tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hyperpnea-induced changes in parenchymal lung mechanics in normal subjects and in asthmatics.
Authors: D A Kaminsky, S E Wenzel, C Carcano, D Gurka, D Feldsien, C G Irvin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The effects of hyperpnea on parenchymal lung mechanics are unknown, but they may contribute to the resultant airflow limitation commonly seen in asthma. To investigate these effects, we measured the following parameters in seven asthmatic and six normal subjects before and after 5 min of hyperpnea: specific conductance, upstream resistance, static compliance, the coefficient of retraction, lung volumes, lung hysteresis, and the ratio of maximal to partial flow rates (the M:P ratio, an indicator of the effect of deep inhalation on airflow, and a measure of relative airway and parenchymal hysteresis). In addition to a central effect on the airways, as shown by significant falls in specific conductance, hyperpnea in asthmatics, but not in normal subjects, resulted in significant increases in residual volume and pressure-volume hysteresis, suggestive of changes in parenchymal lung mechanics. The M:P ratio also increased in the asthmatics, consistent with greater increases in airway than in parenchymal hysteresis after hyperpnea. We conclude that hyperpnea has significant effects on the lung parenchyma that contribute to airflow limitation in asthmatics, and we hypothesize that these effects may be due to alterations in peripheral airway smooth muscle tone and surfactant function.
Localization of Optimal Ablation Site of Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia from Right and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract by Body Surface ECG
Authors: Shiro Kamakura, Wataru Shimizu, Kiyotaka Matsuo, Atsushi Taguchi, Kazuhiro Suyama, Takashi Kurita, Naohiko Aihara, Tohru Ohe, Katsuro Shimomura
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is known to arise from the right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular outflow tracts (LVOT). However, reliable noninvasive methods to localize the optimum ablation site for VT have not been reported. Methods and Results —Body surface maps (BSM) and 12-lead ECGs were investigated in 35 VTs from the RVOT and 5 VTs from the LVOT in which the origin was confirmed during the ablation procedure. The RVOT was classified into 8 subdivisions with the use of a 3-dimensional anatomic relation: anterior (A)–posterior (P), right (R)–left (L), and superior (S)–inferior (I). On the BSM, the following 3 indexes differentiated each location of the origin, with a diagnostic accuracy of 88% (A-P), 92% (R-L), and 77% (S-I): (1) the location of the minimum at the early-to-mid QRS (right, A; left, P), (2) the isopotential distribution in the left shoulder area after 30 ms of QRS (positive, R; negative, L), and (3) the downward moving time of the minimum at the early-to-mid QRS (≥50 ms, S; &lt;50 ms, I). On the 12-lead ECG, (1) the QRS duration (&gt;140 ms, A; ≤140 ms, P) and the R-wave pattern in leads II and III (RR’ or Rr’, A, R, P), (2) the QS wave amplitude in aVR and aVL (aVR≥aVL, R; aVR&lt;aVL, L), and (3) the r-wave amplitude in V 1 and V 2 (high, S; low, I) localized the origin with 80%, 86% (A-P), 80% (R-L), and 66% (S-I) accuracy. R/S≥1 in lead V 3 was an index suggesting the LVOT origin. Conclusions —The origin or the optimum ablation site of idiopathic VT from RVOT and LVOT can be localized with the use of indexes obtained with a BSM or 12-lead ECG.
TV: AIDS: censoring the prevention message
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Coverage of AIDS on South African soaps and chat shows has been dubbed brilliant.” The shortfall lies in its news and current affairs programmes

A proposal to introduce an HIV positive character into the US version of the children's television programme Sesame Street was ditched last month after the idea provoked uproar among Republican politicians. The show's producers were said to be interested in following the lead of the South African version of Sesame Street , which will introduce a character with the virus later this year in a new series to be shown on one of the state owned channels. Yet the kind of row that the proposal caused in the United States would have seemed strange in South Africa, where the idea was greeted with a yawn when it was announced in the country's largest circulating Sunday newspaper.

