tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission
Authors: David B. Adams
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1979)

Abstract A preliminary attempt is made to analyze the intraspecific aggressive behavior of mammals in terms of specific neural circuitry. The results of stimulation, lesion, and recording studies of aggressive behavior in cats and rats are reviewed and analyzed in terms of three hypothetical motivational systems: offense, defense, and submission. A critical distinction, derived from ethological theory, is made between motivating stimuli that simultaneously activate functional groupings of motor patterning mechanisms, and releasing and directing stimuli that are necessary for the activation of discrete motor patterning mechanisms. It is suggested that motivating stimuli activate pathways that converge upon sets of homogeneous neurons, called motivational mechanisms, whose activity determines the motivational state of the animal. A defense motivational mechanism is hypothesized to be located in the midbrain central gray. In addition to tactile, auditory, and visual inputs from the paleospinothalamic tract, lateral lemniscus, and (perhaps) from the pretectum, it may receive inputs from a major forebrain pathway whose functional significance is not yet understood. A submission motivational mechanism is also thought to be located in the central gray. In addition to inputs for defense, it is thought to receive a necessary input from a “consociate (social familiarity cue) modulator” located in the ventromedial hypothalamus, which can switch behavior from defense to submission. The location of the hypothetical offense motivational mechanism is not known, although the pathways by which it is activated are traced in some detail. Brain mechanisms of aggression in primitive mammals and in primates are apparently similar to those in rats and cats.
PUS TUBES IN THE MALE, AND THEIR SURGICAL TREATMENT.
Authors: W. T. BELFIELD
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Due attention is not generally accorded to the fact that the genital duct proper in the male—seminal vesicle, vas deferens and epididymis—is just as prone to suppuration as is the urethra. Suppuration in the vesicle, it is true, has been recognized, in recent years, as a frequent feature of gonorrhea; but the extension of this infection to the epididymis—frequent and familiar though it be—is not generally considered a suppurating process. Even the best of our modern treatises expressly state that suppuration is exceptional in epididymitis, gonorrheal or other; they consistently prescribe the usual medical treatment, but do not advise the evacuation of pus, except in those rare cases in which fluctuation becomes distinct. The pus infections of the epididymis and of the vas deferens present a complete though neglected analogy with the familiar pus infections of the fallopian tubes.
The way forward in the Soviet health service.
Authors: M Ryan, G D Forwell
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The Russians have a saying to the effect that it is better to see something once than to hear about it a hundred times.For a visitor to the Soviet Union, however, the evidence of one's own eyes may prove far from easy to evaluate, as we discovered during a recent study tour.Organised by the International Hospital Federation, this tour included visits to a range of health service units in Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev, and Sochi on the Black Sea coast.Although much that we saw and learnt from our hosts suggested interesting themes for discussion, there was an everpresent danger of generalising on the basis of inadequate or un- verifiable data.So, rather than present an account based on observations ofprobably atypical units, we have chosen to use our impressions and existing knowledge of the organisation of Soviet health care' to supplement valuable documentary evidence that we obtained about the programmes and priorities of the Soviet health service in the immediate future.This evidence was provided in the equivalent of a circular, which the USSR Ministry of Health issued in April 1979 in order to announce the main guidelines for the development of medical care and biomedical science during the period of the next five-year plan .2It may be argued that the most persuasive justification for studying other systems of social service delivery, and of government in general, is to sharpen critical awareness of the corresponding institutions in one's own country.So, although this article does not offer a rigorous comparative analysis, we shall refer to the British scene to the extent that seems appropriate.This intention is implied in our title, which, as many readers will recognise, contains an allusion to the DHSS document in the series that came closest to presenting a five-year plan for the National Health Service.3-5(Higher priority was assigned to preventive medicine, primary care, longer-term care, convalescence, and rehabilitation, while a limit was proposed for the expansion of acute hospital care.)The first point of difference that emerges from a comparison of these documents relates to the scope of the British and Soviet health services.Unlike the position here in Britain, Soviet public health measures-what is termed the "sanitary-epidemiological service"-come under the same administrative aegis as personal medical care.Broadly speaking, this arrangement may be viewed as a reminder of how comparatively recent is the development of the Soviet economy, judged by conventional criteria such as urbanisation and industrialisation.(Even in mid- 1978, according to the statistical year book, 37% of the total population fell into the category of rural residents.)It also serves to recall the massive discontinuities in the socioeconomic infrastructure caused by protracted civil war; at the start of the Soviet health service, these factors made it imperative to give
Prevention of Traveler's Diarrhea
Authors: David Y. Graham
