tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ball height during backswing and its influence on tenpin bowling performance
Authors: R Razman, P G Cheong
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

In tenpin bowling, it is common for coaches to suggest that bowlers display a higher backswing in order to generate higher peak ball velocity during swing (PB vel ). This stems from the assumption that the swing is akin to a pendulum, whereby the speed of the ball is dependent on the potential energy gained from its starting height. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain whether maximum ball height (BH Norm ) during backswing is related to PB vel or bowling score average (BSave). The study also compared BH Norm between elite and backup bowlers. Participants were assigned into two groups based on their BSave over three tournaments, with those averaging above 200 pin falls placed in the elite group. There were 18 elite (M=10, F=8; BSave 213±7) and 12 backup bowlers (M=7, F=5; BSave 181±9). Ball height and velocity data were derived from Kwon3D system utilising four 100 Hz cameras. BH Norm was the vertical distance between the maximum ball height during backswing and the lowest point during swing, normalised to subject's height. PB vel was the maximum linear forward velocity of the ball near release. Participants aimed for a strike at each of the four trials, the mean scores were used. In terms of relationship to bowling performance, BH Norm had no significant (p&lt;0.05) relationship to BSave (r=0.00) and PB vel (r=0.01). Comparisons of BH Norm between the elite and backup group also yielded no significant differences. Contrary to the popular notion that raising the ball higher will lead to higher release velocity, the height a ball is raised during backswing does not seem to correspond with higher ball speeds, nor does it relate to better bowling scores. The latter is supported by the fact that there was no significant difference in BH Norm between the different level bowlers. It can be suggested that the ball height during backswing is more of a choice of individual preference rather than the need to generate more ball speed.
Reactions to Injury and Burns and Their Clinical Importance
Authors: John A. Moncrief
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This small text, written by one of the few premier pathologists interested in the subject of trauma, including burns, has the avowed purpose of providing information directed to medical students in their later years and to postgraduate students of pathology and surgery. The information is a compilation of the data available at the time of publication, including the international literature and the author's wealth of experience, which covers 25 years in the Birmingham Accident Hospital. While the bibliography is adequate, the reader cannot determine whether the statements are derived from personal experience or from the literature survey, and thus documentation of some of the more controversial statements is difficult to grasp immediately. In spite of this minor deficiency, the book presents the subject matter thoroughly, yet in a concise and readable fashion.  The volume of information in this fine text is such that rapid scanning is not possible, and careful
STARTS-2
Authors: Robyn J. Barst, Maurice Beghetti, Tomas Pulido, Gary Layton, Irina Konourina, Min Zhang, D. Dunbar Ivy
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background— The double-blind, placebo-controlled Sildenafil in Treatment-Naive Children, Aged 1 to 17 Years, With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (STARTS-1) study assessed sildenafil in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension; improved hemodynamics and exercise capacity occurred in medium- and high-dose groups. STARTS-2 was the extension study. Methods and Results— In STARTS-1, 234 children ≥8 kg were randomly assigned to low-, medium-, or high-dose sildenafil or placebo orally thrice daily; within-group dose depended on weight. In STARTS-2, sildenafil-treated patients continued STARTS-1 dosing; placebo-treated patients were randomized to 1 of the 3 sildenafil dose groups. Patients requiring additional pulmonary arterial hypertension–specific therapy discontinued study treatment; survival follow-up was attempted. As of August 2011, all children received ≥3 years of treatment (unless discontinued) from STARTS-1 baseline; 37 deaths were reported (26 on study treatment), 1 of which occurred within the first year of treatment. Most patients who died (28/37) had idiopathic/heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (76% versus 33% overall) and baseline functional class III/IV disease (38% versus 15% overall); patients who died had worse baseline hemodynamics. Kaplan-Meier estimated 3-year survival rates from start of sildenafil were 94%, 93%, and 88% for patients randomized to low-, medium-, and high-dose sildenafil, respectively; 87%, 89%, and 80% were known to be alive at 3 years. Hazard ratios for mortality were 3.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.46–10.65) for high versus low and 1.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–5.65) for medium versus low dose; however, multiple analyses raised uncertainty about the survival/dose relationship. Conclusions— Although children randomized to higher compared with lower sildenafil doses had an unexplained increased mortality, all sildenafil dose groups displayed favorable survival for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00159874 (extension study of NCT00149913). Unique identifier: NCT00159874.
THE ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTION OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Frederick S. Hammett, Joseph E. Nowrey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

