tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Intrahost Molecular Evolution for a Plant RNA Virus
Authors: José M. Cuevas, Anouk Willemsen, Julia Hillung, Mark P. Zwart, Santiago F. Elena
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Populations of plant RNA viruses are highly polymorphic in infected plants, which may allow rapid within-host evolution. To understand tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) evolution, longitudinal samples from experimentally evolved populations in the natural host tobacco and from the alternative host pepper were phenotypically characterized and genetically analyzed. Temporal and compartmental variabilities of TEV populations were quantified using high throughput Illumina sequencing and population genetic approaches. Of the two viral phenotypic traits measured, virulence increased in the novel host but decreased in the original one, and viral load decreased in both hosts, though to a lesser extent in the novel one. Dynamics of population genetic diversity were also markedly different among hosts. Population heterozygosity increased in the ancestral host, with a dominance of synonymous mutations fixed, whereas it did not change or even decreased in the new host, with an excess of nonsynonymous mutations. All together, these observations suggest that directional selection is the dominant evolutionary force in TEV populations evolving in a novel host whereas either diversifying selection or random genetic drift may play a fundamental role in the natural host. To better understand these evolutionary dynamics, we developed a computer simulation model that incorporates the effects of mutation, selection, and drift. Upon parameterization with empirical data from previous studies, model predictions matched the observed patterns, thus reinforcing our idea that the empirical patterns of mutation accumulation represent adaptive evolution.
Scan Demonstration of Tumefactive Splenic Involvement in Malignant Lymphoma: An Indication of Histiocytic Lymphoma
Authors: MAX S. LIN, JAMES W. FLETCHER, ROBERT M. DONATI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

LIN, MAX S. M.D., Ph.D.; FLETCHER, JAMES W. M.D.; DONATI, ROBERT M. M.D. Author Information
Divorce Among Physicians-Reply
Authors: Sandra K. Burge
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Hojat's criticism would be telling if we had not compared physicians with other professionals, such as lawyers, who presumably also marry later than average. As we reported, physicians had lower divorce proportions than most other professionals. Furthermore, if age at marriage were a crucial factor in occupational divorce rates, then one would expect well-educated professionals (who tend to postpone marriage longer than less-educated workers) to have lower divorce proportions in general than the rest of the employed population. On the contrary, we found that male professionals were no different in divorce rates than the rest of the employed population. We conclude that our findings are not an artifact of differences in age at marriage. We concur with Dr Hojat that the cohort approach is the ideal way to determine occupation-specific divorce rates. To our knowledge, however, such occupational cohort data do not exist. We believe that the
CENTRIC PUERPERAL PALSIES
Authors: JAMES E. TALLEY
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Centric puerperal palsies are of interest to the obstetrician, the neurologist and the internist. These palsies are usually hemiplegias, though commonly the face, arm and leg are unequally involved. Infrequently monoplegias occur. A primary partial aphasia may be the forerunner. <h3>CLINICAL FEATURES</h3> The comparative rarity of puerperal palsies is shown by the fact that we have been able to add only seventeen cases to those of Lafon,<sup>1</sup>published in his thesis in 1896, giving us forty-two cases to study. We have tried to avoid palsies arising ante partum, intra partum or immediately post partum, as these are more apt to be associated with eclampsia and cerebral hemorrhage. Our interest lies rather with the infectious cases, some with evident thrombophlebitis in pelvic or femoral veins, and some in whom these conditions were latent. The striking feature in many of these palsies is the cerebral thrombophlebitis without other evidence of infection.
Aneuploidy: Instigator and Inhibitor of Tumorigenesis
Authors: Beth A.A. Weaver, Don W. Cleveland
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Aneuploidy, an aberrant chromosome number, has been recognized as a common characteristic of cancer cells for more than 100 years and has been suggested as a cause of tumorigenesis for nearly as long. However, this proposal had remained untested due to the difficulty of selectively generating aneuploidy without causing other damage. Using Cenp-E heterozygous animals, which develop whole chromosome aneuploidy in the absence of other defects, we have found that aneuploidy promotes tumorigenesis in some contexts and inhibits it in others. These findings confirm that aneuploidy can act oncogenically and reveal a previously unsuspected role for aneuploidy as a tumor suppressor. [Cancer Res 2007;67(21):10103–5]
Comparison of three ways to determine and deliver pressure during nasal CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: S D West
Journal: Thorax (2005)

