tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of major trauma. Abdominal trauma.
Authors: A Cope, W Stebbings
Journal: BMJ (1990)

The aim ofthis article is to enable all those concerned with the management of patients with abdominal trauma to perform a thorough examination and assessment with the help of diagnostic tests and to institute safe and correct treatment.Intra-abdominal injuries carry a high morbidity and mortality because they are often not detected or their severity is underestimated.This is particularly common in cases of blunt trauma, in which there may be few or no external signs.Always have a high index of suspicion ofabdominal injury when the history suggests severe trauma.Traditionally, abdominal trauma is classified as either blunt or penetrating, but the initial assessment and, if required, resuscitation are essentially the same. Blunt traumaRoad traffic accidents are one of the commonest causes of blunt injuries.Since wearing seat belts was made compulsory the number of fatal head injuries has declined, but a pattern of blunt abdominal trauma that is specific to seat belts has emerged.This often includes avulsion injuries of the mesentery of the small bowel.The symptoms and signs of blunt abdominal trauma can be subtle, and consequently diagnosis is difficult.A high degree of suspicion of underlying intra-abdominal injury must be adopted when dealing with blunt trauma.Blunt abdominal trauma is -usually associated with trauma to other areas, especially the head, chest, .. , :and pelvis. Penetrating traumaPenetrating wounds are either due to low velocity projectiles such as knives or hand gun bullets or high velocity projectiles such as rifle bullets and shrapnel from bombs or blasts.With the increasing prevalence of civilian violence penetrating injuries, especially those due to stabbing, are encountered increasingly in accident and emergency departments.Visceral injury occurs in 80-90% of bullet wounds but only 30% of stab wounds.Penetrating wounds may seem easy to diagnose, but it is difficult to assess whether peritoneal penetration has occurred.About a third of abdominal stab wounds with serious visceral injury at operation have virtually no physical signs.Stab wound. Assessment| Remember the A, B, C of the primary | Doctors must perform the primary survey-namely, airway management survey with protection of the cervical spine, breathing, and circulatory evaluation.The circulation may be compromised if there is concealed intra-abdominal bleeding.The usual diagnostic pathway of taking the history, physical examination, and special investigations cannot always be followed as To evaluate the abdomen Look, Feel, resuscitation is the highest priority.The sequence of look, feel, and listen and Listen will help in the rapid initial evaluation of the abdomen.
Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste
Authors: K E A Morris, J E G Rogers
Journal: BMJ (1996)

improved haemostasis.Use of predeposited auto- logous blood, intraoperative autotransfusion, and haemodilution are not readily adaptable to neonates having extensive surgery, although they may be appropriate for older children.2After our success in resecting a large sacrococcygeal teratoma with minimal blood loss when we used aprotinin in the child of Jehovah's Wit-nesses3 we have observed both subjective and objective reductions in blood loss and transfusion requirements in neonates having surgery for sacrococcygeal teratoma, necrotising enterocolitis, and massive cervical cystic hygroma when we used a bolus of aprotinin (10000 kIU/kg (=1 ml/kg)) on induction of anaesthesia followed by an infusion at 1 ml/kg/h during the operative period.Our only other experience in the perioperative use of desmopressin is in patients with von Willebrand's disease.We suggest that further evaluation of the use of aprotinin perioperatively may obviate the need for expensive recombinant erythropoietin to treat postoperative anaemia.The legal recourse available when transfusion is necessary deserves clarification.While the courts may uphold the decision of an adult Jehovah's Witness to refuse transfusion, parents would be charged with neglect for failing to seek, or permit, desirable medical treatment for their children, even if that treatment were to contravene religious doctrine.Parental refusal of transfusion does not necessarily necessitate making the child a ward of court and thereby removing all parental authority as in most cases this is a conflict of interest between religious beliefs and the wellbeing of the child.Parents may be absolved of this particular respon- sibility by a specific issue order, which gives legal sanction to only the action identified, such as the administration of blood.A specific issue order is made under the private law provisions of the 1989 Children Act, and the High Court is approached direct.
Emergency transport by aeromedical blimp.
Authors: J. J. Cottrell, C. Garrard
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Recently there has been an explosive growth in the use of helicopters and fixed wing aircraft for the transportation of patients who are ill and injured. Although using such methods of transport may result in faster access to health care centres, their ultimate role for the civilian population is unclear. Unfortunately, there are many problems associated with aeromedical transport, particularly with rotary wing aircraft, which have shown an alarming tendency to crash. The use of lighter than air vehicles (blimps, hot air balloons) might offer most of the advantages of conventional aieromedical transport, with an appreciable improvement in safety.
B-cell influences on the induction of allotype suppressor T cells
Authors: SJ Black, LA Herzenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

