tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Empyema in children, clinical characteristics and therapeutic trends in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Authors: Kenneth Escobar, Vivian Castellanos, Mario Mejia
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction:  pleural effusions are the result of an inflammatory response of the pleura, that might be caused by a variety of mechanisms including infectious diseases, resulting in a parapneumonic effusion also known as empyema.   Aim:  To identify the clinical characteristics and therapeutic trends in pediatric patients with diagnosis of empyema, in the Western National Hospital.   Methods:  Descriptive study -consecutive case series from year 2000 to 2010   Results:  We included 63 clinical files. 50.8% were male. Age 4 ± 3 years, with a normal nutritional state in 87.3%. Mean time of hospital stay was 23 ± 15 days. The main signs and symptoms that characterized this review were fever in 88.9% and consecutively hypophonesis in 76.2% and cough 58.7%. Only 44 pleural fluids were cultured, and 13 of them were positive, isolating gram negative bacteria mainly (6/13) followed by staphylococcus aureus (3/13) and group A streptococcus (2/13). The therapeutic trends were: thoracic drainage and diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis in 91.1 and 88.3% of the cases respectively, followed by open thoracotomy and decortication 23.8%. At last, and practically unused, fibrinolysis and video assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) was conducted only in one patient.   Conclusions:  As already known, the early intervention with VATS and fibrinolysis in the management of patients with empyema has reduced disease related complications and length of hospitalary stay. After this review, we encouraged our authorities to acquire medical equipment to perform VATS and improve the availability of fibrinolytics on demand in our center in order to start using the newer therapeutics techniques in the management of empyema.
Alloantigen Expression of a Rat Moloney Sarcoma 2
Authors: J. M. Jones, J. D. Feldman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

Journal Article Alloantigen Expression of a Rat Moloney Sarcoma Get access J. M. Jones, J. M. Jones Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. D. Feldman J. D. Feldman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 55, Issue 4, October 1975, Pages 995–999, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/55.4.995 Published: 01 October 1975 Article history Received: 14 April 1975 Accepted: 16 June 1975 Published: 01 October 1975
Enhanced Growth Rate of Transplanted Mammary Adenocarcinoma Induced in C3H Mice by Dietary Linoleate2
Authors: G. Ananda Rao, S. Abraham
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

Three-month-old C3H female mice were given injections of 5-mg pieces of mammary adenocarcinoma and were then fed diets that either were fat free or contained saturated fat (15% hydrogenated cottonseed oil) or linoleate (1–15% corn oil). After 6 weeks, the tumors in mice fed the linoleate diet weighed 3–4 times more than those in mice fed the fat-free or saturated-fat diets. Despite a linoleate-free diet, tumors contained appreciable amounts of linoleate and arachidonate (≈2 and 9% of the total fatty acids, respectively). When the level of dietary corn oil was increased from 1 to 15%, the linoleate content of the tumors increased from 4 to 18% of the total fatty acids. However, in these instances, the tumor arachidonate levels increased to maximum values even when the 1% corn oil diet was used. These observations shOWed that mammary tumor growth was depressed by a fat-free or saturated-fat diet and enhanced by dietary linoleate. Furthermore, they suggested that the growth rate was related to the arachidonate content rather than the linoleate content of the tumors.
Feasibility of spirometry-controlled chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children
Authors: Sandra Lever, Pierluigi Ciet, Els van der Wiel, Piotr Wielopolski, Harm Tiddens
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Standardization of inflation- and expiration level using a spirometer during chest-MRI is important to optimise image quality and interpretation. To perform the correct breathing manoeuvres in a MRI is a challenge for most children.   Aim of this pilot study:  To evaluate the feasibility of spirometer-controlled chest-MRI.   Methods:  A custom made MRI compatible spirometer (Masterscope, Carefusion) and a dedicated holder for the spirometer head was used. This allowed correct and child friendly positioning of the spirometer in the MRI.  Children practiced in supine position ½ hour prior to MRI with a lung function technician the following breathing manoeuvres: slow vital capacity (SVC); a breath-hold (13 sec) at Total Lung Capacity and at Residual Volume; and flow volume and coughing to obtain dynamic images of central airways.  During the MRI the lung function technician sat site by site by the MRI technician and coached and monitored the child9s performance and instructed the MRI technician when to start the acquisition.   Results:  14 Children (age 5 – 17 years, 9 boys) had a MRI. Each child was able to perform reproducible values for SVC9s and flow volumes.  11 Children (79%) were able to follow instructions during the MRI and to complete all the requested breathing manoeuvres.  Images were of diagnostic quality in 11 children, and failed because of lack of cooperation in 3 children.   Conclusion:  Spirometer-controlled chest MRI is feasible in most children and improves the standardization and the image quality of chest MRI. We recommend training of the child prior to the MRI and coaching of the child during the MRI by a lung function technician.
Impact of skeletal-related events on survival in patients with prostate cancer metastatic to bones.
Authors: Jean A. McDougall, Bernardo Haddock Lobo Goulart, Sean D Sullivan, Jeannine S. McCune, Aasthaa Bansal, Andrew Karnopp, Catherine R. Fedorenko, Adriana Valderrama, Brian S. Seal, Scott David Ramsey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