A histological comparison of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, circulating young erythrocytes, and differential count in mature male and female albino rats receiving germanium dioxide with their litter controls not receiving this compound was made. It was found that the livers of the test animals in most cases showed a condition of capillary dilatation and that more erythrocytes were in these capillaries than were in those of the controls. There was no evidence of any red cell formation by the liver. The spleens of the test rats gave the impression of being slightly more congested and of having a slightly more dense concentration of cells in the Malpighian corpuscles than those of the controls. There was no evidence of an increased red cell destruction nor was there any evidence of splenic erythropoiesis. In the bone marrow of the rats which had received the germanium dioxide injections there was evidence of a marked stimulation in formation of nucleated erythrocytes, in that many more of these cells were found here than in the marrow sections of the controls. The circulating blood of the test rats contained more young red cells as demonstrated by the increased number of erythrocytes taking the polychromatic stain than did the blood of the controls. No noteworthy differences in the values for the various types of white cells in the circulation determined by the differential count could be found between the two groups. Using, then, as an acceptable criterion of erythropoiesis an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the circulation which is accompanied by an increase in the number of young red cells, and an increased number of nucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow, we consider ourselves justified in concluding that germanium dioxide is a potent erythropoietic agent and the source of the erythrocythemia produced by this compound is the increased production of red cell precursors by the bone marrow stimulated to increased activity by the compound used.
Involvement of sirtuin 1 in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of allergic airway disease
Authors: So Ri Kim, Kyung Sun Lee, Seoung Ju Park, Kyung Hoon Min, Yeong Hun Choe, Hee Moon, Wan Hee Yoo, Han-Jung Chae, Myung Kwan Han, Yong Chul Lee
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Misleading Names for Jobs
Authors: C. J. Langridge
Journal: BMJ (1969)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> To assess effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on diabetes diagnosis and glucose metabolism. <h3>Design</h3> Systematic review and meta-analyses. <h3>Data sources</h3> Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinicaltrials.gov, and trials in relevant systematic reviews. <h3>Eligibility criteria</h3> Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks’ duration assessing effects of increasing α-linolenic acid, long chain omega-3, omega-6, or total PUFA, which collected data on diabetes diagnoses, fasting glucose or insulin, glycated haemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>), and/or homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). <h3>Data synthesis</h3> Statistical analysis included random effects meta-analyses using relative risk and mean difference, and sensitivity analyses. Funnel plots were examined and subgrouping assessed effects of intervention type, replacement, baseline risk of diabetes and use of antidiabetes drugs, trial duration, and dose. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool and quality of evidence with GRADE. <h3>Results</h3> 83 randomised controlled trials (mainly assessing effects of supplementary long chain omega-3) were included; 10 were at low summary risk of bias. Long chain omega-3 had little or no effect on likelihood of diagnosis of diabetes (relative risk 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.17; 58 643 participants, 3.7% developed diabetes) or measures of glucose metabolism (HbA<sub>1c</sub> mean difference −0.02%, 95% confidence interval −0.07% to 0.04%; plasma glucose 0.04, 0.02 to 0.07, mmol/L; fasting insulin 1.02, −4.34 to 6.37, pmol/L; HOMA-IR 0.06, −0.21 to 0.33). A suggestion of negative outcomes was observed when dose of supplemental long chain omega-3 was above 4.4 g/d. Effects of α-linolenic acid, omega-6, and total PUFA on diagnosis of diabetes were unclear (as the evidence was of very low quality), but little or no effect on measures of glucose metabolism was seen, except that increasing α-linolenic acid may increase fasting insulin (by about 7%). No evidence was found that the omega-3/omega-6 ratio is important for diabetes or glucose metabolism. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This is the most extensive systematic review of trials to date to assess effects of polyunsaturated fats on newly diagnosed diabetes and glucose metabolism, including previously unpublished data following contact with authors. Evidence suggests that increasing omega-3, omega-6, or total PUFA has little or no effect on prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. <h3>Systematic review registration</h3> PROSPERO CRD42017064110.
Calcium oscillations in digitalis-induced ventricular fibrillation: pathogenetic role and metabolic consequences in isolated ferret hearts.
Authors: H Kusuoka, W E Jacobus, E Marban
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

