tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
<i>EGFR</i>and<i>K-ras</i>mutations in cytologic samples from fine-needle aspirates in NSCLC patients: Table 1–
Authors: Paola Ulivi, Wainer Zoli, Elisa Chiadini, Laura Capelli, Piero Candoli, Daniele Calistri, Rosella Silvestrini, Maurizio Puccetti
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

To the Editors:

Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been correlated with tumour response to treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), especially gefitinib and erlotinib [1, 2]. A large number of studies have reported a significantly higher overall response rate, overall survival and time-to-progression in patients with EGFR-activating mutations compared with those with wild-type tumours [3–5].

It has thus become mandatory to perform EGFR mutation analysis in all adenocarcinoma patients to improve treatment opportunities.

In addition to EGFR alterations, K-ras mutations are found in ∼30% of adenocarcinomas [6] and each is usually mutually exclusive. About 70% of NSCLC patients present at first diagnosis with advanced disease, and in such cases, morphologic and molecular diagnoses are necessarily based on cytologic samples obtained by different methodological procedures [7]. It has been demonstrated that EGFR mutations can be detected in cytologic specimens containing >50% of neoplastic cells, and that analysis can be performed in samples with as little as 25% tumour cellularity [8]. Moreover, although the most reliable results have been obtained in samples from which ≥100 cells were analysed, it has also been noted that mutation analysis can be performed in as few as 30 isolated cells [9].

In the present study, 66 consecutive NSCLC patients diagnosed between …
Re: Marzio Angelo Zullo, Francesco Plotti, Marco Calcagno, Elettra Marullo, Innocenza Palaia, Filippo Bellati, Stefano Basile, Ludovico Muzii, Roberto Angioli and Pierluigi Benedetti Panici. One-Year Follow-up of Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT) and Trans-obturator Suburethral Tape from Inside to Outside (TVT-O) for Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Prospective Randomised Trial. Eur Urol 2007;51:1376–84
Authors: Francesco Araco, Gianpiero Gravante, Antonino Araco, Placido Araco, Francesco Sesti, Emilio Piccione
Journal: European Urology (2007)
THE PROTECTION OF THE INNOCENT.
Authors: WILLIAM LEE HOWARD
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The highest aim of the physician to-day is to prevent disease. Physical diseases are being studied in the laboratories and at the bedside. Mothers are taught the hygiene of the bedroom and teachers some useful facts about the care of the teeth and eyes. The women teachers in the mixed high schools attempt to give to their disinterested scholars academic fancies regarding the physiologic action of a glass of beer, meanwhile oblivious to the adolescent's silent appeals for some true statements concerning the laws of Nature. We need a new code of ethics of the sexes. A science of sex is necessary to a proper understanding of Christian sexual ethics. We can mature a perfect ethics of the sexes amid moral innocence, but not amid physiologic ignorance. The present unfortunate and antisocial conditions have been brought about by the orthodox moralist who has been afraid of Nature's truth and who
SOME PATHOLOGIC AND CLINICAL PHASES OF GALL-STONES.
Authors: A. H. CORDIER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Among the most common diseases of the abdominal cavity may be mentioned those of the biliary ducts, and of this class cholelithiasis is the most frequent. In fact, so common is this condition that in several thousand postmortems no less than 7 per cent. of cases with gall-stones were found, and it is a curious conclusion to which some clinicians have arrived, that as these cases did not present any evidence of the presence of the stones, it proves that the majority of those suffering with gall-stones will get well if left alone. Many cases of gall-stones present no direct testimony of their presence, while others give evidence in the most emphatic symptomatic language. The causation of the formation of gall-stones has been a theme for discussion for many years by some of the ablest clinicians. A few years ago in the direct causes were enumerated stagnation of bile,
519. Development of S/MAR Plasmid Vectors for Persistent Expression and Maintenance, In Vivo
Authors: Orestis Argyros, Suet-Ping Wong, Andrew A. Miller, Richard Harbottle
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Currently used vectors in human gene therapy suffer from a number of limitations with respect to safety and reproducibility. The ideal vector has to be free of these effects and should allowlong-term expression of a transgene in the absence of selection. Recently a novel non-viral episomal expression system which fulfils these criteria, in principle, was reported. This vector, pEPI, replicates episomally in CHO, HeLa, K562, as well as in primary human fibroblast-like cells, and is mitotically stable in the absence of selection for more than 100 generations.
Chondroblastoma Metastasis to Lung Visualized on Bone Scan
Authors: Scott Naspinsky, Alan Siegel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

