tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
RAPID INDUCTION OF MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN THE RAT AND THE INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON THE TUMORS
Authors: Charles Huggins, Giuliano Briziarelli, Harold Sutton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

A study was made of the optimal conditions for the induction of mammary cancer in the rat. 3-Methylcholanthrene was administered via the gastrointestinal tract, and a simple technique was worked out for inducing mammary cancer regularly and rapidly. Under conducive conditions, which were readily reproduced, multiple mammary carcinomas and these tumors only were induced in every rat in repeated experiments in 60 days or less. In the strain of animal employed in the present experiments, the rapid induction of mammary cancer proved to be a function of (a) dosage, (b) the timing of administration of the aromatic hydrocarbon, and (c) a favoring hormonal status of the recipient. Most of the established tumors were hormone-dependent because they diminished markedly in size after hormone withdrawal through ovariectomy or hypophysectomy. Similar regression of the tumors was frequently achieved by the administration of dihydrotestosterone. Shrinkage of the cancers was accompanied by atrophic changes. Experimental mammary tumors with these physiologic characteristics have not been recognized hitherto. The minority of mammary cancers continued to grow after ovariectomy; these are hormone-independent tumors and tumors of this sort had a characteristic cytologic appearance following modification of the endocrine state. The cell population of a single tumor was not always uniform in its response to appropriate hormonal modifications. In certain tumors in response to changes in the endocrine status of the host many of the cells underwent atrophy whilst other adjacent cells in the same tumor continued to grow so that the net result was a hormone-independent tumor. Hypophysectomy was the most effective method found to induce regression of mammary cancer in the present experiments.
Increased Incidence of Type I Diabetes in Children of Older Mothers
Authors: Thomas M Flood, Stuart J Brink, Ray E Gleason
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

Analysis of chart data in a large series of patients with juvenile-onset, type I diabetes shows a highly significant (P less than 0.001) increased incidence in the children born to older mothers. Diabetes was also much more frequent in the late-birth-order siblings, and this appears to be an alternative expression of advanced maternal age. This observation suggests that there may be a subset of children who eventually develop type I diabetes and are at increased risk by virtue of being born to older mothers.
The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1980)

For many reasons, the progress of medicine has been—and probably will continue to be—recorded in strong differences of opinion. In pondering today's medical controversies, it may be helpful to reflect on some of those of the past and the personalities, beliefs, and historical periods that played a part. These essays, by ten scholars of various backgrounds, may provide some needed perspective. Whether or not you agree with everything they write, you are likely to find some fascinating reading (and perhaps some interesting revelations) in their sociohistorical examination of the recent evolution of medical therapy, education, approaches to certain problems, and—with much of the rest of mankind—continuing efforts to "define what it is to be human."
PTH-089 Hepatitis B Monotherapy With Tenofovir Or Entacavir: A Uk Single Centre Experience
Authors: S Shabbir, S Stevenson, PM Tachtatzis, LC Claridge, MH Davies, RL Jones, MA Aldersley
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Tenofovir (TDF) and Entacavir (ETV) are potent oral antiviral medication for chronic hepatitis B <sup>1</sup>. Our aim was to record effectiveness of these 2 widely used antivirals in achieving viral suppression, HBeAg seroconversion and HBsAg loss after an initial 12 months of treatment and to further assess long term results (from June 2007 to April 2013) in chronic hepatitis B patients in a single tertiary referral centre. <h3>Methods</h3> We retrospectively collected data from hospital record from June 2007 to April 2013. We included chronic hepatitis B patients with high viral load (&gt;2000 IU/ml), treatment naive and treatment experienced and who were on treatment for at least 12 months with either on tenofovir or entacavir. Treatment experienced patients were those who were switched from other antivirals to tenofovir or entacavir with high viral load. <h3>Results</h3> 61 patients were treated with TDF monotherapy for a median of 29 months, 25 (41%) were HBeAg positive and 36 (59%) were HBeAg negative. In the HBsAg positive group 17 (68%) achieved virological response in 12 months time while 22 (88%) had achieved it on longer term treatment. 2 (8%) got HBeAg seroconvertion within 12 months whilst 4 (16%) seroconverted on longer term treatment. In the HBeAg negative group 29 (81%) achieved virological response after 12 months treatment whilst 34 (94%) achieved virological response on longer term treatment. 33 patients were treated with ETV monotherapy for a median of 38 months, 14 (42%) were HBeAg positive and 19(58%) were HBeAg negative. In the HBsAg positive group 7 (50%) achieved virological response after 12 months treatment whilst all 14 (100%) achieved virological response on longer term treatment. 1 (7%) got HBeAg seroconvertion in 12 months whilst 4 (29%) seroconverted on longer term treatment. In the HBeAg negative group 15 (79%) achieved virological response after 12 months time whilst all 19 (100%) had achieved it on longer term treatment. None of the patients on either on ETV or TDF lost HBsAg. <h3>Conclusion</h3> ETV and TDF are potent nucleos (t)ide analogues as first-line monotherapies for chronic hepatitis B. Due to the fact that ETV was licensed before TDF treatment durations are longer with this agent which is likely to explain the numerically superior long term results with ETV. It will require more patients and longer duration of treatment to allow a meaningful comparison of the two agents and to determine if HBsAg loss as described in the registration trials can be replicated in clinical practice. <h3>Reference</h3> 1 Woo G, Tomlinson G, Nishikawa Y, <i>et al</i>. Tenofovir and entecavir are the most effective antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. 2010 Oct;139(4):1218-29 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Richard Granger resigns as chief executive of Connecting for Health
Authors: Adrian O'Dowd and Michael Cross
Journal: BMJ (2007)

