tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased ischemic injury but decreased hypoxic injury in hypertrophied rat hearts.
Authors: P G Anderson, M F Allard, G D Thomas, S P Bishop, S B Digerness
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of ischemic and hypoxic injury in normal versus hypertrophied rat hearts to investigate basic mechanisms responsible for irreversible myocardial ischemic injury. Hearts from rats with bands placed on the aortic arch at 23 days of age (BAND) and sham-operated rats (SHAM, 8 weeks postoperative) were isolated, perfused with Krebs buffer, and had a left ventricular balloon to measure developed pressure. Hearts were made globally ischemic until they developed peak ischemic contracture and were reperfused for 30 minutes. Additional hearts were perfused for 15 minutes with glucose-free hypoxic buffer followed by 20 minutes of oxygenated perfusion. There was an 87% increase in heart weight of BAND compared with SHAM (p less than 0.01). During ischemia, lactate levels increased faster in BAND compared with SHAM, ischemic contracture occurred earlier in BAND than in SHAM despite no difference in ATP levels, and postischemic recovery of left ventricular pressure was less in BAND (26.8 +/- 5.6% of control left ventricular pressure, mean +/- SEM) compared with SHAM (40 +/- 4.6%, p less than 0.05). During hypoxic perfusion, lactate release was greater in BAND than in SHAM (48.8 +/- 1.2 versus 26.6 +/- 0.97 mumols/g, p less than 0.01), and with reoxygenation, lactate dehydrogenase release was less in BAND than in SHAM (13.2 +/- 0.7 versus 19.5 +/- 0.2 IU/g, p less than 0.01). After hypoxia and reoxygenation, left ventricular pressure recovery was greater in BAND than in SHAM (93 +/- 8.4% versus 66 +/- 5.3%, p less than 0.01). Thus, this study suggests that hypertrophied hearts have a greater potential for glycolytic metabolism, resulting in an increased rate of by-product accumulation during ischemia, which may be responsible for the increased susceptibility of hypertrophied hearts to ischemic injury.
Intubation of the Larynx.
Authors: F. E. Waxham
Journal: JAMA (1889)

<h3>Dear Sir:</h3> —An editorial appears in the April 13th issue of your valuable journal, on intubation of the larynx, that conveys an impression that, I hope, was not intended. The impression conveyed is, that intubation being a bloodless operation, is readily consented to, and is performed early and often unnecessarily. Such an impression also prevails extensively among the profession, and it is often said, "Oh! well! all those cases would get well any way." Such statements are peculiarly aggravating when we remember how many times we are called to perform intubation because the patients are too far gone for tracheotomy, too young, or because the cases are of a too malignant nature to sanction a cutting operation. It must be remembered that nine-tenths of all these cases are in consultation with other doctors, and we are called only as a last resort when all other measures have failed, and when
Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function
Authors: Arno Villringer, Britton Chance
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1997)

Brain activity is associated with changes in optical properties of brain tissue. Optical measurements during brain activation can assess haemoglobin oxygenation, cytochrome-c-oxidase redox state, and two types of changes in light scattering reflecting either membrane potential (fast signal) or cell swelling (slow signal), respectively. In previous studies of exposed brain tissue, optical imaging of brain activity has been achieved at high temporal and microscopical spatial resolution. Now, using near-infrared light that can penetrate biological tissue reasonably well, it has become possible to assess brain activity in human subjects through the intact skull non-invasively. After early studies employing single-site near-infrared spectroscopy, first near-infrared imaging devices are being applied successfully for low-resolution functional brain imaging. Advantages of the optical methods include biochemical specificity, a temporal resolution in the millisecond range, the potential of measuring intracellular and intravascular events simultaneously and the portability of the devices enabling bedside examinations.
Computer Diagnosis of Biventricular Hypertrophy from the Orthogonal Electrocardiogram
Authors: RAUL GAMBOA, JACK D. KLINGEMAN, HUBERT V. PIPBERGER
Journal: Circulation (1969)

Orthogonal electrocardiograms obtained from 87 patients with necropsy evidence of biventricular hypertrophy (BVH) were compared to record samples obtained from normal subjects (N) and patients with left or right ventricular hypertrophy (LVH or RVH). From 333 different ECG measurements an attempt was made to select optimal discriminators of the various pathological entities. The best separation between the BVH sample and other entities was obtained by utilizing linear discriminant function analysis and a likelihood ratio test. By using a combined covariance matrix of BVH versus N, LVH, and RVH, 69% of the BVH sample was correctly classified, thus demonstrating that multivariate analysis can lead to a substantial improvement in diagnostic classification over previous studies reported in the literature. To test the multivariate classification method against completely independent record samples, new series of LVH and RVH cases were compared to the BVH sample. The results were similar to those obtained against the original samples. When a "clinical" BVH sample was classified by the combined covariance matrix, 44% of the new cases were classified correctly. A search was also made for optimal scalar and vectorial measurements that can be used in routine ECG interpretation without access to computer facilities. On using 96 percentile ranges, the separations were less efficient than those obtained by multivariate analysis but they still compared very favorably with previous reports.
Endoscopic Examination for Fistula
Authors: K. Nakagawa, S. Momono, Y. Sasaki, A. Furusawa, K. Ujiie
Journal: Endoscopy (1990)

