tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mental handicap and the family
Authors: M. E. Cochrane-Dyet
Journal: BMJ (1967)

methohexitone methods' no immediate or late complications occurred, and in 2,000 of these the treatment lasted for one to two and even more hours.The technique is described in a film.8A Scottish dental school has recently proposed a diploma course in dental anaesthesia.While one must deplore the creation of too many " splinter " diplomas, the suggestion in this case is worth serious consideration, particularly if the course provides adequate training in the newer intravenous techniques.-I am, ete.,
Occupational safety and health implications of increased coal utilization.
Authors: K Bridbord, J Costello, J Gamble, D Groce, M Hutchison, W Jones, J Merchant, C Ortmeyer, R Reger, W L Wagner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

An area of major concern in considering increased coal production and utilization is the health and safety of increased numbers of workers who mine, process, or utilize coal. Hazards related to mining activities in the past have been especially serious, resulting in many mine related accidental deaths, disabling injuries, and disability and death from chronic lung disease. Underground coal mines are clearly less safe than surface mines. Over one-third of currently employed underground miners experience chronic lung disease. Other stresses include noise and extremes of heat and cold. Newly emphasized technologies of the use of diesel powered mining equipment and the use of longwall mining techniques may be associated with serious health effects. Workers at coal-fired power plants are also potentially at risk of occupational diseases. Occupational safety and health aspects of coal mining are understood well enough today to justify implementing necessary and technically feasible and available control measures to minimize potential problems associated with increased coal production and use in the future. Increased emphasis on safety and health training for inexperienced coal miners expected to enter the work force is clearly needed. The recently enacted Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 will provide impetus for increased control over hazards in coal mining.
VAGINAL LIGATION OF A PORTION IN THE BROAD LIGAMENT OF THE UTERUS FOR UTERINE TUMORS.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: FRANKLIN H. MARTIN
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The operation consists in the ligation from the vagina of more or less of the broad ligament with its vessels and nerves, the extent of the ligation depending upon the result sought, from a simple ligation of the base of the ligament, including the uterine artery and branches of both sides, without opening the peritoneum, to a complete ligation of the ligament of one side, including both uterine and ovarian arteries, with partial ligation of the opposite ligament, without opening the peritoneal cavity, if possible, but doing so if necessary. The doctor reported five cases; two of these were reported in his first report of the operation. The result in the five operations were given up to date. <i>Case 1</i>, in which the operation was incomplete on account of insufficient ligation of one ligament, has not resulted as favorably as one could wish. Tumor not materially affected. Hemorrhages ceased temporarily.
Heterogeneity of lymphocyte calcium metabolism is caused by T cell-specific calcium-sensitive potassium channel and sensitivity of the calcium ATPase pump to membrane potential.
Authors: Y Ishida, T M Chused
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Calcium management differs in T and B lymphocytes. [Ca2+]i elevation in response to calcium ionophores is up to 10 times greater in T cells than B cells. There is no difference between them in ionophore uptake. T cells, but not B cells, possess a calcium-sensitive potassium channel which produces membrane hyperpolarization at [Ca2+]i above 200 nM. This alters T cell density providing a rapid and easy method of cell separation. In contrast, B cells depolarize when [Ca2+]i is increased. Isolated B cell membrane vesicle ATP-dependent calcium pump activity is higher than T cell vesicles. Membrane depolarization reduces the [Ca2+]i response to ionomycin, most dramatically in T cells because they are hyperpolarized by increased [Ca2+]i. The most likely basis of this behavior is an effect of membrane potential on lymphocyte membrane calcium pump activity. This mechanism provides an explanation of the inhibitory effect of membrane depolarization on T lymphocyte responses.
Chronic respiratory questionnaire.
Authors: U Jones
Journal: Thorax (1994)

