tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
MONGOLIAN IDIOCY IN BOTH TWINS
Authors: AUGUST STRAUCH
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The occurrence of mongolism in twins seems worthy of report not only because of its great rarity but because of its possible bearing on the question of whether an endogenic or exogenic factor is involved in the etiology of this anomaly.  REPORT OF CASE  The parents of the twins affected with mongolian idiocy were healthy, very intelligent and without any inherited taint. Neither of them was syphilitic or alcoholic. The mother at the time of conception was 20 years of age, and the father, 30½. The pregnancy was without any disturbance. The twins were the first born of the family; the three other children, aged 7, 4¾, and 1½ years were perfectly healthy and intelligent.  The twins were born, March 21, 1915, at the end of the eighth month of gestation; the first infant, weighing 5 pounds, 12 ounces (2.6 kg.), was delivered by forceps; the second infant, weighing 5
[498] HIGH BASELINE HBV-DNA IS LINKED TO THE EMERGENCE OF ADEFOVIR RESISTANCE IN LAMIVUDINE RESISTANT PATIENTS
Authors: S. Kaymakoglu, R. Idilman, E. Ahishali, F.O. Onder, M. Bektas, S. Badur, M. Bozdayi, F. Besisik, Y. Cakaloglu, H. Bozkaya, S. Karayalcin, A. Okten, C. Yurdaydin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Leptomeningeal dissemination at diagnosis of pediatric low-grade neuroepithelial tumors
Authors: Juliette Hukin, Joao Siffert, Henry Cohen, Linda Velasquez, David Zagzag, Jeffrey Allen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2003)

The goal of this study was to describe the demographic, histologic, and prognostic features of children with low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LGN) of the CNS presenting with leptomeningeal metastases (LM) at diagnosis. We identified 528 newly diagnosed LGN children, 13 (3%) of whom had LM at diagnosis. LM was defined by neuroimaging, clinical evidence, and/or biopsy. The charts were reviewed and patients contacted to validate the demographic data, treatment, and clinical status. The distribution of LM patients by primary tumor site was diencephalon, 5; cerebrum, 2; spinal cord, 3; brainstem, 2; and cerebellum, 1. Six of 8 patients with LM had durable objective responses to chemotherapy. The 5-year progression-free survival of patients with LM at diagnosis was 17%, compared to 85% (95% CI, 80%-91%) for those with localized LGN who had a gross total resection and 51% (95% CI, 44%-52%) for those with localized LGN who had less aggressive surgery (P < 0.0001). Only 1 of these 13 LM patients died. The 5-year overall survival of the localized LGN group with a gross total resection was 97% (95% CI, 92%-99.9%), and that of the localized LGN group with less aggressive surgery was 88% (95% CI, 84%-95%) (P = 0.004). The 3% frequency of LM at diagnosis is likely an underestimate since patients with newly diagnosed LGN were not routinely staged. We suggest that staging be considered in the following circumstances: diencephalic primary site, unexplained hydrocephalus, clinical features suggestive of LM, and before adjuvant therapy is initiated. The prognosis for children with LM at diagnosis is favorable, and its identification alters therapeutic strategies.
