tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gender related disorders
Authors: Kevan Wylie
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Gender identity disorder is being given greater attention and importance by the medical profession. Although its aetiology is unclear, some evidence suggests that it has a neurobiological basis. The condition is no longer confused with sexual orientation preference and other gender related disorders. Social stigma remains, and patients need multidisciplinary assessment and care.

The designation of sex has always been established by looking at the anatomical sex, and the term gender identity describes whether a person senses himself or herself to be masculine or feminine. Gender role describes how people publicly express themselves in their clothing, use of cosmetics, hairstyle, conversation, body language, appearance, and behaviour. Usually, gender identity and gender role are congruous, but in people with gender identity disorder, severe incongruity exists between anatomical sex and gender identity, and the person has persistent discomfort with his or her anatomical sex, usually from childhood. A sense of inappropriateness is felt in the gender role of that sex, and such people have a strong, ongoing, crossgender identification, with a desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex. Usually they have a desire for hormonal therapy and surgery to make their body as congruent as possible with the desired gender identity.

It is essential to recognise that sexual orientation—the sex someone finds erotically attractive—is distinct from gender identity and role, and it may be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. The proportion of heterosexual, bisexual, and gay people is no different in transgendered people than in non-transgendered people, and most studies suggest that heterosexuality occurs after surgical reassignment.



These people are not transvestites or transsexuals. They are Sylhet kothis , from South Asia. Although men, they see themselves as feminine and adopt mannerisms to attract panthis —real men. Sociocultural, religious, and family pressures ensure that most kothis eventually …
Relation of impaired glucose tolerance to cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study
Authors: A. Ilercil, M.J. Roman, M. Paranicas, M.J. O'Grady, T.K. Welty, R.R. Fabsitz, B.V. Howard, E.T. Lee, R.B. Devereux
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
ABC of antenatal care. Medical problems in pregnancy--II.
Authors: G Chamberlain
Journal: BMJ (1991)

