tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Can the Severity of Normal Tissue Damage after Radiation Therapy Be Predicted?
Authors: Adrian C Begg
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Radiotherapy can lead to both acute and late side effects, the former occurring over a timescale of weeks and then subsiding. Late effects occur months or even years after cessation of treatment and often show continuous progression with time. With conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, the late side effects usually limit the dose.

There are clear differences between patients regarding side effects: some patients appear to tolerate the treatment well, while others develop severe symptoms. Radiotherapy dose schedules have therefore been designed on past experience so that no more than 5%–10% of patients develop such severe side effects.

The question that has occupied radiation oncologists and scientists for many years is: what is different about the patients who develop the severe side effects? If we knew this, these patients could be given alternative schedules, doses, or treatments in order to produce more tolerable effects. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, the remaining majority of patients could be given a higher dose, leading to higher cure rates [1]. The question is therefore potentially important, but has not been an easy one to answer.
Treatment of Throat and Ear Cases in Children: A Retrospect of Five Years' Work in the Elementary Schools
Authors: H. Smurthwaite
Journal: BMJ (1926)

TMDICAL JOUBnsto health with onliy about 21 H. doses to each side of the thyroid, if large, or to the whole gland from one or other side, if small, repeated in five to eight treatments in all, taking two to four months for great relief or for cure.For veriy small thyroids I use 1 mm.aluminium filter, for moderately enlarged ones 3 to 4 mm.filter, and for large hard glands 0.5 mm.zinc filtration, in each instance giving a dose about one-half to two-thirds of the dose which will produce an erythema on the sensitive skin of the exophthalmic patient, whose erythema dose is about 60 to 70 per cent, that of the small erythema dose for an average skin.I have not used radium, as the Middlesex Hospital radium is so much booked up for cases of malignant disease.But Abbe, Aikens, Dawson Turner, Burrows, and others have reported good results.The radium techniques recommended differ very much, quantities from 10 mg. to 500 mg.element being used, either close to the surface, or at 5 to 6 cm.distance, or buried in the gland.As to whether radiation treatment causes adhesions and hinders a possible later operation, I have an open mind; there is rather a conflict of facts and opinions in the literature.Von Eiselsberg was one of the first to raise the objection, but Holzknecht has said rightly that adhesions, if due to radiation, should be anterior rather than posterior, as the back of the thyroid, with the usual near medium voltage technique, has a considerably less dose than the front.To avoid the possibility, in cases where operation is in the balance, a two or three months' trial of radiation may be made without much risk of causing adhesions, with the usual mild technique.If distance doses and high voltage treatments are given for medium or small thyroids the risk would be greater.In large gland cases a choice should, if possible, be made between operation or radiation, and one or anotlher method adhered to for whatever result there may be.
A CASE OF DIPHTHERIA PROBABLY ACQUIRED BY LABORATORY INOCULATION
Authors: Ruth E. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Accidental diphtheria infections in laboratories are infrequent. Mallory<sup>1</sup>reported an infection contracted by a student who cut his finger while removing the organs of the neck at an autopsy. Baldwin, McCallum and Doull<sup>2</sup>reported a case in which a physician had pricked his finger with a contaminated needle while carrying out a virulence test. Hammerschmidt<sup>3</sup>reported a similar infection. Riesman<sup>4</sup>reported an infection contracted by a bacteriologist who aspirated virulent organisms while transplanting cultures. In the cases reported, symptoms appeared within from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The following case would appear to be one of accidental infection as the patient, a woman, aged 54, had been transferring virulent diphtheria cultures forty-eight hours before the onset of illness, and no other source of infection was known. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> The first symptom, a mild sore throat, was noticed late in the afternoon; the following morning the
Treatment of Septic Meningitis by Intra-Carotid Serum Therapy*†
Authors: JAMES A. EVANS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1931)

