tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of endothelin-1 on airway and parenchymal mechanics in guinea-pigs
Authors: Á. Adamicza, F. Peták, T Asztalos, Z Hantos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

The contributions of the airways and the parenchyma to the overall lung mechanical response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) have not been systematically studied. In this investigation, the ET-1 induced changes on lung mechanics in guinea-pigs were separated into airway and parenchymal components. Pulmonary impedance (ZL) data were collected between 0.5 and 21 Hz in six anaesthetized, paralysed, open-chest animals by introducing small-amplitude pseudorandom oscillations into the trachea through a wave tube. ZL was calculated before and following intravenous boluses of ET-1, with doses doubled from 0.125-2 microg x kg of body weight(-1). A model containing an airway resistance (Raw) and inertance (Iaw) and tissue damping (G) and elastance (H) was fitted to the ZL spectra in each condition. Parenchymal hysteresis (eta) was calculated as G/H. After each dose, ET-1 induced significant increases in Raw (at peak response mean+/-SEM: 424+/-129%), G (400+/-80%), H (95+/-22%) and eta (156+/-33%), whereas Iaw decreased following the two highest doses (-291+/-77%). These data suggest that the parenchymal constriction was accompanied by inhomogeneous constriction of the peripheral airways.
Effects of amoxapine on electrophysiological properties of rabbit sinoatrial node
Authors: H. KOTAKE, T. KINUGAWA, S. HIRAI, O. IGAWA, J. YAMASAKI, J. HASEGAWA, H. MASHIBA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

The effects of amoxapine on membrane potentials and membrane currents of rabbit sinoatrial node were studied using the double microelectrode voltage clamp method. Amoxapine (> 1 μmol·litre−1) decreased the heart rate and the maximum rate of rise and the rate of diastolic depolarisation in a dose dependent manner. Above 3 μmol·litre−1, amoxapine also decreased the action potential amplitude and prolonged the action potential duration at half amplitude. These electrophysiological changes induced by amoxapine were relatively reduced in a high calcium medium (extracellular calcium concentration 4.0 mmol·litre−1). In voltage clamp experiments amoxapine depressed the slow inward current, the time dependent potassium current, and the hyperpolarisation activated inward current. The major effect, however, was considered to be a reduction of the slow inward current. It is concluded that amoxapine produced an inhibitory action on the electrical activity of sinoatrial node, and this action is mainly explained by an inhibition of calcium influx through the cell membrane.
Early intraaortic balloon pumping for anterior myocardial infarction without shock.
Authors: R C Leinbach, H K Gold, R W Harper, M J Buckley, W G Austen
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Eleven patients with anterior myocardial infarction less than six hours old underwent intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) in an attempt to control injury. Direct hemodynamic measurements excluded shock. Response to therapy was judged individually by comparison to a one-hour pretreatment period. There was no parallel control group. Five patients responded with an 84% fall in ST elevation in one hour, with preservation of precordial R waves and good ventricular function. In contrast, six patients responded poorly, with a 40% fall in ST elevation in one hour, Q wave development and poorer residual left ventricular function. Coronary angiography demonstrated a significant correlation between response and presence or absence of complete left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Early use of IABP in anterior myocardial infarction may interrupt injury, though in this series only in cases with residual left anterior descending patency.
Controversies in the Management of Bleeding Esophageal Varices
Authors: John Terblanche, Andrew K. Burroughs, Kenneth E.F. Hobbs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

THIS two-part article briefly presents the current understanding of both emergency management of actively bleeding esophageal varices and long-term care of varices that have bled and those that have never bled.Esophageal varices result from portal hypertension, which in turn has a number of possible causes. Their prevalence varies geographically. The most common cause of portal hypertension worldwide is probably schistosomiasis. The prognosis is usually good with the proper treatment, but the condition is rare in Western countries. Western patients, whose portal hypertension is usually caused by alcoholic cirrhosis, tend to have a poor prognosis, with few surviving for more . . .
Selection of human prosocial behavior through partner choice by powerful individuals and institutions
Authors: Ronald Noë
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Cultural group selection seems the only compelling explanation for the evolution of the uniquely human form of cooperation by large teams of unrelated individuals. Inspired by descriptions of sanctioning in mutualistic interactions between members of different species, I propose partner choice by powerful individuals or institutions as an alternative explanation for the evolution of behavior typical for “team players.”
Alterations induced in normal human skin by in vivo interferon-gamma
Authors: J.N.W.N. BARKER, M.H. ALLEN, D.M. MACDONALD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

