tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The gut microbiota, environment and diseases of modern society
Authors: Judith R. Kelsen, Gary D. Wu
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

The human gut microbiota is a complex community that provides important metabolic functions to the host. Consequently, alterations in the gut microbiota have been associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases associated with a disturbance in metabolism, particularly those that have been increasing in incidence over the last several decades including obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. In this review, we explore how advances in deep DNA sequencing technology have provided us a greater understanding of the factors that influence that composition of the gut microbiota and its possible links to the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Complement-independent Adherence of Escherichia coli to Complement Receptors In Vitro
Authors: Douglas P. Fine, Barbara L. Harper, Edward D. Carpenter, C. Patrick Davis, Tito Cavallo, James C. Guckian
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

We studied adherence to human cells by a strain of Escherichia coli. Adherence to erythrocytes was assessed directly by phase-contrast microscopy and indirectly by hemagglutination; adherence to peripheral blood leukocytes, using radiolabeled bacteria and subsequent determination of leukocyte-associated radioactivity; and adherence to renal glomeruli, by microscopy of fluoresceinated bacteria and of Gram-stained nonfluoresceinated bacteria. In serum-free systems, E. coli of this strain adhered to human erythrocytes, which have surface receptors for the third component of complement (C3), but not to erythrocytes from species lacking this receptor. 1 mM trypan blue, a reagent that inhibits complement receptor function, inhibited adherence to human erythrocytes, as well as adherence to leukocytes and glomeruli. Preincubation of erythrocytes and leukocytes with complement-coated zymosan particles partially blocked subsequent bacterial adherence. Incubation of human erythrocytes with aging human serum, with trypsin-cleaved C3, or with C3 cleaved by the classical pathway convertase (EAC142)-all of which treatments deposited C3 on the erythrocyte surface, presumably at C3 receptors-inhibited subsequent E. coli adherence. Finally, incubation of E. coli with rabbit antiserum to human C3 blocked adherence to erythrocytes.Bacterial hemagglutination and erythrocyte adherence were not inhibited by mannose in concentrations up to 2.5%. And this strain of E. coli did not adhere to or agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, the usual test particle used for demonstration of common pili. Finally, electron microscopy of adherent bacteria showed only rare surface pili. In contrast, adherence to and agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes by a stock piliated E. coli was inhibited by mannose but not by trypan blue. We conclude that organisms of this strain of E. coli adhere to human erythrocytes, leukocytes, and glomeruli at complement receptors. Complement is not required for this interaction. Adherence apparently involves a C3-like structure on the bacterial surface, but bacterial surface pili play no role. The physiological or pathological role of this adherence is not apparent, but study of this phenomenon may elucidate functions of complement receptors on various cells.
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy Diagnosed by FDG PET-CT in a Patient With Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: William Makis, Gad Abikhzer, Christopher Rush
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

A 52-year-old man had a positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) scan for staging of a biopsy proven lung adenocarcinoma. An additional acquisition of the lower extremities was performed as the patient complained of bilateral leg pain. The PET-CT scan showed a 6.5 x 5.0 cm left upper lobe lung mass invading the mediastinum with maximal standardized uptake value of 10.7, compatible with primary lung cancer. The CT portion of the PET-CT of the legs showed extensive irregular bilateral periosteal new bone formation in the long bones. The PET images showed diffuse moderately increased FDG uptake in the periostea of the long bones of the legs, with some focal sites of more intense FDG uptake in the thicker portions of the periosteum. A bone scan showed mild hyperemia surrounding the long bones of the legs and intense Tc-99m MDP uptake in the periostea. The patient was diagnosed with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE "CURE" OF SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT WITH ARSPHENAMINE
Authors: Alan M. Chesney, Jarold E. Kemp
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

1. The intravenous administration of six doses of arsphenamine to syphilitic rabbits in amounts of 10 mg. per kilo, 127 days after inoculation is sufficient to render the popliteal nodes of such animals incapable of transmitting the infection to normal animals. 2. Syphilitic rabbits that have been treated in this manner and whose popliteal nodes 32 to 38 days after treatment have been shown to be incapable of transmitting the infection to normal animals are, as far as can be judged by the absence of a local lesion, refractory to a second inoculation of active virus of the same strain, if the inoculation be made intradermally at the base of the ear and carried out 209 days after the first inoculation. 3. Untreated syphilitic rabbits are also refractory toward a second inoculation made in a similar manner and at a similar interval following the first inoculation. 4. Evidence is offered in favor of the view that the most satisfactory method of evaluation of antisyphilitic agents in experimental syphilis of the rabbit is that of lymph node transfer. 5. Evidence is offered in support of the view that the state of refractoriness toward a second inoculation exhibited by syphilitic rabbits may be explainable upon the basis of either an acquired immunity or persistence of a focus of living treponemata in the body.
