tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Declining incidence of AIDS dementia complex after introduction of zidovudine treatment.
Authors: P. Portegies, J. de Gans, J. M. Lange, M. M. Derix, H. Speelman, M. Bakker, S. A. Danner, J. Goudsmit
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the incidence of the AIDS dementia complex and the presence of HIV I p24 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid in relation to zidovudine treatment. DESIGN--Retrospective study of a consecutive series of patients with AIDS from 1982 to 1988. SETTING--An academic centre for AIDS. PATIENTS--196 Patients with AIDS and neurological symptoms examined from 1982 to 1988. INTERVENTIONS--Zidovudine treatment, which was introduced to The Netherlands on 1 May 1987 for patients with severe symptoms of HIV infection (Centers for Disease Control groups IVA, B, C, and D). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Diagnosis of AIDS dementia complex and presence of HIV I p24 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS--The AIDS dementia complex was diagnosed in 40 of the 196 (20%) patients with AIDS. Thirty eight of 107 patients with AIDS (36%) not taking zidovudine developed the AIDS dementia complex compared with two of the 89 (2%) taking the drug (p less than 0.00001). The incidence of the AIDS dementia complex increased to 53% in the first half of 1987, after the introduction of zidovudine in May 1987, decreasing to 10% in the second half of 1987 and to 3% in 1988. Dementia was diagnosed before definition of the AIDS dementia complex (1986) according to DSM-III criteria and there was good agreement between diagnosis before and after 1986. Sixteen of 61 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (26%) from patients with AIDS (10 with the AIDS dementia complex) not taking zidovudine were positive for HIV I p24 antigen, whereas none of 37 cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with AIDS (two with the AIDS dementia complex) taking zidovudine were positive. CONCLUSIONS--The incidence of AIDS dementia complex in patients with AIDS declined after the introduction of systematic treatment with zidovudine; the AIDS dementia complex might be prevented by inhibiting viral replication in the central nervous system.
Iron Metabolism and Etiology of Iron-Storage Diseases
Authors: Gerald A. Mendel
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ALTHOUGH iron is present in only small quantities in the human organism, iron-containing compounds are of vital biological importance. The interest of the physician, biochemist, and physiologist in iron metabolism stems from the role played by this element in oxygen transport between cells, in the utilization of oxygen within the cell, in hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis, and in the disease states caused by iron-lack and iron overload. In contrast to the prevalence of iron deficiency, the diseases associated with iron overload are rare. In spite of this infrequency, their pathogenesis has been investigated with vigor for many years. Numerous problems remain unsolved and there are many areas of controversy. Thus, the view that hemochromatosis is an inherited inborn error of metabolism continues to be challenged, and there is no unanimity of opinion on the relationship between iron accumulation and tissue damage. This paper is not intended as a comprehensive review,
GW25-e3405 The Effect of Huoxue Qianyang Recipe on the Myocardical Gene Expression in Insulin Signaling Pathway of “Blood stasis-Yang kang-Phlegma” Hypertensive Rats
Authors: lu bo, Li Jianhua, Gui Mingtai, Zhou Xunjie, Tan Yuanyuan, Yao Lei, Fu Deyu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Measurement of systolic and diastolic flow rates in the coronary artery system by x-ray densitometry.
Authors: P Spiller, F K Schmiel, B Pölitz, M Block, U Fermor, W Hackbarth, J Jehle, R Körfer, H Pannek
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The reliability of a modified videodensitometric and photodensitometric sampling technique for measuring phasic flow rates in the coronary artery system was examined. Electromagnetic flow measurements were performed in a circulatory model with continuous and pulsatile flow and intraoperatively in aortocoronary bypass grafts; cineangiograms were made simultaneously. Based on the front velocities of injected boluses of contrast medium, the densitometric measurement overestimated the electromagnetically measured flow systematically by about 20%. Systolic and diastolic flow rates in aortocoronary bypass grafts and coronary arteries determined from biplane cineangiograms in 34 patients generally revealed the typical pulsatile flow pattern familiar from electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow measurements. Flow velocities in unstenosed coronary arteries were nearly identical before and after branchings of the vessels, whereas the corresponding flow rates were higher in proximal than in distal segments. The identical flow velocities in different branches of the same vessel and the low variability of this parameter in different patients may be a suitable index of the effect of stenoses on coronary arterial blood flow.