223 Background: Skeletal related events (SREs), defined as pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, surgery or radiotherapy to the bone, occur in nearly half of men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. Accurate assessment of the risk of death associated with SREs is important to making decisions about the use of recently approved treatments, which have been shown to decrease the frequency of skeletal events, yet estimating the impact of SREs on survival presents several methodological challenges given the recurrent time-dependent nature of exposure. Methods: A cohort of men &gt;65years of age, diagnosed with prostate cancer and bone metastasis between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009 was identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries were linked to Medicare Parts A and B claims. The outcome of interest, death from any cause, was ascertained from SEER and survival time was calculated from the date of metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models treating the occurrence of an SRE as a time-dependent exposure were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between SRE occurrence, number, and type, and death. Results: Among 3,297 men with metastatic prostate cancer, 40% experienced ≥1 SRE during the observational follow-up period (median 19 months). Compared to men who remained SRE-free, cohort members who had ≥1 SREs had a two-fold higher risk of death (HR 2.2, 95% CI 2.0-2.4). Those whose first SRE was a pathological fracture had a 2.7-fold higher risk of death (HR 2.7, 95% CI 2.3-3.1), followed by spinal cord compression (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8-2.5), surgery (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.2) and radiotherapy (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9-2.4). Compared to those experiencing only one SRE, men who experienced a second SRE of any type had double the risk of death (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9-2.6). Conclusions: SREs were associated with ≥50% reduction in overall survival. This finding is consistent across different types of SREs and supports using therapies to prevent or treat SREs in patients with prostate cancer metastatic to the bones.
Malignant Mammary Tumors in Beagle Dogs Dosed With Investigational Oral Contraceptive Steroids&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: R P Kwapien, R C Giles, R G Geil, H W Casey
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

Of 172 beagle dogs administered investigational oral contraceptive steroids for 2.4-5.2 years, 9 developed malignant mammary tumors. At necropsy their ages varied from 41 to 70 months, with a mean age of 4.9 years. The malignant tumors were observed in 1 dog that received ethynerone plus mestranol at 1.05 mg/kg/day and in 4 dogs that received chlorethynyl norgestrel plus mestranol at 1.05 mg/kg/day. Also, 4 dogs that received anagestone acetate plus mestranol at either 0.44 or 1.10 mg/kg/day developed malignant mammary tumors. Malignant tumors were not seen in 33 dogs administered mestranol at 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg/day for 7 years or in 18 dogs given ethynerone without mestranol at 1.00 mg/kg/day for 5 years. No malignant tumors were observed in 18 control dogs maintained for 7 years without treatment. Three dogs had single malignant mammary nodules, 3 dogs had 2 malignant nodules, 2 dogs had 4-6 malignant nodules, and 1 dog in the treatment group given high dosages of ethynerone plus mestranol had 14 mammary nodules composed of fibrosarcoma. The malignant tumors were histologically classified as 5 anaplastic carcinomas, 2 solid carcinomas, 1 tubular adenocarcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 fibrosarcoma. Most dogs had only 1 histologic type of cancer (8/9 dogs); however, 1 dog had carcinomas of both solid and anaplastic types involving different glands. Metastases were present in 5 dogs and most often involved regional lymph nodes and lung.
Gleason Scoring at a Comprehensive Cancer Center: What’s The Difference?
Authors: Natasha C. Townsend, Karen Ruth, Tahseen Al-Saleem, Eric M. Horwitz, Mark Sobczak, Robert G. Uzzo, Rosalia Viterbo, Mark K. Buyyounouski
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

