tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Treatment Failures in Patients with Community-acquired Pneumonia
Authors: FRANCISCO ARANCIBIA, SANTIAGO EWIG, JOSE ANTONIO MARTINEZ, MAURICIO RUIZ, TORSTEN BAUER, MARIA ANGELES MARCOS, JOSEP MENSA, ANTONI TORRES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The aim of the study was to determine the causes and prognostic implications of antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with nonresponding and progressive life-threatening, community-acquired pneumonia. Forty-nine patients hospitalized with a presumptive diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia during a 16-mo period, failure to respond to antimicrobial treatment, and documented repeated microbial investigation ⩾ 72 h after initiation of in-hospital antimicrobial treatment were recorded. A definite etiology of treatment failure could be established in 32 of 49 (65%) patients, and nine additional patients (18%) had a probable etiology. Treatment failures were mainly infectious in origin and included primary, persistent, and nosocomial infections (n = 10 [19%], 13 [24%], and 11 [20%] of causes, respectively). Definite but not probable persistent infections were mostly due to microbial resistance to the administered initial empiric antimicrobial treatment. Nosocomial infections were particularly frequent in patients with progressive pneumonia. Definite persistent infections and nosocomial infections had the highest associated mortality rates (75 and 88%, respectively). Nosocomial pneumonia was the only cause of treatment failure independently associated with death in multivariate analysis (RR, 16.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 194.9; p = 0.03). We conclude that the detection of microbial resistance and the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia are the two major challenges in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not respond to initial antimicrobial treatment. In order to establish these potentially life-threatening etiologies, a regular microbial reinvestigation seems mandatory for all patients presenting with antimicrobial treatment failures.
Volume-Rendering Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2
Authors: Richard F. Spaide, James M. Klancnik, Michael J. Cooney, Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam, Kunal K. Dansingani, Mihoko Suzuki
Journal: Ophthalmology (2015)
Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates from China
Authors: S. Qiu, X. Xu, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Wang, L. Zhang, N. Liu, C. Chen, W. Liu, J. Li, W. Su, L. Jia, L. Wang, H. Jin, P. Keim, Z. Yuan, L. Huang, H. Song
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012)
Positron emission tomography-computed tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of smoldering multiple myeloma: identification of patients needing therapy
Authors: B Siontis, S Kumar, A Dispenzieri, M T Drake, M Q Lacy, F Buadi, D Dingli, P Kapoor, W Gonsalves, M A Gertz, S V Rajkumar
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2015)

We studied 188 patients with a suspected smoldering multiple myeloma (MM) who had undergone a positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan as part of their clinical evaluation. PET-CT was positive (clinical radiologist interpretation of increased bone uptake and/or evidence of lytic bone destruction) in 74 patients and negative in 114 patients. Of these, 25 patients with a positive PET-CT and 97 patients with a negative PET-CT were observed without therapy and formed the study cohort (n=122). The probability of progression to MM within 2 years was 75% in patients with a positive PET-CT observed without therapy compared with 30% in patients with a negative PET-CT; median time to progression was 21 months versus 60 months, respectively, P=0.0008. Of 25 patients with a positive PET-CT, the probability of progression was 87% at 2 years in those with evidence of underlying osteolysis (n=16) and 61% in patients with abnormal PET-CT uptake but no evidence of osteolysis (n=9). Patients with positive PET-CT and evidence of underlying osteolysis have a high risk of progression to MM within 2 years when observed without therapy. These observations support recent changes to imaging requirements in the International Myeloma Working Group updated diagnostic criteria for MM.
RELATED STUDIES ON ADJUSTMENT
Authors: E. H. RODNICK, M. A. RUBIN, H. FREEMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

Two groups of subjects representing extremes in adjustment in a camp devoted to instruction for industrial occupations were given a battery of tests representing different levels of complexity and personality organization. The tests were concerned with reactions to stress situations. Most of the tests were found to differentiate the extremes in the range of adjustment. A composite profile was derived from these tests which showed a good degree of correspondence with the actual adjustment level in the camp as determined by the rating sheets of the instructors. With some modifications, these tests should be suitable for practical application as selection devices.
What does the <i>BJD</i> now stand for? A position statement
Authors: A. Anstey, N.J. Reynolds
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

The 125‐year anniversary of the BJD in 2013–2014 was marked by the publication of 14 invited editorials from senior academics in dermatology.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Authors were given freedom to reflect on their own research and to speculate on future challenges. Each was encouraged to comment on the role that the BJD had played in their personal academic endeavours. In addition to providing a unique snapshot of cutting‐edge dermatological research, these scholarly editorials also helped to sharpen the focus for the identity of the BJD. The editorials were timely, addressing a key question raised at a BJD editorial board meeting held during the International Investigative Dermatology meeting in Edinburgh in 2013: what does the BJD now stand for? Accepting that science and publishing form a changing and evolving landscape, this editorial attempts to answer this question, and concludes with a position statement.
Efficacy and safety of patupilone in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A phase I/II trial
Authors: J. M. Sánchez, A. Mellemgaard, M. Perry, P. Zatloukal, J. Hamm, C. P. Belani, E. Kim, E. Felip, M. Berton, A. Johri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