UK NEWS Scientists plead for right to create interspecies embryos, p1238 World NEWS US gro�p highlights symptoms of early o�arian cancer, p 12�� US gro�p highlights symptoms of early o�arian cancer, p 12�� bmj.com �itamin d from s�n e�pos�re may protect against solid cancers �itamin d from s�n e�pos�re may protect against solid cancers
Abstract 3803: Potential role of multidrug resistance associated protein (MRPs) in hypoxia-induced drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells (H460)
Authors: Yu-Lun Chen, Chia-Lun Chang, Li-Chiung Lin, Chi-Mei Hsueh
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract H460 is a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell with multidrug resistance (MDR) against a variety of anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). It has been reported that hypoxia can trigger the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and the subsequent production of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, the archetype of MDR associated proteins or MRPs) that eventually lead to chemotherapeutic resistance of various cancer cell lines as well as NSCLC patients. The primary concern of this study was to know would hypoxia promote drug resistance of H460 cells via MRPs (MRP1 and MRP3). The experimental strategies applied were to evaluate the hypoxic impacts upon: 1) the drug resistance of H460 cells against doxorubicin (DOX, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug in many cancer treatments), using MTT assay; 2) the expression of MRP1, MRP3 and HIF-1alpha of H460 cells in the absence or presence of DOX, using Western blot analysis; 3) the intracellular accumulation of DOX in H460 cells, using flow cytometry. The current results showed that DOX triggered a dose- and time-dependent cell death of H460. A hypoxia-induced DOX resistance was observed in H460 cells. Western blot analysis further showed that DOX-decreased MRP1 was further exacerbated under hypoxic condition that precluded the possible involvement of MRP1 in hypoxia-induced drug resistance. DOX on contrary increased the expression of MRP3. The potential contribution of MRP3 to hypoxia-induced DOX resistance and its role in pumping out of DOX from H460 cells are currently investigated in our laboratory. Finally, hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha remained still high in the presence of DOX, suggesting a potential role of HIF-1alpha in promoting the DOX resistance of H460. Results from the study can uncover the molecular mechanisms underneath hypoxia-induced DOX resistance of H460 that consequently can lead to therapeutic target(s) for treatment of NSCLC cells (H460). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3803. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3803
The Care of the Unconscious Patient
Authors: James E. Eckenhoff
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The patient who is unconscious from cerebral catastrophe must depend upon others to detect or anticipate his needs and to institute the appropriate measures to assure his recovery if the pathological insult can be overcome. Adequate pulmonary ventilation must be provided by verification of the minute volume of respiration, by respiratory assistance if required, by tracheostomy if indicated, and by periodic analysis of arterial blood for pO<sub>2</sub>, pCO<sub>2</sub>, and pH. The latter method is the most reliable index since an increased physiological dead space may vitiate a seemingly sufficient respiratory exchange. Arterial blood gas analysis will also reveal hypercarbia which can exist without concomitant cyanosis, and enhance coma. Tracheostomy will reduce respiratory dead space and facilitate removal of respiratory tract secretions; however the respiratory tract usually becomes infected due to poor aseptic technique. Hypothermia to 86 to 88 F (30.0 to 31.1 C) may increase survival from strokes.
DISEASES AND HOSPITALS OF PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA.
Authors: NICHOLAS SENN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Portugal has a claim on Africa by the right of discovery, and in the apportionment of the country by the great powers of Europe she has held her own and her flag floats in the breeze of both coasts. Her possession on the east coast consists of a long, narrow strip of land, extending from German East Africa southward to Tongoland and including the Island of Mozambique. The country is only thinly settled, owing to the prevalence of malaria, which makes it dangerous for Europeans to make their homes anywhere on the vast stretch of lowlands, where the soil is most productive. The Portuguese have to contend here, like their neighbors, the Germans, with all kinds of tropical diseases, notably malaria and dysentery. <h3>MOZAMBIQUE.</h3> Boys who study geography are sure to preserve the names of certain places, cities, rivers, capes, islands, etc., in their memory long after they have forgotten
Naturally Occurring and Inducible T-Regulatory Cells Modulating Immune Response in Allergic Asthma
Authors: Halvor S. McGee, Devendra K. Agrawal
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

