tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research
Authors: Stuart G. Shanker, Barbara J. King
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

In recent years we have seen a dramatic shift, in several different areas of communication studies, from an information-theoretic to a dynamic systems paradigm. In an information processing system, communication, whether between cells, mammals, apes, or humans, is said to occur when one organism encodes information into a signal that is transmitted to another organism that decodes the signal. In a dynamic system, all of the elements are continuously interacting with and changing in respect to one another, and an aggregate pattern emerges from this mutual co-action. Whereas the information-processing paradigm looks at communication as a linear, binary sequence of events, the dynamic systems paradigm looks at the relation between behaviors and how the whole configuration changes over time. One of the most dramatic examples of the significance of shifting from an information processing to a dynamic systems paradigm can be found in the debate over the interpretation of recent advances in ape language research (ALR). To some extent, many of the early ALR studies reinforced the stereotype that animal communication is functional and stimulus bound, precisely because they were based on an information-processing paradigm that promoted a static model of communicative development. But Savage-Rumbaugh's recent results with bonobos has introduced an entirely new dimension into this debate. Shifting the terms of the discussion from an information-processing to a dynamic systems paradigm not only highlights the striking differences between Savage-Rumbaugh's research and earlier ALR studies, but further, it sheds illuminating light on the factors that underpin the development of communication skills in great apes and humans, and the relationship between communicative development and the development of language.
Platelet survival in patients with homograft and prosthetic heart valves: Correlation with incidence of thromboembolism
Authors: S. M. Manohitharajah, A. N. Rahman, R. J. Donnelly, P. B. Deverall, D. A. Watson
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Manohitharajah, S. M., Rahman, A. N., Donnelly, R. J., Deverall, P. B., and Watson, D. A. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 639-642. <b>Platelet survival in patients with homograft and prosthetic heart valves.</b> Investigations in the past have demonstrated shortened platelet survival time in patients with prosthetic heart valves. This suggested that platelets contribute to thromboembolism in this group. Homograft valves and the newer models of the Starr-Edwards prosthesis have proved less thrombogenic than those previously employed, but platelet survival studies in patients with these valves are lacking. In this study platelet function, survival, and its relation to haemolysis were determined in 28 patients following mitral valve replacement and in two patients following mitral valvotomy: 14 patients had a frame-mounted homograft aortic valve; 13 patients had a Starr-Edwards prosthesis model 6310 or 6320, and one had a Starr-Edwards prosthesis model 6000. Normal platelet function and survival was found in both the homograft and the Starr valve groups. The patient with the earlier model of the Starr valve (model 6000) had a shortened platelet survival time. The two patients following mitral valvotomy had normal platelet survival. The fact that platelet abnormalities were not demonstrable in our patients with homograft valves and newer Starr-Edwards prostheses may explain the low incidence of thromboembolism in this group. Platelet survival studies are a useful parameter to determine the potential thrombogenic nature of prosthetic valves. Platelet survival time was not influenced by the presence or severity of haemolysis.
Hepatic Fibrinogen Deposits in Pre-Eclampsia
Authors: Fernando Arias, Raul Mancilla-Jimenez
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

To investigate if fibrin (or fibrinogen), immunoglobulins and complement were present in the liver of patients with toxemia of pregnancy, we performed immunofluorescence studies on needle biopsies of pre-eclamptic women. Fibrin (or fibrinogen) outlining the hepatic sinusoids was found in all 12 cases; in two of them there were also large nodular deposits of fibrin (or fibrinogen) and to a lesser extent of IgG, IgM and C3 in areas of necrosis. Immunofluorescence study of 13 control liver biopsies, six from pregnant women, was negative. Our findings suggest that the factors involved in glomerular and hepatic injury are similar. To explain the predominant involvement of liver and kidney, we propose that in these organs, the vasospasm characteristic of toxemia is more severe; this enhanced severity, in the presence of a systemic yet mild blood hypercoagulability, would create adequate local conditions for the precipitation of fibrin-fibrinogen.
