tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Proposed Legislation Takes Aim at Childhood Cancers
Authors: Laura Buchholz
Journal: JAMA (2015)

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Global Drug Safety Insights From Taiwan
Authors: Joseph S. Ross
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

Chien-Chang Lee, MD, ScD; Meng-tse Gabriel Lee, PhD; Yueh-Sheng Chen, MD; Shih-Hao Lee, MA; Yih-Sharng Chen, MD, PhD; Shyr-Chyr Chen, MD, MBA; Shan-Chwen Chang, MD, PhD
Nursing Practice, Policy and Change
Authors: Alba DiCenso
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Ed Marjorie Gott Radcliffe Medical Press, £25, pp 222 ISBN 1 85775 351 8 Rating: **

With the increasing emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, shortages of general practitioners, an ageing population, the need to reduce healthcare costs, and a shift to community based care, nurse practitioners—originally introduced in the United States—are joining primary health care teams in various settings around the world. Marjorie Gott defines them as “trained nurses with advanced post-basic education who assume responsibility for health assessment and the management and delivery …
Acute lung reaction due to zinc inhalation
Authors: JL Malo, J Malo, A Cartier, J Dolovich
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

A 27-yr-old man began work at a company that produces concrete pipes in April 1987. The pipes are linked with rings covered with zinc. In September 1987, he was transferred to a new job in the same plant where he had to heat zinc wires and shoot the heated zinc in powder form onto the iron rings. He had no past personal nor family atopic history. Two weeks after he began in his new job, he experienced an episode of chills with muscle aches and dyspnoea at the end of a working day. The fever persisted until the next day, at which time he saw a physician. A chest radiograph revealed diffuse interstitial shadows. He was off work for 10 days. His symptomatology disappeared and his chest radiograph cleared. He went back to work and experienced a similar episode. He remained away from work for one month, after which specific inhalation challenges were performed. On a control day, there were no significant changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), or buccal temperature. Two white blood counts (WBC) showed 8,400 and 8,500 white cells. He was exposed to his usual work environment for one hour on two consecutive days. On both occasions, there were significant falls in FEV1 (16% and 20%) and FVC (10% and 11%), occurring 4-6 h after exposure. Buccal temperature reached 38.1 and 38.7 degrees C on the two occasions, and WBC were 17,000 and 15,900 at the end of each day. Precipitins were negative and specific IgG antibodies could not be detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chloroplast DNA evolves slowly in the palm family (Arecaceae).
Authors: M A Wilson, B Gaut, M T Clegg
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1990)

A survey of cpDNA restriction-site variation for 22 species representing five of the six subfamilies of the palm family was conducted. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the restriction-site data are in general agreement with conventional analyses based on morphological characters. Base-substitution estimates, derived from the restriction-site data, indicate a potential 5-13-fold decrease in substitution rates within the palms relative to rate estimates for annual plant taxa. Approximately 1,000 bp of the rbcL gene (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, large subunit) were sequenced from species representing two subfamilies of the palms. The complete DNA sequence data are in accord with the restriction-site data and indicate a total rate of nucleotide substitution that is about eightfold lower than that observed for annual plants.
Gallium scans in the evaluation of residual masses after chemotherapy for seminoma.
Authors: G P Warren, L H Einhorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1995)

