tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory health screening using pulmonary function tests and lung sound analysis
Authors: N Gavriely, M Nissan, DW Cugell, AH Rubin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Lung sounds (LS) analysis is a potential source of additional objective, noninvasive and quantitative information on the status of the pulmonary system. We have examined the hypothesis that the addition of lung sounds analysis to spirometry increases the sensitivity of objective population screening, as compared to the use of spirometry alone. Questionnaires, spirometry and lung sounds were obtained in 493 active workers. Lung sounds analysis consisted of the averaged power spectra of breath sounds, measured separately during inspiration and expiration at four standard locations over the trachea and the chest-wall. Of the 493 subjects, 91 had an obstructive lung disease, including 27 with chronic bronchitis identified by a history of prolonged cough and sputum production but with normal spirometry. Twelve additional workers had a restrictive lung disease. Abnormal spirometric results were found in 74 of the patients. Abnormal lung sounds analyses were found in 54 patients, including 14 of the chronic bronchitis cases, so that the overall sensitivity of objective screening tests increased from 71% to 87% by combining the two tests. Thirty three of the subjects considered normal by evaluation of their questionnaire and spirometry had abnormal lung sounds. Of the twenty four who were re-evaluated 12-18 months after the first tests, three had developed a lung or heart disease. We conclude that the combination of spirometry and lung sounds analysis significantly increased the sensitivity of detection of pulmonary diseases by objective tests, and provided an early sign of lung disease that was not detected by spirometry alone.
Exfoliative Cytology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Duane W. Taebel
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The utilization of exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic tool is dependent in part upon the decreased adherence of malignant cells to each other, and to well-defined cytostructure indications of malignancy. It was applied as a method to diagnose gastrointestinal cancer as early as 1858 by Beale, and reemphasized by Marini in 1909, who first employed gastric lavage. Because of the development of x-ray and endoscopic techniques, the cytological method was not used extensively until 1940, with the advent of special staining techniques by Papanicolaou. Since that time, the value and accuracy of exfoliative cytology in evaluating the gastrointestinal tract have been emphasized repeatedly, particularly by Rubin, Raskin, and others from this laboratory.<sup>1-4</sup>In addition, the reproducibility of these results and the reliability of the procedure are evident from the accuracy rates of similar magnitude emanating from other laboratories.<sup>5</sup> <h3>Basic Concepts</h3> There are three categories of cytostructural changes which
Analyses of nanoformulated antiretroviral drug charge, size, shape and content for uptake, drug release and antiviral activities in human monocyte-derived macrophages
Authors: Ari S. Nowacek, Shantanu Balkundi, JoEllyn McMillan, Upal Roy, Andrea Martinez-Skinner, R. Lee Mosley, Georgette Kanmogne, Alexander V. Kabanov, Tatiana Bronich, Howard E. Gendelman
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
The Characteristics and Needs of Sheltered Homeless and Low-Income Housed Mothers
Authors: Ellen L. Bassuk
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare characteristics of homeless and low-income housed mothers across economic, psychosocial, and physical health domains. <h3>Design.</h3> —Case-control study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Community of Worcester, Mass. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A cross-sectional sample of 220 sheltered homeless mothers and 216 low-income housed (never homeless) mothers receiving welfare. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Income, housing, life events, social support, history of abuse and assault, and mental and physical health. <h3>Results.</h3> —Comparison of homeless and housed mothers revealed some important similarities and differences. The proportion of homeless mothers with annual incomes of less than $7000 was 46% vs 17% for housed mothers (<i>P</i>&lt;.01). Homeless mothers experienced more residential instability than the housed mothers (3.8 moves vs 1.8 moves;<i>P</i>&lt;.001) and had smaller support networks (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). More homeless mothers reported severe physical and sexual assault over the lifespan than housed mothers (91.6% vs 81.1%;<i>P</i>&lt;.003). No significant differences were found between the groups in mental and physical health. However, the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders was overrepresented compared to the general female population. Both groups had lower physical functioning compared to the general population and a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Sheltered homeless mothers had fewer economic resources and social supports and higher cumulative rates of violent abuse and assault over their lifespans than their housed counterparts. However, both groups faced extreme adversity that compromised family well-being. Practitioners and social policymakers need to be cognizant of the multiple economic, psychosocial, and physical health needs of these mothers in providing treatment and developing program interventions.
Intermittent Hydronephrosis as a Cause of Abdominal Pain
Authors: Richard B. Bourne
Journal: JAMA (1966)