Abstract 4894: The HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib potentiates effect of ionizing radiation in human non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Roberto Gomez Casal, Chitralekha Bhattacharya, Michael Epperly, Mark Socinski, Vera Levina
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: Ionizing irradiation (IR) is used to treat NSCLC however; radiotherapy remains largely palliative due to radioresistance. Recently, we reported that IR-resistant residual cells in NSCLC expresses a complex phenotype combining cancer stem cell (CSC) and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits. The tyrosine kinase receptors (RTK) receptors, such as PDGFRa, EGFR FGFR and VEGFR, are expressed in nonrelated cells and IR-resistant residual cells. Moreover, PDGFRb is dramatically upregulated in IR resistant cells. Since all of these RTK receptors, as well as other oncogenic proteins are client proteins of the molecular chaperone HSP90a, NSCLC cells and specifically IR-resistant residual cells could be highly dependent on HSP90 and sensitive to HSP90 inhibition. We hypothesize that inhibition of HSP90 will eliminate IR-resistant residual cells and sensitize NSCLC cells to IR treatment. Methods/Results: HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib, kindly provided by SYNTA Pharmaceuticals, was used in this study. A549 cells, primary human adenocarcinoma cells and primary normal human airway epithelial (HSAEC), were utilized. Using MTT and clonogenic assays we have demonstrated that ganetespib does not affect primary normal HSAEC cells, but suppresses the proliferation of NSCLC cells and potentiates the effect of IR treatment. Ganetespib inhibits the growth of lung tumor spheres. Using a wound healing assay we have determined that ganetespib inhibits motility of NSCLC cells and IR-resistant residual cells. We also have investigated the effect of ganetespib on cells cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair machinery in irradiated cells. Using a SCID mice model, we have demonstrated that ganetespib applied as monotherapy inhibits the growth of T2821 primary adenocarcinoma cells in vivo and significantly sensitizes T2821 tumors to IR-treatment. Conclusion: The HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib potentiates the effect of IR in NSCLC and eliminates IR-resistant residual cells. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Roberto Gomez Casal, Chitralekha Bhattacharya, Michael Epperly, Mark Socinski, Vera Levina. The HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib potentiates effect of ionizing radiation in human non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4894. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4894
Relationship between Sodium Intake and Norepinephrine Storage during the Development of Experimental Hypertension
Authors: JACQUES DE CHAMPLAIN, LAWRENCE R. KRAKOFF, JULIUS AXELROD
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

It has been reported that storage of norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system was decreased in rats made hypertensive by the administration of desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (DOCA) and sodium chloride. The present investigation indicated that the storage of norepinephrine was impaired at an early stage of treatment with DOCA and NaCl (1 week), and preceded the appearance of hypertension. The role of sodium and sympathetic activity, the two major factors suspected of contributing to the development of the abnormality in storage of norepinephrine, was studied in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The withdrawal of sodium from the diet of hypertensive rats for 2 weeks lowered the blood pressure to normotensive levels and simultaneously restored to normal the storage and binding capacity as well as the endogenous norepinephrine content of the sympathetic storage granules in the heart. Sodium restriction or depletion in normotensive rats caused a slight decrease in blood pressure and the retention of norepinephrine in the storage granules was increased. These findings suggested that the capacity of the sympathetic granules to bind and store norepinephrine was influenced by the state of sodium balance and showed that the capacity of storage could be correlated with the level of blood pressure. The finding that treatment with a long-acting ganglionic blocker could restore the blood pressure and the norepinephrine storage capacity in hypertensive animals to normal suggested a neurogenic component in the development of this form of hypertension.
