tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX: REPORT OF CASE, WITH RECOVERY
Authors: P. J. McDONNELL
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Pneumothorax of the spontaneous type is of apparently rare occurrence. In conversation with many busy practitioners and with specialists in diseases of the chest, I found none who could recall having seen a case. Osier1 states that it is an extremely rare condition and that, almost invariably, it is associated with serous fluid or pus. I feel, therefore, that this case should be reported both for its interest in itself and in order that the records may be amplified. In the majority of the reported cases, spontaneous pneumothorax has been associated with some severe effort. In many instances, however, as in the one now reported, the condition has developed under ordinary circumstances and while the victim was- at rest. It occurs usually in young adults and more commonly in males. In most of the cases there is no previous history of pulmonary disease. The onset is sudden and is usually
Improving Standards in International Humanitarian Response: The Sphere Project and Beyond
Authors: Peter Salama
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: David Tingle
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Following the American Psychiatric Association's success with the<i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition</i><i>(DSM-III-R)</i>, which for the first time quantified psychiatric diagnosis, it was felt that there was a need for a similar treatise on psychiatric treatment. This book, which runs to four volumes and over 3000 pages, represents seven years of intensive work, involving, as it does, over five pages of consultants and 26 separate panels. Each drew together as a working group and produced three drafts of each subject, which were then sent out to a number of consultants for modification and comments. Despite its size, the book follows the general format of<i>DSM-III-R.</i>Although at times it reintroduces older diagnostic categories by way of clarification, a cautionary statement indicates that the report is not intended to be construed or serve as a standard for psychiatric care. It is inevitable, however, that certain
Air toxics regulatory issues facing urban settings.
Authors: K Olden, J Guthrie
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Biomarker research does not exist in isolation. Its usefulness can only be realized when it is translated into prevention strategies to protect public health. In the context of air toxics, these prevention strategies begin with the development of regulatory standards derived from risk assessment schemes. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 list 189 air toxics, including many volatile organics, metals, and pesticides. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), through its affiliation with the National Toxicology Program, has generated toxicity and carcinogenicity data on more than 100 of these air toxics. The NIEHS extramural and intramural research portfolios support a variety of projects that develop and validate biomarkers for use in environmental health science and risk assessment. Biomarkers have a tremendous potential in the areas of regulating air toxics and protecting public health. Risk assessors need data provided by biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of dose/pharmacokinetics, biomarkers of susceptibility or individual variability, and biomarkers of effects. The greatest benefit would be realized if biomarkers could be employed in four areas of primary and secondary prevention. The first is the use of biomarkers to enhance extrapolation of animal data to human exposure situations in establishing risk standards. The second is the use of biomarkers that assess noncancer, as well as cancer, end points. Important health end points include pulmonary dysfunction, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Third, biomarkers that serve as early waming signs to detect intermediate effects would enhance our ability to design timely and cost-effective intervention strategies. Finally, biomarkers used to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies, both in clinical and regulatory settings, would enable us to ensure that programs designed to protect public health do, in fact, achieve the desired outcome.
Smoking in public should be restricted
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Smoking in public places should be restricted on the grounds of public health, concludes the report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health—a group of independent scientific experts.

The government committee states categorically that passive smoking does cause lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease. Long term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of dying from the disease by 20-30% in non-smokers, accounting for several hundred extra deaths from lung cancer in the UK every year, says the report. Passive smoking, it says, also damages children's health and is an important cause of childhood respiratory infections and chronic lung disease. The report is the first government report on the effects of active and passive smoking on health to be published for 10 years. Its recommendations will form the basis of the government's white paper on tobacco and health to be published later this year.

Data from the Health Education Authority show that smoking killed 120000 people in the UK in 1995. Preliminary figures from the …
Chemoprophylaxis of Rheumatic Disease
Authors: A. D. McDwyer
Journal: BMJ (1947)