PURPOSE To assess the ability of gallium scans to determine whether residual masses consist of viable tumor or necrotic fibrous tissue after chemotherapy for seminoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients were enrolled and 27 were assessable. Patients receiving first-line or salvage chemotherapy had gallium scans performed during their first and last scheduled course of chemotherapy and results were compared with restaging computed tomographic (CT) scans and subsequent clinical outcome. RESULTS Of 27 assessable patients, 22 received first-line chemotherapy (group A) and five salvage chemotherapy (group B). Eight patients were not gallium-avid before chemotherapy despite obvious clinical and radiographic evidence of metastatic seminoma. Eighteen of 19 gallium-positive patients had a persistent mass postchemotherapy on abdominal CT. Of 16 patients in group A whose tumors were gallium-avid, all 16 had normalized gallium scans after chemotherapy. However, two of these 16 patients recurred in their original disease site. In group B, there were three patients with gallium-avid tumors and all three had normalized scans postchemotherapy. Two patients who were not gallium-avid (one each in group A and B) also developed recurrent disease. Twenty-four of 27 patients are alive with no evidence of active disease at a median follow-up time of 18 months, including 20 with more than 1 year of follow-up data. CONCLUSION Eight of 27 patients had false-negative gallium scans at the time of diagnosis. All nineteen gallium scans that were initially positive reverted to normal after chemotherapy. Two of 19 patients' follow-up gallium scans were false-negative. We therefore feel that gallium scans have minimal value in the prechemotherapy or postchemotherapy evaluation of metastatic seminoma.
Venous thromboembolism in lung cancer with clinical analysis of 89 cases
Authors: Ren Zhu, Jinming Liu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associated clinical factors and to provide evidences for prevention and therapies of VTE in lung cancer patients.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 2,053 lung cancer patients with definite diagnosis by cytology or pathology between July 2008 and June 2010 at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital.

Results: In 2 ,053 lung cancer patients, 89 were confirmed with VTE. The incidence rate of VTE in Adenocarcinoma patients and non-adenocarcinoma patients was 5.65% and 3.02%. The incidence rate of VTE in StageI∼IIIa lung cancer patients was significantly decrease (1.48%) in comparison to that in stage IIIb∼IV patients (5.74%). Significant difference of incidence rate of VTE was showed in the patients with or without comorbidities (2.70% and 6.73%; P<0.01). The incidence rate of VTE in pretherapy lung cancer patients with normal value of platelet count, D-dimer, IL-1 and TNF was 3.72%,0.31%,2.44%,3.27%, respectively, whereas, the rate in pretherapy lung cancer patients with high value was 6.26%,19.91%, 10.26%, 7.74% respectively(P<0.05). There were no relations between other clinical factors and the incidence of VTE. Logistic analysis showed adenocarcinoma, comorbidities, high value of D-dimer, IL-1, TNF in blood were the related important factors with increased VTE incidence.

Conclusions: Adenocarcinoma is the most common pathological type in lung cancer patients with VTE. The high risk factors of VTE include comorbidities and increase of D-dimer, IL-1 and TNF in blood. Close attention should be paid to those lung cancer patients with high risk factors of VTE.
TLR2 and TLR4 induced tolerance in alveolar macrophages; differential effect on TNFα and IL-8 release
Authors: Sophie Reynolds, Manminder Kaur, Matthew Beardsall, Simon Lea, Simon R. Hall, Dave Singh
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a key role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Bacterial stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLR) on AM causes secretion of inflammatory mediators such as IL-8, promoting neutrophil migration to the lung. Repeat stimulation of TLR results in a reduced inflammatory response, known as tolerance.  To emulate events during bacterial colonisation of the lung, we investigated the effects of repeated TLR stimulation in AM from COPD subjects.  AM from healthy (n=7) and COPD (n=9) patients were isolated. For tolerance induction, treatment with media, LPS (1µg/ml) or Pam3CSK4 (0.1µg/ml) was performed over a 24 hour period. Cells were then washed before a repeat stimulation. Levels of IL-8 and TNFα were measured post-treatment.  Repeat LPS exposure reduced TNFα production but had no effect on IL-8 release from AM (table 1). Differences between healthy and COPD AM responses were negligible. Pre-incubation with LPS before Pam3CSK4 stimulation appeared to prime cells for further IL-8 production compared to levels secreted after two consecutive Pam3CSK stimulations.  Chronic LPS exposure in COPD lungs results in diminished TNFα production but continual IL-8 release. This may cause neutrophil recruitment and inflammation, further contributing to disease pathogenesis.
Serum periostin and exercise-induced asthma
Authors: Hiroshi Odajima, Yuko Amimoto, Yoko Murakami, Chikako Motomura
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Serum periostin levels are significantly increased in asthmatic patients with evidence of eosinophilic airway inflammation relative to those with minimal eosinophilic airway inflammation. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is important for the treatment of asthmatic patients because of exercise is important and common in actual daily life in childhood. So, we evaluated serum periostin in asthmatic patients with or without EIA and symptoms.  Objective: 527 children aged 7 ∼ 12, were studied to clarify the relationship between the serum periostin and bronchial asthma especially about EIA.  Subjects and methods: We studied the periostin in the patients with asthma in the 5 elementary school in Fukuoka city Japan. 2868 children were recruited to answer the ISAAC questionnaire and 527 children were diagnosed asthma and taken the lung function (flow-volume curve) and serum periostin, and serum IgE.  Results: In the patients with EIA, there was a tendency of increasing in the serum periostin level with the aging, but there was not such a tendency in the patients without neither EIA nor asthmatic symptoms in the last one year. Serum periostin level is higher than that in non-asthma patients. There were no difference in periostin level between the patients with asthma and asthma ever.  Conclusions: Serum periostin might be increasing in the patients with asthma and with intermittent symptoms.
Therapeutic alliance scales: development and relationship to psychotherapy outcome
Authors: Elsa Marziali, Charles Marmar, Janice Krupnick
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1981)

