tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HOW SHALL WE INDUCE IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: H. B. WEAVER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

When an organism has been infected with pathogenic germs to such a degree as to produce a disease, and spontaneous recovery occurs, a change has taken place, so that the specific germ which produced that disease can find no longer suitable soil for multiplication and growth, and hence its deleterious effects on the tissue-elements cease to exist. This changed condition we call immunity. Some individuals possess this immunity naturally to a marked degree, while others exhibit only a very feeble resistance to bacterial organisms. It is relative also in degree in different races. For instance, tuberculosis is comparatively rare in the Hebrew race, while in the American Indian we find great susceptibility. Immunity is never general, conferring protection against all contagious or infectious disease, but always special, according to the disease, rendering a person perfectly invulnerable to one and not to another. Some infectious diseases differ, as diphtheria, while others,
Course of platelet counts in cirrhotic patients after implantation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt - a prospective, controlled study
Authors: Michael Gschwantler, Joachim Vavrik, Axel Gebauer, Stephan Kriwanek, Christiane Schrutka-Kölbl, Johannes Fleischer, Babak Madani, Eva Brownstone, Dimiter Tscholakoff, Werner Weiss
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
FDG PET/CT and Renal Scan Demonstrations of Carcinoma in the Urinary Bladder and Bladder Diverticulum
Authors: Yiyan Liu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Bladder tumors arising within or involving a bladder diverticulum are uncommon, and pose a unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A 58-year-old man with bladder cancer diagnosed by cystoscopy had FDG PET/CT and 99mTc-MAG3 renal scan. The images demonstrated a large bladder diverticulum continuous from and within the tumor. Surgical pathology from transurethral partial resection of the bladder diverticulum showed high-grade carcinoma, mixed transitional with squamous cells invading into the muscularis propria.
Principles of Cancer Treatment
Authors: Mary E. Costanza
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Perhaps the most difficult task for a publisher is to determine a book's intended audience. The outcome is less crucial when a slim, inexpensive volume is at issue. But when heft and price tend toward the upper reaches, the need to identify an appropriate audience becomes critical. Finding a suitably large and homogeneous audience is exceedingly hard. Without such an audience, the levels of content tend to waffle from rudimentary (the early medical school level) to intricately technical (the subspecialist level). Once the issue of audience is faced, there remains the difficult task of separating general principles from unproved details. The newness of oncological truths and their rapidly changing additions and subtractions make for considerable tension in separating lasting truths worthy of hard book status from the trendy data of the journal genre. The "Big Book" suffers, as many do, from the financial need to market to every level of
Programme to improve the use of beta‐blockers for heart failure in the elderly and in those with severe symptoms: Results of the BRING‐UP 2 Study
Authors: Cristina Opasich, Alessandro Boccanelli, Massimo Cafiero, Vincenzo Cirrincione, Donatella Del Sindaco, Andrea Di Lenarda, Silvia Di Luzio, Pompilio Faggiano, Maria Frigerio, Donata Lucci, Maurizio Porcu, Giovanni Pulignano, Marino Scherillo, Luigi Tavazzi, Aldo P. Maggioni
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
In vitro lymphocyte studies in chronic polymorphic light eruption
Authors: E.J. RAFFLE, T.M. MACLEOD, F. HUTCHINSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article In vitro lymphocyte studies in chronic polymorphic light eruption Get access E.J. RAFFLE, E.J. RAFFLE Department of Dermatology, University of Dundee Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.M. MACLEOD, T.M. MACLEOD Department of Dermatology, University of Dundee Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. HUTCHINSON F. HUTCHINSON Regional Physics Department Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue 2, 1 August 1973, Pages 143–148, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb02950.x Published: 01 August 1973 Article history Accepted: 06 February 1973 Published: 01 August 1973
9226 Kercheval: The Storefront That Did Not Burn
