tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reversal of ammonia coma in rats by L-dopa: a peripheral effect.
Authors: L Zieve, W M Doizaki, R F Derr
Journal: Gut (1979)

Ammonia coma was produced in rats within 10 to 15 minutes of an intraperitonealinjection of 1.7 mmol NH4CL. This coma was prevented with 1.68 mmol L-dopa given by gastric intubation 15 minutes before the ammonium salt injection. The effect of L-dopa was correlated with a decrease in blood and brain ammonia, an increase in brain dopamine, and an increase in renal excretion of ammonia and urea. Intraventricular infusion of dopamine sufficient to raise the brain dopamine to the same extent did not prevent the ammonia coma nor affect the blood and brain ammonia concentrations. Bilateral nephrectomy eliminated the beneficial effect of L-dopa on blood and brain ammonia and the ammonia coma was not prevented. Thus, the reduction in blood and brain ammonia and the prevention of ammonia coma after L-dopa, can be accounted for by the peripheral effect of dopamine on renal function rather than its central action. These results provide a reasonable explanation for the beneficial effects observed in some encephalopathic patients receiving L-dopa.
Rationing Intensive Care-Reply
Authors: Marion Danis
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We believe it is not necessarily discriminatory to consider age as a contributing factor in ICU triage for several reasons. First, if one takes an "over-the-life-span" perspective, the young and the old are at different time points in a common life experience and should develop a shared perspective about the best care for individuals at different times in the life cycle. From this shared perspective, the most appropriate medical care may vary with age. Second, even if one does not agree with this ethical view, empirical evidence shows that chronological age is a determinant of prognosis for critically ill patients.<sup>2</sup>Third, if one takes a cost-benefit perspective, even when a young individual and an old individual have the same diagnosis, severity of illness, functional status, and probability of ICU survival, statistically the younger individual will likely have a longer period of benefit than the older individual. On
Abstract 662: Molecular characterisation of <i>ERG</i>, <i>ETV-1</i> and <i>PTEN</i>- gene loci identifies patients at low and high risk of death from prostate cancer
Authors: Alison Reid, Gerhardt Attard, Laurence Ambroisine, Gabrielle Fisher, Gyula Kovacs, Daniel Brewer, Jeremy Clark, Penny Flohr, Sandra Edwards, Daniel M. Berney, Chris S. Foster, Anne Fletcher, William L. Gerald, Henrik Moller, Victor E. Reuter, Peter T. Scardino, Jack Cuzick, Johann S. De Bono, Colin S. Cooper
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: The discovery of ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements and PTEN-gene loss suggests their use in a mechanism-based prognostic classification of prostate cancer (PCa). Purpose: To evaluate the potential clinical significance and natural history of different disease categories by combining ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements and PTEN-gene loss status. Methods: We utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect PTEN-gene loss and ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements in 308 conservatively managed PCa patients with survival outcome data. Results: ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements alone and PTEN-gene loss alone each failed to show a link to survival in multivariate analyses. However, there was a strong interaction between ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements and PTEN-gene loss (p&amp;lt;0.001). The largest subgroup of patients (54%), lacking both PTEN-gene loss and ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements comprised a ‘good prognosis’ population exhibiting favourable cancer-specific survival (85.5% alive at 11 years). The presence of PTEN-gene loss in the absence of ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements identified a patient population (6%) with poorer cancer-specific survival that was highly significant (HR = 4.87, p&amp;lt;0.001 in multivariate analysis, 13.7% survival at 11 years) when compared to the ‘good prognosis’ group. ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangement and PTEN-gene loss status should now prospectively be incorporated into a predictive model to establish whether predictive performance is improved. Conclusions: Our data suggest that FISH studies of PTEN-gene loss and ERG/ETV-1-gene rearrangements could be pursued for patient stratification, selection and hypothesis-generating sub-group analyses in future PCa clinical trials and potentially in patient management. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 662.
Role of VLA-4 and LFA-1 in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in the rat.
Authors: S Laberge, H Rabb, T B Issekutz, J G Martin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of blocking the integrins VLA-4 and LFA-1 on allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and responsiveness in Brown-Norway rats. Ovalbumin-sensitized rats were exposed to either aerosols of ovalbumin or saline. Airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) was determined 8 and 32 h after challenge. Cellular populations in the lung lavage and lung tissues were determined 32 h after allergen challenge. Total numbers of eosinophils were increased in the lung lavage (25 ml) and the small airways/parenchyma in the ovalbumin (OA)-challenged rats (4.37 x 10(6) +/- 0.71 and 15.54 x 10(6) +/- 1.99, respectively) compared with the saline-challenged rats (0.99 x 10(6) +/- 0.81 and 4.84 x 10(6) +/- 2.27; p < 0.05). Animals treated with both anti-VLA-4 and anti-LFA-1 mAbs and with anti-LFA-1 mAb alone had reduced numbers of eosinophils in the lung lavage (0.76 x 10(6) +/- 0.80 and 0.40 x 10(6) +/- 1.14, respectively; p < 0.05) and in the small airways/parenchyma (8.64 x 10(6) +/- 2.07 and 4.44 x 10(6) +/- 3.20; p < 0.05). Anti-VLA-4 mAb treatment alone did not alter the eosinophils recovered from the lung. Airway responsiveness to methacholine increased from 8 to 32 h in all ovalbumin-challenged rats, but treatment with anti-VLA-4, anti-LFA-1, or both mAbs prevented the increase in responsiveness. In conclusion, allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is inhibitable by blocking either VLA-4 or LFA-1 integrins and is associated with a lung eosinophilia that is LFA-1 dependent and VLA-4 independent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Online Professionalism Investigations by State Medical Boards: First, Do No Harm
Authors: S. Ryan Greysen, David Johnson, Terry Kind, Katherine C. Chretien, Cary P. Gross, Aaron Young, Humayun J. Chaudhry
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Despite recent guidelines promoting online professionalism, consequences for specific violations by physicians have not been explored. In this article, the authors gauged consensus among state medical boards in the United States (response rate, 71%) about the likelihood of investigations for violations of online professionalism by using 10 hypothetical vignettes. High consensus was defined as more than 75% of respondents indicating that investigation was "likely" or "very likely," moderate consensus as 50% to 75% indicating this, and low consensus as fewer than 50% indicating this. Four online vignettes demonstrated high consensus: Citing misleading information about clinical outcomes (81%; 39/48), using patient images without consent (79%; 38/48), misrepresenting credentials (77%; 37/48), and inappropriately contacting patients (77%; 37/48). Three demonstrated moderate consensus for investigation: depicting alcohol intoxication (73%; 35/48), violating patient confidentiality (65%; 31/48), and using discriminatory speech (60%; 29/48). Three demonstrated low consensus: using derogatory speech toward patients (46%; 22/48), showing alcohol use without intoxication (40%; 19/48), and providing clinical narratives without violation of confidentiality (16%; 7/48). Areas of high consensus suggest "online behaviors" that physicians should never engage in, whereas moderate- and low-consensus areas provide useful contextual information about "gray areas." Increased awareness of these specific behaviors may reduce investigations and improve online professionalism for physicians.
Biological effects of vinyl chloride: an experimental study.
Authors: M Winell, B Holmberg, T Kronevi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase, (AP), transaminases and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes were determined in mice inhaling 50 and 550 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). The animals were also autopsied and the tissue pathology was studies. The total LDH activity was elevanted in both dose groups along with a shift to cathodic enzymes. AP was increased in animals exposed to 500 ppm and transaminases were not at all changed. Enzyme changes occurred after the appearance of tumors. Alveologenic adenomas occurred in all animals at the higher dosage and in about half of the animals inhaling the lower dose. Subperitoneal and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were frequent in both dose groups; but especially among 50 ppm animals. Only one animal had a hemangiosarcoma of the liver. No liver fibrosis was seen. All primary subperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors were located in fat tissue. Telangiectasis was observed in two animals in the 500 ppm series. The importance of blood vessel changes in the toxicology of vinyl chloride is discussed.
Rate of Gain of Tensile Strength of Abdominal Wounds in Rats
Authors: Fred T. Caldwell
Journal: JAMA (1962)

