tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
RENAL FAILURE SECONDARY TO ETHYLENE GLYCOL INTOXICATION
Authors: Robert I. Levy
Journal: JAMA (1960)

A 36-year-old man was admitted to a hospital in a stupor with a history of six days of oliguria after a period of heavy alcohol intake. He complained of headache and of tenderness bilaterally in the costophrenic angles. He underwent dialysis by means of a twin-coil kidney twice, with evidence of improvement each time. He remained lethargic, however, continued to void less than 20 ml. of urine per day, and died in coma on the 17th day of oliguria. Autopsy findings included the presence of birefringent crystals of calcium oxalate in many of the kidney tubules; this is diagnostic of ethylene glycol intoxication.
Persistent alveolar increased permeability to 99mTc DTPA in patients with advanced HIV infection.
Authors: M Shahmanesh, S Drake, D White, A Horton, J Evans, G S Jones
Journal: Thorax (1992)

Letters to the Editor potential for confounding by severity when an unmatched control group is used.A similar problem occurred in the Saskatchewan study,7 which also used an unmatched control group.When this problem is correc- ted, however, either by using an appropriate control group (group A) or by adjusting for markers of asthma severity (table, top of p574), then the association of asthma drugs in general with deaths from asthma tends to disappear, whereas the findings for fenoterol remain firm (a similar pattern occurred in the Saskatchewan data7).The table shows that control group A provides an adequate match for asthma severity, whereas some confound- ing exists in the unadjusted results for control group B. We drew this conclusion in the published paper,5 and Dr Lanes and his coworkers have simply repeated our analysis but misrepresented our conclusions.When the hazards of fenoterol are being considered it is important that all of the evidence should be considered.There is now a wealth of epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence that fenoterol is more hazardous than other commonly used f agon- ists.2The second New Zealand mortality epidemic started when fenoterol was introduced in 1976, and continued until our first study was published in 1989; the death rate then fell by one half, and is now similar to that in other countries.It is important to search for alternative explanations, but the evidence increasingly indicates that confounding by severity is not a plausible explana- tion, and that the association between fenoterol and deaths from asthma is likely to be causal.
Hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Comparing acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: T Chang, K Young, Y Yang, H Lei, H Wu
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with chronic HCV infection. No data are available on PBMC testing for HCV RNA in acute hepatitis C. This study investigated the presence of HCV RNA in PBMC of patients with acute posttransfusion hepatitis C, compared with those with chronic HCV infection. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect HCV RNA in 111 and 48 paired samples of serum and PBMC of 11 patients with acute posttransfusion hepatitis C and 48 patients with chronic HCV infection, respectively. In patients with acute posttransfusion hepatitis C, HCV RNA was detected in 17 of 29 (59%) and 67 of 82 (82%) serum samples collected during the incubation period and acute phase, respectively. Meanwhile, of the 48 patients with chronic HCV infection, 41 had serum HCV RNA (85%). HCV RNA was not detected in PBMC samples from incubation period or from acute-phase hepatitis, although it was detected in 12 of the 48 PBMC samples of chronically infected patients (25%) P &lt; .005). Of the 12 PBMC specimens positive for positive-stranded HCV RNA, 6 were also positive for negative-stranded HCV RNA. Among patients with chronic HCV infection, HCV infection of PBMC was not related to age, sex, blood transfusion, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, or serum virus titers. In conclusion, HCV infection of PBMC rarely exists in patients with acute hepatitis C. As HCV infection persists, the incidence of HCV infection of PBMC becomes higher.
Cutaneous phototoxicity reactions
Authors: N.J. LOWE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