T-regulatory cells (Tregs) are potent immunomodulators in allergic asthma.We evaluated the functional effects of Tregs by adoptively transferring naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs (NTregs) and CD4(+)CD25(-) inducible Tregs (iTregs) from lung and spleens of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic Balb/c mice into cockroach-sensitized and -challenged mice.GFP-labeled NTregs and iTregs were adoptively transferred into cockroach-sensitized and -challenged mice. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine was examined using a single-chamber, whole-body plethysmograph and invasive tracheostomy.Adoptive transfer of either NTregs or iTregs from lung or spleen reversed airway inflammation and AHR to methacholine, and the effect lasted for at least 4 weeks. GFP-labeled iTregs up-regulated CD25 and forkhead-winged transcriptional factor box protein 3 and migrated to lymph node and lung. Lung CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells isolated from each group of recipient mice were inducible costimulatory molecule-high and programmed death (PD)-1-positive; however, higher expression of PD-1 was found in the spleen iTregs (S25(-)) and lung iTregs (L25(-)) groups. Higher levels of transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 mRNA transcripts and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-10 and INF-gamma levels were observed in lung CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from the L25(-) and S25(-) cell-recipient mice than from lung NTregs (L25(+)) and spleen NTregs (S25(+)) cell-recipient mice. Adoptive transfer of either cell type significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels.Tregs reverse AHR and airway inflammation; however iTregs that differentiated into IL-10-producing CD4(+) type 1 cells in the lung exert their suppressive activity likely by higher levels of transforming growth factor-beta, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and elevated levels of PD-1 compared with NTregs. Hence, PD-1 may be a conduit for reversing AHR by Tregs and a plausible target for treating asthma.
Fetal-Tissue Transplants in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Stanley Fahn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

For five years there has been widespread interest in the possible benefits of implantation of tissue into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, starting with reports of success with autologous adrenal medulla tissue1 and fetal ventral mesencephalic (dopaminergic) tissue.2 Claims of dramatic benefit with adrenal medullary implants led to many unsuccessful attempts to replicate the findings, and that approach has been virtually abandoned. Cautious optimism concerning future success with fetal-tissue implantation persisted because there is logic in the idea of dopamine-replacement therapy, and fetal dopaminergic cells could be the source. This approach has been effective in treating the parkinsonian . . .
Increased levels of CCR7 ligands in carotid atherosclerosis: different effects in macrophages and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Bente Halvorsen, Tuva B. Dahl, Linda M. Smedbakken, Anjana Singh, Annika E. Michelsen, Mona Skjelland, Kirsten Krohg-Sørensen, David Russell, Uta E. Höpken, Martin Lipp, Jan K. Damås, Sverre Holm, Arne Yndestad, Erik A. Biessen, Pål Aukrust
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

AimsThe homeostatic chemokines, CCL19 and CCL21 and their receptor CCR7, have recently been linked to atherogenesis. We investigated the expression of CCL19/CCL21/CCR7 in carotid atherosclerosis as well as the ability of these chemokines to modulate lipid accumulation in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype.
The Psychiatric Nurse as a More Independent Therapist
Authors: J. Connolly, R.S. Hallam
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1975)

Research Articles| February 12 2010 The Psychiatric Nurse as a More Independent Therapist Subject Area: Psychiatry and Psychology J. Connolly; J. Connolly Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospitals, London Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar R.S. Hallam R.S. Hallam Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospitals, London Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Psychother Psychosom (1975) 25 (1-6): 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1159/000286863 Article history Published Online: February 12 2010 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation J. Connolly, R.S. Hallam; The Psychiatric Nurse as a More Independent Therapist. Psychother Psychosom 31 December 1975; 25 (1-6): 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1159/000286863 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsPsychotherapy and Psychosomatics Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1975Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
Use of Acute Care Services Among Older Homeless Adults
Authors: Rebecca T. Brown, Dan K. Kiely, Monica Bharel, Laura J. Grande, Susan L. Mitchell
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

