tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Glycemic Index
Authors: Marion J. Franz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

It is essential that clinicians be aware of expected outcomes from possible nutrition therapy interventions so that they can assist people with diabetes using the best approaches to achieve metabolic goals. Outcomes can be predicted from evidence-based technical reviews or from meta-analyses. Both are now available: the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2002, Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications, technical review (1) and position statement (2), and in this issue of Diabetes Care , Brand-Miller et al. (3) report on a performed meta-analysis of low–glycemic index (GI) diets.

The ADA technical review and position statement reviewed the role of the GI in medical nutrition therapy for diabetes. The reports acknowledge that differing food sources of carbohydrates have differing glycemic responses when the food is studied independently, in 50-g portions, and compared with 50 g of either glucose or bread (1). However, after reviewing the evidence, it was concluded that the total amount of available carbohydrate in meals or snacks is more important than the source (starch or sugar) or type (low or high GI) (A-level evidence), and although low-GI foods may reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, there was not sufficient evidence to recommend use of low-GI diets as a primary strategy in food/meal planning (B-level evidence) (2). These statements were based on a review of over 20 studies in which subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes ingested a variety of starches or sucrose, both acutely and for up to 6 weeks, with no significant differences in glycemic response if the amount of carbohydrate was similar. This recommendation was questioned in a letter to Diabetes Care by Irwin (4) with a reply to the letter by Franz and Bantle (5).

In the reply to Irwin, it was noted that in subjects with …
Gatekeeping Revisited — Protecting Patients from Overtreatment
Authors: P Franks, C M Clancy, P A Nutting
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Over 90 percent of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) use primary care physicians as gatekeepers,1 whose role is to authorize access to specialty, emergency, and hospital care and to diagnostic tests. Gatekeeping has come to imply the medically limited and bureaucratic function of opening or closing the gate to high-cost medical services. This simplistic view of gatekeeping is controversial,2 , 4 both because of its menial connotation and because of the implication that the physician is the agent of the third-party payer, not the patient. The purpose of this paper is to reclaim the gatekeeper concept and to emphasize a more empowering role . . .
A Case of Petrositis
Authors: D. L. Bridgewater
Journal: BMJ (1944)

MRITISHof small round patches of dry superficial gangrene in all stages from discoloration to separation of the slough and fibrosis of the underlying granulations.Attempts to reproduce the lesions both in this man and in normal controls were unsuccessful.During this time his diabetes was well controlled.No more gangrene has appeared since his use of the correct method of injection, but his diabetes is very unstable, i ~~.: 3 .. . . . . . . . . . .
Painful ophthalmoplegia from metastatic nonproducing parathyroid carcinoma: Case study and review of the literature
Authors: M. Eurelings, C. J.M. Frijns, F. J.F. Jeurissen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2002)

Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy. Of the fewer than 400 cases reported, most have been cases of producing parathyroid carcinoma with accompanying hypercalcemia. Only 13 patients with nonproducing parathyroid carcinoma have been described. Nine of these 13 patients had metastatic disease. We report a patient with i.c. metastasis. Distal metastases of producing parathyroid carcinoma are treated surgically to prolong survival and prevent complications of hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. One half of the patients with producing parathyroid carcinoma die within 5 years, mostly because of the complications of hypercalcemia. Nonproducing parathyroid carcinoma compares unfavorably with producing parathyroid carcinoma in terms of tumor progression and prognosis. Few data on choice of therapy in nonproducing parathyroid carcinoma are available. We treated our patient with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Treatment was followed by an unexpectedly prolonged survival of 31 months after diagnosis of metastatic disease.
Surgical management of metastatic inguinal lymphadenopathy
Authors: Marc C Swan, Dominic Furniss, Oliver C S Cassell
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Objective</h3> This study used resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) to evaluate regional and network alterations in patients with Parkinson9s disease (PD) with and without depression. <h3>Method</h3> We recruited 29 patients with PD with depression (PD-Dep), 30 patients with PD without depression (PD-NDep), and 30 normal controls. All participants underwent resting-state fMRI scans on a 3-T MR system. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of blood oxygen level-dependent signals was used to characterise regional cerebral function. Functional integration of the brain network was evaluated by seed-based correlation approach. <h3>Results</h3> The PD-Dep group showed significantly higher ALFF value in the left orbitofrontal area compared with both the PD-NDep and control groups (p&lt;0.05 corrected by FWE). In patients with PD, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was positively correlated with the ALFF value in the left orbitofrontal cortex (p&lt;0.005 uncorrected). Brain network connectivity analysis revealed reduced functional connectivity of putamen in both PD subgroups. However, the PD-Dep group showed more distributed reduced connectivity in the prefrontal-limbic network than the PD-NDep group did (p&lt;0.05 corrected by FWE). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our study demonstrates that PD-Dep patients are characterised by increased regional spontaneous neural activity in the orbitofrontal area and decreased functional integration within the prefrontal-limbic network. These findings may be helpful for facilitating further understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying depression in PD.
Irradiation of necrotic tumor cells used to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) potentiates DC vaccine-induced anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model of high-grade glioma
Authors: Lien Vandenberk, Abhishek D Garg, Patrizia Agostinis, Tina Verschuere, Carolien Koks, Steven De Vleeschouwer, Stefaan Van Gool
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts The prognosis of high-grade glioma (HGG) is poor despite advancements in neurosurgery, radio-and chemotherapy. DC-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising and feasible treatment approach due to its high degree of selectivity and its ability to induce an antigen-specific
Function of the Collecting Ducts
Authors: KARL J. ULLRICH
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Urine was sampled from microcatheters situated at different levels of the collecting ducts of golden hamsters. Appropriate analyses provided data concerning the function of the collecting ducts with respect to concentrating and acidifying the urine. The conclusion is reached that the collecting ducts serve 2 functions: a passive one, i.e., the back-diffusion of water and urea and an active one, i.e., the exchange of sodium for hydrogen ions and the formation of ammonia.
Anemia, Serendipity, and Science
Authors: Maxwell M. Wintrobe
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Frank Billings, MD, was one of the great medical men of this country. A beloved physician and an inspiring teacher, he also had a wide range of interests and played a very important role in the improvement of medical education and practice.<sup>1</sup>At the same time he fully appreciated the limitations of our understanding of disease. Very appropriately, the Billings Lecture has in many instances been the occasion and has provided the opportunity to review developments since his day in one of the fields of clinical medicine. I am honored to have an opportunity to join you in recognizing Dr. Billings' great contributions to medicine and I shall do this by discussing the progress which has been made in a field of medicine in which I have long been interested. In the 1920's most hematologists concerned themselves with descriptive morphology and little was understood regarding the basic mechanisms of
Intestinal Assimilation of a Tetrapeptide in the Rat
Authors: Kenneth W. Smithson, Gary M. Gray
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

The small intestine is capable of taking up peptide nutrients of two or three amino acid residues, but the mechanism of intestinal assimilation of larger oligopeptides has not been established. The amino-oligopeptidase of the intestinal brush border possesses high specificity for oligopeptides having bulky side chains and is a candidate for a crucial role in the overall assimilation of dietary protein.
"Soda tax" could help tackle obesity, says US director of public health
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The direct medical costs of treating obesity rose to nearly 10% of all spending on health care in the United States, says a study released on 27 July at the “Weight of the Nation” conference on obesity and its control in Washington, DC.

The prevalence of obesity rose by 37% between 1998 and 2006, said Eric Finkelstein, lead author of the analysis. Over the same period expenditure related to obesity doubled, from $74bn (£44bn; €51bn) to $147bn (with both numbers adjusted for inflation to 2008 dollars). He said, “Prescription drug expenditures are a significant driver of that cost.”

The average expenditure per obese person rose by only 11%, while …
The Vitacuff and Intravascular Catheter—Related Infection
Authors: Peter E. Bentivegna
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read with interest the article by Flowers et al<sup>1</sup>inThe Journal. I have several misgivings about the use of the Vitacuff catheter. Guide-wire changes and accepted and effective maintenance technique for central venous catheters and sepsis workups are not possible with the Vitacuff. As a result, the critically ill patient is subjected to repeated "new sticks" and the risks of complications each time a temperature spike occurs. The Vitacuff requires a stab incision for placement. Ten percent of these incisions were not adequate to prevent catheter extrusion in this study. The stab technique is limited to the subclavian approach (stab incisions in the area of the internal jugular or femoral veins are not desirable) and the subclavian approach also carries the highest incidence of pneumothorax. The incidence of candidemia in this study and previous multicenter trials<sup>2</sup>with the Vitacuff is unacceptable. Fifty-three (49%)
Serum aldosterone is associated with mortality and re‐hospitalization in patients with reduced ejection fraction hospitalized for acute heart failure: analysis from the EVEREST trial
Authors: Nicolas Girerd, Peter S. Pang, Karl Swedberg, Angela Fought, Mary J. Kwasny, Haris Subacius, Marvin A. Konstam, Aldo Maggioni, Mihai Gheorghiade, Faiez Zannad
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2013)
TCT-82 Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography in Guiding Management to Optimize Outcomes in Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAMOUS - NSTEMI) Clinical Trial: Relationships Between FFR and Angiographic Stenosis Severity at Baseline.
Authors: Jamie Layland, Nick Curzen, Arvind Sood, Rajiv Das, Kanarath Balachandran, Shahid Junejo, Matthew M. Lee, Nadeem Ahmed, Ahmed M. Mahrous, Mark C. Petrie, Hany Eteiba, Stuart Watkins, Martin M. Lindsay, Margaret B. McEntegart, Andrew Davie, Robert A. Henderson, Ian Ford, Keith G. Oldroyd, Colin Berry
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
Authors: J. M. ROGOFF
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Note.  —This article and the articles in the previous issues ofThe Journalare part of aseries published under the auspices of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. Other articles will appear in succeeding issues. When completed, the series will be published in book form.—Ed.  Glandular therapy is based chiefly on the capacity of hormones or other products, obtained from endocrine glands, to substitute for deficiency or absence of function of those organs in the body. Although the adrenal medulla has been studied extensively, both experimentally and clinically, its function has not been explained satisfactorily. Yet its hormone, epinephrine, is one of the most commonly used drugs in the practice of medicine and surgery. The present purpose, therefore, can best be accomplished by discussing available physiologic and pharmacologic information in the light of or with special emphasis on its therapeutic application. In view of the vast literature on
Cardioversion after Mitral Valve Operations
Authors: DONALD R. KAHN, MARVIN M. KIRSH, PAULINE W. FERGUSON, HERBERT SLOAN
Journal: Circulation (1967)