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  I am writing in response to the consensus conference on traveler's diarrhea. 1 The most important aspect of traveler's diarrhea is prevention. Although the consensus conference briefly discussed the use of bismuth subsalicylate to prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -induced diarrhea (ETEC), I do not believe that its true potential role was adequately discussed. The consensus review referred to the study in which Pepto Bismol (58 g, four times daily) decreased the incidence of diarrhea by 60%. 2 There are a number of potential problems in analyzing the results of field trials, particularly performed in an environment with multiple potential pathogens. In that study, ETEC were recovered from patients with diarrhea receiving Pepto Bismol much less frequently than in the control group. These results could be interpreted as showing that the patients who received Pepto Bismol encountered ETEC less frequently by chance, or that there was a specific
Changing Gloves Between Vaginal and Rectal Examination: An Additional Reason
Authors: Joseph E. Scherger
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent letter to<i>JAMA</i>, Dr Wilbanks<sup>1</sup>described the importance of changing gloves between vaginal and rectal examination to avoid rectal contamination with vaginal organisms. The author indicated that this is a reinstitution of an old practice for new diseases by describing the changing nature of vaginal organisms. There is a much more pragmatic reason for changing gloves between vaginal and rectal examinations—to avoid false-positive test results for occult blood. During the year before I began routinely changing gloves, two of my woman patients had false-positive results on occult blood tests by rectal examination. Obtaining a Papanicolaou smear often results in a small amount of bleeding from the cervix. Since the bimanual examination usually follows the speculum examination and Papanicolaou smear, this blood is easily transferred to the examining finger. When this same finger has been placed in the rectum with a subsequent test for
Left ventricular dysfunction of isolated working rat hearts after chronic alcohol consumption
Authors: L. D. SEGEL, S. V. RENDIG, D. T. MASON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

The mechanical, haemodynamic, and energetic functions of isolated perfused working hearts from chronic alcoholic and control rats were studied. Male Long-Evans rats were fed a nutritionally-complete liquid diet containing 38% of daily calories as ethanol (isocaloric replacement with dextrin-maltose for controls) for 34 to 48 weeks. Alcoholics and controls received either 7.4% (low-fat) or 21.0% (high-fat) of calories from lipid. Animals were matched by dry heart weight for comparisons and hearts were evaluated at a constant heart rate in an improved isolated ejecting heart perfusion preparation. Ventricular function curves and the response to 10(-7) mol . litre-1 dobutamine HCl were obtained during normoxic and hypoxic perfusion. In normoxia, the hearts from the high- and low-fat alcoholic animals exhibited a significantly lower response of left ventricular maximum systolic pressure, left ventricular maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum ejection velocity to dobutamine than did the controls. In hypoxia, the left ventricular maximum systolic pressure of the low-fat alcoholic hearts was slightly, but significantly, lower than that of the low-fat control hearts at the three filling pressures studied. Also in hypoxia, the increase in left ventricular maximum rate of pressure rise with dobutamine was significantly less in the alcoholic hearts than in controls. These data suggest that long-term consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol even along with a nutritionally-adequate diet can result in depressed myocardial contractility and pump function that may be manifest when the heart is subjected to stress conditions.
Glomerular Hyperfiltration Is Associated With Blood Pressure Abnormalities in Normotensive Normoalbuminuric IDDM Patients
Authors: Miriam Pecis, Mirela J Azevedo, Jorge L Gross
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To analyze the blood pressure patterns in normoalbuminuric IDDM patients with glomerular hyperfiltration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A controlled cross-sectional study of 38 normotensive normoalbuminuric (urinary albumin excretion rate &amp;lt;20 μg/min) IDDM patients (18 hyperfiltering [glomerular filtration rate &amp;gt;134 ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2] and 20 normofiltering) and 20 normal individuals matched for age, sex, and BMI was performed. The 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was monitored using an auscultatory technique (Pressurometer IV, Del Mar Avionics), the glomerular filtration rate was measured by 51Cr-labeled EDTA method, extracellular volume by the distribution volume of 51Cr-labeled EDTA, and the 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Mean nocturnal diastolic blood pressure was higher in hyperfiltering IDDM patients (70.4 ± mmHg), when compared with the control group (65.1 ± 5.3 mmHg, P = 0.04). Diastolic blood pressure night:day ratio was higher in hyperfiltering IDDM patients (92.0 ± 8.6%), when compared with normofiltering IDDM patients (85.9 ± 4.8%) and control subjects (87.0 ± 6.8%, P = 0.02). In IDDM patients, the glomerular filtration rate significantly correlated with the diastolic blood pressure night:day ratio (r = 0.5, P = 0.002), extracellular volume (r = 0.04, P = 0.002), and HbA1 (r = 0.3, P = 0.03). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, factors associated with glomerular filtration rate were diastolic blood pressure night:day ratio, extracellular volume, and HbA1 (adjusted r2 = 0.27, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Glomerular hyperfiltration is associated with higher nocturnal diastolic blood pressure and with a blunted nocturnal decrease in diastolic blood pressure levels in normotensive and normoalbuminuric IDDM patients.
Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation
Authors: Mauro Di Ianni, Franca Falzetti, Alessandra Carotti, Adelmo Terenzi, Flora Castellino, Elisabetta Bonifacio, Beatrice Del Papa, Tiziana Zei, Roberta Iacucci Ostini, Debora Cecchini, Teresa Aloisi, Katia Perruccio, Loredana Ruggeri, Chiara Balucani, Antonio Pierini, Paolo Sportoletti, Cynthia Aristei, Brunangelo Falini, Yair Reisner, Andrea Velardi, Franco Aversa, Massimo F. Martelli
Journal: Blood (2011)
Settled Barn and Home Dust Induces Distinct Airway Inflammation in Mice not Explained by Endotoxin
Authors: M.S. Leino, H. Alenius, T. Haahtela, L. von Hertzen, H. Wolff, M. Salkinoja-Salonen, M.A. Andersson, O. Saris, L. Pylkkänen, K. Reijula, M. Mäkelä
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Neck circumference and other clinical features in the diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.
Authors: R J Davies, N J Ali, J R Stradling
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: Neck circumference has been suggested to be more predictive of obstructive sleep apnoea than general obesity, but the statistical validity of this conclusion has been questioned. Combining neck circumference with other signs and symptoms may allow the clinical diagnosis or exclusion of sleep apnoea to be made with reasonable confidence. This study examines these issues. METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients referred to a sleep clinic for investigation of sleep related breathing disorders completed a questionnaire covering daytime sleepiness, snoring, driving, and nasal disease. Body mass index and neck circumference corrected for height were measured and obstructive sleep apnoea severity was quantified as number of dips in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) of more than 4% per hour of polysomnography. Multiple linear regression was used retrospectively to identify independent predictors of SaO2 dip rate, and the model derived was then prospectively tested in a further 85 subjects. RESULTS: The retrospective analysis showed that the question "Do you fall asleep during the day, particularly when not busy?" was the best questionnaire predictor of variance in the SaO2 dip rate (r2 = 0.13); no other question improved this correlation. This analysis also showed that neither body mass index nor any of the questionnaire variables improved the amount of variance explained by height corrected neck circumference alone (r2 = 0.35). A statistically similar prospective analysis confirmed this relationship (r2 = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: Prospective study of these patients referred to a sleep clinic with symptoms suggesting sleep apnoea shows that neck circumference corrected for height is more useful as a predictor of obstructive sleep apnoea than general obesity. None of the questionnaire variables examined add to its predictive power, but alone it is inadequate to avoid the need for sleep studies to diagnose this disease.
NFkappaB prevents apoptosis and liver dysfunction during liver regeneration.
Authors: Y Iimuro, T Nishiura, C Hellerbrand, K E Behrns, R Schoonhoven, J W Grisham, D A Brenner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Although NFkappaB binding activity is induced during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, the physiological consequence of this induction is unknown. We have assessed the role of NFkappaB during liver regeneration by delivering to the liver a superrepressor of NFkappaB activity using an adenoviral vector expressing a mutated form of IkappaBalpha. This adenovirus (Ad5IkappaB) was almost exclusively expressed in the liver and inhibited NFkappaB DNA binding activity and transcriptional activity in cultured cells as well as in the liver in vivo. After partial hepatectomy, infection with Ad5IkappaB, but not a control adenovirus (Ad5LacZ), resulted in the induction of massive apoptosis and hepatocytes as demonstrated by histological staining and TUNEL analysis. In addition, infection with Ad5IkappaB but not Ad5LacZ decreased the mitotic index after partial hepatectomy. These two phenomena, increased apoptosis and failure to progress through the cell cycle, were associated with liver dysfunction in animals infected with the Ad5IkappaB but not Ad5LacZ, as demonstrated by elevated serum bilirubin and ammonia levels. Thus, the induction of NFkappaB during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy appears to be a required event to prevent apoptosis and to allow for normal cell cycle progression.
