tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMOGLOBINURIC FEVER.
Authors: WILLIAM H. DEADERICK
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Blackwater fever is shrouded in mystery, its study, from etiology to treatment, disclosing problems as yet unsolved. It is generally conceded that the disease (if it may be so called) consists of a destruction of red blood cells so widespread that the liver, being powerless to transform the liberated hemoglobin into bile pigment, the greater part is excreted by the kidneys. This conversion into biliary coloring matter is the physiologic fate of free hemoglobin and, indeed, its pathologic destiny up to a certain limit—which, according to Ponfick's postulate, is the destruction of one-sixth of the entire number of red cells—beyond which hemoglobinuria ensues. This much seems to be rather unanimously accorded. The nature of the hemolysin is the missing link in the pathogenetic chain. That the blood destruction and consequent hemoglobinuria are due directly to the malarial parasite is maintained by some. Geographic distribution favors the assumption of a close
Promotion of osteoclast survival and antagonism of bisphosphonate-induced osteoclast apoptosis by glucocorticoids
Authors: Robert S. Weinstein, Jin-Ran Chen, Cara C. Powers, Scott A. Stewart, Reid D. Landes, Teresita Bellido, Robert L. Jilka, A. Michael Parfitt, Stavros C. Manolagas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Glucocorticoids depress bone formation by inhibiting osteoblastogenesis and increasing osteoblast apoptosis. However, the role of bone resorption in the initial rapid phase of bone loss characteristic of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is unexplained, and the reason for the efficacy of bisphosphonates in this condition remains unknown. We report that in murine osteoclast cultures, glucocorticoids prolonged the baseline survival of osteoclasts and antagonized bisphosphonate-induced caspase activation and apoptosis by a glucocorticoid receptor–mediated action. Consistent with the in vitro evidence, in a murine model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, the number of cancellous osteoclasts increased, even though osteoclast progenitor number was reduced. Moreover, in mice receiving both glucocorticoids and bisphosphonates, the expected proapoptotic effect of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts was abrogated, as evidenced by maintenance of osteoclast numbers and, additionally, loss of bone density. In contrast, bisphosphonate administration prevented glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast apoptosis. These results indicate that the early loss of bone with glucocorticoid excess is caused by extension of the life span of pre-existing osteoclasts, an effect not preventable by bisphosphonates. Therefore, the early beneficial effects of these agents must be due, in part, to prolonging the life span of osteoblasts.
Lower prevalence of tuberculosis infection in BCG vaccinees: a cross-sectional study in adult prison inmates
Authors: Pei-Chun Chan, Chin-Hui Yang, Luan-Yin Chang, Kwei-Feng Wang, Yi-Chen Kuo, Chou-Jui Lin, Shih-Wei Lee, Po-Ren Hsueh, Chi-Tai Fang, Li-Min Huang
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To address whether the effect of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) infection lasts to adulthood. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI) among HIV-negative men, using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube (QFT-IT), was conducted at a prison in northern Taiwan with &gt;3000 inmates. A QFT-IT ≥0.35 IU/ml was defined as LTBI. A QFT-IT ≥0.7 IU/ml was defined as recent LTBI. The association between the number of BCG scars and LTBI stratified by age was analysed. The study procedure was approved by the institutional review board, and all participants gave written informed consent before receiving screening tests. <h3>Results</h3> Among the 2385 participants, 25% had a QFT-IT ≥0.35 IU/ml. Increasing LTBI (14%, 32% and 50%) was observed with increased age (18–34 years, 35–54 years and ≥55 years) (p&lt;0.001 by the Cochran–Armitage Trend Test). The number of BCG scars were found to be inversely correlated with QFT-IT results for both LTBI and recent LTBI in all three age groups (p&lt;0.001 by Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our results suggest that BCG vaccine seems to have a protective effect in adults decades after vaccination according to the number of recent infections (QFT-IT ≥0.7 IU/ml). This finding has important implications for national policy of BCG vaccination. Further prospective cohort studies on the protective effect of BCG vaccination against TB infection in adults are warranted.
