tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Base rates do not constrain nonprobability judgments
Authors: Paul D. Windschitl, Gary L. Wells
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Base rates have no necessary relation to judgments that are not themselves probabilities. There is no logical imperative, for instance, that behavioral base rates must affect causal attributions or that base rate information should affect judgments of legal liability. Decision theorists should be cautious in arguing that base rates place normative constraints on judgments of anything other than posterior probabilities.
Vitamin B12 injections: considerable source of work for the district nurse.
Authors: J Middleton, W Wells
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Between June and September 1984, district nurses who worked in Coventry were asked to submit returns giving details of the patients for whom they administered vitamin B12 injections. Of 492 patients identified, 382 (78%) were receiving injections more frequently than the recommended three monthly dose of hydroxy-cobalamin. An extra 3751 injections are being administered a year. Four hundred and thirty (88%) of these patients have conditions for which the drug is of proven benefit, so the increased frequency of injections accounts for most of the observed excess. A total of 2000 hours a year of district nurse time is spent with these patients. The nursing service is under increasing strain. Changes in vitamin B12 prescribing alone could make between 600 and 1470 hours available for other patient needs.
Flushing out the role of GPR109A (HM74A) in the clinical efficacy of nicotinic acid
Authors: N. B. Pike
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

The recent discovery of the Gi protein–coupled receptor GPR109A (HM74A in humans; PUMA-G in mice) as a receptor for nicotinic acid has provided the opportunity to gain greater understanding of the underlying biology contributing to the clinical efficacy (increases in HDL, decreases in VLDL, LDL, and triglycerides) and the characteristic side-effect profile of nicotinic acid. GPR109A has been proven to be the molecular target for the actions of nicotinic acid on adipose tissue, and in this issue of the JCI, Benyó et al. have confirmed the involvement of GPR109A in the nicotinic acid–induced flushing response, a common side effect. The involvement of GPR109A in both the desirable and undesirable clinical actions of nicotinic acid raises interesting questions regarding the function of this receptor.
The Natural History of Infection with the Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III
Authors: DONALD P. FRANCIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Over half of the persons infected with the lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T-lymphotropic virus type III (LAV/HTLV-III), the retrovirus that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), become persistently infected with the virus. These "carriers" serve as the major reservoir of infection for others. Virus from their vascular and lymphatic spaces infects others through direct blood or mucous membrane exposure. After months to years, a high proportion of those infected will develop clinical manifestations of infection. For infected homosexual men, approximately 25% have developed AIDS-related conditions, mainly lymphadenopathy, and approximately 10% have developed AIDS. Because of the large number of infected persons in the United States, increasing rates of disease can be expected.
An Outbreak of Gonorrhea and Early Syphilis in Massachusetts
Authors: Nicholas J. Fiumara, John D. Shinberg, Evelyn M. Byrne, Jeanne Fountaine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

