tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breath-analysis tests in gastroenterology.
Authors: A Newman
Journal: Gut (1974)

Progress report Breath-analysis tests in gastroenterologyThough the term 'breath-analysis test' conjures up images of policemen and errant motorists, it has a different connotation when used by gastro- enterologists.Analysis of certain constituents in breath exhaled after the administration of various substrates has been found to have potentially important applications, and interest in breath tests is increasing for a number of valid reasons.First of all, in some cases the gases measured are produced in chemical reactions that are difficult to quantitate in any other way, because they take place either inside cells or in the inaccessible regions of the gastrointestinal tract.Secondly, exhaled breath is easy to collect by simple, non-invasive, and aesthetically acceptable means, often using disposable or cheap apparatus readily adapted to local hospital or even field conditions.Thirdly, serial studies can be performed in order to assess the course of a disease or its response to treatment without causing pain or hardship.Fourthly, the analysis of the breath specimens is simple, automated, and potentially highly cost-effective.Fifthly, breath tests do not depend on good pulmonary function for their accuracy to the same degree that tests involving, for example, urine depend on accurate collections and on good renal function.This is because the gases being sought diffuse readily across biological membranes down concentration gradients, pass into plasma and thence into alveolar air.Admittedly, severe metabolic or respiratory acid-base problems would interfere with a breath test, but in the presence of these abnormalities such tests probably would not be performed.Finally, breath tests are safe for use in adults and some of them are safe for use in children.In this report each of the exhaled gases of gastroenterological interest will be considered and the present methods, applications, and areas of potential usefulness wilibe reviewed.14C Carbon Dioxide (4C02) TOTAL C02 COLLECTION METHOD '4C02 AND MANNITOL Mannitol is a poorly absorbed alcohol, closely related in chemical structure to mannose.It has long been known to be metabolized by bacteria, and has 310Alvin Newman
[444] DOWN-REGULATION OF MHC CLASS I ON HUMAN HEPATOCYTES CELL LINES BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOMIC REPLICON IMPAIRS ANTIGEN PRESENTATION TO SPECIFIC CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: S. Benothman, M. Andrieu, A. carpentier, J. Gaston, L. Aoudjehane, F. Conti, Y. Calmus, P. Podevin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
An Etiologic Study of Clinical Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Authors: Robert L. Magoffin
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Laboratory evidence of poliovirus and various non-poliovirus infections found in 358 cases clinically diagnosed as paralytic poliomyelitis was examined with respect to the severity of paralysis and to prior immunizations with killed poliovirus vaccine. Poliovirus infection was confirmed in 85% of patients with severe spinal paralytic disease but in only 21% of those with minimal muscle weakness. Non-poliovirus infections were associated with one-third of the cases with minimal weakness, less than 10% of those with moderate paralysis and not at all with cases of severe paralysis. In each category of paralysis poliovirus infection was less often confirmed among patients who had been immunized, whereas non-poliovirus infections were found more often in the vaccinated patients. Altogether a non-poliovirus was implicated, and poliovirus infection excluded, in 41 cases.
Hepatotoxicity Caused by Metronidazole Overdose
Authors: Sing Lam
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Letters15 May 1995Hepatotoxicity Caused by Metronidazole OverdoseSing Lam and Simmy BankSing LamLong Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040.Search for more papers by this author and Simmy BankLong Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The most frequently reported adverse effects of metronidazole include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. More serious side effects include reversible peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, and blood dyscrasias [1]. To our knowledge, only one suspected case of metronidazole-induced hepatotoxicity has been reported in the English-language literature [2].We recently encountered a patient who developed drug-induced hepatitis caused by metronidazole overdose. A 58-year-old-woman was hospitalized in October 1994 because of dizziness and fainting. Her medical history included chronic depressive illness. She also had chronic low-back pain and insomnia. She had had lumbosacral laminectomy ...References1. Goldman P. Metronidazole. N Engl J Med. 1980; 303:212-8. Google Scholar2. Appleby DH, Vogyland HD. Suspected metronidazole hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol. 1983; 2:373-4. Google Scholar3. Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speigt TM. Metronidazole in anaerobic infections: a review of its activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1978; 16:387-417. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Sing Lam; Simmy BankAffiliations: Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDrug‐Induced Liver DiseaseSevere hepatotoxicity associated with the combination of spiramycin plus metronidazoleOrnidazole-induced liver damage: report of three cases and review of the literatureNitroimidazole-induced chronic hepatitisMetronidazole and Darkened Urine: Is There a Causal Relationship?Metronidazole overdose 15 May 1995Volume 122, Issue 10Page: 803KeywordsAbscessesAntidepressantsDrugsHepatitis ALiverNauseaSyncopeTasteTricyclic antidepressantsVomiting ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 May 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Value of histochemical reactions for mucosubstances in the diagnosis of certain pathological conditions of the colon and rectum.
Authors: M I Filipe
Journal: Gut (1969)