When atrial fibrillation is converted to normal sinus rhythm following the surgical repair of mitral valve disease, the normal pattern is more likely to persist if the preoperative diagnosis is mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation has been established for less than 3 years, and results of the operation are excellent. To determine the specific reasons for recurrence of fibrillation, however, and to devise ways of preventing these recurrences will require further investigation of both pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic agents. In 55 patients with mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation operated upon at The University of Michigan Medical Center from 1963 to 1966, normal sinus rhythm was established after operation in 43 but maintained in only 20. Most recurrences of atrial fibrillation appeared during the first 3 months after the heart operation. The time lapse between operation and cardioversion did not affect the conversion rate or maintenance. Cardioversion was more often successful after valvuloplasty than after valve replacement, but the maintenance rate was the same.
Bone Density and Body Weight in Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Andrew Grey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Letters15 May 1995Bone Density and Body Weight in HyperparathyroidismAndrew Grey, Margaret Evans, and Ian R. ReidAndrew GreyOsteoporosis Testing Centers, Southfield, MI 48034. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this author, Margaret EvansOsteoporosis Testing Centers, Southfield, MI 48034. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this author, and Ian R. ReidOsteoporosis Testing Centers, Southfield, MI 48034. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Krakauer asks whether our data support the thesis that primary hyperparathyroidism exerts differential skeletal effects according to the type of bone (cortical or trabecular). We emphasize that the principal conclusion of our report was that unadjusted bone mineral density was normal throughout the skeleton in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone mineral density in the hyperparathyroid group tends to be slightly lower at predominantly cortical sites and slightly higher at predominantly trabecular sites; however, none of these trends is statistically significant, and larger studies are necessary to determine whether these trends are real. If present, any ...REFERENCE1. Ott SM. Methods of determining bone mass. J Bone Miner Res. 1991; 6(Suppl 2):71-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Osteoporosis Testing Centers, Southfield, MI 48034. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 May 1995Volume 122, Issue 10Page: 801KeywordsBody weightBoneBone densityHyperparathyroidismPhoton absorptiometrySkeleton Issue Published: 15 May 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Management of Sore Throat
Authors: Chinh T. Le
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Although I commend Anthony L. Komaroff, MD, for his efforts in presenting explicit strategies for the management of sore throat (239:1429, 1978), I have reservations about many of his recommendations. Under the section "How Should a Throat Culture Be Obtained?", there is no basis for recommending the use of a liquid transport medium, which is cumbersome and expensive. Swabs may be transported to the laboratory in single, dry envelopes if they can be inoculated within three hours. Otherwise, the silica gel transport is an efficient and reliable method, in which streptococci will survive for a long time.<sup>1</sup>Although the maximal recovery of β-hemolytic streptococci is with anaerobic incubation, Murray et al<sup>2</sup>have shown that the majority of these streptococci were not group A. Group A streptococci can be recovered with equal frequency from plates incubated anaerobically or in air or carbon dioxide.<sup>2</sup>Therefore, the
Chickenpox — Examining Our Options
Authors: Philip A. Brunell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

CHICKENPOX (varicella) is a much less serious illness than poliomyelitis, diphtheria, or pertussis. Thus, one would not expect a chickenpox vaccine to reduce morbidity and mortality to the same extent as immunization against these other diseases. Uncomplicated chickenpox is far less debilitating than the usual case of measles. A sophisticated study design is therefore required to demonstrate that treatment affects the course of this self-limiting illness. Expectations of prevention or therapy must be clearly defined. Statistical differences between treatment and placebo groups will not necessarily imply results that are clinically important.Less than 5 percent of the economic burden of . . .
Local pay will harm care, warns BMA
Authors: L Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Hospital doctors in Britain have reiterated their strong opposition to locally determined pay because they believe that it is incompatible with the concept of a truly national health service. They will continue to oppose any moves to amend their terms of service to introduce local pay, to lobby members of parliament, and to draw the public's attention to the potential effects on patients' care of varying pay rates around Britain.