SEXUAL promiscuity is basic to the spread of the venereal diseases. This very factor, with all its social, moral, psychological, legal and medical connotations, separates these diseases in the minds of many from the other communicable diseases. The same implications make outbreaks of gonorrhea and syphilis especially difficult to detect and control.The exanthemas and also other contagious diseases when occurring in increased or epidemic proportions usually become matters of public knowledge and community concern, as in the 1955 poliomyelitis epidemic in Massachusetts. They then form subjects of open conversation in the community and household. The people are advised about . . .
Tolerance to COX-2 inhibitors in children with hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: J.L. Corzo, M.A. Zambonino, C. Muñoz, C. Mayorga, G. Requena, A. Urda, C. Gallego, M. Blanca, M.J. Torres
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can affect children, with the mechanism proposed being inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme-1 (COX-1). In these patients nonchemically related NSAIDs, including COX-2 inhibitors, can induce the reaction, hampering treatment of fever and inflammatory processes.To analyse retrospectively tolerance to etoricoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and to meloxicam, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, in children with hypersensitivity to NSAIDs.Clinical records of children (aged 1-14 years) diagnosed with hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs from January 2006 to January 2013 were included. The diagnosis was confirmed by oral drug provocation test (DPT) with the culprit NSAIDs and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Tolerance to paracetamol, etoricoxib and meloxicam was also evaluated.The study included 41 children with a positive DPT with ASA and the culprit NSAID. DPT with paracetamol and etoricoxib was negative in all children, although two (4.9%) children developed a reaction after the administration of meloxicam.These data indicate that both etoricoxib and meloxicam are good alternatives for treatment in older children with hypersensitivity to NSAIDs.
Anti-Endotoxin Monoclonal Antibodies — A Second Look
Authors: Richard P. Wenzel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Approximately half a million cases of sepsis occur each year in the United States, and the estimated mortality is 35 percent (175,000 deaths annually). Half are caused by gram-negative rods, and half of these are associated with a positive blood culture. Among patients with positive blood cultures, 25 percent die of complications directly attributable to the bacteremia and 10 percent die of the underlying disease.1 Improved therapies directed at the infection would not affect the latter.Bloodstream infections also add to the morbidity and economic burden of the underlying diseases. The excess hospital stay attributable to nosocomial bacteremia (two weeks) . . .
Acute liver failure in India
Authors: M S Khuroo
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

QT Prolongation in End-Stage Liver Disease: A Result of Altered Sex Hormone Metabolism? course, findings consistent with the proposed androgen-car-To the Editor: diac interaction would not constitute definitive proof of the I read with great interest the paper by Mohamed et al. 1 hypothesis, nor would possible parallel mechanisms (e.g., documenting a prolonged QT cmax in patients with end-stage autonomic) necessarily be excluded.liver disease that shortens after liver transplantation.TheThe findings of Mohamed et al. 1 raise the intriguing possiauthors were able to exclude alterations in serum electrolyte bility that end-stage liver disease may serve as an unanticilevels as etiologic and suggested, instead, an autonomic pated natural experimental model for probing the recently mechanism on the basis of evidence of changes in indices appreciated relationship between sex hormones and cardiac of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone in many of the repolarization.patients.An alternative explanation for the described QT-interval MICHAEL H. LEHMANN, M.D. changes worthy of consideration involves the well-known Sinai Hospital/Arrhythmia Center disturbances in sex hormone metabolism found in advanced 14800 West McNichols, Suite 410 liver disease. 2 A consistent sex disparity in the pathophysiol-Detroit, MI ogy of cardiac repolarization has recently emerged: women REFERENCES not only have a longer baseline rate-corrected QT interval 3 but also are more prone to polymorphic ventricular tachyar-1.Mohamed R, Forsey PR, Davies MK, Neuberger JM.Effect of liver transplantation on QT interval prolongation and autonomic dysfunction in rhythmias (torsade de pointes) arising in various settings of end-stage liver disease.
