enzymes and induce membrane fusion in an acidic environment. Excessive accumulation of lipid-coupled saposin C in lysosomes is cytotoxic. Because neoplasms generate an acidic microenvironment, caused by leakage of lysosomal enzymes and hypoxia, we hypothesized that saposin C may be an effective anticancer agent. We investigated the antitumor efficacy and systemic biodistribution of nanovesicles comprised of saposin C coupled with dioleoylphosphatidylserine in preclinical cancer models. Experimental Design: Neuroblastoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and, breast cancer cells were treated with saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles and assessed for cell viability, ceramide elevation, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine was i.v. injected to determine in vivo tumor-targeting specificity. Antitumor activity and toxicity profile of saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine were evaluated in xenograft models. Results: Saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles, with a mean diameter of ∼190 nm, showed specific tumor-targeting activity shown through in vivo imaging. Following i.v. administration, saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles preferentially accumulated in tumor vessels and cells in tumor-bearing mice. Saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine induced apoptosis in multiple cancer cell types while sparing normal cells and tissues. The mechanism of saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine induction of apoptosis was determined to be in part through elevation of intracellular ceramides, followed by caspase activation. In in vivo models, saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles significantly inhibited growth of preclinical xenografts of neuroblastoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. I.v. dosing of saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine showed no toxic effects in nontumor tissues. Conclusions: Saposin C–dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles offer promise as a novel, nontoxic, cancer-targeted, antitumor agent for treating a broad range of cancers. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5840–51)
Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation — At What Price?
Authors: Hartzell V. Schaff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

In 2000, Bonhoeffer et al. described transvenous placement of a pulmonary-valve prosthesis and speculated that similar technology might be used in other cardiac valves, including the aortic position.1 Two years later, the first transcatheter insertion of an aortic-valve prosthesis was performed by Cribier et al.2 Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation has developed rapidly, and two relatively mature technologies are in clinical use: the SAPIEN Transcatheter Heart Valve (Edwards Lifesciences) and the CoreValve Revalving System (Medtronic). In contrast to surgical valve replacement, in which the diseased, calcified cusps are removed, these and other catheter-based techniques in development rely on forcibly spreading the stenotic . . .
Repetitive brief myocardial ischemia and reperfusion induces a cardiomyopathy with features of myocardial hibernation in mice: a possible role for chemokines
Authors: Oliver Dewald, Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis, Martin Zoerlein, Pascal Knuefermann, Thuy T. Pham, George Taffet, Lloyd H. Michael, Mark L. Entman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Renal Complications of Sulphapyridine: A Case which showed Gross Haematuria and Uraemia
Authors: J. C. Leedham-Green
Journal: BMJ (1941)

care anid treatment.None of these developed gas gan- grene or serious sepsis.The courage and cheerfuLlness of the patients were most remarkable.For example, one woman about 52 years of age, when asked how she was, said: "Oh, I've only a few cuts and scratches " ; and added, " Hitler can't get me; he bombed me once before and blew the roof off my house.I was downstairs this time.My house is now down flat, and I won't be there next time he bombs it."Visitors were allowed freely,-but were warned that there were to be " no tears " while in the wards.I wish to express my thanks to the medical superintendent and his staff, and to the nursing staff, stretcher-bearers, and scouts, for their constant help and real team spirit in great emergencies.
Identification of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) as an instructive factor for human epidermal Langerhans cell differentiation
Authors: Nighat Yasmin, Thomas Bauer, Madhura Modak, Karin Wagner, Christopher Schuster, Rene Köffel, Maria Seyerl, Johannes Stöckl, Adelheid Elbe-Bürger, Daniel Graf, Herbert Strobl
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

Human Langerhans cell (LC) precursors populate the epidermis early during prenatal development and thereafter undergo massive proliferation. The prototypic antiproliferative cytokine TGF-β1 is required for LC differentiation from human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and blood monocytes in vitro. Similarly, TGF-β1 deficiency results in LC loss in vivo. However, immunohistology studies revealed that human LC niches in early prenatal epidermis and adult basal (germinal) keratinocyte layers lack detectable TGF-β1. Here we demonstrated that these LC niches express high levels of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) and that Bmp7-deficient mice exhibit substantially diminished LC numbers, with the remaining cells appearing less dendritic. BMP7 induces LC differentiation and proliferation by activating the BMP type-I receptor ALK3 in the absence of canonical TGF-β1–ALK5 signaling. Conversely, TGF-β1–induced in vitro LC differentiation is mediated via ALK3; however, co-induction of ALK5 diminished TGF-β1–driven LC generation. Therefore, selective ALK3 signaling by BMP7 promotes high LC yields. Within epidermis, BMP7 shows an inverse expression pattern relative to TGF-β1, the latter induced in suprabasal layers and up-regulated in outer layers. We observed that TGF-β1 inhibits microbial activation of BMP7-generated LCs. Therefore, TGF-β1 in suprabasal/outer epidermal layers might inhibit LC activation, resulting in LC network maintenance.
Incidental Detection of Leydig Cell Tumor Via Fluorine-18-Choline PET/CT in a Patient With Recurrent Prostate Cancer Disease
Authors: Marino Cimitan, Marina Hodolič, Anna Margherita Maffione, Eugenio Borsatti, Carmelo Urso, Patrick M. Colletti, Domenico Rubello
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

