tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tetanic Neuromyopathy and Renal Failure
Authors: Robert W. Ewer
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Severe tonic contraction of skeletal muscles was observed in three patients with renal failure. The myospastic state was painful and unrelenting, and it preceded death by a few hours to four months. In each instance there was a peculiar attitude of the lower extremities characterized by rigid extension of the legs, and plantar flexion and internal rotation of the feet (talipes equinovarus position). In one patient, myospasm was so intense that the rectus abdominus muscles were torn. Periumbilical, blue discoloration of the anterior abdomen resulted, simulating Cullen's sign. Myospasm was observed alone, with myoclonus, and with both myoclonus and convulsions. One patient with genuine tetanus had incidental, transient renal failure. Talipes equinovarus position of the feet was absent and the patient lived. Since there is no specific test for tetanus, differential diagnosis of myospastic states in azotemic subjects may be both difficult and uncertain.
Postzone v Prozone
Authors: T. W. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the CLINICAL NOTE "False-Negative Cryptococcal Antigen Test" by Stamm and Polt (1980; 244:1359) and the letter "Cryptococcal Antigen Test" by Gordon (1981; 246:1403), the authors refer to the<i>prozone</i>phenomenon occurring with the slide latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen. Although the appropriate concept was probably communicated, the terminology used was not entirely correct. The prozone reaction refers to the absence of antibody-antigen precipitation in the presence of antibody excess. Since the authors refer to situations of antigen excess, the term<i>prozone</i>cannot correctly be used. Instead, absence of precipitation with excess antigen is described as the<i>postzone</i>phenomenon. This term should be applied to false-negative antigen test results in undiluted serum, which become positive on dilution. Furthermore, the point of maximum precipitation is named the "zone of equivalence"<sup>1</sup>(Fig 1). The use of the technically appropriate terms may help reinforce the differentiation between tests
Armenian Earthquake Elicits Aid From All, Strengthens American-Soviet Ties
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1989)

ALL THE HOSPITALS in the area were destroyed and 80% of all medical personnel were killed or injured when the strongest earthquake in more than 80 years struck northern Soviet Armenia six weeks ago. The world response to the medical emergency that began on Dec 7 in Spitak, Kirovakan, Leninakan, and other towns and villages near the epicenter of the quake—at least 130 000 persons injured, 5400 of them extricated from debris, and up to 700 000 homeless—added one more chapter to the 20th-century history of nation helping nation in the event of disaster. At the same time, it marked the first occasion since World War II that the Soviet Union has accepted disaster assistance provided by the US government. The Agency for International Development's (AID) Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) went into action immediately. On Dec 10, six OFDA representatives flew from Dulles Airport near Washington, DC,
Treatment of severe tetany due to hyperventilation during labour with a mixture of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Authors: V P Argent
Journal: BMJ (1982)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The re-evolution of complex characters is generally considered impossible, yet, studies of recent years have provided several examples of phenotypic reversals shown to violate Dollo’s law. Along these lines, the regain of wings in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) was hypothesised to have occurred several times independently after an ancestral loss, a scenario controversially discussed among evolutionary biologists. Here, we revisit the recovery of wings by reconstructing a phylogeny based on a comprehensive taxon sample of over 500 representative phasmatodean species to infer the evolutionary history of wings. We additionally explored the presence of ocelli, the photoreceptive organs used for flight stabilisation in winged insects, which might provide further information for interpreting flight evolution. Our findings support an ancestral loss of wings and that the ancestors of most major lineages were wingless. While the evolution of ocelli was estimated to be dependent on the presence of (fully-developed) wings, ocelli are nevertheless absent in the majority of all examined winged species and only appear in the members of few subordinate clades, albeit winged and volant taxa are found in every lineage. The disjunct distribution of ocelli substantiates the hypothesis on trait reacquisition and that wings were regained in Phasmatodea.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography Immediately Prior to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Evaluation
Authors: J. M. Aubertin, D. Levoir, J. L. Bouillot, H. Becheur, F. Bloch, K. Aouad, J. H. Alexandre, J. P. Petite
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