AnaemiaNormal haematological values in pregnar Total blood volume (ml) Red cell volume (ml) Red cell count (1012/I ) White cell count (109/l) Haemoglobin (g/dl) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm in the first hour) Mean corpuscular volume ([Lm3) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin C (Rg) Serum iron (tg/1)Serum ferritin (Rg/l) Serum folate ([tg/l) Total iron binding capacity (Itmol/l) 4( 1E Iron deficiency anaemia. Indices of iron deficiency anaemiaBlood film * Red cells Normal size or microcytic Hypochromic Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis Haematological values * Haemoglobin I * Mean corpuscular volume l * Mean corpuscular haemoglobin I * Mean corpuscular haemoglobin C I * Serum iron 4 * Serum ferritin I icy A few pregnant women may have a chronic haematological condition Range from before pregnancy; some acquire anaemia during pregnancy as a result)00-6000 of dietary changes and the metabolic demands of pregnancy on maternal 500-1800 and fetal physiology. 4-5Clinical anaemia is often asymptomatic in pregnancy as small falls below 10-15 the widely accepted lower limit of haemoglobin concentration (10 5 g/dl) 2-0-13-5 are rarely accompanied by symptoms.Most anaemias in Britain are 10-60detected by blood tests done routinely at antenatal clinics.Occasionally, a 80-95 woman will present more quickly with symptomatic anaemia, especially in 32-96 countries where malnutrition is common. 8-12Anaemia in pregnancy may have one of three main causes.10-200 6-9 0 Lack of production of red blood cells, mostly because of low 40-70 concentrations of iron and other blood synthesising precursors -for example, folate * Haemolysis of circulating blood cells * A chronic repeated blood loss.Most anaemias detected in the United Kingdom during pregnancy are due to lack of production of red cells, the haemopoietic system being unable to cope with the extra load of pregnancy because of a lack of iron or folic acid.
Abstract 5198: Elucidation of dynamic prostate epithelial hierarchy: Insights into transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms
Authors: Jayant K. Rane, Davide Pellacani, Alastair P. Droop, Antti Ylipää, Michael J. Stower, Matthew S. Simms, Vincet M. Mann, Tapio Visakorpi, Anne T. Collins, Norman J. Maitland
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The aim of present investigation is to elucidate the complex stem cell dynamics within prostate cancer, which can be utilized to design novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the management of prostate cancer. In order to determine precise transcriptional and microRNA regulatory mechanisms modulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, unique cellular assays have been developed in our lab that utilize homogeneous fractionated cell populations enriched from primary patient prostate cultures. Using a prospective bioinformatic analysis of gene expression data from Birnie et. al., 2008, we have identified LCN2, CEACAM6, and S100p as candidate genes for regulation of prostate stem cell differentiation. Their over-expression in differentiated cells, as compared to stem cells, was validated in respective cells enriched from cultures obtained from BPH, cancer and castration resistant prostate cancer samples and from primary human prostate cancer xenografts. Interestingly, the analysis of 25,000 published human Affymetrix microarray chips revealed that LCN2, CEACAM6, and S100p have a more similar expression pattern than that of any other genes in the entire human genome, suggesting that they may have common function and are co-regulated. Indeed, the promoter analysis showed that the promoters (1kb from TSS) of all these genes have common binding sites for 40 transcription factors with very high affinity and P &amp;lt; 0.001. Most of these transcription factors have a well-documented role in cell differentiation (RA, AR, and NANOG) and prostate carcinogenesis (NF-kB). Significant up-regulation in the expression of these genes in prostate cell lines after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and androgen analogue R1881 further suggested the role of AR and RA in prostate differentiation. Along with transcriptional regulation, Agilent v3 miRNA microarray data revealed obviously distinct miRNA expression profiles in stem and differentiated prostate epithelial cells, confirming crucial role of miRNA in main taining epithelial hierarchies, in prostate. We anticipate that evaluation of integrative transcriptional (LCN2-CEACAM6-S100p)-microRNA regulatory network, with further functional studies, will comprehensively establish a detailed knowledge base for potential regulatory mechanisms involved in prostate stem cell and prostate cancer stem cell differentiation. These insights will be valuable to formulate efficient ‘differentiation therapy’ for the management of prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5198. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5198
TCT-735 Postdilatation Of Ballon-expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valves Is Safe And Efficiently Reduces Postprocedural Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Maximilian Niemann, Patrick Ranosch, Sandra Freitag-Wolf, Doreen Brehm, Rainer Petzina, Georg Lutter, Norbert Frey, Derk Frank
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Earl H. Freimer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

