tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impact of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin on Ivory Shell ( <i>Babylonia japonica</i> ) Populations
Authors: Toshihiro Horiguchi, Mitsuhiro Kojima, Fumihiko Hamada, Akira Kajikawa, Hiroaki Shiraishi, Masatoshi Morita, Makoto Shimizu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

We histopathologically examined gonads and chemically determined organotin compounds in tissues of the ivory shell, Babylonia japonica. Imposex (a superimposition of male-type genital organs on females) occurred in approximately 80–90% of B. japonica specimens that we examined, with the penis and vas deferens both well developed. No oviduct blockage by vas deferens formation was observed. Ovarian spermatogenesis and suppressed ovarian maturation were observed in the females that exhibited imposex, although no histopathological abnormalities were found in males. Tissue distributions of organotin compounds [tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPhT), and their metabolites] were different for butyltins and phenyltins; a remarkably high accumulation of TBT was observed in the ctenidium, osphradium, and heart, whereas high concentrations of TPhT were detected in the ovary and digestive gland. More than one-third of TBT accumulated in the digestive glands of both males and females, followed by the testis, ctenidium, muscle, and heart tissues in males and in the muscle, ovary, ctenidium, and head tissues (including the central nervous system ganglia) in females. In both males and females, more than half of total TPhT accumulated in the digestive glands, followed by the gonads. The next highest values were in the muscle, ctenidium, and heart tissues in males and in the muscle, oviduct, and head tissues in females. Both TBT and TPhT concentrations in the gonads were positively correlated with penis length in females. Our findings strongly suggest that reproductive failure in adult females accompanied by imposex, possibly induced by TBT and TPhT from antifouling paints, may have caused the marked decline of B. japonica populations in Japan.
Prognostic significance of elevated troponin i after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Warren J Cantor, L.Kristin Newby, Robert H Christenson, Robert H Tuttle, Vic Hasselblad, Paul W Armstrong, David J Moliterno, Robert M Califf, Eric J Topol, E.Magnus Ohman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Route of herpesvirus spread traced with aid of DNA-cleaving enzymes
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1979)

DNA restriction endonucleases, enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites, have been talked about primarily in connection with recombinant DNA technology.  Surprisingly, then, one of their first medical applications is not in the synthesis of insulin or human growth hormone, but as a tool for investigating the epidemiology of herpesvirus outbreaks in hospitals.  Restriction endonucleases split DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, yielding each time the same unique set of DNA fragments from a given DNA. If the DNA is radioactively labeled, the fragments may be separated on an agarose slab in an electric field and visualized by exposing the slab to roentgenographic film (figure, next page).  Analysis of DNA from more than 80 different strains of herpesvirus in the laboratory of Bernard Roizman, ScD, professor of microbiology at the University of Chicago, has shown that any two epidemiologically distinct strains of herpesvirus can be distinguished by the fragments produced from
On future’s doorstep: RNA interference and the pharmacopeia of tomorrow
Authors: Alan M. Gewirtz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Small molecules and antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of malignant diseases and appear promising for the treatment of many others. Nonetheless, there are many candidate therapeutic targets that are not amenable to attack by the current generation of targeted therapies, and in a small but growing number of patients, resistance to initially successful treatments evolves. This Review Series on the medicinal promise of posttranscriptional gene silencing with small interfering RNA and other molecules capable of inducing RNA interference (RNAi) is motivated by the hypothesis that effectors of RNAi can be developed into effective drugs for treating malignancies as well as many other types of disease. As this Review Series points out, there is still much to do, but many in the field now hope that the time has finally arrived when "antisense" therapies will finally come of age and fulfill their promise as the magic bullets of the 21st century.
Effect of Ergotamine and Ergometrine on Forearm Venous Compliance in Man
Authors: O. G. Brooke, B. F. Robinson
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The effect of ergotamine and ergometrine on the venous compliance of the forearm has been studied in normal persons. Ergotamine tartrate (0·25 mg. intravenously) led to a fall in venous compliance amounting to 49% on average, while ergometrine maleate (0·25 mg. intravenously) caused a reduction of 41%; these changes were statistically significant. The potent veno-constrictor action of these ergot alkaloids appears to be a major component of the circulatory response to small doses and may be important in provoking the harmfull cardiovascular side-effects (such as angina and pulmonary oedema) that are sometimes observed in patients with pre-existing heart disease.
Comparative value of the cold-pressor test and supine bicycle exercise to detect subjects with coronary artery disease using radionuclide ventriculography.