Sesame Street —a victim of the former South African regime's fear of all things foreign—was allowed on to the country's television screens only in the past couple of years. By then, South Africa had changed governments and its world view, dropped many of its old censorship laws, and developed one of the world's most severe AIDS epidemics. It had also developed a new style of censorship, which relies on …
In vitro and in vivo studies on the degradation of metallothionein.
Authors: C D Klaassen, S Choudhuri, J M McKim, L D Lehman-McKeeman, W C Kershaw
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Degradation of metallothionein (MT) from rat liver was examined. Degradation of apo-MT by liver homogenate was greater than that by cytosol. At pH 5.5, degradation by homogenate was more than that at pH 7.2. These findings suggest that proteases that function at acidic pH are probably involved in MT degradation. Because lysosomes are the principal subcellular organelles that contain acid proteases (cathepsins), we compared the degradation of apo-MT by lysosomes and cytosol. Apo-MT was degraded about 400 times faster by lysosomal fraction than by cytosolic fraction. To determine the relative importance of different cathepsins, we used different inhibitors. Leupeptin, which inhibits cathepsins B and L, inhibited the degradation of apo-MT by 80%, implying that cathepsins B and/or L might be very important in the intracellular turnover of MT. Cathepsin D appeared to be the least significant, because apo-MT degradation was reduced by about 20% by inhibiting cathepsin D. When we extended this study with purified cathepsins, we obtained the same answer, i.e., the ability of different cathepsins to degrade apo-MT was in the following order: cathepsin B >> cathepsin C > cathepsin D. While apo-MT was susceptible to degradation, ZnMT and CdMT were highly resistant to degradation. Coincubation of ZnMT or CdMT with either lysosomal extract or purified cathepsins did not result in any appreciable degradation even after 16 hr. However, longer incubations did result in some degradation, especially by purified cathepsin B. Interestingly, CdMT degraded little faster than ZnMT by both lysosomal extract as well as purified cathepsin B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Family planning clinic opens in UK pharmacy
Authors: S. Kirwin
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<b>Background: </b> The human visual and somatosensory systems are interdependent. Using a visual subjective body-midline (SM) judgment task, we previously confirmed that pathologic pain and deafferentation can modify visuospatial perception, indicating that altered somatosensory experience can modify visual perception. Conversely, in the present study we investigated whether a change in visual experience can modify perception of pathologic pain. <b>Methods: </b> We used prism adaptation (PA) to modify subjects9 visual experience. Five patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) adapted to wedge prisms, producing a 20-degree visual displacement toward the unaffected side. Further, we used several types of prisms in a longitudinal single-case study. Wearing prismatic goggles, the subjects performed a target-pointing task once a day for 2 weeks. We evaluated pain intensity and visual SM judgment to measure the adaptive aftereffects at three time points: before PA (pre-test), immediately after the first PA exposure (IA-test), and after a 14-day sequence of PA exposure (post-test). <b>Results: </b> PA toward the unaffected side alleviated pathologic pain and other CRPS pathologic features, when measured at post-test. None of the IA-test results showed an analgesic effect. In the longitudinal study, sham PA and 5-degree PA did not produce any effects, and PA toward the affected side actually exacerbated the subjective pain. <b>Conclusions: </b> Our findings suggest that vision can influence pathologic pain, and preliminarily suggest that prism adaptation has a direction-specific and reproducible effect on not only pathologic pain but also other CRPS pathologic features. Thus, prism adaptation may be a viable cognitive treatment for CRPS.