In a study of the direct effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on normal human skin, healthy adult male volunteers received either 3 micrograms (n = 4) or 30 micrograms (n = 9) of recombinant IFN-gamma administered intradermally over 3 days. Biopsies were taken on day 6 and histopathological examination of fixed paraffin-embedded sections from sites which had received 30 micrograms IFN-gamma revealed a moderate perivascular lymphohistiocytic dermal infiltrate with mast cells. Immunophenotyping of 5 microns cryostat sections demonstrated that 3 micrograms IFN-gamma induced keratinocyte HLA-DR expression in the absence of any significant infiltrate. More intense keratinocyte HLA-DR expression was produced by 30 micrograms IFN-gamma in all specimens, with HLA-DP concurrently expressed in three biopsies. The ratio of CD4:CD8 cells within the infiltrate was approximately 3:1. CD1 + cells within the epidermis were markedly depleted by 30 micrograms IFN-gamma, while CD1-labelled cells were observed in the dermal perivascular infiltrate. Intradermal IFN-gamma induces similar immunopathological changes to those observed in many of the inflammatory dermatoses.
Curcumin protects SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative stress by up-regulating HO-1 via Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase/Akt/Nrf-2 and down-regulating HO-2
Authors: Wenke Yin, Xiong Zhang, Xiaodong Shi, Yu Li
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

Background Oxidative stress is considered to have a causative role in the development of central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, tumor, etc. Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, is widely reported to have diverse anti-oxidative stress effects, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective properties of curcumin in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells subjected to oxidative stress.
Hypoxia Induces Escape from Innate Immunity in Cancer Cells via Increased Expression of ADAM10: Role of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Ivraym B. Barsoum, Thomas K. Hamilton, Xin Li, Tiziana Cotechini, Ellen A. Miles, D. Robert Siemens, Charles H. Graham
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

One key to malignant progression is the acquired ability of tumor cells to escape immune-mediated lysis. Whereas tumor hypoxia is known to play a causal role in cancer metastasis and resistance to therapy, the link between hypoxia and immune escape in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hypoxia induces tumor cell resistance to lysis mediated by immune effectors and that this resistance to lysis occurs via a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent pathway linked to increased expression of the metalloproteinase ADAM10. This enzyme is required for the hypoxia-induced shedding of MHC class I chain-related molecule A (MICA), a ligand that triggers the cytolytic action of immune effectors, from the surface of tumor cells. Indeed, our findings show a mechanistic link between hypoxia-induced accumulation of the α-subunit of HIF-1 (HIF-1α), increased expression of ADAM10, and decreased surface MICA levels leading to tumor cell resistance to lysis mediated by innate immune effectors. Nitric oxide mimetic agents interfered with the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α and with the hypoxia-induced upregulation of ADAM10 expression required for decreased surface MICA expression and resistance to lysis. Furthermore, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with nitroglycerin, a nitric oxide mimetic, attenuated tumor growth by a mechanism that relied upon innate immune effector cells. Together, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which the hypoxic tumor microenvironment contributes to immune escape in cancer, lending support to potential immunotherapeutic strategies involving the use of nitric oxide mimetics.
Worsening renal function in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: Clinical implications and prognostic significance
Authors: Marco Metra, Savina Nodari, Giovanni Parrinello, Tania Bordonali, Silvia Bugatti, Rossella Danesi, Benedetta Fontanella, Carlo Lombardi, Patrizia Milani, Giulia Verzura, Gadi Cotter, Howard Dittrich, Barry M. Massie, Livio Dei Cas
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
Differential Effects of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors p27 <sup>Kip1</sup> , p21 <sup>Cip1</sup> , and p16 <sup>Ink4</sup> on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Felix C. Tanner, Manfred Boehm, Levent M. Akyürek, Hong San, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jun Tashiro, Gary J. Nabel, Elizabeth G. Nabel
Journal: Circulation (2000)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) have different patterns of expression in vascular diseases. The Kip/Cip CKIs, p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1), are upregulated during arterial repair and negatively regulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In contrast, the Ink CKI, p16(Ink4), is not expressed in vascular lesions. We hypothesized that a variation in the inactivation of cdk2 and cdk4 during the G(1) phase of the cell cycle by p27(Kip1), p21(Cip1), and p16(Ink4) leads to different effects on VSMC growth in vitro and in vivo.The expression of p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) in serum-stimulated VSMCs inactivated cdk2 and cdk4, leading to G(1) growth arrest. p16(Ink4) inhibited cdk4, but not cdk2, kinase activity, producing partial inhibition of VSMC growth in vitro. In an in vivo model of vascular injury, overexpression of p27(Kip1) reduced intimal VSMC proliferation by 52% (P<0.01) and the intima/media area ratio by 51% (P<0.005) after vascular injury and gene transfer to pig arteries, when compared with control arteries. p16(Ink4) was a weak inhibitor of intimal VSMC proliferation in injured arteries (P=NS), and it did not significantly reduce intima/media area ratios (P=NS), which is consistent with its minor effects on VSMC growth in vitro.p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) are potent inhibitors of VSMC growth compared with p16(Ink4) because of their different molecular mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular proliferative diseases and for the development of molecular therapies.
Complete Heart Block Following Replacement of the Aortic Valve
Authors: PAUL G. GANNON, ROBERT D. SELLERS, VLADIMIR I. KANJUH, JESSE E. EDWARDS, C. WALTON LILLEHEI
Journal: Circulation (1966)

