tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2462: Overexpression of prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor enhances mouse skin tumorigenesis
Authors: Melissa S. Simper, Rebecca A. Bowen, Inok Surh, Susan M. Fischer
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Chronic inflammation has recently been suggested to be involved in cancer development, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key mediator of the inflammatory response, is known to be upregulated in several cancers. COX-2 is responsible for the production of prostaglandins, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the major prostaglandin involved in inflammation. PGE2 binds to four receptors (EP1-EP4), and the EP4 receptor has recently been shown to be important in carcinogenesis depending on the tissue in which it is expressed. To determine the role of EP4 in skin carcinogenesis, transgenic mice were generated that overexpress EP4 in the basal layer of the skin under the control of the bovine keratin 5 promoter (BK5.EP4). Using a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol, the BK5.EP4 mice were shown to develop both papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas earlier than wild type (WT) mice. However, a tumor observed before 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment on one BK5.EP4 mouse suggested that TPA was not necessary for the promotion of the tumors. Therefore a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-only carcinogenesis protocol was performed, and by 30 weeks, the BK5.EP4 mice again developed more carcinomas compared to none on the WT mice. Immunohistochemistry performed on DMBA-treated mice demonstrated that the BK5.EP4 epidermis began to detach 48 hours after treatment with total detachment occurring 5 days after treatment, while WT mice had only increased epidermal thickening. By 7 to 10 days after DMBA treatment, patches were observed on the BK5.EP4 skin where it appeared the hair and epidermis were detaching, which were not seen on the WT mice. MMP-9, MMP-7, and E-cadherin expression also were upregulated in the BK5.EP4 mice at the same time detachment of the epidermis was occurring. However, no differences in proliferation, stem cell numbers, or CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression have been observed. These data suggest that overexpression of EP4 in the mouse skin can increase tumorigenesis, possibly through the wounding of the skin and the subsequent inflammation and epidermal regeneration acting as a tumor promoter. Supported by CA100140. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2462.
Linezolid to treat MDR-/XDR-tuberculosis: available evidence and future scenarios
Authors: Giovanni Sotgiu, Emanuele Pontali, Giovanni Battista Migliori
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The figures provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its 2013 global tuberculosis (TB) report are remarkable; TB continues to represent a significant clinical and public health problem worldwide [1]. The successes obtained by implementing and scaling-up the WHO public health strategies between 1995 and 2012 ( i.e. 22 million lives saved and 56 million patients successfully treated) are outstanding. However, in spite of the dramatic decrease in incidence, prevalence and mortality [1] much needs to be done, and the new WHO post-2015 strategy (which is focused on the concept of TB elimination) is providing further guidance [2–4]. New experimental evidence on anti-TB regimes based on low-efficacious linezolid dosage to treat XDR-TB patients <http://ow.ly/C9YpZ>
Management of depression during pregnancy in primary care in Brazil: a cluster ransomised trial
Authors: Marcia Scazufca, Alexandre Faisal-Cury, Monica Mogadouro, Simone A da Silva, Ariete Ramirez, Luiz A Dangelo, Silvia Fenerich, Julieta Quayle, Renata N Santos, Ricardo Araya, Paulo R Menezes
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
Genomic Medicine
Authors: Robert Sikorski
Journal: JAMA (1997)

After a lecture on genetics, a 24-year-old medical student asks her professor where she can find more information about the genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. The student is concerned because her mother died of ovarian cancer at age 37 and her maternal grandmother died of breast cancer at age 50. She wonders about her risk and whether she should be tested for any of the inherited mutant genes she has learned about in class. She asks the professor if there are any World Wide Web sites offering information on such issues. After obtaining information from 1 site, the student decides that she may be at increased risk for cancer and contacts her personal physician for further guidance.
GENERALIZED LIGAMENT LAXITY AND HIP ARTHROSCOPY IN AN ATHLETIC POPULATION
Authors: MA Akhtar, L Campton
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