This paper reviews some potential mechanisms of cutaneous phototoxicity and discusses selected methods of predicting and ranking phototoxic reactions. Phototoxicity is a non-immunological reaction that is induced by the action of light on a photoactive chemical. The phototoxic chemical may be either exogenous or endogenous, and if exogenous may include topical or systemic agents. Examples of phototoxic agents include psoralens (e.g. 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, as well as the isopsoralens). Psoralens are used therapeutically for the treatment of different skin diseases and psoralen-like chemicals may be present in perfumes and cosmetics. Phototoxic reactions can be evaluated visually in animals. The hairless mouse has also proved useful with skin thickening as a marker of dermal oedema and the induction of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, as well as other biochemical changes being indicative of cutaneous phototoxicity. In vitro tests of phototoxicity include the Candida albicans assay as well as bacterial mutagenicity. For example, in the latter category different psoralens vary in their ability to induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains, an assay which can provide rapid screening of potential phototoxicity of chemicals. For human testing, phototoxic chemicals can be delivered topically or orally, and in conjunction with appropriate ultraviolet radiation will produce phototoxic reactions which can be evaluated for intensity of response.
Caring for Patients: A Critique of the Medical Model
Authors: Richard E. Peschel
Journal: JAMA (1996)

The late Allen Barbour, MD, was professor of clinical medicine emeritus at Stanford University and served as chief of the Stanford Diagnostic Clinic at the Stanford Medical School from 1971 to 1981.<i>Caring for Patients</i>was completed just prior to his sudden death in 1993. The book represents Dr Barbour's 40-year journey to better understand the link between the psychosocial aspects of a person's life and the source of medical illness. Although he was well suited to undertake the mission of "untangling the psychosocial dimensions of an illness," because of the complexities of the topic and the many contentious assumptions about the interaction between the patient's psychosocial environment and medical illness, this book is only a partial success. The author has correctly diagnosed that there are many shortcomings to a strictly biomedical model as it is commonly practiced in medicine today and has properly estimated the magnitude of the problem.
THE EELATION OF DEFICIENCIES OF VITAMIN A AND OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS TO FOLLICULAR HYPERKERATOSIS IN THE RAT.*
Authors: V. RAMALINGASWAMI, H. M. SINCLAIR
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1953)

Journal Article THE EELATION OF DEFICIENCIES OF VITAMIN A AND OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS TO FOLLICULAR HYPERKERATOSIS IN THE RAT. Get access V. RAMALINGASWAMI, V. RAMALINGASWAMI Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. M. SINCLAIR H. M. SINCLAIR Laboratory of Human Nutrition, University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 65, Issue 1, 1 January 1953, Pages 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1953.tb13159.x Published: 01 January 1953
Basal Insulin and Cardiovascular and Other Outcomes in Dysglycemia
Authors: Origin Trial Investigators, Hertzel C Gerstein, Jackie Bosch, Gilles R Dagenais, Rafael Díaz, Hyejung Jung, Aldo P Maggioni, Janice Pogue, Jeffrey Probstfield, Ambady Ramachandran, Matthew C Riddle, Lars E Rydén, Salim Yusuf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

The provision of sufficient basal insulin to normalize fasting plasma glucose levels may reduce cardiovascular events, but such a possibility has not been formally tested.We randomly assigned 12,537 people (mean age, 63.5 years) with cardiovascular risk factors plus impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes to receive insulin glargine (with a target fasting blood glucose level of ≤95 mg per deciliter [5.3 mmol per liter]) or standard care and to receive n-3 fatty acids or placebo with the use of a 2-by-2 factorial design. The results of the comparison between insulin glargine and standard care are reported here. The coprimary outcomes were nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes and these events plus revascularization or hospitalization for heart failure. Microvascular outcomes, incident diabetes, hypoglycemia, weight, and cancers were also compared between groups.The median follow-up was 6.2 years (interquartile range, 5.8 to 6.7). Rates of incident cardiovascular outcomes were similar in the insulin-glargine and standard-care groups: 2.94 and 2.85 per 100 person-years, respectively, for the first coprimary outcome (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94 to 1.11; P=0.63) and 5.52 and 5.28 per 100 person-years, respectively, for the second coprimary outcome (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.11; P=0.27). New diabetes was diagnosed approximately 3 months after therapy was stopped among 30% versus 35% of 1456 participants without baseline diabetes (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.00; P=0.05). Rates of severe hypoglycemia were 1.00 versus 0.31 per 100 person-years. Median weight increased by 1.6 kg in the insulin-glargine group and fell by 0.5 kg in the standard-care group. There was no significant difference in cancers (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.13; P=0.97).When used to target normal fasting plasma glucose levels for more than 6 years, insulin glargine had a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes and cancers. Although it reduced new-onset diabetes, insulin glargine also increased hypoglycemia and modestly increased weight. (Funded by Sanofi; ORIGIN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00069784.).
Augmented histamine test in the treatment of symptomatic hiatal hernia
Authors: W. Silber
Journal: Gut (1969)