Intact bacterial membranes have been isolated from protoplasts prepared from Group A streptococci by a cell wall-dissolving enzyme. A membrane fraction with identical chemical and serological properties has been obtained by differential centrifugation of mechanically disrupted streptococci. The membrane is chemically distinct from the cell wall and is composed of 72 per cent protein, 26 per cent lipid, and 2 per cent carbohydrate. Capillary precipitin tests and analysis by microdiffusion have demonstrated that the membrane contains antigens distinct from those of the cell wall and from those of the cytoplasm which it envelops. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that this antigenic material is common to the membranes of Group A streptococci, and that it can be distinguished by immunodiffusion from related antigenic substances present in membranes of several other serological groups of hemolytic streptococci. This antigenic material does not cross-react with the membrane antigens of other Gram-positive cocci.
Abstract 3838: Stem-like cell characteristics of cancer spheroids grown in a microfabricated cell array three-dimensional culture system Cell-ableTM Oncology.
Authors: Koichi Yokota, Tomoko Jomura, Emiko Ozeki, Takeshi Ikeya
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Recently, the cell biology field has come to appreciate the dissimilarity between two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environments in which cells routinely operate in vivo. Efficacy of most anti-cancer drugs have been evaluated in 2D environment but it must be desirable to evaluate it in 3D environment. We developed a novel 3D cell culture system named Cell-ableTM Oncology utilizing photo-sensitive materials that change to hydro-gel after UV irradiation and the optimized molecular design not to allow the cells adhere to the hydro-gel. In multi-well plates, the Cell-ableTM Oncology has type I collagen-coated cell-attaching areas on the each well surface, which are circle in 100 μm diameter and arrayed in every direction at 100 μm interval. Most cancer cells are able to attach these circles and grow to form spheroids of uniform size on the Cell-ableTM Oncology. In this study, we investigated the stem-like cell phenotypes of cancer spheroids formed on the Cell-ableTM Oncology in comparison with that of the 2D monolayer cells. Various cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cancer cells proliferated and formed spheroids on the Cell-ableTM Oncology in serum-containing or serum-free media. In contrast to the 2D monolayer cells, the inside of the spheroids formed on the Cell-ableTM Oncology was hypoxic condition like in vivo tumor tissues in patients. The spheroids grown on the Cell-ableTM Oncology showed chemo-resistance against conventional chemotherapy, gemcitabine and paclitaxel compared with cells grown on collagen-coated 2D plates. The chemo-resistance of the spheroid cells was associated with high population of stem-kike cells (CD44high/CD24low) and high expression of mRNA for a stem cell marker, NANOG and an ABC transporter ABCG2. The combination of the Cell-ableTM Oncology and serum-free media showed the highest population of stem-like cells. These results indicate that the spheroids characterized by 3D structure formed on the ECM-coated surface and the hypoxic condition confer enriched the cancer stem-like cells. Thus, the spheroids on the Cell-ableTM Oncology could be suitable for research and development of drugs targeting cancer stem cells. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies using the cancer stem cell-rich spheroids could provide meaningful information relevant to clinical conditions. Citation Format: Koichi Yokota, Tomoko Jomura, Emiko Ozeki, Takeshi Ikeya. Stem-like cell characteristics of cancer spheroids grown in a microfabricated cell array three-dimensional culture system Cell-ableTM Oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3838. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3838
Abolition Not Reform
Authors: Nelson Borelli
Journal: JAMA (1985)

THE COMMENTARY entitled "Reform Not Abolition"<sup>1</sup>caught my attention immediately. Riley's and George's advocacy of an extended "two-dimensional" or "splintered" concept of criminal intent (<i>mens rea</i>) criticized the American Medical Association House of Delegates for recommending abolition of the special legal defense of insanity.<sup>2</sup> It strikes me that whenever we stretch and bend fundamental legal concepts such as<i>mens rea</i>to meet perceived social values, we also diminish the value of the original concept. Of course, the process of justice should serve social values. However, before we rewrite the statutes involving blameworthiness and insanity, we should take a serious, objective look at the concept of mental illness. Specifically, we should consider the nature of the relationships between social values, social realities, and medical science. A careful analysis will show that mental illness is a bit like the Emperor's New Clothes. We should remember that, for centuries, civilized societies
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE PSYCHIATRIST
Authors: Bernard H. Hall
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Psychiatry has been referred to as  Cinderella of medicine,  stepchild of medicine, and  orphan of medicine. Whatever its relationship to medicine may have been in the past, the importance of psychiatry in present-day medical practice is being recognized increasingly, and its usefulness in relieving and preventing human suffering is steadily growing. It has grown rapidly in both its scientific knowledge and its popularity, but many of its aspects remain to be developed. Among the areas not yet fully charted are the problems and processes associated with the education of the psychiatrist. As a member of the faculty of the Menninger School of Psychiatry, where there are approximately 100 young physicians in training for this specialty, I have had many opportunities to observe and participate in the development of a number of psychiatrists. I propose to report from this experience my observations of, and preliminary formulations about, some
Maximal oxygen intake estimated from submaximal heart rate.
Authors: C. O. Dotson, M. A. Caprarola
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1984)