The simplest method of initiating and maintaining therapeutic continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has not been established.Ninety eight subjects with OSA requiring CPAP treatment (more than 10 dips in oxygen desaturation of >4% per hour of sleep study and Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) >9) were randomised prospectively to three different methods of CPAP delivery for 6 months: (1) autotitration pressure throughout; (2) autotitration pressure for 1 week followed by fixed pressure (95th centile) thereafter; and (3) fixed pressure determined by algorithm (based on neck size and dip rate). Patients and investigators were blind to group allocation. One week after initiation the patients were routinely reviewed by sleep nurses. Study assessments took place before starting CPAP treatment and 1 and 6 months after to assess ESS, maintenance of wakefulness test, 24 hour blood pressure, general health (SF-36), and sleep apnoea related quality of life. CPAP internal monitoring data were also collected.There were no significant differences in any of the outcome measures or CPAP monitoring data between the three groups. The 95th centile CPAP pressures delivered in the 6 month and 1 week autotitration groups were higher than in the algorithm group, but the median pressures were lowest in the 6 month autotitration group.The method of determining CPAP pressure for treatment of moderate to severe OSA makes no significant difference to clinical outcome measures. The autotitration CPAP machine used has no advantage in this setting over simpler methods of pressure determination.
Clinical Experience and Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Jaywant J.P. Patil
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters1 February 1998Clinical Experience and Evidence-Based MedicineJaywant J.P. Patil, MBBS, FRCPCJaywant J.P. Patil, MBBS, FRCPCDalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Badgett and colleagues' article on using systematic reviews in clinical practice [1] correctly points out the advantages and disadvantages of depending on systematic review of the medical literature in clinical decision making and clinical teaching. I was rather surprised that previous clinical experience of senior physicians was not at all considered as a tool for clinical decision making and clinical teaching. Previous clinical experience is as valuable as systematic review of the literature.References1. Badgett RG, O'Keefe M, Henderson MC. Using systematic reviews in clinical education. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:886-90. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1998Volume 128, Issue 3Page: 245KeywordsDecision makingEvidence based medicineSystematic reviews Issue Published: 1 February 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
THE CORRECT SHOWER BATH
Authors: Simon Baruch
Journal: JAMA (1918)

To the Editor:  —During recent visits to several camps and forts of the United States Army, I was surprised to discover that all showers were arranged perpendicularly, and that they were so built in accordance with the Quartermaster's Manual, second volume, page 351, despite the fact that the public bathhouses of this country have since their initiation in 1890 proved the absolute superiority of the oblique shower head (at an angle of 45 degrees).  There is no doubt in the minds of those who have given this subject any thought that while the vertical shower may serve equally well for cleansing, it fails in the equally if not more important object of the shower, to furnish the refreshment and invigoration produced by the forcible impact of water on the skin nerves, vessels and muscular structures. Since the latter depends on the force or pressure under which the water is delivered,
Antigenic Variants of Influenza B Virus
Authors: G. C. Schild, M. S. Pereira, P. Chakraverty, M. T. Coleman, W. R. Dowdle, W. K. Chang
Journal: BMJ (1973)