Capsule Endoscopy and Crohn’s Disease
Authors: S. Sultan, R. M. Mitchell
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We read with great interest the study by Herrerias et al. [1], and commend them for not only attempting ileoscopy in all 21 patients in their study but also for successfully intubating the ileum in 81 % of patients. In this study, patients with suspected Crohn's disease underwent capsule endoscopy (CE) if they had a normal colonoscopy (with terminal ileoscopy if possible) and a normal small-bowel follow-through; CE was found to be diagnostic of small-intestinal Crohn’s disease in nine of the 21 patients (43 %). These findings are noteworthy: had further evaluation with CE not been performed, these lesions would not have been visualized and a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease might have been significantly delayed.
Work of a district ethical committee.
Authors: M J Denham, A Foster, D A Tyrrell
Journal: BMJ (1979)

chairman of the scientific advisory group, consultant physician discussed either special ethical problems2-6 or the work of a large area ethical committee.7 Little has been written of the work of district-based committees.We therefore thought it appropriate to describe how the Harrow District Ethical Committee has evolved its own structure, function, and expertise during the eight years of its existence.Background, constitution, and aims of the committee When first constituted, the Northwick Park Hospital Ethical Committee considered projects from both the hospital, a National Health Service establishment, and the Clinical Research Centre, which, although integrated with the hospital, is administered by the Medical Research Council.After the NHS reorganisation in 1974 area health authorities became responsible for clinical research conducted in all premises under their control, so the ethical committee began to consider research projects in the community and changed its name to the Harrow District Ethical Committee.The responsibility of the committee to the AHA emphasises its independence from any medical establishment within the hospital.
IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α: Central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia—The good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Peter Stenvinkel, Markus Ketteler, Richard J. Johnson, Bengt Lindholm, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Miguel Riella, Olof Heimbürger, Tommy Cederholm, Matthias Girndt
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
A slice of PAI.
Authors: D J Loskutoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

A Slice of PAI Editorial Cells regularly invade and migrate through tissues during embryogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer, and a number of other nor- mal and pathological processes (1).Since much of this move- ment frequently occurs through quite formidable barriers, it is dependent upon the action ofhighly regulated and specific proteinases that can locally digest tissue proteins without the widespread damage associated with, for example, chronic inflammatory disease.This "targeted" proteolysis is accomplished in large part by the plasminogen activating system, a versatile, temporally controlled enzymatic cascade that when activated, generates locally expressed extracellular proteolytic activity.Activation of this system is initiated by the release ofplasminogen activators (PAs) from cells in response to signals (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, hormones) liberated during tissue remodeling, inflammation, and thrombosis, and leads to the formation of plasmin.Remarkably, this same system in blood (i.e., the fibrinolytic system) functions to maintain vessel patency by specifically removing fibrin deposits from the vasculature.This diversity of function suggests that the plasminogen
A rhesus monkey model to characterize the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in lung development. Evidence for stimulation of airway growth.