The authors describe the development of patient and therapist alliance scales and their application to the therapies of selected patients with good and poor outcomes following brief psychodynamic psychotherapy. They focus on therapist and patient contributions to the attitudinal-affective climate of the therapy rather than on specific therapist techniques. The findings support the value of separating the contributions to the therapeutic alliance made individually by the therapist and the patient. Only the patient's contribution to the therapeutic alliance was predictive of outcome. Patients who developed and maintained positive attitudes toward the therapist and the work of therapy achieved the greatest gains.
The neuropeptide galanin is a novel inhibitor of human hair growth
Authors: B.S. Holub, J.E. Kloepper, B.I. Tóth, T. Bíro, B. Kofler, R. Paus
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2012)

Background Galanin is a trophic factor of the central and peripheral nervous system that shows widespread distribution in human skin. However, the exact localization and the role of galanin in the hair follicle (HF) remain to be clarified. Objectives To characterize galanin expression in human scalp HFs and to examine the effects of galanin on normal human scalp HF growth in organ culture. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on cryosections of human female scalp skin. Anagen HFs were microdissected and cultured up to 9 days and treated with 100 nmol L−1 galanin. Staining for Ki‐67, TUNEL and Masson–Fontana were used to analyse proliferation, apoptosis and hair cycle staging of the HFs. Functional effects of galanin were tested in serum‐free HF organ culture. Results Galanin‐like immunoreactivity was detected in the outer root sheath (ORS) and inner root sheath. Additionally, galanin mRNA was detected in ORS keratinocytes and all HF samples tested. Galanin receptor transcripts (GalR2, GalR3) were also detected in selected samples. Galanin reduced proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes in situ compared with vehicle‐treated controls, shortened the hair growth phase (anagen) in vitro and reduced hair shaft elongation. This was accompanied by the premature development of a catagen‐like morphology of galanin‐treated HFs. Conclusions We present the first evidence that human HFs are both a source and a functionally relevant target of galanin. Due to its hair growth‐inhibitory properties in vitro, galanin application deserves further exploration as a potential new treatment strategy for unwanted hair growth (hirsutism, hypertrichosis).
Speckle tracking analysis allows sensitive detection of stress cardiomyopathy in severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients
Authors: Raphaël Cinotti, Nicolas Piriou, Yoann Launey, Thierry Le Tourneau, Maxime Lamer, Adrien Delater, Jean-Noël Trochu, Laurent Brisard, Karim Lakhal, Romain Bourcier, Hubert Desal, Philippe Seguin, Yannick Mallédant, Yvonnick Blanloeil, Fanny Feuillet, Karim Asehnoune, Bertrand Rozec
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2015)
Fortnightly review: Treatment of the common cold
Authors: S. B Mossad
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The common cold is the most frequent illness managed in general practice. Despite a long search for a cure only potential treatments for the symptoms have been established. Colds afflict most adults two to four times a year and children four to eight times a year, and the resulting hours of absenteeism from work or school have enormous economic bearings. Several viruses can cause the common cold, but rhinoviruses are by far the most common. Studies evaluating various treatments for the common cold are divided into experimentally induced and naturally occurring colds. Treatments studied included symptomatic measures, pharmacological blockers, and specific antiviral agents, as well as drugs with yet unestablished mechanism of action. A systematic, evidence based assessment of this literature is imperative for rational selection of treatment—if any—for patients with a common cold.