From 1967 to 1971 little antigenic variation was detected in the prevalent influenza B viruses but in December 1972 a new antigenic variant of influenza B was isolated in Hong Kong from sporadic cases of influenza. The new variant, B/Hong Kong/5/72, possessed a haemagglutinin antigen which showed considerable antigenic differences from that of former influenza B strains while its neuraminidase antigen was closely related to that of the earlier, 1967-71, isolates. The B/Hong Kong/5/72 variant became the predominant influenza B strain in the United Kingdom by early summer 1973, and in both the United Kingdom and Japan this strain was associated with outbreaks of influenza. Strains antigenically intermediate between the 1967-71 isolates and B/Hong Kong/5/72 were isolated in a number of countries, often concurrently with B/Hong Kong/5/72-like strains.Serological studies indicated that antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 was infrequent in the populations in the United Kingdom and the U.S.A., suggesting the possibility of future epidemic activity associated with the new variant. In addition, conventional inactivated influenza vaccines containing the older influenza B isolates given to volunteers stimulated poor antibody responses to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus. These studies indicate the desirability of immunizing high risk patients against B/Hong Kong/5/72-like viruses before the coming influenza season. Vaccine containing the new variant influenza B strain are currently available in the United Kingdom.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Infants
Authors: Gwendolyn B. Scott, Billy E. Buck, Joni G. Leterman, Frederick L. Bloom, Wade P. Parks
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Fourteen infants with clinical and laboratory features of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were identified in a single metropolitan area from November 1980 to July 1983. Patients were predominantly of Haitian parentage, although two cases occurred in offspring of non-Haitian intravenous drug abusers. Only one patient had received a blood transfusion before the development of clinical findings. The predominant clinical findings included failure to thrive, persistent infection of the oral mucosa by Candida albicans, chronic pulmonary infiltrates, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and diarrhea. Immunologic studies showed most of the infants to have inverted ratios of T-cell subsets, greatly increased immunoglobulin levels, and circulating immune complexes. Lymphopenia was not common, as it is in adult patients. Infectious agents responsible for opportunistic infections in this series included Pneumocystis carinii, herpesviruses, particularly cytomegalovirus, and C. albicans. Bacterial infections were common, and gram-negative sepsis was the major cause of death in the seven infants who have died. At autopsy, two infants had disseminated lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma. These observations suggest the likelihood of transplacental, perinatal, or postnatal transmission of an as yet unidentified infectious agent that causes this disease.
The Guerrilla Worm
Authors: Kenneth S. Warren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Worms, sometimes called helminths, are unique among infectious agents — they do not, as a rule, multiply in the human body. Instead, they appear to follow the precepts of guerrilla warfare as outlined by Chairman Mao, repeatedly infiltrating host defenses as individuals or in small groups and gradually building up into large forces; warfare is usually by attrition and tends to be prolonged.1 Virtually all the major worm parasites of man are guerrillas: round worms, including the giant round worm, hookworm, pinworm, whipworm, trichinella and the filaria of elephantiasis fame; flat worms, including the intestinal, lung, liver and blood flukes; . . .
Raynaud's disease and oral contraceptives.
Authors: P E Jarrett
Journal: BMJ (1976)

hospitals.In some hospitals induction for growth retardation is performed only after antenatal cardiotocography has shown some abnormality of the fetal heart rate.3As the oxytocin stress test becomes more routine, the risks of inadvertent induction of antepartum haemorrhage in unsuspected cases of placenta praevia increase.In view of the danger of producing haemorrhage it would be advan- tageous not to perform an oxytocin stress test on patients in whom placenta praevia is suspected.
A novel frameshift mutation induced by an adenosine insertion in the polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) gene
Authors: York Pei, Kairong Wang, Margareth Kasenda, Andrew D. Paterson, Yan Liang, Eric Huang, Jeromy Lian, Ekaterina Rogovea, Stefan Somlo, Peter St. George-Hyslop
Journal: Kidney International (1998)
Suicide: Closing the Exits
Authors: Ezra E. H. Griffith
Journal: JAMA (1990)

This is a well-written text that will be of considerable interest to all those who work seriously on the subject of suicide. It should also be required reading for those interested in the public health dimensions of the topic and for those of us who wish to influence the implementation of public policy relative to suicide prevention. The authors set out the purpose of their work quite crisply. Their wish is to close the exits, to decrease the number of opportunities any individual has to kill himself. They think the way to accomplish this is by decreasing access to lethal agents. They know some critics will argue that decreasing access to one method of committing suicide leads to an increase in suicide carried out in some alternative form. In a later chapter of the book, the authors suggest that this concept, called "displacement," is not as important a phenomenon as
STATUS EPILEPTICUS.Read in the Section of Medical Jurisprudence and Neurology, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: G. R. TROWBRIDGE
Journal: JAMA (1891)

