tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The natural history of preventive medicine, or breaking the chains of causation.
Authors: None Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In the past the natural history of disease has shown chains of causation. With the acute diseases, these chains have usually been quite short and easily broken. With the chronic diseases of today, they are far longer and more complicated. Often they involve patterns of behaviour extending over half a lifetime. These patterns are, in turn, determined partly by genetic make-up, partly by family and social environment. The study of these chains necessitated both observation and social survey methods. The breaking of the chains entails the use of propaganda or mass education. By far the most effective educational agent is the spoken word, coming from someone held in respect. The most effective persuader is fear. In social medicine we can seldom plan large-scale experiments. We have to seize such opportunities as life presents. One such opportunity was the creation of the new towns after the war. It was found that good social planning yielded good results in terms of social satisfaction, and infant-mortality and psychosis rates. The prevention of neurosis is a more difficult matter. In administration and in politics resistance to learning from the experience of others is strong. The preventive medicine of the future will necessitate the teaching of common sense applied to human behaviour to extremely resistant audiences.
What proteins are present in polyethylene glycol precipitates from rheumatic sera?
Authors: M W Robinson, D G Scott, P A Bacon, K W Walton, J S Coppock, D L Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

The proteins present in 4% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates of 10 normal sera and 60 samples from patients with rheumatic diseases were studied. A variety of immunochemical methods were used, including estimation of the percentages of total serum proteins precipitated by PEG, gel filtration analyses of the precipitates, and affinity chromatography with protein A and anti-immunoglobulin columns. Substantial amounts of protein were precipitated from normal sera. Many non-immunoglobulin proteins were precipitated from patients' sera, including fibronectin, haptoglobin, albumin, transferrin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Affinity chromatography with anti-immunoglobulin columns bound non-immunoglobulin proteins from PEG precipitates, but the protein A affinity column did not do so. The view that circulating antibody-antigen complexes alone are precipitated by 4% PEG is too simplistic; many non-immunoglobulin proteins are involved. They may either bind to immune complexes or be coprecipitated owing to non-specific protein aggregation.
Thighs and thresholds
Authors: R. M Harbord, J. A C Sterne
Journal: BMJ (2009)

According to the abstract of Heitmann and Frederiksen’s paper, “a threshold effect for thigh circumference was evident, with greatly increased risk of premature death below around 60 cm.”1 Table 1 shows that the median thigh circumference was around 55 cm, implying …
Is Residency Training Really Harmful?
Authors: John R. DeQuardo
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I read with interest and dismay the Resident Forum article by Dr Rainey,<sup>1</sup>in which he describes his observations on the human cost of residency training. The author uses Duncan's<sup>2</sup>book as a jumping-off point to discuss concerns about medical education in general, as well as the author's individual training experience. Rainey points out that although efforts have been made to cap resident hours, these limits are by no means adhered to routinely, and resident physicians, particularly during internship, are required to work for extended periods of time. I certainly agree that this approach is suboptimal for learning and for patient care, but it does prepare resident physicians for the realities of clinical medicine, including the demand for increased clinical activity brought about by the progressive influence of managed care and third-party payers on how medical conditions are treated. Rainey also suggests that it is
Hair Care Practices as a Barrier to Physical Activity in African American Women
Authors: Rebecca R. Hall, Shani Francis, Melicia Whitt-Glover, Kismet Loftin-Bell, Katrina Swett, Amy J. McMichael
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2012)

To characterize the influence of hair style maintenance on exercise behavior in African American women.A 40-item survey with questions concerning hair care practices, physical activity, and the relationship between the two.University-affiliated dermatology department at an academic medical center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.A total of 123 African American women from 21 to 60 years of age were surveyed; 103 women completed the questionnaire.The statistical significance of relationships between hair care practices and physical activity was determined.Fifty percent of African American women surveyed have modified their hair style to accommodate exercise and nearly 40% (37.9%) avoid exercise at times owing to hair-related issues. Respondents who exercised less owing to hair concerns were 2.9 times less likely to exercise more than 150 min/wk (95% CI,0.9-9.4; P=.08).Dermatologists can discuss hair management strategies during exercise that facilitate routinely performing exercise.
THE VALUE OF THROAT CULTURES IN DIPHTHERIA.
Authors: M. H. FUSSELL
Journal: JAMA (1901)

