tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fructose-Induced Hyperuricemia Is Associated With a Decreased Renal Uric Acid Excretion in Humans
Authors: Virgile Lecoultre, Léonie Egli, Fanny Theytaz, Camille Despland, Philippe Schneiter, Luc Tappy
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Ingestion of a high-fructose meal increases blood uric acid (UA) concentration in healthy subjects (1). Furthermore, high-fructose intake over several days is associated with increased fasting UA concentration (1). These effects are generally attributed to an increased UA production, as observed after intravenous fructose administration (2). It has not been assessed, however, whether UA also increases when fructose is administered as several small drinks instead of one single large load or whether a high-fructose diet (HFrD) impairs renal UA clearance (UAC) or fractional excretion (UAFE) as observed in rats (3). We therefore measured blood and urine UA and creatinine concentrations (RX Monza; Randox Laboratories, London, U.K.) and calculated UAC and UAFE in 16 healthy male subjects (mean ± SD age 22.6 ± 2.9, weight 69.7 ± 6.9 kg, BMI 22.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2, mean fat-free mass [FFM] 57.8 ± 5.4 kg) over a 9-h period during which they drank lemon-flavored …
Secondary prevention for stroke and transient ischaemic attacks
Authors: Martin Duerden
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Research on preventing road traffic injuries in developing countries is neededEditor-The dedication of the World Health Organization's World Health Day 2004 to road safety is recognition of the global threat of road traffic injuries.Increasing population size, vehicle ownership, road infrastructure, and transnational transportation have created a substantial public health burden.However, little epidemiological research has been conducted into preventing road traffic injuries in developing countries.Currently global research and development funding per disability adjusted life year for HIV, asthma, and blindness are $26.2,$10.8, and $5.4, respectively, while only $0.40 for road traffic injuries. 1 Epidemiological studies of successful interventions preventing road traffic injuries have been conducted in developed countries. 2But to assume the same effectiveness in developing countries is inappropriate because of behavioural, vehicular, and environmental differences.A pooled analysis of street lighting intervention data from developed countries shows a protective effect, 3 particularly in pedestrian injury (relative risk 0.56), the most common road traffic injuries in developing countries.Annually, 1.2 million deaths are attributed to road traffic crashes, 85% occurring in developing countries. 4If an intervention such as street lighting could reduce deaths by as much as 30%, there is a potential to save thousands of lives.Various international aid agencies are investing in road infrastructure development.These initiatives could be coupled with the need to develop concrete epidemiological data.Innovative strategies, such as step wedge study design, 5 could lead to the evolution of an evidence based public health approach to this problem.
Artefactual low lymphocyte activity caused by platelet contamination in the mononuclear cell preparations
Authors: F. Rueda, F. Marti, G. Pinol, A. Remacha
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Platelet (PLT) contamination in preparations of mononuclear cells (MNC) produces a significant decrease (P less than 0.02) in lymphoproliferative activity and interleukin 2 (IL2) production. This effect was observed in MNC preparations from either healthy blood donors or polyglobulic patients. In a dose-response curve carried out with increasing PLT number per MNC, progressive inhibition was found, reaching to 62.6% and 49.5%, respectively, to phytohemagglutinin and IL2 lymphoproliferative response and 87.8% in IL2 production, at 80 PLTs/MNC.
The slow resorption with replacement by bone of a hydrothermally synthesized pure calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite
Authors: Takatoshi Okuda, Koji Ioku, Ikuho Yonezawa, Hideyuki Minagi, Yoshinori Gonda, Giichiro Kawachi, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Yasuaki Shibata, Hisashi Murayama, Hisashi Kurosawa, Tohru Ikeda
Journal: Biomaterials (2008)
Carbamazepine and hyponatremia in patients with affective disorder
Authors: R Yassa, H Iskandar, C Nastase, Y Camille
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1988)

The authors assessed 20 carbamazepine-treated patients for the development of hyponatremia. None of the patients had readings below 135 meg/liter of sodium before carbamazepine therapy, but five (25%) did have such readings after carbamazepine therapy. Three of these patients developed frank symptoms of hyponatremia within 1-3 months of the start of therapy. In one patient, hyponatremia developed after rechallenge with carbamazepine. The authors suggest that caution be used in prescribing carbamazepine to patients with low or borderline low sodium values.