The histopathologist quite often faces diagnostic problems such as the recognition of early stages of disease, borderline cases, and morphologically atypical pictures which are not always solved by the usual laboratory techniques.Recent histochemical periodate oxidation (Spicer, 1965) and strong methylation (four hours at 60°C) followed by high iron diamine- alcian blue method.577
Tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon predicts erosive progression in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: S. Lillegraven, P. Boyesen, H. B. Hammer, M. Ostergaard, T. Uhlig, S. Sesseng, T. K. Kvien, E. A. Haavardsholm
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Studies have shown ultrasonographic findings to be associated with radiographic progression and relapse from clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).1,–,5 Our group has reported a predictive value of an overall ultrasonography score6 and a cross-sectional association between ultrasonographic erosions and erosions assessed by MRI and conventional radiographs.7 However, most previous studies did not include multivariate analyses, and we wanted to further examine the predictive value of inflammatory ultrasonographic findings of the wrist, including tenosynovitis, in early RA patients.

Patients were recruited from a cohort of early RA patients (disease duration ≤ 1 year) examined by joint counts, serology, conventional hand radiographs, MRI and ultrasonography at 0, 12 and 36 months.8 The regional ethics committee approved the study and all patients gave their informed consent. Sixty patients had complete 1-year data and were included in …
TET2 mutations predict response to hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome patients
Authors: Rafael Bejar, Allegra Lord, Kristen Stevenson, Michal Bar-Natan, Albert Pérez-Ladaga, Jacques Zaneveld, Hui Wang, Bennett Caughey, Petar Stojanov, Gad Getz, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop Kantarjian, Rui Chen, Richard M. Stone, Donna Neuberg, David P. Steensma, Benjamin L. Ebert
Journal: Blood (2014)
Absorption of a hypotonic oral rehydration solution in a human model of cholera.
Authors: J B Hunt, A V Thillainayagam, S Carnaby, P D Fairclough, M L Clark, M J Farthing
Journal: Gut (1994)

The development of oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) has been one of the important therapeutic advances of this century. The optimal formulation, however, of ORSs for both cholera and other infective diarrhoeas is still debated. Part of the problem in developing ORSs has been the lack of adequate test systems for the assessment of new formulations before clinical trial. We have developed a jejunal perfusion, cholera toxin induced, secretory model in humans and have compared net water and solute absorption from a hypotonic ORS (HYPO-ORS: sodium 60 mmol/l, glucose 90 mmol/l, osmolality 240 mOsm/kg) and the British Pharmacopoeia recommended ORS (UK-ORS: sodium 35 mmol/l, glucose 200 mmol/l, osmolality 310 mOsm/kg) in six healthy volunteers. A plasma electrolyte solution (PES) was also perfused in all subjects to confirm a secretory state. Only HYPO-ORS reversed sodium secretion to absorption (p &lt; 0.01). Both ORSs promoted net water absorption but this was greatest with HYPO-ORS (p &lt; 0.01). Glucose and potassium absorption rates were similar for both ORSs whereas chloride absorption mirrored sodium absorption and was greatest from HYPO-ORS (p &lt; 0.05). These results, in a biologically relevant model of secretory diarrhoea, suggest it may be possible to achieve improved rates of rehydration by the use of hypotonic ORS with mid range sodium concentrations.
Spinal immobilisation for unconscious patients with multiple injuries
Authors: C G Morris, E P McCoy, G G Lavery
Journal: BMJ (2004)

After blunt polytrauma the cervical spine may be injured in 2-12% of patients,1–3 and injuries of the head and neck are associated in up to one third of cases.4 5 The presence of a head injury is important as it is the strongest independent risk factor for injury of the cervical spine (relative risk 8.56) and may also prevent meaningful clinical evaluation and exclusion of cervical injury.

Before the advanced trauma life support guidelines7 it had been suggested that among patients with a cervical spine injury, a delayed or missed diagnosis was associated with 10 times the rates of permanent neurological sequelae.8 Modern trauma care appropriately assumes that injury is present until it is excluded. Conscious trauma patients who are able to report symptoms and meet the criteria detailed in box 1 may generally be regarded as having a stable cervical spine. The strict application of such criteria may be more sensitive than routine screening radiographs.9–11

These criteria will not allow clinical exclusion of injury among most patients with multiple injuries. Patients rendered unconscious and requiring intubation, receiving analgesia or sedation, or with a serious head injury are not appropriate for the clinical exclusion of cervical spine injury. The strategy for the evaluation of such patients may lie anywhere between the following two modalities.