In no disease which the general practitioner has to treat is an accurate and prompt diagnosis of more importance than it is in diphtheria. It is practically undisputed that a true diphtheritic exudate is caused by the Klebs-Löffler bacillus. It is a fact now established and generally accepted that many of the diseases which have as a sign a membranous exudation in the throat are not diphtheria. It is also established that a true diphtheritic exudation may exist in other portions of the body than the throat, and it is well known that true diphtheria bacilli may exist in a throat free from any exudate, and in a person entirely free from clinical signs of any disease. Another important fact, long ago pointed out by Jacobi and other observers, is that true diphtheria, capable of transmitting the disease, frequently passes under the form and guise of some benign throat affection,
The Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint, Aneuploidy, and Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Ralph Scully
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Genomic instability is a common occurrence in solid tumors, and it has long been conjectured that this process plays a causal role in cancer. The field of human molecular genetics has provided a means to test this hypothesis, fueled in part by the analysis of hereditary cancer-predisposition syndromes. Some of the first unequivocal support for the idea came from the discovery in 1993 that hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer is caused by germline mutations of mismatch-repair genes.1,2 Work on the autosomal dominant hereditary breast and ovarian cancer predisposition syndromes, as well as on rare autosomal recessive syndromes such as Fanconi's . . .
Chemotherapy of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: ROBERT F. JOHNSTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Effective chemotherapy has brought tuberculosis into the realm of diseases treated by general physicians in general hospitals. The primary drugs—isoniazid, para-amino-salicylic acid and streptomycin plus, in certain instances, ethambutol and pyrazinamide—are highly successful in treating patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. Two drug regimens containing isoniazid plus a companion drug are adequate for minimal or moderately advanced disease. Far-advanced disease is more effectively treated using three drugs including streptomycin or using the alternating regimen. Treatment of patients harboring organisms resistant to primary drugs is more difficult because of the low potency and increased toxicity of the secondary drugs. Secondary drug regimens should include at least three agents to which the organism is susceptible. Medication should not be discontinued because of vague complaints. Any suspected drug reaction must be carefully evaluated and documented.
En bloc paediatric renal transplantation is not always appropriate
Authors: P. Horton
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—D Talbot and colleagues suggest that using the en bloc technique to transplant kidneys from young donors would allow the transplantation of organs that are currently not used.1 If all paediatric kidneys were transplanted en bloc the number of kidney transplant operations would be halved. Possibly more transplant operations would be successful if single paediatric kidneys were used because, despite the worse graft survival, twice as many operations could be performed. Comparable graft survival for single and en bloc paediatric kidney transplants from donors aged 5 years and under …
Monitoring of inflammation during challenge tests in children
Authors: U. Wahn, B. Niggemann, I. Kleinau, K. Beyer
Journal: Allergy (1993)

Summary From our data we conclude, that the determinations of ECP and EPX do not add any useful information as monitoring parameters for bronchial allergen challenge tests. In contrast, eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein may deserve further study as potentially useful monitoring parameters for oral food challenges in patients with food related atopic eczema.
Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Authors: Robert M. Soderstrom
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I read with interest the recent article on LLRW disposal.<sup>1</sup>The Genesee County Medical Society of Flint, Mich, has opposed the proposals for LLRW disposal in Michigan. This state has a very fragile, water-logged ecosystem that is already under significant stress. Under current Michigan Department of Public Health advisories, our children cannot eat the fish from inland lakes because of mercury contamination and cannot eat the fish from the Great Lakes because of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination. As physicians, I think we must recognize the following: (1) We have no idea whether exposures to low levels of radiation are safe or not. Some studies suggest small, low-level exposures may be more dangerous than single, larger exposures.<sup>2</sup>The landmark studies by Stewart, confirmed by MacMahon, demonstrate that very low levels of radiation exposure can be harmful to the fetus.<sup>3</sup>(2) We have no idea how to
Severity of alcohol dependence in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Authors: A D Wodak, J B Saunders, I Ewusi-Mensah, M Davis, R Williams
Journal: BMJ (1983)

