tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Products identified at an alternative disinfection pilot plant.
Authors: B W Lykins, W Koffskey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Many drinking water utilities have recently changed or are seriously considering changing their disinfection practice from chlorine to some alternative treatment process. However, most of these utilities are changing their disinfectants without evaluating chemical impacts. Therefore, a research cooperative agreement was developed with Jefferson Parish, LA, to evaluate four parallel streams treated with four different disinfectants (chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone.) These streams, along with a fifth parallel stream, which was not treated with a disinfectant (control), were passed through both sand and granular activated carbon (GAC). Ozonation reduced the total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic halide (TOX) concentration by 0.3 mg/L and 10 micrograms/L, respectively. The average concentration of TOC for the other disinfectants was comparable to that associated with the nondisinfected stream (3.3 mg/L). The average instantaneous TOX concentration for chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and chlorine disinfection after 30 min contact time increased by 60, 92, and 238 micrograms/L, respectively, from a nondisinfected concentration of 25 micrograms/L. The volatile organics most affected by disinfection (chlorination) were the trihalomethanes. No significant change in concentration was noted after disinfection for the other volatile organics evaluated, such as 1,2-dichlorethane, dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride. Ozonation produced an average concentration reduction of 11 to 84% for most of the nonvolatiles evaluated. Conversely, a concentration increase of 43 to 100% was noted, after chlorination, for some of the nonvolatile organics.
A Lesson From Chinese Medicine
Authors: Ralph Crawshaw
Journal: JAMA (1978)

THE OCCASION of our group's visit to the People's Republic of China grew out of the memory of Evans F. Carlson, a former Marine Corp general who garnered fame during World War II as the leader of Carlson's Raiders, an attack group that applied with devastating effects the tactics of the Chinese Communist guerrillas to Japanese defense positions. Carlson had spent considerable time in China during the 1930s studying the operations of the Eighth Route Army. He had earned their respect as an honest, open-minded man who was willing to learn under the most trying conditions. He eventually retired to Oregon, where he died in 1947. In his name our group of 22 was invited to China to increase understanding between two great peoples. <h3>A Blur of Impressions</h3> One of our hosts in Peking remarked that seeing China in three weeks was like studying flowers from a galloping horse. However,
Relation of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection to 13-Year Mortality and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in the Caerphilly Prospective Heart Disease Study
Authors: David P. Strachan, Michael A. Mendall, David Carrington, Barbara K. Butland, John W. G. Yarnell, Peter M. Sweetnam, Peter C. Elwood
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Associations have been suggested between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity, cardiovascular risk factors, and ischemic heart disease (IHD). The effect of this common infection on mortality is uncertain. Methods and Results —Plasma specimens collected during 1979 to 1983 from 1796 men in Caerphilly, South Wales, were analyzed for IgG antibodies to H pylori . Cause of death and occurrence of incident IHD events were ascertained over an average of 13.7 years from death certificates, hospital records, and ECG changes at 5-yearly follow-up examinations. Seventy percent of men were seropositive. The prevalence of IHD at entry was similar in men with and without H pylori antibodies (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.40). Seropositivity was significantly ( P &lt;0.05) associated with poorer socioeconomic status currently and in childhood, shorter stature, and poorer ventilatory function at entry but not with age, smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, or heat shock protein antibodies. Thirteen-year incidence of IHD was not significantly associated with H pylori (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.39), but there was a stronger relationship with all-cause mortality (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.92) and fatal IHD (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.30). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and both adult and childhood socioeconomic status, ORs were slightly reduced and lost statistical significance (OR=1.32 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.78] for all-cause mortality and OR=1.52 [95% CI, 0.99 to 2.34] for fatal IHD). Conclusions — H pylori infection is unlikely to be as strong a risk factor for IHD as some previous studies have suggested, but its relationship to mortality, including fatal IHD, deserves further investigation. The mechanism underlying these associations is unlikely to involve hypertension, circulating lipid profile, fibrinogen, or cross-reacting antibodies to bacterial heat shock proteins.
COMBINATION OF CHADS2 INDEX AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS?
Authors: Fanny Douna, Stephane Ederhy, Sylvie Lang, Louise Boyer-Chatenet, Emanuele Di Angelantonio, Catherine Meuleman, Ghislaine Dufaitre, Nabila Haddour, Emmanuelle Berthelot-Garcias, Franck Boccara, Ariel Cohen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Reactivity of 13in vitroexpressed hepatitis B surface antigen variants in 7 commercial diagnostic assays
Authors: Jacqueline H. Ireland, Barbara O’Donnell, Ashraf A. Basuni, Joy D. Kean, Lesley A. Wallace, George K. Lau, William F. Carman
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