Re: Samira A. Brooks, A. Rose Brannon, Joel S. Parker, et al. ClearCode34: A Prognostic Risk Predictor for Localized Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2014;66:77–84
Authors: Alexander S. Parker, Brad C. Leibovich, Jeanette E. Eckel-Passow, John C. Cheville
Journal: European Urology (2014)
Abstract 4583: Comparison of repeated minor liver resection and major resection on lung metastasis growth in mice
Authors: Masashi Momiyama, Yukihiko Hiroshima, Atsushi Suetsugu, Yasunori Tome, Sumiyuki Mii, Shuya Yano, Michael Bouvet, Takashi Chishima, Itaru Endo, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract This study examines the effects of types of liver resection on the growth of liver and lung metastasis. Experimental liver metastases were established by spleen injection of the Colon 26 murine adenocarcinoma cell line expressing GFP into transgenic nude mice expressing RFP. Experimental lung metastases were established by tail vein injection with Colon 26-GFP. Three days after cell injection, groups of mice underwent liver resection (35%+35% [repeated minor resection] vs. 70% [major resection]). Metastatic tumor growth was measured by color-coded fluorescence imaging of the GFP-expressing cancer cells and RFP-expressing stroma. Although major and repeated minor resection removed the same volume of liver parenchyma, the two procedures had very different effects on metastatic tumor growth: major resection, stimulated liver and lung metastatic growth as well as recruitment of host-derived stroma compared to repeated minor resection. Repeated minor resection did not stimulate metastasis or stromal recruitment. There was no significant difference in liver regeneration between the two groups. Host-derived stroma density, which is stimulated by major resection compared to repeated minor resection, may stimulate growth in the liver-metastatic tumor. TGF-β is also preferentially stimulated by major resection and may play a role in stroma and metastasis stimulation. The results of this study indicate that when liver resection is necessary, repeated minor liver resection is superior to major liver resection, since major resection, in contrast to repeated minor resection, stimulates metastasis, which should be taken into consideration in clinical situations indicating liver resection. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4583. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4583
Evaluation of ICA512As in Combination With Other Islet Cell Autoantibodies at the Onset of IDDM
Authors: Sandra J Feeney, Mark A Myers, Ian R Mackay, Paul Z Zimmet, Neville Howard, Charles F Verge, Merrill J Rowley
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

The ICA512 pancreatic islet autoantigen is a putative tyrosine phosphatase that is co-identified with the earlier described 40-kDa autoantigen. We report the frequency of autoantibodies to islet cell antigen 512 (ICA512As) in recent-onset IDDM and compare this with other islet cell autoantibodies, including those to GAD (GADAs), insulin (IAAs), and islet cell cytoplasm (ICAs) identified by immunofluorescence.Sera from 232 children aged between 9 months and 14.9 years collected within 14 days of diagnosis were tested for ICA512As by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The results were compared with previously reported data for GADAs (n = 232), IAAs (n = 167), and ICAs (n = 230).The frequency of a positive result for ICA512As in children with newly diagnosed IDDM was 60%. The frequency was greater for children with an age of onset between 5 and 10 years (69%) than for children aged < 5 years (49%) and aged between 10 and 15 years (56%). The frequencies for other autoantibody reactivities were 69% for GADAs, 65% for IAAs, and 70% for ICAs. A combination of positive results for ICA512As, GADAs, and IAAs gave a sensitivity for the diagnosis of childhood IDDM of 95%, which was not significantly increased by a positive result for ICAs (96%).Our results further establish that positivity in a combination of tests is more valuable for the prediction of IDDM than a result for any single autoantibody and that the age of the patient should be considered when selecting the combination of tests to use.
The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man.
Authors: R A DeFronzo, C R Cooke, R Andres, G R Faloona, P J Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The effects of insulin on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in man while maintaining the blood glucose concentration at the fasting level by negative feedback servocontrol of a variable glucose infusion. In studies on six water-loaded normal subjects in a steady state of water diuresis, insulin was administered i.v. to raise the plasma insulin concentration to between 98 and 193 muU/ml and infused at a constant rate of 2 mU/kg body weight per min over a total period of 120 min. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly altered, and there was no change in the filtered load of glucose; glomerular filtration rate (CIN) and renal plasma flow (CPAH) were unchanged. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) decreased from 401 plus or minus 46 (SEM) to 213 plus or minus 18 mueq/min during insulin administration, the change becoming significant (P smaller than 0.02) within the 30-60 min collection period. Free water clearance (CH2O) increased from 10.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 13 plus or minus 0.5 ml/min (P smaller than 0.025); osmolar clearance decreased and urine flow was unchanged. There was no change in plasma aldosterone concentration, which was low throughout the studies, and a slight reduction was observed in plasma glucagon concentration. Urinary potassium (UKV) and phosphate (UPV) excretion were also both decreased during insulin administration; UKV decreased from 66 plus or minus 9 to 21 plus or minus 1 mueq/min (P smaller than 0.005), and tupv decreased from 504 plus or minus 93 to 230 plus or minus 43 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). The change in UKV was associated with a significant reduction in plasma potassium concentration. There was also a statistically significant but small reduction in plasma phosphate concentration which was not considered sufficient alone to account for the large reduction in UPV. Urinary calcium excretion (UCaV) increased from 126 plus or minus 24 to 200 plus or minus 17 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a reduction in UNaV associated with insulin administration that occurs in the absence of changes in the filtered load of glucose, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and plasma aldosterone concentration. The effect of insulin on CH2O suggests that insulin's effect on sodium excretion is due to enhancement of sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the distal nephron.