MEDICAL JOURNAl'being helped by quadriceps exercises and radiant heat.Subsequent convalescence, though slow, was uneventful.Negative investigations included stool examinations, culture of urine and 24-hour specimen for the acid-fast bacillus, x rays of the affected joints and also of the chest.Leucocyte counts in the acute stage varied between six and nine thousand cells per c.mm. (P.: 70%; L.: 25%; M.: 3%; E.: 2%).Blood culture was sterile.The patient illustrates the salient features of the disease, including the liability to sudden serous joint effusions and the subacute but self-limited course.The duration of nearly four months coincides pretty well with the cases written up by Jackson and by Wrigley (ibid., p. 199).He also appears to have been helped by sulphathiazole as were their cases.It is one of the many annoying features about medicine in India that many special investigations are not available, including the gonococcal complement fixation test, but there was no clinical doubt that this was not a case of gonococcal arthritis but of the rarer Reiter's syndrome.-Iam.
Letter: Anorexia nervosa
Authors: S. C. Feinstein
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> Contrary to K. Moser's editorial (227:1167, 1974), I think the management decisions in these cases are not easy, but evaluation of<i>all</i>available information will be helpful, and "statistics" in this situation should not be considered a dirty word. K. Moser states that my "comments about 'unnecessary surgery' based on statistics alone become inappropriate (if not frankly erroneous) when applied to management of the individual patient," but Dr. Moser will be unable to find in my article any such indication that decisions for or against surgery are based on statistics alone. Dr. Moser's misleading statement that my survival data concern "metastatic, not primary, lesions of the lung" is assumed to be the result of careless reading rather than an effort to discredit the paper. The same is true of some of his other statements: he takes out of context my inclusion of all forms of bronchogenic
Ischaemic preconditioning by partial occlusion without intermittent reperfusion
Authors: M. M G Koning, L. A J Simonis, S. d. Zeeuw, S. Nieukoop, S. Post, P. D Verdouw
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aim was to investigate whether ischaemic preconditioning can be obtained by a partial coronary artery occlusion without intermittent reperfusion. Methods: In seven anaesthetised open chest pigs, the flow in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was reduced to 30% of baseline during 30 min before the vessel was occluded completely for 60 min (60 min total coronary occlusion, TCO). After 2 h of reperfusion, the area at risk (AR) and infarct size (IS) were determined using standard procedures. Infarct sizes were compared to those observed in control animals (n = 12), which were subjected to 60 min TCO and 2 h reperfusion, and to infarct sizes determined in animals preconditioned by 10 min TCO with either 15 min (n = 10) or 60 min (n = 5) of reperfusion before the 60 min TCO and 2 h reperfusion. In the last three groups of animals, area at risk was varied by occluding the coronary artery or its branches at different sites. Results: In the control animals infarct size was linearly related (r = 0.99, p< 0.001) to the area at risk with a positive intercept on the AR axis: IS/LVmass (×100%) = 0.88 AR/LVmass (×100%)−3.6. At comparable areas at risk, the infarct size of the animals preconditioned with a 10 min TCO was less than for the control animals. For the animals preconditioned with 10 min TCO and 15 min reperfusion, the relationship between infarct size and area at risk was again linear (r = 0.88) and also had a positive intercept on the AR axis: IS/LVmass (× 100%) = 0.68 AR/LVmass (× 100%)-4.8. All animals with the flow reduction to 30% of baseline immediately preceding the 60 min TCO had infarct sizes smaller (p < 0.05) than predicted from the regression equation for the control animals, but the infarct size limitation could not be simply related to variables such as changes in regional systolic and postsystolic segment length shortening, ATP, or ADP during the partial occlusion period. Conclusions: Myocardium can be preconditioned with a flow reduction to 30% of baseline for 30 min without intermittent reperfusion (two stage Harris model). The positive intercept on the AR axis of the IS-AR relationship warrants caution of the use of IS/AR as an index for infarct size limitation. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:1146-1151
Microalbuminuria and All-Cause Mortality in Treated Hypertensive Individuals
Authors: Solfrid Romundstad, Jostein Holmen, Hans Hallan, Kurt Kvenild, Hanne Ellekjær
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— In hypertensive individuals, few prospective studies are available in which the association between microalbuminuria (MA) and all-cause mortality in the 2 sexes have been studied within the same population. Methods and Results— We conducted a 4.3-year follow-up of 2307 men and 3062 women (≥20 years old) with self-reported treated hypertension, all identified in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, 1995 to 1997 (n=65 258). The main outcome measures were relative risk (RR) of all-cause mortality according to increasing albuminuria, defined at different levels of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). There was a consistent positive association between increasing ACR and all-cause mortality in men. The adjusted RR for ACR in the fourth quartile (≥1.70 mg/mmol) was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6), compared with ACR in the first quartile (&lt;0.55 mg/mmol). The corresponding RR in women was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.8 to 3.1). We found a positive association between mortality and increasing number of urine samples with ACR above different cutoff levels, especially in men. In 3 urine samples, the lowest ACR level associated with mortality in men was 0.86 mg/mmol, RR 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4). The sex differences persisted after exclusion of those who died during the first year of follow-up, those with hypertension not treated optimally, and those with known cardiovascular disease. Conclusions— The association between ACR and all-cause mortality was stronger in treated hypertensive men than in women. The persistent sex differences indicate that hypertensive women tolerate MA better than men and that MA in women should be interpreted differently than in men.
Management of Third Stage of Labour, with Particular Reference to Reduction of Feto-Maternal Transfusion
Authors: O. A. Ladipo
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Methods of management of the third stage of labour were compared in 200 cases, noting the effect on feto-maternal transfusion. The incidence of feto-maternal transfusion was found to be 66% in cases managed in the orthodox manner, compared with 33% in those in whom free cord bleeding was allowed. The magnitude of transplacental bleeding was also less when bleeding was allowed.
Internal Medicine: Pulmonary Medicine
Authors: Thomas L. Petty
Journal: JAMA (1982)