The augmented histamine test was performed in 150 cases of oesophageal hiatal hernia with and without duodenal ulcers and the results have been analysed. There was no significant difference in the result compared with normals. In addition there is no correlation between the acid secretion and either symptoms or size of the hernia. The pathogenesis of heartburn is briefly discussed.
Effect of positive inotropic agents on myosin isozyme population and mechanical activity of cultured rat heart myocytes.
Authors: H Rupp, H J Berger, A Pfeifer, K Werdan
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

To examine whether catecholamines have a direct effect on myosin heavy chain expression of heart myocytes or whether they act via an altered work load, myocytes from neonatal rat hearts were cultured in thyroid hormone-free media containing various positive inotropic and chronotropic agents. The velocity and frequency of contraction of the myocytes were monitored using an optoelectronic system. After 3-5 days of culture, myosin isozyme populations, cellular cAMP content, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake of the myocytes were determined. Compared with myocytes cultured in the absence of inotropic agents (32.6 +/- 3.5% V1), the proportion of myosin V1 was significantly (p less than 0.05) increased in the case of 1 microM isoproterenol (48.2 +/- 5.9% V1), 1 microM forskolin (57.1 +/- 11.7% V1), and 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (79.1 +/- 2.0% V1). Dibutyryl cAMP increased V1 to a similar level as 30 nM triiodothyronine did (70.2 +/- 13.0% V1). Only a small increase was observed in myocytes cultured in the presence of 10 microM phenylephrine (40.4 +/- 8.4% V1), 10 microM ouabain (40.6 +/- 11.9% V1), or 10 microM Bay K 8644 (40.7 +/- 11.7% V1). The agents with a marked effect on myosin heavy chain expression resulted in a higher cAMP content; isoproterenol and forskolin also stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. All agents resulted in a higher velocity of contraction; with the exception of ouabain, frequency of contraction was also increased. A change in Ca2+ concentration in the medium from 1.3 to 2.4 mM resulted in a small increase in V1 (40.7 +/- 5.2% V1) but had the same effect on contraction velocity as dibutyryl cAMP did. Furthermore, 10 nM isoproterenol also increased V1 in myocytes that were arrested with 10 microM verapamil. The increase in V1 in the case of dibutyryl cAMP, isoproterenol, and forskolin is thus most probably not a correlate of the increased mechanical activity but of the high cellular cAMP content.
Memory CD8+ T cells mediate antibacterial immunity via CCL3 activation of TNF/ROI+ phagocytes
Authors: Emilie Narni-Mancinelli, Laura Campisi, Delphine Bassand, Julie Cazareth, Pierre Gounon, Nicolas Glaichenhaus, Grégoire Lauvau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