Authors: K Li, S R Nagalla, E R Spindel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is developmentally expressed in human fetal lung and is a growth factor for normal and neoplastic lung but its role in normal lung development has yet to be clearly defined. In this study we have characterized the expression of GRP and its receptor in fetal rhesus monkey lung and determined the effects of bombesin on fetal lung development in vitro. By RNA blot analysis, GRP mRNA was first detectable in fetal monkey lung at 63 days gestation, reached highest levels at 80 days gestation, and then declined to near adult levels by 120 days gestation; a pattern closely paralleling GRP expression in human fetal lung. As in human lung, in situ hybridization localized GRP mRNA to neuroendocrine cells though during the canalicular phase of development (between 63-80 days gestation) GRP mRNA was present not only in classic pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, but also in cells of budding airways. Immunohistochemistry showed that bombesin-like immunoreactivity was present in neuroendocrine cells, but not in budding airways, suggesting that in budding airways either the GRP mRNA is not translated, is rapidly secreted, or a related, but different RNA is present. RNase protection analysis using a probe to the monkey GRP receptor demonstrated that the time course of receptor RNA expression closely paralleled the time course of GRP RNA expression. In situ hybridization showed that GRP receptors were primarily expressed in epithelial cells of the developing airways. Thus GRP would appear to be secreted from neuroendocrine cells to act on target cells in developing airways. This hypothesis was confirmed by organ culture of fetal monkey lung in the presence of bombesin and bombesin antagonists. Bombesin treatment at 1 and 10 nM significantly increased DNA synthesis in airway epithelial cells and significantly increased the number and size of airways in cultured fetal lung. In fact, culturing 60 d fetal lung for 5 d with 10 nM bombesin increased airway size and number nearly to that observed in cultured 80 d fetal lung. The effects of bombesin could be blocked by specific GRP receptor antagonists. Thus this study demonstrates that GRP receptors are expressed on airway epithelial cells in developing fetal lung and that the interaction of GRP with the GRP receptor stimulates airway development.
Value and limitations of the duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis
Authors: Gilbert Habib, Geneviève Derumeaux, Jean-François Avierinos, Jean-Paul Casalta, Fadi Jamal, Françoise Volot, Marc Garcia, Jean Lefevre, Frédéric Biou, Alexandre Maximovitch-Rodaminoff, P.E Fournier, Pierre Ambrosi, Jean-Gabriel Velut, Alain Cribier, Jean-Robert Harle, Pierre-Jean Weiller, Didier Raoult, Roger Luccioni
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
Hepatic venous pressure gradient: clinical use in chronic liver disease
Authors: Ki Tae Suk
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2014)

Portal hypertension is a severe consequence of chronic liver diseases and is responsible for the main clinical complications of liver cirrhosis. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement is the best available method to evaluate the presence and severity of portal hypertension. Clinically significant portal hypertension is defined as an increase in HVPG to >10 mmHg. In this condition, the complications of portal hypertension might begin to appear. HVPG measurement is increasingly used in the clinical fields, and the HVPG is a robust surrogate marker in many clinical applications such as diagnosis, risk stratification, identification of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who are candidates for liver resection, monitoring of the efficacy of medical treatment, and assessment of progression of portal hypertension. Patients who had a reduction in HVPG of ≥20% or to ≤12 mmHg in response to drug therapy are defined as responders. Responders have a markedly decreased risk of bleeding/rebleeding, ascites, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which results in improved survival. This review provides clinical use of HVPG measurement in the field of liver disease. Keywords: Portal Pressure; Liver Diseases; Hypertension; Portal
Phase II study of pomalidomide in high-risk relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Saad Z. Usmani, Qing Zhang, Kelly Stratton, Pingping Qu, Shmuel Yaccoby, Emily Hansen, Douglas Steward, Susan Panozzo, Nathan Petty, A Hoering, Sarah Waheed, van Rhee F, John Crowley, B. Barlogie
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
Abstract 1415: Prostate cancer: An integrated evaluation of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics expression data
Authors: Ulrike Rennefahrt, Hellmuth-A. Meyer, Beate Kamlage, Regina Reszka, Philipp Schatz, Carsten Stephan, Klaus Jung, Dimo Dietrich, Glen Kristiansen