Background and Study Aims: In patients who are highly likely to have common bile duct (CBD) stones, it seems necessary to image the biliary tract before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one way of doing this. The aim of this study was to compare immediate preoperative EUS to intraoperative cholangiography for imaging the CBD and for the diagnosis of CBD stones, in a population with a high risk of choledocholithiasis (as assessed by clinical, biochemical, and ultrasound criteria).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORONARY PLAQUE VULNERABILITY AND SERUM N-3/N-6 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID RATIO: A CORONARY ANGIOSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Toshikazu Kashiyama, Takayoshi Nemoto, Nobuyuki Ogasawara, Akio Hirata, Koushi Matsuo, Yasunori Ueda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with myeloproliferative syndrome with myelodysplasia: Bronchoalveolar lavage reduces white blood cell count
Authors: Seth M. Pollack, Guillermo Gutierrez, Joao Ascensao
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by surfactant component accumulation in the alveolar space. Primary PAP is likely an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). When an underlying disease causes PAP, this is called secondary PAP. Hematologic malignancies are an important cause of secondary PAP. As the pathogenesis of primary PAP has become more fully understood, improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have followed. However, when PAP is secondary to an underlying hematologic malignancy, much remains unclear. Here we describe for the first time a patient with hybrid myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative syndrome and PAP who had a marked decrease in her white blood cell count following a transbronchial biopsy accompanied by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Similar significant decreases in WBC count accompanied clinical improvement following two unilateral BALs. Given that patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis frequently have elevated GM-CSF in bronchoalveolar fluid, this observation provides a unique vantage point to understand the pathophysiology of secondary PAP. Am. J. Hematol. 81:634–638, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Does Preventive Care Save Money? Health Economics and the Presidential Candidates
Authors: Joshua T Cohen, Peter J Neumann, Milton C Weinstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A popular component of the candidates' plans for controlling spiraling health care costs involves greater promotion of preventive health measures. Joshua Cohen, Peter Neumann, and Milton Weinstein write that sweeping statements about the cost-saving potential of prevention, however, are overreaching.
Danger Signaling Protein HMGB1 Induces a Distinct Form of Cell Death Accompanied by Formation of Giant Mitochondria
Authors: Georg Gdynia, Martina Keith, Jürgen Kopitz, Marion Bergmann, Anne Fassl, Alexander N.R. Weber, Julie George, Tim Kees, Hans-Walter Zentgraf, Otmar D. Wiestler, Peter Schirmacher, Wilfried Roth
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Cells dying by necrosis release the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, which has immunostimulatory effects. However, little is known about the direct actions of extracellular HMGB1 protein on cancer cells. Here, we show that recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1) exerts strong cytotoxic effects on malignant tumor cells. The rhHMGB1-induced cytotoxicity depends on the presence of mitochondria and leads to fast depletion of mitochondrial DNA, severe damage of the mitochondrial proteome by toxic malondialdehyde adducts, and formation of giant mitochondria. The formation of giant mitochondria is independent of direct nuclear signaling events, because giant mitochondria are also observed in cytoplasts lacking nuclei. Further, the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine as well as c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase blockade inhibited the cytotoxic effect of rhHMGB1. Importantly, glioblastoma cells, but not normal astrocytes, were highly susceptible to rhHMGB1-induced cell death. Systemic treatment with rhHMGB1 results in significant growth inhibition of xenografted tumors in vivo. In summary, rhHMGB1 induces a distinct form of cell death in cancer cells, which differs from the known forms of apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence, possibly representing an important novel mechanism of specialized necrosis. Further, our findings suggest that rhHMGB1 may offer therapeutic applications in treatment of patients with malignant brain tumors.
Novel Grass Pollen Antigens Contribute to the Stimulation of Th2 Cytokines in Allergic Individuals
Authors: Veronique M. Schulten, Jason Greenbaum, Ravi Kolla, Cecilia Arlehamn-Lindestam, Carla Oseroff, Rafeul Alam, David H. Broide, Howard Grey, Alessandro Sette, Bjoern Peters
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Scent: The Mysterious and Essential Powers of Smell
Authors: Alan R. Hirsch
Journal: JAMA (1993)