Authors: D E Manyari, A J Nolewajka, P Purves, A Donner, W J Kostuk
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and wall motion studies were performed using blood pool cardiac scintigraphy before and during the cold-pressor test (CPT) and bicycle exercise.Twenty normal subjects responded to the CPT with no change or a significant increase (7% or more) of the EF and no new wall motion abnormalities.Mean EF increased significantly (p < 0.01).Two subjects responded abnormally to the CPT, one with a significant decrease (7% or more) in EF and another with the development of new wall motion abnormalities.During exercise, EF increased significantly in all-but one subject (p < 0.001).No new wall motion abnormality was seen.In 20 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and normal resting left ventricular function, mean EF decreased (p < 0.001) during the CPT, but only 11 patients could be identified individually by a drop in EF of 7% or more.During exercise, 18 of the 20 patients responded abnormally (failure to increase EF by 7% or more).Twelve patients showed new wall motion abnormalities during CPT and 15 during exercise.Three pa- tients during the CPT and one during exercise had normal EF response while developing new wall motion ab- normalities.Thus, the sensitivity of radionuclide EF changes during the CPT to detect subjects with CAD was 55%.It in- creased to 70% when wall motion analysis and EF changes were considered.The specificity was then 90% and the predictive accuracy was 88%.The sensitivity of radionuclide studies during exercise, considering EF changes and wall motion analysis under otherwise similar conditions, was 95%.Specificity and predictive ac- curacy were also 95%.We conclude that the CPT is not as sensitive as exercise for detecting subjects with CAD by radionuclide cardiac angiography.The CPT may be a useful intervention in subjects in whom ade- quate exercise cannot be accomplished.SINCE Hines and Brown described the cold-pressor test (CPT) in 1932,1 it has been used to identify sub- jects with hypertension2 3 and atherosclerosis.4 5 However, its acceptance in the clinical setting was limited, mainly because the initial hypothesis that the vascular reactivity in subjects with these conditions is different from that in normal subjects has not been verified.6"9More recently, it has been reported that the CPT may induce local and global left ventricular dys-
Predicting Type I Diabetes
Authors: Anette G Ziegler, Raymonde Dumont Herskowitz, Richard A Jackson, J Stuart Soeldner, George S Eisenbarth
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Currently, there are three markers that are being studied with the potential to give a high positive predictive value for the development of type I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes caused by autoimmune β-cell destruction) and that can be utilized to predict the disease in susceptible relatives: 1) high-titer cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies, 2) insulin autoantibodies detected with fluid-phase radiobinding assays, and 3) first-phase insulin release after intravenous glucose &amp;lt;1st percentile. With the combination of these assays, it seems to be possible to identify first-degree relatives with a high probability of developing type I diabetes within a limited time span (i.e., &amp;lt;10 yr). The ability to predict type I diabetes with selected assays will allow trials for prevention of diabetes and trials to assess whether prediction will decrease morbidity and mortality at onset of diabetes.
Inhaled Corticosteroids and Risk of Lung Cancer among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Tanyalak Parimon, Jason W. Chien, Chris L. Bryson, Mary B. McDonell, Edmunds M. Udris, David H. Au
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Lung cancer is a frequent cause of death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We examined whether the use of inhaled corticosteroids among patients with COPD was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer.