Renal Osteodystrophy of the Palate
Authors: Yahya Daneshbod
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 20-year-old man who had had idiopathic end-stage renal failure since he was 12 years of age and who was undergoing dialysis once weekly (with stable serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels) presented with a large, nontender mass on his hard palate that had grown during a 10-month period (Panel A). Computed tomography revealed a round, expansile lesion arising from the hard palate with evidence of ossification (Panels B and C). The serum calcium level was 9.5 mg per deciliter (2.4 mmol per liter), and the serum phosphorus level was 7.0 mg per deciliter (2.3 mmol per . . .
AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease
Authors: Janice L. Westenhouse
Journal: JAMA (1992)

The sudden appearance of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s, its rapid spread, and its devastating consequences gave experts many reasons to make historical analogies to the plagues of the distant past. The infectious disease model was the basis for much of the AIDS policy made during the 1980s, with the emphasis on disease surveillance and containment. It was against this backdrop that Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox published their first compilation of essays,<i>AIDS: The Burdens of History</i>, in 1988. As AIDS moves into its second decade, however, its predominant features, from both a health policy and clinical perspective, no longer resemble those of an infectious disease, but rather those of a chronic disease. Owing mainly to advances in medical therapies, the most pressing issues to be dealt with now are medical management and health care availability. This shift in historical perception from AIDS as
Breast Cancer after Childhood Cancer
Authors: Lisa B. Kenney
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Letters15 March 2005Breast Cancer after Childhood CancerLisa B. Kenney, MD, MPHLisa B. Kenney, MD, MPHFrom Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:One of the objectives of our study was to investigate how hormonal and reproductive factors, known to modify breast cancer risk in the general population, modify secondary breast cancer risk in the unique population of childhood cancer survivors. We acknowledge that breast carcinogenesis is complex and that ovarian steroid hormones are not the only factors that contribute to an individual's breast cancer risk. However, in our attempt to identify risk factors for secondary breast cancer beyond radiation treatment, we chose to focus on hormonal and reproductive factors that are well established as breast cancer risk factors for the ...Reference1. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, Corle DK, Green SB, Schairer C, et al. Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989;81:1879-86. [PMID: 2593165] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Lisa B. Kenney, MD, MPHAffiliations: From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoBreast Cancer after Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Lisa B. Kenney , Yutaka Yasui , Peter D. Inskip , Sue Hammond , Joseph P. Neglia , Ann C. Mertens , Anna T. Meadows , Debra Friedman , Leslie L. Robison , and Lisa Diller Breast Cancer after Childhood Cancer Gabriele Rossi Breast Cancer after Childhood Cancer James M. Howard Metrics 15 March 2005Volume 142, Issue 6Page: 472KeywordsBreast cancerCancer risk factorsCancer treatmentCarcinogenesisForecastingMedical risk factorsSteroid hormones ePublished: 15 March 2005 Issue Published: 15 March 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Amphiregulin expression in human mast cells and its effect on the primary human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Shen-Wu Wang, Chad K. Oh, Seong H. Cho, Guanghui Hu, Rachel Martin, Sossiena Demissie-Sanders, Kang Li, Matthew Moyle, Zhengbin Yao
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Revisited: An Update on Mechanisms and Implications
Authors: Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Andrea Dunaif
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2012)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is now recognized as an important metabolic as well as reproductive disorder conferring substantially increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Affected women have marked insulin resistance, independent of obesity. This article summarizes the state of the science since we last reviewed the field in the Endocrine Reviews in 1997. There is general agreement that obese women with PCOS are insulin resistant, but some groups of lean affected women may have normal insulin sensitivity. There is a post-binding defect in receptor signaling likely due to increased receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 serine phosphorylation that selectively affects metabolic but not mitogenic pathways in classic insulin target tissues and in the ovary. Constitutive activation of serine kinases in the MAPK-ERK pathway may contribute to resistance to insulin's metabolic actions in skeletal muscle. Insulin functions as a co-gonadotropin through its cognate receptor to modulate ovarian steroidogenesis. Genetic disruption of insulin signaling in the brain has indicated that this pathway is important for ovulation and body weight regulation. These insights have been directly translated into a novel therapy for PCOS with insulin-sensitizing drugs. Furthermore, androgens contribute to insulin resistance in PCOS. PCOS may also have developmental origins due to androgen exposure at critical periods or to intrauterine growth restriction. PCOS is a complex genetic disease, and first-degree relatives have reproductive and metabolic phenotypes. Several PCOS genetic susceptibility loci have been mapped and replicated. Some of the same susceptibility genes contribute to disease risk in Chinese and European PCOS populations, suggesting that PCOS is an ancient trait.
Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Angiography
Authors: Marilyn L. Rudin
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  We read the remarks by William B. Buckingham, MD, in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (237:1377-1378, 1977). Our interest stems from extensive experience with  embolism and  angiography as well as long-standing concern over the regrettable lack of angiographic capabilities in many large hospitals and medical centers. We are now further concerned that Dr Buckingham's advice may perpetuate some misconceptions about this situation.  He stated that pulmonary arteriography is usually reserved for cases requiring surgical intervention. In fact, in most centers this is not the case. A quote from Dr Buckingham's own reference, Simon, 1 states:  indication for  angiography is diagnostic doubt. The risks of the procedure are substantially lower than those with the simplest form of therapy, long-term anticoagulation. The words invasive and risk used by Dr Buckingham seem to condemn angiography, but, in fact, its morbidity is only 4% and mortality only 0.3%. 2
Warfarin: Less May Be Better
Authors: Carl D. Atkins
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 August 1997Warfarin: Less May Be BetterCarl D. Atkins, MDCarl D. Atkins, MDSouth Shore Hematology-Oncology Associates; Rockville Centre, NY 11570Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-4-199708150-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I understand the need for “brief communications,” but there is such a thing as too brief. Harrison and colleagues' interesting article [1] comparing different loading doses of warfarin leaves out some essential information. How are we to assess the generalizability of the results when so little information is provided about the patients in the trial? How old were they? What were the indications for anticoagulation? What other medical problems did the patients have? More important, the authors note that after the initial dose. “subsequent doses were determined on the basis of nomograms that were developed before the ...References1. Harrison L, Johnston M, Massicotte MP, Crowther M, Moffat K, Hirsh J. Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:133-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Carl D. Atkins, MDAffiliations: South Shore Hematology-Oncology Associates; Rockville Centre, NY 11570 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1997Volume 127, Issue 4Page: 332 ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 August 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Bile acid-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis is inhibited by antioxidants and blockers of the mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: B Yerushalmi
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids plays a role in the induction of apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes during cholestasis. The aim of this study was to determine in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes the roles of oxidant stress and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in bile acid-induced apoptosis. Hepatocytes isolated from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated for 4 hours in buffer containing the hydrophobic bile acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC, 0-500 μmol/L) or the hydrophilic bile acid, glycocholic acid (GCA), and either the antioxidants, alpha tocopherol, ebselen, or idebenone (a coenzyme Q analogue); or the MPT blockers, cyclosporin A, or bongkrekic acid, or a caspase-8 inhibitor. Apoptosis was assessed hourly by nuclear morphologic changes of fixed cells by DAPI fluorescence microscopy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence of hepatocytes. The percent of cells undergoing apoptosis increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in cells exposed to GCDC, and to a much lesser extent to GCA. ROS generation preceded the onset of apoptosis. MPT blockers, caspase-8 inhibition, and antioxidants prevented apoptosis and reduced ROS generation by hepatocytes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that MPT occurred within 1 hour of exposure of cells to 100 μmol/L GCDC, prior to onset of significant apoptosis. In conclusion, ROS generation, MPT induction, and cytochrome c release are critical steps in the induction of apoptosis by bile acids. Antioxidants may reduce liver injury caused by low levels of bile acids by preventing the generation of oxidant stress and subsequent stimulation of the MPT and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
Esophageal Prosthesis and its Most Common Complications
Authors: P. Škeřik, Š. Nosek, D. Janatová
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

Plastic prostheses of our own modification introduced under endoscopic control, have been successfully used in 46 patients with advanced malignant or scarred stenosis of the esophagus. Despite maximum care, their introduction is associated with a certain risk of complications and incidents. In our series, the introduction of a prosthesis was complicated by perforation of the canceromatous esophageal wall in 2 patients (0.5%), and by an esophagobronchial fistula observed 12 days post-operatively in 1 patient (0,25%). To preclude fatal mediastinal complications following perforation of the esophagus by the prosthesis, X-ray examination of its patency employing water-soluble contrast media in the early stages after surgery is recommended even before peroral nutrition is resumed.
Medically unexplained symptoms in secondary care
Authors: J. Turner
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers p 767 

The efficient use of medical resources is important, so the findings of Reid et al in this issue (p 767)1 are timely, highlighting the previously undocumented number of frequent attenders at secondary care consultations with medically unexplained symptoms. However, this study raises concerns other than economic ones: there appear to be large numbers of patients whose frequent attendance suggests distress that is neither appropriately identified or addressed.