This book's intriguing title arouses expectations of vital mysteries to be elucidated, but, unfortunately, the implied promise is largely unfulfilled and the reader is disappointed. Clumsy sentence structure results in the translation from the 1988<i>Les Pouvoirs de l'Odeur</i>. Frequent obscure references to popular French physicians convert this fascinating topic into a boring tome. Most important, the unscientific manner in which material is presented condemns this work. Le Guérer presents uncritically, for example, the erroneous statement that schizophrenic children often possess extraordinary olfactory acuity. The olfactory hallucinations of burning gases of Freud's patient Lucy R. are blindly attributed to schizophrenia without considering temporal lobe epilepsy in the differential diagnosis. This defect may be due to the author's special field being cultural anthropology rather than medicine. This may also explain the misuse of psychiatric lingo, which serves to confuse rather than elucidate, as in the following passage: "... similar delusions, located somewhere
Spindle-cell B-cell lymphoma presenting in the skin.
Authors: J.R. Goodlad
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Lymphomas with predominant spindle‐cell morphology have only been previously reported in small numbers; such lesions are potentially mistaken for sarcoma or other spindle‐cell tumours. We describe a 73‐year‐old woman who presented with a tumour on the scalp of a few months' duration. Biopsy showed a B‐cell lymphoma of follicle centre cell origin with a sarcomatoid appearance and a CD20+, CD10+, CD21+, bcl‐6+ immunophenotype. This case highlights the very rare occurrence of spindle‐cell B‐cell lymphoma presenting in the skin. An awareness of this phenomenon is essential to avoid confusion with a variety of other cutaneous spindle‐cell neoplasms and to enable a correct diagnosis to be made, thereby ensuring that appropriate treatment is initiated.
Abstract 375: Targeting pericytes in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Chunhua Lu, Mian M.K Shahzad, Myrthala Moreno-Smith, Yvonne G. Lin, Nicholas B. Jennings, Julie K. Allen, Wei Hu, Rebecca L. stone, Koji Matsuo, Charles N. Landen, Robert L. Coleman, Anil K. Sood
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Pericytes interact with and closely regulate endothelial cell function. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) β plays a critical role in pericyte regulation, therefore highly specific inhibitors of this target are needed. We hypothesize that dual targeting of endothelial cells and pericytes provide a more efficacious antiangiogenic approach for ovarian cancer therapy. Experimental Design: The therapeutic efficacy of targeting endothelial cells (bevacizumab) and/or pericytes (PDGF-aptamer, AX102) was examined using SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 orthotopic ovarian cancer models. The biomarkers, such as microvessel density (MVD), vascular maturation (pericyte coverage), and proliferative index (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) were examined. Results: Bevacizumab inhibited tumor growth by 48% and 45% in the SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 models, respectively. AX102 had minimal effect on the HeyA8 model, but increased tumor growth in the SKOV3ip1 model. However, bevacizumab plus AX102 was more effective than bevacizumab alone, and reduced 76 - 88% of tumor growth in both models. A longitudinal study using bioluminescence imaging in the HeyA8 model showed that a combination of bevacizumab, AX102 and paclitaxel caused tumor reduction by 65% (based on bioluminescence imaging). MVD and proliferative index counts were significantly reduced in the bevacizumab treatment groups, and pericyte coverage was significantly decreased in the AX102 treatment groups. Conclusions: Dual targeting of endothelial cells and pericytes demonstrates therapeutic potential as a unique anti-vascular approach in treating ovarian carcinoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 375.
Assessment of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic sclerosis and Sjogren's syndrome
Authors: M. Hebbar, P. Lassalle, Y. Delneste, P.-Y. Hatron, B. Devulder, A.-B. Tonnel, A. Janin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been detected in 19 to 30% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The objective of this study was first to assess the role of a secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in the occurrence of AECA in SSc. Secondly, we researched AECA in patients with primary SS, and investigated whether AECA were associated with vascular manifestations (Raynaud's phenomenon and vasculitis). <h3>METHODS</h3> IgG-AECA were tested by an ELISA method in serum samples from 50 patients with SSc (16 of them had also a secondary SS), 50 patients with primary SS, and 50 healthy controls. <h3>RESULTS</h3> AECA levels were significantly higher in patients with SSc or primary SS than in healthy controls (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.01, respectively). In patients with SSc, AECA values were significantly higher in patients with secondary SS (p &lt; 10<sup>−5</sup>). In patients with primary SS, AECA levels were significantly higher in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (p &lt; 0.01), but not in patients with vasculitis. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> In patients with SSc, AECA are associated with a secondary SS. In patients with primary SS, AECA are associated with Raynaud's phenomenon, but not with vasculitis.
CLIMATIC TREATMENT OF CIRCULATORY DISEASE.
Authors: LOUIS FAUGERES BISHOP
Journal: JAMA (1905)

During the past four years it has been my good fortune to witness the beneficial effect of certain climatic conditions on certain forms of circulatory disease. It has, indeed, been a surprise to myself, accustomed to city conditions, to see how much is accomplished by treatment of certain cases of secondary low arterial tension, even when accompanied by such accidents as hemiplegia, in the climate of the lower Maine coast.  My observations were made at York. The first case was one of secondary low arterial tension following high tension in a man who had had a prolonged and anxious business strain. While under this strain this man suddenly developed hemiplegia and aphasia. When I saw him he was suffering from these conditions. The heart was dilated; there were loud murmurs at the base and apex. He could not make any exertion without shortness of breath, and was extremely depressed. In
The Use of Propylthiouracil in Hyperthyroidism and Diabetes
Authors: Byron D. Bowen, Alfred R. Lenzner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