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Many attempts are being made to meet the health needs of the inner city. Usually they involve extensive organization, large funds, and difficulties in gaining community acceptance. Here, Miss Milio tells the story of one small center which she organized with the cooperation of neighborhood residents and the Visiting Nurse Association, and minimal ($39,000) funds from the Office of Economic Opportunity. Nancy Milio, a nurse with a master's degree in sociology, grew up in a neighborhood which later became part of the Detroit black ghetto. After training and experience in community health work elsewhere, she returned and tried to establish a prenatal clinic. After much consultation with local residents, including black militants, she was able to start the "Mom &amp; Tots Center" to provide day care for youngsters, prenatal care, and, eventually, a variety of other services. Most of the work was done by the neighbors, some as volunteers, some
Reexamining the role of TACI coding variants in common variable immunodeficiency and selective IgA deficiency
Authors: Qiang Pan-Hammarström, Ulrich Salzer, Likun Du, Janne Björkander, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, David L Nelson, Chiara Bacchelli, H Bobby Gaspar, Steven Offer, Timothy W Behrens, Bodo Grimbacher, Lennart Hammarström
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
In Vitro Hydroxylation of Steroids by Whole Adrenal Homogenates of Beef, Normal Man, and Patients with the Adrenogenital Syndrome1
Authors: Alfred M. Bongiovanni
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1958)

The partial or complete failure of the adrenal cortex to realize the biosynthesis of zA4-pregnene- 11,3, 17c, 21-triol-3, 20-dione (compound F) represents the basic defect in patients with the adrenogenital syndrome due to congential adreno- cortical hyperplasia (1-5).The most common form of this disorder (with normal blood pres- sure and without undue salt loss) has been in- directly attributed to a deficiency of adrenal "21- hydroxylase" as witnessed by the large quantities of urinary 3a, 17a, 20a-pregnanetriol (hereafter designated "pregnanetriol") and the relatively small amounts of steroids with an oxygen func- tion at carbon 21 (4, 6, 7).The availability of small amounts of human adrenal tissue has made it possible to examine the hydroxylation of some steroid substrates by nor- mal and diseased glands in vitro.Due to the difficulties of obtaining any but limited fresh human material, fresh beef and postmortem human adrenals have also been employed for purposes of comparison.The experiments to be described were designed to measure the introduction of hydroxyl groups into steroid nucleus at positions 11 and 21 only.The appropriate adrenal enzymatic systems will be termed "1 1-hydroxylase" and "2 1- hydroxylase" after Dorfman (8), although it may be that each comprises more than a single com- ponent (9). MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo normal "fresh" human adrenal glands were ob- tained from children during renal surgery.Several beef adrenals were collected from a slaughter house within an hour after death.These were frozen immedi-
Molecular biology of keratinocyte differentiation.
Authors: R L Eckert, E A Rorke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Epidermal keratinocytes (skin cells) are highly specialized epithelial cells designed to perform a very specific function, separation of the organism from its environment. To accomplish this the cells synthesize precursors and assemble them into two distinct structures, the cornified envelope and keratin intermediate filaments. The intermediate filaments are assembled from keratin monomers and the cornified envelope is assembled from a protein called involucrin and several other proteins. Expression of involucrin and the keratins genes are regulated as a function of the stage of keratinocyte differentiation and by various external agents such as calcium and vitamin A. To study the function of these structures and the regulation of precursor production we have cloned cDNA and genomic clones encoding involucrin and four of the keratin polypeptides. Retinoids profoundly alter the differentiation pattern of human epidermal keratinocytes, but the underlying biochemical basis of this change is not known. In this report we describe retinoid-promoted changes in keratin gene expression that may, in part, be responsible for the alteration in cellular phenotype in the presence of the vitamin. We also describe the novel structure of the human 40 kD keratin, a member of the keratin family that is retinoid responsive and is likely to be important during epidermal development. Finally, we describe the structure of the envelope precursor protein, involucrin, as determined from its DNA sequence and speculate on its role in cornified envelope formation.
Pressor hormones regulate atrial-stretch-induced release of atrial natriuretic peptide in the pithed rat.