This study was performed to assess the incidence of generalized ligament laxity (GLL) in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for intraarticular hip pathology diagnosed by clinical examination and confirmed with magnetic resonance arthrography. Prospective data were collected for 27 patients between Feb and May 2013 under the care of a specialist hip surgeon including demographic details; mechanism of injury, operative diagnosis, surgical treatments performed and GLL by using the Beighton score. The mean age was 32 years (range 18–56). There were 14 male (52%) and 13 (48%) female patients. 81% patients were involved in sports and football was the most common sports in 55%. The mean duration of symptoms was 4 years (range 1–16). The mean Non-arthritic hip score was 30 (range 20–46). 80% patients denied hip injury, 8% had significant hip injury, 8% were involved in road traffic accidents and 4% had a trivial injury. 21% patients had bilateral, 67% had right and 12% had left sided symptoms. 54% patients had Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) and an associated labral tear, 31% had an isolated labral tear and 15% had only impingement. 42% patients had labral debridement and osteochondroplasty of the femoral neck, 19% had labral debridement, 15% had osteochondroplasty, 15% had labral repair and osteochondroplasty and 8% had only labral repair. The mean Beighton score for these patients was 2.7 (range 0–9). 10 patients (37%) in this group had a Beighton score of 4 or more indicating GLL. We found that there was a high incidence (37%) of GLL in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. 54% patients had FAI and associated labral tear, 80% denied hip injury and 21% had bilateral symptoms. Further research to study the effect of GLL on intraarticular hip pathology in young athletic population is required for appropriate advice about the risk of injuries.
Expanding Indications for Permanent Pacemakers
Authors: Michael Glikson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Purpose: To review the current clinical experience with new and expanding indications for permanent cardiac pacing. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was done of the English-language literature published from 1980 through 1994 about indications for permanent pacing. Five major areas were identified and searched: cardiomyopathies, atrial fibrillation, the long QT syndrome, cardiac transplantation, and vasovagal syncope. A manual search was then done for other contributions, including abstracts. Study Selection: Because published reports in these areas are scarce, all of the peer-reviewed articles and most of the relevant abstracts found were reviewed. Data Extraction: Data were manually extracted from the various sources, and the reports were classified and summarized according to specific indications. Results: Pacing is becoming an important option in the treatment of patients with symptomatic drug-resistant hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Symptomatic and hemodynamic benefits have been shown in patients with pacing over various periods of follow-up. In patients with the long QT syndrome in whom medical therapy had failed, pacing at relatively fast rates markedly reduced symptoms and almost completely abolished fainting spells. Preliminary results suggest that pacing may be beneficial in dilated cardiomyopathy and in preventing episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of and to improve selection criteria for pacing in these conditions. Our ability to select cardiac transplant recipients for permanent pacing and our ability to optimize the timing of pacing in these patients have recently improved considerably. The role of pacing therapy in patients with neurally mediated (vasovagal) syncope remains incompletely understood. Better classification of these patients, made according to the sequence of hemodynamic events leading to syncope, is likely to clarify the potential benefit of pacing in these patients and improve the selection of patients for pacing. Conclusion: Few peer-reviewed clinical trials have been done, and further studies are needed to confirm the promising effects of pacing in patients with these newly recognized and expanding indications for pacing.
Altered effect of the Valsalva maneuver on left ventricular volume in patients with cardiomyopathy.
Authors: W C Little, W K Barr, M H Crawford
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The failure of the blood pressure to fall during the late strain pase of the Valsalva maneuver in patients with heart failure may result from the left ventricle operating on a flat portion of its function curve or from maintenance of left ventricular volume despite decreased systemic venous return. To test these possibilities, we studied the effect of the Valsalva maneuver (40 cm H2O for 15 sec) on left ventricular volume in 12 normal subjects with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.65 +/- 0.07 (+/- SD) and in eight patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, evidence of pulmonary congestion, and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.23 +/- 0.09. Left ventricular volume and right ventricular area were determined by apical two-dimensional echocardiography. In both groups the right ventricular end-diastolic area decreased during the late strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver. In normal subjects it decreased from 9.3 +/- 1.5 to 5.6 +/- 1.6 cm2 (p less than .001) and in patients it decreased from 13 +/- 2.2 to 10 +/- 2.9 cm2 (p less than .001). In normal subjects, left ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased from the control level during the Valsalva maneuver, and this was apparent in both the four-chamber (96 +/- 21 to 68 +/- 18 ml, p less than .01) and two-chamber views (97 +/- 15 to 56 +/- 20 ml, p less than .01). In the patients, left ventricular end-diastolic volume was not significantly different from control in either view (199 +/- 70 to 195 +/- 78 and 214 +/- 77 to 218 +/- 86 ml, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cardiovascular Complications of Oral Contraceptives
Authors: N M Kaplan
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1978)