Thyroid Nodularity in Children
Authors: G. John Weir
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  The article by Rallison et al (233:1069, 1975) is deeply appreciated; it certainly contributes to the understanding of thyroid nodularity in children. It is unfortunate, however, that some general comments concerning the degree of radiation exposure of these children were not made. I realize that the estimations would have many inaccuracies, but it is quite impossible to correlate these data with those of other exposure to radiation without at least some rough data on radiation exposure.
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by a single ubiquitin ligase–substrate complex
Authors: Linsey Reavie, Giusy Della Gatta, Kelly Crusio, Beatriz Aranda-Orgilles, Shannon M Buckley, Benjamin Thompson, Eugine Lee, Jie Gao, Andrea L Bredemeyer, Beth A Helmink, Jiri Zavadil, Barry P Sleckman, Teresa Palomero, Adolfo Ferrando, Iannis Aifantis
Journal: Nature Immunology (2010)
Blame it all on brown fat now
Authors: John Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1980)

ABSTRACT Physicians and nutritionists who have long preached that overeating must unavoidably lead to obesity may have to revise their sermon if a newly emerging theory about the mechanism of obesity is confirmed.Results of recent animal and human studies now strongly suggest that body weight is not always directly related to the amount of food one eats. Instead, researchers speculate, some obesity may result from an inability to burn off excess calories as heat, leading to storage of these calories as fat.The new theory of obesity is based on the study of the body's small store of heat-producing adipose tissue, called brown fat because its high cytochrome content gives it a brownish tint. It has long been known that a higher food intake results in a higher metabolic rate and a higher rate of heat production in tissue; researchers now believe that the site of this type of thermogenesis
Mortality Risk Associated With Low-Trauma Osteoporotic Fracture and Subsequent Fracture in Men and Women
Authors: Dana Bliuc
Journal: JAMA (2009)

There are few data on long-term mortality following osteoporotic fracture and fewer following subsequent fracture.To examine long-term mortality risk in women and men following all osteoporotic fractures and to assess the association of subsequent fracture with that risk.Prospective cohort from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study of community-dwelling women and men aged 60 years and older from Dubbo, Australia, who sustained a fracture between April 1989 and May 2007.Age- and sex-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) compared with the overall Dubbo population for hip, vertebral, major, and minor fractures.In women, there were 952 low-trauma fractures followed by 461 deaths, and in men, 343 fractures were followed by 197 deaths. Age-adjusted SMRs were increased following hip fractures (SMRs, 2.43 [95% confidence interval [CI], 2.02-2.93] and 3.51 [95% CI, 2.65-4.66]), vertebral fractures (SMRs, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.52-2.17] and 2.12 [95% CI, 1.66-2.72]), major fractures (SMRs, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.31-2.08] and 1.70 [95% CI, 1.23-2.36]), and minor fractures (SMRs, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.19-1.70] and 1.33 [95% CI, 0.99-1.80]) for both women and men, respectively. Mortality was increased for all ages for all fractures except minor fractures for which increased mortality was only apparent for those older than 75 years. Increased mortality risk persisted for 5 years for all fractures and up to 10 years for hip fractures. Increases in absolute mortality that were above expected, for 5 years after fracture, ranged from 1.3 to 13.2 per 100 person-years in women and from 2.7 to 22.3 per 100 person-years in men, depending on fracture type. Subsequent fracture was associated with an increased mortality hazard ratio of 1.91 (95% CI, 1.54-2.37) in women and 2.99 (95% CI, 2.11-4.24) in men. Mortality risk following a subsequent fracture then declined but beyond 5 years still remained higher than in the general population (SMR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.01-1.97] and SMR, 1.78 [95% CI, 0.96-3.31] for women and men, respectively). Predictors of mortality after any fragility fracture for both men and women included age, quadriceps weakness, and subsequent fracture but not comorbidities. Low bone mineral density, having smoked, and sway were also predictors for women and less physical activity for men.In a sample of older women and men, all low-trauma fractures were associated with increased mortality risk for 5 to 10 years. Subsequent fracture was associated with increased mortality risk for an additional 5 years.