THE PAIN of intermittent hydronephrosis, also known as Dietl's crisis, may mimic almost any intra-abdominal disease, and it is not unusual for these patients to have undergone appendectomy, cholecystectomy, or exploratory celiotomy before the true etiology of their pain is discovered. The fact that some kidneys are more mobile than others has been known for centuries. Abdominal or flank pain, often associated with nausea and vomiting, was occasionally seen in these patients with ptotic kidneys, but it was Dietl's masterly written description of the syndrome, in 1864, that gave it its name. While some physicians felt that the ptotic kidney was a benign condition, others were equally convinced it could precipitate severe pain. That the latter was a popular view is attested to by the large number of nephropexies done at the turn of the century and for several years thereafter. As recently as 1930, the literature has been replete
Infective Endocarditis in Adults
Authors: Eleftherios Mylonakis, Stephen B. Calderwood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

The clinical features of this complex infection have changed in the past several decades. It is now an infection of older people, and mitral-valve prolapse is the most common predisposing cardiovascular problem in developed countries. In contrast, rheumatic heart disease is an important predisposing problem in developing countries. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of this serious infectious disease, including diagnostic challenges, cardiovascular and neurologic complications, and approaches to therapy.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Promotes Bone Marrow Cells to Differentiate into CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Lung Tissue via Up-Regulating Notch1 Expression
Authors: Zhuohan Zhang, Bin Zeng, Zhiqian Zhang, Guohui Jiao, Haijie Li, Zhizi Jing, Jiangbo Ouyang, Xin Yuan, Limin Chai, Yongzhe Che, Yuan Zhang, Rongcun Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression in bone marrow cells (BMC) was up-regulated upon exposure to interleukin 6, lipopolysaccharide, or tumor-associated factors. But, how the up-regulated SOCS3 affects differentiation of BMCs is incompletely characterized. Here, we showed that SOCS3 promoted BMCs to intently differentiate into CD8 T cells. Importantly, lung can be as one athymus tissue for the BMCs to differentiate into CD8(+) T cells. Notch1 plays a critical role in the differentiation from SOCS3-transfected BMCs to CD8(+) T cells. We conclude that the up-regulated SOCS3 in some pathologic conditions, such as tumor and inflammation, might promote BMCs to differentiate into CD8(+) T lymphocytes in lung tissue via up-regulating Notch1 expression. This may represent a new mechanism against diseases such as tumor.
Campylobacter colitis associated with erythema nodosum.
Authors: M E Ellis, J Pope, A Mokashi, E Dunbar
Journal: BMJ (1982)

patient took periodically.The presentation and clinical aspect in the form of an acute intravascular haemolytic episode, the small doses of drug sufficient to cause the attacks, the brief time lapse between administration and onset of symptoms, and the positive result of direct Coombs test, with notable components on the erythrocyte surface at the time of the attacks, all indicate that the mechanism responsible is of stibophen or "innocent bystander" type.2-5Nalidixic acid should therefore be added to the list of drugs responsible for immune haemolytic anaemia.
Effect of Nebulized Ipratropium on the Hospitalization Rates of Children with Asthma
Authors: Faiqa Qureshi, John Pestian, Paris Davis, Arno Zaritsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Anticholinergic medications such as ipratropium improve the pulmonary function of patients with acute exacerbations of asthma, but their effect on hospitalization rates is uncertain.
Screening for thyroid disease: Authors' reply
Authors: E. Nystrom, G. Lindstedt, R. Eggertsen, P.-A. Lundberg, K. Petersen
Journal: BMJ (1989)