7104 Background: Based on its activity in a wide range of tumors including those that are taxane resistant, the novel microtubule stabilizer patupilone (EPO906; epothilone B) has the potential to treat NSCLC. Fifty patients were enrolled in phase I to evaluate safety, efficacy, and optimal dose. The phase II part of this study is investigating the antitumor activity of patupilone in 53 patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC. Methods: Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic NSCLC documented before 1st-line therapy without symptomatic or uncontrolled brain metastases received patupilone at a starting dose of 10.0 mg/m 2 q3wk by 20-minute IV infusion. Additional inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years; WHO performance status 0–1; prior treatment with a platinum-containing regimen. Primary objective of the phase II, single-arm, 2-stage, multicenter trial: to determine activity of patupilone q3wk (overall response using modified RECIST) in NSCLC. An additional cohort with recurrent brain metastases from NSCLC is being accrued to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity. Results: In phase I, all patients received prior treatment with platinum therapy; 28% had received taxanes and 78% nontaxanes. Patupilone dose was escalated from 6.5 to 13.0 mg/m 2 q3wk. Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in 4 patients: 1 with grade 3 asthenia and 3 with grade 3 diarrhea at various dose levels. The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (66%), nausea (40%), vomiting (34%), paraesthesia (32%), abdominal pain (30%), and fatigue (30%). The most frequent grade 3 AE was diarrhea (14%); a grade 4 AE (asthenia) occurred in 1 patient. Overall phase I response: 5 PR, 16 SD, and 26 PD. Based on risk-benefit analyses, 10.0 mg/m 2 q3wk was recommended as the phase II dose. Phase II is ongoing: 25 of 53 patients (15 men and 6 women with NSCLC; 2 men and 2 women with brain metastases) have been enrolled. Conclusions: In phase I, patupilone q3wk was safe and well tolerated, with antitumor activity in patients with advanced pretreated NSCLC. Data from phase II will be available at time of presentation. [Table: see text]
Acquired Hypertrichosis Terminalis in Bronchial Carcinoma
Authors: Ilora Finlay, Stewart Coltart
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1990)

Case report A 58-year-old seaman who smoked heavily presented with a 5 week history of increasing pain in his left hip. X-rays showed a pathological fracture caused by a large lytic deposit in the left femoral neck. Biopsy at internal fixation showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma. A chest X-ray revealed an asymptomatic right hilar mass suggesting a primary bronchial carcinoma. Postoperatively he received palliative radiotherapy to the femoral head.
Abstract B25: A comparison of resistance mechanisms to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation EGFR TKIs in NSCLC
Authors: Sarah M. Paul, Xioafen Ye, Zora Modrusan, Somasekar Seshagiri, Robert Yauch, David S. Shames
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib and gefitinib offer significant clinical benefit to patients with EGFR mutation positive NSCLC compared to chemotherapy alone. In nearly all cases resistance emerges after approximately a year on therapy, often due to the EGFR T790M (50-60% of cases). Irreversible pan-HER TKIs, including dacomitnib and afatinib were developed in part to address the emergence of T790M mutations. Both molecules showed promise, but the T790M mutation is still a dominant resistance mechanism and the number and severity of adverse events in the clinic underscore the unmet need for better targeted treatments for NSCLC patients. Third generation TKIs—AZ9291 and CO-1686—were designed against activating EGFR mutations in order to spare the wild type pathway and developed for efficacy in the T790M setting. However, resistance to the new class of EGFR TKIs is inevitable, prompting us to investigate the impact of erlotinib resistance mechanisms on AZ9291 and ask what new mechanisms are involved. NSCLC cell lines harboring activating EGFR mutations with (H1975) or without T790M (HCC4006 and HCC827) were exposed to erlotinib, dacomitnib, or AZ9291 at IC 75 or greater for three months to generate resistance. The PTEN null line H1650 was found to be resistant to all three TKIs without long-term drug exposure, implicating constitutive PIK3 pathway signaling as one mechanism of resistance. In addition, AZ9291 resistance in H1975 resulted in an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the phenotypic level and a corresponding increase in vimentin staining, with at least a 1000-fold increase in IC 50. Preliminary results indicate both acquired and de novo mechanisms account for AZ9291 resistance in H1975. AZ9291 resistance in HCC827 resulted in resistance to erlotinib and dacomitnib, implicating either additional mutations in EGFR or in downstream genes. Expression of E-cadherin was markedly increased in the AZ9291 resistant HCC827 line. An analysis of EGFR mutation status, PTEN status, Met expression, and EMT gene expression and methylation signatures will be presented, and the possible implications for patients will be discussed. Citation Format: Sarah M. Paul, Xioafen Ye, Zora Modrusan, Somasekar Seshagiri, Robert Yauch, David S. Shames. A comparison of resistance mechanisms to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation EGFR TKIs in NSCLC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr B25.
Current / ex-smokers and use of e-cigarettes
Authors: Bob Patton
Journal: BMJ (2014)

