tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long term efficacy of war related bronchiolitis obliterans treatment
Authors: Hamidreza Abtahi, Soheil Peiman, Maryamossadat Moeinzad Tehrani
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  There is few data about war related bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) treatment. We compared FVC and FEV1 changes during BO treatment in comparison to non bronchiolitis obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of chemical victims.   Materials and methods:  Seventy two Iranian veterans, with chronic pulmonary disease were followed from September 2005 to December 2010. All of them had documented exposure to Sulfur Mustard gas from 1982 to 1988.  The bronchiolitis group (diagnosed based on HRCT and/or biopsy) was treated with inhaled Seretide (500-1000 μg/day), Azithromycin (500 mg/3 times per week) and  N -acetylcysteine (1200-1800/day). The non bronchiolitis patients were treated according to GINA and GOLD guidelines.   Results:  16 patients had BO and 56 had non bronchiolitis obstructive pulmonary disease. The baseline FVC and FEV1 were not different between bronchiolitis and non bronchiolitis groups. Mean FVC and FEV1 has decreased significantly during the 5 years followup despite standard treatments in all patients (baseline FVC=3.50±0.78 L, Final FVC=3.21±0.75 L; P   Discussion:  The five year spirometric parametric changes were not different between bronchiolitis and non bronchiolitis group in mustard gas victims. This finding suggests the long term efficacy of treatment with inhaled steroid, macrolide and  N -acetylcysteine in war related bronchiolitis obliterans.
The impact of smoking relapse on the outcome after lung transplantation
Authors: David Ruttens, Stijn Verleden, Robin Vos, Annemie Vaneylen, Elly Vandermeulen, Michiel Thomeer, Dirk Vanraemdonck, Bart Vanaudenaerde, Geert Verleden
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Lung transplantation(LTx) is a treatment for end-stage lung diseases. Smoking free period of 6 months is required to be listed for LTx. We however reported that 17% of former smokers resume smoking after LTx. The current aim is to re-evaluate the prevalence of post transplant smoking resumption and the impact on outcome after LTx with as main parameters chronic rejection, solid tissue cancer.  All 335 LTx recipients currently in follow-up in our center were included and evaluated for past and current smoking habits by a questionnaire and an eCO measurement with an electrochemical (Bedfont EC50-piCO-V Smokerlyzer) sensor (eCO >10 ppm was considered positive). The association between smoking and solid tissue cancer was tested using a contingency table (GraphPad prism 4.0).  213 patients (63.6%) smoked before LTx,of which 144 had COPD (43%). 35 patients (11%) reported smoking post-LTx,of which 32 were transplanted for COPD (91%), 14 (4.2%) were current smokers. eCO was elevated in 23 patients of whom only 10 patients admit that they smoke.  Second-hand smoking was reported in 33% of the total population and 86% of the active smokers(78% had a smoking family member).  In the 35 patients admitting smoking post-LTx,10 patients suffered from chronic rejection (28% compared with 25% of the total population) and solid tissue cancer was reported in 6 patients(17% compared with 7% of the total population)(p=0.03),median follow–up time in both groups is comparable.  11% of the patients smoked after LTX, especially the COPD patients. There increased risk for de development of a solid tissue cancer. There is a discrepancy between the eCO and there questionnaire therefore combining with urinary cotinine seems to be necessary.
A memorable patient: The patient might be right
Authors: P. Strangeways
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Callow and naive, I had recently started in general practice. But, full of confidence and believing I knew it all, I worked my way through my newly inherited list of patients with the enthusiasm that some of us may remember from earlier days. The Wing Commander stopped me in full flow: “I have come for my annual medical.” My protestations about the lack of evidence of …
The comparison of the two methods of hot biopsy and forceps biopsy in diagnosing endobronchial tumoral lesions
Authors: Hamidreza Jabbardarjani, Mohammad Samet, Arda Kiani, Negar Sheikhi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  Forceps biopsy is a standard method for taking samples from endobronchial tumors whose most important complication is bleeding. Using electrocautery connected to the forceps (hot biopsy) is a way for controlling bleeding during sampling. But the main concern is if the sample tissue is sufficient for diagnosis, histological and pathologically or not. The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic value of these two methods and also study their bleeding as a side effect.   Materials and methods:  In this study 36 patients with endobronchial lesions underwent flexible bronchoscopy. First, three samples were taken without coagulation (Cold) and then three more were taken with coagulation (hot) at voltages 10,20 and 40. The samples were blindly studied by pathologist. The severity of bleeding was determined by a non bronchoscopist.   Results:  There was a meaningful difference between the amount of bleeding in hot and cold methods (p 0/05). There was no difference in the rate of tissue damage in voltages 20 and 40, but a meaningful difference was observed between the two voltage sets of 10 and 40 (p=0/048), and in 10 and 20 (p=0/047).   Conclusion:  Using hot biopsy method in diagnosing endobronchial tumoral lesions reduced the amount of severe bleeding and the rate of tissue damage was not affecting the histological and pathological studying.
Abstract 14896: In Vivo Induction of Regulatory T Cells Delays the Development of Hypertension in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Masato Katsuki, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Takuya Kishi, Kenji Sunagawa
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background: T cell activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its complications. In contrast, regulatory T (Treg) cells, which control the immune system, are reported to prevent angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac damage. The precise role of Treg cells in the pathological process of hypertension, however, remains unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-2 and anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody (IL-2/mAb) complex selectively induces Treg cells in vivo. Here we aimed to determine whether Treg cells are decreased in genetically spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with normotensive rats, and if so, to examine whether administration of IL-2/mAb complex affects the development of hypertension and the progression of cardiac hypertrophy. Methods and Results: We examined Treg cells in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells (Treg cells) in the spleen and peripheral blood were...
Upper airway {middle dot} 1: Allergic rhinitis and asthma: united disease through epithelial cells
Authors: A Bourdin, D Gras, I Vachier, P Chanez
Journal: Thorax (2009)

The relationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma is now established, and most of the clinical, epidemiological and biological data recommend integrated management. Epithelial cells represent the first barrier of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and thus are logical targets for a comprehensive integrated therapeutic approach. This review discusses rhinosinusitis as a co-morbid condition, a precipitating or triggering condition, and an epiphenomenon as an integrated part of the disease. A better understanding and a more pragmatic method of diagnosis and management is needed using cost-effective long-term strategies.
Peripheral airway obstruction is a predictive sign of early asthma
Authors: Takayuki Miyamoto, Hitoshi Kobayashi, Atsuko Sato, Yu Utsumi, Yutaka Nakamura, Kohei Yamauchi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction: Diagnosis of early asthma is important to introduce early intervention. However, despite of many reports, it has not been established yet.

Objective: We performed spirometry and Impulse Oschillometry System (IOS) on early asthmatics and compared the data with those of patients with chronic cough symptom (CC) and acute bronchitis (AB).

Methods: Patients who complained of chronic cough, wheeze and dyspnea, and had never been diagnosed as bronchial asthma (BA) before were recruited to the present study. After having their informed consent, we performed spirometry and IOS, and measured bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). After several months, these patients were diagnosed as bronchial asthma, chronic cough including cough variant asthma and acute bronchitis by development of symptoms, hematological analysis and other findings.

Results: BHR of BA (Dmin: 1.1±1.4; mean±SEM, n=89) was significantly increased compared to CC (5.2±3.4, n= 32) and AB (6.8±7.6, n=23). FEV1 of BA was not significantly decreased compared to CC. However, both%V50 and%V25 of BA were significantly decreased compared to those of CC (%V50: BA vs CC; 49.7±25.9 vs 70.2±16.4, p<0.05,%V25: BA vs CC; 38.1±25.0 vs 54.1±12.3, p<0.05).%R (5-25) measured by IOS was significantly higher in BA than in CC/AB (BA vs CC/AB; 151±76 vs 52±26).