This study attempted to determine whether the Gleason score (GS) assigned at a comprehensive cancer center better predicts risk of biochemical failure (BF) after prostate radiotherapy compared with the GS of the referring institution (RI). Between 1994 and 2007, 1649 men received radiotherapy for prostate cancer at Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC). The Cox proportional hazard regression was used for inferences about the relationship of time to BF and GS. Harrell’s C-index (HCI) was used to assess concordance in the Cox regression between predicted and observed events. The discordance rate was 26% for any change in either major or minor Gleason pattern. In the RI GS 2 through 6 group, 79 (8%) patients were upgraded to GS 7. Twenty percent of patients with RI GS 7 were downgraded and 2% were upgraded. In the RI GS 8 through 9 group, 58% were downgraded to GS 6 (12%) or GS 7 (88%). The FCCC GS altered the NCCN risk group assignment in 144 men (9%): 92 (64%) men to lower risk and 52 (36%) to higher risk. FCCC GS was a stronger predictor of BF; the hazard ratios for GS 2 through 6 (ref), 3+4, 4+3, and 8 through 9 were 1.00 (ref), 1.82, 4.14, and 2.92, respectively. In contrast, the hazard ratios for the RI GS were 1.00 (ref), 1.53, 2.44, and 1.76, respectively. FCCC GS (HCI=0.76) had improved performance compared with RI GS (HCI=0.74). Changes in GS were common and the GS assigned by a comprehensive cancer center provided better BF risk stratification and prognostication for patients. Changes in GS may impact treatment recommendations in 9% to 26% of patients.
An action spectrum for ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans
Authors: D.L. Damian, Y.J. Matthews, T.A. Phan, G.M. Halliday
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Background The immune-suppressive effects of sunlight play a central role in skin carcinogenesis. Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is highly immunosuppressive even at suberythemal doses, and longwave UVA is now also recognized to cause immunosuppression in humans. The relative contributions of UVA and UVB to immunosuppression by incidental daily sun exposure are, however, unclear. Objectives We previously determined wavelength dependencies for immunosuppression by UVB and UVA wavebands in humans. We now aimed to calculate relative and solar immune-suppressive effectiveness across the UVB and UVA spectra. Methods We used the nickel model of recall contact hypersensitivity to determine UV immunosuppression dose responses and minimum immune suppression doses (MISDs) at 11 narrowbands from 289 to 392 nm. The relative immune-suppressive effectiveness of each narrowband was then determined as 1/MISD vs. wavelength. This curve was multiplied by the solar spectrum to show the relative immune-suppressive effectiveness of each waveband in sunlight. Results We found peaks of immune-suppressive effectiveness in the UVB waveband at 300 nm and in the UVA at 370 nm. Because of the far greater amount of longwave UVA in sunlight, the relative solar immune-suppressive effectiveness of UVA was threefold higher than that of UVB at doses equivalent to sun exposure from normal daily activities. Conclusions Longwave UVA, which abuts the visible light spectrum and is less effectively filtered by sunscreens than UVB, is likely to be the largest contributor to immunosuppression resulting from incidental daily sun exposure.
Concurrent LASER-cryoablation for treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Sung-Jin Nam, Hyoung Shin Lee, Sung Won Kim, Tae-Won Jang, Mann-Hong Jung, Chul-Ho Oak, Kang Dae Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background: A variety of treatment modalities are currently used to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. We aimed to study the efficacy of combination of LASER and cryoablation for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis(RRP), by comparing treatment intervals for concurrent LASER-cryoablation and CO2 LASER vaporization  Method: Retrospective case series of adult patients with RRP  Results: Four patients who had been treated for at least two years by CO2 LASER vaporization subsequently underwent treatment with LASER-cryoablation.  Concurrent LASER-cryoablation resulted in longer periods between interventions, compared with CO2 LASER (p = 0.03)  Conclusion: Concurrent LASER-cryoablation appears to be an attractive alternative technique to CO2 LASER for the treatment of RRP.
The platelet serotonin‐release assay
Authors: Theodore E. Warkentin, Donald M. Arnold, Ishac Nazi, John G. Kelton
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2015)

Few laboratory tests are as clinically useful as The platelet serotonin-release assay (SRA): a positive SRA in the appropriate clinical context is virtually diagnostic of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a life- and limb-threatening prothrombotic disorder caused by anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies that activate platelets, thereby triggering serotonin-release. The SRA's performance characteristics include high sensitivity and specificity, although caveats include indeterminate reaction profiles (observed in ∼4% of test sera) and potential for false-positive reactions. As only a subset of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies detectable by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) are additionally platelet-activating, the SRA has far greater diagnostic specificity than the EIA. However, requiring a positive EIA, either as an initial screening test or as an SRA adjunct, will reduce risk of a false-positive SRA (since a negative EIA in a patient with a "positive" SRA should prompt critical evaluation of the SRA reaction profile). The SRA also provides useful information on whether a HIT serum produces strong platelet activation even in the absence of heparin: such heparin-"independent" platelet activation is a marker of unusually severe HIT, including delayed-onset HIT and severe HIT complicated by consumptive coagulopathy with risk for microvascular thrombosis.
In Vivo Protection Against Murine Plasma Cell Tumor Growth by In Vitro Activated Syngeneic Lymphocytes2
Authors: Martin Röllinghoff, Hermann Wagner
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Mouse lymphoid cells were immunized in vitro against syngeneic plasma cell tumor cells. The cytotoxic activity generated wasassessed in a short-term 51chromium assay, with the use of the same tumor cells as target cells. In vitro activated lymphocytes were also assayed for their capacity to inhibit growthof the respective tumor in vivo. Lymphoid cells activated in vitro against syngeneic plasma cell tumor cells not only lysed these tumor cells in vitro but also inhibited their growth in vivo.
LSC 2013 abstract - The role of second-generation sequencing to characterize the fungal microbiota in the adult cystic fibrosis airway, and its correlation with standard culture-based methods and clinical phenotype
Authors: Mike Harrison, Kate Twomey, Yvonne McCarthy, Oisin O'Connell, Melanie Febrer, Mark Alston, Robert Ryan, Barry Plant
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Advances in culture-independent methods allow a more extensive characterisation of the fungal community of the CF lung. This study uses a high-throughput sequencing technique to profile the fungal microbiota of the stable CF airway, and correlates this with culture-based methods and clinical phenotype.