Article1 April 1931Treatment of Septic Meningitis by Intra-Carotid Serum TherapyReport of Two Cases of Pneumococcus Meningitis and One of Meningococcus MeningitisJAMES A. EVANS, A.B., M.D., F.A.C.P., SYLVESTER N. WELSH, M.D.JAMES A. EVANS, A.B., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, SYLVESTER N. WELSH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-4-10-1308 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn the treatment of any form of meningitis it is of utmost importance to bring our medication in as great a concentration and as close proximity as possible to the greatest area of disease. Intra-spinous was the first improvement over intravenous therapy in this direction and combined with the latter is often successful in the treatment of meningococcus meningitis. The next step was intra-cisternal injections1, then intra-ventricular, and finally intra-arachnoid injections together with various combinations of these methods. All of these procedures often fail when plastic exudates have caused sub-arachnoid blocks.Hirsch, Myerson and Halloran2first used intra-carotid injections of...Bibliography1 AYER JB: Puncture of Cisterna Magna: Arch. Neur. and Psych., 1920, 4:525. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2 HIRSCHMYERSONHALLORAN HLARD: Boston M.S.J., 1925, 192:713. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 KOLMERRULEMADDEN JAAMB: The Chemo Therapy and Serum Therapy of Pneumococcus and Streptococcus Meningitis: VII. The Intra-Carotid Treatment for Experimental Pneumococcus Meningitis: Arch. Otolaryng., 1929, 9:509. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4 KOLMERRULEMADDEN JAAMB: The Chemo Therapy and Serum Therapy of Pneumococcus and Streptococcus Memingitis: VI. The Cerebral-Cisternal-Spinal Lavage Method of Treatment for Septic Meningitis, Arch. Otolaryng., 1929, 9: 428. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *Read by title before the Central Society of Clinical Research, Chicago, Ill., Nov. 21, 1930.†From the Extra-Mural Preceptorial Medical Service of the University of Wis., St. Francis Hospital, La Crosse, Wisconsin. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByNeurologic conditions in infants and children 1 April 1931Volume 4, Issue 10Page: 1308-1312KeywordsAttentionMedical servicesMeningitisNeisseria meningitidis Issue Published: 1 April 1931 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Nonbone Marrow-Derived Circulating Progenitor Cells Contribute to Postnatal Neovascularization Following Tissue Ischemia
Authors: Alexandra Aicher, Markus Rentsch, Ken-ichiro Sasaki, Joachim W. Ellwart, Fred Fändrich, Reiner Siebert, John P. Cooke, Stefanie Dimmeler, Christopher Heeschen
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Circulating progenitor cells home to sites of postnatal neovascularization and differentiate into endothelial cells but questions remain regarding the source of these cells. Indeed, a recent study suggests that nonbone marrow-derived cells may be even more important than bone marrow-derived cells in the setting of transplant arteriosclerosis. Thus, we aimed to thoroughly investigate the contribution of nonbone marrow-derived progenitor cells for neovascularization. We exclusively identified nonbone marrow-derived progenitor cells by combining a parabiosis model with reverse bone marrow transplantation followed by hindlimb ischemia. In this model, nonbone marrow-derived circulating progenitor cells attributed for 74+/-13% of the circulating progenitor cells that incorporated into the ischemic hindlimb. Increasing evidence suggests that organs such as small intestine and liver contain a considerable number of tissue resident progenitor cells and, thus, represent putative sources for nonbone marrow-derived progenitors. To track organ-derived progenitors, we transplanted sex-mismatched small intestine or liver, respectively, into rats followed by induction of hindlimb ischemia. These experiments show that organ-derived progenitor cells are contributing to postnatal vasculogenesis (intestine: 4.7+/-3.7%; liver: 6.3+/-2.2%). Based on the subsequent observation that liver-derived nonhematopoietic c-kit(+)CD45(-) progenitors are mobilized on induction of hindlimb ischemia, we prospectively isolated and intravenously infused these progenitors from murine livers. The isolated cells demonstrated a marked capacity for enhancing neovascularization and restoring blood flow to the ischemic hindlimb (no cells: 26.4+/-4.8% of normal blood flow; c-kit(+)CD45(-) cells: 67.0+/-8.0% of normal flow; P<0.01). In conclusion, we find that nonbone marrow-derived c-kit(+)CD45(-) progenitors contribute to postnatal neovascularization to an extent that is similar to that of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. Intestine and liver represent a rich source for mobilized tissue-residing progenitor cells.
Effect of gold sodium thiomalate and its thiomalate component on the in vitro expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules.
Authors: P M Newman, S S To, B G Robinson, V J Hyland, L Schrieber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Endothelial adhesion molecules play an important role in the tissue recruitment of leukocytes in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. We have investigated the effect of the antirheumatic drug gold sodium thiomalate on adhesion molecule protein and mRNA expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Gold sodium thiomalate inhibited cytokine (TNF, IL-1, IL-4)-stimulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on endothelial cells. Gold sodium thiomalate also suppressed TNF-stimulated increases in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels but had no effect on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA. Thiomalate (mercaptosuccinate), but not gold thioglucose or D-penicillamine, mimics the effect of gold sodium thiomalate at equimolar concentrations. We propose that the inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin expression by gold sodium thiomalate is due to its thiomalate and not its gold component. Gold sodium thiomalate has a direct effect on endothelial adhesion molecule expression, and this may contribute to its antiinflammatory activity.
Home accidents in elderly people.
Authors: K. Shotliff, D. Mukherjee, A. Prasad
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Outcome of excision of natal cleft sinus and primary closure compared with that of excision and secondary healing.Figures are medians (ranges) Primary closure Secondary Success Failure healing (n= 17) (n=6) (n=23) Days in hospital I (0)* 1 (1-2)* 3 (2-3) (day case) Days to healing 14 (0)* 37 5(26-48)t 41(29-51) (removal of sutures) Days off work 17 (15-21)* 38-5 (28-49)t 42 (28-56) Outpatient visits 2 (0)* 5-5 (4-6)t 6 (4-7) Visits by district nurse 0* 3 (2-5)t 4 (4-6)
Does extraversion predict positive incentive motivation?
Authors: Philip J. Corr
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