Conclusion: Decreases of%V50 and%V25 and increase of%R (5-25) in IOS which indicated peripheral airway obstruction were detected in early asthmatics not in CC. These results suggested that peripheral airway obstruction may be a useful predictive sign of early asthma, which can be detected by spirometry.
Surgical management of secondary glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complex retinal detachment22The authors have no proprietary interest in any of the products or materials mentioned in this study.
Authors: Donald L Budenz, Katia E Taba, William J Feuer, Ricardo Eliezer, Scott Cousins, Jeffrey Henderer, Harry W Flynn
Journal: Ophthalmology (2001)
Hormone-Dependent Mammary Tumors in Strain GRI A Mice. II. Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Properties 2
Authors: Bruce D. Aidells, Charles W. Daniel
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

In a series of transplant experiments, we investigated interactions between normal, ductal phase, and tumorous phase mammary tissues in GR/A mice, with particular respect to growth regulation. Transplants from hormone-dependent mammary tumors (HDT) transplanted into mammary fat pads already containing normal mammary ducts usually could not be located subsequently or, at best, displayed minimal growth. Growth regulation was also normal when two HDT transplants, placed in a single gland-free fat pad in nonpregnant hosts, produced ductal outgrowths displaying mutual avoidance behavior in which ducts did not touch and were normally spaced. A normal and HDT transplant in a single gland-free fat pad also showed identical, normal regulatory behavior. In contrast, HDT transplants in pregnant hosts or in hosts receiving exogenous hormone therapy displayed altered growth patterns in which neighboring tumors touched and eventually fused. When surrounded by normal tissues, the HDT continued to proliferate and often appeared to overgrow and engulf normal elements. We concluded that HDT tissues grown in nonpregnant hosts fully responded to those short-range regulatory influences characteristic of normal morphogenesis. When exposed to hormones of pregnancy, however, these interactions changed, and HDT tissues exhibited many characteristics of ductal carcinomas.A series of transplant experiments, designed to investigate interactions between normal, ductal phase mammary tissues in GR.A mice, with particular emphasis on growth regulation, is reported. Hormone-dependent mammary tumors (HDT) were transplanted into the number 4 fat pad of either virgin or pregnant hosts. Normal mammary tissue was also transplanted. Transplants for HDT into fat pads already containing normal mammary ducts displayed minimal growth. Growth regulation was also normal when 2 HDT transplants, placed in a single gland-free fat pad in nonpregnant hosts produced ductal outgrowths displaying mutual avoidance behavior. Normal regulatory behavior was also exhibited when abnormal and HDT transplant were placed in a single gland-free fat pad. However, HDT transplants placed in pregnant hosts or in hosts receiveing exogenous hormone therapy, altered growth patterns were seen with the tumors touching and eventually fusing. When surrounded by normal tissues, the HDT continued to proliferate, overgrow and engulf normal tissue. When exposed to the hormones of pregnancy, the normal regulatory influences are superceded, and HDT tissues exhibit characteristics of ductal carcinoma.
Late-breaking abstract: Bronchoscopic vapor ablation of parenchyma for lung lesions in a porcine model
Authors: Felix Herth, Scott Ferguson, Momen Wahidi, Robert Mest, Michael Hoey, Robert Barry, Erik Henne
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Rationale: A bronchoscopic method to treat various lung neoplasms would be preferable to surgery, especially for patients with high comorbidities (Eberhardt, R et al. Respiration 2010;79:265-273). Water vapor (steam) has been shown to create necrosis, remodeling, and mass reduction in tissues throughout the body. In emphysema patients, vapor is used for lung volume reduction. Vapor is especially suitable in the lung because it is a gas.

