tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of Measuring Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) In Various Respiratory Diseases
Authors: H. Nagase, T. Toda, A. Kamiyama, Y. Nakase, N. Sugimoto, H. Yoshihara, M. Kuramochi, H. Tashimo, H. Arai, M. Yamaguchi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Tax on Sugary Beverages in India Could Reduce Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2014)

A tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) could help lower the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes among consumers in India, according to a modeling study in India (Basu S et al. PLoS Med. 2014;11[1]:e1001682).
Electrical self-stimulation of the brain: a model for the behavioral evaluation of toxic agents.
Authors: Z Annau
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Rats implanted chronically with electrodes in the posterior lateral hypothalamus were trained to press levers in order to stimulate the brain electrically. Brief exposures to low oxygen concentrations reduced the lever pressing rate proportionately with the reduction in inspired oxygen. Similar reductions in self-stimulation rates could be observed in animals exposed to carbon monoxide or the organic solvent, trichloroethylene. Prolonged exposures of animals to hypoxia in chambers where self-stimulation rates as well as food and water intake via lever pressing were monitored, indicated that as oxygen concentration declined self-stimulation rates showed a marked increase for 12 hr followed by a decline. Food and water intake were depressed. This increase in self-stimulation was only observed at low (20 degrees C) ambient temperatures and was accompanied by central depletion of norepinephine. At high (30 degrees C) ambient temperatures, self-stimulation was depressed by hypoxia. The data show the importance of comparing acute with chronic exposure to toxic agents, as well as the influence of environmental temperature in influencing behavioral events. In addition, the data indicate that the self-stimulation technique offers unique advantages over behavior maintained by food or water reinforcers in evaluating toxic compounds.
Selective restoration of male fertility in mice lacking angiotensin-converting enzymes by sperm-specific expression of the testicular isozyme.
Authors: P Ramaraj, S P Kessler, C Colmenares, G C Sen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been studied primarily in the context of its role in blood pressure regulation, this widely distributed enzyme has many other physiological functions. The ACE gene encodes two isozymes. The somatic isozyme is expressed in many tissues, including vascular endothelial cells, renal epithelial cells, and testicular Leydig cells, whereas the testicular or germinal angiotensin-converting enzyme is expressed only in sperm. The ACE gene knockout mice lack both isozymes and they exhibit low blood pressure, kidney dysfunctions, and male infertility. Here, we report the use of a sperm-specific promoter and interbreeding of transgenic and gene knockout mice for generating a mouse strain that expressed ACE only in sperm. The experimental mice maintained the kidney defects of ACE-/- mice, but unlike the knockout strain, the males were fertile. Thus, we established that the role of ACE in male fertility is completely dependent on its exclusive expression in sperm. Our study clearly demonstrated how transgenic and knockout techniques can be combined for ascribing a specific physiological function to the expression of a multifunctional protein in a given tissue.
Venous Reconstruction in Postphlebitic Disease
Authors: E. A. HUSNI
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Venous reconstruction was undertaken in 63 patients with venous insufficiency of the limbs over a six-year period. Of these, 48 were bypass grafts (cross-pubis 27 and saphenopopliteal 21), 8 free grafts, and 7 direct anastomoses. The over-all patency rate was over 70%, indicating that phlebitic damage is often segmental as a result of anticoagulant therapy and can therefore be readily bypassed to restore venous continuity and improve hemodynamics.
Accuracy of Tablet Splitting by Elderly Patients
Authors: B. T. Peek
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Afflictions of a vestigial appendage. 3. Disorders of free edge and lateral margins of the human nail (psoriasis, onychomycosis, monilial, bacterial infections)
Authors: K. M. Halprin
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Noninflammatory nail changes starting at the free edge of the nail are usually due to trauma, psoriasis, or a fungus infection. By contrast the inflammatory processes are usually due to either bacterial or monilial (<i>Candida albicans</i>) infection and have their origin in the living tissue of the lateral walls of the nail groove. Thickening of the nail starting at the free edge is usually thought to be a sure sign of a fungus infection (onychomycosis). Unfortunately the same appearance of the nail occurs in psoriasis (Fig 1) when it affects the epidermis underlying the free edge of the nail. Although in psoriasis the thickening is not due to true nail plate formation but rather to a heaping up of keratin under the free edge of the nail, the clinical distinction is often impossible to determine. Another diagnostic sign of onychomycosis is the crumbling and destruction of the thickened nail, but
Lecithinized superoxide dismutase (PC-SOD) improved spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction through suppression of oxidative stress and enhancement of neurotrophic factor production
Authors: Mitsuko Takenaga, Yuki Ohta, Yukie Tokura, Akemi Hamaguchi, Masaya Nakamura, Hideyuki Okano, Rie Igarashi
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2005)
The heart in ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: T W O'Neill, B Bresnihan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