Cardiovascular complications of oral contraceptives (OCs) are discussed. OCs are safe for most young women for temporary birth control, however, they should not be used by women over age 35 who want no more children. Problems such as hypertension, increased tendency to clot, a rise in triglycerides, and a decrease in glucose tolerance occur in 5-10% of women of any age who take OCs for 5 years. These factors in turn are responsible for complications such as thromboembolism, heart attack, and stroke which occur with increased frequency among OC users. Most who take OCs suffer more subtle disturbances in blood pressure, and biochemical and hormonal levels which may pose additional risks for cardiovascular disease. It is concluded that the risks of OC use often outweigh the benefits, however, prudent use of OCs will improve the balance between risk and benefit.
Inflammation and Structural Changes in the Airways of Patients with Atopic and Nonatopic Asthma
Authors: KAWA AMIN, DÓRA LÚDVÍKSDÓTTIR, CHRISTER JANSON, OTTO NETTELBLADT, EYTHÓR BJÖRNSSON, GODFRIED M. ROOMANS, GUNNAR BOMAN, LAHJA SEVÉUS, PER VENGE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The aim of the present study was to compare the cellular pattern and structural changes in the airway walls of atopic and nonatopic patients with asthma. Bronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from 13 atopic subjects with asthma, nine nonatopic patients with asthma, and seven healthy control subjects and investigated using immunohistochemical methods. The number of eosinophils increased in both asthma groups, but significantly more in the atopic group. The number of mast cells increased similarly in the two asthma groups, whereas the number of neutrophils increased only in the nonatopic asthma group. The number of T-lymphocytes (CD3–, CD4–, CD8–, CD–25-positive cells) was higher in patients with atopic asthma compared with nonatopic asthma. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5-positive cells were more frequently found in the atopic asthma group, whereas cells staining for IL-8 were more frequent in the nonatopic group. The degree of epithelial damage was significantly higher in the atopic asthma group compared with the control subjects and the nonatopic asthmatics. The tenascin and laminin layer was significantly thicker in the atopic group compared with the group of nonatopic asthmatics. In the atopic group, there was a significant negative correlation between epithelial integrity (defined as the relative length of intact epithelium) and the eosinophil count and also between the number of CD25-positive cells and epithelial integrity. The number of mast cells correlated positively with the thickness of tenascin- and laminin-positive layers. In conclusion, we provide evidence of different patterns of involvement of inflammatory cells in atopic and nonatopic patients with asthma. There were also structural differences in the bronchial mucous membrane between atopic asthma and nonatopic asthma. This suggests that there are differences in the extent of the immunopathologic response of these clinically distinct forms of asthma.
Diagnosis, Comorbidities, and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Patients in a Large Health Maintenance Organization
Authors: Uri Ladabaum, Erin Boyd, Wei K. Zhao, Ajitha Mannalithara, Annie Sharabidze, Gurkirpal Singh, Elaine Chung, Theodore R. Levin
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2011)
The transporter ABCB7 is a mediator of the phenotype of acquired refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts
Authors: Maryam Nikpour, Christian Scharenberg, Anquan Liu, Simona Conte, Mohsen Karimi, Teresa Mortera-Blanco, Valentina Giai, Marta Fernandez-Mercado, Elli Papaemmanuil, Kari Högstrand, Monika Jansson, Inger Vedin, James Stephen Wainscoat, Peter Campbell, Mario Cazzola, Jacqueline Boultwood, Alf Grandien, Eva Hellström-Lindberg
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
Fertility and the Young Adult with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Paul A. di Sant' Agnese
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IN recent years as the life-span of patients with cystic fibrosis has increased, new problems have arisen. The latest is fertility in young adults with this disease, about which an interesting and challenging article by Kaplan et al. appears on page 65 of this issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.It has been our experience that males and females with cystic fibrosis have apparently normal sexual development, although it is at times delayed in patients with a severe degree of pulmonary involvement. However, as reported in three investigations, two previously presented by Grand and his associates,1 and . . .
Moralistic campaigns are pushing out AIDS prevention work that is based on science, report says
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A respect for human rights is central to understanding AIDS and combating it, a new report says, because vulnerability to infection is “linked to populations marginalised by society.”