A 52-year-old female patient with multiple recurrences of chondroblastoma involving the right femur presented with worsening pain and swelling above her right knee. The patient had previously undergone multiple curettages and resections of the involved femur as well as a thoracotomy and resection of pulmonary metastases. Computed tomography obtained for restaging purposes revealed numerous pulmonary metastases. The whole-body bone scan was also performed as part of her staging workup.
Jaundice after treatment of leukemia with busulphan.
Authors: J C Underwood, R T Shahani, E K Blackburn
Journal: BMJ (1971)

This hepatotoxic effect of busulphan ther- apy appears to be rare and in this case was associated with prolonged therapy.However, we suggest that jaundice in patients under treatment for chronic granulocytic leukaemia may be attributable to busulphan therapy rather than severe leukaemic infiltration of the liver.-Weare, etc.,
Oral antigen delivery of varying doses of soluble or particulate antigens in the presence of adjuvant selectively induces Th1 or Th2 responses in systemic and mucosal compartments*1
Authors: C.S. Baliga, M.C. Hart, C. Lamblin, S.S. Krater, M.K. Estes, S.E. Pacheco
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Peritoneal dialysis with in-line sterilization of dialysate by filtration.
Authors: P Sharpstone, F S Goldby
Journal: BMJ (1967)

E.5, write: Peritoneal dialysis by means of commercially prepared solutions and disposable giving sets (Maxwell et al., 1959) is a simple and effective technique, and is in general use in the management of renal failure and sometimes for the correction of overhydration.Disadvantages inherent in this system, however, include the high cost of the dialysate and the risk of introducing infection during the repeated interruption of the fluid pathway in order to change and to make additions to individual 1-litre containers
Lactitol or lactulose in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: Results of a meta-analysis
Authors: Pierre Blanc, Jean-Pierre Daures, Jean-Michel Rouillon, Pascale Peray, Robert Pierrugues, Dominique Larrey, François Gremy, Henri Michel
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Lactitol (β-galactosido-sorbitol) has been recently compared with lactulose for the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy in a few studies, each comprising a small number of patients. The results are controversial. We studied the efficiency and tolerance of both compounds by using a meta-analysis on the basis of published controlled trials. Our study only included controlled or randomized trials comprising cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Analyzed parameters were the portosystemic encephalopathy index of Conn after treatment, the percentage of improved patients and the percentage of patients who had ill effects related to the treatment (flatulence, diarrhea). Bibliographical screening revealed five studies comparing the effects of lactitol and lactulose in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Four crossover studies were done that included 48 patients and one parallel study that included 29 patients. The duration of the treatment ranged from 3 to 6 mo. All studies found a similar efficiency with both drugs. However, they exhibited some discrepancies in the relative frequency of adverse reactions (flatulence). Meta-analysis showed no statistical differences in the portosystemic encephalopathy index after lactitol or lactulose treatment. The percentage of improved patients after lactitol or lactulose was similar. In contrast, the analysis revealed a higher frequency (p &lt; 0.01) of flatulence in patients treated with lactulose compared with those treated with lactitol. Inconclusion, this meta-analysis shows no statistical difference between therapeutic effects of lactitol and lactulose, but it does show a higher frequency of flatulence with lactulose. This suggests that lactitol should be preferred to lactulose for the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. (Hepatology 1992;15:222-228).
A four-choice hybrid P300/SSVEP BCI for improved accuracy
Authors: Brendan Z. Allison, Jing Jin, Yu Zhang, Xingyu Wang
Journal: Brain-Computer Interfaces (2014)