The heart in ankylosing spondylitisHeart disease is a well recognised complication of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).The most characteristic lesions are aortic incompetence and conduction defects.The spectrum of disease is wide and includes mitral valve disease,' cardio- myopathy,2 and pericarditis.3First described by Mallory in 1936,4 Bauer drew attention to the association of aortitis on August 15,
Emerging role of cyclooxygenase isoforms in the control of gastrointestinal neuromuscular functions
Authors: Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Nunzia Bernardini, Narcisa Ghisu, Marco Tuccori, Roberto De Giorgio, Mario Del Tacca, Corrado Blandizzi
Journal: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009)
Infanticide and the Handicapped Newborn
Authors: Arthur L. Caplan
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This collection makes it abundantly plain that what abortion was to the medical ethics of the 1970s, infanticide may unfortunately be to the medical ethics of the 1980s. The battle lines concerning the treatment of defective and often premature infants have already become stark, unyielding, and intolerant. On one side are arrayed the right-to-life forces whose numbers populate this collection. These persons are determined through the use of courts, suits, Department of Health and Human Services inspectors, moral flying squads of like-minded physicians, review committees, and the use of shame, guilt, and threats to see to it that no newborn is allowed to go untreated in any American hospital. On the other side, without any representatives appearing in this collection, are the pro-choice advocates, who are determined by the use of courts, lawsuits, review committees, and shame, guilt, and threats to see to it that no child is ever treated
Points from Letters: Research in Psychiatry
Authors: J. R. M. Copeland
Journal: BMJ (1972)

isotopes could ethically be given.All three patients were able to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the same extent as non- Pakistani control patients with a similar de- gree of vitamin D deficiency.The two Pakistani patients were also shown to form the potent biologically active metabolite 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.Details relating to one of these patients have been published.2We feel therefore that inability to produce the appropriate metabolites of vitamin D is not the explanation for the phenomena re- ported in both surveys.-We are, etc.,
Peripheral Smear with<i>Malassezia furfur</i>
Authors: Parul Bhargava, Lorinda P Longhi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

This 53-year-old man with short-bowel syndrome that required total parenteral nutrition presented with fever and elevated liver-enzyme levels. A peripheral-blood smear showed intracellular and extracellular budding yeasts. Blood cultures grew only coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Mortality rates and self reported health: database analysis by English local authority area
Authors: Robert G E Kyffin, Michael J Goldacre, Mike Gill
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Mortality rates are commonly used as summary measures of current health status when comparing different populations. Their use in this way is often criticised, however, because mortality rates, though readily available and objective, are such an extreme measure of ill health. Surveys of self reported health, as an alternative approach to quantifying the health of a population, tend to be regarded as flawed because of their subjectivity. The UK census in 2001 included two measures of self reported health. We compared their values for each local authority area with the mortality rates for each area to find out whether mortality and self reported health are correlated.

For each local authority area in England, we took the age standardised mortality rates for the major causes of death pooled for 1999 and 2001 from the Compendium of Clinical and Health Indicators .1

For the same areas, we calculated age standardised rates of self reported …
Enhancing Radiotherapy With Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme Inhibitors: A Rational Advance?
Authors: Hak Choy, Luka Milas
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Results of preclinical studies suggesting that the efficacy of molecular therapies is enhanced when they are combined with radiation have generated a surge of clinical trials combining these modalities. We reviewed the literature to identify the rationale and experimental foundation supporting the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors with standard radiotherapy regimens in current clinical trials. Radiation affects the ability of cells to divide and proliferate and induces the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways that promote cell survival or trigger cell death. Future advances in radiotherapy will hinge on understanding mechanisms by which radiation-induced transcription of genes governs cell death and survival, the selective control of this process, and the optimal approaches to combining this knowledge with existing therapeutic modalities. COX-2 is expressed in all stages of cancer, and in several cancers its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that COX-2–derived prostaglandins participate in carcinogenesis, inflammation, immune response suppression, apoptosis inhibition, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Clinical trial results have demonstrated that selective inhibition of COX-2 can alter the development and the progression of cancer. In animal models, selective inhibition of COX-2 activity is associated with the enhanced radiation sensitivity of tumors without appreciably increasing the effects of radiation on normal tissue, and preclinical evidence suggests that the principal mechanism of radiation potentiation through selective COX-2 inhibition is the direct increase in cellular radiation sensitivity and the direct inhibition of tumor neovascularization. Results of current early-phase studies of non–small-cell lung, esophageal, cervical, and brain cancers will determine whether therapies that combine COX-2 inhibitors and radiation will enter randomized clinical trials.
THE SURVIVAL OF LEPTOSPIRA (SPIROCHÆTA) ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ IN NATURE; OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MICROCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND INTERMEDIARY HOSTS
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

1. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is unable to grow in the urine, either with or without the addition of suitable culture ingredients, the acidity of the urine being detrimental to the growth. It survives less than 24 hours, unless the urine is neutralized or slightly alkalized, when the period of survival is somewhat longer. If suitable nutrient ingredients are added to the neutralized or slightly alkalized urine, the organism is able to grow for about 10 days, after which multiplication ceases. 2. Feces from normal or jaundiced persons destroy Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae within 24 hours when a rich culture is added and the mixture allowed to stand at 26 degrees C. The addition of blood serum and corpuscles does not prevent the destruction of the organism. Autoclaved specimens and filtrates of unheated feces do not constitute a suitable medium in which to keep the organism alive for any length of time, but the addition of blood corpuscles and serum in adequate quantities renders them fairly satisfactory as media. Under natural conditions Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae cast off in the feces cannot survive more than 24 hours. 3. Polluted water, sewage, and soil will not serve to keep Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae alive for more than 3 days at the most. When deprived by filtration or autoclaving of their bacteria they become indifferent diluents and may be used to make up a culture medium when mixed with serum and citrate plasma of a suitable animal. Sterilized soil with a neutral reaction, when added to a culture, has an unfavorable effect upon the growth of the organism. 4. Most of the aerobic bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and tap water inhibit the growth of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae when inoculated into the same medium. Bacillus faecalis alkaligenes and many strains of non-hemolytic streptococci caused the least interference, although growth was never so vigorous or lasting in the media in which they were present as in the control media. Certain pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus paratyphosus, Bacillus dysenteriae, pneumococcus) are antagonistic to the growth of the spirochete. 5. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is highly sensitive to the destructive action of bile, bile salts, and sodium oleate, but resists the action of saponin. In this last respect it differs from many so called spirochetes. The destructive action of these agents is counteracted by blood serum. 6. The larvae and adults of the Culex mosquito, the larvae of the house-fly and bluebottle fly, wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni), and leeches failed to become carriers of the spirochetes when fed on infected guinea pigs or their organs; that is, they cannot play the part of an intermediary host of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.
Low back pain: Think of tuberculosis
Authors: Lavanya Diwakar, Sarah Logan, Nadia Ghaffar, Andrew Hare, William Lynn, Steve Ash
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Koes et al in their clinical review on low back pain identify some red flags that may indicate underlying spinal disease in people presenting with back pain.1

We recently completed a retrospective study of patients with spinal tuberculosis at Ealing Hospital. Of 29 adult patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2005, 23 (80%) were aged between 20 and 50 years (mean age 38.5 years). All were originally …
Do Lymphocytes Protect the Rheumatoid Joint?
Authors: K. D. Muirden, K. W. Mills
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The pathology of the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis can be characterized by the prominence of two major features which appear to vary independently of one another. These are synovial lining-cell proliferation and infiltration with inflammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes. In a series of 42 synovectomies from 36 patients it has been shown that extensive joint damage is associated with a synovial picture of marked lining-cell proliferation and a sparsity of lymphocytes. Cases with heavy lymphocyte infiltration tend to show less damage to articular cartilage and bone despite a similar duration of disease. These results have been compared with the picture in leprosy, where a similar pathological spectrum is associated with changes in cell-mediated immunity necessary for the control of infection.
REGURGITATION OF ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE THROUGH FALLOPIAN TUBE DURING OPERATIVE PROCEDURES
Authors: EDWARD ALLEN
Journal: JAMA (1928)