SIR,-Professor Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe's editorial' on why the French seem to have much less coronary heart disease than the British did not include the theory that associates the condition specifically with a high consumption of milk-that is, not simply with intake of dairy fats.'The evidence that supports this theory2`has to my knowledge never been refuted, or even challenged.The data on food supply published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for France and the United Kingdom are consistent with this milk theory: French people consume less whole milk but more dairy fat."The table shows the relevant figures for 1985.Consumption of whole milk and dairy fat (grams per.person per day) United France Kingdom Whole milk and fresh whole milk products 230 7 386 6 Butter 254 13 5 Cheese 57 2 17 3 Total dairy fat 42-0 28-8The OECD figures do not seem to support the polyunsaturated fat theory.The supply per persot of vegetable oils and fats is almost the same in the two countries (32-4 g in France, 33 7 g in the United Kingdom), whereas the supply of fats and oils from marine animals processed for food products is about six times higher in the United Kingdom.Total fats from meat and from fish are 26% and 22% higher, respectively, in France.
Relationship between myocardial fiber direction and segment shortening in the midwall of the canine left ventricle.
Authors: G L Freeman, M M LeWinter, R L Engler, J W Covell
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

Myocardial fiber orientation undergoes an orderly transition from the epicardium to the endocardium in the left ventricle, with circumferential fibers predominating in the middle one-third of the heart wall. How fibers lying at different depths in the myocardium, running in different directions, interact to produce local deformation is not known. To define the relationship between the orientation of uniaxial myocardial fibers and local wall motion, we placed three sets of ultrasonic dimension gauges in the middle one-third of the apex-to-base distance of the left ventricle of nine dogs. One pair was placed in line and two intentionally out of line with the presumed local fiber direction. The relative angle between the gauge and the local myofibers was determined by the use of postmortem radiography and histological techniques. Our results show that in the midwall of the left ventricle, myocardial segment shortening is maximal in the direction of local fibers; the shortening measured by gauges placed out of line with the local fiber axis by more than 30 degrees was significantly less than the actual in-line fiber shortening which occurred. This suggests that functional tethering between midwall fibers and endocardial or epicardial fibers does not play a major role in the pattern of midwall deformation. We also documented that an external reference line can be used to predict midwall myofiber direction. Using this line as a guide, ultrasonic dimension gauges could be placed within an average of 12 degrees (range: 0.5 to 18.5 degrees) from the local fiber axis.
The Use of Heparinization to Prevent Arterial Thrombosis after Percutaneous Cardiac Catheterization In Children
Authors: MICHAEL D. FREED, JOHN F. KEANE, AMNON ROSENTHAL
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Thrombosis at the site of arterial puncture is a common and serious complication of percutaneous cardiac catheterization in children. A double-blind study was therefore designed to test the efficacy of heparin administered during catheterization in reducing this complication. One hundred and sixty-one unselected children over one year of age were studied. Prior to catheterization, the pulse amplitudes were measured in both legs using a Pulse Volume Recorder (a standardized oscillometer). Immediately after arterial cannulation, heparin, 1 mg/kg, or a placebo was administered. On the morning following catheterization, the pulse amplitude in both legs was remeasured and a pulse volume index calculated using the uncatheterized leg as a control. Patients in whom the catheterized leg was cold, with poor capillary filling and absent arterial pulses four hours after the completion of catheterization, were started on intravenous infusion of heparin. If no improvement occurred within 48 hours, embolectomy was performed. There was no evidence of arterial compromise to the catheterized extremity to any patient older than 10 years. Of 77 children ten years of age or younger, systemic heparinization postcatheterization was required for a pulseless extremity in 40% (15/37) of those in the placebo group and 8% (3/40) in the heparin group ( P = 0.003). Only 5% (2/40) of children in the heparinized group had a pulse volume index of less than 50%, compared to 27% (10/37) in the placebo group ( P = 0.003). Embolectomy was performed in seven of the 37 children in the placebo group and none of 40 in the heparin group ( P = 0.01). No complications related to the use of heparin were found. We conclude that heparin administered during percutaneous catheterization is effective in preventing arterial thrombosis in children ten years of age or younger and should be routinely administered unless a specific contraindication to its use exists.
Please help us by completing the questionnaire
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (1997)

He stood over me with a clipboard. “Name?”