Allotype suppressor T-cell (Ts) populations that persist for the life of the animal arise in (BALB/c × SJL)F(1) hybrids exposed perinatally to antibody to the paternal (Ig-1b) allotype on IgG(2a)-isotype immunoglobulin H chains. These Ts suppress Ig-lb production by depleting the supply of allotype- specific helper T cells (Th) required, in addition to carrier-specific Th, for the latter stages of Ig-1b memory B-cell differentiation. In this publication, we show that specific Ig-1 allotype Ts are induced by perinatal exposure to antisera which interfere with normal B-cell maturation, i.e., by antibodies reactive with surface IgM on immature precursors of IgG(2a), memory cells. Antibodies to IgM (Ig-6) allotypes carried on precursors induce specific suppression for the IgG2, allotype produced by progeny of the target precursor. Anti-Ig-6a and anti-Ig-6b induce Ts that specifically suppress Ig-1a and Ig-1b, respectively. Heterologous (goat) anti-IgM induces suppression for both IgG(2a) immunoglobulins (Ig-1a and Ig-1b). Ts activity in these antiprecursor-Ig-suppressed mice is expressed in adoptive transfer assays and, as with anti-Ig-1b-induced Ts, is rendered ineffective by cotransfer of adequate numbers of T cells but not B cells from nonsuppressed mice. The Ts induction, in contrast with Ts expression, is reversed by the introduction of appropriate adult B-cell populations from nonsuppressed donors. Taken together, these data suggest that the development of mature B cells plays a central role in the early establishment of the balance between helper cells and suppressor cells that determines whether Ts or Th will dominate in regulating Ig-1b production in adult animals.
HIV protease inhibitors are potent anti-angiogenic molecules and promote regression of Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Cecilia Sgadari, Giovanni Barillari, Elena Toschi, Davide Carlei, Ilaria Bacigalupo, Sara Baccarini, Clelia Palladino, Patrizia Leone, Roberto Bugarini, Laura Malavasi, Aurelio Cafaro, Mario Falchi, Donatella Valdembri, Giovanni Rezza, Federico Bussolino, Paolo Monini, Barbara Ensoli
Journal: Nature Medicine (2002)
Abstract 4585: Targeting of CD5 on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with antibody mixtures
Authors: Josephine L. Klitgaard, Christian Geisler, Mikkel W. Pedersen
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia found in adults in Western countries. Approximately 2 out of every 100,000 people develop CLL annually, with 90% being older than age 50. CLL arises from accumulation of CD5+ B lymphocytes. CLL cells have defective apoptotic pathways and are characterized and distinguished from other leukemic cells by expression of CD19, CD20, and CD23 along with CD5. Current targeted therapy for treatment of CLL includes monoclonal antibodies against CD20 or CD52. However, these are often either not very effective against CLL cells due to low target expression, or are associated with severe side effects due to expression of target on other immune cells. Thus, more specific and efficacious treatments of CLL are warranted. Due to its relatively specific expression on CLL cells, CD5 is an obvious target for antibody based therapeutics. However, earlier attempts to develop antibodies against CD5 for treatment of CLL have failed to show significant therapeutic activity in patients. As in vivo studies with murine antibodies against CD5 showed no direct effect of the antibodies, activation of secondary effector functions might be important to obtain therapeutic activity with antibodies targeting CD5. Recently, it has been shown that mixtures of monoclonal antibodies against the same target increase complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Hence, it could be relevant to target CD5 with more than one monoclonal antibody to increase activation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In the current work, sixty-eight chimeric IgG1 antibodies against human CD5 were cloned from CD5 immunized mice using our mSymplex™ technology. Fifteen unique clonotypes were selected for further characterization and functional analyses. The selected antibodies were epitope binned using Biacore analysis to identify antibodies with non-overlapping epitopes. Using confocal microscopy, the level of internalization of CD5 upon binding of the single antibodies and antibody mixtures to CD5 was investigated and it was shown that some combinations of two non-overlapping antibodies induce internalization of CD5, while mixtures of two other non-overlapping antibodies remain on the surface bound to CD5. Subsequently, the direct cytotoxic effect of CD5-specific antibody mixtures and the ability to mediate ADCC and CDC was investigated in vitro using CLL cells isolated from human patients. An update will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4585. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4585
Liver Fat Is Reduced by an Isoenergetic MUFA Diet in a Controlled Randomized Study in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Lutgarda Bozzetto, Anna Prinster, Giovanni Annuzzi, Lucia Costagliola, Anna Mangione, Alessandra Vitelli, Raffaella Mazzarella, Margaret Longobardo, Marcello Mancini, Carlo Vigorito, Gabriele Riccardi, Angela A. Rivellese
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