Methods: In 5 healthy pigs, vapor was delivered bronchoscopically to the airways of 66 lung sub-segments. Dose was controlled by varying the power (30-70 cal/s) and time (5-9s). Two hours post-treatment, each sub-segment was cross-sectioned and stained with TTC to differentiate the metabolically active and inactive tissues. In 6 additional pigs, vapor was applied to 3 sub-segments each. Survival periods were 10, 21, and 30 days.

Results: The stained sections demonstrated that vapor is capable of creating a uniform field of necrosis following the sub-segment anatomical boundary. The reliability of a uniform field is dose-dependent.

In the survival animals, the treatment was well tolerated; no pneumothorax or abnormalities were observed.

Conclusion: Vapor ablation is a potentially safe and efficient means of ablating a targeted region of the lung. We hypothesize that vapor may be useful in treating neoplasms of the lung in humans.

![Figure][1] 



Uniform field of necrosis from vapor following anatomical boundaries

 [1]: pending:yes
Annual hazard rates of recurrence for breast cancer after primary therapy.
Authors: T Saphner, D C Tormey, R Gray
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE To determine if the long-term increase of recurrence for breast cancer is stable or slowly decreasing, or if it ever reaches zero; and to determine the effect of prognostic factors on the hazard of recurrence. METHODS All patients entered onto the seven completed and unblinded Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) coordinated studies of postoperative adjuvant therapy for breast cancer were analyzed in terms of annual hazard of recurrence of breast cancer. RESULTS For the entire group, the peak hazard of recurrence occurred in the interval of 1 to 2 years. The hazard decreased consistently in the interval of 2 to 5 years. Beyond 5 years, the hazard of recurrence decreased very, very slowly through year 12. The average hazard of recurrence between years 5 and 12 for the entire population was 4.3% per year. The pattern of a peak hazard of recurrence during the first 5 years with a slowly decreasing hazard of recurrence beyond 5 years was also observed to varying degrees in most subsets. Higher risk subsets such as patients with more than three nodes positive had a higher hazard of recurrence at all time intervals, while lower risk subsets such as patients with negative nodes had a lower hazard of recurrence in all time periods. CONCLUSION Patients 5 years postsurgery for breast cancer appear to have a very slowly decreasing hazard of recurrence. The mean hazard of recurrence between years 5 to 12 postsurgery is 4.3% per year. This group of patients may be well suited for trials evaluating cytostatic drugs or differentiating agents.
Effort Tracking Metrics Provide Data for Optimal Budgeting and Workload Management in Therapeutic Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Pam James, Patricia Bebee, Linda Beekman, David Browning, Mathew Innes, Jeannie Kain, Theresa Royce Westcott, Marcy Waldinger
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2011)