To determine the severity of dependence on alcohol in patients with alcoholic liver disease the severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire was administered to 193 patients with various types of alcoholic liver disease established histologically, in whom a detailed history of lifetime alcohol consumption was also obtained. Only 34 patients (18%) were classified as being severely dependent compared with 56% of patients without overt liver disease who were attending a neighbouring alcohol treatment unit. There was a significant correlation between the severity of dependence and mean daily alcohol consumption (r = 0.45 and 0.39 for men and women, respectively) but not duration of drinking. Dependence scores tended to be lower in patients with cirrhosis than in those with precirrhotic liver disease, but this difference reached significance only in women. These findings confirm that patients who develop chronic alcoholic liver disease are usually only mildly dependent on alcohol and support the hypothesis that patients who escape florid symptoms of alcohol dependence are at greater risk of developing liver damage because they are able to sustain a continual consumption of alcohol over many years.
Abstract 4447: Targeting Hsp90 with small molecule inhibitors induces the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic molecule, survivin, in human cancer cells
Authors: Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Huang-Hui Chen, Li-Ting Cheng, Kevin W. Lyu, Jagat R. Kanwar, Jang-Yang Chang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Survivin is a dual functioning protein. It inhibits the apoptosis of cells by inhibiting caspases, and also promotes cell growth by stabilizing microtubules during mitosis. Furthermore, over-expression of survivin has been shown to induce drug resistance to various chemotherapeutic compounds. Since the molecular chaperone Hsp90 binds and stabilizes survivin, it is widely believed that down-regulation of survivin is one of the important therapeutic functions of Hsp90 inhibitors such as the phase III clinically trialed compound 17-AAG. However, Hsp90 interferes with a number of molecules that positively regulate the intracellular level of survivin, raising the question that clinical use of Hsp90 inhibitors may indirectly induce survivin expression and subsequently promote cancer progression under certain circumstances. Here, we demonstrated that Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and 17-AAG, induced the over-expression of survivin in three different human cancer cell lines as shown by western blotting. Increased survivin mRNA transcripts were observed in 17-AAG and geldanamycin-treated HT-29 and HONE-1 cancer cells. Interestingly, real-time PCR and translation inhibition studies revealed that survivin was over-expressed partially through the up-regulation of protein translation instead of gene transcription in A549 cancer cells. In addition, 17-AAG-treated A549, HONE-1 and HT-29 cells showed reduced amount of 26S proteasome and decreased proteasomal activity while inhibition of 26S proteasome further increased the amount of survivin protein in cells. At the functional level, down-regulation of survivin by siRNA further increased the drug sensitivity to 17-AAG in the tested cancer cell lines. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that targeting Hsp90 induced the over-expression of survivin through various mechanisms in cancer cells. These data indicate that down-regulation of survivin is not a definite therapeutic function of Hsp90 inhibitors. The current study suggests that dual inhibition of Hsp90 and survivin may be warranted. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4447.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUSION CENTER IN THE TREATMENT OF STRABISMUS.
Authors: NELSON MILES BLACK
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The etiology of strabismus is a still much-mooted question, and each ophthalmic surgeon follows out a routine of treatment with his cases according to the theory which seems to him most rational. As the title indicates, defective development of the fusion center will be considered the essential etiologic factor in this paper, according to Worth's<sup>1</sup>theory. De Schweinitz's<sup>2</sup>new book gives the following factors as causative: 1. Disturbance of the relation between accommodation and convergence by errors of refraction. 2. Disparity in the length, thickness and tension of opposing muscles. 3. Inequality in the vision of the two eyes or amblyopia of one eye, which removes the natural stimulus of diplopia to exact convergence. 4. Disturbances of innervation and defective development of the fusion faculty. Savage<sup>3</sup>says, under the etiology of comitant esotropia : "The conditions causing the error exist from birth, and only one out of several natural causes undergoes any change
Formylation of Folate as Step in Physiological Folate Absorption
Authors: J. Perry, I. Chanarin
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Oral administration of folate analogues to rats is followed by a rise in plasma folate detectable only by micro-biological assay with Lactobacillus casei, suggesting methylation of folate during absorption. When using the everted rat gut technique with folate (PteGlu), dihydrofolate (H<sub>2</sub>PteGlu), or tetrahydrofolate (H<sub>4</sub>PteGlu) on the mucosal surface formyl folate (10-CHO-PteGlu, 10-CHO-H<sub>4</sub>PteGlu, 5-CHO-H<sub>4</sub>PteGlu) and methylfolate (5-CH<sub>3</sub>-H<sub>4</sub>PteGlu) are recovered from the serosal fluid. This indicates that absorption of PteGlu is followed by formylation and that the formyl group is further reduced to methyl, 5-CH<sub>3</sub>-H<sub>4</sub>PteGlu passing on to portal blood.
ACCF/AHA New Insights Into the Methodology of Performance Measurement
Authors: John A. Spertus, Robert O. Bonow, Paul Chan, George A. Diamond, Joseph P. Drozda, Sanjay Kaul, Harlan M. Krumholz, Frederick A. Masoudi, Sharon-Lise T. Normand, Eric D. Peterson, Martha J. Radford, John S. Rumsfeld
Journal: Circulation (2010)
Economic Incentives of Faculty Practice-Reply
Authors: Leighton E. Cluff
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Zatuchni has provided some additional opinions regarding the present plights of medical schools and the circumstances surrounding them. It was not my intention to imply that full-time faculties of medicine were created to provide either economic incentives or substitutes for federal research funding. Full-time faculties were created to expand activities in research and patient care, but this became possible only when external moneys were available to support these activities. This, however, led to an increasing emphasis on these functions of the faculty, correspondingly diminishing the emphasis of the faculty on medical student education. Medical education seems to have become secondary to research and patient care and their associated rewards rather than of primary importance. Earlier, revenues generated by patient care were incidental to medical education and improvements in medicine. But this no longer appears to be the case. The "price" paid by full-time clinical faculty had been
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM OF THE SENSITIZED GUINEA PIG
Authors: Susan Griffith Ramsdell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

