tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Was Death the Result of Cocain?
Authors: Henry Denny Thomason
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Albion, Mich., Nov. 9, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Oct. 26, 1894, I had occasion to remove a nasal polypus from the left nostril of a lady patient aged 60 years. Less than a year previous I had thoroughly cocainized the anterior and posterior nares upon two occasions, and each time removed a large number of mucoid growths, varying in size from a pea to a walnut, which completely filled the cavities and rendered respiration through the nares impossible. Upon neither of these occasions did she exhibit any toxic symptoms or evidence of shock or prostration. She was a patient of rather a nervous, delicate organization, but without any established history of organic disease. Upon the day mentioned she came to my office, complaining she was again experiencing difficulty in breathing freely through her nose. Examination revealed the presence of a mucous polypus in the left anterior nasal passage. A 4
Karl Ludwig Schleich
Authors: Heinrich G. Brugsch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

KARL Ludwig Schleich, who has earned a place in the history of medicine as the discoverer of local anesthesia, was also well known as a poet, philosopher, inventor and author of a popular autobiography. He was born on July 19, 1859, in Stettin, then a prosperous Prussian harbor at the entrance of the river Oder into the Baltic Sea.Son of a successful ophthalmologist, he was related to several painters bearing the same name. Brought up in an atmosphere of intellectual freedom in close contact with cultivated teachers such as composer Karl Loewe, Karl Ludwig soon showed that he possessed . . .
The t(8;21) fusion protein, AML1–ETO, specifically represses the transcription of the p14ARF tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bryan Linggi, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Louis van de Locht, Ming Hu, John Nip, Hubert Serve, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Bert van der Reijden, Dawn E. Quelle, Janet D. Rowley, John Cleveland, Joop H. Jansen, Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Scott W. Hiebert
Journal: Nature Medicine (2002)
Bone marrow angiogenesis in myeloma and its precursor disease: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: M Bhutani, B Turkbey, E Tan, T J Kemp, L A Pinto, A R Berg, N Korde, A R Minter, B M Weiss, E Mena, L Lindenberg, O Aras, M P Purdue, J N Hofmann, S M Steinberg, K R Calvo, P L Choyke, I Maric, K Kurdziel, O Landgren
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
Enhanced in vivo gene transfer into the placenta using RGD fiber-mutant adenovirus vector
Authors: Kazufumi Katayama, Rie Furuki, Hideaki Yokoyama, Makoto Kaneko, Masashi Tachibana, Ichiro Yoshida, Hisamitsu Nagase, Keiichi Tanaka, Fuminori Sakurai, Hiroyuki Mizuguchi, Shinsaku Nakagawa, Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Criteria for Surgery
Authors: Joel C. Pittard
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article "Physicians Measure Up: A Study of 13 Surgical Procedures" by Elliott et al (1981;245:595) points out the difficulty in determining if surgery is necessary. The Colorado Professional Standards Review Organization was unable to select adequately consistent criteria for the gynecologic procedures studied, ie, dilation and curettage (D&amp;C) and abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy. For example, one criterion given for hysterectomy was "continued severe bleeding with several menstrual periods and two nondiagnostic dilation and curettages." However, the criteria for uterine D&amp;C do not include treatment (nondiagnosis) of bleeding disorders. This implies that although D&amp;C is not an indicated method of treatment for severe bleeding, it must be performed twice (unnecessarily?) before resorting to hysterectomy as a cure—a definite Catch-22 situation. Additionally, the listed indications for abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy are mutually exclusive with the exception of "malignant lesions of the uterine cervix" and the previously mentioned bleeding
Improving compliance with requirements on junior doctors' hours
Authors: H. D Cass
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Compliance with UK regulations on junior doctors' working hours cannot be achieved by manipulating rotas that maintain existing tiers of cover and work practices. More radical solutions are needed.Audit of change.Paediatric night rota in large children's hospital.Compliance with regulations on working hours assessed by diary cards; workload assessed by staff attendance on wards; patient safety assessed through critical incident reports.Development of new staff roles, followed by change from a partial shift rota comprising 11 doctors and one senior nurse, to a full shift night team comprising three middle grade doctors and two senior nurses.Compliance with regulations on working hours increased from 33% to 77%. Workload changed little and was well within the capacity of the new night team. The effect on patient care and on medical staff requires further evaluation.Reduction of junior doctors' working hours requires changes to roles, processes, and practices throughout the organisation.
Allow relatives to stay overnight with vulnerable adults to make wards more safe for them
Authors: R. Srivastava
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Shakespeare’s reflections of events around her father’s death were heartbreaking—“the whole system ignored him.”1