The incidence of postoperative complete heart block in a series of 124 cases of replacement of the aortic valve by a ball valve prosthesis was 12.9% (16 of 124). In all but one case, complete heart block was treated by pacing the heart with an artificial pacemaker. The complete heart block was temporary in seven cases and persistent in nine. Six of the patients with acute persistent complete heart block died within ten days of operation, and one patient died on the forty-ninth postoperative day. Two patients are alive, both with implanted pacemakers. Five of the seven patients who resumed their preoperative rhythm survived. Among the 16 patients with some form of complete heart block postoperatively, nine died (56.2%). The basis for surgical induction of complete heart block when placing a ball valve prosthesis in the aortic orifice lies in the proximity of the bundle of His and its left branch to the aortic valve. In particular, the inferior aspect of the noncoronary cusp is closely related to major conduction tissue. Under the conditions of this operation, the conduction tissue may be strangulated or injured by sutures, or it may be injured when calcific material of the diseased aortic valve is removed. It is of interest that the incidence of postoperative complete heart block in this series was approximately the same with the Starr-Edwards sutured prosthesis (that is, 13%; 11 of 84 cases) as it was with the Magovern sutureless prosthesis (12.5%; 5 of 40 cases).
The Launching of Modern American Science 1846-1876
Authors: William K. Beatty
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Bruce has excluded medicine from this informative and well-written book because "Medical science in this period cannot be easily separated from medical intuition and skill." However, the medical reader will find much of interest (including some physician profiles) and much that may stimulate further investigation of some nonmedical areas. Why select the period from 1846 to 1876? The first year saw the formation of the Smithsonian Institution and the Yale Scientific School, as well as the arrival of Louis Agassiz; the last contained the founding of the American Chemical Society and the Johns Hopkins University, as well as the publication of J. Willard Gibbs' book,<i>On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances</i>, a fundamental work for several sciences not only in the 19th century but also in the 20th. Technology also made major advances in each of these years. This 30-year period, however, was not rigid, and Bruce also deals with
552. Collateral Circulation under Cerebral Ischemia by Hypoxia Inducible Factor Naked DNA in Rat Indirect-Bypass Model
Authors: Mitsuhiro Anan, Tatsuya Abe, Takeshi Matsuda, Ryo Inoue, Keisuke Ishii, Minoru Fujiki, Hidenori Kobayashi
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates the adaptive response to hypoxia in mammalian cells. It consists of a regulatory subunit HIF-1α, which accumulates under hypoxic conditions, and a constitutively expressed subunit, HIF-1β. In this study, we investigated if HIF-1α naked DNA induced angiogenesis in a cerebral ischemic model in vivo. We utilized a rat encephalo-myo-synangiosis (EMS) model and inoculated naked DNA into the brain surface. We analyzed whether DNA induced angiogenic factors and collateral circulation. We measured and compared infarction volumes to investigate the effect of HIF-1α on cerebral infarction induced by permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. A histological section treated with HIF-1α DNA showed an increased expression of HIF-1α and VEGF with collateral circulation. HIF-1α naked DNA also decreased the infarction volumes, in comparison with control DNA. These results suggest the feasibility of a novel approach for therapeutic collateral circulation of cerebral ischemia in which neovascularization may be achieved indirectly using a transcriptional and cytokine's regulatory strategy.
Effects of Clopidogrel on the Rebound Hypercoagulable State After Heparin Discontinuation in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Marcello Di Nisio, Nick R. Bijsterveld, Joost C.M. Meijers, Marcel Levi, Harry R. Büller, Ron J.G. Peters
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
The CONSORT statement
Authors: S. D. Ross
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —Bravo to the authors of the CONSORT statement 1 for their valuable work toward improving the quality of reporting of RCTs. How appropriate that their report appeared in the same issue as the tribute to the late Dr Chalmers, 2 a pioneering clinical trialist and meta-analyst. In carrying on his meta-analytic work at Meta Works, we always assign quality scores to studies we are using in meta-analyses, using the methods proposed by Chalmers and colleagues. 3 However, we never really know whether we are rating the quality of the trial or the quality of the report of the trial. As such, there are additional benefits deriving from implementation of the CONSORT statement.  The CONSORT format not only will improve the ability to assess validity of clinical trials, it also will permit better decisions regarding inclusion, and possibly weighting, in systematic overviews and meta-analyses. Having plowed through thousands of truly awful
Seasonal mortality among elderly people with unrestricted home heating.
Authors: W R Keatinge
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Haemorrhagic cystitis due to gentian violetGentian violet has been used extensively in children and adults to treat oral and vaginal candidiasis.Although many regard gentian violet as innocuous, there have been reports of mucosal ulceration after its use.'There is, however, no reported instance of damage to the bladder.We describe a case of severe haemorrhagic cystitis due to accidental injection of gentian violet through the urethra. Case reportA 32 year old woman presented to her local hospital with a two day history of gross haematuria, preceded by three days of severe pain in the lower abdomen, terminal dysuria, and half hourly urinary frequency both day and night.
Biochemical Evidence of Dysfunction of Brain Neurotransmitters in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Authors: Kenneth G. Lloyd, Oleh Hornykiewicz, Lynne Davidson, Katherine Shannak, Irene Farley, Menek Goldstein, Masato Shibuya, William N. Kelley, Irving H. Fox
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