The primary change in surface tension of serum incident to anaphylactic shock is probably due to a lowering of the surface tension of the serum by the addition of the antigen serum. But this may be followed by further decrease or by an increase depending on the intensity and duration of certain secondary tissue changes.
Alveolitis and haemolytic anaemia induced by azapropazone.
Authors: M K Albazzaz, J E Harvey, J N Hoffman, J A Siddorn
Journal: BMJ (1986)

good anti-herpes zoster virus antibody response she was thought to be immunocompetent.She was treated with intravenous acyclovir 10 mg/kg every eight hours for 10 days and improved rapidly.The pain from her skin lesions was greatly relieved, and after 48 hours of treatment she no longer had delusions or hallucinations and her ataxia was improving.After one week the skin lesions and ataxia had resolved, but partial abducent, facial, and vestibulocochlear palsies persisted.1 Bean B, Braun C, Balfour HH.Acyclovir therapy for acute herpes zoster.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy with donor T cells prevents and treats adenovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections after haploidentical and matched unrelated stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ann M. Leen, Anne Christin, Gary D. Myers, Hao Liu, Conrad R. Cruz, Patrick J. Hanley, Alana A. Kennedy-Nasser, Kathryn S. Leung, Adrian P. Gee, Robert A. Krance, Malcolm K. Brenner, Helen E. Heslop, Cliona M. Rooney, Catherine M. Bollard
Journal: Blood (2009)
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Nicoletta Biglia
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Investigations of the effect of progestin added to ERT in relation to breast cancer risk have produced inconsistent results. Dr Stanford and colleagues<sup>1</sup>point out that progestins usually prescribed in Northern Europe (levonorgestrel at a dose of 0.25 mg/d or norethisterone acetate at a dose of 5 to 10 mg/d) differ from those most commonly used in the United States (medroxyprogesterone acetate at a dose of 10 mg/d), and they suggest that the different androgenic action of these drugs could possibly account for the observed differences in study results. Oral conjugated estrogens, through hepatocellular action, cause biological modifications potentially protective against breast cancer such as an increase of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)<sup>2</sup>and a reduction of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) serum levels.<sup>3</sup>SHBG is able to bind steroid hormones (estradiol and testosterone), thereby reducing their biological activity.<sup>4</sup>IGF-I is a potent
Urinary-Tract Infections
Authors: Joseph A. Schuster
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the Special Communication "Infections of the Urinary Tract" (<b>195</b>:193, 1966) Cook in essence says that with proper technique catheterization of the female bladder is harmless. This issue has been hotly debated, and many urologists, as well as internists, believe that catheterization is harmful. If a midstream urine specimen is collected, by the same technique as described in the article for catheterization, there is no more likelihood that the urinary stream will pass over the labia undetected than that the catheter will touch the labia accidentally while being inserted. I agree with Dr. Cook's statement, "To me, it seems utterly ridiculous to subject a patient to such a procedure when a simple method is available." This is true in comparing suprapubic aspiration of urine with catheterization, or comparing catheterization specimens with properly collected midstream urine samples. It has been demonstrated that careful midstream urine collection with
Hard work never hurt anyone: or did it? A review of occupational associations with soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limb
Authors: K Walker-Bone
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Pain in the neck and upper limb is common and contributes considerably to absence from work due to sickness. Evidence suggest that prolonged abnormal posture and repetition contribute to such conditions. Psychosocial risk factors may also play a part in the aetiology of upper limb disorders.
Mural thrombus generation in type 2A and 2B von Willebrand disease under flow conditions
Authors: Mitsuhiko Sugimoto, Hideto Matsui, Tomohiro Mizuno, Shizuko Tsuji, Shigeki Miyata, Masanori Matsumoto, Michio Matsuda, Yoshihiro Fujimura, Akira Yoshioka
Journal: Blood (2003)
Successful treatment of therapy-resistant chronic vegetating pyoderma gangrenosum with infliximab (chimeric antitumour necrosis factor antibody)
Authors: L. Jenne, B. Sauter, P. Thumann, M. Hertl, G. Schuler
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Journal Article Successful treatment of therapy‐resistant chronic vegetating pyoderma gangrenosum with infliximab (chimeric antitumour necrosis factor antibody) Get access L. Jenne, L. Jenne Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany E‐mail: jenne@derma.imed.uni‐erlangen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Sauter, B. Sauter Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany E‐mail: jenne@derma.imed.uni‐erlangen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. Thumann, P. Thumann Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany E‐mail: jenne@derma.imed.uni‐erlangen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Hertl, M. Hertl Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany E‐mail: jenne@derma.imed.uni‐erlangen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. Schuler G. Schuler Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany E‐mail: jenne@derma.imed.uni‐erlangen.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 150, Issue 2, 1 February 2004, Pages 380–382, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05760.x Published: 01 February 2004