Government pledges to assess risk of vCJD transmission
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The UK government has promised to ascertain whether new guidance is needed on decontaminating surgical instruments to help protect patients from infection with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), the human form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

The pledge1 was made in response to a report by the cross parliamentary Science and Technology Committee on blood safety and the risk of vCJD, published in July.2 In that report MPs criticised the government for its “casual attitude” to transmission of the disease …
City of Birmingham Vacancies
Authors: A. Berry
Journal: BMJ (1965)

MEIALSOAL 49 ferences or in one's own.case list, and even when we consider the origins of the malady we find that these, too, are not unspecific.Typically the hysterical individual is some- one who suffers from severe headache, has a distressing pain in some part of the body, constantly demands sympathy, or tends to complain of not being understood.She is self-centred, constantly feels people are not good enough to her, and is so preoccupied with her own problems that she has little or no time to consider the needs of anyone else.It is this chronically complaining attitude with perpetual sense of injury that is charac- teristic.Occasionally there exists some other disability such as paralysis, lameness, or blindness, without there being an organic basis for such symptoms, which can, there- fore, disappear or interchange with each other.Hysterical patients often are frigid.The treatment of such patients can be wearing, as they make such pathetic demands for sympathy or help, but at the same time they are selfish to a degree.These patients from a very early age have suffered from a sense of not being loved, and the origins of this quality have become so deeply unconscious by the time adult life is reaphed that they are seldom accessible to therapy, with correspondingly disappointing prognosis.Male hysterics are in a small minority.-Iam, etc., Barnt Green, DAVID T. MACLAY.Birmingham.Electrocardiography with Music SIR,.-
IN DEFENSE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
Authors: F. A. Hellebrandt
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—  Although Sister Kenny's concept of treating poliomyelitis in the acute stage had a purely empiric origin, her observations were so acute that they approached truth, as truth is revealed in nature. The rationale of her physical therapeutic methods is finding accruing support as the newer knowledge of the pathologic physiology of this disease unfolds.  The five papers inThe Journalwhich were originally read in the Panel Discussion on Poliomyelitis at the Ninety-Third Annual Session of the American Medical Association enable the reader to contrast and weigh the contributions of the science of medicine, and the art of its practice, to the treatment of a single important disease. Having read these papers, one feels that, although physical therapy is a tool admittedly replete with dogma, it is neither just nor fair to blame the technical assistant for the poor results of a treatment prescribed by the doctor.
Comparison of endoscopic injection therapy versus the heater probe in major peptic ulcer haemorrhage.
Authors: C P Choudari, C Rajgopal, K R Palmer
Journal: Gut (1992)

One hundred and twenty patients presenting with major peptic ulcer haemorrhage were randomised in a clinical trial comparing endoscopic injection and heater probe therapy. The two groups were well matched with regards to age, admission haemoglobin concentration, the presence of shock, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage and endoscopic findings. Permanent haemostasis was achieved in 87% of the injection group and 85% of the heater probe group. Hospital mortality, transfusion requirement and duration of admission were similar in both groups. Endoscopic injection and the heater probe represent equally effective therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding.
BAI1 regulates spatial learning and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus
Authors: Dan Zhu, Chenchen Li, Andrew M. Swanson, Rosa M. Villalba, Jidong Guo, Zhaobin Zhang, Shannon Matheny, Tatsuro Murakami, Jason R. Stephenson, Sarah Daniel, Masaki Fukata, Randy A. Hall, Jeffrey J. Olson, Gretchen N. Neigh, Yoland Smith, Donald G. Rainnie, Erwin G. Van Meir
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to modulate the strength of neuronal connections; however, the molecular factors that regulate this feature are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that mice lacking brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) have severe deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory that are accompanied by enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), impaired long-term depression (LTD), and a thinning of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at hippocampal synapses. We showed that compared with WT animals, mice lacking Bai1 exhibit reduced protein levels of the canonical PSD component PSD-95 in the brain, which stems from protein destabilization. We determined that BAI1 prevents PSD-95 polyubiquitination and degradation through an interaction with murine double minute 2 (MDM2), the E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates PSD-95 stability. Restoration of PSD-95 expression in hippocampal neurons in BAI1-deficient mice by viral gene therapy was sufficient to compensate for Bai1 loss and rescued deficits in synaptic plasticity. Together, our results reveal that interaction of BAI1 with MDM2 in the brain modulates PSD-95 levels and thereby regulates synaptic plasticity. Moreover, these results suggest that targeting this pathway has therapeutic potential for a variety of neurological disorders.
CONTAGIOUSNESS OF CONSUMPTION.Read before, and unanimously endorsed by, the Medical Association of Georgia, April 20, 1893.