As a paediatrician in training, I worked on wards where children were admitted overnight. An adult always stayed with them, partly because the children needed an adult near them. However, the family also took the child to the …
Prophylactic Surgery For Cancer of the Colon
Authors: Robert Turell
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Following publication of the paper by Claude E. Welch on prophylactic surgery for cancer of the colon and rectum (<b>195</b>:728, 1966) I have received a number of inquiries about this complex problem. Welch answered his own question "Should polyps of the large bowel, even if histologically benign, be removed to prevent the later development of cancer within them?" in the affirmative. Some of Welch's reported cancers in adenomas, upon restudy years later, were either totally benign or polypoid cancers (<i>New Eng J Med</i><b>267</b>: 469, 1962). Similar conclusions based on a study of clinical and pathological material, were reported before by the St. Louis group of researchers (<i>Ann Surg</i><b>148</b>:682, 1958). Welch, in support of his belief in transformation from benign into malignant states, referred to a recent study (<i>Surg Forum</i><b>14</b>:137, 1963) which was based on repeated surface cytological examinations on 213 "benign
Angiodysplasia and ileal carcinoid.
Authors: M Mac Mahon, M G Courtney, J S Doyle, M Leader
Journal: Gut (1991)

A case of angiodysplasia, symptomatic for 18 years, is presented. This case highlights the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis. Associated findings included aortic stenosis and a carcinoid tumour of the ileum. Despite transfusion of a total of 1200 units of blood the liver was normal at necropsy.
The inotropic effects of strophanthidin in Purkinje fibers and the sodium pump.
Authors: R Bernabei, M Vassalle
Journal: Circulation (1984)

The role of the inhibition of the Na pump in strophanthidin inotropy was studied in canine Purkinje fibers by correlating changes in contractile force with changes in maximum diastolic potential caused by conditions that enhance the electrogenic extrusion of Na. It was found that a brief exposure to a zero-K or to a zero-K, zero-Ca solution (but not to a zero-Ca solution) is followed by an increase in maximum diastolic potential. This hyperpolarization is reduced if NaCl is substituted by LiCl and in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In quiescent fibers exposed to tetrodotoxin, the hyperpolarization is abolished. A low concentration of strophanthidin (5 X 10(-8)M) increases contractile force but does not modify the hyperpolarization. Larger strophanthidin concentrations (5 X 10(-7)M to 10(-6)M) increase and then decrease contractile force and reduce or abolish the hyperpolarization. Metabolic inhibitors also reduce the hyperpolarization. We conclude that the positive inotropic effect of a low (therapeutic) concentration of strophanthidin is due to a mechanism other than Na pump inhibition.
Hepatocyte proliferation and tissue remodeling is impaired after liver injury in oncostatin M receptor knockout mice
Authors: Koji Nakamura, Hidenori Nonaka, Hiroki Saito, Minoru Tanaka, Atsushi Miyajima
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. Mice deficient in the OSM receptor (OSMR -/- ) showed impaired liver regeneration with persistent parenchymal necrosis after carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) exposure. The recovery of liver mass from partial hepatectomy was also significantly delayed in OSMR -/- mice. In contrast to wildtype mice, CCl 4 administration only marginally induced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 genes in OSMR -/- mice, correlating with the increased gelatinase activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and matrix degradation in injured livers. The activation of STAT3 and expression of immediate early genes and cyclins were decreased in OSMR -/- liver, indicating that OSM signaling is required for hepatocyte proliferation and tissue remodeling during liver regeneration. We also found that CCl 4 administration in IL-6 -/- mice failed to induce OSM expression and that OSM administration in IL-6 -/- mice after CCl 4 injection induced the expression of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, suggesting that OSM is a key mediator of IL-6 in liver regeneration. Consistent with these results, administration of OSM ameliorated liver injury in wildtype mice by preventing hepatocyte apoptosis as well as tissue destruction. In conclusion, OSM and its signaling pathway may provide a useful therapeutic target for liver regeneration. (Hepatology 2004;39:635-644.)
A Second-Opinion Program for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Robin O. Motz
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —A recent article by Graboys et al<sup>1</sup>discussed reducing the incidence of coronary artery surgery by obtaining a second surgical opinion. It therefore appears that some patients recommended to have coronary artery surgery by the first physician actually did well without surgery. However, the reciprocal question has never been examined properly; that is, in how many cases when the first physician does not recommend surgery for angina would surgery actually benefit the patient? I think that a protocol should be established to answer this question. Each patient who has new angina or a change in his anginal pattern could be entered in the study. Of those in whom surgery is not recommended, half of them would then be referred to a second physician for a second opinion to see whether surgery was then recommended. The mortality and morbidity of the placebo and second-opinion groups could then
"Alarming increase" in clinical negligence claims in Wales
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The National Assembly for Wales has warned of an alarming increase in clinical negligence claims. The costs will take up a large slice of the extra resources recently announced for the NHS by the chancellor of the exchequer, it says.