This study investigated the predictability of maximal oxygen intake from three different submaximal heart rates assessed during an initial and follow-up ride on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-four healthy male subjects performed workloads of 600, 750, and 900 kpm's for six minutes on each of two visits to the laboratory. Analysis of variance for a randomised complete blocks design, with subjects constituting blocks, was used to analyse heart rate, estimated maximal oxygen intake, and residual estimated maximal oxygen intake variations among the experimental conditions. Relationships between the actual and estimated maximal oxygen intakes were determined using the Pearson Product-Moment formula of correlation. The average estimated maximal oxygen intake was significantly increased from the first testing occasion to the second. Although errors of estimation decreased significantly (450 ml to 366 ml) in favour of the second testing condition, the decrease was neither consistent with workloads nor subjects. The correlation coefficients were consistently low at 600 kpm for both testing occasions (0.68 and 0.73, respectively), consistently high at 750 kpm (0.82 and 0.84, respectively), and quite variable at 900 kpm (0.71 and 0.84, respectively), indicated that the validity of the nomogram was not consistent with all workloads or testing occasions. Despite these inconsistencies, the nomogram is, for practical purposes, a valid predictor of maximal oxygen consumption.
Influence of Reserpine and βTM 10 on Digitalis-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmia
Authors: Jay Roberts, Ryuta Ito, Joseph Reilly, Vincent J. Cairoli
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

After catecholamine depletion by reserpine, the capacity of the digitalis materials to induce ventricular arrhythmia is diminished. In papillary muscles from cats pretreated with reserpine, the incidence of ouabain-induced extra beats is reduced. The dose of ac. stroph. necessary to induce ventricular arrhythmia in combination with vagal stimulation is increased by reserpine pretreatment. Threshold doses comparable to those in cats not pretreated with reserpine produced arrhythmia after the catecholamine stores were repleted with norepinephrine or isoproterenol. In dogs with A-V block, βTM 10, an agent which prevents the release of catecholamines, markedly reduces the response of the ventricular pacemaker to ac. stroph. Since the arrhythmias induced by large doses of ac. stroph. are not affected by reserpine pretreatment, it is concluded that while catecholamine release is the primary mechanism involved in the arrhythmia produced by small doses, another mechanism also plays a role in this action after larger doses. Only in the dose of 10 mg/kg did it appear that catecholamine depletion did not account entirely for the action of reserpine. The ac. stroph. threshold dose was not increased to the same degree as with the smaller doses of reserpine, and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by the large dose of ac. stroph was reduced. Hypotension produced by reserpine and βTM 10 did not seem to be an important factor in depression of the responsiveness of the ventricular pacemaker to ac. stroph. While the incidence of ouabain-induced extra beats was reduced by reserpine pretreatment, the action of ouabain to increase the tension developed by isolated papillary muscles was not affected.
Hyperglycemia-induced B cell toxicity. The fate of pancreatic islets transplanted into diabetic mice is dependent on their genetic background.
Authors: O Korsgren, L Jansson, S Sandler, A Andersson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The role of pancreatic B cell dysfunction in the phase preceding clinical onset of insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been much debated. In this investigation, the impact of a prolonged diabetic environment on pancreatic islet B cells transplanted syngeneically under the kidney capsule of C57BL/6 (B6) and C57BL/Ks (BKs) mice was studied. Alloxan-diabetic mice bearing a subcapsular islet graft insufficient to normalize the blood glucose level were rendered normoglycemic by a second intrasplenic islet graft after various period of hyperglycemia to examine the reversibility of hyperglycemia-induced B cell dysfunction. Using a perfusion technique of the graft-bearing, it was found that both strains of mice exhibited a diminished glucose-induced insulin secretion after 6 wk of hyperglycemia, when compared with normoglycemic mice carrying islet grafts. When normoglycemia was restituted by the splenic graft after 4 or 12 wk, there was a normalization of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the renal islet grafts in B6 mice, whereas insulin secretion from the grafted BKs islets remained impaired. Morphometric measurements of the islet grafts demonstrated a 50% reduction in the graft volume in diabetic BKs mice after 12 wk, compared with normoglycemic animals, whereas no such decrease was observed in B6 mice. Islet grafts removed from hyperglycemic mice of both strains exhibited diminished insulin mRNA contents, and in the BKs mice there was also a reduced glucose oxidation rate in the islet grafts in vitro. This metabolic dysfunction can only partly be explained by a reduced graft size. The present findings emphasize the genetic constitution as a decisive factor for the survival and function during a period of sustained stress on a limited B cell mass.
Malignant Nephrosclerosis in Women Post Partum
Authors: Robert L. Scheer
Journal: JAMA (1967)