MOST EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES on wound healing have been directed toward either elucidation of the normal biochemical and histological sequence of repair following trauma or investigation of factors which may slow or accelerate normal wound healing. In neither type of work has more than scant attention been given to the effect of environmental conditions upon normal wound healing. The present paper reports an investigation of the effect of 2 environmental temperatures upon the rate of gain of tensile strength of sutured wounds. Methods and Materials Three experiments were performed in sequence using 480 male Sprague-Dawley rats of the same age and weight range. Determinate measurements were obtained on 348 animals. The same experimental design was used in all 3 experiments. Tensile strength measurements were made in all, while the parameters of food intake, body temperature (skin, wound, and rectal), and histological examination were each investigated in only one experiment. Also original
Putting the subjective back into intersubjective: The importance of person-specific, distributed, neural representations in perception-action mechanisms
Authors: Stephanie D. Preston
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The shared circuits model (SCM) relies on well-regarded theories of perception-action, mirror neurons, and forward models, but the functional/informational level of the model limits its ability to explain complex behavior such as true imitation. Data from our lab and others confirm the more general details of the model, accepted by most, but specify the neural mechanisms involved in perception-action processes.
Optimisation of region-specific reference gene selection and relative gene expression analysis methods for pre-clinical trials of Huntington's disease
Authors: Caroline L Benn, Helen Fox, Gillian P Bates
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2008)