In 15 postoperative fistula cases, we performed endoscopic examination (fistuloscopy) and studied the clinical significance. The inside of the fistula was easily observed after irrigation with physiological saline. The drain was extubated in 6 cases in which cavities without abscesses were recognized. In a case of pancreatic fistula, the fistula was temporarily closed using fibrin glue. Re-operation was performed in a case in which recurrence of cancer was recognized by biopsy. On the other hand, in 9 cases in which cavities with abscesses were recognized, foreign bodies, such as suture threads, which were sources of infections were removed. Moreover, the drain was removed to the effective site, and the fistula then irrigated repeatedly. Consequently, with the exception of a death due to cancer and a case complicated by osteomyelitis, the fistula was closed in all cases. Fistuloscopy is a safe and easy technique. In addition, the method, which is less stressful for the patient, is considered to be effective for the examination and treatment of fistulas.
Inferring cognition from action: Does martyrdom imply its motive?
Authors: David J. Weiss, Jie Weiss
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Drawing inferences about the decision utilities of suicide terrorists from their final action is tempting, but hazardous. Direct elicitation of those utilities would be more informative, but is infeasible. Substituting examination of archival materials for elicitation makes the assumption that leaders and bombers have similar utilities. Insight regarding the beliefs of terrorist leaders might be available from observations of recruitment strategies.
Solar UV Doses of Young Americans and Vitamin D <sub>3</sub> Production
Authors: Dianne Eyvonn Godar, Stanley James Pope, William Burgess Grant, Michael Francis Holick
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290-315 nm) that affects human health in both detrimental (skin cancers) and beneficial (vitamin D3) ways. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from young Americans (≤ 19 years) show that many have deficient (< 50 nmol/L, 20 ng/mL) or insufficient (< 75 nmol/L, 30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels, indicating that they are not getting enough sun exposure. Those findings are in conflict with some calculated, published values that suggest people make "ample" vitamin D3 (~ 1,000 IU/day) from their "casual," or everyday, outdoor exposures even if they diligently use sunscreens with sun protection factor (SPF) 15.
EBUS-TBNA for the Clarification of PET Positive Intra-Thoracic Lymph Nodes—an International Multi-Centre Experience
Authors: Robert C. Rintoul, Kurt G. Tournoy, Hesham El Daly, Nicholas R. Carroll, Robert C. Buttery, Klaas van Kralingen, Jan P. van Meerbeeck, Klaus F. Rabe, Jouke T. Annema
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
612 LIVER PD-1/PDL-1/PD-L2 MRNA EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV AND HCV HEPATITIS
Authors: N. Argentou, G. Germanidis, T. Vassiliadis, K. Patsiaura, K. Mantzoukis, K. Ritis, D. Eleftheriadis, N. Evgenidis, P. Nikolaidis, A.E. Germenis, M. Speletas
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension in rats adapted to chronic hypoxia.
Authors: H Jin, R H Yang, Y F Chen, R M Jackson, S Oparil
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

To test the hypothesis that chronic infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) instituted before hypoxic exposure attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension in hypoxia adapted rats, ANP (0.2 and 1.0 microgram/h) or vehicle was administered intravenously via osmotic minipump for 4 wk beginning before exposure to 10% O2 or to room air. Low dose ANP increased plasma ANP levels by only 60% of vehicle controls after 4 wk and significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) (P less than 0.01), the ratio of right ventricular weight to body weight (RV/BW) (P less than 0.01), and the wall thickness of small (50-100 microns) pulmonary arteries (P = 0.01) in hypoxia-adapted rats. ANP did not alter any of these parameters in air-control rats. High dose ANP increased plasma ANP levels by 230% of control and produced greater reductions in MPAP (P less than 0.001) and RV/BW) (P less than 0.05), but not in pulmonary arterial wall thickness, than the low dose. Neither dose of ANP altered mean systemic arterial pressure in either hypoxic or normoxic rats. The data demonstrate that chronic infusion of exogenous ANP at a dose that does not affect MPAP or RV weight in air-control rats attenuates the development of pulmonary hypertension and RV enlargement in rats adapted to chronic hypoxia.
Federal Report on Academic Research Funding
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