Abstract 2881: Benzyl isothiocyanate-mediated growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft is associated with reduced cell proliferation, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of autophagy
Authors: Ajay Bommareddy, Renaud Warin, Dong Xiao, Julie A. Arlotti, Shivendra V. Singh
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of many edible cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of cultured human breast cancer cells by causing apoptosis. The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo efficacy of BITC using triple negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft as a model. BITC administration retarded growth of MDA-MB-231 cells subcutaneously as well as orthotopically implanted in female nude mice without causing weight loss or any other side effects. BITC-mediated suppression of MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by immunohistochemical analyses of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Analysis of vasculature in tumors from the BITC-treated mice revealed smaller vessel area compared with control tumors based on immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis marker CD31. BITC-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo correlated with down-regulation of VEGF-receptor 2 protein level in the tumor. Consistent with these results, BITC treatment suppressed VEGF secretion and VEGF-receptor 2 protein level in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the BITC-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited reduced capacity for migration compared with vehicle-treated control cells. In contrast to cellular data, BITC administration failed to elicit apoptotic response as judged by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Instead, the tumors from BITC-treated mice exhibited increased cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), which is a marker of autophagic cell death. In agreement with these results, BITC treatment resulted in several features characteristic of autophagy in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells including formation of membrane vacuoles and acidic vesicular organelles (judged by microscopy after staining with lysosomotropic agent acridine orange), and cleavage of LC3. In conclusion, the present study indicates that BITC administration inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts in association with reduced cell proliferation, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of autophagy. These preclinical observations underscore in vitro and in vivo differences in mechanisms for anticancer effect of BITC. This investigation was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant 1 RO1 CA129347-03. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2881.
Thrombocytopenic purpura during treatment with Librax.
Authors: A Celada, V Herreros, H Rudolf
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Thrombocytopenic purpura during treatment with LibraxThere have been no reports relating thrombocytopenia to the consumption of Librax-a combination of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/tablet) and clidinium bromide (2 5 mg/tablet).We have observed a case of thrombocytopenic purpura apparently induced by this medication. Case reportA 32-year-old White woman teacher, weighing 56 kg, consulted her doctor complaining of fatigue, nervousness, non-specific gastrointestinal distur- bances, and family problems.A gastrointestinal transit test and routine blood tests showed no abnormalities.The patient had no other metabolic disease or a family history of adverse drug effects.Her doctor prescribed Librax (Roche) orally three tablets a day and a diet without acid fruits.After seven days on
Peptides Released by Physiological Cleavage of Semen Coagulum Proteins Form Amyloids that Enhance HIV Infection
Authors: Nadia R. Roan, Janis A. Müller, Haichuan Liu, Simon Chu, Franziska Arnold, Christina M. Stürzel, Paul Walther, Ming Dong, H. Ewa Witkowska, Frank Kirchhoff, Jan Münch, Warner C. Greene
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2011)
566 HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) CORE PROMOTER (CP), PRECORE (PC) AND SURFACE MUTATIONS IN HEPATITIS D VIRUS (HDV) INFECTION: A MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY
Authors: A. Marrone, G.A. Niro, R. Zampino, L. Costagliola, G. Cirillo, N. Coppola, M. Cafaro, A. Merola, B. Guerrera, M. Ciotti, R. Fontana, L.E. Adinol, A. Andriulli, G. Ruggiero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Humoralism and Social Development in Colonial America
Authors: Gary Alexander Puckrein
Journal: JAMA (1981)