The primary marker of current hepatitis B infection is the surface antigen (HBsAg), however HBsAg negativity does not exclude hepatitis B viremia. HBsAg variants can be responsible for such diagnostic failures. Here 13 different HBsAg variants were cloned, variant protein produced in a mammalian expression system, and tested using 7 commercial HBsAg diagnostic assays. Of 12 variants analyzed, 6 samples displayed similar reactivity to the positive control (containing standard HBsAg sequence) in most of the assays, but 6 samples, containing various mutations throughout the entire major hydrophilic region (MHR), showed reduced reactivity. It was found that the loss of cysteine at amino acid (aa) 124 in 1 sample affected the secretion as well as the reactivity of HBsAg in the expression system. Thus, not all assays are equally able to detect HBsAg variants, implying that, to attain an acceptable level of sensitivity, the antibody repertoire of the current assays should be extended.
Vaginal Smears as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Early Carcinoma of the Cervix
Authors: Maurice Fremont-Smith, Ruth M. Graham, Joe V. Meigs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

OF the 17,000 annual deaths in the United States from uterine cancer the large majority are caused by carcinoma of the cervix. It has been stated that only 11 per cent of cervical cancers reach the surgeon in the early stage, and 60 per cent are completely inoperable when treatment is begun.1 There is still an average delay of seven months from the onset of symptoms to the institution of treatment. Efforts to educate physicians and the public to the vital importance of immediate diagnosis and treatment at the onset of abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge have been only partially . . .
Israel Medical Association condemns attacks on hospitals—but not Israel's use of cluster bombs
Authors: Merav Sarig
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The Israel Medical Association has condemned Hizbollah's firing of Katyusha rockets at Israeli hospitals in Safed and Nahariya—attacks covered by an Amnesty International study published last week—as a grievous offence but has failed to mention Israeli strikes on Lebanese hospitals.

“If there was intentional damage to hospitals, as the [Amnesty] report claims, it was certainly improper,” said the association's chairman, Yoram Blashar. “But when a hospital is used for purposes other than saving lives, such as providing shelter to Hizbollah leaders or serving as a base from which to launch missiles, it sheds protections guaranteed it in international conventions.”

The association also failed to respond to reports from Amnesty and the …
Evidence of Human Thrombomodulin Domain as a Novel Angiogenic Factor
Authors: Chung-Sheng Shi, Guey-Yueh Shi, Yi-Sheng Chang, Huai-Song Han, Cheng-Hsiang Kuo, Che Liu, Huey-Chun Huang, Yu-Jia Chang, Pin-Shern Chen, Hua-Lin Wu
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Thrombomodulin is an anticoagulant, endothelial-cell-membrane glycoprotein. A recombinant thrombomodulin domain containing 6 epidermal growth factor–like structures exhibits mitogenic activity. This study explored the novel angiogenic effects of the recombinant domain using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods and Results— Human recombinant thrombomodulin containing 6 epidermal growth factor–like structures (TMD2) and TMD2 plus a serine and threonine-rich domain (TMD23) were prepared using the Pichia pastoris expression system. Combined with purified TMD2 or TMD23, thrombin effectively activated protein C. TMD23 had higher activity than TMD2 in stimulating DNA synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Additionally, TMD23 stimulated chemotactic motility and capillarylike tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, an effect mediated through phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. TMD23 also stimulated endothelial cell expression of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators, which mediated extracellular proteolysis, leading to endothelial cell invasion and migration during angiogenesis. Furthermore, TMD23-containing implants in rat cornea induced ingrowth of new blood vessels from the limbus. With the murine angiogenesis assay, TMD23 not only induced neovascularization coinjected with Matrigel and heparin but also enhanced angiogenesis in Matrigel containing melanoma A2058 cells in nude mice. Conclusions— The recombinant thrombomodulin domain TMD23 enhanced the angiogenic response in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that thrombomodulin fragments may play a role in the formation of new vessels. These findings may provide a new therapeutic option for treating ischemic diseases.
Shanghai fever: a distinct<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>enteric disease
Authors: Chih-Hsien Chuang, Yi-Hsin Wang, Hsin-Ju Chang, Hsiu-Ling Chen, Yhu-Chering Huang, Tzou-Yien Lin, Egon A Ozer, Jonathan P Allen, Alan R Hauser, Cheng-Hsun Chiu
Journal: Gut (2013)