Abstract 49: Targeting the TNF network in human ovarian cancer - A systems biology approach
Authors: Hagen Kulbe, Probir Chakravarty, Robert Moore, Francesco Iorio, Alexander Montoya, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Pedro Cutillas, Frances Balkwill
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract In a recent publication (Kulbe et al Cancer Res 2011 epub ahead of print), we have shown how key pathways in cancer-related inflammation and Notch signaling are part of an autocrine malignant cell network in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, HGSOC. This network, that we have named the TNF network, has paracrine actions on angiogenesis, the stromal signature and the immune cell infiltrate in HGSOC. We have now used a systems biology approach, combining data from phospho-proteomic mass spectrometry and gene expression array analysis, to define the best therapeutic targets within the network and to identify drugs that may synergise with cytokine and chemokine inhibitors. First, we established a hierarchy of kinases involved in the TNF network and analyzed the constitutively active kinases in one of the high TNF network cell lines. Of 45 constitutively active kinases, 33 of these kinases showed direct interactions with each other. Next, we mapped gene expression microarray data onto the Connectivity Map of drugs in order to identify compounds having an effect on transcription similar to that of the TNF network. Among the identified candidate drugs were luteolin, apigenin and resveratrol. One of the known targets of this class of drugs is the protein kinase Casein kinase II (CSNK2A1), a kinase activated in association with the TNF network. In conclusion, we have identified kinases, particularly CK2, associated with the TNF network that may play a central role in sustaining the cytokine network and/or mediating its effects in ovarian cancer. We believe our findings have implications for our understanding of ovarian cancer biology and the development of new and more effective treatments for this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 49. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-49
Cyclooxygenase-1 Is Overexpressed in Multiple Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Takiko Daikoku, Susanne Tranguch, Irina N. Trofimova, Daniela M. Dinulescu, Tyler Jacks, Alexander Yu. Nikitin, Denise C. Connolly, Sudhansu K. Dey
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (Cox-1 and Cox-2) are two distinct isoforms that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The role of Cox-2 in a variety of cancers is well recognized, but the contribution of Cox-1 remains much less explored. We have previously shown that human epithelial ovarian tumors have increased levels of Cox-1, but not Cox-2. We also observed that Cox-1 is highly expressed in a mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which lacks p53 but overexpresses c-myc and K-ras or c-myc and Akt. More importantly, a Cox-1-selective inhibitor, SC-560, attenuates EOC growth. In the present investigation, we used various genetically engineered mouse models of EOC to determine whether Cox-1 overexpression is unique to specific genetic and oncogenic alterations or is widespread. These models include: (a) deletion of both p53 and Rb, (b) induction of the transforming region of SV40 under the control of Mullerian inhibitory substance type II receptor, or (c) activation of K-Ras in the absence of Pten locally in the ovarian surface epithelium. We found that these three models, which produce spontaneous EOC, also show up-regulated expression of Cox-1, but not Cox-2. The results provide further evidence that Cox-1 overexpression is common in various models of EOC. Thus, Cox-1 serves as a potential marker of EOC and is a possible target for the prevention and/or treatment of this deadly disease.
TIME COURSE AND PREDICTORS OF SIGNIFICANT MITRAL REGURGITATION AFTER STEMI
Authors: Georgette E. Hoogslag, Elena Abate, Matthijs Velders, Helèn Boden, Sander F. Rodrigo, Martin J. Schalij, Jeroen Bax, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Victoria Delgado
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Allergic Rhinitis in Three Year Old Children with High Exposure to Diesel Exhaust: The Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS)
Authors: C CODISPOTI, G LEMASTERS, P RYAN, M VILLAREAL, J BURKLE, J LOCKEY, G KHURANAHERSHEY, L LEVIN, D BERNSTEIN
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Coincidental Detection of Pancreatic Pseudocyst on Tc-99m-HIDA Cholescintigraphy
Authors: JAMES D. MASSIE, LLOYD GREENWALD, HOWARD M. AUSTIN, YAVUZ A. TARCAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