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background Metabolite profiling research offers a deeper insight into biochemical changes in cancer metabolism. Moreover the integrated analysis of transcription, metabolomics and proteomics data can improve the understanding of the underlying biological processes.Material and Methods A set of 254 metabolites was determined by gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in matched malignant and non-malignant prostatectomy samples from 95 prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Transcription profiling data obtained from 15 PCa patients by means of Affymetrix U133 arrays was analysed together with public GEO expression data. Expression levels of selected proteins were determined by means of immunohistochemistry and tissue micro array technology in 41 matched frozen tissue samples. The association with clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome was tested. Transcription and metabolomics data were statistically analysed (ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test) and significant differentially regulated metabolites/genes/proteins were selected.Results Differentially regulated metabolites/genes discrimination between malignant and non-malignant tissues was used for network analysis. Enriched pathways which are involved in PCa progression or recurrence such as carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism were identified. The role of fatty acid metabolism in PCa was analysed in more detail. Several fatty acids such as cerebronic acid, 2-hydroxybehenic acid, tricosanoic acid showed higher concentrations in malignant than in non-malignant tissues. This finding is in concordance to the observed higher mRNA and protein expression level of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in PCa. In contrast to normal prostate tissue, where protein expression level of FASN was correlated to the level of measured metabolites we found in malignant tissues a deregulation of the corresponding pathway. Conclusion Our integrated analysis of transcription, metabolite and proteomics data confirms and extends the role of several biological pathways which are involved in PCa progression Citation Format: Ulrike Rennefahrt, Hellmuth-A. Meyer, Beate Kamlage, Regina Reszka, Philipp Schatz, Carsten Stephan, Klaus Jung, Dimo Dietrich, Glen Kristiansen. Prostate cancer: An integrated evaluation of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics expression data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1415. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1415
CONSERVATIVE SURGERY OF ARMS AND LEGS.
Authors: JOHN EGERTON CANNADAY
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The simplest way to treat a badly injured limb is by amputation, but the simple and direct method if it involves too much sacrifice may not always be best for the patient. In certain cases amputation is slightly safer, as the attempt to save the limb may be attended with some danger to the patient, while amputation shortens treatment and conservative treatment is tedious and may extend over many months. What patient will not willingly accept a small chance of risk to life rather than the certainty of loss of limb? In times of such great national calamity as war when available hospital space is overcrowded, when proper nursing and dressing are at a premium, many limbs must, of necessity, be sacrificed. At such times both more radical and more conservative surgery must often be practiced than would be deemed desirable in times of peace. Great stress has recently been
Escherichia coli capsular polysaccharide and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis
Authors: Germán Soriano, Pere Coll, Carlos Guarner, José Such, Ferran Sánchez, Guillem Prats, Francisco Vilardell
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequent and severe complication of cirrhosis. Escherichia coli is the most frequent bacterium isolated in this condition. The presence of capsular antigens, mainly the K1 capsular polysaccharide, has been associated with invasiveness in E coli infections. Capsular serotypes of E coli causing SBP were determined in 37 cirrhotic patients. Twenty-seven strains were encapsulated (72.9%), 9 of them (24.3%) with K1 capsular polysaccharide, and 10 were nonencapsulated. Patients with encapsulated E coli showed a significantly higher incidence (92.5% vs. 50%; P < .01) and number of complications per patient (1.9 +/- 1.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 1.0; P < .01) than patients with nonencapsulated strains. Although mortality was higher in patients with encapsulated strains (44.4% vs. 20%), the difference did not reach statistical significance. Considering patients infected by encapsulated strains, the incidence of complications and mortality were similar in patients with or without K1 strains. These data suggest that the presence of encapsulated strains could have a prognostic significance in SBP caused by E coli in cirrhotic patients.