Authors: J. G. HOPKINS
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The question as to whether consumption is contagious or not is one of vital importance to posterity as well as to the present generation. While the theory of Koch is becoming generally accepted, there are still many who are skeptical upon the subject. These skeptics, in a great measure, are confined to those who have not given the work of Koch and his collaborators much of their time or attention. They look upon the bacillus as septic or putrefactive rather than pathogenic. I have joined that growing army which places tuberculosis in the category of contagious diseases, and my experience with this disease during nineteen years of investigation in Thomasville, which place is a resort for consumptives, bears me out in my opinion and makes me a willing subject of the great and erudite Koch. I do not intend, in this article, to delve in the depths of science by
PREGNANCY AND NEUROSYPHILIS
Authors: GEORGE H. BELOTE
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In 1922 a study was published by Moore1which showed, after careful analysis, that pregnancy tended to protect women from the late accidents of neurosyphilis and that the apparent predominance of late neurosyphilis in men as compared to women could largely be explained on this basis. A study along the same lines appeared in 1926 by Solomon,2who, after analyzing 559 cases, concluded that his results tended to corroborate those of Moore in ascribing to pregnancy a protective influence against late neurosyphilitic accidents.  Experimental evidence bearing on this question is found in the work of Brown and Pearce3on the inoculation of pregnant and lactating rabbits with syphilis. These observers found that only half of the gravid and lactating animals inoculated developed evidence of primary lesions, while all the controls developed such lesions in the usual time. It is important to note, however, that in this experiment
Abstract 4007: Cooperative regulation of Stat3 signaling by TC-PTP, SHP1, and SHP2 in keratinocytes following UVB irradiation
Authors: Dae Joon Kim, Michel L. Tremblay, John DiGiovanni
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Stat3 is initially dephosphorylated in murine keratinocytes in response to UVB irradiation. Treatment with Na3VO4 desensitized keratinocytes to UVB-induced apoptosis with the recovery of phosphorylated Stat3 protein levels, implying that a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is involved in this mechanism. In the current work, we report that three PTPs including TC45, the nuclear form of TC-PTP, SHP1, and SHP2 are involved in this rapid dephosphorylation of Stat3 in keratinocytes induced by UVB irradiation. Dephosphorylation of Stat3 was increased rapidly after UVB irradiation of cultured keratinocytes. Knockdown of TC-PTP, SHP1, or SHP2 using RNAi showed that these PTPs are in part responsible for Stat3 dephosphorylation following UVB irradiation. The level of phosphorylated Stat3 was significantly higher in keratinocytes transfected with TC-PTP, SHP1, or SHP2 siRNA in the presence or absence of UVB compared with keratinocytes transfected with control siRNA. TC45, the isoform of TC-PTP expressed in keratinocytes, was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes and translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus upon UVB irradiation. Stat3 dephosphorylation was associated with nuclear translocation of TC45. Further studies revealed that simultaneous knockdown of all three phosphatases, TC45, SHP1, and SHP2, using RNAi recovered the level of phosphorylated Stat3 upon UVB irradiation. In mouse epidermis, the level of phosphorylated Stat3 also was initially decreased by UVB irradiation followed by a significant increase at later time points after UVB exposure. The expression patterns of Stat3 target genes, such as cyclin D1 and c-Myc, followed the changes in activated Stat3 in response to UVB irradiation. Collectively, these results suggest that three phosphatases, TC45, SHP1, and SHP2, are responsible for UVB-mediated Stat3 dephosphorylation and may serve as part of an initial protective mechanism against UV skin carcinogenesis. Supported by NIH grants CA105345, CA76520 and an Odyssey Fellowship to DJK. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4007.
Management of Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly
Authors: Neil M. Resnick, Subbarao V. Yalla
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

URINARY incontinence in the elderly is prevalent, morbid, costly, and neglected. It affects 5 to 15 per cent of elderly people living in the community,1 and its prevalence increases to approximately 40 per cent in hospitalized patients2 , 3 and to over 50 per cent in institutionalized populations.4 , 5 Neurologic impairment, immobility, and female sex are independent risk factors for incontinence, but neither advanced age nor chronic bacteriuria seem to be.6 , 7 The costs of incontinence are medical (cystitis, urosepsis, pressure sores, perineal rashes, and falls), psychosocial (embarrassment, isolation, depression, and predisposition to institutionalization), and economic. Over $8 billion per year8 is devoted to . . .