”You already know my name,” I protested.

“Oh, yes.” He wrote ‘Mummy’ in the first box on the form. “Right. Age?”

“Wait a minute. Why do you need to know that?”

“Look, I've been told to just collect the data. Another group decided on the questions. It's very important that the interviewees cooperate with us.”

“Thirty five,” I lied.

“Favourite thing on TV?” he continued dispassionately.

“The off switch.”

And so it went on. Ten minutes later the phone rang.

“Hello, my name's Jackie and I work for a market research company. …
Who's Who in Frontier Science and Technology 1984-1985
Authors: Ann C. Weller
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Marquis, the publisher of 30 volumes of biographical reference works, undertook the formidable task of determining both what are the frontiers of science and who is at the forefront of each field or specialty.<i>Who's Who in Frontier Science and Technology (WWFST)</i>is the result of that endeavor. To begin the project, 400 consultants for Marquis selected the frontier areas from new directions in traditional fields (eg, agriculture, astronomy, biology, and chemistry) and from new technologies (eg, biotechnology, computer science, and lasers). The resulting list comprises 350 subspecialties in 24 major fields. One thousand five hundred scientists provided names of candidates in these fields, and their responses led to the final lineup of 16,500 scientists and technologists included in<i>WWFST</i>. The alphabetically arranged biographies contain vital statistics, education, professional experience, awards, publication trends, and organizational affiliation. The index lists all biographees under one or two subspecialties, furnishing a unique resource
Atypical Antibodies Present 21 Years After Transfusion
Authors: Herbert F. Polesky
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Recently while crossmatching for a group A, Rh negative, 73-year-old man, we had difficulty finding compatible blood. The patient's serum agglutinated our fresh reference blood in saline solutions and by the indirect antiglobulin method. Using saline solution, albumin, indirect antiglobulin, and papain (Low's method) with an 18-blood panel, we identified three atypical antibodies. The serum contained anti-rh' (C), anti-Rh<sub>o</sub>(D), and anti-Fy<sup>a</sup>. Typing of the patient's cells confirmed the absence of the blood factors rh' (C), Rh<sub>0</sub>(D), and Fy<sup>a</sup>. Crossmatches with type A, Rh negative, Fy<sup>a</sup>negative bloods were compatible. Although the finding of three atypical antibodies in one serum is unusual, when it does occur it is most often seen in patients who have received multiple transfusions. Our patient, mildly diabetic, had been in good health most of his life. He had had diverticulitis in 1941, and the only transfusion
All the relevant data?
Authors: E. H. Turner
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Purpose</h3> We aimed to describe the prevalence of undernutrition in hospitalised infants aged under 6 months and test the utility of simple index measures to detect undernutrition. <h3>Design</h3> Diagnostic accuracy study: weight, length, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured in infants aged 2 weeks to 6 months admitted to a Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. <b><i>Index criteria</i></b>: low (&lt;−2SD) weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ), weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ); MUAC &lt;11 cm. <b><i>Reference definition</i>:</b> weight faltering (conditional weight gain below fifth percentile for healthy Nigerian infants) or sum of skinfolds (SSF) &lt;10 mm. <h3>Results</h3> Of 125 hospitalised infants, only 5% (6) were admitted specifically for undernutrition, but low SSF were found in 33% (41) and, 24% (25) with known birth weight had weight faltering, giving an undernutrition prevalence of 36%. Low WAZ was the most discriminating predictor of undernutrition (sensitivity 69%, positive predictive value 86%, likelihood ratio 5.5; area under receiver operator curves 0.90) followed by MUAC (73%, 73%, 4.9; 0.86), while WLZ performed least well (49%, 67%, 2.9; 0.84). Where both MUAC and WAZ were low, there was sensitivity 90%, positive predictive value 82% and likelihood ratio 8.7. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Infants aged under 6 months admitted to hospital in Nigeria had a high prevalence of undernutrition. In young, high-risk population, a low WAZ alone was a valuable screening criterion, while combining weight with MUAC gave even higher discrimination. Measurement of length to calculate WLZ was a less useful predictor in this population.
p27Kip1 Stabilization Is Essential for the Maintenance of Cell Cycle Arrest in Response to DNA Damage
Authors: Myriam Cuadrado, Paula Gutierrez-Martinez, Aneta Swat, Angel R. Nebreda, Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

