tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Concerning Adult Education
Authors: Irene F. Laub
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IN 1928 the published report on the extensive studies of adult learning by Thorndike et al.1 at Columbia University gave spark to the interest in adult education that was then smoldering. Contemporaries in education and psychology have built the factual material from these scientific studies into their thinking. For the physician, too, there is much in this work on adult learning to challenge thought.This authoritative report concludes that adults to the age of forty-five should expect to learn in much the same manner and at the same rate as they did in the late teens or early twenties and . . .
Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Authors: M Shakibaei, U Frevert
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Speed and selectivity of hepatocyte invasion by malaria sporozoites have suggested a receptor-mediated mechanism and the specific interaction of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein with liver-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) has been implicated in the targeting to the liver. Here we show that the CS protein interacts not only with cell surface heparan sulfate, but also with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Binding of 125I-CS protein to purified LRP occurs with a Kd of 4.9 nM and can be inhibited by the receptor-associated protein (RAP). Blockage of LRP by RAP or anti-LRP antibodies on heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cells results in more than 90% inhibition of binding and endocytosis of recombinant CS protein. Conversely, blockage or enzymatic removal of the cell surface heparan sulfate from LRP-deficient embryonic mouse fibroblasts yields the same degree of inhibition. Heparinase-pretreatment of LRP-deficient fibroblasts or blockage of LRP on heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cells by RAP, lactoferrin, or anti-LRP antibodies reduces Plasmodium berghei invasion by 60-70%. Parasite development in heparinase-pretreated HepG2 cells is inhibited by 65% when RAP is present during sporozoite invasion. These findings suggest that malaria sporozoites utilize the interaction of the CS protein with HSPGs and LRP as the major mechanism for host cell invasion.
Oral Montelukast, Inhaled Beclomethasone, and Placebo for Chronic Asthma
Authors: Kerstin Malmstrom
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Oral leukotriene receptor antagonists have been shown to have efficacy in chronic asthma. Objective: To compare the clinical benefit of montelukast, a once-daily oral leukotriene receptor antagonist; placebo; and inhaled beclomethasone. Design: Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 12-week study. Setting: 36 sites worldwide. Patients: 895 patients 15 to 85 years of age with chronic asthma and an FEV1 50% to 85% of predicted. Interventions: Montelukast, 10 mg once daily at bedtime; inhaled beclomethasone, 200 µg twice daily, administered with a spacer device; or placebo. Measurements: Primary end points were daytime asthma symptom score and FEV1. Secondary end points were peak expiratory flow rates in the morning and evening, as-needed β-agonist use, nocturnal awakenings, asthma-specific quality of life, and worsening asthma episodes. Results: Over the 12-week treatment period, the average percentage change from baseline in FEV1 was 13.1% with beclomethasone, 7.4% with montelukast, and 0.7% with placebo (P < 0.001 for each active treatment compared with placebo; P < 0.01 for beclomethasone compared with montelukast). The average change from baseline in daytime symptom score was −0.62 for beclomethasone, −0.41 for montelukast, and −0.17 for placebo (P < 0.001 for each active treatment compared with placebo; P < 0.01 for beclomethasone compared with montelukast). Each agent improved peak expiratory flow rates and quality of life, reduced nocturnal awakenings and asthma attacks, increased the number of asthma-control days, and decreased the number of days with asthma exacerbations (P < 0.001 for each active treatment compared with placebo for each end point; P < 0.01 for beclomethasone compared with montelukast for each end point). Although beclomethasone had a greater mean clinical benefit than montelukast, montelukast had a faster onset of action and a greater initial effect. The two agents caused similar decreases in peripheral blood eosinophil counts (P < 0.05 for each agent compared with placebo). Both agents had tolerability profiles similar to that of placebo over the 12-week study. Conclusions: Although beclomethasone had a larger mean effect than montelukast, both drugs provided clinical benefit to patients with chronic asthma. This finding is consistent with the use of these agents as controller medications for chronic asthma. *For a listing of members of the Montelukast/Beclomethasone Study Group, see the Appendix.
GENETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: J. D. WATSON
Journal: JAMA (1993)

THE importance of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within living cells is undisputed. It is found in all dividing cells, largely if not entirely in the nucleus, where it is an essential constituent of the chromosomes. Many lines of evidence indicate that it is the carrier of a part of (if not all) the genetic specificity of the chromosomes and thus of the gene itself. Until now, however, no evidence has been presented to show how it might carry out the essential operation required of a genetic material, that of exact self-duplication. We have recently proposed a structure<sup>1</sup>for the salt of deoxyribonucleic acid which, if correct, immediately suggests a mechanism for its self-duplication. X-ray evidence obtained by the workers at King's College, London<sup>2</sup>, and presented at the same time, gives qualitative support to our structure and is incompatible with all previously proposed structures<sup>3</sup>. Though the structure will not
RESERVOIR FUNCTION OF LEFT ATRIUM IS IMPAIRED IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC SEVERE AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS
Authors: Tomohiro Hayashi, Makoto Amaki, Akira Funada, Hiroyuki Takahama, Takuya Hasegawa, Hideaki Kanzaki, Masafumi Kitakaze
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Patterns and Predictors of Unplanned Hospitalization in a Population-Based Cohort of Elderly Patients With GI Cancer
Authors: Joanna-Grace M. Manzano, Ruili Luo, Linda S. Elting, Marina George, Maria E. Suarez-Almazor
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Hospitalizations among patients with cancer are common and costly and, if unplanned, may interrupt oncologic treatment. The rate of unplanned hospitalizations in the population of elderly patients with cancer is unknown. We sought to describe and quantify patterns and risk factors for early unplanned hospitalization among elderly patients with GI cancer.We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked Texas Cancer Registry and Medicare claims data from 2001 to 2009. Texas residents age 66 years or older initially diagnosed with GI cancer between 2001 and 2007 were included in the study. The unplanned hospitalization rate was estimated, and reasons for unplanned hospitalization were evaluated. Risk factors were identified using adjusted Cox proportional hazards modeling.Thirty thousand one hundred ninety-nine patients were included in our study, 59% of whom had one or more unplanned hospitalizations. Of 60,837 inpatient claims, 58% were unplanned. The rate of unplanned hospitalization was 93 events per 100 person-years. The most common reasons for unplanned hospitalization were fluid and electrolyte disorders, intestinal obstruction, and pneumonia. Multivariable analysis showed that black race; residing in census tracts with poverty levels greater than 13.3%; esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer; advanced disease stage; high Charlson comorbidity index score; and dual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid increased the risk for unplanned hospitalization (all P values < .05).Unplanned hospitalizations among elderly patients with GI cancer are common. Some of the top reasons for unplanned hospitalization are potentially preventable, suggesting that comorbidity management and close coordination among involved health care providers should be promoted.
Transmural distribution of myocardial tissue growth induced by volume-overload hypertrophy in the dog.
Authors: J H Omens, J W Covell
Journal: Circulation (1991)

Although chronic volume overload is thought to induce uniform cardiac enlargement, the stimulus for tissue growth has not been defined. Changes in diastolic and systolic stress or strain have been proposed as mechanical factors that may stimulate hypertrophy. Since there are thought to be transmural variations in these stresses and strains, three-dimensional patterns of myocardial tissue growth may provide insight into the role of these factors.To assess the transmural variation in tissue growth after volume overload, the configurations of three columns of four to six gold beads (1-mm diameter) implanted in the left ventricular anterior free wall were recorded in five dogs before and after cardiac enlargement induced by creating a systemic arteriovenous fistula. Data were obtained with end-diastolic pressures adjusted to the same level in the control and hypertrophic states. End-diastolic wall thickness remained constant, whereas left ventricular diameter increased. Small increases in transmural systolic strain were seen. The volumes defined by four beads (a tetrahedron) at end diastole showed increases in myocardial mass of 20-27% after 3.6 (mean) weeks of hypertrophy and were uniform across the wall of the left ventricle. The edges of single bilinear-quadratic finite elements were fitted to the three columns of the bead set at end diastole in control and at end diastole after hypertrophy at equal end-diastolic pressures. Thus, continuous transmural strain distribution were obtained at the hypertrophic state with respect to the control state. The transmural distributions of these end-diastolic growth strains were uniform and positive for both the circumferential and longitudinal components measured in a cardiac coordinate system, with small radial growth strain indicating that growth was predominantly parallel to the epicardial tangent plane. Moreover, when strains were transformed (rotated) to fiber coordinates, in-plane fiber and cross-fiber growth strains were both positive at all locations across the wall and approximately equal in magnitude, indicating considerable growth in the cross-fiber direction.These results indicate that the stimulus for volume-overload hypertrophy may be constant across the wall and that substantial cross-fiber growth occurs during volume-overload hypertrophy.