Potassium Excretion and Atavistic Physiology
Authors: W. D. Snively
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The comments of Clifton K. Meador, MD, (<b>206</b>:895, 1968) concerning my editorial, "An Example of Atavistic Physiology?" (<b>204</b>:392, 1968), deserve a reply. Dr. Meador states that the kidney conserves sodium and wastes potassium "only when the intake of the ions is brought virtually to zero." Actually, the body conserves sodium on a diet containing as much as 22 mEq (500 mg), and potassium excretion appears to be obligatory in urine, sweat, and stools even when a deficit is present. Dr. Meador further states, "From results of experiments of extreme deprivation, he extrapolates to conclude, 'Clearly, the body manifests an inappropriate, even damaging, pattern of hoarding sodium and wasting potassium.' " My basis for the conclusion is considerably broader than mere extrapolation of experimental results: Electrolyte disturbances, even frank disease, have been attributed to the body's propensity to conserve sodium when it is not needed. Thus, sodium
Abstract 3073: EphrinA1 inhibits non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor growth via induction of <i>miRNA-122</i>
Authors: BhagyaLaxmi Sukka-Ganesh, Kamal A. Mohammed, Eugene P. Goldberg, Najmunnisa Nasreen
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Introduction: Ephrin-A1 ligand exerts anti-oncogeneic effect in NSCLC tumor cells through activation and down regulation of the EphA2 receptor. Alteration in their expression levels is associated with aggressive tumor growth. The underlying mechanisms for altered expression of Ephrin-A1 and EphA2 receptor are yet to be defined. MicroRNAs (miR) are small non-coding RNAs play a key role in tumorogenesis. MiR-122 directly targets Bcl-w which harbours a putative miR-122 binding site in its 3′-UTR. However, if EphrinA1 induces miR-122 expression in NSCLC is not known. Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism of EphrinA1 mediated miR-122 signalling in the inhibition of NSCLC growth. Methods: NSCLC cell lines (A-549 and H-23) were activated with Ephrin-A1 over time (3 hr, 6hr, 12hr and 24 hr) and miR-122 expression was measured by Real-time PCR and In situ hybridization. Furthermore, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms EphrinA-1 mediated signalling, Bach-1 and Bcl-w protein expression were studied through Western blotting analysis. In addition, Tumor growth and Cell migration studies were performed in Ephrin-A1 activated and premiR-122 transfected NSCLC cells. Results: The data from this study demonstrates that Ephrin-A1 activation of NSCLC enhanced Bach-1 and miR-122 expression over time. When NSCLC transfected with pre-miR-122, we noticed a significant down-regulation of Bcl-w gene and protein expression, suggesting miR-122 specifically targets to anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-w and induced apoptosis in NSCLC. In situ hybridization demonstrated strong signals for miR-122 in EphrinA1 activated NSCLC cells as compared to control cells. Furthermore, knock down of Bach-1 gene expression using siRNA, showed significant down-regulation of miR-122, suggesting Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling is regulated by the transcription factor Bach-1 via miR-122 in NSCLC. In addition, this was confirmed by transfection of NSCLC by premiR-122 that inhibited tumor growth and migration of NSCLC cells. Conclusions: Our study suggests that Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling is regulated by the transcription factor Bach-1 via miR-122 expression. MiR-122 targets the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-w and triggers apoptosis in NSCLC cells. The present study provides a new insight into the complex regulating pathways of Ephrin-A1/Eph receptor, and also understanding the direct role of miRNA-122 in Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling pathway that may lead to new therapeutic strategies for lung adenocarcinoma. Funding Source: RC1 form Florida Department of Health; VA Merit Review Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3073. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3073
Focal Defect in Liver Colloid Scan Due to Intrahepatic Gallbladder
Authors: GABRIEL SOUDRY, CHANG-SOO AHN, DONALD E. TOW