Transcriptional dysregulation is an early, key pathogenic mechanism in Huntington's disease (HD). Therefore, gene expression analyses have biomarker potential for measuring therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical trials, particularly those aimed at correcting gene expression abnormalities. Housekeeping genes are commonly used as endogenous references in gene expression studies. However, a systematic study comparing the suitability of candidate reference genes for use in HD mouse models has not been performed. To remedy this situation, 12 housekeeping genes were examined to identify suitable reference genes for use in expression assays.We found that commonly used reference genes are dysregulated at later time points in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. Therefore, in order to reliably measure gene expression changes for use as pre-clinical trial biomarkers, we set out to identify suitable reference genes for use in R6/2 mice. The expression of potential reference genes was examined in striatum, cortex and cerebellum from 15 week old R6/2 and matched wild-type littermates. Expression levels of candidate reference genes varied according to genotype and brain region. GeNorm software was used to identify the three most stably expressed genes for each brain region. Relative quantification methods using the geometric mean of three reference genes for normalisation enables accurate determination of gene expression levels in wild-type and R6/2 mouse brain regions.Our study has identified a reproducible, reliable method by which we able to accurately determine the relative expression level of target genes in specific brain regions, thus increasing the potential of gene expression analysis as a biomarker in HD pre-clinical trials.
Interstitial purine metabolites and lactate during regional myocardial hypoxia
Authors: D. G L Van Wylen, A. G Williams, H F. Downey
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: Adenosine is a well known vasodilator believed to contribute to metabolic adjustments of the coronary circulation. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in interstitial fluid adenosine, adenosine metabolites, and lactate during prolonged regional, non-ischaemic myocardial hypoxia. Methods: To induce regional hypoxia, the left anterior descending coronary artery of anaesthetised dogs (n=9) was perfused at constant pressure (100 mm Hg) with deoxygenated blood (PO2≍2.6 kPa) for 60 min via an extracorporeal shunt. Cardiac interstitial fluid was sampled by cardiac microdialysis, using dialysate metabolite levels as indices of interstitial fluid concentrations. Results: During hypoxia, coronary blood flow increased 3.9-fold, while myocardial oxygen consumption was maintained relatively constant. There were no changes in global cardiac function, systemic arterial pressure, or heart rate during regional hypoxia, indicating that the hypoxic stimulus did not augment sympathetic nervous system activity. Dialysate adenosine was not increased at any point of the hypoxic period, but was decreased by 25 min hypoxia. Dialysate levels of inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine were increased transiently during the first 10 min of hypoxia while there was a sustained increase in dialysate lactate. In the presence of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine, an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, adenosine was the predominant purine metabolite and increased transiently during hypoxia. Conclusions: Flux through the adenosine production and degradation pathways is transiently increased during hypoxia. However, the lack of an increase in interstitial fluid adenosine does not support a role for adenosine in the sustained hyperaemic response to regional myocardial hypoxia. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27:1498-1503
Professor is charged with dishonesty over statements on access to full trial data
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The former research dean of Sheffield University’s medical school was accused of dishonesty at a General Medical Council hearing on 2 November for allowing a journal to publish a false claim that he had seen all the data in a research study of which he was the lead author.

Richard Eastell, who heads the bone research unit at Sheffield University, is at the centre of a research ethics case that saw the other main investigator, Aubrey Blumsohn, who raised questions over the data, take a financial settlement to leave his job at …
Effects of Epinephrine on Frog Ventricle
Authors: RICHARD A. HENNACY
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Thirty-six isolated frog ventricles were attached to an inflow cannula with stopcocks that could permit direct systolic ejection back into the reservoir, return flow back to the reservoir by another route through a valve, or isochorie contractions. The heart, enclosed in a container with a "U" tube outlet, produced pressure changes (extra-cardiac) which could be used in determining the in-flow rate and transmural pressures. The rate of change of the transmural pressure was calculated for the frog ventricle during early diastole. This value was taken as a measurement of the rate of relaxation. The effects of epinephrine (.02 µg./ml.) were studied. At low filling pressures without valves (and therefore with outflow pressure equal to inflow pressure), epinephrine slows the rate of relaxation, although other inotropic effects, such as an increase in stroke volumes, are present. If, however, the heart contracts against a high outflow pressure or resistance the rate of relaxation is increased by epinephrine. The slowing of relaxation in the former case is a result of filling commencing before relaxation is complete. In the isochoric heart, epinephrine does not change the time of positive tension, but does accelerate the relaxation after contraction.
Report reveals Stafford hospital surgery team was "dysfunction" and "frankly dangerous"
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A Royal College of Surgeons team found “inadequate, unsafe and at times frankly dangerous” standards of general surgery at Stafford Hospital in 2009, a previously confidential report released by the public inquiry into standards of care at the hospital shows.