#### Summary points

Alleviation of symptoms remains the only proved way to treat the common cold. First generation antihistamines, anticholinergics, and α agonists effectively reduce rhinorrhea and sneezing, but have minimal effects on other symptoms. Antitussive agents are probably of minimal benefit

Over-the-counter cold treatments are effective only in adults and adolescents

Antiviral drugs such as interferon alfa-2b are effective only if taken before symptoms develop

Zinc may reduce the duration and intensity of symptoms but a safe effective dose is not yet established

Mast cell stabilisers have shown promising results but have not been evaluated in large trials

Overuse of cold treatments by both doctors and patients is a major problem requiring education of both parties

I reviewed articles cited in Medline between 1966 and 1997 using the keywords common cold, treatment, therapy, and drug treatment. I selected well designed randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trials and authoritative review articles on specific topics in treatment of the common cold. Articles published within the past five years were selected …
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates of Bacillus anthracis, a bacterial pathogen with the potential to be used in biowarfare
Authors: M.E. Jones, J. Goguen, I.A. Critchley, D.C. Draghi, J.A. Karlowsky, D.F. Sahm, R. Porschen, G. Patra, V.G. DelVecchio
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2003)
Randomized Phase III Trial of Docetaxel Versus Vinorelbine or Ifosfamide in Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Platinum-Containing Chemotherapy Regimens
Authors: Frank V. Fossella, Russell DeVore, Ronald N. Kerr, Jeffrey Crawford, Ronald R. Natale, Frank Dunphy, Leonard Kalman, Vincent Miller, Jin Soo Lee, Melvin Moore, David Gandara, Daniel Karp, Everett Vokes, Mark Kris, Yong Kim, Francis Gamza, Luz Hammershaimb
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

PURPOSE: To confirm the promising phase II results of docetaxel monotherapy, this phase III trial was conducted of chemotherapy for patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had previously failed platinum-containing chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 373 patients were randomized to receive either docetaxel 100 mg/m 2 (D100) or 75 mg/m 2 (D75) versus a control regimen of vinorelbine or ifosfamide (V/I). The three treatment groups were well-balanced for key patient characteristics. RESULTS: Overall response rates were 10.8% with D100 and 6.7% with D75, each significantly higher than the 0.8% response with V/I (P = .001 and P = .036, respectively). Patients who received docetaxel had a longer time to progression (P = .046, by log-rank test) and a greater progression-free survival at 26 weeks (P = .005, by χ 2 test). Although overall survival was not significantly different between the three groups, the 1-year survival was significantly greater with D75 than with the control treatment (32% v 19%; P = .025, by χ 2 test). Prior exposure to paclitaxel did not decrease the likelihood of response to docetaxel, nor did it impact survival. There was a trend toward greater efficacy in patients whose disease was platinum-resistant rather than platinum-refractory and in patients with performance status of 0 or 1 versus 2. Toxicity was greatest with D100, but the D75 arm was well-tolerated. CONCLUSION: This first randomized trial in this setting demonstrates that D75 every 3 weeks can offer clinically meaningful benefit to patients with advanced NSCLC whose disease has relapsed or progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy.
Examining protein expression profiles in axillary lymph nodes using histology directed MALDI-TOF to identify markers of early metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Darrell L. Ellsworth, Erin H. Seeley, Rachel E. Ellsworth, Brenda Deyarmin, Melinda E. Sanders, D. Shannon Cornett, Jeffrey A. Hooke, Richard M. Caprioli, Craig D. Shriver
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