Identification of amino acid residues crucial for chemokine receptor dimerization
Authors: Patricia Hernanz-Falcón, José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade, Antonio Serrano, David Juan, Antonio del Sol, Silvia F Soriano, Fernando Roncal, Lucio Gómez, Alfonso Valencia, Carlos Martínez-A, Mario Mellado
Journal: Nature Immunology (2004)
Effect of capsaicin and cimetidine on the healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulceration in the rat.
Authors: J Y Kang, C H Teng, F C Chen
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Capsaicin protects the gastric mucosa against experimental injury while capsaicin desensitisation reduces the rate of gastric ulcer healing. The effect of exogenous capsaicin on gastric ulcer healing has not to date been reported. AIM/METHOD: To investigate the effect of capsaicin, cimetidine, and in combination, given intragastrically in the healing of acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer in the rat. Treatment started immediately after ulcer induction. RESULTS: At the end of one week, capsaicin, cimetidine, and in combination increased ulcer healing but the effect of combined treatment was less than that of capsaicin alone. In an in vivo gastric chamber preparation, capsaicin increased, while cimetidine decreased, gastric mucosal blood flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. A dose response effect in reduction of gastric mucosal blood flow could be demonstrated for cimetidine. The gastric hyperaemic effect of capsaicin was blunted by prior administration of cimetidine. In contrast, capsaicin had no effect on gastric acid secretion and its addition to cimetidine did not affect the acid suppressant effect of the latter. CONCLUSIONS: Capsaicin promotes the healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulcer, probably by its gastric hyperaemic effect. Although cimetidine also promotes ulcer healing due to its inhibitory effect on acid secretion it may have an antagonistic effect on the gastric ulcer healing effect of capsaicin by virtue of inhibition of gastric hyperaemia.
Barbara Jane Howells (née Kerr)
Authors: S H. Lochhead, F Hogg, J Woyka, L Corbridge
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Plastic surgeon and creator of the first collection of American penny arcade antique toys Before movies and television, small town Americans went to penny arcades for amusement, dropping coins into devices that entertained them by making mechanical figures move or-like today's slot machines-rewarded them with more coins if they played a game correctly.The devices were also found in bars, amusement parks, restaurants, and hotels.Their popularity peaked before the first world war and they went out of style when prohibition closed America's bars.When James Smith was a boy in East Liverpool, Ohio, the son of a dignified banker, he often rode the trolley car across the state line to an amusement park in Chester, West Virginia, where he enjoyed dropping pennies and nickels (five cent pieces) into machines that told fortunes, tested one's strength, played games, or offered penny candy.He said he loved the challenge of trying to beat the machines, but his father discouraged his son's gaming habits.
Oxygenation Response to a Recruitment Maneuver during Supine and Prone Positions in an Oleic Acid–Induced Lung Injury Model
Authors: NAHIT CAKAR, THOMAS VAN der KLOOT, MELYNNE YOUNGBLOOD, ALEX ADAMS, AVI NAHUM
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Prone position and recruitment maneuvers (RM) are proposed as adjuncts to mechanical ventilation to open up the lung and keep it open. We studied the oxygenation response to a RM (composed of a 30-s sustained inflation at 60 cm H2O airway pressure) performed in prone and supine positions in dogs after oleic acid– induced lung injury using an inspired O2 fraction of 0.60. In one group (n = 6) first supine then prone positions were examined after a RM at 8 cm H2O and 15 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In the second group (n = 6) the sequence of positions was reversed. Prone positioning after supine position always improved oxygenation, whereas the decrement in PaO2 was relatively small when dogs were returned to the supine position. Oxygenation improved in both groups after a RM, and the improvement was sustained (after 15 min) in the prone position at 8 cm H2O of PEEP, but 15 cm H2O of PEEP was required in supine position. Our results suggest that a RM improves oxygenation more effectively with a decreased PEEP requirement for the preservation of the oxygenation response in prone compared with supine position.