REPLY DrThurlbeck objects to our conclusion that the severity of the lesions of the bronchioles and parenchyma assessed by grading techniques in resected lung specimens do not correlate with lung function measurements obtained in the same subjects.We agree that this conclusion is at variance with much that is in the literature and, indeed, re- ported it for that reason.The data we pre- sented make two basic points: (1) that rather extensive emphysematous destruction of the lung can be present in patients who have a normal FEVI, and (2) that a reduction in FEV, did not correlate with increased inflammatory changes in the peripheral airways assessed with current grading systems.This does not mean that we think emphysematous destruction is not important, only that its presence does not explain the decline in FEVI.Similarly, we did not mean to imply that the abnormal peripheral airway function may not eventually be explained by the effects of the inflammatory process in these airways -only that current morphological grading systems do not identify the lesions responsible for the abnormalities in function.We agree with his closing statement that airflow obstruction is a complicated mat- ter in which the different lesions ofthe bronchi (not just chronic bronchitis), bronchioles (not just the Cosio score), and parenchyma (not just emphysema) contribute to the decline in function.Specific responses to the otherpoints raised in his letter follow.The criticism concerning our failure to re- port data on tumour size and stage does not recognise that we have previously reported these data on the first 143 cases entered into our study.'Tumour size, involvement of
Use of polymer combinations in the preparation of solid dispersions of a thermally unstable drug by hot-melt extrusion
Authors: Jia Liu, Feng Cao, Can Zhang, Qineng Ping
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2013)

The objective of the study was to prepare solid dispersions containing a thermally unstable drug by hot-melt extrusion (HME). Carbamazepine (CBZ) was selected as model drug and combinations of Kollidon VA64 (VA64), Soluplus (SOL) and Eudragit EPO (EPO) were utilized as carriers. Preformulation was conducted to identify the suitability of polymer combinations based on solubility parameters, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Physicochemical properties of solid dispersions were determined by DSC, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dissolution and accelerated stability testing. The results show that drug-polymer miscibility at temperatures below the melting point (Tm) of CBZ was improved by combining EPO with VA64 or SOL. With 30% drug loading in a solid dispersion in SOL:EPO (1:1, w/w), CBZ was mainly present in an amorphous form accompanied by a small amount of a microcrystalline form. The dissolution rate of the solid dispersion was significantly increased (approximately 90% within 5 min) compared to either the pure drug (approximately 85% within 60 min) or the corresponding physical mixture (approximately 80% within 60 min) before and after storage. The solid dispersion in SOL:EPO (1:1, w/w) was relatively stable at 40 °C/75% RH under CBZ tablet packaging conditions for at least 3 months. In conclusion, polymer combinations that improve drug-polymer miscibility at an HME processing temperature below the Tm of a drug appear to be beneficial in the preparation of solid dispersions containing thermally unstable drugs.
Handguns and Hokum
Authors: Richard B. Drooz
Journal: JAMA (1977)

INThe Journal, Browning<sup>1</sup>has called on physicians to assume a position that the control of homicide is part of the field of public health, and may be accomplished by controlling the ownership of handguns. The present communication is a reply to Dr Browning's article, and is not intended as a comprehensive review of the vast literature in a multidisciplinary field. During the past 15 years, newspapers, radio, television, articles, editorials, and political speeches have claimed that an important factor in homicide and other violent crimes has been the ownership of handguns by private citizens. Such articles and speeches have advocated controls from severe restriction to outright prohibition. Criminologists, social scientists, legislators, law enforcement personnel, and firearms experts have studied and written extensively on the subject. The entry of physicians into this area of study is highly desirable if they bring in the high standards that they apply to
SOME CAUSES OF CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES.
Authors: ELLA E. BARNES
Journal: JAMA (1897)

"As pliant twig by fair and careful bending, In perfect trunk of future tree will show, So in this life of Fate's mysterious sending, Our ends by our beginnings we shall know." More attention is given each year to preventive measures against disease, and we who stand on the watch-towers guarding humanity, have a right to inquire into the origin of these little charges; we are allowed to "go behind the boards" and investigate the cause of the defects. We find anomalies much less frequent in animals than in man, and less common in the negro race than in the white. There is a vast amount of superstitious material concerning maternal impressions. Here are specimens of such "old folk lore." One woman, two and a half months pregnant, goes to the kitchen, and in searching for a match in the darkness, puts her hand on a fish that her husband
Sulfasalazine Inhibits the Absorption of Folates in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Charles H. Halsted, Gautam Gandhi, Tsunenobu Tamura
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