Different brain regions were removed post mortem from three patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and were examined for alterations in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, and biochemical indexes of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine neuron function, as compared with age-matched controls. The level of HGPRT activity in the material from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was less than 1 per cent of control levels, whereas adenyl phosphoribosyl transferase was not significantly altered. All biochemical aspects of the function of dopamine-neuron terminals in the striatum (except dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels) were decreased to 10 to 30 per cent of the control values. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were increased, striatal choline acetyltransferase levels were low, and striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase and guanylate cyclase activities were unaltered. The disruption of the balance between the functions of GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine neurons in the extrapyramidal system probably accounts for some of the symptoms observed in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (e.g., choreoathetosis).
Thickness of superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) predicts imiquimod efficacy: a proposal for a thickness-based definition of sBCC
Authors: K.M. McKay, B.L. Sambrano, P.S. Fox, R.L. Bassett, S. Chon, V.G. Prieto
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy in the white population. It is an important driver of healthcare costs and causes significant morbidity. Topical imiquimod is a good noninvasive treatment alternative for surgical excision in superficial BCC (sBCC). However, there are currently no uniform histological definitions of sBCC. A definition based on tumour thickness might be a good alternative.To determine whether tumour thickness in sBCC is a predictor of treatment failure.We retrospectively examined 127 histological biopsy specimens of sBCC treated primarily with imiquimod five times a week for 6 weeks. Mean follow-up was 34 months (range 3-91). Recurrence was evaluated clinically with histological verification.Among nonrecurrent cases the median tumour thickness was 0·26 mm (range 0·09-0·61), while for recurrent cases the median tumour thickness was 0·57 mm (range 0·41-1·41, P < 0·0001). Among lesions ≤ 0·40 mm in thickness, none recurred, whereas for lesions > 0·40 mm the recurrence rate was 58% (P < 0·0001).We recommend the use of tumour thickness to define the superficial pattern in pathology reports for BCC as this can help to determine treatment response of sBCC to imiquimod.
Manifestations of Cardiac Disease in Carotid Duplex Ultrasound Examination
Authors: Surabhi Madhwal, Sandra Yesenko, Esther Soo Hyun Kim, Margaret Park, Susan M. Begelman, Heather L. Gornik
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2014)

carotid duplex ultrasound (CDUS), combining gray-scale (b mode) and color and spectral (pulsed-wave) Doppler, has become the modality of choice for the initial evaluation and surveillance of extracranial carotid artery disease, with a reported accuracy for the detection of carotid stenosis