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A 72-year-old man with alcoholism had abnormal liver function tests. His Tc-99m albumin colloid liver-spleen scan revealed a photopenic focal defect in the lateral portion of the right lobe of the liver. A Tc-99m DISIDA scan showed anatomic congruence of the intrahepatic galibladder and the defect in the liver-spleen scan. The differential diagnosis of a solitary cold lesion presented in the albumin colloid liver-spleen scintigraphy should include intrahepatic galibladder. A hepatobiliary scintigraphy will establish the diagnosis.
Aeroallergen Sensitization Is Associated with Asthma Severity in Latinos (GALA-II Study)
Authors: Joy Hsu, Ulysses Burley, Elizabeth Nguyen, Lindsey Roth, Joshua Galanter, Sam Oh, Celeste Eng, Fred Lurmann, Rajesh Kumar, Harold J. Farber, Denise Serebrisky, Luisa Borrell, Saunak Sen, William Rodriguez-Cintron, Jose Rodriguez-Santana, Esteban Gonza Burchard, Pedro C. Avila
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Detection of Subdural Empyema with Radionuclides
Authors: JAMES H. McKILLOP, DAVID S. HOLTZMAN, I ROSS McDOUGALL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1980)

Computed tomography (CT) is now the standard method of confirming a diagnosis of suspected subdural empyema. We report a case in which the radionuclide brain scan was abnormal at a time when the CT scan was normal. An lndium-111-labeled leukocyte scan was also performed in this patient and demonstrated abnormal uptake in the empyema. The scintigraphic findings in a second case of subdural empyema are also described. The relative roles of radionuclide studies and CT scans in the patient with suspected subdural empyema are discussed.
NHS foundation trusts
Authors: Richard Q Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Healthcare Commission's review offers something for both proponents and detractors T he first foundation trusts in England and Wales were established on 1 April 2004.These trusts are a cornerstone of the government's policy to decentralise decision making in the NHS. 1 To proponents, foundation trusts are setting the NHS free from the yoke of central government. 2 To opponents, however, these trusts represent a kind of back door privatisation which may destabilise the NHS and introduce a two tier service. 3 The NHS inspectorate, the Healthcare Commission, has now reviewed the first 20 foundation trust.It published its report this week. 4 Foundation trusts are not for profit public benefit corporations with extra freedoms to borrow capital, sell assets, retain surpluses in each year, and to develop their own systems for managing and rewarding their staff.These trusts have to meet national targets and standards like the rest of the NHS, but they are free to decide how to achieve this.They are not subject to directions from the secretary of state for health or to performance management by strategic health authorities and the Department of Health.There are now 32 foundation trusts, all converts from the previous model of NHS trusts, and all overseen by a new independent regulator called Monitor. 5 Although foundation trusts have their own regulator, the government asked the Healthcare Commission to review the trusts' performance: this was at least partly an attempt to mollify critics' concerns.The commission's remit was tightly drawn.It covered the impact of trusts' new status on access to and quality of services, on the engagement of both staff and the local community in the work of
Genetic Influence on the Renin-Angiotensin System
Authors: JUNICHI IWAI, LEWIS K. DAHL, KNUD D. KNUDSEN
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Two strains of rats with opposite, genetically determined predispositions to hypertension were compared. Rats from the hypertension-prone strain had significantly lower plasma and kidney renin activities than did rats from the hypertension-resistant strain. Although renin activities were modified by NaCl intake and blood pressure, significant differences between the two strains were present with all four experimental regimens used: low-NaCl diet, high-NaCl diet, unilateral renal artery constriction, and unilateral renal artery constriction plus contralateral nephrectomy. Therefore, we concluded that renin activities along with blood pressure were modified by genetic influences in these two strains of rats.