Survival Analysis of Long-Term Exposure to Different Sizes of Airborne Particulate Matter and Risk of Infant Mortality Using a Birth Cohort in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Ji-Young Son, Michelle L. Bell, Jong-Tae Lee
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Several studies suggest that airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with infant mortality; however, most focused on short-term exposure to larger particles.We evaluated associations between long-term exposure to different sizes of particles [total suspended particles (TSP), PM ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), ≤ 10-2.5 μm (PM(10-2.5)), and ≤ 2.5 μm (PM(2.5))] and infant mortality in a cohort in Seoul, Korea, 2004-2007.The study includes 359,459 births with 225 deaths. We applied extended Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-dependent covariates to three mortality categories: all causes, respiratory, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We calculated exposures from birth to death (or end of eligibility for outcome at 1 year of age) and pregnancy (gestation and each trimester) and treated exposures as time-dependent variables for subjects' exposure for each pollutant. We adjusted by sex, gestational length, season of birth, maternal age and educational level, and heat index. Each cause of death and exposure time frame was analyzed separately.We found a relationship between gestational exposures to PM and infant mortality from all causes or respiratory causes for normal-birth-weight infants. For total mortality (all causes), risks were 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.97), 1.65 (1.18-2.31), 1.53 (1.22-1.90), and 1.19 (0.83-1.70) per interquartile range increase in TSP, PM₁₀, PM(2.5), and PM(10-2.5), respectively; for respiratory mortality, risks were 3.78 (1.18-12.13), 6.20 (1.50-25.66), 3.15 (1.26-7.85), and 2.86 (0.76-10.85). For SIDS, risks were 0.92 (0.33-2.58), 1.15 (0.38-3.48), 1.42 (0.71-2.87), and 0.57 (0.16-1.96), respectively.Our findings provide supportive evidence of an association of long-term exposure to PM air pollution with infant mortality.
Recent advances: Sports medicine
Authors: R. Bahr
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Sports medicine conjures up television images of sideline treatment of professional athletes.The field has widened, however, to encompass the many specialties where sport, exercise, and medicine meet.Sports medicine now comprises two main areas: the health benefits of regular physical activity and the health problems associated with sport and physical activity.The first area has become increasingly important now that inactivity and obesity are common.The health problems associated with sport have also assumed increasing importance because of increased participation and professionalism in sport. MethodsI used information from articles found through the Medline database on topics I selected after reviewing major sports medicine journals.I selected topics relating to advances where primary care doctors have a key role in promoting physical activity and preventing and treating medical problems in active patients.
Thymus-dependent and -independent regulation of Ia antigen expression in situ by cells in the synovium of rats with streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Differences in site and intensity of expression in euthymic, athymic, and cyclosporin A-treated LEW and F344 rats.
Authors: R L Wilder, J B Allen, C Hansen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Euthymic LEW rats, when injected with streptococcal cell walls, exhibited rapid onset development of acute exudative arthritis coincident with enhanced synovial expression of Ia antigen. By 21 d after injection, the expression of Ia was markedly increased compared with basal conditions and paralleled the severity of the later developing proliferative and erosive disease. Immunodeficient athymic and cyclosporin A-treated LEW rats developed only the early phase arthritis, which was again paralleled by synovial Ia expression. Chronic expression of high levels of Ia antigen was not observed. Histocompatible F344 rats, both athymic and euthymic, developed minimal, if any, clinically significant arthritis and did not exhibit the enhanced Ia expression demonstrated in the LEW rats. Our results indicate that enhanced synovial Ia expression parallels clinical disease severity and varies by rat strain, and that the rapid onset enhanced synovial Ia expression is thymus independent, whereas the markedly enhanced chronic phase Ia expression is thymus dependent.
True color only exists in the eye of the observer
Authors: Frans W. Cornelissen, Eli Brenner, Jeroen Smeets
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract The colors we perceive are the outcome of an attempt to meaningfully order the spectral information from the environment. These colors are not the result of a straightforward mapping of a physical property to a sensation, but arise from an interaction between our environment and our visual system. Thus, although one may infer from a surface’ reflectance characteristics that it will be perceived as “colored,” true colors only arise by virtue of the interaction of the reflected light with the eye (and brain) of an observer.