While I am broadly in agreement with the authors that young people should not be exposed to e-cigarette advertising (1), we should not forget that these nicotine delivery systems may be of benefit in mitigating the harm of combustible tobacco products, or their potential effectiveness at helping smokers transition to non-smoker (2). It is unclear what proportion of current smokers or ex-smokers in this sample were now users of e-cigarettes, as these groups group appear excluded from the survey. The data reported is based on a population of non-smokers, with 0.3% overall admitting to current use of e-cigarettes, and 2.6% 'other' combustible tobacco products. proportion of young people doing both is not clear, but this could have a significant impact on the reported intention to smoke cigarettes. It would be interesting to explore the data for those young people who were tobacco naive.
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Barbara Todaro
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2012)

Before the introduction of the serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT3 receptor antagonists) in the early 1990s, limited effective options were available to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). In 1985, the FDA approved 2 cannabinoid derivatives, dronabinol and nabilone, for the treatment of CINV not effectively treated by other agents. Today, the standard of care for prevention of CINV for highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, with or without aprepitant or fosaprepitant. With the approval of safer and more effective agents, cannabinoids are not recommended as first-line treatment for the prevention of CINV and are reserved for patients with breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Because of medical and legal concerns, the use of marijuana is not recommended for management of CINV and is not part of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Antiemesis. Although patients may like to pursue this treatment option in states that have approved the use of marijuana for medical purposes, its use remains legally and therapeutically controversial.
Comparison of the Carcinogenic Actions of Subcutaneous Implants of Iron and Aluminum in Rodents
Authors: Roger W. O'Gara, Jewel M. Brown
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1967)

Subcutaneous implants of aluminum foil induced sarcomas in 8 of 18 NIH Black rats. However, no sarcomas were obtained in 25 rats similarly implanted with rough-surfaced iron discs during an observation period of 25 months. The iron discs or scales were obtained from chips of the partly oxidized inner surface of a cooking pot used by a Bantu family, 2 members of which died of esophageal cancer. Possible reasons for the different responses of the iron and aluminum implants are discussed and it is tentatively concluded that a smooth surface on the implant expedites the induction of sarcomas. An additional group of rats received 3 subcutaneous injections of a suspension of powdered iron scales, and 1 of 24 developed a sarcoma at the injection site. NIH General Purpose mice received a single injection of powdered iron scales as newborns and did not differ materially from control mice after an observation period of 21 months. It is concluded that iron is only weakly carcinogenic to the rodent.
Evolution of COPD patients with exertional desaturation treated with long term oxygen therapy during one year
Authors: Carolina B. Mesquita, Caroline Knaut, Laura M. Caram, Stephania S. Margotto, Talita J. Cezare, Simone A. Vale, Liana S. Coelho, Ilda Godoy, Irma Godoy, Suzana E. Tanni
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Objective:  Evaluate the characteristics of COPD patients with exertional desaturation treated with long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) during one year.  Methods:  60 [FEV 1 : 1,13 ± 0,49 and age: 69,0 (62,0-77,0)] COPD patients with exertional desaturation (pulse oximetry  Statistical analysis:  We performed comparison between moments of the patients with exertional desaturation and comparison between patients with severe hypoxemia and exertional desaturation after one year.  Results:  From the total, ten patients died during follow-up and eleven patients had a diagnosis of severe hypoxemia. Therefore, 39 patients remained exertional desaturation and after one year they showed improvement in symptoms of SGRQ and the baseline BDI was negatively associated in the regression model. We also identified worsening in BODE index (p = 0.031), peripheral arterial saturation (p = 0.003) and 6MWdistance (p  Conclusion:  This study showed that LTOT in COPD patient with exertional desaturation can improve symptoms.
Sequential Studies of Serum Blocking Activity in Rats Bearing Chemically Induced Primary Bowel Tumors&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: G Steele, H O Sjögren, J E Rosengren, C Lindström, A Larsson, L Leandoer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