To evaluate the effects of qualitative dietary changes and the interaction with aerobic exercise training on liver fat content independent of weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes.With use of a factorial 2 × 2 randomized parallel-group design, 37 men and 8 women, aged 35-70 years, with type 2 diabetes in satisfactory blood glucose control on diet or diet plus metformin treatment were assigned to one of the following groups for an 8-week period: 1) high-carbohydrate/high-fiber/low-glycemic index diet (CHO/fiber group), 2) high-MUFA diet (MUFA group), 3) high-carbohydrate/high-fiber/low-glycemic index diet plus physical activity program (CHO/fiber+Ex group), and 4) high-MUFA diet plus physical activity program (MUFA+Ex group). Before and after intervention, hepatic fat content was measured by (1)H NMR.Dietary compliance was optimal and body weight remained stable in all groups. Liver fat content decreased more in MUFA (-29%) and MUFA+Ex (-25%) groups than in CHO/fiber (-4%) and CHO/fiber+Ex groups (-6%). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, including baseline values as covariate, showed a significant effect on liver fat content for diet (P = 0.006), with no effects for exercise training (P = 0.789) or diet-exercise interaction (P = 0.712).An isocaloric diet enriched in MUFA compared with a diet higher in carbohydrate and fiber was associated with a clinically relevant reduction of hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic patients independent of an aerobic training program and should be considered for the nutritional management of hepatic steatosis in people with type 2 diabetes.
A Poem Against an Ending
Authors: Jeffrey Greene
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Phlebotomy increases cadmium uptake in hemochromatosis.
Authors: A Akesson, P Stål, M Vahter
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

The intestinal absorption of the nephrotoxic environmental pollutant cadmium increases markedly when iron stores are depleted. This may be mediated by an up regulation of the recently identified mucosal transporter DMT1 (Nramp2 or DCT1) for divalent cations. We tested whether the highly increased iron absorption in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) was accompanied by an enhanced absorption of cadmium and lead. Cadmium and lead in blood and iron status markers were determined in 21 nonsmoking subjects with HH genetically tested for the HFE mutations and in 21 nonsmoking controls matched for age and sex. In subjects with HH on maintenance phlebotomy treatment, blood concentrations of cadmium, but not lead, were significantly higher than in paired controls. There was a strong age-independent positive association between blood cadmium and the number of years of phlebotomy treatment. Blood lead showed a similar but less pronounced consequence of treatment. All HH subjects with lower blood cadmium than the corresponding controls had either no mutation in the HFE gene, were not phlebotomized, or were phlebotomized for only a limited time. Our findings indicate that the treatment rather than the disease increased the cadmium uptake in homozygous HH. Further studies are needed to confirm whether the disease decreased cadmium absorption and whether the absorption was dependent on the genotype.
Increased in vitro release of soluble interleukin 2 receptor by colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: S Schreiber, A Raedler, A R Conn, J L Rombeau, R P MacDermott
Journal: Gut (1992)

Increased concentrations of the soluble form of the interleukin 2 receptor have been observed in the sera of Crohn9s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. In this study we have observed the spontaneous release of soluble interleukin 2 receptor by unstimulated, isolated normal and inflammatory bowel disease colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells. Lamina propria mononuclear cells from Crohn9s disease patients (median = 204 U/ml (interquartile range 126-396, n 17) secreted significantly (p less than 0.01) more soluble interleukin 2 receptor than normal controls (median = 124.5 U/ml (108-131), n 12). No statistically significant differences were seen between ulcerative colitis (median = 135 U/ml (92-196), n 20) and normal controls. Moreover, significantly (p less than 0.01) increased amounts of soluble interleukin 2 receptor were secreted by colonic diverticulitis lamina propria mononuclear cells (median = 259 U/ml (149-282), n 15) which were used as disease specificity controls. Time course experiments showed that the majority of soluble interleukin 2 receptor was released by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells in the first six days of culture. Upon stimulation with pokeweed mitogen, Crohn9s disease (median = 2258 U/ml (1435-3584), n 14), normal control (median = 2622 U/ml (2030-3180), n 14) and diverticulitis lamina propria mononuclear cells (median = 2745 U/ml (1733-3192), n 10) reached similar maximal soluble interleukin 2 receptor secretion levels, while ulcerative colitis lamina propria mononuclear cells secreted significantly (p less than 0.005) less soluble interleukin 2 receptor (median = 912 U/ml (494-1259), n 17). These results suggest that enhanced shedding/secretion of soluble interleukin 2 receptor by intestinal lymphocytes may account in part for increased serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor concentrations during chronic intestinal inflammatory reactions.
Diagnosis and Resolution of Löeffler Endocarditis Secondary to Eosinphilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Demonstrated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance–T2 Mapping
Authors: Ross T. Campbell, Pardeep S. Jhund, Jonathan R. Dalzell, Jane Cannon, Ify Mordi, Piotr Sonecki, Nikolaos Tzemos
Journal: Circulation (2015)
Does a Statistically Significant Survival Benefit of Erlotinib Plus Gemcitabine for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Translate Into Clinical Significance and Value?
Authors: Rebecca A. Miksad, Lowell Schnipper, Michael Goldstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