The pathophysiology of the ventricular fibrillation that complicates digitalis intoxication was investigated. In this and other calcium-overload states, oscillations of the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been implicated as the cause of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. We addressed two questions: 1) Are [Ca2+]i oscillations obligatory in the pathogenesis of ventricular fibrillation during digitalis toxicity? 2) What are the metabolic consequences of [Ca2+]i oscillations? Ferret hearts (n = 20) were Langendorff-perfused at constant flow with oxygenated HEPES-buffered Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. Isovolumic left ventricular pressure was measured along with the extracellular electrogram or with simultaneous phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. When strophanthidin (20 microM) was added during pacing at 3 Hz, the positive inotropic effect soon gave way to a decrease in developed force. The decrease in force was accompanied by an increase in inorganic phosphate concentration, a decrease in phosphocreatine concentration, and a slight acidosis. The rhythm changed to ventricular fibrillation after 12-25 minutes. This change was initially accompanied by further metabolic deterioration, but all metabolites reached steady state within 12-18 minutes of the onset of ventricular fibrillation. Fast Fourier transformation revealed the existence of periodic oscillations at 7-10 Hz in both the extracellular electrogram and the ventricular pressure during ventricular fibrillation. Ryanodine, an inhibitor of [Ca2+]i oscillations, abolished the pressure oscillations but not the voltage oscillations. Exposure to ryanodine significantly decreased the inorganic phosphate concentration and increased the phosphocreatine concentration (p less than 0.05) despite continuing exposure to strophanthidin. The results indicate that oscillations of [Ca2+]i are not required to sustain ventricular fibrillation, but when present, such oscillations contribute importantly to metabolic deterioration.
French committee will investigate proposed link between activities of nuclear reprocessing plant and leukaemia
Authors: C. Souleau
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The central problem is often poor design and conduct of trialsEditor-We are concerned about some aspects of the recent articles on consent. 1 2 Len Doyal claims that informed consent may not be necessary for three most vulnerable groups: young children, patients with learning difficulties, and unconscious or semiconscious patients.Yet young children (unlike all adult groups) have the protection of their parents' consent, and this should always be respected. 3 The other two groups show the limitations of applying Kantian respect for autonomy, designed for property owning 18th century gentlemen, to vulnerable dependent patients.There is an urgent need to agree new ways of making research decisions with and for these minority groups.As is usual in arguments against seeking informed consent, there is a tendency to concentrate on dramatic extremes: patients with severe mental impairment and patients receiving heroic cancer treatment.The development of principles from extremes is dangerous and should be discouraged.Difficulties with relatively small groups should not be used to excuse researchers from requesting the consent of the vast majority of the millions of people every year who help with research into mundane pharmaceutical trials of treatments of arthritis or everyday misery.A deeper problem with the articles is the assumption that consent is the central problem in research.We suggest that, more often, the central problem is the poor design and conduct of trials which alienate or distress people on whose practical support researchers depend.The solution here is not to tinker with consent but to clean up research.Health service users could help at every stage of clinical research: the selection of questions worth investigating; the design and conduct of trials, including the information materials; the interpretation and reporting of the evidence; dissemination; and working with practitioners to put findings into practice.Consumers for Ethics in Research has been working with health service users, researchers, and practitioners on these issues for the past eight years, partly through regular open meetings, during which many practical ideas have been advanced.
The role of skeletal scanning in clinical oncology.
Authors: R C Leonard, J P Owen
Journal: BMJ (1980)

described but mistaken fears about quality of care and patient satisfaction that prevents team care progressing.Let there be no mistake, I believe in the National Health Service, I love working in it, I am happy to have entered medicine in the year that it was born.I have proclaimed, I think convincingly, its virtues in several parts of the world.Nevertheless we must be ever watchful that it does not become wasteful.
TUMORS OF THE EYEBALL.(EXHIBITION OF SPECIMENS).
Authors: WILLIAM H. WILDER
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The study of tumors of the eye is of the greatest importance to the general practitioner, as well as to the specialist, for the reason that not only is the special sense endangered, but the life of the patient frequently depends upon the early recognition and prompt treatment of a neoplasm of this part. Our time will not allow a consideration of the tumors affecting the lids, lacrymal glands and other adnexa of the eye, but it is the purpose of this paper to discuss briefly the most frequent growths that attack the eyeball. Tumors affecting the cornea primarily are, from the nature of this structure, exceedingly rare. Usually they spring from the edge of it where the conjunctiva passes over into the epithelial layer of the cornea. Of the benign growths may be mentioned dermoid, which is usually situated at the limbus, involving both conjunctiva and cornea. Rarely it
A New Approach to Processing Electrocardiograms
Authors: Irwin Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1962)

