tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibition and choice; a neurobehavioral approach to problems of plasticity in behavior
Authors: Robert L. Maulsby
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Written by three psychologists, this book attempts to outline the role of neural inhibitory processes in the whole spectrum of animal behavior from the paramecium to man under all circumstances from sleep to abstract thought, including various conditions such as development, mental defect, behavior problems, anxiety states, and the like. Reacting against the inadequate stimulus-response-oriented view which has dominated the approach of psychologists to problems of behavior for many years, the authors seek equal recognition of inhibition as an indispensable and physiologically established factor in almost every function of the living organism. Excitability, they emphasize, is of very limited value to any organism without a counter-balancing inhibitory mechanism by which excitable properties can be controlled adaptively. The authors are not the first to point out the central role of inhibition in neurophysiology or psychology, but their book is one of the first extensive publications which attempts to reorient the reader
Home Care and Physician Assistants-Reply
Authors: Joanne G. Schwartzberg
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In Reply.—  Physician assistants contribute to all health care fields. Their role as physician extenders in home care has not received the same recognition (financially or otherwise) as their similar roles in hospitals, offices, and nursing homes. We hope that home care will be a growing field for physician assistants, and their omission in the list of possible home care services was unintentional.
Correlation of coronary calcification and angiographically documented stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: results of 1,764 patients
Authors: Ralph Haberl, Alexander Becker, Alexander Leber, Andreas Knez, Christoph Becker, Christine Lang, Roland Brüning, Maximilian Reiser, Gerhard Steinbeck
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Grb2 and the Non-T Cell Activation Linker NTAL Constitute a Ca2+-Regulating Signal Circuit in B Lymphocytes
Authors: Björn Stork, Michael Engelke, Jürgen Frey, Václav Horejsı́, Andrea Hamm-Baarke, Burkhart Schraven, Tomohiro Kurosaki, Jürgen Wienands
Journal: Immunity (2004)
Osteomalacia presenting as pathological fractures during pregnancy in Asian women of high social class
Authors: S. Shaunak, L. Ang, J D Maxwell, K. Colston
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Osteomalacia presenting as pathological fractures during pregnancy in Asian women of high social class SrR,-We were interested to read the suggestion of Dr V Fonesca and others (16 February, p 555) that secondary hyperparathyroidism persists, despite treatment, in vegetarian Asians with nutritional osteomalacia.It
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Michael C. Iannuzzi
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that most often affects the lungs and may cause significant morbidity. Sarcoidosis can manifest as neurological disease, uveitis, blindness, end-stage pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia, and renal failure. Sarcoidosis persists as chronic disease in approximately one-third of those affected. Clinical pitfalls and misconceptions about the course of disease place this population at risk for delayed or inadequate care. While noncaseating granulomas are the histopathological hallmark of sarcoidosis, they also are nonspecific. No pathognomonic diagnostic test exists for sarcoidosis, so the diagnosis remains one of exclusion. While the etiology of sarcoidosis is still unknown, recent insights into its immunopathogenesis have moved investigators closer to finding more effective treatments. Corticosteroids remain the standard of care when treatment is indicated, despite their adverse effect profile. Clinical investigations of novel drugs and biological agents targeting mechanisms involving CD4 type 1 helper T cells may provide more effective, better tolerated therapies.
GEOGRAPHY AND DISEASE
Authors: Howard T. Karsner
Journal: JAMA (1953)

To the Editor:  —The editorial entitled Geography and Disease, which appeared inThe Journal, March 21, 1953, page 1002, is of great interest. Nothing that I say should be interpreted in any way as derogatory in reference to the work of the American Geographical Society; I believe that to be of the utmost value. However, I should like to draw your attention to the fact that the geographical distribution of disease has been a preoccupation of pathologists and oncologists for many years. The first meeting of the International Society for Geographical Pathology was held in Geneva, Switzerland, more than 20 years ago. Triennial meetings were interrupted by World War II, but the society was revived at a meeting held in Liege, Belgium, in July, 1952. Dr. Robert A. Moore, of Washington University, St. Louis, was elected president of the society, and arrangements are well under way for a meeting in
Should patients with inflammatory bowel disease smoke?
Authors: G Holdstock, D Savage, M Harman, R Wright
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Should patients with inflammatory bowel disease smoke?An observation that fewer people with ulcerative colitis smoked cigarettes than would be expected' has been confirmed by further studies.2-4The relevance of this finding is at present not clear,5 but it has been suggested that smoking may protect against ulcerative colitis.The reports received widespread publicity, and we are often asked by patients with the disease for advice on smoking.We therefore studied smoking habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease to ascertain whether smoking is associated with less severe disease. Patients, methods, and resultsA total of 252 consecutive outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease were interviewed and their case notes reviewed.Details were obtained of smoking habit, frequency of relapse, symptoms in remission and relapse, extent of disease, complications, and the numbers of admissions to hospital ana of operations.The means of the three most recent full blood cell counts, white cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, albumin concentrations, and platelet counts were recorded.Patients were subdivided into three groups on conventional clinical grounds: 102 patients had ulcerative colitis, 96 Crohn's colitis, and 54 Crohn's disease of the small bowel.Patients with Crohn's disease in both the small bowel and the colon were included in the third group.Analysis of 172 variables for each patient was carried out with an ICL 2970 computer, using the statistical package for the social sciences
326. Gene Therapeutic Overexpression of MDR1 Affects Transcriptional Regulations of Proteins Involved in Apoptosis and Detoxification
Authors: Patrick Maier, Li Li, Katharina Fleckenstein, Stephanie Laufs, Stefan Fruehauf, Jens Zeller, Frederik Wenz, Carsten Herskind
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