“The general surgical team is probably the most dysfunctional encountered by any member of the review team,” the report added. “Its members are polarised and this causes problems for nursing and support staff and, crucially, puts patients’ safety at risk.”

The experts from the college said the behaviour of many of the consultants was “unacceptable” and concluded: “The department must not be allowed to operate as it does currently.”

The report was commissioned by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust after the …
Effects of an acute increase in plasma triglyceride levels on glucose metabolism in man
Authors: P.M. Piatti, L.D. Monti, L. Baruffaldi, F. Magni, R. Paroni, I. Fermo, S. Costa, G. Santambrogio, R. Nasser, M. Marchi, M. Galli-Kienle, A.E. Pontiroli, G. Pozza
Journal: Metabolism (1995)
Comparison of a Phytotherapeutic Agent (Permixon) with an α-Blocker (Tamsulosin) in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A 1-Year Randomized International Study
Authors: Frans Debruyne, Gary Koch, Peter Boyle, Fernando Calais Da Silva, Jay G. Gillenwater, Freddie C. Hamdy, Paul Perrin, Pierre Teillac, Remigio Vela-Navarrete, Jean-Pierre Raynaud
Journal: European Urology (2002)
Molecular Subtype of Breast Cancer Metastases Significantly Influences Patient Post-Relapse Survival
Authors: N.P. Tobin, J.C. Harrell, S. Egyhazi Brage, M. Frostvik Stolt, C.M. Perou, J. Bergh, T. Hatschek, L.S. Lindström
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Utility of Tl-201 in the Diagnosis of a Solitary Bone Metastasis
Authors: BERNARD CHOW, PEI-LIN CHEN, VICTOR W. LEE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

A 74-year-old man was evaluated for dull neck pain that had persisted for many weeks. His medical history was notable for a gastrectomy performed 2 years earlier to remove an adenocarcinoma. The findings of corresponding plain radiographs of the cervical spine were equivocal. A whole-body planar bone scan showed a single focus of increased uptake at the second cervical vertebrae. Further characterization with magnetic resonance imaging showed decreased signal intensity of the second cervical vertebrae in both T1 and T2 weighted images. Given the equivocal results of the previous imaging studies, a Tl-201 SPECT scan was performed. The elevated Tl-201 uptake at the level of the second cervical vertebra indicated that the lesion was likely malignant. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
Children With Cow'S Milk Allergy Have Reduced Levels Of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells (inkts) That Exhibit A Greater Th2 Responsiveness To Cow'S Milk-derived Sphingomyelin (milk-sm)
Authors: S. Jynouchi, V. Abraham, J. Spergel, E. Dudeck, R. Saltzman, J. Orange, L. Gober, K. Nichols, A. Cianferoni
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Endoscopic Management of Liver Abscesses and Cysts that Communicate with Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
Authors: B. Sharma, N. Agarwal, S. Garg, R. Kumar, S. Sarin
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

The formation of a communication between liver abscesses or cysts and intrahepatic bile ducts is an uncommon cause of significant bile leak. Surgical management of biliary fistulas is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We performed a prospective study of endoscopic management of this type of biliary fistula.We studied 26 patients who had either liver abscesses or hepatic cysts that had ruptured into the intrahepatic bile ducts. The presence of a biliary fistula was suspected by jaundice and/or by the appearance of bile in percutaneous drainage effluent from a liver abscess and was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Once the route of the fistula between the liver abscess or cyst and the intrahepatic bile duct had been defined by cholangiography, patients underwent treatment by sphincterotomy, and either biliary stenting or nasobiliary drainage. Nasobiliary drains or biliary stents (both 7 Fr) were placed according to standard techniques. Nasobiliary drains were removed when bile leakage stopped and closure of the fistula was confirmed by cholangiography; stents were removed after an interval of 4-6 weeks.Of a total of 525 patients with hepatic abscesses or cysts who were seen over a 5-year period, there were 26 patients who developed a demonstrable communication between liver abscesses (n = 20; 16 amebic, four pyogenic) or hydatid cysts (n = 6) and intrahepatic bile ducts (right intrahepatic bile ducts in 22 patients, left intrahepatic bile ducts in four patients). We performed either sphincterotomy with insertion of a nasobiliary drain (n = 20) or sphincterotomy with biliary stenting (n = 6). The fistulas healed in all patients after a mean time of 4 days (range 2-20 days) after endoscopic treatment. We were able to remove the nasobiliary drainage catheters and stents 6-34 days after their placement.In this case series, endoscopic therapy appears to be an effective mode of treatment for biliary fistulas complicating liver abscesses and cysts.