I focus on a number of issues arising from Depue &amp; Collins's target article that require further consideration: (1) data that fail to confirm extraversion effects in positive incentive experiments; (2) the role of personality factors, other than extraversion, in dopamine agonism on positive mood states; (3) the role of extraversion in nonspecific arousal, indicating that extraversion may not be an homogeneous trait; and (4) the problem of identifying neurobiologically important traits from existing structural models of personality. I applaud the heuristic value of the model presented and suggest ways in which aspects of the model may be used to identify the personality traits associated with positive incentive motivation.
A Survival Advantage for Renal Transplantation
Authors: Lawrence G. Hunsicker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

There is virtual unanimity that the optimal treatment for most patients with end-stage renal disease is renal transplantation. However, unlike the case for liver, heart, and lung transplantation, for which no long-term successful alternative is available, dialysis is also an option in patients with end-stage renal disease, prolonging survival. The benefits of renal transplantation have usually been described in terms of a better quality of life1 and reduced medical expenses2 rather than the prolongation of life. In this issue of the Journal, 27 years after the establishment of federal funding for the treatment of end-stage renal disease and with the . . .
A TRANSIENT STAGE OF SUSPECTED DELAYED SENSITIVITY DURING THE EARLY INDUCTION PHASE OF IMMEDIATE CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: James J. Parks, Howard M. I. Leibowitz, A. Edward Maumenee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

1. If quantities of bovine serum albumin or bovine gamma globulin in the range of 2 to 4 mg are inoculated intracorneally into rabbits, a biphasic reaction occurs in the cornea. 2. The primary reaction, which becomes manifest approximately 3 days after inoculation and lasts several days, is characterized by a diffuse clouding of the cornea. During this period, no antibody can be demonstrated either by serological or histological techniques. The animals react with a delayed type of skin reaction and the sensitivity can be passively transferred to normal guinea pigs with the cells of pooled lymph nodes or buffy coats. The corneal reaction is therefore considered a manifestation of delayed sensitivity. 3. The secondary reaction in the cornea, usually occurring about the 14th day after inoculation is the "Wessely phenomenon." This reaction is characterized by a precipitation of immune complexes in the cornea resulting in a visible annular corneal opacity. Circulating antibody can be readily demonstrated by both serological and histological techniques and the animals demonstrate typical Arthus skin sensitivity. 4. Generally intervening between these two phases of corneal activity is a stage in which the inoculated eye appears essentially normal. This stage is eliminated if both corneas are inoculated initially.
Grades, status, and titles
Authors: A. Pentecost
Journal: BMJ (1980)