Authors: H Ruskoaho, O Vakkuri, O Arjamaa, O Vuolteenaho, J Leppäluoto
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Atrial wall stretching is a known stimulus for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion. The effects of the stimulation of autonomic nervous system, hemodynamic factors, and humoral factors (epinephrine, angiotensin, vasopressin, and brain extracts) on the release of ANP under basal conditions and during increased atrial pressure produced by acute volume loading in pithed rats were examined. In conscious rats, acute volume expansion by 0.9% of saline (4 ml) increased the plasma immunoreactive ANP (IR-ANP) concentrations by a factor of 4 (140 +/- 30 pg/ml vs. 521 +/- 140 pg/ml, p less than 0.001, n = 8), whereas volume-induced ANP release was blocked in pithed rats (75 +/- 9 pg/ml vs. 99 +/- 13 pg/ml, NS, n = 7). The ANP versus right atrial pressure curve shifted to the right, indicating that much smaller amounts of IR-ANP were released in pithed than in conscious rats for each given increase in right atrial pressure. Electrical vagal and sympathetic nerve stimulation or changes in heart rate had no effect on plasma IR-ANP concentrations and failed to restore the volume-load-induced release of ANP in pithed rats. When extracts of anterior pituitary lobe, brain cortex, or hypothalamus were infused, no effect on volume-expansion-induced plasma IR-ANP levels was seen. In contrast, acute volume expansion caused a fourfold increase in levels of circulating IR-ANP in pithed rats that received posterior pituitary extracts, and the ANP versus right atrial pressure curve shifted markedly to the left. Infusion of a V1 antagonist blocked the volume-expansion-induced ANP release produced by the posterior pituitary extract. When [Arg8]-vasopressin (0.025 or 0.05 micrograms/kg/min) was infused to pithed rats, mean arterial pressure increased but basal plasma IR-ANP did not change significantly. However, acute volume expansion in the presence of vasopressin infusion (0.05 micrograms/kg/min) increased the amount of circulating IR-ANP by a factor of 4 (113 +/- 14 pg/ml vs. 414 +/- 43 pg/ml, p less than 0.001, n = 8). Thus, for a given increase in right atrial pressure, a similar amount of IR-ANP was released in the pithed rat during the vasopressin infusion as in the normal conscious animal. V1 antagonist blocked the increase in mean aterial pressure as well as the increase of plasma IR-ANP produced by [Arg8]-vasopressin. In addition, volume expansion during intravenous epinephrine (1.75 micrograms/kg/min) and angiotensin (1.0 micrograms/kg/min) doubled plasma IR-ANP levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Attribution of time lag theory to explain French paradox
Authors: M. Law, N. Wald
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editor—After the publication of our paper in the BMJ of 29 May on why mortality from heart disease is low in France (the French paradox),1 it was drawn to our attention that the time lag explanation that we set out in our paper had previously been put forward, by Marion Nestle, in a letter to the Lancet in 1992.2 We were not aware of this attribution, and we would have cited it if we had been.
Neonatal mortality of low birthweight babies is increased in mothers with higher education
Authors: M. Bobak, H. Pikhart, I. Koupilova
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—Rolv Skjaerven and colleagues reported an interesting and paradoxical finding: among small babies born to mothers whose own birth weight had been greater than 2000 g, perinatal mortality increased with maternal birth weight.1 As the birth weights of a mother and her baby are positively correlated, and birth weight is inversely related to perinatal mortality, this is against one's expectation.