The report, from the independent worldwide organisation Human Rights Watch, says that more than 40 million people currently have HIV infection or AIDS and that last year five million people became newly infected. Many people are at risk because of their sex, race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, or social or economic class, it says.

The report contends that …
Use of Corticosteroids to Prevent Progression of Graves' Ophthalmopathy after Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Luigi Bartalena, Claudio Marcocci, Fausto Bogazzi, Massimo Panicucci, Antonio Lepri, Aldo Pinchera
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

We studied the effects of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease on Graves' ophthalmopathy and the possible protective role of corticosteroids. Between June 1985 and June 1988, 26 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with radioiodine alone (group 1) and 26 to treatment with this agent and concomitant administration of systemic prednisone for four months (group 2). The initial dose of prednisone was 0.4 to 0.5 mg per kilogram of body weight for one month; the drug was gradually withdrawn over the next three months. All patients were evaluated at 3-month intervals for 18 months after they underwent radioiodine therapy. Ocular changes were assessed with the ophthalmopathy index; patients with moderate-to-severe changes (scores≥4) were excluded from the study. Before treatment, 10 patients in group 1 and 5 in group 2 had no evidence of ophthalmopathy: in none of them did ocular symptoms appear after radioiodine therapy. Among the patients in group 1 with an initial ophthalmopathy index ≥1, ocular disease worsened in 56 percent (mostly involving soft-tissue changes and extraocular-muscle function) and did not change in 44 percent. In contrast, ophthalmopathy improved in 52 percent and did not change in 48 percent of group 2. The mean ophthalmopathy index increased from 1.5 to 3.0 in group 1 (P<0.005) and decreased from 2.2 to 1.3 in group 2 (P<0.05). We conclude that systemic corticosteroid treatment prevents the exacerbations of Graves' ophthalmopathy that occur after radioiodine therapy in a substantial proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism who have some degree of ocular involvement before treatment.(N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1349–52.)
Epileptiform Neuralgia during the Puerperal Period: Epileptic Seizures: Phlegmasia Dolens
Authors: C. J. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1867)

THE BRITISH MEDICAL 7OURNAL.5 even very young children.I have recently, on two occasions, in con- sultation with Dr. Arthur Farre, examined without difficulty and with complete success the larynx of an infant five months old.
Concomitant Hyperparathyroidism and Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer, with a Review of the Literature
Authors: THOMAS LEITHA, ANTON STAUDENHERZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2003)