Use and Interpretation of Renal Biopsy
Authors: Cecil A. Krakower
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<b>Renal Pathology in Biopsy: Light, Electron and Immunofluorescent Microscopy and Clinical Aspects</b>(E. Castagnoli, trans), H. U. Zollinger and M. J. Mihatsch, 684 pp, 949 illus, $85, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1978. These two excellent texts deal with the interpretation of renal biopsy specimens as studied with both light and electron microscopy. Both books describe and illustrate the changes, including immunofluorescence, in lesions representative of different renal diseases and, besides covering the morphology, also discuss the pathogenesis and provide informative clinical descriptions of the varied diseases. The volume by Striker, Quadracci, and Cutler, of the University of Washington, is based on a personal experience of more than 4,000 biopsy specimens collected between 1959 and 1977. The authors have adopted a classification that provides a means of communicating clearly and simply to colleagues and patients the nature, extent, and purposes of the renal disease process. Hence the text is broadly divided into
Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: A Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Roland F. Schwarz, Charlotte K. Y. Ng, Susanna L. Cooke, Scott Newman, Jillian Temple, Anna M. Piskorz, Davina Gale, Karen Sayal, Muhammed Murtaza, Peter J. Baldwin, Nitzan Rosenfeld, Helena M. Earl, Evis Sala, Mercedes Jimenez-Linan, Christine A. Parkinson, Florian Markowetz, James D. Brenton
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2015)

Background The major clinical challenge in the treatment of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the development of progressive resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine whether intra-tumour genetic heterogeneity resulting from clonal evolution and the emergence of subclonal tumour populations in HGSOC was associated with the development of resistant disease. Methods and Findings Evolutionary inference and phylogenetic quantification of heterogeneity was performed using the MEDICC algorithm on high-resolution whole genome copy number profiles and selected genome-wide sequencing of 135 spatially and temporally separated samples from 14 patients with HGSOC who received platinum-based chemotherapy. Samples were obtained from the clinical CTCR-OV03/04 studies, and patients were enrolled between 20 July 2007 and 22 October 2009. Median follow-up of the cohort was 31 mo (interquartile range 22–46 mo), censored after 26 October 2013. Outcome measures were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). There were marked differences in the degree of clonal expansion (CE) between patients (median 0.74, interquartile range 0.66–1.15), and dichotimization by median CE showed worse survival in CE-high cases (PFS 12.7 versus 10.1 mo, p = 0.009; OS 42.6 versus 23.5 mo, p = 0.003). Bootstrap analysis with resampling showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the hazard ratios for PFS and OS in the CE-high group were greater than 1.0. These data support a relationship between heterogeneity and survival but do not precisely determine its effect size. Relapsed tissue was available for two patients in the CE-high group, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the prevalent clonal population at clinical recurrence arose from early divergence events. A subclonal population marked by a NF1 deletion showed a progressive increase in tumour allele fraction during chemotherapy. Conclusions This study demonstrates that quantitative measures of intra-tumour heterogeneity may have predictive value for survival after chemotherapy treatment in HGSOC. Subclonal tumour populations are present in pre-treatment biopsies in HGSOC and can undergo expansion during chemotherapy, causing clinical relapse.
Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxication
Authors: Richard D. Stewart, Edward A. Boettner, Robert R. Southworth, Joseph C. Cerny
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Excessive absorption of carbon tetrachloride results in a clinical complex manifesting depression of the central nervous system (CNS) followed by hepatic and renal damage. Infrared analysis of the breath is a rapid, specific means of establishing the diagnosis and estimating the amount of drug absorbed. Prompt initiation of intravenous therapy with mannitol may minimize the renal damage and prevent renal failure. These principles are illustrated by the case history of a woman aged 29 who, in an unsuccessful attempt at suicide, ingested a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and methanol.
Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
Authors: Jay M. Arena
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Since demands are increasing for toxicological information on every aspect of environmental hazards, the toxicological sciences must have a broad, multidisciplinary, and active role in providing a safer environment than now exists. This is a difficult task, indeed, and will become even more difficult in the future. The essentially negative attitude of the past—"What will kill?"—must be replaced with a positive position for the future, "What is safe?" <i>Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons</i>is a publication sorely needed to supplement the few available textbooks of toxicology for the increasing number of individuals entering training programs in this field. The book has four comprehensive sections or units. The first describes the method and approach that identify the science of toxicology, including those principles, such as dose-response, necessary for a full understanding of toxicological mechanisms. Unit II, which focuses on the systemic site of action of toxins, provides answers to two
Continuity would be achieved with patient held records
Authors: J. T Hart
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Krogstad et al write about the subject of continuity of care.1 The need to balance division of tasks with coordination of tasks applies as much to primary as to hospital care. Both depend on developing team responsibility, which means including patients as active members of the team.

Obviously patients cannot depend always on one exhausted professional but should relate to teams small enough for them to form continuing personal relationships. Within teams the only invariable members are the patients. If they are not actually …
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria as Predictors of Outcomes in Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Catherine M. Clase
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and markers of renal function.To examine the contribution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio beyond that of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to classification of patient risk for cardiovascular and renal outcomes.Prospective cohort study that pooled all patients of ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and TRANSCEND (Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitor Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease).27,620 patients older than 55 years with documented cardiovascular disease, who were followed for a mean of 4.6 years.Baseline eGFR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, and cardiovascular risk factors. Outcomes were all-cause mortality; a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure; long-term dialysis; and a composite of long-term dialysis and doubling of serum creatinine level.Lower eGFRs and higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratios were associated with the primary cardiovascular composite outcome (for example, an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.53 [95% CI, 1.61 to 3.99] for an eGFR <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and a very high urinary albumin-creatinine ratio). However, adding information about eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio to the risk reclassification analyses led to no meaningful decrease in the proportion of patients assigned to the intermediate-risk category (31% without vs. 32% with renal information). In contrast, eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio were strongly associated with risk for long-term dialysis and greatly improved both model calibration and risk stratification capacity when added to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (65% assigned to intermediate-risk categories without renal information vs. 18% with renal information).Creatinine levels were not standardized.In patients with high vascular risk, eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio add little to traditional cardiovascular risk factors for stratifying cardiovascular risk but greatly improve risk stratification for renal outcomes.Boehringer Ingelheim, Population Health Research Institute, and the European Commission.