Clinically stable adult CF patients were prospectively recruited from our Adult CF Centre. Culture-based methods were employed at time of sampling. Fungal DNA was extracted from all samples. High-throughput bar-coded sequencing targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was used to profile the fungal microbiota of all sputum samples. Clinical charcteristics were recorded by retrospective review of medical notes.

55 clinically stable adult CF patients were recruited. Culture-based methods detected fungus in 15 of the 55 samples. High-throughput bar-coded sequencing identified rich fungal communities in greater than 90% of the samples, with over 82% of the species not detected by culture. A preliminary comparison of patient status with diversity and species richness of fungal microbiota identified that lower fungal diversity associates with decreased lung function.

We describe the use of high-throughput sequencing to characterize the fungal microbiota in the largest population of adult patients with CF to date. DNA analysis reveals increased species diversity and richness compared with standard culture-based methods. Preliminary analysis suggests that fungal diversity may contribute to, or be associated with, variability in phenotype seen in CF patients.
Strain Differences in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancies in Mice and Relationship to Mammary Tumor Incidence&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: K. Hoshino
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1964)

The breeding behavior and phenomena associated with pregnancy were studied, with special reference to strain differences and incidence of mammary tumors, in a colony of mice maintained under uniform environmental conditions for over 2 years. In 640 mice of 3 inbred strains (milk-agent-positive strain, CBA/SG, and milk-agent-free strains, C57BL/Jax and the BCB/G), and their reciprocal hybrids 1,882 pregnancies and 161 pseudo-pregnancies were observed. Significant strain differences existed in the following categories: incidence of abnormal pregnancy, duration of pregnancy, occurrence and duration of intravaginal bleeding during pregnancy (the so-called “placental sign”), number of young born and weaned, and the incidence of mammary tumors. There was, however, no relationship between any phenomena associated with pregnancy and either the incidence of mammary tumors or presence of milk agent. There were also significant differences between mice of parental strains and mice of their hybrid offspring. The breeding behavior and phenomena associated with pregnancy in hybrid mice were much more uniform than those in their parental inbred mice. Strain differences in intra-vaginal bleeding appear attributable more to factors transmitted by the female than by the male mice. The average number of young in the second litter of mice in all groups was greater than, or equal to, the number of young in the first, sixth, and subsequent litters.
Bone stiffness and failure load are related with clinical features of COPD
Authors: Elisabeth Romme, Erica Rutten, Piet Geusens, Joost De Jong, Bert Van Rietbergen, Frank Smeenk, Emiel Wouters, Joop Van den Bergh
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Although a low bone mineral density (BMD) is frequently found in COPD patients, research on structural and mechanical properties of bone in COPD patients is sparse.  Objective: To compare bone structure, stiffness and failure load between men with and without COPD after stratification for BMD, and to relate clinical parameters with bone stiffness and failure load in men with COPD.  Methods: We included 30 men with COPD (normal BMD n=18, osteoporosis n=12) and 17 men without COPD (normal BMD n=9, osteoporosis n=8). We assessed body mass index (BMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI), and we measured pulmonary function (e.g. FEV 1 , FEV 1 /FVC, DLCO) and extent of emphysema. Bone structure was assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the distal radius and tibia, and bone stiffness and failure load were estimated from micro finite element analysis.  Results: We found no differences in bone structure, stiffness and failure load between men with and without COPD after stratification for BMD. In univariate analyses, lower BMI (p≤0.01), FFMI (p≤0.002), DLCO (p≤0.004) and BMD (p≤0.001) and higher extent of emphysema (p≤0.05) were associated with lower bone stiffness and failure load of the radius and tibia in men with COPD. After correction for BMD, lower FFMI (p≤0.05) was associated with lower bone stiffness and failure load of the radius and tibia, and lower DLCO (p≤0.05) was associated with lower bone stiffness and failure load of the tibia in men with COPD.  Conclusion: This study could not detect differences in properties of bone between men with and without COPD. FFMI and DLCO were associated with bone stiffness and failure load in men with COPD after correction for BMD.