An important strategy for improving cancer therapy is the protection of healthy cells against therapy-induced damages. In this context gene therapy can complement radio- and chemotherapy in the treatment of tumours. Retroviral overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the MDR1 (multidrug resistance 1) gene, can deliver such a protective effect. P-gp possesses two relevant functions: its detoxifying effect acts as an efflux pump and could be important in high-dose chemotherapy; the anti-apoptotic effect of overexpressed P-gp could protect normal cells in tumour radio- or chemotherapy. The protection of haematopoietic stem cells in lymphoma, myeloma or solid tumor therapy is a promising candidate for this kind of MDR1 gene therapy. However, little is known which other gene expressions might be influenced by MDR1-overexpression. Therefore we analyzed differentially expressed genes in the lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 onco-retrovirally transduced with MDR1 using the GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus2.0 (Affymetrix). 204 annotated genes of the >54000 probe sets per microarray showed a significant change in expression (P<10|[minus]|3) in MDR1 overexpressing compared to untransduced cells. We found that genes coding for detoxifying and exocytotis proteins (e.g. ALDH1A, unc13) were up-regulated. Furthermore several proapoptotic genes were down-regulated (e.g. Casp1, Casp4) with concomitant increased expression of antiapoptotic genes (e.g. Akt3). The differential expressions for seven selected genes were verified with real-time PCR comparing cDNA from MDR1 transduced versus untransduced and versus Neomycin resistance gene or hrGFP (humanized renilla green fluorescent protein) transduced TK6 cells as controls. The results confirmed the dependence of these gene regulations on MDR1 overexpression. Thus we could demonstrate that MDR1 overexpression influences the transcriptome of TK6 cells. Our genomics results support the findings from other studies that overexpression of MDR1 confers protection against apoptotic stimuli. The multidrug resistance phenotype does not seem to be only due to high P-gp expression but also to other metabolic proteins. These results could have important implications for MDR1-gene therapy in patients receiving chemotherapy regimens in combination with radiotherapy.
Canada waives examination rules for foreign cancer specialists
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Canadian provinces are so short of oncologists that some are asking regulatory bodies to allow foreign trained specialists to treat cancer patients without first having to pass Canadian specialist examinations. The province of Saskatchewan has already been granted permission to waive the normal procedures in this way.

An estimated 126 radiation and medical oncologists are needed in Canada, according to a report by Dr Andrew Padmos, head of the Cancer Care Program …
Developing countries need stronger ethical guidelines on research
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The European Commission has begun to work more closely with developing countries to establish high ethical standards for research worldwide. It is examining ways to involve such countries more in drawing up, disseminating, and implementing ethical guidelines that are adapted to their specific circumstances.

Impetus for the initiative came at a two day conference in Brussels last week on ethics, research, and globalisation that brought together 150 delegates from international organisations, governments, research bodies, and academia.