We report a similar paradoxical finding, which may be …
Eosinophilic esophagitis and double-balloon enteroscopy: a dangerous combination
Authors: R. Kuga, C. Furuya, E. Ide, E. Baba, S. Matuguma, S. Ueda, S. Ishioka, P. Sakai
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 56-year-old woman was referred for the evaluation of iron deficiency anemia. Her complaints were mild heartburn and dysphagia; she denied having abdominal pain, diarrhea, melena, or hematochezia. A previous upper gastrointestinal endoscopy had revealed erosive esophagitis and the colonoscopy was normal. Anterograde double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) was performed (Fujinon EN-450P5/20; overtube TS-12 140) and revealed erosions with fibrin in the proximal jejunum, without signs of hemorrhage. During the procedure, fresh red blood was seen over the overtube, despite the fact that we used the usual lubrication and experienced no resistance to the push of the overtube during the insertion. Biopsies of the jejunal erosions were taken and we decided to withdraw the scope. Surprisingly, two deep proximal esophageal lacerations were seen, although the endoscopic appearance of the lacerations showed no signs of perforation ([Fig. 1]). Proximal esophageal biopsies were taken because the mucosa adjacent to the laceration was edematous and thickened. Thoracic and cervical CT scans were done with water-soluble iodinated contrast and no perforation was seen. Histological analysis showed nonspecific jejunal erosions and eosinophilic esophagitis (25 eosinophils per high-power field).
Intestinal Discharges in Cholera
Authors: E. A. Parkes
Journal: BMJ (1849)

TiH chemical and microscopic examinations of the discharges from the alimentary mucous membrane, present certain difficulties, and are liable to certain fallacies, which do not occur in the investigation of the constitution of the urine.Whliatever abnormal ingredients may exist in the urine, must have been derived from the blood, an& have passed, with more or less change imposed upon them, through the secreting tex- tures of the kidney or bladder.But the excretion from the intestinal mucous membrane is, in health, mixed with a mass of extraneous matter, such as the debris of food, the excrementitious portions of certain secre- tions, etc.; and, in disease, with the abnormal discharges induced by medicines, or even w%ith the medicines themselves.In the case of severe Cholera, however, many of these possible difficulties and errors are avoided.The feeculent contents of the intestines are, at an early period of the disease, expelled; no solid food is taken, or, if taken, is ever tolerated by the stomach; the bile, and probably the pancreatic fluid, is retained; and there is no fear of urine mixing with the stools, for the kidneys are inactive.The Cholera dejections are therefore the products of the mucous membrane alone, with the possible addition of certain medicines, or of fluids, which, having remained on the stomach, and then passed into the intestines, have been discharged nearly ltered.1In the following observations, I believe even these sources of error have been guarded against.In most of the cases I was aware of the treat- ment which had been employed; and if any fluid that I obtained, was found to contain an obviously extraneous and foreign ingredient, I did not make use of it.The stools in Cholera, it need hardly be said, consist of two very distinct portions: of a colourless fluid, wlich is turbid, or, more usually, nearly clear, or perfectly transparent; and of a sedimenit, which is white, and of different physical characters, aceording to the period of the case.In several cases I have made analyses of' the fluid, and have also made, or caused to be made, microscopic examinations of the sediment.In the following paper I shall first detail the chemical analyses of the super- natant fluid; and subsequently, the microscopic appearances of the cholera-masses in the same cases.I. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FLIJTD.Two of these analyses were made by Dr. Garrod, the remainder by myself.I have shortened all details as much as possible; and have not included negative experiments, unless of an important kind.Although it has not been possible to analyze, as I desired, all the stools passed during the course of a single case, it will be seen that my obser- vations embrace all periods of the illness in different cases, and indi- I This sms to be the case witb milk, which often is not rejected by the stomacb, and then passes through the bowels so unchanged as not only to give the stool a milky appearance, and to preent under the microscope multitudes of oil globules, but actually, after standing hr some time, to frm a kind of cream.
Treatment of digital myxoid cysts with infrared coagulation: a retrospective case series
Authors: A.A. Lonsdale-Eccles, J.A.A. Langtry
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Digital myxoid cysts (DMC) are often unsightly; they may cause nail dystrophy and are sometimes painful. There is a multitude of existing therapies and recurrences are not uncommon; some treatments may be painful or result in scarring. Infrared coagulation (IRC) produces predictable thermal injury with relative sparing of superficial tissues and represents an alternative treatment modality in DMC.To assess the outcome of treatment of DMC with IRC.Twenty-two patients with DMC treated with IRC were identified retrospectively (23 DMC: 18 finger and five toe). IRC was delivered to the area of the cyst under local anaesthesia.Of the 23 lesions treated with IRC 86% responded; these included 73% that resolved after a single treatment, one lesion that relapsed after 3 years, one lesion that was reduced in size and one lesion that required three treatments over 18 months but has not recurred over the subsequent 9 years. There were three early recurrences that required treatment with other modalities: two were successfully treated with surgery and one responded to a single treatment with cryotherapy. One patient was excluded from the analysis because it was not possible to assess her adequately.We present long-term follow-up data (mean follow-up 4.8 years, range 10 months-10.5 years) of the treatment of DMC with IRC. Treatment was well tolerated, with few side-effects, and cosmetic outcome was excellent. While recurrence rates were similar to many existing therapies, the ease of delivery, tolerability and cosmetic results make IRC a favourable option for the treatment of DMC.