COLONIAL physicians had a sense of man's physical nature that contrasts sharply with modern thinking.<sup>1-4</sup>However, the dissimilarities do not alter the fact that colonial medical thought had a determinative influence on early American behavior by informing attitudes about housing, clothing, diet, health, race, and sex. The present communication surveys the far-reaching impact that humoralism (a prominent theory of medicine in the colonies) had on 17thand 18th-century America. The purpose of this communication is to create an appreciation for the critical role that medical thought played in the formation of American society. <h3>Origin and Concept of Humoralism</h3> Humoralism was not an entirely logical body of thought that was written by one person. On the contrary, it was a cluster of interrelated ideas; its various propositions were formulated by persons who were often separated by space and time. Humoralism began before the time of the Hippocratic writers of ancient Greece,
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, DUE TO ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, WITH AUTOPSY
Authors: CHARLES WHELAN
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The case report with its post-mortem findings demonstrates  fact that  roundworm is at least worthy of consideration as an etiologic factor in  production of bowel obstruction in children. The case should further demonstrate  fact that no cautious surgeon should ever pass unnoticed  statement of an anxious mother that the baby has worms, in casting about for an explanation of  suspected trouble in certain obscure abdominal cases occurring during childhood. Then perhaps fewer certificates would be issued in which  cause of death was attributed to intestinal paralysis, superinduced by toxemia.  History.—  On Aug. 4, 1910, I was called in consultation with Dr. Elwyn Ballard to see E. J. W., a male child, aged 5½ years. The following history was given by  child's mother: From  date of its birth  child had been unusually strong, never having had even  diseases common to childhood, except measles, from which it promptly recovered. About April 1, 1910, however, according to  mother,  child became peevish, restless at night, had poor appetite, sallow
Abstract 4250: Cigarette smoke induces expression of the putative stem cell marker ABCG2 in cultured esophageal adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Aarti Mathur, Mahadev Rao, Yuwei Zhang, Mary Zhang, Clint D. Kemp, Robert T. Ripley, Julie Hong, Fang Liu, Itzhak Avital, David S. Schrump
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Limited information is available regarding epigenetic mechanisms by which cigarette smoke mediates initiation and progression of esophageal cancer. In order to examine this issue, esophageal adenocarcinoma cell (EsC) lines (NCI-EsC1 and NCI-EsC2) were cultured in normal media (NM) with or without cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) under clinically relevant exposure conditions. Microarray analysis revealed that CSC exposure significantly upregulated expression of ABCG2, which encodes a xenobiotic pump protein believed to be highly expressed in cancer stem cells, and recently shown to correlate with aggressive phenotype of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Analysis revealed an average of 11 fold upregulation of ABCG2 as well as a 4 fold upregulation of another ABC transporter, ABCC3. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry experiments confirmed upregulation of ABCG2 in esophageal cancer cells exposed to CSC. Interestingly, basal as well as CSC-induced levels of ABCG2 were considerably higher in NCI-EsC2 derived from a smoker, relative to NCI-EsC1, which was established from a never-smoker. Time course experiments revealed that induction of ABCG2 commenced approximately 8 hours and peaked 48 hours following initiation of CSC exposure; thereafter, ABCG2 expression was sustained at these levels with continuous CSC exposure. HDAC inhibitors such as TSA and depsipeptide repressed basal levels of ABCG2 expression, and reduced CSC-mediated induction of ABCG2 in EsC cells. HDAC inhibitors in combination with verapamil (a ABCC3 inhibitor) and Depsipeptide virtually abolished basal, as well as CSC-induced ABCG2 expression in these cells. Preliminary pyrosequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments revealed that CSC-mediated ABCG2 induction was independent of promoter DNA demethylation, and coincided with hyperacetylation of H3K9 within the ABCG2 promoter. Flow cytometry analysis utilizing hoescht dye with and without fumitremorgin C, an ABCG2 inhibitor, revealed an increased side population in CSC-treated ESC cells relative to untreated controls. Experiments are in progress to further delineate the mechanisms by which CSC induces ABCG2 expression, and to ascertain if ABCG2 induction enhances the malignant phenotype of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4250.
Dosimetry of Electrophilic Compounds by Means of Hemoglobin Alkylation
Authors: Siv Osterman-Golkar, L. Ehrenberg
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1983)