Firstly, prolonged immobilisation and a semirigid cervical collar may be used, with clinical evaluation on the return of an “adequate” level of consciousness (many clinicians believe that this is the only reliable way to exclude occult ligamentous injury). This is often associated with serious complications of prolonged immobilisation and application of the cervical collar, detailed in figure 1 and box 2. In addition, this form of evaluation in a previously unconscious patient has not been studied …
Desert hedgehog signalling pathway is involved in the proliferation of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour-derived cell line from neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: H. Endo, A. Utani, H. Shinkai
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article Desert hedgehog signalling pathway is involved in the proliferation of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour‐derived cell line from neurofibromatosis type 1 Get access H. Endo, H. Endo Department of Clinical Biology of Extracellular Matrix, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1–8‐1 Inohana, Chuo‐ku, Chiba 260–8670, Japan Correpondence: Hideharu Endo E‐mail: chw92121@syd.odn.ne.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Utani, A. Utani Department of Clinical Biology of Extracellular Matrix, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1–8‐1 Inohana, Chuo‐ku, Chiba 260–8670, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Shinkai H. Shinkai Department of Clinical Biology of Extracellular Matrix, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1–8‐1 Inohana, Chuo‐ku, Chiba 260–8670, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 147, Issue 4, 1 October 2002, Pages 821–822, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.49279.x Published: 01 October 2002
Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide improves steatosis and inflammation in murine models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Anita Pathil, Jan Mueller, Arne Warth, Walee Chamulitrat, Wolfgang Stremmel
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract Hepatic fat accumulation and changes in lipid composition are hallmarks of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). As an experimental approach for treatment of NAFLD, we synthesized the bile acid–phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE). Previous work demonstrated profound hepatoprotective properties of the conjugate in vitro and in vivo . Here we investigated the effects of UDCA-LPE in two nutritional mouse models of NAFLD. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 weeks, resulting in steatosis with hyperlipidemia. In a second model, mice received a methionin–choline-deficient (MCD) diet for up to 11 weeks, which induced advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Establishment of liver injury was followed by intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg UDCA-LPE three times a week for different time periods. UDCA-LPE ameliorated both HFD- and MCD-induced increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values near to normalization. As for metabolic parameters, UDCA-LPE reduced elevated serum triglyceride and cholesterol values in HFD mice. Liver histology showed improvement of steatosis in HFD and MCD mice concomitant with reductions in hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Additionally, the conjugate lowered serum caspase-8 activity in both models and decreased lipid hydroperoxides in MCD mice. Abundance of proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which was detectable in both HFD and MCD mice, was reduced by UDCA-LPE. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction qRT-PCR of liver specimens revealed that UDCA-LPE strongly down-regulated inflammatory genes and modified the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that UDCA-LPE improves hepatic injury at different stages of NAFLD. By concurrently lowering hepatic lipid overloading as well as susceptibility of hepatocytes toward inflammatory stimuli, the conjugate may be able to ameliorate disease progression. Thus, UDCA-LPE represents a promising compound suitable for the treatment of NAFLD. (Hepatology 2012 )
Use of the liquisolid compact technique for improvement of the dissolution rate of valsartan
Authors: Naveen Chella, Nalini Shastri, Rama Rao Tadikonda
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2012)

The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug valsartan by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact. Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as solvent, Avicel PH102 as carrier, and Aerosil 200 as the coating material. The crystallinity of the newly formulated drug and the interaction between excipients was examined by X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The dissolution studies for the liquisolid formulation and the marketed product were carried out at different pH values. The results showed no change in the crystallinity of the drug and no interaction between excipients. The dissolution efficiency of valsartan at 15 min was increased from 4.02% for plain drug and 13.58% for marketed product to 29.47% for the liquisolid formulation. The increase in the dissolution rate was also found to be significant compared to the marketed product at lower pH values, simulating the gastric environment where valsartan is largely absorbed. The liquisolid technique appears to be a promising approach for improving the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like valsartan.
Role of Eaton Agent in Disease of Lower Respiratory Tract
Authors: M. K. Cook, R. M. Chanock, H. H. Fox, R. J. Huebner, E. L. Buescher, R. T. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1960)