MENINGITIS IN AN INFANT DUE TO A HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED ORGANISM, MICROCOCCUS FLORENS
Authors: Wilburt C. Davison, Atala S. Davison, Milo K. Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

These virulence tests lead us to believe that Micrococcus florens is pathogenic for mice, rabbits, and monkeys (Macacus rhesus), producing septicemia, and that it will also cause purulent meningitis in the two latter animals. The combined results of the biological reactions and of the agglutination tests lead us to believe that we are dealing with an organism which, though morphologically similar to the meningococcus, yet is entirely distinct. A review of the literature fails to reveal any description of a Gramnegative micrococcus which grows luxuriantly on all media tested, forms no pigment, and ferments arabinose, dextrose, and galactose.
Human <i>prx1</i> Gene Is a Target of Nrf2 and Is Up-regulated by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation: Implication to Tumor Biology
Authors: Yun-Jeong Kim, Ji-Yeon Ahn, Ping Liang, Clement Ip, Yuesheng Zhang, Young-Mee Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) has been found to be elevated in several human cancers. The cell survival–enhancing function of Prx1 is traditionally attributed to its reactive oxygen species–removing capacity, although the growth-promoting role of Prx1 independent of this antioxidant activity is increasingly gaining attention. Although much progress has been made in understanding the behavior of Prx1, little information is available on the mechanism responsible for the abnormal elevation of Prx1 level in cancer. We hypothesized that the hypoxic and unstable oxygenation microenvironment of a tumor might be crucial for prx1 up-regulation. In this study, we cloned the human prx1 promoter and identified nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a key transcription factor. Hypoxia/reoxygenation, an in vitro condition suited to mimic changes of oxygenation, increased Nrf2 nuclear localization and its binding to the electrophile-responsive elements located at the proximal (−536 to −528) and distal (−1429 to −1421) regions of the prx1 promoter. A significant reduction of both steady-state and hypoxia/reoxygenation–mediated prx1 gene expression was shown in Nrf2 knock-out cells. Our results indicated that decreased Kelch-like ECH-associated protein, Keap1, might be an important mechanism for the increased nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation. A constitutive elevation of prx1 mRNA and protein was observed in Keap1 knock-out cells. The above information suggests that the Nrf2-Prx1 axis may be a fruitful target for intervention with respect to inhibiting the malignant progression and/or reducing the treatment resistance of cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2007;67(2):546–53]
AN EPIDEMIC, SEPTICEMIC DISEASE AMONG FROGS DUE TO THE BACILLUS HYDROPHILUS FUSCUS.
Authors: FRANK HORACE RUSSELL
Journal: JAMA (1898)

During the last half century or more science has made an extensive use of frogs in her laboratories: they have been used to demonstrate the laws and facts of biology; to ascertain the presence and effect of a variety of poisons; to show the circulation of the blood and the nature of the processes of inflammation; to contrast the action of different currents of electricity upon the muscles; to demonstrate the action of curara in destroying the properties of motor nerves. Notwithstanding the close observation to which this laboratory animal has been subjected during recent years, observers have rarely found in it evidence of disease. In 1891 Sanarelli described and named the organism under consideration. He discovered it while performing some inoculation experiments upon frogs. They accidentally became infected and death soon resulted and this so seriously interfered with his work that he was lead to investigate the cause, isolated