FOLATE deficiency, a common occurrence in patients with inflammatory bowel disease,1 , 2 has been ascribed in part to the therapeutic use of sulfasalazine.1 In vitro, this drug is an inhibitor of the intestinal transport of folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamate or PteGlu)1 and of several folate enzymes in the liver.3 However, a clear relation between the use of sulfasalazine (salicylazosulfapyridine) and the development of folate malabsorption and deficiency has not been shown. Previous descriptions of folate deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease failed to distinguish between sulfasalazine users and nonusers.1 , 2 Inhibition of folate absorption by sulfasalazine is presumed to be a cause . . .
Letter: Disinfectant contamination.
Authors: J M Boyce, H M Meddick
Journal: BMJ (1974)

24 November, p. 488) concerning immunological investigations in relapsing polychondritis.We should, how- ever, like to correct one misquotation con- cerning the findings reported by Hughes et al.,' who, by means of a standard indirect immunofluorescent technique using fetal car- tilage as a substrate, detected positive diffuse fluorescence throughout the cartilage matrix with sera from only two of 12 (not from all 12) patients with rheumatoid arthritis.We have examined sera from a further 104 patients with probable, definite, or classical rheumatoid arthritis as defined by the Am- erican Rheumatism Association2 and detected cartilage matrix fluorescence in 10 (9.6%).Positive results have been found in only one of 102 normal blood donors and in two of 149 patients with a variety of diseases.Of eight patients with relapsing polychondritis tested, three had positive matrix fluorescence and one other showed a weakly positive re- action.3-Weare, etc.,
Metastatic Carotid Body Tumor
Authors: Joseph P. Fanning
Journal: JAMA (1963)

CAROTID BODY TUMORS are an uncommon neoplasm and have generally been considered to be benign or only locally invasive. However, the literature now contains 25 cases with metastases to regional lymph nodes or to distant sites proven by pathological examination. We wish to report a case of carotid body tumor showing multiple verified lung metastases. Knowledge of the natural history of this tumor has made it possible to predict a prolonged survival. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 43-year-old female was admitted to another Boston hospital in May, 1953, for surgical excision of a carotid body tumor which had been increasing slowly in size for 10 years. At operation, a tumor (6 cm in diameter) was found densely involving the bifurcation of the right common carotid artery. The common carotid and internal carotid arteries had to be ligated and divided. The external carotid artery was buried in tumor and was not
50 years of reporting on tobacco and health
Authors: R. M Davis
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Education and debate p 111

In September 1950 the BMJ published a landmark case-control study by Doll and Hill from which the authors concluded that cigarette smoking was an important factor in causing lung cancer.1 Later that decade the BMJ published seminal papers by the same investigators from their prospective mortality study of British doctors, confirming the role of smoking in the growing epidemic of lung cancer. 2 3 Since then the journal has continued to report important findings on tobacco and health: a search of the BMJ archive (www.bmj.com) from January 1994 to December 1999 yielded 434 articles with “tobacco” or “smoking” in the title or …
The impact of clonal evolution on response to imatinib mesylate (STI571) in accelerated phase CML
Authors: Michael E. O'Dwyer, Michael J. Mauro, Gwen Kurilik, Motomi Mori, Suzanne Balleisen, Susan Olson, Ellen Magenis, Renaud Capdeville, Brian J. Druker
Journal: Blood (2002)
Diagnosis and Cure of the Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome or Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias during a Single Electrophysiologic Test
Authors: Hugh Calkins, João Sousa, Rafel El-Atassi, Shimon Rosenheck, Michael de Buitleir, William H. Kou, Alan H. Kadish, Jonathan J. Langberg, Fred Morady
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