Purpose Primary hyperparathyroidism and concomitant thyroid cancer is a rare and complicated setting for diagnostic imaging. Materials and Methods The authors report the accidental finding of primary hyperparathyroidism in a patient with rapid enlargement of a thyroid nodule and the results of a literature review. Results Tl-201–Tc-99m subtraction scintigraphy correctly revealed the malignant nature of a large cold thyroid nodule and mediastinal parathyroid hyperplasia. In contrast, high-resolution ultrasound indicated a retrothyroidal hyperplastic parathyroid gland. Surgery followed the findings of the preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative biopsy, yet hyperparathyroid disease persisted. Repeated scintigraphy confirmed an ectopic parathyroid gland, which was resected from a paraesophageal location. Subsequently, hormone and calcium levels returned to normal and remained normal during a follow-up period of 3 years. A literature review revealed a prevalence of approximately 3% of nonmedullary thyroid cancer, which was found in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. Previous neck irradiation, especially in childhood, appears to be a risk factor for the development of both nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma and for primary hyperparathyroid disease. Conclusions This case illustrates the need for clinical awareness of concomitant hyperparathyroidism and nonmedullary thyroid cancer and is substantiated with published case reviews. The preoperative scintigraphic localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue, although not advised as a routine procedure, may provide diagnostic information in addition to high-resolution ultrasound and intraoperative biopsy. In addition, scintigraphy can be useful even in the technically difficult setting of concomitant thyroid cancer.
On Movement as a Therapeutic Agent
Authors: John K Spender
Journal: BMJ (1880)

Left Hemianopsia: Mental Disturb- ances.-Thepatient was seen by me for the first time on April 3rd of this year, at the'Convalescent Hospital at Cheadle.For the notes, I am indebted to Mr. Stanwell, resident clinical clerk at the Cheadle Hospital.History.-A.H., aged 40, a joiner, married, with no history 6f syphilis, gout, rheumatism, or alcoholic excess, had been ill for t*o years, and unable to work during the last eighteen-months, suffering from giddiness, headache, 'double vision, with numbness, weakness, and trembling of the left side.He had not suffered 'from vomiting; the bladder and rectum had not been affected.
Neurophysiological Impairments in IDDM Patients During Euglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Authors: Thomas Lingenfelser, Ulrich W Buettner, Urte Sommerwerck, Walter Renn, Manfred Eggstein, Bernhard Jakober
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that latencies of evoked potentials in IDDM patients are delayed compared with healthy control subjects during euglycemia, and that insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes further latency delays of evoked potentials to occur. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 23 IDDM patients (27.9 ± 1.6 yr of age, HbA1c 6.7 ± 0.3%, without sensory or autonomic neuropathy) and 26 unequivocally healthy subjects who were carefully matched for sex, age, and body mass index to serve as the control group (18 men and 8 women, 28.4 ± 1.6 yr of age, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2), for a controlled, prospective study. Sequential euglycemichypoglycemic clamps were performed with stable glycemic plateaus of 5.6, 3.3, 2.2, and 1.7 mM, at which the patients' and healthy control subjects' neurophysiological functions were evaluated. The methodological armamentarium included the measurement of brainstem auditory, middle-latency auditory, and somatosensory evoked potentials that assessed conduction velocity in corresponding neural structures and information processing in the midbrain and auditory cortex. RESULTS Multiple analysis of variance revealed a significant overall difference of brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies during euglycemia between the study group and healthy control group (F = 3.41, P &amp;lt; 0.03), which was mainly attributable to latency delays of wave III (F = 6.60, P &amp;lt; 0.02), V (F = 9.19, P &amp;lt; 0.01), and interpeak latency 1-V (F = 2.82, P &amp;lt; 0.07). Repeated analysis of variance measures detected a significant latency delay of the major wave Pa of the middle-latency auditory evoked potentials during hypoglycemia (F = 4.4, P &amp;lt; 0.02), which rapidly returned to normal after reinstitution of euglycemia. CONCLUSIONS In IDDM patients, chronic, structural CNS changes already appear at the brainstem level during euglycemia. Functional, reversible CNS changes, however, seem to emerge during acute deviation from glucose homeostasis in more rostral brain regions.