One of the current models of cancer proposes that oncogenes activate a DNA damage response (DDR), which would limit the growth of the tumor in its earliest stages. In this context, and in contrast to studies focused on the acute responses to a one-time genotoxic insult, understanding how cells respond to a persistent source of DNA damage might become critical for future studies in the field. We here report the discovery of a novel damage-responsive pathway, which involves p27(Kip1) and retinoblastoma tumor suppressors and is only implemented after a persistent exposure to clastogens. In agreement with its late activation, we show that this pathway is critical for the maintenance, but not the initiation, of the cell cycle arrest triggered by DNA damage. Interestingly, this late response is independent of the canonical ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent and ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related-dependent DDR but downstream of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results might help to reconcile the oncogene-induced DNA damage model with the clinical evidence that points to non-DDR members as the most important tumor suppressors in human cancer.
Abstract 1771: Extrachromosomal microDNAs in normal vertebrate tissues.
Authors: Laura Dillon, Pankaj Kumar, Yoshiyuki Shibata, Anindya Dutta
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract MicroDNAs are small (&amp;lt;400 base pairs in length) single- or double-stranded extrachromosomal circular DNAs that are derived by excision from tens of thousands of sites within the mammalian genome (Science, 2012, 336:86). Thus far, microDNAs have been detected in several mouse tissues, mouse and human cell lines, and both normal and malignant cells. Here, we examine the microDNAs across eight tissue types (brain, heart, lung, liver, thymus, spleen, kidney, and skeletal muscle) from normal adult mice and in chicken cell lines. We observed microDNAs in all tissue types, originating from thousands of unique genomic loci. As was previously described, these microDNAs are small circles (100 to 400 base pairs), possess a high GC content and are enriched in genic regions. The quantity and loci-of-origin of the microDNAs are compared between tissue types to ascertain tissue-specific differences that may be correlated with amount of cell proliferation and expression of specific genes. Previously, we suggested that the release of microDNAs leaves behind microdeletions within the source genomic loci, resulting in somatically mosaic cells. Our results confirm this possibility by demonstrating that microDNAs are universally present across cell and tissue types in vertebrates. In addition, short (2-15 bp) direct repeats that usually flank the genomic loci yielding microDNAs lead us to hypothesize that homologous-recombination or microhomology-mediated-repair may be involved in microDNA generation. A survey of microDNAs in cell lines defective in many of these repair pathways is being carried out to verify this hypothesis. Citation Format: Laura Dillon, Pankaj Kumar, Yoshiyuki Shibata, Anindya Dutta. Extrachromosomal microDNAs in normal vertebrate tissues. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1771. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1771
Two Lectures on Chronic Laryngitis and Chronic Pharyngitis: Their Pathology, Symptoms, and Treatment
Authors: D. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1885)

GENTLEMEN,-At miy last lecture, I drew your attention to some points in connection with the pathology and symptoms of chronic catarrh ot the larynx and pharynx, and at the same time I brought under your notice a case in wlhich, as a result of inflammation, the