Colon and small-bowel tumors were induced in WF rats by treatment with one of three chemical carcinogens. Tumor occurrence and growth were monitored by multiple double-contrast examinations. Roentgenologic diagnoses and histologic examination of tumors were verified at tumor resection or autopsy. Serial serum samples from each of 11 rats were tested in microcytotoxicity assays for their ability to block the cytotoxicity of lymph node cells from rats with isografts of colon carcinoma NG-W1 against NG-W1 target cells. Sera from all tumor-bearing rats demonstrated specific blocking activity. With two exceptions, serum blocking activity preceded roentgenologic evidence of tumor. Sera of the 2 exceptional rats lacked blocking 2 and 8 weeks before tumor detection, respectively. The sera of only one animal specifically inhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity despite consistently negative double-contrast examinations. At autopsy this rat was found to have an adenocarcinoma of the distal rectum, impossible to visualize by the roentgenologic technique used. In serum samples obtained from animals after successful tumor excision and with no radiologic evidence of recurrence, blocking activity could no longer be demonstrated. Rats that had received carcinogen but developed no tumor and had no abnormalities on double-contrast examination demonstrated no serum blocking activity.
Pulmonary tuberculosis with Lichen scrofulosorum
Authors: Keya Lahiri, Pallavi Gahlowt, Nitin Nadkarni, Rajesh Rai, Riya George, Amruta Landge
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

A two years old male child presented with fever and erythematous maculopapular rash over the trunk and back since 15 days and oronasal bleed since 4 days.

Mother was treated for tubercular lymphadenitis 6 years ago. At that time, family was not screened for tuberculosis.

Child was malnourished, pale with oronasal crusting. He also had sub-mandibular lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly. Islets of closely grouped, reddish brown papules involving abdomen, chest, back and proximal parts of the limbs were seen.

![Figure][1] 



There was severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Mantoux was strongly positive. X ray and CT chest showed hilar lymphadenopathy and histopathology of the lymph node confirmed tuberculosis.

Skin biopsy revealed small epitheloid granuloma in upper dermis; suggestive of Lichen Scrofulosorum .

![Figure][1] 



Child was started on 4 anti tubercular drugs viz Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for six months. Papular rash healed within couple of weeks, after initiation of anti tubercular treatment.

 [1]: pending:yes
Human Resources: A New Approach to the Dilemmas of Community Psychiatry
Authors: PETER G. BOURNE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

As a natural evolution of the community mental health movement of the sixties, the concept of human resources has developed as a service delivery organization in a number of states. Involving varying degrees of fusion of mental health, public health, welfare, and corrections departments, it has attempted to meet comprehensively the needs of health and social service clients. The author reviews the progress of this program nationally and as it was established in Georgia. The implementation of the human resources concept may result in a return to a more traditional role for the community psychiatrist.
Tuberculosis treatment completion in migrants, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
Authors: Inna Golubeva, Viacheslav Zhuravlev, Natalya Skrynnik
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction: Last years migrants in the Russian Federation (RF) are presented mainly by foreign citizens arriving to the RF from former Soviet republics visa-free with the aim of temporary labour activity. Some of these countries have high burden of tuberculosis (TB). These persons can move freely within the RF, they are not obliged to register at the place of actual residence and most of them have no health insurance. By law, TB is the basis for the refusal or cancellation of temporary residence permits or work permits to foreigners in RF.  Objective: To assess TB-treatment completion rates in patients who arrived from countries visa-free with the aim of temporary labour activity.  Methods: A prospective study among migrants-TB-patients diagnosed in Admiralteisky District, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, between January 1 2008 and July 1 2010. Examinations and treatment were free for patients.  Results: A total of 126 persons were examined. Active TB was diagnosed in 70 persons, 28 patients did not compete examination. Tax-free treatment was offered to all OΆ-patients (70). 22 patients (31%) refused treatment wishing to return home. Of the 48 patients who started treatment, 21 (44%) did not complete treatment. Thus, only 27 patients (39%) completed treatment, the fate of 43 patients (61%) is unknown. Their places of residence were not established, persons who had close contact were not screened.  Conclusions: In the absence of registration at the place of actual residence, health care staff can not locate the patient and ensure completion of treatment. If treatment can not be completed in the country of temporary stay, a patient transfer to their home country is required.
O-001 A phase III trial of aprepitant in colorectal cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (SENRI Trial)
Authors: J. Nishimura, T. Satoh, M. Fukunaga, H. Takemoto, K. Nakata, Y. Ide, T. Fukuzaki, T. Kudo, Y. Miyake, M. Yasui, S. Morita, D. Sakai, M. Uemura, T. Hata, I. Takemasa, T. Mizushima, Y. Ohno, H. Yamamoto, M. Sekimoto, R. Nezu, Y. Doki, M. Mori
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)