<h3>Background</h3> Adalimumab, an anti TNF-α agent, has been proven to be safe and effective in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). A biosimilar adalimumab was approved for use by Indian regulators in 2014. It is a “fingerprint match” of the reference adalimumab in terms of purity, potency, safety and clinical efficacy.<sup>1,2</sup> ln the absence of availability of adalimumab in India, this biosimilar adalimumab currently serves as an accessible, cost-effective option for treatment of AS patients. <h3>Objectives</h3> This retrospective analysis evaluates effectiveness of biosimilar adalimumab (bADA), in terms of disease activity, safety and outcomes in real-life Indian AS patients treated for initial 24 weeks and then followed for next 24 weeks off biologic treatment. <h3>Methods</h3> Medical records of AS patients with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) &gt;4, who were prescribed bADA therapy between January to December 2015 were analysed. For patients, who stopped bADA treatment after 24 weeks, standard AS outcome-measurement scores including ESR, CRP, BASDAI, BASFI, and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) at baseline, week 24 and at week 48 were measured to evaluate ongoing efficacy, were compared using paired Student9s T-test. Patients were allowed to continue methotrexate and salazopyrin as part of routine medical care. <h3>Results</h3> During the study period, 52 AS patients were prescribed bADA 40 mg s/c; 24 of these patients, who had stopped treatment after 6 months, were considered for this analysis. Mean age for this group was 36.57±10.81 years; 10 females. At the end of 24 weeks9 treatment, there were significant reductions in levels of inflammatory markers ESR, CRP, as well as in BASDAI, BASFI and HAQ scores. Eight patients continued to receive methotrexate and 8 patients sulfasalazine as concomitant medications. After week 48 (24 weeks post stoppage), BASDAI and BASFI scores did not deteriorate despite discontinuation of bADA treatment. The patients9 HAQ scores were also indicative of similar trends of continuing improved health status post the therapy. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Biosimilar adalimumab therapy was effective in treating AS patients. The disease activity and health assessment scores continued to remain stable with no worsening after the stoppage of treatment for 6 months, indicating a post-therapy effectiveness in these patients with no reported adverse event. <h3>References</h3> Bandyopadhyay S, et al. Biosimilars. 2015;5:1–18. Jani RH et al. int J Rheum Dis. 2015 Jul 14. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Cancer in Young Adutts (Ages 15 to 34)
Authors: E. Silverberg
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1982)

Cancer is usually thought of as a disease of old age.Fifty percent of all cancer cases occur after age 65.Cancer in children un der age 15, while accounting for only one percent ofall cancerdeaths, hasbeen well publicized.What is generally not well known is that cancer is the leading disease killer in young adults between the ages of 15 and 34.In 1978, 7,383 young adults (3,937 males and 3,446 females) died of cancer.Cancer deathsamong young men are exceeded by accidents, suicide, and homicide, while only accidents kill more young women thancancer.
Communication in Medicine — Professional Competence — Life Is for Living
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