Cytolysis, interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion are major effector mechanisms of memory CD8+ T cells that are believed to be required for immunological protection in vivo. By using mutants of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, we found that none of these effector activities is sufficient to protect against secondary infection with wild-type (WT) bacteria. We demonstrated that CCL3 derived from reactivated memory CD8+ T cells is required for efficient killing of WT bacteria. CCL3 induces a rapid TNF-α secretion by innate inflammatory mononuclear phagocytic cells (MPCs), which further promotes the production of radical oxygen intermediates (ROIs) by both MPCs and neutrophils. ROI generation is the final bactericidal mechanism involved in L. monocytogenes clearance. These results therefore uncover two levels of regulation of the antibacterial secondary protective response: (a) an antigen-dependent phase in which memory CD8+ T cells are reactivated and control the activation of the innate immune system, and (b) an antigen-independent phase in which the MPCs coordinate innate immunity and promote the bactericidal effector activities. In this context, CCL3-secreting memory CD8+ T cells are able to mediate “bystander” killing of an unrelated pathogen upon antigen-specific reactivation, a mechanism that may be important for the design of therapeutic vaccines.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Michael Heidelberger, Elvin A. Kabat
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

1. By the application of an absolute, quantitative microchemical method for the estimation of agglutinins, precise data have been obtained on the course of the agglutination of Type I pneumococcus by homologous anticarbohydrate. 2. Within the limitations imposed by the necessity for the agglutination reaction to take place at the bacterial surface, the reaction is shown to be analogous to the precipitin reaction and subject to the same laws. 3. The entire process of a typical instance of specific bacterial agglutination has been quantitatively accounted for on a purely chemical basis and expressed in the form of equations derived from the law of mass action. 4. Experimental verification of predictions based on the theory has shown a fundamental difference between this instance of specific bacterial agglutination and the commonly adduced analogies, and necessitated a revision of current conceptions regarding the rôle of electrolytes and of physical forces in the reaction.
latrogenic Prolonged aPTT: A Nondisease State
Authors: Emily E. Czapek
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The use of various types of indwelling catheters and needles for monitoring physiological parameters and for administration of intravenous fluids and medication is now widespread. Such catheters also provide a ready means of obtaining blood samples. Far too little attention, however, has been paid to errors that may arise in tests performed on blood samples obtained from patients with venous or arterial catheters in place. Instances of "nondisease" are thus inadvertently created, and much unnecessary time and effort may be expended before the error is recognized. The prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) by heparin is a case in point. Of the routine clotting tests generally available, the aPTT is particularly sensitive to heparin, a fact still poorly appreciated by many physicians. The degree of prolongation of the aPTT by heparin is difficult to predict and depends on the amount of heparin infused, the time interval between infusion
Bacterial contamination of expressed breast milk.
Authors: C L Jones, R F Jennison, S W D'Souza
Journal: BMJ (1979)

In a study of breast milk collected into sterile bottles rinsed in 1% hypochlorite solution the hypochlorite solution adherent to the sides of the bottles apparently caused a large reduction in bacterial contamination of the milk after storage at 4 degrees C for up to four hours. Heating expressed breast milk at 62.5 degrees C for five minutes destroyed over 90% of the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and group B beta-haemolytic streptococci inoculated into the milk samples. Rinsing collecting bottles with hypochlorite solution may be valuable in collecting milk with a low bacterial content for human-milk banks. Furthermore, the currently accepted pasteurisation time of 30 minutes may be excessive.
New Studies Say Viral Burden Tops CD4 as a Marker of HIV Disease Progression
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1996)

EARLY FINDINGS from two large clinical studies may signal a major shift in how physicians monitor disease progression and use antiviral drugs in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The data indicate that a change in viral burden, as measured by RNA polymerase chain reaction (RNA-PCR) at baseline and following therapy, is superior to CD4 cell count as a surrogate marker of HIV disease progression. "This is the first large-scale trial supporting this finding," said William W. Freimuth, MD, PhD, medical monitor of the studies sponsored by Pharmacia &amp; Upjohn Inc, Kalamazoo, Mich. Most clinicians and activists already consider viral burden testing useful, as a result of findings from smaller studies, Freimuth noted. "Now these data give it ammunition." The findings, as yet unpublished, are "very important," said John Phair, MD, director of the Comprehensive AIDS Center at Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill, and an investigator at
Reproductive Mortality in the United States
Authors: Benjamin P. Sachs
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Maternal mortality in the United States has declined by 50% during the last decade. This decline took place at the same time as changes in the availability and use of contraceptive measures, including temporary contraceptives and sterilization. To examine the impact of these changes on mortality we estimated the reproductive mortality rate, which includes pregnancy-related deaths as well as deaths from the side effects of contraceptive methods. The estimated reproductive mortality rate fell by 73% from 1955 to 1975. The decrease was greater for women younger than 35 years. The slower decline for women aged 35 years and older was due to oral-contraception-related deaths. By 1975, pregnancy prevention was responsible for nearly as many deaths as pregnancy itself. The reproductive mortality rate is more appropriate than the maternal mortality rate for evaluating the health risks of reproduction and contraception. We urge that national surveillance of maternal mortality should be expanded to include deaths associated with contraceptive methods.
LDL Density and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Melissa A. Austin, Ronald M. Krauss
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We read with much interest the recent review article by Dr Slyper<sup>1</sup>summarizing the literature on small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). We wholeheartedly concur with his conclusion that "[u]nraveling the connection between dense LDL and atherogenesis will have important consequences for the treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease." However, his statement that "genetics has a limited influence on LDL phenotype" is incorrect. For example, recent results from a large study of female twins by Austin et al<sup>2</sup>demonstrated that one third to one half of the variation in LDL size is attributable to genetic influences, a statistically significant result. Findings from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute<sup>3</sup>male twin study are remarkably similar and fail to reach significance only because a statistical test with low power to detect genetic influences was used. Further
Hypoglossal-Nerve Palsy
Authors: Dimitrios I. Zafeiriou, Evangelos Pavlou
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece six-year-old boy was brought to the emergency department because of acute speech difficulties. Five days previously, a low-grade fever, sore throat, and malaise had developed. The day before presentation, difficulties in articulation of speech and tongue movements had developed. The findings on neurologic examination were unremarkable except for left-sided hypoglossal-nerve palsy and associated dysarthria. The results of the clinical and laboratory evaluations were consistent with the presence of infectious mononucleosis. Cranial-nerve palsy is a rare complication of acute infectious mononucleosis in childhood.
Book Review Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections Ninth edition. Edited by Leslie Collier, with Albert Balows and Max Sussman. 5409 pp. in six volumes, illustrated. London, Arnold, 1998. (Distributed by Oxford University Press, New York.) $1,170. 0-340-614706
Authors: Didier Raoult
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)
Growth factors in wound healing. Single and synergistic effects on partial thickness porcine skin wounds.
Authors: S E Lynch, R B Colvin, H N Antoniades
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Several growth factors are potential mediators of wound healing, although their actual roles, interactions, and therapeutic use are not established. Six well-characterized human growth factors were chosen for detailed investigation by topical application to standardized skin wounds in swine: epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factors alpha and beta (TGF-alpha and TGF-beta), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). When applied singly in doses up to 1,500 ng, only TGF-beta produced a marked tissue response, as demonstrated by an increase in the new connective tissue volume, the collagen content and maturity, and increased angiogenesis. However, TGF-beta enhanced inflammation and caused abnormal epithelial differentiation and decreased epithelial volume, the last reversed by addition of IGF-I. Recombinant PDGF-2 homodimer, if given in combination with recombinant IGF-I, caused a similar increase in the new connective tissue volume and collagen content and maturity, but without increased inflammation. In addition, this combination stimulated increased amounts of epithelium with normal differentiation. The synergy of PDGF-2 and IGF-I was optimal at a ratio of 2:1 by weight. Of the six individual factors and nine combinations tested, the combinations of PDGF-2 and IGF-I or PDGF-2 and TGF-alpha were the most potent stimulators of healing in the absence of increased inflammation.