THE LONG ARM of the federal government is about to touch efforts dealing with the future funding of medical research, education, and the more complex health care services provided by academic health centers. The move carries the hope that some relief may emerge for the mounting funding problems these centers face. Academic health centers—with the triple task of patient care, teaching, and research—have higher costs than facilities that provide health care only. With the increased emphasis on competitive pricing for medical care, institutions that have also traditionally undertaken teaching and research are at a disadvantage in the health care market. Along with diminishing subsidies for research, these institutions lose the funds that come from insured patients, lose the patients needed for clinical teaching, and are burdened with an increase in uncompensated care because managed care systems cover only segments of the population. As managed care has multiplied, the issue has
Treating drug addicts in police custody
Authors: N. Davis
Journal: BMJ (1993)

ally, the quality of care suffers.The need for change is acute.The government needs to adopt flexible approaches to the delivery of health care.For instance, some clinics could be held in the evenings.Allied medical staff, who are currently underused, could share greater responsibility.We believe that direct regulation by the government of the quality of care is impractical.Rules are easier to make than to enforce.The existing medical bodies need to play a larger part.For a start, they could issue realistic guidelines on standard practice, which could serve as a bridge between local realities and recommendations by the World Health Organisation, which often seem distant.Professional registration could be made time limited and renewal contingent on a system of continuing medical education credits.In India, for instance, existing state run health insurance schemes currently restricted to state employees could be expanded with the help of the private sector.The concept of "managed care" could also be explored.2The impending changes in the Indian Consumers Act 1986 should, we hope, stimulate the growth of patient advocacy groups.3It would be best, however, for the medical profession to reform itself.
An apoptosis biomarker for prediction of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Heike Bantel, Matthias J. Bahr, Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

We read with interest the article by Feldstein et al. that evaluated the use of cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) fragment levels as a noninvasive biomarker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).1 The authors reported that plasma levels of an apoptosis-associated CK-18 fragment were significantly elevated in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, they observed significantly higher CK-18 fragment levels in NASH compared to "borderline diagnosis" or simple steatosis. The authors conclude that such noninvasive determination of CK-18 fragments allows the prediction of NASH and severity of disease in patients with NAFLD. Liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard for assessment of liver disease activity, although it remains associated with several disadvantages including high costs and risks of clinical complications. Noninvasive techniques that can monitor disease activity and distinguish NASH from simple steatosis are therefore urgently needed.2 The multicenter study by Feldstein and coworkers is therefore of great clinical importance. Caspase-generated CK-18 fragments are released during hepatocyte apoptosis, a fundamental process in virtually all acute and chronic liver diseases that are characterized by inflammation, steatosis, or fibrosis.3-6 Previous studies in patients with chronic HCV infection have shown that activation of hepatic caspases closely correlates with inflammation.7 In addition, detection of caspase-generated CK-18 fragments in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has recently been associated with fibrotic liver injury.8 Another study showed a correlation of CK-18 fragment levels with the proportion of HCV-associated liver steatosis.9 In this latter study, only patients with minimal inflammatory disease activity and low stages of fibrosis were included, suggesting that even under conditions of mild inflammation, CK-18 fragment levels correlate with the extent of steatosis. Hepatocyte apoptosis and elevated CK-18 fragment levels are also prominent features of cholestatic liver diseases.10 Furthermore, presumably due to increased cell turnover, elevated serum levels of CK-18 fragments have been reported even in noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma.10 In conclusion, CK-18 fragments represent a strong predictor and useful noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis of NASH in well-defined patients. However, it should be taken into account that a variety of hepatic pathologies may result in elevated CK-18 fragment levels. Thus, this marker is not specific for NASH but rather a general indicator of severe liver disease. Heike Bantel*, Matthias J. Bahr*, Klaus Schulze-Osthoff , * Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Pediatric Hospitalizations Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina
Authors: Romina Libster, Jimena Bugna, Silvina Coviello, Diego R. Hijano, Mariana Dunaiewsky, Natalia Reynoso, Maria L. Cavalieri, Maria C. Guglielmo, M. Soledad Areso, Tomas Gilligan, Fernanda Santucho, Graciela Cabral, Gabriela L. Gregorio, Rina Moreno, Maria I. Lutz, Alicia L. Panigasi, Liliana Saligari, Mauricio T. Caballero, Rodrigo M. Egües Almeida, Maria E. Gutierrez Meyer, Maria D. Neder, Maria C. Davenport, Maria P. Del Valle, Valeria S. Santidrian, Guillermina Mosca, Mercedes Garcia Domínguez, Liliana Alvarez, Patricia Landa, Ana Pota, Norma Boloñati, Ricardo Dalamon, Victoria I. Sanchez Mercol, Marco Espinoza, Juan Carlos Peuchot, Ariel Karolinski, Miriam Bruno, Ana Borsa, Fernando Ferrero, Angel Bonina, Margarita Ramonet, Lidia C. Albano, Nora Luedicke, Elias Alterman, Vilma Savy, Elsa Baumeister, James D. Chappell, Kathryn M. Edwards, Guillermina A. Melendi, Fernando P. Polack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