There were several limitations of the present study. First, the study cohort was highly educated, numerate, and well insured, with a higher than average income level, thus differing from a population-based cohort of patients with DCIS. Second, we administered hypothetical scenarios to individuals personally not diagnosed as having DCIS. While it is possible that patients with DCIS may react differently to the survey, the use of hypothetical scenarios allowed us to explore women’s preferences toward systemic therapy and active surveillance, unbiased by previous knowledge regarding DCIS and standard modes of treatment options. Finally, the projected outcomes in the scenarios were generalized and static, whereas true outcomes vary depending on patient age, tumor grade, and other case-specific factors. We conclude that the terminology used to describe DCIS has a significant and important impact on patients’ perceptions of treatment alternatives. Health care providers who use “cancer” to describe DCIS must be particularly assiduous in ensuring that patients understand the important distinctions between DCIS and invasive cancer.
Tactical deception in primates
Authors: A. Whiten, R. W. Byrne
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1988)

Abstract Tactical deception occurs when an individual is able to use an “honest” act from his normal repertoire in a different context to mislead familiar individuals. Although primates have a reputation for social skill, most primate groups are so intimate that any deception is likely to be subtle and infrequent. Published records are sparse and often anecdotal. We have solicited new records from many primatologists and searched for repeating patterns. This has revealed several different forms of deceptive tactic, which we classify in terms of the function they perform. For each class, we sketch the features of another individual's state of mind that an individual acting with deceptive intent must be able to represent, thus acting as a “natural psychologist.” Our analysis will sharpen attention to apparent taxonomic differences. Before these findings can be generalized, however, behavioral scientists must agree on some fundamental methodological and theoretical questions in the study of the evolution of social cognition.
Abstract 5156: Wnt5A enhances the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells via non-canonical signaling
Authors: Robert T. Ripley, Mahadev Rao, Clinton D. Kemp, Aarti Mathur, Mustafa Hussain, Julie A. Hong, Mary Zhang, David S. Schrump
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Objective: Previously, we reported that cigarette smoke condensate dramatically increases tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells via epigenetic silencing of Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1), which encodes an inhibitor of Wnt stem cell signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that knock-down of Dkk-1 up-regulates Wnt5A in lung cancer cells. Expression of this non-canonical Wnt ligand correlates with adverse outcome in lung cancer patients. The present study was undertaken to ascertain if Wnt5A directly modulates the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells. Methods: Calu-6, H358, A549, and H841 lung cancer lines were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing Wnt5A or control sequences. Cell count, scratch, and matrigel assays were used to evaluate in-vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion of transduced cells. Similar experiments were performed with exogenous recombinant Wnt5A (rWnt5A). Nude mouse xenograft experiments were used to assess tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells transduced with Wnt5A or vector controls. Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signal pathways were evaluated using western blot, promoter-reporter, and focused quantitative RT-PCR array techniques. Results: Wnt5A transduced lung cancer cells exhibited significantly increased proliferation, migration, and invasion relative to vector controls (p&amp;lt;0.05; 2-tailed t-test); this phenomenon was pronounced under low serum conditions, and was observed following exposure of parental cells to rWnt5A. Relative to vector controls, Calu-6 and H358 cells constitutively expressing Wnt5A exhibited increased tumor take (p&amp;lt;0.05) and size of subcutaneous xenografts (p&amp;lt;0.05). Whereas microarray and Wnt Super Array experiments demonstrated upregulation of genes implicated in canonical as well as non-canonical Wnt signaling, western blot and promoter-reporter assays revealed that Wnt5A predominantly mediated activation of non-canonical signaling. Calu-6 and H358 cells constitutively expressing Wnt5A exhibited upregulation of the nuclear orphan receptor, ROR2, as well as activation of c-jun terminal N-kinase (Jnk) and c-jun kinase, which mediate non-canonical Wnt signaling. Consistent with these findings, rWnt5A abrogated rWnt3A-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling in lung cancer cells. Conclusion: Wnt5A enhances proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity of cultured lung cancer cells via non-canonical pathways. Collectively, these findings warrant evaluation of inhibitors of Wnt5A-mediated signaling for lung cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5156.