Shanghai fever, a community-acquired enteric illness associated with sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was first described in 1918. The understanding of Shanghai fever is incomplete.To delineate the clinical features and to examine the host and microbial factors associated with Shanghai fever.We prospectively enrolled 27 consecutive previously healthy children with community-acquired P aeruginosa enteritis and sepsis between July 2003 and June 2012. An immunological investigation, including measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations, was performed. The clonal relationship of bacterial isolates was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and the virulence of isolates was measured using cellular and animal models.The median age of the patients was 7 months; 24 (89%) were aged <1 year. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (100%), diarrhoea (96%) and shock (81%). Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, high C-reactive protein levels, coagulopathy and hypoalbuminaemia were the key laboratory findings. Necrotising enteritis with or without bowel perforation, ecthyma gangrenosum and seizures were main complications. The death rate was 15%. No common primary immune deficiency was identified. MLST genotypes indicated that isolates from Shanghai fever were non-clonal, but they shared similar phenotypes which were invariably cytotoxic, invasive and adhesive in cellular experiments and caused prolonged gut colonisation and more death than respiratory and laboratory control strains in mice.Shanghai fever is a sporadic community-acquired disease of previously healthy infants that manifests as sepsis associated with P aeruginosa enteric disease. Both host and microbial factors play a role in pathogenesis.
Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease
Authors: William A. Shaver, Harshika Bhatt, Burton Combes
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed early in the course of two patients with Wilson's disease presenting with the combination of severe liver disease and Coombs' negative acute hemolytic anemia. A review of other cases of Wilson's disease revealed that 11 of 12 patients presenting with hemolytic anemia had values for serum alkaline phosphatase less than their respective sex- and age-adjusted mean values; in eight, serum alkaline phosphatase activity was less than the lower value for the normal range of the test. Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase were much less common in Wilson's disease patients with more chronic forms of presentation. Copper added in high concentration to serum in vitro did not have an important effect on serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity in patients is uncertain.
Chemical exposure in fetal/early life: a possible explanation for the rapid increase in atopic dermatitis incidence
Authors: C. Giwercman Carson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Journal Article Chemical exposure in fetal/early life: a possible explanation for the rapid increase in atopic dermatitis incidence Get access C. Giwercman Carson C. Giwercman Carson Department for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases North Zealand Hospital Hillerød Hillerød Denmark https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-9258 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 172, Issue 3, 1 March 2015, Page 555, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13581 Published: 01 March 2015
(6) A case for diagnosis
Authors: I.H. Coulson, R.A. Marsden
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Journal Article (6) A case for diagnosis Get access I.H. Coulson, I.H. Coulson St George's Hospital, London SW17 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.A. Marsden R.A. Marsden St George's Hospital, London SW17 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue s29, 1 July 1985, Pages 50–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb13021.x Published: 01 July 1985
The pathology of AIDS.
Authors: T Richards
Journal: BMJ (1985)

With an estimated 17,000 cases world wide, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is pandemic. In addition, for every known case of AIDS, between 50 and 100 people are infected with the AIDS virus (HTLV-III). Although AIDS remains incurable, more and more is being learned about the nature of the virus and the pathogenesis of the disease. There is considerable genetic variation between different isolates of the virus, although a single antibody can be used to detect the virus in all European and North American patients. Observation of the disease in man has triggered tremendous research in animals, especially monkeys, in whom 3 distinct retroviruses have been found. Pre-existing immunosuppression and excessive antigenic stimulation are important factors which predispose people carrying HTLV-III to developing AIDS. Excessive antigenic stimulation is especially relevant among homosexuals with multiple sexual partners and repeated sexually transmitted infections. A positive test implies past experience of the virus and continuing excretion of the virus by the patient. Whether or not counseling at risk groups actually affects their sex behavior was discussed by Mr. J. Green, a clinical psychologist from St. Mary's Hospital, London. He believes that his studies on homosexual patients have shown that counseling did persuade them to change to safer sex. It is important to maintain a high level of suspicion, particularly when a young person in an at risk group presents with a syndrome similar to glandular fever or a pyrexia of unknown origin. Once a patient in hospital is known to have AIDS, full precautions should be taken to protect clinical and laboratory staff, as well as to preserve the patient's dignity and confidentiality.
Reflections on production of the written word
Authors: David Ponsonby
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