Working with the community
Authors: H. Neve, P. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1995)

If the BMY had followed either of these policies we would have rooted out the elusive Dr Bird.However, they would not stop a more determined pseudonymist, such as Paul Blackman, writing from his own address.There are new challenges ahead.Although the journal now receives only a handful ofletters every week by electronic mail, we expect that most submissions will be sent this way within the next few years.Checking the authenticity of emailed letters can be difficult because they are not signed.Steve Kennedy of Demon Internet, one of Britain's Internet providers, says that standard electronic mail can be faked just as easily as letters and there is little that can be done about it.Nevertheless, software exists that allows messages to be encrypted, though these systems are not yet widely used.Until better safety mechanisms are in place, letters will remain vulnerable to fraud, and many such frauds may lie undetected.In future the BMJ will write to all authors of accepted letters to ask them to sign a conflict of interest statement and for an electronic copy of their letter.In the meantime, Dr Bird'
Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response
Authors: Joanne E Curran, Jeremy B M Jowett, Kate S Elliott, Yuan Gao, Kristi Gluschenko, Jianmin Wang, Dalia M Abel Azim, Guowen Cai, Michael C Mahaney, Anthony G Comuzzie, Thomas D Dyer, Ken R Walder, Paul Zimmet, Jean W MacCluer, Greg R Collier, Ahmed H Kissebah, John Blangero
Journal: Nature Genetics (2005)
Abstract 1026: A non-apoptotic function for Mcl-1 as an activator of canonical Wnt signaling in keratinocytes
Authors: Leonid Sitailo, Periannan Sethupathi, Mitchell F. Denning
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Mcl-1 is an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member whose rapid down-regulation is required for UV apoptosis. We recently showed that not only is Mcl-1 a major human keratinocyte (KC) survival protein, but it is required for proper KC differentiation in organotypic culture, implicating a non-apoptotic function for Mcl-1 involved in regulating epidermal morphogenesis. To further explore the function of Mcl-1 in vivo, we generated and analyzed transgenic mice expressing human Mcl-1 under control of the keratin 5 (K5) promoter. K5-Mcl-1 transgenic mice had &amp;gt;2-fold increase in epidermal thickness (p&amp;lt;0.001), increased basal KC BrdU incorporation (∼2-fold) and altered expression of KC differentiation markers. Several K5-Mcl-1 mice developed benign follicular cysts. Since both proliferation and hair follicle morphogenesis are features of increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we examined components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Epidermises from K5-Mcl-1 mice had elevated steady state β-catenin, P-GSK3β (Ser9, Ser21) and P-Akt (Ser473), consistent with Wnt pathway activation. To assess Wnt pathway in more detail, we over-expressed Mcl-1 in human KCs by retroviral transduction. Over-expression of Mcl-1, but not Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL, also induced KC proliferation (3.3-fold). Mcl-1 increased the levels of total and active β-catenin, c-Myc, P-GSK-3β, and P-Akt, as well as inducing TCF-4-dependent luciferase reporter activity (p&amp;lt;0.05) in keratinocytes. Q-RT-PCR analysis of Wnt pathway genes identified Disheveled-1, Frizzled-1 and Cyclin D3 as the most highly up-regulated genes common to both Mcl-1 transduced human KCs and K5-Mcl-1 mice. Mcl-1 truncation mutants encoding the N-terminal 208 and 103 amino acids, but lacking the BH domains, were generated and over expressed in KCs. Both Mcl-1 mutants induced 3H-thymidine incorporation (3.4- and 2.9-fold respectively), indicating that the mitogenic activity of Mcl-1 resides in its N-terminal region. Since β-catenin signaling is activated in cutaneous SCC and involved in stem cell maintenance, this non-apoptotic function of Mcl-1 represents a novel and potentially oncogenic activity in addition to its well characterized anti-apoptotic function. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1026.
Editors Poll-arized?
Authors: FRANZ J. INGELFINGER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters and Comments1 April 1971Editors Poll-arized?FRANZ J. INGELFINGER, M.D.FRANZ J. INGELFINGER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-4-646 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I enjoyed seeing your New Year's comment to your readers, as well as excerpts from your survey, in the January issue of the ANNALS.As you may know, I have expressed my disenchantment with the survey ("The Foggy Poll"—NEJM, sometime), but nevertheless I like to see good things about NEJM and am distressed by bad things, even if the damn old polls don't mean a thing. Now I am going to bed worrying why 16% of the ANNALSreaders don't read theNew England Journal of Medicine.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New England Journal of Medicine Boston, Mass. 02115 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1971Volume 74, Issue 4Page: 646-646 Issue Published: 1 April 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Gangrene after Scorpion Sting
Authors: F. Marsh
Journal: BMJ (1948)

<b>EDITOR’S NOTE</b>: This address was delivered by Margaret A. Powers, PhD, RD, CDE, President, Health Care &amp; Education, of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), at the ADA’s 76th Scientific Sessions in New Orleans, La., on 11 June 2016. Dr. Powers conducts research and has a clinical practice as a registered dietitian and diabetes educator at the International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet in Minneapolis, Minn. Her research focuses on improving diabetes outcomes, including factors that affect the clinical, psychosocial, and behavioral aspects of diabetes. Dr. Powers has been an ADA volunteer for more than 25 years, including serving as a founding editor of <i>Diabetes Spectrum</i>. She is the lead author of the 2015 joint Position Statement on Diabetes Self-management Education and Support published by the ADA, American Association of Diabetes Educators, and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. She is the recipient of the ADA’s Outstanding Educator in Diabetes Award and has published research, authored numerous articles and chapters, published five books, and is an international presenter. Dr. Powers holds a doctorate in education with a focus on performance improvement from Capella University. She received her Master of Science from the University of Illinois at Chicago and her Bachelor of Science from Michigan State University. She completed her dietetic internship at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.