CHRONIC ACTINIC CHEILITIS
Authors: SAMUEL AYRES
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The purpose of this brief report is to call attention to a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lip, due apparently to the actinic or chemically active rays of sunlight. In a review of available literature and of current textbooks on diseases of the skin, no mention could be found of sunlight playing an etiologic rôle in chronic cheilitis. Montgomery and Culver<sup>1</sup>mention "the scurfy, scaly lip of the outdoor worker," as seen especially in the hot, dry interior regions of California, but they apparently attribute the effect to "wind and weather," without any specific mention of chemically active light. Dry heat and wind no doubt do cause a drying and an eczematous condition of the lips, just as it may affect the skin. That sunlight may exert a very pronounced effect on the lips is a matter of common observation to many city folk after their first excursion to
Contact Tracing to Control the Spread of HIV-Reply
Authors: Randolph F. Wykoff
Journal: JAMA (1988)

In Reply. —  We appreciate the supportive words of Drs Vernon and Hoffman. Their experience in Colorado stands as a model for public health units nationwide to follow in developing programs of HIV contact tracing and partner notification.  We share with them some concerns about the comments and tone of the editorial by Drs Rutherford and Woo. In addition to the several issues discussed by Drs Vernon and Hoffman, we were especially surprised that the editorial seemed to dismiss HIV contact tracing/ partner notification as a tool of limited utility, only applicable in occasional situations and scattered geographic areas.  This pessimistic view of contact tracing/partner notification in HIV control is not new. Actual data, however, now collected in various states, suggest that this public health approach has usefulness that extends much beyond the narrow limits predicted by the editorial. In view of such data, we believe that public health professionals
Sipple Syndrome and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Patrick R. Bergevin
Journal: JAMA (1975)

ACUTE leukemia, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported to occur with Sipple syndrome. Although acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not derived from neuroectoderm, it might arise in this setting because of excessive antigenic stimulation of the lymphoreticular system by products of synthesis released from medullary thyroid carcinoma. The presence or absence of chromosomal defects and the status of the immune system in patients with Sipple syndrome have not been established. These factors may also be important in the etiology of acute leukemia. In the following case, however, it must be admitted that acute lymphoblastic leukemia may have been only a fortuitous association. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 28-year-old man was admitted to Walter Reed General Hospital on June 21, 1966, with the chief complaints of severe dyspnea on exertion, dizziness, and blurred vision over the past few weeks. The patient had had episodes of palpitation, substernal pain,
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TNF-α Requires NF-κB–Mediated Transcriptional Upregulation of Twist1
Authors: Chia-Wei Li, Weiya Xia, Longfei Huo, Seung-Oe Lim, Yun Wu, Jennifer L. Hsu, Chi-Hong Chao, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Neng-Kai Yang, Qingqing Ding, Yan Wang, Yun-Ju Lai, Adam M. LaBaff, Ting-Jung Wu, Been-Ren Lin, Muh-Hwa Yang, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Mien-Chie Hung
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Proinflammatory cytokines produced in the tumor microenvironment facilitate tumor development and metastatic progression. In particular, TNF-α promotes cancer invasion and angiogenesis associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, the mechanisms underlying its induction of EMT in cancer cells remain unclear. Here we show that EMT and cancer stemness properties induced by chronic treatment with TNF-α are mediated by the upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Twist1. Exposure to TNF-α rapidly induced Twist1 mRNA and protein expression in normal breast epithelial and breast cancer cells. Both IKK-β and NF-κB p65 were required for TNF-α–induced expression of Twist1, suggesting the involvement of canonical NF-κB signaling. In support of this likelihood, we defined a functional NF-κB–binding site in the Twist1 promoter, and overexpression of p65 was sufficient to induce transcriptional upregulation of Twist1 along with EMT in mammary epithelial cells. Conversely, suppressing Twist1 expression abrogated p65-induced cell migration, invasion, EMT, and stemness properties, establishing that Twist1 is required for NF-κB to induce these aggressive phenotypes in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results establish a signaling axis through which the tumor microenvironment elicits Twist1 expression to promote cancer metastasis. We suggest that targeting NF-κB–mediated Twist1 upregulation may offer an effective a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1290–300. ©2012 AACR.
Evaluation and Initial Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Mark S. Link
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

This article reviews a systematic approach to diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardias. Adenosine, which blocks the AV node, is of diagnostic value but should not be used in cases of irregular wide-complex tachycardias, since it may lead to clinical instability.