Objectives-To evaluate the changes produced in both the isocapnic buVering and hypocapnic hyperventilation (HHV) phases of professional cyclists (n = 11) in response to endurance training, and to compare the results with those of amateur cyclists (n = 11).Methods-Each professional cyclist performed three laboratory exercise tests to exhaustion during the active rest (autumn: November), precompetition (winter: January), and competition (spring: May) periods of the sports season.Amateur cyclists only performed one exercise test during the competition period.The isocapnic buVering and HHV ranges were calculated during each test and defined as VO 2 and power output (W).Results-No significant diVerences were found in the isocapnic buVering range in each of the periods of the sports season in professional cyclists.In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the HHV range (expressed in W) during both the competition (p<0.01) and precompetition(p<0.05)periods compared with the rest period.On the other hand, a longer HHV range (p<0.01) was observed in amateur cyclists than in professional cyclists (whether this was expressed in terms of VO 2 or W).Conclusions-No change is observed in the isocapnic buVering range of professional cyclists throughout a sports season despite a considerable increase in training loads and a significant reduction in HHV range expressed in terms of power output.
From Ideals to Tools: Applying Human Rights to Maternal Health
Authors: Alicia Ely Yamin
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Alicia Yamin argues that applying human rights frameworks and approaches to maternal health offers strategies and tools to address the root causes of maternal morbidity and mortality within and beyond health systems, in addition to addressing other violations of women's sexual and reproductive health and rights. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
The number of people with sickle‐cell disease in the United States: national and state estimates
Authors: David C. Brousseau, Julie A Panepinto, Mark Nimmer, Raymond G Hoffmann
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
THE EFFECT OF PHENYLHYDRAZINE ON THE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE CONTENT OF NORMAL AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE-DEFICIENT HUMAN BLOOD*
Authors: Daniel N. Mohler, William J. Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

The erythrocytes of certain individuals are pe- culiarly sensitive to the hemolytic effects of prima- quine and a number of related compounds.A va- riety of biochemical abnormalities has been un- covered in such erythrocytes, principally related to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydroge- nase (G6PD) (1-3) but the mechanisms re- sponsible for the drug-induced hemolysis have not been clearly defined.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important compound in the metabolism of the erythrocyte, and it is known that a decrease in the concentra- tion of ATP in erythrocytes correlates well-with decreased survival of these cells as they age in vitro (4, 5) and in vivo (6, 7).It therefore seems possible that a fall in the level of ATP might be associated with the decreased erythrocyte survival that occurs in drug-induced hemo- lytic anemia.In order to obtain evidence bearing on this point phenylhydrazine hemolysis was chosen as a model.The effect of phenylhydrazine on the ATP of whole blood from normal subjects and from individuals with G6PD deficiency was determined under a variety of in vitro experimental conditions.Herein are presented data from experiments which demonstrate that phenylhydrazine induces a marked fall in the ATP level
Feasibility and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation for early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia
Authors: B.-H. Min, E. Kim, J. Lee, K. Kang, P.-L. Rhee, J. Kim, J. Rhee
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

We present 19 cases in which argon plasma coagulation (APC) was used as curative initial treatment for 5 low-grade esophageal squamous intraepithelial neoplasias (ESINs), 12 high-grade ESINs, and 2 early esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Complete response was defined as the absence of tumor from any biopsy taken from the ablated lesion. At follow-up endoscopy 2 – 4 months after APC, 94.7 % of patients had achieved complete response in a single treatment session. Only one patient with high-grade ESIN showed local recurrence. This patient underwent additional APC and showed complete response at 12 months after initial APC. At the 12-month follow-up endoscopy, again 94.7 % had a complete response. The exception was one patient with local recurrence, who underwent additional APC. After the 12-month follow-up endoscopy, no patient showed local recurrence during a median follow-up of 22 months. No stricture requiring endoscopic dilation occurred after the procedure. This study suggests that APC is a feasible and effective treatment modality for ESIN and early ESCC.
Epilepsy: a progressive disease?
Authors: B. Sadzot
Journal: BMJ (1997)

It is amazing how after years of scientific research and therapeutic progress many simple and basic questions about the epilepsies remain unanswered. Even the natural course of epilepsy is not well known because of the widespread use of antiepileptic drugs. Gowers suspected that seizures trigger subsequent seizures or, in other words, that there is a facilitation phenomenon.1 This idea still survives but has yet to be substantiated. We also do not know if antiepileptic drugs alter the natural course of epilepsy and prevent chronicity and intractability developing. Are the risks of further seizures in newly diagnosed patients (especially children) worth the side effects associated with antiepileptic drugs? What is the optimum time to begin treatment? Clinical studies have produced diverging and sometimes conflicting views on these problems.

In this week's BMJ , van Donselaar et al (p 401) followed 204 untreated children aged 1 month to 16 years who experienced one (123 patients) or more idiopathic or “remote symptomatic” tonic-clonic seizures (including seizures with partial onset).2 They analysed the time between seizures until the start of treatment, the fourth untreated seizure, or the end …
AMPKα1 Regulates Macrophage Skewing at the Time of Resolution of Inflammation during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Authors: Rémi Mounier, Marine Théret, Ludovic Arnold, Sylvain Cuvellier, Laurent Bultot, Olga Göransson, Nieves Sanz, Arnaud Ferry, Kei Sakamoto, Marc Foretz, Benoit Viollet, Bénédicte Chazaud
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2013)