The etiology of endometriosis has caused more speculation during the past few years than any other gynecologic condition. The origin of these heterotopic growths of endometrium becomes more important each day as an increasing number of reports reveal that they are quite a common lesion in the female pelvis and occur usually during the reproductive age.  Sampson 1 recently reported observations based on 257 cases occurring in his private practice during the past four years. This author 2 states that evidence of misplaced endometrial tissue can be demonstrated in from 10 to 20 per cent of women between the age of 30 years and the menopause who come for the operative relief of gynecologic conditions.  The most widely accepted theory is that advanced by Sampson 3 of the regurgitation of tubal and uterine epithelium through the fallopian tubes into the free pelvic cavity. He was able to demonstrate 4 these
A SUMMARY OF ELECTRO-THERAPEUTIC WORK IN A PRIVATE HOSPITAL.Read before the Philadelphia County Medical Society, April 26, 1893.
Authors: G. BETTON MASSEY
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The recent growth of private hospitals devoted to abdominal surgery and other operative procedures deserves attention as indicative of an increased appreciation on the part of the profession of the responsibilities of its work. These institutions have risen in response to a real need. The conscientious surgeon is no longer content to subject his patient and reputation to results necessarily attending operations in offices, private houses, hotels and public hospitals, the latter primarily intended for the alleviation of the poor. A refinement of technique that would ensure the best results required the creation of a machine adapted to the highest quality of work. It is not a little surprising that this most ordinary provision of a proper means for effective work in relieving and curing human suffering should have been so long neglected by the medical profession, while the meanest trades that minister to the wants and vanities of the
An industrial approach to evaluation of pyrolysis and combustion hazards.
Authors: R S Waritz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

In addition to the usual toxicology studies necessary for the safe manufacture and use of polymers at room temperature, special studies are needed for polymers which will be used at elevated temperatures. This paper discusses various areas to be investigated and principles for deciding on test materials, tests, and test conditions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated polyethylene-propylene (PFEP) pyrolysis studies being used as an illustrative case history. Some limitations of animal testing also are mentioned. A toxicological spectrum relating toxicological determinants to PTFE temperature is developed.
Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors
Authors: Takashi Kadowaki, Toshimasa Yamauchi
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2005)

Metabolic syndrome is thought to result from obesity and obesity-linked insulin resistance. Obesity in adulthood is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy. Adipose tissue participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis as an important endocrine organ that secretes a number of biologically active "adipokines." Heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ knockout mice were protected from high-fat diet induced obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and insulin resistance. Systematic gene profiling analysis of these mice revealed that adiponectin/Acrp30 was overexpressed. Functional analyses including generation of adiponectin transgenic or knockout mice have revealed that adiponectin serves as an insulin-sensitizing adipokine. In fact, obesity-linked down-regulation of adiponectin was a mechanism whereby obesity could cause insulin resistance and diabetes. Recently, we have cloned adiponectin receptors in the skeletal muscle (AdipoR1) and liver (AdipoR2), which appear to comprise a novel cell-surface receptor family. We showed that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 serve as receptors for globular and full-length adiponectin and mediate increased AMP-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligand activities, and glucose uptake and fatty-acid oxidation by adiponectin. Obesity decreased expression levels of AdipoR1/R2, thereby reducing adiponectin sensitivity, which finally leads to insulin resistance, the so-called "vicious cycle." Most recently, we showed that osmotin, which is a ligand for the yeast homolog of AdipoR (PHO36), activated AMPK via AdipoR in C2C12 myocytes. This may facilitate efficient development of adiponectin receptor agonists. Adiponectin receptor agonists and adiponectin sensitizers should serve as versatile treatment strategies for obesity-linked diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Three Cases of Intravascular Thrombosis Occurring in Patients Receiving Oral Contraceptives
Authors: N. C. Nevin, P. C. Elmes, J. A. Weaver
Journal: BMJ (1965)

3 healthy women aged 35 22 and 28 years developed intravascular thrombosis while receiving oral contraceptive therapy (Case 1 took Anovlar for 1 years Case 2 took Conovid for 18 months and Case 3 took Enovid for 1 month).  Cases 2 and 3 had chest lesions and were treated as pulmonary embolic disease.  Case 1 was fatal and directs attention to the possibility that arterial thrombosis (in this case carotid) may also exist in addition to the more thrombophlebitis of the legs and pulmonary embolism.