We report a case of a 62-year-old man with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer disease, investigated by fluorine-18-Choline ((18)F-FCH) PET/CT. (18)F-FCH PET/CT demonstrated focal increased uptake of (18)F-FCH inside the right testis, suggestive for distant recurrent disease. On testis removal, a Leydig cell tumor of 2.5 cm in diameter was unexpectedly found. (18)F-FCH PET/CT may demonstrate tumors other than prostate cancer.
Abstract 5097: Proteomic characterization of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Discovery and validation of NSCLC protein signatures and signaling networks
Authors: Yuhong Wei, Paul Taylor, Jiefei Tong, Dan Strumpf, Vladimir Ignatchenko, Nhu An Pham, Sheeno Thyparambil, Ming-Sound Tsao, Thomas Kislinger, Michael F. Moran
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of lung cancers. The most prevalent subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which combined account for approximately 90%. Ten resected NSCLC patient tumors (5 ADC and 5 SCC) were directly introduced into severely immune deficient (NOD-SCID) mice, and the resulting xenograft tumors (XT) were analyzed by standard histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by proteomics profiling. Mass spectrometry (MS) methods involving 1- and 2-dimensional LC-MS/MS, and multiplexed selective reaction monitoring (mSRM, or MRM), were applied to identify and quantify the xenograft proteomes. Hierarchical clustering of protein profiles distinguished between the ADC and SCC subtypes. The differential expression of &amp;gt;175 proteins was found to constitute a distinctive proteomic signature associated with NSCLC subtype, and an mSRM method was developed that provided relative quantification of a subset of highly differentially expressed proteins (i.e. &amp;gt;10-fold; p &amp;lt;0.05) that distinguished ADC and SCC subtypes. The mSRM assay was further developed for the absolute quantification of tumor signature proteins, and also the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylated EGFR, and was successfully applied with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections following laser micro dissection and Liquid Tissue® processing (Expression Pathology, Rockville, MD). To further validate the XT models and to define tumor-specific protein signatures, proteomic profiles encompassing ∼1500 proteins were compared between 5 (each) resected NSCLC patient tumors (PT), corresponding XT, and normal lung tissue (N). Subsets of proteins were identified that, based on their quantified differential expression patterns, distinguished between N and PT, and validated the fidelity of tumor signatures in the XT models. Protein quantifications by mSRM were associated with superior dynamic range and reproducibility but were otherwise consistent with orthogonal methods including IHC and Western immuno blotting. These findings illustrate the potential to develop a comprehensive MS-based platform in oncologic pathology for better classification and potentially treatment of NSCLC patients. Expression Pathology Inc. 9620 Medical Center Dr. Rockville, MD 20850 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5097. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5097
The Influence of Neighboring Base Composition on Substitutions in Plant Chloroplast Coding Sequences
Authors: B. R. Morton
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

The bias of nucleotide substitutions in noncoding sequences of the plant chloroplast genome is strongly dependent on the composition of the two flanking bases. Substitutions in G+C-rich environments have a strong bias toward transitions, while in A+T-rich environments, transversions outnumber transitions. In this study, the correlation between the composition of neighboring bases and nucleotide substitution bias is examined in a variety of coding sequences in the plant chloroplast genome. The analyses include both multiple sequence alignments, for the rbcL and n&F genes, and a pairwise comparison of rice and maize for 22 chloroplast genes. Substitution bias, measured in terms of transversion proportion, is found to be significantly correlated with the composition of the two neighboring bases, as in noncoding sequences. However, the influence of the two neighboring bases on substitutions in the &CL gene is different than what is observed in n&F and other coding sequences, where context dependency is the same as in noncoding sequences. This difference is examined and appears to be the result of an influence of nucleotides other than the two immediate neighbors on substitution bias in conjunction with a lower overall A+T content in the &CL gene. The results indicate that the synonymous substitution process in the chloroplast genome is strongly context dependent in a complex manner.
Prognostic significance of left ventricular hypertrophy during treatment of hypertension: The LIFE study
Authors: Richard B. Devereux, Kristian Wachtell, Eva Gerdts, Kurt Boman, Markku Nieminen, Vasilios Papademetriou, Jens Rokkedal, Steven Snapinn, Peter Aurup, Bjorn Dahlof
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Health Care in the Developing World: Problems of Scarcity and Choice
Authors: John R. Evans, Karen Lashman Hall, Jeremy Warford
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, together with representatives of 134 member governments, launched a campaign in 1978 to achieve "Health for All by the Year 2000" through primary health care.1 , 2 The objective of this campaign was to increase the political commitment of member countries to address the health needs of their people and particularly to improve the health status of the rural and urban poor in the Third World. Our presentation describes the difficulties of putting this objective into practice, and what may be possible on the very limited budget available for health in most developing countries.WHO . . .
Outcome of respiratory illness occurring in the first year of life.
Authors: C J Watkins, Y Sittampalam, J Bartholomew
Journal: BMJ (1986)

This paper describes the outcome of respiratory illness presented by a birth cohort of infants in the first year of life who were born to mothers in two inner London group general practices in terms of the ventilatory capacity measured at their fifth birthday. A history of two or more episodes of "lower" respiratory illness in the first year of life was associated with a significant reduction in peak expiratory flow when compared with those who had no such history. Boys had significantly higher peak flow rates than girls; those whose parents were in manual occupations had significantly lower peak flow rates than those whose parents were in non-manual occupations. There was a significant interaction between sex and social class.
Law is effective in protecting whistleblowers, report says
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The UK government has acted to dispel fears that NHS staff who report safety concerns may not be protected from reprisals under whistleblowing laws.

The worry arose from a statement by Professor Ian Kennedy and his team in the report of their inquiry into children's heart surgery at Bristol Royal Infirmary, published last July. The report said that Dr Stephen Bolsin, the anaesthetist who first brought the problems at Bristol to light, would not have been protected under the Public Interest Disclosure Act had it been in force at the time.

After taking legal advice, the health minister John Hutton has confirmed in a letter …