Janez Potoenik, the European Union's commissioner for science and research, told participants: “Globalisation of research requires better implementation …
Modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interactions by platelet microparticles.
Authors: O P Barry, D Praticò, R C Savani, G A FitzGerald
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Platelets, activated by various agonists, produce microparticles (MP) from the plasma membrane, which are released into the extracellular space. Although the mechanism of MP formation has been clarified, their biological importance remains ill defined. We have recently shown that platelet-derived MP influence platelet and endothelial cell function. In this study, we have further examined the mechanism of cellular activation by platelet MP. To address the possibility that they may influence monocyte-endothelial interactions, we used an in vitro assay to examine their effects on the adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Platelet MP increased the adhesion of monocytes to HUVEC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Maximal adhesion of monocytes to resting HUVEC was observed after 24 h of stimulation with MP. Similar kinetics were observed with U-937 (human promonocytic leukemia) cells, used as a model for the blood-borne monocyte. Maximal adhesion of resting monocytes to MP-stimulated HUVEC was observed after 5 h of stimulation with MP. The EC50s for MP-induced increases in HUVEC, monocyte, and U-937 cell adhesion is 8.74, 43.41, and 10.83 microg/ml of MP protein, respectively. The induction of monocyte-endothelial adhesion was mimicked by arachidonic acid isolated from MP. The observed increased cellular adhesiveness correlated with MP-induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecules. MP-stimulated HUVEC increased intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) but not vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), P-, or E-selectin expression. Monocyte and U-937 lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18) and macrophage antigen-1 (CD11b/ CD18, alpham/beta2) were both upregulated upon MP stimulation, but an increase in p150,95 (CD11c/CD18), very late antigen-1, or ICAM-1 expression was not observed. The functional importance of these changes was demonstrated with blocking antibodies. MP also induced the chemotaxis of U-937 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 4.40 microg/ml of MP protein. Similarly, arachidonic acid isolated from MP mimicked the chemotactic response. A role for PKC was implicated in both adhesion and chemotaxis. GF 109203X, a specific inhibitor of PKC, significantly reduced monocyte-endothelial adhesion, as well as U-937 chemotaxis. The demonstration that platelet MP may modulate important aspects of endothelial and monocyte function provides a novel mechanism by which platelets may interact with such cells in human atherosclerosis and inflammation.
Not so benign intracranial hypertension
Authors: K. B Digre
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Background</h3> Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is common in older adults and known to be associated with polypharmacy and multimorbidity. Less is known about the prevalence and causes of PIP in middle-aged adults. <h3>Aim</h3> To determine the prevalence and predictors of PIP in middle-aged adults. <h3>Design and setting</h3> A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using primary care data in London. <h3>Method</h3> PIP was defined using the PRescribing Optimally in Middle-aged People’s Treatments (PROMPT) criteria. Prescribing and demographic data were extracted from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), a pseudonymised database of all patients registered at general practices in Lambeth, for those aged 45–64 years prescribed ≥1 medicines in each year from 2014–2019 (<i>n</i> = 46 633–52 582). Prevalence and trends over 6 years were investigated, including the association of PIP with polypharmacy, multimorbidity, deprivation, sex, and age. <h3>Results</h3> The prevalence of PIP decreased from 20% in 2014 to 18% in 2019. The most prevalent PROMPT criteria in 2019 were the use of ≥2 drugs from the same pharmacological class (7.6%), use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for &gt;3 months (7.1%) and use of proton pump inhibitors above recommended maintenance dosages for &gt;8 weeks (3.1%). Over the study period, the prevalence of multimorbidity increased (47–52%) and polypharmacy remained stable (27%). Polypharmacy, multimorbidity, deprivation, and age were independently associated with PIP. Sex was the only variable not associated with PIP. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Almost one-fifth of middle-aged adults prescribed medicines are exposed to PIP, as defined by the PROMPT criteria. This is likely to be linked with exposure to avoidable adverse drug events. The PROMPT criteria may provide a useful aid in interventions to optimise prescribing.
US doctors are lax in treating hypertension, report says
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The mammalian nervous system is constructed of many cell types, but the principles underlying this diversity are poorly understood. To assess brain-wide transcriptional diversity, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the largest collection of genetically and anatomically identified neuronal classes. Using improved expression metrics that distinguish information content from signal-to-noise-ratio, we found that homeobox transcription factors contain the highest information about cell types and have the lowest noise. Genes that contribute the most to neuronal diversity tend to be long and enriched in factors specifically involved in neuronal function. Genome accessibility measurements reveal that long genes have more candidate regulatory elements arrayed in more distinct patterns. These elements frequently overlap interspersed repeats (mobile elements) and the pattern of repeats is predictive of gene expression. New regulatory sites resulting from elongation of neuronal genes by mobile elements may be an evolutionary force enhancing nervous system complexity.
Retrograde spread of hydrocortisone containing foam given intrarectally in ulcerative colitis.
Authors: M J Farthing, M D Rutland, M L Clark
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A method is described of estimating retrograde spread through the colon of a 10% hydrocortisone acetate foam by labelling the foam with technetium-99m sulphur colloid and observing spread after intrarectal administration by serial gamma-camera pictures. The recommended 51 ml dose of foam reached the mid-sigmoid colon in all of the nine patients who had active ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, in seven the foam reached the proximal sigmoid colon. Foam spread less extensively in five patients with quiescent disease than in those with active disease. Increasing the volume of enema to 50 ml did not improve retrograde spread through the colon. These results suggest that 10% hydrocortisone foam may be useful in treating patients with distal ulcerative colitis that is not necessarily limited to the rectum.
Is bigger better with vascular brachytherapy (VBT) for in-stent restenosis? Impact of optimal final angiographic results and predictors of restenosis in 990 VBT patients
Authors: Costantino O. Costantini, Alexandra J. Lansky, Roxana Mehran, Kartik Desai, Brian Proctor, Kazuyuki Shirai, Nishe Dave, Ecatarina Cristea, Martin Fahy, George Dangas, Gregg W. Stone, Ron Waksman, Jeffrey Moses, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Treatment of desmoid tumours in Gardner's syndrome.
Authors: C G Eden, N M Breach, P Goldstraw
Journal: Thorax (1992)