The assembly's audit committee says that probable liabilities totalled £92m ($144m; €146) at the end of March last year in respect of claims for clinical negligence and personal injury to be met from premiums payable in future years.

“This alarming increase had …
Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yujin Hoshida, Bryan C. Fuchs, Nabeel Bardeesy, Thomas F. Baumert, Raymond T. Chung
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major aetiologic agents that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by generating an inflammatory, fibrogenic, and carcinogenic tissue microenvironment in the liver. HCV-induced HCC is a rational target for cancer preventive intervention because of the clear-cut high-risk condition, cirrhosis, associated with high cancer incidence (1% to 7% per year). Studies have elucidated direct and indirect carcinogenic effects of HCV, which have in turn led to the identification of candidate HCC chemoprevention targets. Selective molecular targeted agents may enable personalized strategies for HCC chemoprevention. In addition, multiple experimental and epidemiological studies suggest the potential value of generic drugs or dietary supplements targeting inflammation, oxidant stress, or metabolic derangements as possible HCC chemopreventive agents. While the successful use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents will make important inroads into reducing long-term HCC risk, there will remain an important role for HCC chemoprevention even after viral cure, given the persistence of HCC risk in persons with advanced HCV fibrosis, as shown in recent studies. The successful development of cancer preventive therapies will be more challenging compared to cancer therapeutics because of the requirement for larger and longer clinical trials and the need for a safer toxicity profile given its use as a preventive agent. Molecular biomarkers to selectively identify high-risk population could help mitigate these challenges. Genome-wide, unbiased molecular characterization, high-throughput drug/gene screening, experimental model-based functional analysis, and systems-level in silico modelling are expected to complement each other to facilitate discovery of new HCC chemoprevention targets and therapies.
The first year of life. Convulsions in the older infant.
Authors: H. B. Valman
Journal: BMJ (1989)

3 Days In infants between the ages of 1 month and 1 year convulsions are usually associated with fever. If there is no fever, fits secondary to a structural brain abnormality, hypoglycaemia, and hypocalcaemia should be considered. Fits can be divided into generalised or partial seizures. Generalised seizures include tonic-clonic and myoclonic fits. Partial seizures include focal motor and temporal lobe fits. During some episodes partial seizures may be followed by generalised seizures. Generalised tonic-clonic fits are the most common type. The child may appear irritable or show other unusual behaviour for a few minutes before an attack. Sudden loss of consciousness occurs during the tonic phase, which lasts 20-30 seconds and is accompanied by temporary cessation of respiratory movements and central cyanosis. The clonic phase follows and there are jerky movements of the limbs and face. The movements gradually diminish and the child may sleep for a few minutes before w-aking confused and irritable. Although a typical tonic-clonic attack is easily recognised, other forms of fits may be difficult to diagnose from the mother's history. Infantile spasms may begin with momentary episodes of loss of tone, which can occur in bouts and be followed by fits in which the head may suddenly drop forward or the whole infant may move momentarily like a frog. Recurrent episodes with similar features, whether they are changes in the level of consciousness or involuntary movements, should raise the possibility of fits. Parents are very frightened by a fit and may fear that their infant is dying.
How Attitudes Research Contributes to Overoptimistic Expectations of Personal Genome Testing
Authors: Eline Bunnik, A. Cecile J. W. Janssens, Maartje Schermer
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgment This article is the result of a research project of the Centre for Society and Genomics and the Centre for Medical Systems Biology, funded by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative.
Average energy intake among pregnant women carrying a boy compared with a girl
Authors: R. M Tamimi
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Asian population.We would have liked to compare more precisely the trials' inclusion criteria of age range and sex with those of the expected South Asian population, but this information is not currently available.Trials that recruited older patients would not be expected to comprise a percentage of South Asian people equal to the overall figures of the Office for National Statistics because the number of elderly South Asian people in the UK population is small.Increased awareness and monitoring of recruitment and retention of ethnic minority groups in clinical trials are needed, and analysis of data by ethnicity of subjects should be done consistently.More rigorous review by the research ethics committee of clinical trial protocols, payment for translation of information supplied to participants, community participation, and education of ethnic minority groups may contribute to attaining proportional representation of ethnic minorities in trials.
Caffeine in Wastewater Is a Tracer for Human Fecal Contamination
Authors: Carol Potera
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Soil Fungi May Help in Lead RemediationLead contaminates soil in many urban areas.Investigators have discovered that lead can be transformed by multiple soil fungi into a stable form known as chloropyromorphite, suggesting a potential new tool for cleaning up soil lead contamination. 1 This ability of the fungi may help them to survive in contaminated locations.The authors write that "fungal metabolites, particularly organic acids, [may play] an important role in the liberation of mobile lead species," a discovery that "may be important in other environmental contexts outside those reported in this paper."
The Bushwhacker Pathologist of Walla Walla
Authors: Frederic Davis
Journal: JAMA (1984)