The aetiology of primary atypical pneumonia has been the subject of considerable debate for the past 20 years.Much of this controversy has centred in the agent isolated by Eaton, Meiklejohn, and van Herick in 1944.This agent could be maintained by serial amniotic passages in chick embryos, and its presence was demonstrated by induction of pneumonic lesions in cotton-rats and hamsters inoculated intranasally with suspensions of the chick-embryo tissues.Eaton and his associates also demonstrated that approximately 50% of the sputum or throat-washing specimens from patients with primary atypical pneumonia produced similar lung lesions in hamsters or cotton-rats inoculated intranasally.The specimens which produced the highest rate of pneumonic lesions in animals were those collected during the first few days of illness from patients who developed cold agglutinins.Neutralization tests in animals with paired sera from a limited number of patients suggested that neutralizing antibody increases were found most often in patients who also showed significant rises in cold agglutinins and in agglutinins for Streptococcus MG.In 1957 Liu developed his unique indirect fluorescent antibody technique for the agent isolated by Eaton et al. in 1944.Liu studied the 1944 isolate,
Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer after Breast-Conserving Surgery
Authors: Thomas A. Buchholz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 45-year-old woman is found to have invasive breast cancer and undergoes lumpectomy with dissection of the sentinel lymph nodes. After 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy is recommended. Radiation therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery. The most serious complications include lung and heart injury and secondary cancers.
Policy of "hands poised" care by attendant in normal birth is not recommended
Authors: J. Garcia
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In their article on care in normal labour Steer and Flint described a trial of management of delivery of the baby's head (the HOOP (“hands on or poised”) study).1 The results of that study were published last year.2

The trial compared a policy of hands on care with one of hands poised care In hands on care the attendant …
THE CULTIVATION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE GLOBOID BODIES IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Harold L. Amoss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

Two additional cultures of globoid bodies, obtained from the nervous tissues of monkeys in which experimental poliomyelitis was produced, and identical with the original cultures described by Flexner and Noguchi, are reported in this paper. The highly parasitic cultures, like Treponema pallidum, are refractory to artificial cultivation. After long cultivation outside the body, the globoid bodies acquire saprophytic properties and then grow more readily and in a considerable variety of media, provided, however, that they carry a certain quantity of protein matter not denatured. The rabbit responds slightly with the production of antibodies to the injection of cultures of the globoid bodies. The monkey responds only occasionally under the same conditions and apparently only when the cultures are injected into the central nervous system. This response is small and at most leads to slight reactions of agglutination and complement deviation with the cultures. The serum obtained from monkeys recovered from experimental poliomyelitis shows even less agglutination and no complement deviation. The maximal agglutinative and morphological changes produced in the globoid bodies cultivated in immune monkey serum are obtained in the first generation; after several subcultures in the immune serum, the reversion to normal takes place in one generation in a non-immune medium. The serum of human beings in the acute or early subacute stages of poliomyelitis gives no complement deviation with the antigen derived from the globoid bodies. The cultivation of the saprophytized globoid bodies through several generations in immune monkey or human serum did not confer upon them pathogenic properties for monkeys. The serum of human beings and monkeys which have survived attacks of poliomyelitis does not fix complement in the presence of antigens prepared from organs of the monkey succumbing to the experimental disease. The globoid bodies and Treponema pallidum present many analogies in cultural, immunological, and pathogenic properties.
Stable Gammaretroviral Vector Expression during Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived In Vitro Hematopoietic Development
Authors: Ali Ramezani, Teresa S. Hawley, Robert G. Hawley
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Unlike conventional gammaretroviral vectors, the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) can efficiently express transgenes in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, a dramatic extinction of expression is observed when ESCs are subjected to in vitro hematopoietic differentiation. Here we report the construction of a self-inactivating vector from MSCV, MSinSB, which transmits an intron embedded within the internal transgene cassette to transduced cells. The internal transgene transcriptional unit in MSinSB comprises the composite cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer-chicken beta-actin promoter and associated 5' splice site positioned upstream of the natural 3' splice site of the gammaretroviral envelope gene, and is configured such that the transgene translational initiation sequence is coincident with the envelope ATG. MSinSB could be produced at titers approaching 10(6) transducing units/ml and directed higher levels of transgene expression in ESCs than a splicing-optimized MSCV-derived vector, MSGV1. Moreover, when transduced ESCs were differentiated into hematopoietic cells in vitro, MSinSB remained transcriptionally active in greater than 90% of the cells, whereas MSGV1 expression was almost completely shut off. Persistent high-level expression of the MSinSB gammaretroviral vector was also demonstrated in murine bone marrow transplant recipients and following in vitro myelomonocytic differentiation of human CD34(+) cord blood stem/progenitor cells.