MASSIE, JAMES D. M.D.; GREENWALD, LLOYD M.D.; AUSTIN, HOWARD M. M.D.; TARCAN, YAVUZ A. M.D. Author Information
Detection of ζ-globin chains in the cord blood by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay): Rapid screening for α-thalassemia 1 (Southeast Asian type)
Authors: Ruchanee Ausavarungnirun, Pranee Winichagoon, Suthat Fucharoen, Nava Epstein, Ronald Simkins
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1998)

Fetuses with homozygous alpha-thalassemia 1, in which the deletion of all four alpha-globin genes results in the absence of any alpha-globin chains, are severely anemic with clinical features of hydrops fetalis. Definitive diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia 1 carriers is difficult since there are few red cell abnormalities. Recently Chui et al. found that minute amounts of embryonic zeta-globin chains are present in adult hemoglobin of the Southeast Asian type of alpha-thalassemia 1 carriers. In this study, we screened 521 cord bloods for alpha-thalassemia 1. Hemoglobin analysis, including quantitation of Hb Bart's, was performed using the automated HPLC, alpha-thalassemia short program (VARIANT, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Of these, 200 cord blood samples in which Hb Bart's was demonstrated were tested for the presence of zeta-globin chains by ELISA using labeled anti-zeta monoclonal antibody. Zeta-globin ranged between 0.21 and 0.83% in 19 specimens carrying alpha-thalassemia 1 gene. In the remaining 90 out of 109 specimens in which Hb Bart's was greater than 1.2%, zeta-globin was less than 0.17%. DNA analysis revealed the presence of normal alpha-genotype and other types of alpha-thalassemia including alpha-thalassemia 2 and Hb Constant Spring. One false positive was found in which the zeta-globin was 0.25% by ELISA but in which PCR indicated an alpha-thalassemia 2 heterozygote. Ninety-one samples with Hb Bart's of less than 1.2% by HPLC are most likely normal with a zeta-globin range between 0 and 0.14%. This study also showed that the frequency of alpha-thalassemia 1 in Bangkok is 3.65%.
Reagent Strip Failure
Authors: John H. Karam
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  We read the report of Arlan L. Rosenbloom, MD, and John I. Malone, MD (240:2462, 1978), concerning six diabetic children in whom ketone reagent strip failure resulted in a misdiagnosis of gastroenteritis instead of what proved to be diabetic ketoacidosis. A reply by the manufacturer, appended to the article, implied that these patients may have been responsible for the reagent strip failure by not following directions properly.  We recently experienced a most distressing result of ketone reagent strip failure in a hospitalized adult diabetic patient in whom severe metabolic acidosis developed 36 hours after an elective surgical procedure.  Report of a Case.—  A 38-year-old obese woman had diabetes that was first diagnosed in 1970. At that time, she was poorly responsive to a short trial of insulin, but her condition was fairly well controlled for the next seven years with diet therapy and orally administered hypoglycemic drugs.
German doctors are unhappy about drugs budget
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Patients in Germany may have to wait for prescriptions that are not strictly necessary if the overall health insurance budget of DM39bn (£13bn; $20.8bn) for drugs and physiotherapy is exceeded before the end of the year.

This threat was issued by the Kassen rztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), which represents the 110000 doctors who treat patients …
Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

A shift of a few millimeters to a centimeter alters the entire prognosis and treatment of lesions of the hypopharynx and larynx. Therefore, details of topographic anatomy should precede any in-depth discussion of this subject. Although the structural components of the larynx can be assessed by indirect as well as by direct laryngoscopy, they should be correlated with radiographic anatomy. For the oncologist, therefore, a three-dimensional view of the anatomy is essential. Diagrams of the midcoronal, sagittal, and cross-sectional planes are the obvious prerequisites in a review of the basic anatomy and comprehension of its many details (Fig 1). The skeletal framework of cartilages, the ligamentous connections, and muscular attachments form the inner frame of the hypopharynx. There are six cartilaginous structures in addition to the hyoid bone; they are the epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoid cartilages. Ligamentous and muscular attachments interlock these pieces into a functional whole
Contamination by hepatitis B surface antigen in dental surgeries.
Authors: M Piazza, V Guadagnino, L Picciotto, G Borgia, S Nappa
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Contamination by hepatitis B surface antigen in dental surgeries Dental surgeries are believed to be high risk areas for hepatitis B virus infection by virtue of possible contamination by droplets of blood and Environmental surfaces and instruments testedfor hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay Counts/min in Mean counts/min in samples positive seven negative Environmental surfaces No of samples No of samples for HBsAg* controls in kit or instruments tested positive for HBsAg (A) (B)
Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome
Authors: Dominique-Charles Valla
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)