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) usually rely on one of three types of signals: P300, SSVEP, or ERD. Recent work has shown that 'hybrid' BCIs that combine different types of signals may be superior to their simpler counterparts. This paper introduces a new type of hybrid P300/SSVEP BCI with a four-choice system. We compared this new approach to conditions that used only a P300 or SSVEP BCI. In addition to collecting EEG and performance data based on offline and then online runs, we also used questionnaires to explore the subject's experiences with the different conditions. Results showed that subjects could use the hybrid BCI, and did not consider it more annoying, difficult or fatiguing than the P300 or SSVEP BCI. The hybrid condition improved performance relative to the SSVEP condition, but not the P300 condition. The hybrid condition did not elicit significant differences in the EEG measures compared here. These results validate this new BCI approach and provide support for future hybrid efforts.
A Meckel’s diverticulum with an ileal ulcer detected with double-balloon enteroscopy
Authors: K. Honda, T. Mizutani, N. Higuchi, K. Kanayama, Y. Sumida, S. Yoshinaga, S. Itaba, H. Akiho, R. Yoshimura, K. Nakamura, T. Ueki, Y. Miyasaka, R. Takayanagi
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Figure 1 A 34-year-old man with iron-deficiency anemia was referred to hospital due to an ileal lesion (arrow) that had been detected on barium-meal radiography. Previous upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy examinations had not identified a bleeding site.
Patients are given new pan-European right to treatment
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Citizens of European Union countries now have the guaranteed legal right to go to another EU country for medical treatment and to be reimbursed for some of the costs involved. The legislation, which came into force on 25 October, clarifies patients’ rights that had been confirmed in a series of rulings by the European Court of Justice, the EU’s highest legal authority.

While the right already existed, it applied only to treatment abroad that had been authorised by the patient’s domestic healthcare provider and to unforeseen medical treatment. There was no guarantee that the cost of hospital care would be met.

The …
Hemostatic Function, Survival, and Membrane Glycoprotein Changes in Young versus Old Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Morris A. Blajchman, Andrew F. Senyi, Jack Hirsh, Edward Genton, James N. George
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Although in vitro studies have demonstrated functional differences between young and old platelets, in vivo differences have not been precisely established. Therefore the in vivo hemostatic function of young and old platelets and the survival time have been examined in rabbits. The hemostatic function was measured by performing serial ear bleeding times in irradiation-induced thrombocytopenic rabbits. After irradiation with 930 rad the platelet count gradually diminished reaching a nadir (∼20 × 103/μl) at 10 d. The platelets present in the circulation, 7-10 d after irradiation, were considered old platelets, and the platelets present after recovery, 11-14 d postirradiation, young platelets. The measurement of platelet size was consistent with the hypothesis that platelets become smaller with age: the mean size was 3.84 μm3 for old platelets and 5.86 μm3 for young platelets. Regression analysis of the relationship between the bleeding time and the platelet count in 18 rabbits showed a significantly different slope for rabbits with predominantly old platelets compared with rabbits with predominantly young platelets (P < 0.001). Young platelets were more effective giving much shorter bleeding times than old platelets at comparable platelet counts. Survival times of young and old platelets were measured using platelets harvested on day 8 postirradiation (old platelets) and day 12 postirradiation (young platelets) that were labeled and then reinjected into normal recipient animals. The mean platelet survival time, calculated by gamma function, of old platelets was 28.8 h; of young platelets, 87.4 h; and of normally circulating heterogeneous platelets, (normal platelets) 53.0 h. Notably, the survival of old platelets was found to be exponential, and of young platelets, linear. Analysis of the membrane glycoproteins in young, old and normal platelets indicated that there was no qualitative difference amongst the young, normal, and old platelets. The relative relationship among all the glycoprotein peaks was equal and the only changes observed were quantitative, with young platelets having significantly more membrane glycoprotein per cell than old platelets and normal platelets. Normal platelets had intermediate concentrations of each glycoprotein. These results demonstrate that young platelets are hemostatically more effective in vivo than old platelets. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that platelets age in the circulation by losing membrane fragments and then after becoming senescent, are removed from the circulation by a random process.
Sense in Human Pharmacology
Authors: Duncan E. Hutcheon
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  Digitalis glycosides are among the commonest causes of toxicity, according to recent Food and Drug Administration reports on adverse drug reactions. Patients with digitalis intoxication outnumbered those due to other cardiovascular drugs four to one. Toxic reactions to old as well as new drugs emphasize a need for higher standards of drug therapy in man. More physicians are obviously required with specialty experience in pharmacology and chemotherapy.  Human pharmacology too often has been considered a special field of clinical research in which an investigator undertakes drug trials in man. Assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of new drugs considered for human use is essential, but human pharmacology is much broader than this. Advances in pharmacology and chemotherapy are rapid, and it is nearly impossible for most physicians to keep informed about new drug developments even in their special fields. Physicians are needed to assume the professional responsibility to
Survival of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning with Profound Acidemia
Authors: Katherine R. Blakeley, Steven E. Rinner, James P. Knochel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