THIS year's Rock Carling Lecture was delivered by Dr. Charles Fletcher at the Royal College of Physicians when he introduced his monograph on Communication in Medicine.1 In the first part of the monograph Dr. Fletcher considered the many problems of communications that arise between doctors and patients, and in the second, he took up the question of communications with the public about medical matters.Dr. Fletcher referred to the traditional reluctance of doctors to communicate adequately with their patients, especially regarding diagnosis and treatment, and pointed out that this was the major cause of dissatisfaction among patients questioned about their . . .
BLOOD-PRESSURE REDUCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSENING IN RENAL FUNCTION BUT DOES NOT PREVENT SUCCESSFUL DECONGESTION IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE
Authors: Alexander Kula, Olga Laur, Susan Cheng, Meredith Brisco, Brian McCauley, Steven Coca, Jeffrey Testani
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Reply to “Insulin expression: is VNTR allele 698 really anomalous?”
Authors: Simon T. Bennett, Anneke M. Lucassen, Stephen C.L. Gough, Elizabeth E. Powell, Lynn E. Pritchard, Marilyn E. Merriman, Yoshihiko Kawaguchi, John A. Todd, Dag E. Undlien, Kjersti S. Rønningen, Flemming Pociot, Jørn Nerup, Nourdine Bouzekri, Anne Cambon-Thomsen, Mark J. Dronsfield, Anthony H. Barnett, Stephen C. Bain
Journal: Nature Genetics (1995)
Commissioner calls for end to detention of children being deported from UK
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The arrest and detention of children awaiting removal from the United Kingdom after their asylum applications have failed harm their health and wellbeing and should be ended, says the children’s commissioner for England.

A damning report from a team led by Al Aynsley-Green paints a picture of children frightened by dawn raids, transported in urine soaked cages, kept in detention despite serious illnesses, and denied urgent medical treatment.

The report, which follows a visit last May to the UK’s main immigration removal centre with family accommodation, Yarl’s Wood centre in Bedfordshire, urges the government to replace detention of up to 2000 children a year with community based alternatives that ensure that children’s needs are met and their …
The Therapeutics of the Neuroses
Authors: E. L. Fox
Journal: BMJ (1886)

mnet with as often in one as the other, but that suppuration is more rare in chancre.It might be interesting to ascertain whether this eviniced ssympathy of the i-n-mphatic glands in any way-modifies the later consequences of the diisease w whether the local suppuration is, ini any degree, eliminative.I believe it so acts in the case of some animal poisons: for example, dissectinig wounds have usually more seilous consequences, that is, niore rapid and severe constitutional efleet c, twheni the lymnhatic glands are not involved, and the poison p"ase1;s, unchallenged, into the circulation.They appear to arrest or to ])m-difV the poison; anil their suppuration seems to act elimninativeli .J think I can say most positively that I have treated many cases of soft sore as the first dlisease contracted ; that mercury is frequently neededJ for their cuire and that they are sometimes very obstinate before they heal.'I'lTe doctrinie assumed andlargued out by Mr. Travers, iu reference ro the venereal disease, is sirn iyly that of evolution, governed by cir- om,'ll'stances whliclh ale, in great mneasure, personal, but also dependent o)n clonioninenit.Tlle presence of certain conditions is esselntial to the I rodnction of tllh d,seas 'n .aanytype ; and these are the same *hav fi"our its progressiv (e vc1opment in its more virulent forms.c)nditions referre I to axoldhi seem to exist especially amid a den' '1" populated andl civil-sed people, whose culture is not measured y5 tle "itandlard of mnoral refinenient or personal cleanliness.Yet, veiz wxitli these disda'inta-es, imedicine and sanitary measures have Ionw xomethling towards he JUvolu. (I J se tle word as the reverse i)f cv olntion) of the disease.if I rnay draw any conclusion from the 'osti aAt between the si.ore e'.;--gerated.forms of syiphilis whlien I en- teredl tle profesio,',i aiad th1eoe of the present time: for, as regards Pcl eaClta]!frt of tlhc ve a in hospital practice, I cannuot say that '3u 1 hlla" e: o snian asto the use of inercury sinee I began n II 1' , t tine t' a" instances of profuse salivation then came 'mlIC14-v l 01 LI * lt Ssurh practice w-as not initiated nor puisued in ',e Dosital n ad inenction and fuimiigation were inore generally ii;l:Qa the means of introiducing iimercury ilnto the systean.Sarsapa- il 1iae a 1iJg]3 rep)utation, ahliic hals since been, as I think, unjustly