A 24 year old woman with Gardner9s syndrome developed a massive chest wall desmoid tumour, which required radical excision and prosthetic reconstruction. In view of the local aggressiveness of this tumour and the fact that it does not metastasize a policy of radical surgery when possible is recommended.
Serum Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Are Elevated in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Severe Nighttime Hypoxia
Authors: RICHARD SCHULZ, CHRISTOPH HUMMEL, SABINE HEINEMANN, WERNER SEEGER, FRIEDRICH GRIMMINGER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, some patients with OSA do not develop cardiovascular disease even in the presence of severe nocturnal oxygen desaturations. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-sensitive glycoprotein stimulating neoangiogenesis. We hypothesized that VEGF production is increased in OSA because of repetitive nocturnal hypoxia. Three different groups were investigated: 10 OSA patients with severe nighttime hypoxia (Group A), 10 OSA patients with moderate hypoxia (Group B), and 10 healthy volunteers (Group C). Serum levels of VEGF were measured by ELISA from peripheral venous blood samples obtained at 7 am. Group A had significantly (p < 0.01) increased VEGF serum levels when compared with Group B and Group C (mean ± SEM: 410 ± 77 pg/ml versus 224 ± 38 pg/ml and 245 ± 61 pg/ml). The degree of nocturnal oxygen desaturation in OSA significantly correlated with the VEGF concentrations (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). In conclusion, serum levels of VEGF are elevated in severely hypoxic patients with OSA and are related to the degree of nocturnal oxygen desaturation. This might constitute an adaptive mechanism to counterbalance the emergence of OSA-related cardiovascular disease.
Population fund stresses women's key role in recovering from conflict and disasters
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Far more needs to be done to tackle the reproductive health needs of women caught up in conflict and natural disasters, says the UN Fund for Population Activities.

The fund’s executive director, Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, told the BMJ that her agency was “alarmed” at the continuing slow progress towards achieving millennium development goal 5: to reduce maternal mortality by 75% and achieve universal access to reproductive healthcare.

She said, “Those left furthest behind are the poorest and most vulnerable,” as is the case with many other health indicators. 

Ms Obaid said the release of the fund’s State of World Population report on 20 October coincides …
Epidermolysis bullosa junctionalis progressiva in three siblings
Authors: A.J. BIRCHER, M. LANG-MURITANO, M. PFALTZ, L. BRUCKNER-TUDERMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Journal Article Epidermolysis bullosa junctionalis progressiva in three siblings Get access A.J. BIRCHER, A.J. BIRCHER Department of Dermatology, University of Basle, Switzerland ; Dr A.J. Bircher, Department of Dermatology, University of Basle, Petersgraben 4, CH‐4031 Basle, Switzerland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. LANG‐MURITANO, M. LANG‐MURITANO Department of Dermatology, University of Basle, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. PFALTZ, M. PFALTZ Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. BRUCKNER‐TUDERMAN L. BRUCKNER‐TUDERMAN Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 128, Issue 4, 1 April 1993, Pages 429–435, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00204.x Published: 01 April 1993 Article history Accepted: 25 September 1992 Published: 01 April 1993
Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Western Europe
Authors: Aart van Dobbenburgh, Alje P. van Dam, Erol Fikrig
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

To the Editor: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was first reported in the United States in 1994.1 Over the past five years at least several hundred cases have been reported, mostly in the upper Midw...
Involvement of Runx1 in the down-regulation of fetal liver kinase-1 expression during transition of endothelial cells to hematopoietic cells
Authors: Hideyo Hirai, Igor M Samokhvalov, Tetsuhiro Fujimoto, Satomi Nishikawa, Jiro Imanishi, Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
Journal: Blood (2005)