The reasons for frequent attendance by such patients are undoubtedly complex. At least for the first consultation, attendance may reflect the referral patterns of general practitioners. Medically unexplained symptoms are very common in primary care,2 but primary care physicians seem to have considerable discomfort in managing these patients.3 Any patient whose symptoms cannot be explained raises the concern, “What am I missing?” Compounding this unease is the expectation or demand of the patient for a specialist opinion, against a background of increasing …
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with hemoglobin E disease-the importance of timely examination of a blood film
Authors: Biswadip Hazarika, Barbara J. Bain
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

A 26-year-old Indian woman with known hemoglobin E disease presented with epistaxis and petechial hemorrhage. Her hemoglobin concentration, usually around 96 g/l, was 88 g/l and her reticulocyte count was 3.8%. Because of alarm at a platelet count of < 10 × 109/l, she was immediately given 3 units of platelets before doing any further investigations. Early the next morning she became disoriented with increasing confusion and subsequently lost consciousness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed occlusion of a cerebral vessel with microthrombi. A peripheral blood film showed predominantly target cells and irregularly contracted cells, reflecting her hemoglobin E disease, but there were also some spherocytes and small numbers of red cell fragments (image). Severe thrombocytopenia was confirmed. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 840 iu/l (normal range: 200–450) with a mild increase in urea and creatinine. Coagulation tests were normal. A diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was suspected and was confirmed by showing marked reduction of plasma ADAMTS13 (<5%, normal range: 40–130%). The patient was treated by plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma, plus rituximab. Her serum LDH level returned to normal within a few days. The platelet count rose to 40 × 109/l by day 2 and subsequently stabilized at 100–120 × 109/l. The examination of a blood film is of crucial importance in any unexplained thrombocytopenia, both to confirm that a low platelet count is not factitious and to seek evidence of the cause of the thrombocytopenia, particularly TTP or other microangiopathic thrombopathy. Platelet transfusion can aggravate TTP and is therefore contraindicated. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial as the mortality of untreated cases is as high as 90%. Patients should be treated without waiting for the classic pentad to develop.
INVESTIGATIONS IN A CASE OF URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA.
Authors: J. M. DRENNAN, J. MARTIN BEARE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article INVESTIGATIONS IN A CASE OF URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA. Get access J. M. DRENNAN, M.B., F.R.C.P.Ed., J. M. DRENNAN, M.B., F.R.C.P.Ed. Department of Pathology, The Queen's University of Belfast Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. MARTIN BEARE, M.D., M.R.C.P.Lond. J. MARTIN BEARE, M.D., M.R.C.P.Lond. Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 63, Issue 7, 1 July 1951, Pages 257–261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1951.tb13722.x Published: 01 July 1951
Activation of Oxidative Stress by Acute Glucose Fluctuations Compared With Sustained Chronic Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Louis Monnier, Emilie Mas, Christine Ginet, Françoise Michel, Laetitia Villon, Jean-Paul Cristol, Claude Colette
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Glycemic disorders, one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, are associated with activation of oxidative stress.To assess the respective contributions of sustained chronic hyperglycemia and of acute glucose fluctuations to oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes.Case-control study of 21 patients with type 2 diabetes (studied 2003-2005) compared with 21 age- and sex-matched controls (studied in 2001) in Montpellier, France.Oxidative stress, estimated from 24-hour urinary excretion rates of free 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2alpha). Assessment of glucose fluctuations was obtained from continuous glucose monitoring system data by calculating the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). Postprandial contribution to glycemic instability was assessed by determining the postprandial increment of glucose level above preprandial values (mean postprandial incremental area under the curve [AUCpp]). Long-term exposure to glucose was estimated from hemoglobin A1c, from fasting glucose levels, and from mean glucose concentrations over a 24-hour period.Mean (SD) urinary 8-iso PGF2alpha excretion rates were higher in the 21 patients with diabetes (482 [206] pg/mg of creatinine) compared with controls (275 [85] pg/mg of creatinine). In univariate analysis, only MAGE (r = 0.86; P<.001) and AUCpp (r = 0.55; P = .009) showed significant correlations with urinary 8-iso PGF2alpha excretion rates. Relationships between 8-iso PGF2alpha excretion rates and either MAGE or AUCpp remained significant after adjustment for the other markers of diabetic control in multiple linear regression analysis (multiple R2 = 0.72 for the model including MAGE and multiple R2 = 0.41 for the model including AUCpp). Standardized regression coefficients were 0.830 (P<.001) for MAGE and 0.700 (P = .003) for AUCpp.Glucose fluctuations during postprandial periods and, more generally, during glucose swings exhibited a more specific triggering effect on oxidative stress than chronic sustained hyperglycemia. The present data suggest that interventional trials in type 2 diabetes should target not only hemoglobin A1c and mean glucose concentrations but also acute glucose swings.