Human Values in Medical Education
Authors: JOHN R. ELLIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Attitudes and values in medicine vary with the nature of the individual, his education and training, and the circumstances of his professional life. Comparisons are drawn between medical education in Britain 40 years ago and today. Though education has changed, British students are still mainly motivated by a desire to care for sick people. The impact of personal medicine on a country that has long accepted the need for some kind of national health service is described. It is postulated that as government and public become increasingly involved in health care, it is of paramount importance that medical education should provide a clear understanding of what a profession is and inculcate a determination to maintain true professional status. New responsibilities of the profession, to the public at large and to society, are suggested. The ability of medical education to exert a good influence on concern for human values in medicine depends in the final analysis on the ability to show excellence to medical students.
Association Between Maternal Chronic Conditions and Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Shiliang Liu, K.S. Joseph, Sarka Lisonkova, Jocelyn Rouleau, Michiel Van den Hof, Reg Sauve, Michael S. Kramer
Journal: Circulation (2013)

This study quantifies the association between maternal medical conditions/illnesses and congenital heart defects (CHDs) among infants.We carried out a population-based study of all mother-infant pairs (n=2,278,838) in Canada (excluding Quebec) from 2002 to 2010 using data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information. CHDs among infants were classified phenotypically through a hierarchical grouping of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada codes. Maternal conditions such as multifetal pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and congenital heart disease were defined by use of diagnosis codes. The association between maternal conditions and CHDs and its subtypes was modeled using logistic regression with adjustment for maternal age, parity, residence, and other factors. There were 26 488 infants diagnosed with CHDs at birth or at rehospitalization in infancy; the overall CHD prevalence was 116.2 per 10,000 live births, of which the severe CHD rate was 22.3 per 10,000. Risk factors for CHD included maternal age ≥40 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.58), multifetal pregnancy (aOR, 4.53; 95% CI, 4.28-4.80), diabetes mellitus (type 1: aOR, 4.65; 95% CI, 4.13-5.24; type 2: aOR, 4.12; 95% CI, 3.69-4.60), hypertension (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.61-2.03), thyroid disorders (aOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.26-1.67), congenital heart disease (aOR, 9.92; 95% CI, 8.36-11.8), systemic connective tissue disorders (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.23-4.06), and epilepsy and mood disorders (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.72). Specific CHD subtypes were associated with different maternal risk factors.Several chronic maternal medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and congenital heart disease, confer an increased risk of CHD in the offspring.
Cyclic Adenosine-3′,5′ -monophosphate Stimulates Islet B Cell Replication in Neonatal Rat Pancreatic Monolayer Cultures
Authors: Alexander Rabinovitch, Benigna Blondel, Thomas Murray, Daniel H. Mintz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

A possible role for cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in islet B cell replication was examined in neonatal rat pancreatic monolayer cultures. Islet cells deteriorated and insulin release decreased during 12 d of culture in medium with 5.6 mM glucose, whereas the cells survived and insulin release increased during culture in medium with 5.6 mM glucose plus the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 0.1 mM), or in medium with 16.7 mM glucose with or without IBMX. IBMX also increased the mitotic index and stimulated dose-dependent increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation in nuclei of islet B cells in aldehydethionine stained radioautographs; maximal stimulation of B cell replication occurred with addition of 0.1 mM IBMX to 5.6 mM glucose (+170%, P < 0.001), and this increase was similar to that observed with 16.7 mM glucose (+185%, P < 0.001). Also, 8-bromo-adenosine-3′,5-monophosphate, but not 8-bromo-guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate produced dose-dependent increases in islet B cell replication in medium with 5.6 mM glucose. Measurement of cAMP levels in the cultures revealed dissociations between effects on B cell replication and insulin release. Thus, addition of 0.1 mM IBMX, or 0.1 nM cholera toxin, to 5.6 mM glucose produced slightly greater increases in cAMP levels and B cell replication than did 16.7 mM glucose, whereas insulin release was increased significantly more with 16.7 mM glucose. