tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Type I Diabetes Masquerading as Type II Diabetes: Possible implications for prevention and treatment
Authors: R David Leslie, Paolo Pozzilli
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

Type I diabetes is probably due to the immune-mediated destruction of islet insulinsecreting β-cells. This chronic destructive process is associated with both cellular and humoral immune changes in the peripheral blood that can be detected months, even years, before the onset of clinical diabetes. Throughout this prediabetic period, metabolic changes, including altered glucose tolerance and reduced insulin secretion, deteriorate at variable rates toward full-blown diabetes. The ability to predict subsequent clinical diabetes in those nondiabetic individuals with immune and metabolic changes has led to attempts to prevent the disease onset by therapeutic intervention. A small fraction of individuals with immune changes develop clinical diabetes that does not require insulin treatment. The onset of diabetes in these cases is usually in adult life, and because their diabetes is, at least initially, not insulin-dependent, they appear clinically to have type II diabetes. Such patients probably have the same disease process as patients with type I diabetes in that they have similar human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic susceptibility as well as autoantibodies to islet antigens. It is proposed that non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients who have markers that characterize individuals at risk of type I diabetes may be suitable candidates for those same therapeutic strategies that seek to prevent progression to insulin-dependence or even to reestablish normal glucose tolerance.
Decreasing Reliability of Acid-Fast Smear Techniques for Detection of Tuberculosis
Authors: JAMES C. BOYD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

The ability of any screening test to correctly identify diseased patients is directly related to the prevalence of the disease in question. The continuing use of smears for the detection of acid-fast bacilli when the prevalence of tuberculosis is declining will produce increasing numbers of false-positive results. To determine the usefulness of smear techniques, we carried out a retrospective study of approximately 10 000 consecutive smears and cultures. Positive smears were classified as true- or false-positive on the basis of whether the corresponding cultures grew mycobacteria. The overall incidence of false-positive smears was 0.7%; however, the ratio of the number of false-positive to total positive smears was about 0.5. Thus, for each true-positive result, one false-positive result was obtained. Patients in the true-positive group had clinical and radiological evidence to support the diagnosis of tuberculosis, while those in the false-positive group had few findings of the disease. These data suggest that the smear is a poor screening technique in a population where the prevalence of tuberculosis is low.
The Hypereosinophilic Syndromes
Authors: WILLIAM R. HARDY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

This report concerns three individuals with a similar illness characterized by the following: a striking leukocytosis due primarily to increased numbers of mature eosinophils; cardiac or pulmonary symptoms, or both; and hepatosplenomegaly. Two of the patients died; the third remains in clinical good health. Distinctive morphologic abnormalities were found in the heart, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Similar cases have often been reported as examples of eosinophilic leukemia. However, review of the pertinent evidence is not thought to support this concept; rather, it suggests an association with Löffler's syndrome and Löffler's endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica. To emphasize that such patients are part of a continuum, we propose the term "hypereosinophilic syndromes" to encompass the entire group.
Reefer madness: doctors need more drugs training
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Investigating dispersal in animal populations can be difficult, particularly for taxa that are hard to directly observe such as those that are small or rare. A promising solution may come from new approaches that use genome-wide sequence data to detect close kin dyads and estimate dispersal parameters from the distribution of these dyads. These methods have so far only been applied to mosquito populations. However, they should have broad applicability to a range of taxa, although no assessment has yet been made on their performance under different dispersal conditions and study designs. Here we develop an R package and Shiny app, kindisperse, that can be used to estimate dispersal parameters from the spatial distribution of close kin. Kindisperse can handle study designs that target different life stages and allows for a range of dispersal kernel shapes and organismal life histories; we provide implementation examples for a vertebrate (<i>Antechinus</i>) and an invertebrate (<i>Aedes</i>). We use simulations run in kindisperse to compare the performance of two published close kin methodologies, showing that one method produces unbiased estimates whereas the other produces downward-biased estimates. We also use kindisperse simulations to investigate how study design affects dispersal estimates, and we provide guidelines for the size and shape of sample sites as well as the number of close kin needed for accurate estimates. kindisperse is easily adaptable for application to a variety of research contexts ranging from invasive pests to threatened species where non-invasive DNA sampling can be used to detect close kin.
Taking healthcare interventions from trial to practice
Authors: Paul Glasziou, Iain Chalmers, Douglas G Altman, Hilda Bastian, Isabelle Boutron, Anne Brice, Gro Jamtvedt, Andrew Farmer, Davina Ghersi, Trish Groves, Carl Heneghan, Sophie Hill, Simon Lewin, Susan Michie, Rafael Perera, Valerie Pomeroy, Julie Tilson, Sasha Shepperd, John W Williams
Journal: BMJ (2010)

study protocolThe methods section in a protocol should provide a description of the intervention(s) (whether active, usual practice, or placebo) that is sufficiently detailed to enable people with appropriate expertise to reproduce them.This should include:• What were the "contents," including all constituent components, materials, and resources and their quality • Who delivered the intervention, including their expertise, additional training, and support • Where the intervention was delivered (the setting) • How and when the intervention was delivered: the dose, the schedule (intensity, frequency, duration), and interaction • The degree of flexibility permissible, including options and decision points. 3 This list is readily adaptable for interventions beyond clinical treatments and encounters-for example, to health systems and other complex interventions.Attention should be paid to the different meanings that terms such as counselling or physical therapy may have in different settings.Space constraints in trial registration databases and
Gastrointestinal Disorders in Runners
Authors: John D. Cantwell
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Gastrointestinal disturbances were recently described in two long-distance runners, one of whom had bloody diarrhea (1980; 243:1743). I wish to describe two additional instances of the latter and to caution that the entity may mimic acute appendicitis and Crohn's disease. <h3>Report of a Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 17-year-old man ran a competitive 1.6-km race in 4:23 despite feelings of fatigue for the previous two weeks. He rested a day and then did vigorous anaerobic training (20 sets of 180-m dashes, each under 30 s, with the exercise pulse rate of 210 beats per minute and the recovery rate of 170 to 180 beats per minute) in preparation for a state tournament competition. That evening he had transient crampy abdominal pain, gas, and light brown diarrhea. The next day he did three 0.8-km runs (2:10 each) and two 1.6-km runs (4:35 pace). Mild diarrhea was noted in
Immaturity of microvessels in haemorrhagic plaques is associated with proteolytic degradation of angiogenic factors
Authors: J. Le Dall, B. Ho-Tin-Noe, L. Louedec, O. Meilhac, C. Roncal, P. Carmeliet, S. Germain, J.-B. Michel, X. Houard
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

We investigated the causes of microvessel immaturity and destabilization in human atherosclerotic lesions. Human atherosclerotic carotid plaques (n = 24) were classified as non-haemorrhagic (NH) or haemorrhagic (Hem), according to their macroscopic aspect and haemoglobin content. Plaque microvessel density and maturity were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Expression of angiogenic factors was studied by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and ELISA. Plaque-conditioned media were tested for plasmin and elastase activities and for their ability to degrade angiogenic factors and to induce smooth muscle cell migration. Microvessel density and leucocyte infiltration were increased in Hem compared with NH plaques. Plaque vasculature appeared vulnerable as indicated by the absence of α-actin-positive mural cells in most plaque vessels. Despite increased numbers of angiogenic factor-expressing microvessels and leucocytes in Hem plaques, lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and angiopoietin-1 were found in conditioned media from Hem plaques. However, NH and Hem plaques released similar levels of the vascular destabilizing factor, angiopoietin-2. Addition of recombinant angiogenic factors to plaque extracts showed that all factors but angiopoietin-2 were selectively degraded by plasmin and/or elastase released from Hem plaques. Furthermore, conditioned media from Hem plaques showed a reduced ability to induce smooth muscle cell migration. Our results provide evidence that immaturity of plaque vessels is associated with the degradation of angiogenic factors by haemorrhage-conveyed leucocytes and proteases.
The Frank Vectorcardiogram in Mitral Stenosis
Authors: ROBERT C. TAYMOR, IRWIN HOFFMAN, EDWARD HENRY
Journal: Circulation (1964)

The vectorcardiographic findings in 29 patients with mitral stenosis are presented. Five patients had normal QRS loops, and five had classical loops of right ventricular hypertrophy with predominant anterior forces. The remaining 19 patients had posteriorly oriented loops with normal rotation. The characteristics of these latter loops were analyzed in detail and compared with the findings in series of normal subjects. The midportions of the horizontal plane QRS loops were found to be significantly more posterior in orientation. Posterior voltage was increased while maximum QRS voltage was decreased. It was thought that the findings represent early right ventricular hypertrophy, and quantitative criteria to differentiate these loops from normal are suggested.
Abstract 1015: Mammary stem cells increase late in embryogenesis, facilitating their characterization and revealing links to breast cancer
Authors: Benjamin T. Spike, Dannielle D. Engle, Jennifer C. Lin, Justin La, Samantha K. Cheung, Geoffrey M. Wahl
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Parallels between embryonic development, stem cells, and cancer have long been recognized. The proliferative and invasive characteristics of the most lethal forms of breast cancer and their lack of differentiated characteristics resemble aspects of embryonic mammogenesis, raising the possibility that they share molecular mechanisms. We have identified, isolated and characterized a fetal mammary population with concentrated mammary stem cell activity and shown that it exhibits gene expression similarities to certain human breast cancer molecular subtypes. Limiting dilution transplantation analyses demonstrate that a robust increase in fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) activity is evident after embryonic day 16 (E16), coincident with invasion of the rudiment through the mesenchyme and into the fat pad precursor. Markers used to enrich adult MaSCs enabled isolation of a population at E18.5 that is highly enriched for fMaSCs and capable of serial transplantation in vivo and clonal, multilineage sphere formation in vitro. Genome-wide expression profiling and single cell analyses revealed candidate pathways in both the epithelial and stromal compartments with relevance to fMaSC activity and cancer. Notably, ErbB and FGF signaling were critical and synergistic for the in vitro growth of spheres derived from the fMaSC-enriched population, and fMaSCs expressed elevated ErbB2, 3, and 4 relative to adult MaSC enriched populations. We explored molecular links between fetal mammary development and cancer further by analyzing the expression of fetal gene signatures in archived breast cancer array data and in breast cancer cell lines. We identified gene expression modules correlating with certain cell lines, intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and clinical outcome. These studies advance the attractive hypothesis that regulatory pathways governing fMaSC function and embryonic mammogenesis that are deregulated in certain types of human cancer can be targeted in the development of new therapies and prognostic metrics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1015. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1015
L-dopa for postencephalitic Parkinsonism.
Authors: N. Krasner, J. M. Cornelius
Journal: BMJ (1970)

BRjTisHShe was para 3 + 0. The second was a twin pregnancy.All four children were alive and well.Her last menstrual period was on 6 July 1968.The uterine size was compatible with the period of gestation.On 22 October 1968 hysterotomy and Pameroy sterilization was performed by an experienced member of our team.A single fetus was removed from the uterine cavity, and the postoperative period was satisfactory apart from mild urinary tract infection.At the follow-up clinic on 27 December 1968 the patient presented with a uterus the size of a 24-week gestation.She was obviously pregnant and she was booked for a hospital delivery.On
Lack of Change of Lipoprotein(a) Levels by the Optimization of Glycemic Control With Insulin Therapy in NIDDM Patients
Authors: Assumpta Caixàs, Antonio Pérez, Jordi Qrdóñez-Llanos, Rosa Bonet, Mercedes Rigla, Agustina Castellví, L Bayén, Alberto De Leiva
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of glycemic control improvement with insulin therapy on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels in patients with NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a longitudinal study in a tertiary referral center to compare lipid and Lp(a) levels before and after 3 months of insulin therapy in 60 poorly controlled NIDDM patients (32 men, 28 women). Patients previously treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (n = 50) received one to two insulin doses, and those previously treated with insulin (n = 10) received multiple insulin doses. Lp(a) levels were measured by the Terumo method. Differences between the two periods were assessed by the paired t test and Wilcoxon's test. RESULTS After 3 months of insulin therapy, HbA1c decreased from 9.6 ± 1.9 to 6.0 ± 1.4% (P &amp;lt; 0.0005) in all patients and from 9.1 ± 2.1 to 6.1 ± 2.9% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in patients under multiple insulin doses, being ≤ 6.0% in 59% of patients. Total triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and HDL cholesterol increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.0005). However, no changes in Lp(a) levels were observed in all patients (25.3 ± 25.0 vs 25.7 ± 27.2% mg/dl) and in patients with baseline Lp(a) levels above (63.5 ± 15.5 vs. 65.1 ± 23.1 mg/dl) or below 30 mg/dl (11.5 ± 7.5 vs. 11.5 ± 7.3 mg/dl). In addition, patients reaching HbA1c levels ≤ 6.0% or &amp;gt; 6.0% presented similar Lp(a) levels (26.0 ± 29.1 vs 25.3 ± 25.0 mg/dl). Moreover, no correlations were observed between changes in Lp(a) levels and in the glycemic control parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the improvement of glycemic control by insulin therapy does not influence plasma Lp(a) levels, measured by the Terumo method, in NIDDM patients, independently of baseline values and the degree of glycemic control reached.
PROPHYLAXIS IN SURGERY.
Authors: GEORGE WILEY BROOME
Journal: JAMA (1895)

In briefly discussing the subject of the prophylaxis of infection in operative surgery, it is my intention to speak also of the measures necessary to prevent unnatural union between tissues under the title given to this paper, and I shall first speak of the operation of amputation as it relates to the prophylaxis of infection and, in connection therewith, the prevention of the amalgamation of heterologous structures in the reparative processes of the wound. But before entering upon the subject I may be permitted to preface the discussion with the observation that there is but one author in the world, so far as I am aware, who holds and advocates the theory that the apposition of peritoneum to peritoneum is a surgical error, although I am clearly cognizant of the fact that thousands of operations terminate in the unnatural union of tissues; that is, the union of tissues of a
Outcome of Cataract Surgery in Nigeria: Visual Acuity, Autorefraction, and Optimal Intraocular Lens Powers—Results from the Nigeria National Survey
Authors: Abdullahi U. Imam, Clare E. Gilbert, Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam, Gudlavalleti V.S. Murthy, Raj Maini, Mansur M. Rabiu
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Cutaneous Adverse Effects With HER1/EGFR-Targeted Agents: Is There a Silver Lining?
Authors: Román Peréz-Soler, Leonard Saltz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) is dysregulated in many solid tumors, making it an attractive target for anticancer therapy. A number of agents that target this receptor are in use or in development. A specific adverse effect common to this class of agent is a papulopustular rash, usually on the face and upper torso, which generally occurs in a dose-dependent manner. Little is known about the etiology of this rash, and there are no clear evidence-based management recommendations. Histologic data indicate that rash may be caused by HER1/EGFR inhibition in skin, although this has not been confirmed. Findings suggest that there is a relationship between the development of rash and response and/or survival, making rash a potential surrogate marker of activity. Data from multiple studies with cetuximab and erlotinib show a consistent relationship between rash and response, as well as between rash and survival. The relationship between rash and clinical outcome is currently less consistent for gefitinib. Some studies report a correlation, whereas others do not. The cause of the possible relationship between rash and clinical benefit remains unclear at this time, and additional studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of this observation.
New Guidelines for the Disclosure of Academic-Industry Financial Ties and Modeling Professionalism During Medical Education
Authors: Anand Reddi
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
Early postinduction intensification therapy improves survival for children and adolescents with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Nita L. Seibel, Peter G. Steinherz, Harland N. Sather, James B. Nachman, Cynthia DeLaat, Lawrence J. Ettinger, David R. Freyer, Leonard A. Mattano, Caroline A. Hastings, Charles M. Rubin, Kathy Bertolone, Janet L. Franklin, Nyla A. Heerema, Torrey L. Mitchell, Allan F. Pyesmany, Mei K. La, Cheryl Edens, Paul S. Gaynon
Journal: Blood (2007)
Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of the Mechanical Properties of Aortic Valve Cusps
Authors: Ismail El-Hamamsy, Kartik Balachandran, Magdi H. Yacoub, Louis M. Stevens, Padmini Sarathchandra, Patricia M. Taylor, Ajit P. Yoganathan, Adrian H. Chester
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Rheology of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum after <i>in vitro</i> Treatment with Hypertonic Saline Alone and in Combination with Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I
Authors: MALCOLM KING, BONNIE DASGUPTA, ROBERT P. TOMKIEWICZ, NEIL E. BROWN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Treatment with recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase) is currently used as therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Hypertonic saline (HS) acts as an expectorant promoting mucus secretion and augmenting the volume of sputum. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of HS and rhDNase in vitro on the viscoelasticity of CF sputum. Sputum samples were collected from nine CF patients to use for in vitro testing. Aliquots of CF sputum (0.20 to 0.40 g) were subjected to the following protocols: (1) negative control sample without any treatment; (2) positive control sample, adding 10% volume of normal saline (0.9% NaCl); (3) application of hypertonic saline (HS-3% NaCl); (4 ) combining approximately 100 nM concentration of rhDNase with protocols 2 and 3. The samples in protocols 2 through 4 were incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C. For each protocol, CF sputum was analyzed at baseline and at 30 min for spinnability by filancemeter and viscoelasticity by magnetic microrheometry. Spinnability decreased for the sputum samples that were treated with rhDNase, in combination with either HS or normal saline. Treatment with HS alone and combined treatment with rhDNase and HS decreased log G* (the principal viscoelasticity index) to the same degree. Saline alone and rhDNase in normal saline both increased the predicted cough clearability of the sputum; however, the combined treatment with rhDNase and hypertonic saline had the best overall effect on cough clearability. The change in predicted mucociliary clearability, although greatest after HS, was not significant. These in vitro results suggest that combined treatment with rhDNase and HS should be evaluated further as a potential mucotropic approach to augment the clearance of purulent sputum in CF lung disease.