Clinical trials operations struggle to achieve optimal distribution of workload in a dynamic data management and regulatory environment, and to achieve adequate cost recovery for personnel costs. The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center developed and implemented an effort tracking application to quantify data management and regulatory workload to more effectively assess and allocate work while improving charge capture. Staff recorded how much time they spend each day performing specific study-related and general office tasks. Aggregated data on staff use of the application from 2006 through 2009 were analyzed to gain a better understanding of what trial characteristics require the most data management and regulatory effort. Analysis revealed 4 major determinants of staff effort: 1) study volume (actual accrual), 2) study accrual rate, 3) study enrollment status, and 4) study sponsor type. Effort tracking also confirms that trials that accrued at a faster rate used fewer resources on a per-patient basis than slow-accruing trials. In general, industry-sponsored trials required the most data management and regulatory support, outweighing other sponsor types. Although it is widely assumed that most data management efforts are expended while a trial is actively accruing, the authors learned that 25% to 30% of a data manager's effort is expended while the study is either not yet open or closed to enrollment. Through the use of a data-driven effort tracking tool, clinical research operations can more efficiently allocate workload and ensure that study budgets are negotiated to adequately cover study-related expenses.
Incremental shuttle walking test: A reproducible and valid measure of exercise tolerance in adult subjects with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (nCF-BCt)
Authors: Anderson Alves de Camargo, Samia Zahi Rached, Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio, Tatiane Soares Amaral, Fernanda de Cordoba Lanza, Jessyca Pachi Rodrigues Selman, Alberto Cukier, Frederico Leon Arrabal Fernandes, Celso Ricardo Fernandes Carvalho, Rafael Stelmach, Simone Dal Corso
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction: The incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT) has been used to correlate functional and health statuses, as well as to assess responsiveness after interventions in subjects with nCF-BCt; however, no previous study has reported the reliability and validity of the ISWT in this population. Objective: To examine the reproducibility and the criterion validity of the ISWT in subjects with nCF-BCt, and to compare exercise-induced desaturation between the ISWT and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Sixty subjects [22 male; FEV1 % pred: 52 (IQR 25–75%:39–68)] were included. Dyspnea was rated according to Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. The subjects underwent CPET by cycling, as well as two ISWTs (30 min apart). A pedometer recorded the number of steps/day (NS/day) over three consecutive days. Concurrent validity was established by analyzing the relationship between MRC, peak workload, and VO2, and NS with distance walked (DW). Results: DW was equivalent between ISWT-1 [430m (333–525m)] and ISWT-2 [440m (340–535m)], with excellent intraclass correlation coefficient [0.995 (95%CI: 0.990–0.997)]. There were significant correlations between DW (greatest distance) and peak workload (r=0.85), peak VO2 (r=0.76), NS/day (r=0.72), and MRC (r=-0.67). Higher desaturation was observed during the ISWT [-3%(-5.75 to -1)] than during cycling [-1%(-3 to 0), p
Changing Cigarette Habits and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study
Authors: P Hartge, D Silverman, R Hoover, C Schairer, R Altman, D Austin, K Cantor, M Child, C Key, L D Marrett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1987)

With the use of data from the 8,764 subjects in the National Bladder Cancer Study, the separate contribution of various aspects of a person's cigarette smoking history to his increased risk of bladder cancer was estimated. These estimates have not been previously available, owing to the smaller sizes of earlier studies. Our data indicated that people who have only smoked unfiltered cigarettes have higher risks than those who have only smoked filtered cigarettes but that people who have switched from unfiltered to filtered have experienced no reduction in risk. Our data also indicated that smoking cessation substantially reduced the risk. The former smoker appeared to benefit both because he stopped adding to the burden of irreversible damage and because he ceased being exposed to some reversible hazard. Thus the former smoker had a lower risk than the current smoker even though they had smoked the same number of cigarettes daily for the same number of years, but the former smoker's risk remained higher than the risk of a person who never smoked. Our data suggest that one-half of the bladder cancer occurring among men in the United States and one-third of that among women is caused by cigarette smoking.
Surgical Resection of the Rat Colon: Effects on Carcinogenesis by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;, &lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: C A Rubio, G Nylander
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

Following a 3-month treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) given weekly (sc), outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to partial resection of the transverse colon. After surgery, DMH treatment was continued for 6 months, after which the rats were killed. At autopsy, 63% of the tumors were found in the transverse colon. By contrast, only 29% of the tumors found in the "sham-operated" control animals occurred in the transverse colon. Surgical trauma in the colon mucosa subjected to the action of carcinogenic agents appeared to promote the conditions suitable for the development of tumors in that organ.
Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Malignant Bone Disease
Authors: James R. Berenson, MD, Allan Lipton, MD
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1999)

Tumor-induced osteolysis or lytic bone disease is mediated by osteoclast activation. Osteoclasts can be activated directly by products produced by tumors or indirectly through other nonmalignant cells. By reducing osteoclastic activity, bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption. Since these agents were shown effective in treating other diseases associated with increased bone resorption, including cancer-related hypercalcemia and Paget's disease of bone, studies have been initiated to explore the use of bisphosphonates in patients with osteolytic bone metastases. Recent large randomized double-blind studies show the efficacy of these agents in reducing skeletal complications in patients with bone metastases from both breast cancer and multiple myeloma.