A112   Background: Molecular changes associated with beast cancer metastasis and host tissue response are not well understood. Although tumor-stromal interactions are known to be important in the development of primary breast tumors, little is known about molecular processes that occur in the microenvironment of metastatic cancer. Applying matrix assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight (MALDI-TOF) directly to tissue sections, we examined protein expression in the axillary lymph nodes from patients with metastatic breast cancer (node-positive) and patients with no evidence of metastasis (node-negative) to examine molecular mechanisms of tissue response and identify early markers of breast cancer metastasis.Material and Methods: Negative axillary lymph nodes were obtained from 10 patients diagnosed with lymph node metastases and from 15 patients free from metastatic disease who were enrolled in the Clinical Breast Care Project. Frozen lymph nodes were sectioned and mounted on MALDI target plates for protein expression profiling. Serial sections for histological characterization were prepared by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Spots (200 microns in diameter) of MALDI matrix were selectively deposited on the lymph node sections as directed by the pathologist. Mass spectral data were then acquired from different areas of each node.Results: At the proteomic level, cancer-free lymph nodes from node-negative patients were distinguishable from cancer-free lymph nodes from node-positive patients. The average mass spectra from all negative lymph node samples contained approximately 130 total protein/peptide features. Using a weighted means value of 2.0 to define statistical significance, more than 10% of the protein features were considered to be differentially expressed between node-positive and node-negative patients.Discussion: Determining protein expression profiles in axillary lymph nodes may improve our understanding of molecular processes involved in breast cancer metastasis, and in the prevention of establishment of metastatic deposits in certain lymph nodes versus others in the same patient. Proteins that are differentially expressed in non-cancerous lymph nodes from patients with and without metastatic cancer may permit molecular discrimination of patients with early metastatic disease and may produce new targets for development of novel therapeutics.
E-cigarettes profoundly affect metabolome of primary human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Argo Aug, Siiri Altraja, Kalle Kilk, Riina Mahlapuu, Ursel Soomets, Alan Altraja
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Dispute has emerged over the relative harmlessness of e-cigarettes compared to that of cigarette smoking. However, no scientific evidence exists to confirm the innocence of e-cigarettes in human airways. We assessed an impact of e-cigarette exposure on the metabolome of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) and evaluated the effect of an antioxidant glutathione analogue UPF1 (4-methoxy-L-tyrosinyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) on the changes.  HBEC, differentiated at air-liquid interface, were exposed to “strong/high” AIRSmoke e-cigarette liquid diluted to 100 µM by nicotine or to 10 μg/mL cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) for 1h, followed by treatment with 0-10 µM UPF1 for 1-12 h. Cell lysates were analysed on an AB Q-Trap 3200 mass spectrometer to obtain full spectra between mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios 90-1,000 Da. The data were subjected to principal component analysis.  Exposure to e-cigarette resulted in a rapid shift of the HBEC metabolic state, followed by a delayed approach to the initial state by 12 h. The changes caused by e-cigarette occurred at similar direction with those produced by CSC in 54.4%, 70.1%, 84.4%, 52.3% and 58.8% of signals at 1, 2, 5, 7 and 13 h, respectively. The effect of e-cigarette on the metabolites was stronger than that of CSC in 38.0%, 56.5%, 79.2%, 63.3% and 49.1% of the signals at 1, 2, 5, 7 and 13 h, respectively. UPF1 diminished the metabolomics derangements in the e-cigarette-stimulated cells with its maximal effect being at 5 h.  E-cigarettes have immediate and profound adverse effects on the metabolomic state of HBEC similar to those seen with CSC. UPF1 could modulate these effects.  Supported by ESF grants 9043, 9103.