physiology and clinical investigation. One of the most eminent is Thomas L. Petty, MD, professor of medicine and head of pulmonary medicine at the Colorado School of Medicine. Dr Petty is a senior editor of Chest and is a member of the editorial boards of theArchives of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Care, Heart and Lung, Critical Care Medicine,andThe Western Journal of Medicine.He is a member of the Pulmonary Subspecialty Examining Board and is currently the president of the American College of Chest Physicians.  In academic institutions in Australia and Japan, in clinics in Rome and Vienna, and in hospitals in Vancouver, Canada, and Caracas, Venezuela, discussions of advances in therapy for pulmonary disease are linked with the key contributions of Thomas Petty. Through his textbooks on chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma, by means of his numerous lectures to clinicians and nurses throughout the world, and via
Treatment of Neurosyphilis with Penicillin
Authors: J. P. Martin
Journal: BMJ (1948)

BRITISHabsent, and laboratory findings may not be characteristic in the early stages.Diagnosis should not be made on the basis of symptoms alone; careful evaluation of the dietary history.symptoms and signs, the available laboratory data, and response to specific therapy may help to establish the cause.Not only a number of diseases but also some of the thera- peutic measures used to combat them may precipitate a deficiency state, and the imbalance of vitamin-B factors is particularly stressed.The treatment of early vitamin-deficiency states is in every case an individual medical problem requiring exact diagnosis and properly planned therapeutic measures.I am greatly indebted to Drs.
A Century of Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Authors: John B. West
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

The period from 1905 to 2004 was a particularly important era in the history of pulmonary gas exchange. The dramatic increase in knowledge from rudimentary ideas at the beginning of the 20th century to today’s sophisticated analyses might be compared with the progress from the Wright flyer at Kitty Hawk in December 1903 to modern supersonic aircraft. However, I cannot resist the temptation to peek back one page to the beginning of the 19th century because in some ways that sets the stage for 1905.
Pituitary Prolactinoma and Estrogen Contraceptives
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances have propelled the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome to the forefront of medical awareness, and many more cases of pituitary prolactinemia are being diagnosed, treated, and reported. But the increase cited in this editorial goes beyond refinement of diagnositic tests; other factors are cited as causing a real increased incidence. 1 factor is the use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. In a series of 30 patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea, 23 had hyperprolactinemia. In 19 of these, symptoms followed the use of oral contraceptives, and in 4 they appeared after parturition. 3/19 had radiographic evidence of a pituitary tumor. A temporal link between the manifestations of prolactinemia and oral contraceptive use or childbirth is evident in a series of 42 patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia who underwnet transsphenoidal resection of histologically verified pituitary adenomas. In 31 of these patients, symptoms developed in close association with the use or discontinued use of oral contraceptives or after childbirth. Therefore, estrogens are thought to promote growth of preexisting silent pituitary lesions.
Women War Captives in Russia
Authors: M. Peszczynski
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>Summary</h3> Neurologists may be confronted with patients who present with inflammatory brain lesions where the diagnosis cannot be made through history and physical examination alone. Molecular testing for bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and fungal infections may aid in the diagnosis. Since the treatments for these disorders are different and delays can result in permanent neurologic disability and death, rapid and accurate diagnoses are critical. This review provides the neurologist with testing options and recommends ways to enhance sensitivity and specificity.
Further Considerations on Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
Authors: D. Bowsher
Journal: BMJ (1957)