may not reflect the resistance of most primary human malignancies and are therefore not likely to be predictive of clinical responses.Moreover, it is possible that the combination of chemotherapy and TRAIL agonistic MAbs may result in unanticipated toxicities in man.The major concern with all therapies targeting the TRAIL pathway remains hepatotoxicity.Prior to entering the clinic, it is important to assess the potential hepatotoxicity of combinations of TRAIL agonistic MAbs and chemotherapy drugs in models that most closely mimic the in vivo situation.We currently lack a good preclinical model with which to assess such combinations.Mouse models may not be adequate since there is only one TRAIL receptor in this species.In summary, we suspect that many significant barriers remain before we can successfully target the TRAIL pathway for therapy of malignant disease.MAbs that exert significant functional activity differ fundamentally from most MAbs used routinely in clinical practice today and should be used under carefully defined conditions in order to avoid toxicities.For most MAbs, the only necessary prerequisite before clinical use is to demonstrate expression by immunohistochemistry.These standards will not suffice for functional MAbs; it may be necessary to document induction of apoptosis in vitro before commencing therapy.Our data indicate that some form of sensitization to TRAIL-pathway mediated apoptosis will be required.Whether sensitization to TRAIL-targeted apoptosis in malignant cells can be successfully dissociated from sensitization of normal cells to the same apoptotic cascade remains to be determined.
In Vivo Selection of Genetically Modified Erythroid Cells Using a Jak2-Based Cell Growth Switch
Authors: Shengming Zhao, Michael A. Weinreich, Kenji Ihara, Robert E. Richard, C.Anthony Blau
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Cell-based therapies have potential widespread applications in clinical medicine, and methods for controlling the fate of transplanted cells are needed. We have previously described a means for directing the growth of genetically modified cells in vivo using a derivative of the thrombopoietin receptor, mpl, that is reversibly activated by a drug called a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID). Since Jak2 participates in signaling from a number of different cytokine receptors (including mpl), we tested whether direct activation of the JH1 domain of Jak2 would broaden the repertoire of hematopoietic lineages responsive to the CID. While the engineered Jak2 induced a significant rise in genetically modified red cells, as we have observed previously with mpl, it lacked mpl's ability to expand genetically modified platelets and failed to expand genetically modified granulocytes, B cells, or T cells. These findings identify a signaling molecule other than mpl that can function as a cell growth switch in vivo and demonstrate that signaling molecules used for in vivo selection need not be confined to receptors. The erythroid-restricted growth response suggests that CID-activated Jak2 may be well suited to gene therapy applications in sickle cell anemia or beta-thalassemia.
Jagged2-Expressing Hematopoietic Progenitors Promote Regulatory T Cell Expansion in the Periphery through Notch Signaling
Authors: Hassen Kared, Homa Adle-Biassette, Elena Foïs, Annie Masson, Jean-François Bach, Lucienne Chatenoud, Elke Schneider, Flora Zavala
Journal: Immunity (2006)
MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA expressions as molecular biomarkers in patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: H. A. El Aggan, S. Mahmoud, W. El Delgawy, N. El Deeb, R. S. El Din
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The melanoma antigen (MAGE) family members are tumour-specific antigens exclusively expressed in neoplastic cells. Therefore, the present work was designed to study the expression of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNAs in the peripheral blood and cancerous tissues of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). <h3>Methods</h3> 30 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis (15 patients with HCC and 15 patients without HCC) and 15 healthy subjects were enrolled in the present study. Expression of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNAs in peripheral blood samples, HCC specimens and surrounding non-neoplastic liver tissues, were studied by a reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with the specific primers after RNA extraction. The sensitivity and specificity of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNAs as markers for diagnosis of HCC have been assessed by plotting a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. <h3>Results</h3> In HCC patients, the positive rate of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA expression was 53.3% and 33.3% in peripheral blood samples respectively, while the positive rate was 53.3% and 40.0% in HCC tissue samples, respectively. By contrast, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA were not detected in the adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues or in the peripheral blood samples of cirrhotic patients without HCC and healthy subjects. No relationship was found between MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA expression and age, gender, Child-Pugh score, tumour size, clinical stage and histopathological grade (p&gt;0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of MAGE-1 mRNA as a marker for the diagnosis of HCC was 53.3% and 100% respectively while MAGE-3 mRNA has a sensitivity of 40% and a specificity of 100%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA are highly expressed in HCV-related HCCs and may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. These tumour-specific antigens can be used as molecular markers for early diagnosis of HCC and detection of disseminated tumour cells and may act as a potential target for immunotherapy in HCC patients.