In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and ...Read More
PAI-1 and Diabetes: A Journey From the Bench to the Bedside
Authors: David J. Schneider, Burton E. Sobel
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Diabetologists have been well aware since the seminal work of Himsworth (1) in the 1930s that type 2 (insulin resistant) and type 1 (insulin deficient) diabetes were distinct entities with different pathophysiological bases. They have been aware for some time that type 2 diabetes is associated with resistance of tissues such as muscle and liver to the biological effects of insulin. Furthermore, they knew that type 2 diabetes per se and insulin resistance could both predispose to an increased risk of premature coronary artery disease and particularly the premature occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI). By contrast, cardiologists came to embrace these concepts only slowly. It was not until approximately 1999 (2) that the major organizations that represented them consistently designated type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. It was against this backdrop that we and others sought to identify pathophysiological determinants that were both manifestations of type 2 diabetes and determinants of acceleration of coronary artery disease and precipitation of MI. Because type 2 diabetes is the predominant form, comprising more than 90% of patients with diabetes, and because its association with premature coronary artery disease is particularly well established, type 2 diabetes is the focus of this article and was the focus of the journey from the bench to the bedside that it addresses. Because we were graciously invited to describe our particular journey, we have emphasized references to our own work.

We and others have been interested in the fibrinolytic system in relation to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and precipitation of MI (3–5). Fibrinolysis in blood is mediated by activation of plasminogen activators, particularly tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), that can be elaborated from endothelial cells in association with intravascular thrombosis (Fig. 1). t-PA is a serine protease. When it is …
Homocysteine, Pharmacogenetics, and Neurotoxicity in Children With Leukemia
Authors: Shinji Kishi, James Griener, Cheng Cheng, Soma Das, Edwin H. Cook, Deqing Pei, Melissa Hudson, Jeffrey Rubnitz, John T. Sandlund, Ching-Hon Pui, Mary V. Relling
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Despite its clinical success, methotrexate (MTX) therapy is associated with toxicities such as seizures, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. It has been suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia is caused by MTX and is responsible for its neurotoxic effects. The purposes of this study were to explore whether hyperhomocysteinemia was related to MTX administration and toxicity and whether homocysteine or MTX toxicity differed by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) or reduced folate carrier (RFC) genetic polymorphisms.We studied 53 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were consecutively treated on a single clinical protocol that included two courses of high-dose MTX (high-dose methotrexate [HDMTX]; 2.5 or 5.0 g/m2 per day) as consolidation therapy.The study participants' median plasma homocysteine concentrations at 23 and 44 hours after HDMTX (9.00 micromol/L and 10.12 micromol/L, respectively) were greater than the concentrations immediately before HDMTX (5.77 micromol/L, P <.0001 for both comparisons). Seven days after HDMTX treatment, their plasma concentration returned to baseline. Nine patients experienced seizures, and five patients experienced thrombosis during the first 15 months of therapy, with a tendency for there to be higher plasma homocysteine in patients with seizures across all time points (P =.063) but not in patients with thrombosis (P =.59). We observed no significant differences in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid homocysteine levels or in toxicity based on the MTHFR 677C/T or RFC 80G/A genotypes.We conclude that homocysteine was transiently elevated after HDMTX and may be related to seizure risk in children with leukemia.
Handbook of Physiology, Section 6: The Gastrointestinal System
Authors: Norton J. Greenberger
Journal: JAMA (1993)

It was with great excitement that I turned to the first page of the newly received four volumes of the<i>Handbook of Physiology</i>, dealing with the gastrointestinal system, which were published between 1989 and 1992. It had been a long time since the original volumes were conceived and published. They brought comprehensive reviews of uniformly excellent quality, presented in a detailed manner, that could not be found anywhere else. This expected quality has been carried into the current volumes of the<i>Handbook of Physiology</i>with extensive updating and interpretation of the new aspects of physiology that have been elucidated by techniques developed over the last 20 years. The unique quality of the<i>Handbook</i>remains the comprehensive presentation of each of the topics, which allows concentrated, sophisticated knowledge to be gained within very focused areas of gastrointestinal physiology. Witness the 26 pages on intrinsic factor and cobalamin absorption, annotated with 231
Doing clinical trials large enough to achieve adequate reductions in uncertainties about treatment effects
Authors: Michael J Campbell
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2013)

Some medical researchers and commentators on tests of medical treatments recognized more than two centuries ago that conclusions about the effects of treatments should be based on adequate numbers of people. From the middle of the 19th century onwards, the importance of the ‘law of large numbers’ became acknowledged increasingly within medical research. In 1840, for example, Jules Gavarret noted that:
Mental illness should be recognised as a disability
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A House of Commons committee is urging better protection against discrimination for people with mental illness.

Protection should also be extended for people with progressive illnesses and given to people with severe depression that lasts for more than six months.

A joint parliamentary committee that was set up specifically to review the government's draft discrimination bill says the bill could go further to provide better opportunities for the estimated 10 million disabled adults in the United Kingdom.

In its report the committee makes 75 recommendations covering a wide range of issues, including illnesses, transport, and housing.

It says that the rules on who is …
PRACTICAL NOTES ON OINTMENTS, THEIR USE AND ABUSE.
Authors: L. DUNCAN BULKLEY
Journal: JAMA (1904)

From time immemorial ointments have been employed in treating diseases of the skin, and the numerous references to them in the Bible show how highly they were esteemed. One reference, namely, "Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking flavor," refers to an important point to be considered, that is. the freshness or rancidity of ointments. While it might seem a simple and easy matter to prescribe an ointment for a diseased condition, any one who has dealt much with diseases of the skin not only often recognizes the difficulties connected therewith, but sees continually the uselessness or harm of many that have been previously prescribed for patients by others. A practical study of the subject, therefore, may aid some in avoiding certain of the errors which continually occur in this line of therapeusis. The subject is a larger one than can properly be treated
Mycoplasmas as Agents of Human Disease
Authors: Gail H. Cassell, Barry C. Cole
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

MYCOPLASMAS have long been recognized as pathogens of the respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and joints in a variety of animal species.1 With rare exceptions, they produce diseases that are chronic and often of multifactorial origin, the syndrome produced depending on environmental conditions, the genetic predisposition of the host, and to a lesser extent the nature of the infecting microbe. Thus, it has always been difficult to establish the etiologic importance of mycoplasmas.In the past decade, these organisms have received increasing attention as agents of human disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, previously thought to cause only benign respiratory disease, can also . . .