To the Editor: We recently encountered a patient who survived ethylene glycol poisoning with an arterial-blood pH of 6.46. A 44-year-old woman drank approximately 720 ml of ethylene glycol in the form of antifreeze. She had previously attempted suicide by injecting the same substance into her buttocks. When admitted to the hospital, the patient was unresponsive and incontinent and was receiving ventilation. Her temperature was 37.1 °C (98.7 °F), her pulse 110 per minute, and her blood pressure 130/70 mm Hg. Her pupils were fixed and dilated, and she had no corneal, gag, or deep-tendon reflexes. The serum sodium level . . .
Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision
Authors: Lainie Friedman Ross
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —Dr Laumann and colleagues 1 conclude that with respect to STDs there is no evidence of a prophylactic role for circumcision and a slight tendency in the opposite direction. However, the authors did not consider one important aspect of the relationship, if any, between male circumcision and the risk of STDs including cervical cancer in their female partners. Hunter et al 2 found that women whose partners are uncircumcised are at increased risk of STDs, including HIV. Human papillomavirus (HPV), which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, 3 also is sexually transmitted, although men are frequently asymptomatic. Several studies have shown that women whose sexual partners are uncircumcised are at increased risk of cervical cancer secondary to HPV. 4,5 These findings deserve further examination and, if confirmed, would be important information for parents and physicians to consider in deciding whether to circumcise or recommend circumcision of
Preventing scalds to children
Authors: A. Kemp, J. Sibert
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Requires environmental modification and work with and by families

Scalds are among the most distressing injuries that a child can receive. Although they rarely kill, they cause considerable pain, often need prolonged treatment, and often result in lifelong scarring. This scarring and deformity may result in considerable emotional difficulties that can affect the child's whole life. Clearly, prevention is preferable to treatment.