An improved method of processing electrocardiograms is presented which incorporates a simplified coding system and microfilm reproduction of the tracing on a tabulating card. This system introduces a practical, convenient, and economical procedure that increases the speed of processing, eliminates the need for large filing areas, facilitates the interpretation and precise coding of the electrocardiogram, and preserves a permanent reproduction of the tracing suitable for research analysis.
Metabolism of Glutamine by the Intact Functioning Kidney of the Dog STUDIES IN METABOLIC ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
Authors: R. F. Pitts, L. A. Pilkington, M. B. MacLeod, E. Leal-Pinto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The renal conversion of glutamine to glucose and its oxidation to CO2 were compared in dogs in chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. These studies were performed at normal endogenous levels of glutamine utilizing glutamine-34C (uniformly labeled) as a tracer. It was observed in five experiments in acidosis that mean renal extraction of glutamine by one kidney amounted to 27.7 μmoles/min. Of this quantity, 5.34 μmoles/min was converted to glucose, and 17.5 μmoles/min was oxidized to CO2. Acidotic animals excreted an average of 41 μmoles/min of ammonia in the urine formed by one kidney. In contrast, in five experiments in alkalosis, mean renal extraction of glutamine amounted to 8.04 μmoles/min. Of this quantity, 0.92 μmole/min was converted to glucose, and 4.99 μmoles/min was oxidized to CO2. Alkalotic animals excreted an average of 3.23 μmoles/min of ammonia in the urine. We conclude that renal gluconeogenesis is not rate limiting for the production and excretion of ammonia in either acidosis or alkalosis. Since 40% of total CO2 production is derived from oxidation of glutamine by the acidotic kidney and 14% by the alkalotic kidney, it is apparent that renal energy sources change with acid-base state and that glutamine constitutes a major metabolic fuel in acidosis.
Interferon-γ acts directly on CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during virus infection
Authors: Jason K. Whitmire, Joyce T. Tan, J. Lindsay Whitton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is important in regulating the adaptive immune response, and most current evidence suggests that it exerts a negative (proapoptotic) effect on CD8+ T cell responses. We have developed a novel technique of dual adoptive transfer, which allowed us to precisely compare, in normal mice, the in vivo antiviral responses of two T cell populations that differ only in their expression of the IFNγ receptor. We use this technique to show that, contrary to expectations, IFNγ strongly stimulates the development of CD8+ T cell responses during an acute viral infection. The stimulatory effect is abrogated in T cells lacking the IFNγ receptor, indicating that the cytokine acts directly upon CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during acute viral infection.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF UNERUPTED HUTCHINSON'S TEETH BY THE ROENTGEN RAY
Authors: JOHN H. STOKES
Journal: JAMA (1923)

On a number of occasions, one of us (J. H. S.) has been impressed with the significance of aplasia of the upper central incisors of the second dentition as a clue to the existence of heredosyphilis. With a view to determining whether dental aplasia in heredosyphilis is actual or merely apparent, because of impaction or noneruption of the upper central incisors, roentgenograms are being taken in suitable cases in which the delayed appearance of these teeth suggests the possibility of aplasia. The examination of children's teeth by the roentgen ray has been considered difficult and more or less hazardous. If the operator, however, does not attempt to make too many exposures and uses the bite method, children even at the age of 4 or 5 years can be handled quite successfully. The film is held in place by closing the jaws. A third person, to engage the hands of the
THROMBOTIC PROFILE ANALYSIS USING THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Jose Luis Ferreiro Gutierrez, Andrew Darlington, Davide Capodanno, Masafumi Ueno, Piera Capranzano, Bhaloo Desai, Kodlipet Dharmashankar, Yoshie Suzuki, Stanley Nahman, Theodore A. Bass, Dominick J. Angiolillo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders and Variations
Authors: Orlando J. Miller, William Roy Breg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Chromosomal abnormalities or variations are related to genetics in three ways: they involve the genetic material, and in that sense are always genetic; most of the variants and a proportion of the structural rearrangements are directly transmitted from parent to offspring (i.e., such changes can be inherited); and some of the chromosome abnormalities arise as a result of an aberration in the meiotic process by which the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid (n) number found in sperm and egg. Thus, the common numerical changes (e.g., trisomy 21, 18 or 13) are thought to arise by . . .
Ventilatory lung function and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospective study in Cracow.
Authors: W Jedrychowski, M Krzyzanowski
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

The analysis carried out earlier in Cracow showed that the high level of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) alone cannot be responsible for an excess of chronic chest symptoms and faster lung function deterioration in the population at large. To check the hypothesis that acid aerosols present in the urban air may cause substantial damage of the lungs, data from a 13-year follow-up survey of chronic chest diseases in Cracow (1968-1981) have been reanalyzed. In the plan of the analysis, three areas of the city with various levels of sulfate and sulfur transformation ratio (STR) in the urban air have been defined. In each of the defined areas, the prevalence of chronic chest symptoms, as well as lung function decline, have been studied. In total, the lung function study group consisted of 1414 persons (584 males and 830 females). Those men who lived in the area with the higher sulfate and STR had lower FEV1 levels by about 151 mL than did the residents of the other areas, and this was equivalent to the effect of smoking. In females, the pattern was generally the same. In men, the FEV1 decline rate (mL/year) over the 13-year period was significantly faster by about 11 mL/year in the areas with higher and intermediate STR, which was again equivalent to the effect of smoking. It was found that the level of SO2 and PM in the urban air correlated with the symptom prevalence in women; however, it had no clear impact on lung function deterioration.
Effect of beta-blockers on circulating levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tomoaki Ohtsuka, Mareomi Hamada, Go Hiasa, Osamu Sasaki, Makoto Suzuki, Yuji Hara, Yuji Shigematsu, Kunio Hiwada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)