We conducted this study to determine the feasibility of an abbreviated therapeutic approach to the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, in which the diagnosis is established and radiofrequency ablation carried out during a single electrophysiologic test.
Regulation of mir-196b by MLL and its overexpression by MLL fusions contributes to immortalization
Authors: Relja Popovic, Laurie E. Riesbeck, Chinavenmeni S. Velu, Aditya Chaubey, Jiwang Zhang, Nicholas J. Achille, Frank E. Erfurth, Katherine Eaton, Jun Lu, H. Leighton Grimes, Jianjun Chen, Janet D. Rowley, Nancy J. Zeleznik-Le
Journal: Blood (2009)
Incidence of Hypothyroidism
Authors: Thomas M. Jovin
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The article by Drs. Lowrey and Starr, "Chemical Evidence of Incidence of Hypothyroidism" (<i>JAMA</i><b>171:</b>2045 [Dec 12] 1959), contains data presented by the authors which do not appear to justify their conclusions. The comprehensive series of protein-bound iodine (PBI) levels reported in the paper provide valuable information, yet the statistical computations are not correct. In order to demonstrate this fact, the data displayed graphically in Fig 3 (serum PBI levels of 735 subjects) were analyzed according to the methods of Snedecor cited by the authors. The appropriate statistics were computed with the use of a digital computer and compared with the values presented in the paper. The comparison is as follows: Certain discrepancies are readily apparent. In particular, the measures of skewness and kurtosis are smaller in magnitude than those cited by the authors and do not indicate marked deviation from a normal distribution. The accuracy
A10.23 Stratification of SLE Patients for Improved Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Helena Idborg, Stefan Rännar, Ganna Oliynyk, Jenny Forshed, Rui Mamede Branca, Magdalena Donten, Kate Bennett, Johanna Gustafsson, Anna Vikerfors, Lennart Truedsson, Bo Nilsson, Iva Gunnarsson, Johan Trygg, Janne Lehtiö, Torbjörn Lundstedt, Elisabet Svenungsson, Per-Johan Jakobsson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) affect about 2% of the population in Western countries. Sufficient diagnostic criteria are lacking due to the heterogeneity within diagnostic categories and apparent overlap regarding symptoms and patterns of autoantibodies between different diagnoses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is regarded as a prototype for SAIDs and we hypothesise that subgroups of patients with SLE may have different pathogenesis and should consequently be subject to different treatment strategies. <h3>Objectives</h3> Our goal is to find new biomarkers to be used for the identification of more homogenous patient populations for clinical trials and to identify sub-groups of patients with high risk of for example cardiovascular events. <h3>Methods</h3> In this study we have utilised 320 SLE patients from the Karolinska lupus cohort and 320 age and gender matched controls. The SLE cohort was characterised based on clinical, genetic and serological data and combined by multivariate data analysis in a systems biology approach to study possible subgroups. A pilot study was designed to verify and investigate suggested subgroups of SLE. Two main subgroups were defined: One group was defined as having SSA and SSB antibodies and a negative lupus anticoagulant test (LAC), i.e., a “Sjögren-like” group. The other group was defined as being negative for SSA and SSB antibodies but positive in the LAC test.i.e. an “APS-like” group. EDTA-plasma from selected patients in these two groups and controls were analysed using a mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomic and metabolomic approach. Pathway analysis was then performed on the obtained data. <h3>Results</h3> Our pilot study showed that differences in levels of proteins and metabolites could separate disease groups from population controls. The profile/pattern of involved factors in the complement system supported a division of SLE in two major subgroups, although each individual factor was not significantly different between subgroups. Complement factor 2 (C2) and membrane attack complex (MAC) were analysed in the entire cohort with complementary methods and C2 verifies our results while the levels of MAC did not differ between SLE subgroups. The generated metabolomics data clearly separated SLE patients from controls in both gas chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS data. We found for example that tryptophan was lower in the SLE patients compared to controls. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our systems biology approach may lead to a better understanding of the disease and its pathogenesis, and assigning patients into subgroups will result in improved diagnosis and better outcome measures of SLE.