Primary Budd-Chiari syndrome is characterized by a blocked hepatic venous outflow tract at various levels from small hepatic veins to inferior vena cava, resulting from thrombosis or its fibrous sequellae. This rare disease affects mainly young adults. Multiple risk factors have been identified and are often combined in the same patient. Myeloproliferative diseases of atypical presentation account for nearly 50% of patients; their diagnosis can be made by showing the V617F mutation in Janus tyrosine kinase-2 gene of peripheral blood granulocytes and, should this mutation be absent, by showing clusters of dystrophic megacaryocytes at bone marrow biopsy. Presentation and manifestations are extremely varied, so that the diagnosis must be considered in any patient with acute or chronic liver disease. Doppler-ultrasound, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic veins and inferior vena cava are usually successful in demonstrating non-invasively the obstacle or its consequences, the collaterals to hepatic veins or inferior vena cava. The disease is considered to be spontaneously lethal within 3 years of first symptoms. A therapeutic strategy has been proposed where anticoagulation, correction of risk factors, diuretics and prophylaxis for portal hypertension are used first; then angioplasty for short-length venous stenoses; then TIPS; and ultimately liver transplantation. Treatment progression is dictated by the response to previous therapy. This strategy has achieved 5-year survival rates approaching 90%. Medium-term prognosis depends on the severity of liver disease. Long-term outcome might be jeopardized by transformation of underlying conditions and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Positive effect of CPAP treatment on the control of difficult-to-treat hypertension
Authors: M. A. Martínez-García, R. Gómez-Aldaraví, J-J. Soler-Cataluña, T. G. Martínez, B. Bernácer-Alpera, P. Román-Sánchez
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The aim of the present study was to analyse the role of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension (DC-HT) and sleep apnoea. An Autoset (ResMed, Sydney, Australia) study was performed in 60 patients diagnosed with DC-HT based on two 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitorisation (ABPM) studies. CPAP was offered to patients with an apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) > or =15 events.h(-1). After 3 months of treatment, repeat ABPM was performed to evaluate the effect of CPAP upon the blood pressure values. A total of 39 (65%) patients received CPAP treatment, but only 33 completed the study. The mean+/-sd systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively) were 154.8+/-14 and 90+/-8.8 mmHg. Patients had a mean+/-sd AHI of 37.7+/-18.2 events.h(-1). Only three patients presented a dipper nocturnal pressure pattern. CPAP treatment significantly reduced SBP (-5.2 mmHg), and particularly the nocturnal values (-6.1 mmHg), but not DBP. Considering only those patients who tolerated CPAP, the decrease in SBP was greater (-7.3 mmHg). Furthermore, CPAP treatment significantly increased the percentage of patients who recovered the dipper pattern (three (9.1%) out of 33 versus 12 (36.4%) out of 33). Continuous positive airway pressure treatment significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, particularly at night, and normalises the nocturnal pressure pattern in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension and sleep apnoea.
Effects of Inhalation of 100 Per Cent Oxygen on the Pulmonary Blood Volume in Patients with Organic Heart Disease
Authors: GERALD GLICK, BERNARD F. SCHREINER, GERALD W. MURPHY, PAUL N. YU
Journal: Circulation (1963)

The effect of breathing 100 per cent oxygen on the pulmonary blood volume, pulmonary arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and pulmonary vascular distending pressure was studied during cardiac catheterization in eight patients with organic heart disease. In half of the patients, a significant decrease in pulmonary blood volume was observed. This decline in pulmonary blood volume in the face of a decrease or no change in the pulmonary distending pressure is interpreted as evidence for a passive mechanism of action for 100 per cent oxygen. The effects of hyperoxia are compared to those of acetylcholine, which works by actively dilating the pulmonary vascular bed.
HYGIENE OF LOW DIET.
Authors: GUSTAVUS SCOTT FRANKLIN
Journal: JAMA (1883)

[Read before the Ross County, Ohio, Medical Society.] In certain diseased conditions of the human body both theoretical and practical knowledge teach us that the ordinary food of a healthy person is inappropriate, oftentimes very harmful. The results of modern physiological investigation, supplementing and confirming, in scientific manner, the clinical experience of numberless acute and observing physicians have made plain to every medical student of the present day, that when the digestive functions are not in fair working order the amount and quality of the food to be taken should be a matter of careful consideration. Modern physiology tells us that in all acute diseases when the pulse is high and the temperature increased, the digestive apparatus is not in a proper condition to work up and to assimilate ordinary food; that all the digestive fluids—the bile, the gastric, the pancreatic, and the intestinal juices—are much diminished in quantity and