I have always referred to myself as a bushwhacker pathologist. Actually, the euphemism is a peripatetic pathologist—one whose pathology services are shared by several small communities because none of the hospitals has enough volume to keep one pathologist busy and interested. In this situation, a pathologist or group of pathologists forms an organization to serve several hospitals. Usually, the largest hospital is in the most populous area that, although unable to support a pathologist by itself, is the base of operations for the group. When I finished my residency, the only job I was offered at the University of Oregon was directing the crime detection laboratory for the Oregon State Police. It paid $400 a month. They couldn't pay more than that because the superintendent made only $5,000 a year. I therefore decided to take my chances elsewhere. When I was 19 years old, I had worked in a sawmill
Renin, Aldosterone and Glucagon in the Natriuresis of Fasting
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Emily S. Boro, Richard F. Spark, Ronald A. Arky, Philip R. Boulter, Christopher D. Saudek, John T. O'Brian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

IN view of man's evolutionary origins, it is clear that our ancestors who emerged from the sodium-rich environment of the oceans to dry land had to develop a mechanism to control internal salinity. Different species have developed different modes for control of body sodium, and a major regulatory factor in human beings is the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, described by Simpson and Tait in 1951.1 Although the other adreno-cortical hormones have diverse actions on various tissues at different levels throughout the body, aldosterone appears to function at a solitary locus, the distal tubule of the kidney, and to have the single function . . .
DNR Orders and Medical Futility-Reply
Authors: J. Randall Curtis
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Our empirical study of the application of the medical utility rationale in DNAR by medical residents suggested this concept was not being used to avoid discussing end-of-life issues with patients or their families, but showed some important misunderstandings of quantitative and qualitative futility. Dr Epstein makes the good point that medical schools and postgraduate medical training programs do not adequately train students and residents in a number of important skills such as delivering bad news, providing informed consent, taking a sexual history, and discussing end-of-life issues. Further work is needed in each of these areas to identify methods that improve these skills. Dr Tomlinson and Ms Czlonka raise a specific concern with our analysis and interpretation of residents' understanding of quantitative and qualitative futility. We found that, for many patients, multiple rationales for the DNAR order existed. For example, for a given patient it was possible that the
Sexual Activity in Midlife Women
Authors: Holly N. Thomas, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Stacey Dillon, Rachel Hess
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Discussion | Fungal contamination of MgSO 4 required extensive pharmacy, laboratory, infection control, and hospital administrative support; substantial hospital resources for patient and physician notification; ongoing surveillance; and prophylactic treatment of high-risk patients
US National Institutes of Health cancels HIV vaccine trial
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

There is sufficient understanding of the causation of occupational asthma for preventive action to be appropriate. To date, attempts appear to have been largely unsuccessful and this appears to be largely due to nonscientific/technical obstacles. These include the fragmented nature of the disease, its low public and industrial profile, and its comparative rarity in single workplaces. Nonetheless the disease has high individual and societal costs. Prevention strategies should be concentrated on workplace-exposure controls, accompanied by intense educational and managerial improvements. Methods of secondary prevention appear to be successful but require considerable refinement. Screening (out) of potential new employees is inefficient and likely to remain so; and in any case is beset by difficult ethical and legal issues. There are only a handful of published studies reporting evaluations of preventive programmes. None is entirely rigorous but each suggests that primary and secondary prevention are both feasible and highly effective. The evaluation of preventive strategies is difficult, not only because of the low incidence of the disease in individual workplaces but also because of the failure of many epidemiologists to engage in this work. Considerably more cooperation between scientists in the field, regulatory authorities and industry is required.