Antioxidant defences in rat, pig, guinea pig, and human hearts: comparison with xanthine oxidoreductase activity
Authors: M. Janssen, P. van der Meer, J. W. de Jong
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: Cardiac injury, related to ischaemia and reperfusion, may be caused by the action of oxygen free radicals. Xanthine oxidoreductase activity may be an important free radical source. During cardiac ischaemia, the native dehydrogenase form may be converted to the oxidase form, which uses molecular oxygen to form superoxide radicals. Superoxide dismutase converts the radicals to H2O2, which is detoxified by catalase and glutathione peroxidase. In view of the large differences in xanthine oxidoreductase in various species, the activity of these antioxidant enzymes was investigated. Methods: Normal rodent and porcine as well as explanted human hearts were perfused according to Langendorff. After a 30 minute stabilisation period, hypoxanthine was added to the perfusion buffer to estimate xanthine oxidoreductase. Hearts or biopsies were freeze clamped after 90 minutes. Effluent xanthine and urate were assayed with high performance liquid chromatography; tissue reduced glutathione content and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were determined spectrophotometrically. Apparent xanthine oxidoreductase was calculated as xanthine + 2 × urate production. Results: Xanthine oxidoreductase was (mU·g−1 protein, mean(SEM), n = 5-7): rat, 470(40); guinea pig, 270(41); pig < 1.5; and human, 5.4(1.0). Superoxide dismutase activities were (U·g−1 protein): rat, 13 370(1030); guinea pig, 10 100(1110); pig, 12 800(450); and human, 7400(450). Catalase activity (k ≤ 10·g−1 protein) was low in all species studied. Glutathione peroxidase activity was 93(7) U·g−1 protein in rat heart, and 10 × lower in the other species. Glutathione reductase activity was (U·g−1 protein): rat, 15.0(1.6); guinea pig. 10.4(1.3); pig, 16.0(1.5); and human, 26.6(2.0). Tissue reduced glutathione concentrations were (μmol·g−1 protein): rat, 13.5(0.8); guinea pig, 18.5(0.9); pig, 11.1(2.9); and human 17.2(1.7). Conclusions: Considerable species differences in xanthine oxidoreductase activity exist, contrasting with the smaller variations in antioxidant enzyme activities. In the species examined catalase activities were very low. Rat hearts are far better protected against H2O2 than the other three species. Xanthine oxidoreductase induced free-radical damage probably plays a minor role in pig and human hearts. Human myocardium seems less protected against superoxide radicals. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:2052-2057
Abstract 4038: Investigating the effect of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) inhibition in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance.
Authors: Katherine Richards, Ellen Gunn, Reginald Hill
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States with a 5-year survival rate of 6%. Current therapeutic regimens have done little to halt the progression of this disease. This demonstrates an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies which address the mechanisms underlying the tumor cells’ ability to develop resistance to drug treatment. Increased expression of GRP78, a member of the Hsp70 protein family, is associated with poor prognosis in a number of human cancers. This prompted us to explore the role of GRP78 expression in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our data show that while no GRP78 expression was observed in the ducts of wild-type pancreata, GRP78 expression is significantly increased in the ductal cells of PDACs in our murine models. Moreover, this upregulated GRP78 expression, especially its membrane-associated form, corresponded to P-AKT activation. Our previous results showed that increased P-AKT signaling is significantly associated with distinct pancreatic cancer patient subgroups with more aggressive disease progression. Taken together, these data raised the question of whether GRP78 is essential for pancreatic chemoresistance. GRP78 expression was inhibited in several gemcitabine resistant PDAC cell lines using siRNA. GRP78 knockdown produced no measurable levels of cell death in any cell lines tested. Likewise, treatment with gemcitabine alone produced very little cell death. However, gemcitabine treatment in cells with GRP78 knockdown showed significantly increased cell death. Examination of cells treated with GRP78 siRNA showed decreased P-AKT activation. These data suggest GRP78 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for chemoresistant pancreatic cancers which show PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Citation Format: Katherine Richards, Ellen Gunn, Reginald Hill. Investigating the effect of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) inhibition in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4038. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4038
Detection of EBER nuclear RNA in T-cell lymphomas involving the skin-an in <i>situ</i> hybridization study
Authors: C. K. PARK, Y. H. KO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

To examine the relationship of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a retrospective study was performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from 12 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. All cases were immunophenotyped with a panel of monoclonal antibodies including CD45RO, CD43, MB-2, CD20, and CD68. In situ hybridization studies to detect the EBV genome were performed, using the EBV-RNA probes for the early RNAs of EBV, namely EBER and BHLF. Among the 12 patients, six had primary CTCL, and six had secondary CTCL. The nasal cavity was the most frequent extracutaneous primary site. Immunophenotypically, all of the cases were of the T-cell lineage. In situ hybridization demonstrated a diffuse strong positive reaction for EBV transcripts (EBER) nuclear RNA in five out of 12 cases (41.7%) and a negative reaction for BHLF nuclear RNA probe in all the cases studied. Angiocentric lymphomas were positive in three out of the five cases (60%) studied. Secondary CTCL had a higher correlation with EBV than did primary CTCL, especially primary nasal T-cell lymphoma with subsequent cutaneous involvement. The EBV genome in lymphoma cells existed in a latently infected form but not in an actively replicating form. Three out of the five EBV-positive patients died, 8 months to 4 years after diagnosis. EBV infection alone in the lymphoma does not seem to affect the prognosis of CTCL patients significantly.