Eadie and colleagues at the Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery have compared the patterns of scalds in 1956,1 1984,2 and 1991.3 Sadly, the numbers of scalds to children at the Welsh centre has not fallen, although the pattern of these injuries has changed. Hot water from teapots caused a fifth of the injuries in 1956 though only very few cases in …
CHRONIC HYPOGLYCEMIA IN AN INFANT TREATED BY SUBTOTAL PANCREATECTOMY
Authors: Ralph G. Greenlee
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Shortly after the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best<sup>1</sup>in 1922, it became apparent that severe hypoglycemia results from excessive administration of the drug. In 1924, Harris<sup>2</sup>postulated the clinical syndrome of hyperinsulinism. It remained for Wilder and his coworkers<sup>3</sup>to establish, in 1927, the unquestionable correlation between islet cell tumor of the pancreas and hyperinsulinism. Further evidence of the entity was offered in 1929 by Howland and his colleagues<sup>4</sup>of Toronto, who removed an islet cell tumor from a patient with hyperinsulinism. As a result of increasing awareness of the clinical syndrome, Howard, Moss, and Rhoads,<sup>5</sup>by 1950, were able to find recorded in the literature 264 cases of islet tumor with hyperinsulinism. The great majority of patients with this condition are adults, although the syndrome may occur at any age. Sherman<sup>6</sup>reported the case of a baby girl with uncontrollable hypoglycemia
Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B
Authors: G Fattovich
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The effect of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection on the clinical course of cirrhosis type B is poorly defined. <h3>AIMS</h3> To investigate the impact of HDV status on morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis type B. <h3>PATIENTS/METHODS</h3> Retrospective cohort study of 200 Western European patients with compensated cirrhosis type B followed for a median period of 6.6 years. <h3>RESULTS</h3> At diagnosis, 20% of patients had antibodies to HDV (anti-HDV); median age was lower in anti-HDV positive cirrhotics (34 <i>v</i> 48 years respectively). Kaplan-Meier five year probability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was 6, 10, and 9% in anti-HDV positive/HBeAg negative, anti-HDV negative/HBeAg negative, and anti-HDV negative/HBeAg positive cirrhotics respectively; the corresponding figures for decompensation were 22, 16, and 19% and for survival they were 92, 89, and 83% respectively. Cox regression analysis identified age, albumin concentration, γ-globulin concentration, and HDV status as significant independent prognostic variables. After adjustment for clinical and serological differences at baseline, the risk (95% confidence interval) for HCC, decompensation, and mortality was increased by a factor of 3.2 (1.0 to 10), 2.2 (0.8 to 5.7), and 2.0 (0.7 to 5.7) respectively in anti-HDV positive relative to HDV negative cirrhotic patients. The adjusted estimated five year risk for HCC was 13, 4, and 2% for anti-HDV positive/HBeAg negative, anti-HDV negative/HBeAg negative, and anti-HDV negative/HBeAg positive cirrhotics respectively; the corresponding figures for decompensation were 18, 8, and 14% and for survival 90, 95, and 93% respectively. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> HDV infection increases the risk for HCC threefold and for mortality twofold in patients with cirrhosis type B.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Derek Hobson, James G. Hirsch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

Low concentrations of hemoglobin (0.1 microg./ml. or less) exert a lethal action on some Gram-negative bacteria under certain conditions in vitro. Hemoglobins from various mammals and the distinct genetic types of human hemoglobin all manifest similar bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect is a function of the globin moiety of the molecule; native and acid or acid-alcohol denatured globins have the same degree of activity. Hemoglobins kill enterobacteriaceae only under precisely controlled conditions. The test medium must be low in ionic concentration and acid in reaction. Various strains of Escherichia and Salmonella are susceptible to the lethal effect of hemoglobin, while the few strains of Shigella, Klebsiella, and Proteus examined were resistant. Certain acid polysaccharides and basic amines or proteins block the bactericidal effect when incorporated in the test in low concentration. Present evidence also suggests that exposure of the microorganisms to certain cations such as magnesium renders them resistant to the lethal action of globin. Hemoglobin loses its bactericidal power when complexed with haptoglobin, and serum fractions rich in free haptoglobin protect otherwise susceptible bacteria from killing by hemoglobin. The reaction appears to be a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic one. At 38 degrees C. maximal killing requires approximately 30 minutes; at temperatures of 28 degrees C. or 0 degrees C. the bactericidal action does not take place. The minimal concentration of hemoglobin required to kill 50 per cent of the microorganisms in the test is unrelated to the size of the bacterial inoculum. Under conditions suitable for bactericidal action, hemoglobin is adsorbed onto heat-killed susceptible strains of coliform bacteria; material possessing bactericidal activity can be eluted with dilute mineral acid.