Obstruction of the Duodenum and Cecum, Malrotation of the Bowel and Mid-Gut Volvulus in an Adult Patient with a Gastroenterostomy
Authors: Victor M. Kimel, Harold W. Harrower
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

MALROTATION of the bowel in the absence of mechanical obstruction is compatible with a normal life span. Volvulus of the mid-gut associated with malrotation of the bowel usually requires treatment early in life. The occurrence of this condition in an elderly man who had previously undergone a gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer seemed sufficiently unusual and interesting to warrant a case report. The embryologic aspects of malrotation have been reviewed by others.1 2 3 4 Case ReportD.C. (V.A.H. 05082), a 79-year-old man, entered the Providence Veterans Administration Hospital on the evening of May 9, 1957. He had been admitted to this hospital twice . . .
Topical treatment of erectile dysfunction: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of cream containing aminophylline, isosorbide dinitrate, and co-dergocrine mesylate
Authors: A. Gomaa, M. Shalaby, M. Osman, M. Eissa, A. Eizat, M. Mahmoud, N. Mikhail
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> <h3>Premise</h3> Parasitic plants and their hosts are emerging model systems for studying genetic variation in species interactions across environments. The parasitic plant <i>Striga hermonthica</i> (witchweed) attacks a range of cereal crop hosts in Africa. <i>Striga hermonthica</i> exhibits substantial genetic variation in host preference and in specificity versus generalism. Some of this variation is locally adapted, but the genetic basis of specialization on certain hosts is unknown. <h3>Methods</h3> We present an alignment-free analysis of population diversity in <i>S. hermonthica</i> using whole genome sequencing (WGS) data for 68 individuals from western Kenya. We validate our reference-free approach with germination experiments and a <i>de novo</i> assembled draft genome. <h3>Results</h3> <i>K</i>-mer based analyses reveal high genome-wide diversity within a single field, similar to values between individuals collected 100 km apart or farther. Analysis of host-associated <i>k</i>-mers implicated genes involved in development of the parasite haustorium (a specialized structure used to establish vascular connections with host roots) and a potential role of chemocyanins in molecular host-parasitic plant interactions. Conversely, no phenotypic or genomic evidence was observed suggesting host-specific selection on parasite response to strigolactones, hormones exuded by host roots and required for parasite germination. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study demonstrates the utility of WGS for plant species with large, complex genomes and no available reference. Contrasting with theory emphasizing the role of early recognition loci for genotype specificity, our findings support host-specific selection on later interaction stages, suggesting recurring host-specific selection each generation alternating with homogenizing gene flow.
Is chronic plaque psoriasis triggered by microbiota in the skin?
Authors: L. Fry, B.S. Baker, A.V. Powles, A. Fahlen, L. Engstrand
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

There is a known association between psoriasis and Crohn disease (CD). Patients with CD are five times more likely to develop psoriasis, and, conversely, patients with psoriasis are more likely to develop CD. Many gastroenterologists now accept that CD results from a breakdown of immune tolerance to the microbiota of the intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. The microbiota of the skin have recently been investigated in psoriasis. Firmicutes was the most common phylum, and Streptococcus the most common genus identified. Beta-haemolytic streptococci have been implicated in both guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis. Furthermore, the innate immune system has been shown to be activated in psoriasis, and many of the genes associated with the disease are concerned with the signalling pathways of the innate immune system, notably interleukin-23 and nuclear factor κB. Patients with psoriasis also have an increased incidence of periodontitis, a disease thought to be due to an abnormal response to normal oral commensals. Based on the similarities between CD and psoriasis, we propose that psoriasis is due to a breakdown of immune tolerance to the microbiota of the skin. In support of this hypothesis we provide evidence for microbiota in the skin, activation of the innate immune system, and genetic abnormalities involving the innate immune system.