Salicylates and Gastro-intestinal Bleeding
Authors: P. H. N. Wood, E. A. Harvey-Smith, A. St. J. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Urinary H.C.G. assays have been performed in 90 patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and the results have been compared with those in a series of 20 normally pregnant women.The hyperemesis patients were observed in Aberdeen and in Newcastle upon Tyne and the normal subjects in Newcastle upon Tyne and in Edinburgh.The mean H.C.G. excretion from the seventh week of pregnancy onwards in the hyperemesis patients from Aberdeen did not differ significantly from the corre- sponding value in the Newcastle upon Tyne cases.From the 7th to the 15th week of pregnancy the mean H.C.G. excretion in the hyperemesis patients was significantly lower than that in the normally pregnant women.From the 15th to the 20th week of pregnancy a significant difference between the two groups was not observed.At all stages of pregnancy investigated the mean H.C.G. excretion of the group of normal subjects from Newcastle upon Tyne was significantly higher than that in the series of normal subjects from Edinburgh.In the performance of the H.C.G. assays the skilled technical assistance of Miss M. A. Mackay and Miss K. Bach-Pedersen was much appreciated.We are also indebted to the nursing staffs at all the hospitals concerned, and in particular to Miss M. Grassick -and Sister C. M. Campbell, from Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, for their assistance in collecting and dispatching samples. APPENDIX Pregnyl Sensitivity TestOne ampoule of "pregnyl " (human chorionic gonadotrophin B.P.) is made up with the diluting fluid supplied.The solution is well mixed and drawn up into a tuberculin syringe.An area on the patient's forearm is cleaned.An intradermal injection of 0.05 ml. of the pregnyl is then given into the prepared arm.A positive reaction is indicated by the appearance immediately or within 24 hours of a red weal or flare round the area of the injection.In the first 25 hyperemesis cases tested there were 20 positive results.In 35 control cases there were only five positive results.Subsequent correlation appeared to show that severe reactions tended to occur in patients in whom the H.C.G. level in urine was high.Continued trial of the test, however, showed it to be unreliable because the extent of the reaction was extremely variable from one subject to another and because ultimately no definite correlation was found between the reaction and the H.C.G. level in urine.In view of these findings the test was discontinued in July, 1958.
Infective Endocarditis in Narcotic Addicts
Authors: CHARLES E. CHERUBIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

To form a comprehensive picture of endocarditis in narcotic addicts, twenty-nine hospitalized and seven nonhospitalized cases were identified and studied. Sole tricuspid valve involvement was found in only 9%; a bilateral endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve was noted in another 9%. The most commonly affected valves were, in order of frequency, the aortic and the mitral. Staphylococci were isolated in 48% of the hospitalized patients; streptococci were found in 14%; and candida were found in three patients. Gram-negative or no organizisms were isolated in the remaining patients. A history of underlying heart disease was less frequent in the addicts than in age-matched controls. Major embolic episodes were common in these patients, particularly in those with aortic involvement; seven patients died suddenly out of the hospital with cerebral or myocardial emboli. Although there does appear to be an increased frequency of tricuspid and candida endocarditis in the addicts as compared with the controls, the literature is probably seriously biased toward the over-reporting of these unusual cases of endocarditis in addicts.
Mechanical and Thermal Injury from the Atomic Bomb
Authors: Herman E. Pearse, J. Thomas Payne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE energy released by the explosion of an atomic bomb is of a degree unsurpassed by anything known to man. In addition to large amounts of radioactive energy, great quantities of thermal and mechanical energy are released. It is the latter two that cause the great physical damage and large numbers of casualties. Photographs of the destruction done by the atomic bombs in Japan emphasize the magnitude of the mechanical and thermal effects, and give mute evidence of the human demoralization and disorganization that takes place after such catastrophes.Injuries to personnel from the atomic-bomb explosion have been divided into . . .