OVERT diabetes frequently masks coexistent hyperthyroidism. Instances of this dynamic combination have occasionally escaped early recognition, even by physicians most of whose patients are diabetics. Its treatment often entails larger-than-average doses of antithyroid medication, not only to establish control but also to maintain it. During the past four years we have studied 41 hyperthyroid diabetics. It is our purpose to re-evaluate the combination of hyperthyroidism and diabetes, to note the effectiveness of propylthiouracil in achieving early control and to determine the practicability of maintaining antithyroid therapy over extended periods of time.Observers from three clinics in the United States agree . . .
Colonic dysfunction in acute diarrhoea: the role of luminal short chain fatty acids.
Authors: B S Ramakrishna, V I Mathan
Journal: Gut (1993)

Faecal concentrations and output of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed on successive days by gas-liquid chromatography in 24 patients with acute watery diarrhoea. Absorption of water and sodium from the rectum was also measured by a dialysis technique in 17 of these patients and in nine normal subjects in the presence and absence of luminal SCFA. Faecal SCFA concentrations were low on the first day of diarrhoea (mean (SEM) 9.9 (5.8) mmol/kg) and increased to 94.8 (16.4) mmol/kg by the fifth day. Faecal output of SCFA corresponded to these figures. Net water absorption, in the absence of luminal SCFA, was stopped in patients with acute diarrhoea (-59 (81) nl/cm2/min) compared with healthy controls (+322 (63) nl/cm2/min) (p &lt; 0.01). Luminal SCFA restored net water absorption to +184 (67) nl/cm2/min in patients with acute diarrhoea (p &lt; 0.01). Net absorption of sodium decreased in patients with acute diarrhoea in the absence of luminal SCFA, but returned to normal with luminal SCFA. Net secretion of potassium increased in acute diarrhoea, and did not change in the presence of SCFA. Defective absorption from the rectum in acute diarrhoea is reversed by luminal SCFA. The reduction of luminal SCFA in acute diarrhoea treated conventionally may be a factor contributing to colonic dysfunction.
Cereport® (RMP-7) increases carboplatin levels in brain tumors after pretreatment with dexamethasone
Authors: Reginald L. Dean, Dwaine F. Emerich, Brant P. Hasler, Raymond T. Bartus
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (1999)

Accumulating evidence suggests that dexamethasone might decrease permeability of the blood-brain tumor barrier, further limiting the delivery of agents into brain tumors. The bradykinin B2 receptor agonist, Cereport (RMP-7), selectively increases permeability of the vasculature supplying brain tumors in both animal models and humans. The present study was conducted to characterize the effects of dexamethasone on the blood-brain tumor barrier and its potential interaction with Cereport's ability to enhance penetration of radiolabeled carboplatin. Dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg/day, twice a day) was given to RG2 glioma-bearing rats via oral gavage for 3 consecutive days. After treatment, animals received a 15-min intracarotid infusion of Cereport (4.5 micrograms/kg) and a bolus of [14C]carboplatin. The levels of [14C]carboplatin (nCi/g) in the tumor and nontumor regions were determined at 1, 14, or 24 h after the last dose of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone, alone, significantly decreased the levels of radiolabeled carboplatin permeating the tumor (19%), although there were no significant differences between any of the time points examined. Cereport administration significantly increased levels of carboplatin in the tumor, independent of whether or not dexamethasone was given (46% with and 49% without). Although the relative effects of Cereport on tumor carboplatin levels were not affected by dexamethasone, the absolute levels achieved with Cereport were modestly reduced (44 nCi/g versus 55.5 nCi/g of [14C]carboplatin, with and without dexamethasone, respectively). Thus, while the data support the use of Cereport as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of glioma patients, they also warn that the use of dexamethasone may reduce delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to brain tumors, even when special pharmacologic measures are employed to enhance delivery.
Accuracy and reproducibility of a new contrast clearance method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate.
Authors: P H O'Reilly, P J Brooman, P J Martin, A J Pollard, N B Farah, G C Mason
Journal: BMJ (1986)

A new method for determining the glomerular filtration rate was analysed prospectively. The method uses an x ray fluorescence technique to measure disappearance from the plasma of injected non-ionic iodinated contrast media. Eighty seven patients were studied. Fifty four had an intravenous dose of 100 ml iohexol (Omnipaque) and 33 had 50 ml iohexol. Clearances of chromium-51 labelled edetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) were measured simultaneously. In the patients given 100 ml iohexol there was excellent correlation with 51Cr-EDTA clearance (r = 0.90). The correlation using 50 ml iohexol was also good (r = 0.85). Correlation between creatinine clearance and clearance of 51Cr-EDTA in 33 patients was less satisfactory (r = 0.69). There were no adverse reactions to the contrast media. The equipment used for measuring contrast clearance was robust and simple to operate. Freezing plasma samples in 10 studies and re-examining them weekly for six weeks showed no significant variation in results; hence reproducibility was good. This new and accurate method for determining the glomerular filtration rate merits further study and might find a useful place in routine clinical practice.