Population conference finalises action plan
Authors: M Gulens
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The United Nations international conference on population and development in Cairo has approved a 20 year “programme of action,” which contains such far reaching goals as reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality; improving education (especially for girls); and providing universal access to family planning.

Much of the conference was taken up with discussion of the controversial paragraph 8. 25, which alludes to abortion and is found under the chapter on health, morbidity, and mortality. For months leading up to the conference, the Vatican and various Islamic officials accused the draft …
Elevated CK-MB Levels in Marathon Runners-Reply
Authors: Arthur J. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In Reply.—  Ali et al and Warkel question whether leakage from myocardium might be the possible source of elevated serum CK-MB in marathon runners. We acknowledge this possibility in our discussion by stating, Leakage from either skeletal muscle or myocardium are the only possible tissue sources for the sharply increased levels of serum CK-MB consistently detected in these marathon runners after competition. Normal myocardial scintigraphy concurrent with marked CK-MB levels strongly argues against the heart as the principal tissue source in our view. Dr Warkel is correct that traces of CK are present in other organ systems, but only muscle tissue contains sufficient levels of this enzyme to account for the serum findings. Analysis of CK-MB concentrations in skeletal muscle of runners will clarify the specific muscular source, and such studies are in progress.  The two references cited in our introductory paragraph do refer to total serum CK alone rather
Oxytocin bolus versus oxytocin bolus and infusion for control of blood loss at elective caesarean section: double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial
Authors: S. R. Sheehan, A. A. Montgomery, M. Carey, F. M. McAuliffe, M. Eogan, R. Gleeson, M. Geary, D. J. Murphy
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objectives</b> To determine the effects of adding an oxytocin infusion to bolus oxytocin on blood loss at elective caesarean section. <b>Design</b> Double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial, conducted from February 2008 to June 2010. <b>Setting</b> Five maternity hospitals in the Republic of Ireland. <b>Participants</b> 2069 women booked for elective caesarean section at term with a singleton pregnancy. We excluded women with placenta praevia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, previous major obstetric haemorrhage (&gt;1000 mL), or known fibroids; women receiving anticoagulant treatment; those who did not understand English; and those who were younger than 18 years. <b>Intervention</b> Intervention group: intravenous slow 5 IU oxytocin bolus over 1 minute and additional 40 IU oxytocin infusion in 500 mL of 0.9% saline solution over 4 hours (bolus and infusion). Placebo group: 5 IU oxytocin bolus over 1 minute and 500 mL of 0.9% saline solution over 4 hours (placebo infusion) (bolus only). <b>Main outcomes</b> Major obstetric haemorrhage (blood loss &gt;1000 mL) and need for an additional uterotonic agent. <b>Results</b> We found no difference in the occurrence of major obstetric haemorrhage between the groups (bolus and infusion 15.7% (158/1007) <i>v</i> bolus only 16.0% (159/994), adjusted odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence intervals 0.77 to 1.25, P=0.86). The need for an additional uterotonic agent in the bolus and infusion group was lower than that in the bolus only group (12.2% (126/1033) <i>v</i> 18.4% (189/1025), 0.61, 0.48 to 0.78, P&lt;0.001). Women were less likely to have a major obstetric haemorrhage in the bolus and infusion group than in the bolus only group if the obstetrician was junior rather than senior (0.57, 0.35 to 0.92, P=0.02). <b>Conclusion</b> The addition of an oxytocin infusion after caesarean delivery reduces the need for additional uterotonic agents but does not affect the overall occurrence of major obstetric haemorrhage. <b>Trial Registration</b> Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN17813715.