In its last report the doctors' and dentists' review body said that it expected to see a shift to local deliberations over pay for doctors, and the NHS Executive has said that it wants to talk to everyone, including the British Medical Association, about how to make local pay work. But the BMA believes that the system would be costly, time wasting, inequitable, and divisive. It has advised members of local negotiating committees in NHS trusts not to start discussions on local pay before any agreement has been reached centrally.

Many members of local …
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study
Authors: M. Lazo, R. Hernaez, S. Bonekamp, I. R. Kamel, F. L. Brancati, E. Guallar, J. M. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The benzopyranopyrrole S33084 displayed pronounced affinity (p<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 9.6) for cloned human hD<sub>3</sub>-receptors, and &gt;100-fold lower affinity for hD<sub>2</sub> and all other receptors (&gt;30) examined. S33084 concentration dependently, potently, and competitively (pA<sub>2</sub> = 9.7) antagonized dopamine (DA)-induced [<sup>35</sup>S]guanosine-5′-<i>O</i>-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) binding at hD<sub>3</sub>-receptors. It also concentration dependently abolished stimulation by DA of hD<sub>3</sub>-receptor-coupled mitogen-activated protein kinase. Administered alone, S33084 did not modify dialysate levels of DA in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, or striatum of freely moving rats, nor the firing rate of ventrotegmental dopaminergic cell bodies. Furthermore, it had minimal effect on DA turnover in mesocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal projection regions. However, S33084 dose dependently blocked the suppressive influence of the preferential D<sub>3</sub>-agonist PD128,907 on frontocortical release of DA. Furthermore, it likewise antagonized the inhibitory influence of PD128,907 on the electrical activity of ventrotegmental dopaminergic neurons. Although less potent than S33084, GR218,231 likewise behaved as a selective hD<sub>3</sub>- versus hD<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonist and its neurochemical and electrophysiological profiles were similar. In contrast, L741,626 was a preferential antagonist at hD<sub>2</sub> versus hD<sub>3</sub>sites. In vivo, on administration alone, L741,626 increased frontocortical, mesolimbic, and (more potently) striatal DA release, enhanced the firing rate of dopaminergic perikarya, and accelerated cerebral DA synthesis. It also blocked the actions of PD128,907. In conclusion, S33084 is a novel, potent, selective, and competitive antagonist at hD<sub>3</sub>-receptors. Although GR218,231 behaves similarly, L741,626 is a preferential D<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonist. DA D<sub>2</sub>- but not D<sub>3</sub>-(auto) receptors tonically inhibit ascending dopaminergic pathways, although the latter may contribute to phasic suppression of DA release in frontal cortex.
Regulation of LIM-kinase 1 and cofilin in thrombin-stimulated platelets
Authors: Dharmendra Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, James R. Bamburg, Wolfgang Siess
Journal: Blood (2005)

Cofilin is a regulator of actin filament dynamics. We studied whether during platelet activation Rho kinase stimulates LIM kinase (LIMK) leading to subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of cofilin. Platelet shape change and aggregation/secretion were induced by low and high concentrations of thrombin, respectively. We found that during these platelet responses Rho kinase activation was responsible for mediating rapid Thr508 phosphorylation and activation of LIMK-1 and for the F-actin increase during shape change and, in part, during secretion. Surprisingly, during shape change cofilin phosphorylation was unaltered, and during aggregation/secretion cofilin was first rapidly dephosphorylated by an okadaic acid-insensitive phosphatase and then slowly rephosphorylated by LIMK-1. LIMK-1 phosphorylation and cofilin dephosphorylation and rephosphorylation during aggregation were independent of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) engagement. Cofilin phosphorylation did not regulate cofilin association with F-actin and was unrelated to the F-actin increase in thrombin-activated platelets. Our study identifies LIMK-1 as being activated by Rho kinase in thrombin-stimulated platelets. Two counteracting pathways, a cofilin phosphatase and LIMK-1, are activated during platelet aggregation/secretion regulating cofilin phosphorylation sequentially and independently of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) engagement. Rho kinase-mediated F-actin increase during platelet shape change and secretion involves a mechanism other than LIMK-1-mediated cofilin phosphorylation, raising the possibility of another LIMK substrate regulating platelet actin assembly.