The Lymphocyte Function Associated LFA-1, CD2, and LFA-3 Molecules: Cell Adhesion Receptors of the Immune System
Authors: Timothy A. Springer, Michael L. Dustin, Takashi K. Kishimoto, Steven D. Marlin
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1987)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Cancer: Physical Foundations and Applications of Restriction Spectrum Imaging
Authors: Nathan S. White, Carrie R. McDonald, Niky Farid, Josh Kuperman, David Karow, Natalie M. Schenker-Ahmed, Hauke Bartsch, Rebecca Rakow-Penner, Dominic Holland, Ahmed Shabaik, Atle Bjørnerud, Tuva Hope, Jona Hattangadi-Gluth, Michael Liss, J. Kellogg Parsons, Clark C. Chen, Steve Raman, Daniel Margolis, Robert E. Reiter, Leonard Marks, Santosh Kesari, Arno J. Mundt, Christopher J. Kane, Bob S. Carter, William G. Bradley, Anders M. Dale
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been at the forefront of cancer imaging since the early 2000s. Before its application in clinical oncology, this powerful technique had already achieved widespread recognition due to its utility in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction. Following this initial success, the ability of DWI to detect inherent tissue contrast began to be exploited in the field of oncology. Although the initial oncologic applications for tumor detection and characterization, assessing treatment response, and predicting survival were primarily in the field of neurooncology, the scope of DWI has since broadened to include oncologic imaging of the prostate gland, breast, and liver. Despite its growing success and application, misconceptions about the underlying physical basis of the DWI signal exist among researchers and clinicians alike. In this review, we provide a detailed explanation of the biophysical basis of diffusion contrast, emphasizing the difference between hindered and restricted diffusion, and elucidating how diffusion parameters in tissue are derived from the measurements via the diffusion model. We describe one advanced DWI modeling technique, called restriction spectrum imaging (RSI). This technique offers a more direct in vivo measure of tumor cells, due to its ability to distinguish separable pools of water within tissue based on their intrinsic diffusion characteristics. Using RSI as an example, we then highlight the ability of advanced DWI techniques to address key clinical challenges in neurooncology, including improved tumor conspicuity, distinguishing actual response to therapy from pseudoresponse, and delineation of white matter tracts in regions of peritumoral edema. We also discuss how RSI, combined with new methods for correction of spatial distortions inherent in diffusion MRI scans, may enable more precise spatial targeting of lesions, with implications for radiation oncology and surgical planning. See all articles in this Cancer Research section, “Physics in Cancer Research.” Cancer Res; 74(17); 4638–52. ©2014 AACR.
Heme metabolism and in vitro erythropoiesis in anemia associated with hypochromic microcytosis
Authors: A. C. Brown, J. D. Lutton, H. A. Pearson, J. C. Nelson, R. D. Levere, N. G. Abraham
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Heme metabolism and in vitro erythropoietic growth (CFU‐E, BFU‐E) were examined in bone marrow cells taken from two siblings with apparent familial hypochromic microcytic anemia. Bone marrow cells from both patients grew adequate numbers of CFU‐E and BFU‐E colonies in culture in the presence of erythropoietin. In addition, small numbers of endogenous CFU‐E were seen in 7‐day cultures. Assays on bone marrow cells taken from both patients revealed that baseline δ‐aminolevulinic synthase activity was considerably reduced, but increased six to seven fold (to normal levels) when patients' cells were exposed to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). In both cases, ferrochelatase and δ‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities were normal. Bone marrow heme oxygenase showed no significant differences in activities between normals and patients values in the absence or presence of PLP. In contrast, heme synthesis by patients' bone marrow was less than that of normals. This study demonstrates that bone marrow cells from patients with this rare disorder have some disturbances in heme metabolism, whereas erythropoiesis appeared to be normal when cultured with adequate nutrients in vitro.