ACCIDENTAL COAL-GAS POISONING BRrrm 917 recognize the odour, and they have been included among those who could not recognize 50 parts per 10,000 parts of air.In Table IV the term "reliable" has been used to indicate those whose threshold was under 50 parts and could therefore be determined.In calculating the means and the standard deviations, only the " reliable" results were utilized.The control tests with younger persons carried out at the time of the main tests gave the results indicated in the table.They are directly comparable with those obtained with samples of the normal working population drawn from the office staff at two of the Gas Board's establishments and included in the table under " Other Tests."TABLE IV.-Threshold of Recognition of Odour of Town Gas (Parts of Gas per 10,000 Parts of Air) Threshold of Recognition Unable to Mean Standard Recognize "Reliable"" Deviation 50 Parts 1.Old persons (over 65): A. Hospital in-patients.9 tested; 6 reliable 24 11 27% B. Hospital out-patients.7 tested; 5 reliable ..
KaKs_Calculator 2.0: A Toolkit Incorporating Gamma-Series Methods and Sliding Window Strategies
Authors: Dapeng Wang, Yubin Zhang, Zhang Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Jun Yu
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2010)

Abstract We present an integrated stand-alone software package named KaKs_Calculator 2.0 as an updated version. It incorporates 17 methods for the calculation of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates; among them, we added our modified versions of several widely used methods as the gamma series including γ-NG, γ-LWL, γ-MLWL, γ-LPB, γ-MLPB, γ-YN and γ-MYN, which have been demonstrated to perform better under certain conditions than their original forms and are not implemented in the previous version. The package is readily used for the identification of positively selected sites based on a sliding window across the sequences of interests in 5’ to 3’ direction of protein-coding sequences, and have improved the overall performance on sequence analysis for evolution studies. A toolbox, including C++ and Java source code and executable files on both Windows and Linux platforms together with a user instruction, is downloadable from the website for academic purpose at https://sourceforge.net/projects/kakscalculator2/.
Pulmonary microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in a patient with AIDS
Authors: M. Scaglia, L. Sacchi, G.P. Croppo, A. da Silva, S. Gatti, S. Corona, A. Orani, A.M. Bernuzzi, N.J. Pieniazek, S.B. Slemenda, S. Wallace, G.S. Visvesvara
Journal: Journal of Infection (1997)
Almost 30% of anaesthetic machines in UK do not have anti-hypoxia device
Authors: D. I Saunders, T. Meek
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—In February 2001 a child died after resuscitation in an emergency department at Newham General Hospital, London, having been given 100% nitrous oxide.1 This highlighted the ability of some anaesthetic machines to deliver a hypoxic gas mixture. Most modern machines incorporate an anti-hypoxia device in the form of a link between the oxygen and nitrous oxide controls, such that a hypoxic mixture cannot be generated. We have surveyed the prevalence of machines without an anti-hypoxia device across the United Kingdom.

In April 2001 we sent a questionnaire to …
Use of patient survey to award funds to practices sparks controversy
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Claims that the results of a national survey of patients may result in many general practices losing tens of thousands of pounds in funding were dismissed this week by a Cambridge academic who defended the survey, saying that it would improve services for patients. 

The survey, now in its third year, has angered the BMA because its design fails to take into account the number of people who respond. For the first time this year, funding to practices will be allocated according to the number of positive responses to two questions about access to appointments, even if only a handful of patients respond. 

The BMA has criticised the survey for being “fundamentally flawed” and too long for many people to bother with. It has warned that general practices stand to lose tens of thousands of pounds in funding, which could adversely affect services for patients.

However, Martin Roland, professor of health services research at Cambridge University and an adviser to Ipsos-MORI, which conducted the survey, says that the number of practices that stand to lose funding “will be very small.” 

Professor Roland expressed surprise that the BMA …