It should be a source of regret that a prominent writer and authority in medicine, in the description of epilepsy, in his work on practical medicine, makes this statement: "As regards the immediate danger from the paroxysms, the prognosis is always favorable;" and, moreover, he makes but bare mention of the condition status epilepticus, when in reality it is the most serious phase epilepsy assumes. It is for the very reason that but comparatively little consideration has been given to this condition by the profession, excepting the medical men connected with institutions for the insane, that it has been chosen the subject of a paper, with the hope that, without being obtrusive, a somewhat systematic description and a few suggestions in regard to the treatment of such cases may be given, which may be of some interest and value. The alarming mortality among epileptics, shown by the reports of our
Seven alternatives to evidence based medicine
Authors: D. Isaacs, D. Fitzgerald
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Clinical decisions should, as far as possible, be evidence based.So runs the current clinical dogma. 1 2 We are urged to lump all the relevant randomised controlled trials into one giant meta-analysis and come out with a combined odds ratio for all decisions.Physicians, surgeons, nurses are doing it 3-5 ; soon even the lawyers will be using evidence based practice. 6But what if there is no evidence on which to base a clinical decision?
New Drugs: Adverse reactions. I
Authors: D N Bateman, S Chaplin
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Programming cycles also allows a successful programme to run with reduced monitoring of follicular development.Assay of steroid hormones is still important, but the information is used retrospectively rather than as a prospective guide.Outpatient oocyte recovery under the control of ultrasound enables a unit that has no facilities for laparoscopy to offer in vitro fertilisation.Having an IVF programme in an academic department that studies the development of early pregnancy provides the opportunity for clinical research as well as a treatment for fertility problems.There are other costs to the NHS that do not appear in our budget.Although we follow the Voluntary Licensing Authority guidelines and transfer only a maximum of three embryos to the uterus, just under a third of the current pregnancies are twins, and although we have had no neonatal problems yet, this form offertility treatment may have clinical consequences for neonatal units.The most successful units in the world are usually those that devote large resources to in vitro fertilisation.This is not practical for every unit, and couples may find travelling to prestigious units and living away from home stressful and expensive.Adopting new approaches tailored to the needs of small units means that in vitro fertilisation can be successful and need not be a burden on NHS resources.
URETHRAL ECTOPIC URETER FROM HYDRONEPHROTIC HALF OF DOUBLE KIDNEY
Authors: EDGAR G. BALLENGER
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Urethral ectopic ureters without incontinence are exceedingly rare; so far as we know, no case has been previously reported in a man. In a recent review of the literature, Davis<sup>1</sup>could find only five reports of this anomaly, to which he added a sixth; all were in women. Two of these were diagnosed at necropsy (probably the two reports were of the same case), two at operation and two by cystoscopy and pyelography. In all but one of these cases of urethral ectopic ureters there were a normal kidney and a single ureter on one side, with a normally placed ureteral opening in the bladder and double ureters from a double kidney on the other. In Hunner's<sup>2</sup>case there was a single kidney on each side, with one normal ureteral opening at the usual site; the other ureter opened into the urethra. In practically all cases of ectopic
Abstract 12331: Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Enhances Sympathetic Activity in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Toshiaki Nakagaki, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Koji Ito, Ryuji Matsukawa, Masaaki Nishihara, Sumio Hoka, Kenji Sunagawa
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists have been shown to benefit patients with heart failure by probably preventing the end-organ damage. It has also been reported that MR regulat...
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Sudden Death, and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators
Authors: Rick A. Nishimura, Steve R. Ommen
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Genotypic and Histological Evolution of Lung Cancers Acquiring Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors
Authors: Lecia V. Sequist, Belinda A. Waltman, Dora Dias-Santagata, Subba Digumarthy, Alexa B. Turke, Panos Fidias, Kristin Bergethon, Alice T. Shaw, Scott Gettinger, Arjola K. Cosper, Sara Akhavanfard, Rebecca S. Heist, Jennifer Temel, James G. Christensen, John C. Wain, Thomas J. Lynch, Kathy Vernovsky, Eugene J. Mark, Michael Lanuti, A. John Iafrate, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Jeffrey A. Engelman
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Lung cancers undergo dynamic genetic and histological changes upon developing resistance to EGFR inhibitors.