Impact of Tumor Microenvironment and Epithelial Phenotypes on Metabolism in Breast Cancer
Authors: Heather Ann Brauer, Liza Makowski, Katherine A. Hoadley, Patricia Casbas-Hernandez, Lindsay J. Lang, Erick Romàn-Pèrez, Monica D'Arcy, Alex J. Freemerman, Charles M. Perou, Melissa A. Troester
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Cancer cells have altered metabolism, with increased glucose uptake, glycolysis, and biomass production. This study conducted genomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate how tumor and stromal genomic characteristics influence tumor metabolism.Thirty-three breast tumors and six normal breast tissues were analyzed by gene expression microarray and by mass spectrometry for metabolites. Gene expression data and clinical characteristics were evaluated in association with metabolic phenotype. To evaluate the role of stromal interactions in altered metabolism, cocultures were conducted using breast cancer cells and primary cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF).Across all metabolites, unsupervised clustering resulted in two main sample clusters. Normal breast tissue and a subset of tumors with less aggressive clinical characteristics had lower levels of nucleic and amino acids and glycolysis byproducts, whereas more aggressive tumors had higher levels of these Warburg-associated metabolites. While tumor-intrinsic subtype did not predict metabolic phenotype, metabolic cluster was significantly associated with expression of a wound response signature. In cocultures, CAFs from basal-like breast cancers increased glucose uptake and basal-like epithelial cells increased glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis, suggesting interplay of stromal and epithelial phenotypes on metabolism. Cytokine arrays identified hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a potential mediator of stromal-epithelial interaction and antibody neutralization of HGF resulted in reduced expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and decreased glucose uptake by epithelium.Both tumor/epithelial and stromal characteristics play important roles in metabolism. Warburg-like metabolism is influenced by changes in stromal-epithelial interactions, including altered expression of HGF/Met pathway and GLUT1 expression.
Successful Internal Mammary Visualization With Periareolar Injections of Tc-99m Antimony Sulfur Colloid in Sentinel Node Breast Lymphoscintigraphy
Authors: Alan C. C. Ting, Brenda Cumarasingam, Edwin R. Szeto
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

The subareolar and periareolar injection techniques result in higher detection rates and do not require tumor localization in impalpable lesions when compared with the peritumoral technique. One of the main criticisms, however, is the widely reported inability to detect internal mammary nodes. This contrasts with our clinical experience using Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid, in which internal mammary nodes are commonly seen.A retrospective analysis of 241 patients over 38 months was performed to investigate the ability of our periareolar injection technique to detect internal mammary lymph node drainage in breast cancer sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy. Four injections of 5 to 10 MBq (0.14-0.27 mCi) Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid were administered on the day of surgery followed by massage and imaging. The radioisotope was suspended in 0.1 mL with a 0.5-mL air lock. Each injection was performed over 2 seconds with a 25-gauge needle at a depth of 1.1 to 1.3 cm. Patients whose records could not be retrieved or who underwent an injection technique apart from periareolar or peritumoral were removed from the analysis.One hundred thirty-three patients underwent the periareolar technique, 72 patients underwent the peritumoral technique, and 36 patients were excluded from the analysis. Internal mammary drainage was seen in 24 of 133 (18.0%) patients, of which 12 (9%) were seen only in the internal mammary chain. This is much higher than previous studies quoting 0.0% to 4.3% and is similar to previously reported rates using the peritumoral technique.Our periareolar injection technique using Tc-99m antimony sulfur colloid is able to detect internal mammary lymph nodes in at least 18.0% of patients.