While the Northern Hemisphere experiences the effects of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus, data from the recent influenza season in the Southern Hemisphere can provide important information on the burden of disease in children.We conducted a retrospective case series involving children with acute infection of the lower respiratory tract or fever in whom 2009 H1N1 influenza was diagnosed on reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction assay and who were admitted to one of six pediatric hospitals serving a catchment area of 1.2 million children. We compared rates of admission and death with those among age-matched children who had been infected with seasonal influenza strains in previous years.Between May and July 2009, a total of 251 children were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza. Rates of hospitalization were double those for seasonal influenza in 2008. Of the children who were hospitalized, 47 (19%) were admitted to an intensive care unit, 42 (17%) required mechanical ventilation, and 13 (5%) died. The overall rate of death was 1.1 per 100,000 children, as compared with 0.1 per 100,000 children for seasonal influenza in 2007. (No pediatric deaths associated with seasonal influenza were reported in 2008.) Most deaths were caused by refractory hypoxemia in infants under 1 year of age (death rate, 7.6 per 100,000).Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza was associated with pediatric death rates that were 10 times the rates for seasonal influenza in previous years.
The inflammasome adaptor ASC regulates the function of adaptive immune cells by controlling Dock2-mediated Rac activation and actin polymerization
Authors: Sirish K Ippagunta, R K Subbarao Malireddi, Patrick J Shaw, Geoffrey A Neale, Lieselotte Vande Walle, Douglas R Green, Yoshinori Fukui, Mohamed Lamkanfi, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
Journal: Nature Immunology (2011)
Elucidating the signaling mechanism of an epithelial tight-junction opening induced by chitosan
Authors: Li-Wen Hsu, Pei-Ling Lee, Chiung-Tong Chen, Fwu-Long Mi, Jyuhn-Huarng Juang, Shiaw-Min Hwang, Yi-Cheng Ho, Hsing-Wen Sung
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Blood Glucose and Heart Failure in Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Christopher Nielson, Theodore Lange
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—Nondiabetic patients were studied to determine whether increasing blood glucose is associated with subsequent incidence of heart failure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Baseline morning blood glucose determinations were evaluated with respect to subsequent heart failure using records from 20,810 nondiabetic patients. The onset of heart failure &amp;gt;1 year after initial glucose determinations was evaluated for patients who had 2–12 years of care. Patients were excluded if they had ever had the diagnosis of diabetes, had a diagnosis of heart failure &amp;lt;1 year after initial blood glucose determinations, had a blood glucose determination &amp;gt;125 mg/dl, or used corticosteroids, loop diuretics, insulin, or oral hypoglycemics. RESULTS—Of the 20,810 patients studied, 916 patients developed heart failure over a total analysis time of 71,890 years at risk. Higher baseline morning glucose levels were associated with increased heart failure from 3.5% (glucose &amp;lt;90 mg/dl) to 3.8% (90–99 mg/dl) to 4.8% (100–109 mg/dl) to 6% (110–125 mg/dl) over a mean 4- to 5-year evaluation period. The incidence rate increased from 7.5 cases per 1,000 person-years (glucose &amp;lt;90 mg/dl) to 8.4 (90–99 mg/dl, NS) to 11.1 (100–109 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.001) to 13.7 (110–125 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), an 83% increase in heart failure if baseline glucose was &amp;gt;109 mg/dl compared with &amp;lt;90 mg/dl. A Cox proportionate hazards model including age, sex, BMI, creatinine, hypertension, lipids, smoking, medications, and coronary disease showed a progressive increase in hazard ratio from 1.25 (glucose 90–99 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.05) to 1.46 (100–109 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.001) to 1.55 (110–125 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with glucose &amp;lt;90 mg/dl. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed increased glucose- associated risk with time. CONCLUSIONS—Patients with higher baseline blood glucose levels in the absence of diabetes and after adjustment for covariants have a significantly increased risk of heart failure.
Strategies to Improve Long-Term Outcomes after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Manuel Pascual, Tom Theruvath, Tatsuo Kawai, Nina Tolkoff-Rubin, A. Benedict Cosimi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

This article provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of methods to prevent early and late renal-allograft loss and to improve long-term outcomes in patients. The authors focus particular attention on the problem of late graft loss and discuss current antirejection therapy, including calcineurin blockers such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, the interleukin-2 signal-transduction inhibitor sirolimus, and the purine-synthesis inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil, which inhibits the proliferation of T cells and B cells.