A case of malignant nephrosclerosis with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia developed in a young woman post partum. Diastolic hypertension first appeared two weeks after admission but papilledema never developed. An explanation for this phenomenon may be that the partially occluded renal arterioles caused activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Similar cases in other institutions suggest that such a syndrome occurs occasionally in women in the postpartum period. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, as well as malignant hypertension and nephrosclerosis, has been produced by treating rats with salt and desoxycorticosterone. Red blood cell fragmentation may occur by the shearing action of blood flow on erythrocytes observed to be adherent to arteriolar and glomerular capillary walls.
General surgical workload in England and Wales.
Authors: T G Allen-Mersh, R J Earlam
Journal: BMJ (1983)

An attempt was made to measure the workload of a typical general surgical firm (two part time consultants and their junior staff) serving a population of 100 000 in England and Wales. This provides a background against which to plan curricula for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as being a guide to the experience that a surgical trainee should get in a suitable training post. The effect of changes in surgical staffing on the number of operations done by a surgeon may also be estimated.
Coughing After Inguinal Herniorrhaphy
Authors: Richard Foregger
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  I recently had an inguinal herniorrhaphy during a residing respiratory tract infection with increased and thickened tracheobronchial secretions. On the afternoon of the operative day, I was bothered by a laryngeal irritation and rattling of secretions in the trachea. Because of pain in the incision, I was unable to develop a cough sufficient to raise the secretions from the tracheobronchial tree when lying or sitting in bed and compressing the wound with the hands.  I found that by squatting slightly bent forward on the floor, I was able to splint the wound by compression of the flexed thigh against the abdomen. In this position, one or two coughs were sufficient to clear the tracheobronchial tree of mucous secretions. I did this a few times a day for several days until the secretions disappeared.  I think this method of squatting slightly bent forward to compress the abdominal wound
THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC SEQUELAE OF HEAD INJURIES
Authors: ARTHUR H. AUERBACH, ALBERT E. SCHEFLEN, RAYMOND B. REINHART, CAROL K. SCHOLZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

In this study the post-traumatic syndrome was investigated. It was found difficult to define the limits of this condition, and particularly to distinguish it from post-traumatic hysteria. Therefore, both diagnoses were temporarily ignored, and the injury was broadened to the general sequelae of head injuries, other than definite defects caused by known neurologic lesions. These sequelae are psychosomatic in the truest sense of the term. They represent an intricate combination of organic and emotional processes. It seems that the symptoms following head injuries signify the sum of two quantities: 1. The damage to the brain and its surrounding structures; and 2. The patient's emotional reaction to this damage and to the experience of the trauma. The important problem is to assess the proportion of each quantity in individual cases. In the hope of contributing to its solution, psychiatric follow-up of head injured patients has been instituted.
Group practice allowance and night duty.
Authors: P J Hoyte
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Incomes: vive la difference SIR,-Mr Rudolf Klein (10 July, p 126) is right.There can never be a fixed rule that previous differentials between the medical professions and other workers should always be rightly maintained-of course times change.However, to round it off he should also have said that there is no rule that the medical profession's training and expertise, sense of responsibility, and willingness to do unpaid overtime should continue without a change.These two aspects, differentials and pro- fessional standards,