Gender Offender! Will the Epicene Yet Save JAMA?-Reply
Authors: Robert Kellner
Journal: JAMA (1988)

In Reply.  —Ms Lorimer-Lundberg criticized JAMA for allowing use of  nongeneric pronoun he and use of gender as a synonym for sex . The copy editor had changed my manuscript to a nonsexist style, substituting he/she and himself herself when necessary, but I found these changes to be repetitive and clumsy and I changed them back to  original. The responsibility, therefore, is mine.  There are several authorities on style who disagree with Ms Lorimer-Lundberg. For example, the use of he as a pronoun for nouns embracing both genders is a simple, practical convention rooted in  beginnings of  English language. He has lost all suggestion of maleness in these circumstances. 1 Another example is  following quote from  preface of  Writer's Encyclopedia  2 : Although  three primary editors on this encyclopedia are all women, and all sensitive to  sexism that permeates language, we chose to
Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Authors: D Stasinopoulos, M I Johnson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Randomised controlled trials were reviewed to evaluate the evidence of the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of tennis elbow. Seven relevant trials were found, which had satisfactory methodology but conflicting results. Further research with well designed randomised control trials is needed to establish the absolute and relative effectiveness of this intervention for tennis elbow.
Selective Mediastinal Node Irradiation in Nsclc in the Imrt/Vmat Era: Added Value of Ebus-Tbna-Mapping to Pet-Ct
Authors: S. Peeters, C. Dooms, J.F. Vansteenkiste, H. Decaluwe, P. De Leyn, K. Nackaerts, W. De Wever, C. Deroose, D. De Ruysscher
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Abstract 2267: Natural product-inspired drug discovery: Chemistry and biology of oridonin analogs with unique scaffolds and enhanced anticancer profiles .
Authors: Chunyong Ding, Yusong Zhang, Haijun Chen, Zhengduo Yang, Lili Chu, Christopher Wild, Mark A. White, Qiang Shen, Jia Zhou
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract ABSTRACT: Oridonin, a complex ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from Chinese traditional herb Rabdosia rubescens (Chinese name "Donglingcao"), has demonstrated great potential in the treatment of various human cancers due to its unique, safe and remarkable anticancer pharmacological profile. Nevertheless, the clinical development of oridonin for cancer therapy has been hampered by its relatively moderate potency, limited aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Up to now, the oridonin-based structural modifications and relevant structure-activity relationship remain sparse partially because of the challenging synthesis and structural complexity. To develop novel oridonin derivatives with enhanced anticancer potency and solubility, a sizable compound library of oridonin analogs with unique scaffolds is being established in our laboratories through diversity-orientated synthesis. Our successful synthetic strategies include heterocycle-fused ring A construction, and ring A-based α,β-unsaturated enone formation, as well as other stereoselective and regioselective approaches. A number of novel nitrogen-enriched heterocyclic oridonin derivatives and dienone analogs such as CYD0554, CYD0618, CYD0628, CYD0630, CYD0686, and CYD0692 have been identified with potent anti-proliferation effects against breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancer cells with low micromolar to nanomolar IC50 values. Moreover, some of them also exhibit significantly improved aqueous solubility and enhanced anticancer profiles for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative including triple-negative breast cancer in comparison with oridonin. Our success in the chemical design, synthesis and biological characterization of these new molecules opens new avenues to develop promising natural product-like drug candidates for cancer therapy. Key Words: Natural products, Oridonin analogs, Diversity-orientated synthesis, Anticancer agents, Drug discovery Citation Format: Chunyong Ding, Yusong Zhang, Haijun Chen, Zhengduo Yang, Lili Chu, Christopher Wild, Mark A. White, Qiang Shen, Jia Zhou. Natural product-inspired drug discovery: Chemistry and biology of oridonin analogs with unique scaffolds and enhanced anticancer profiles . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2267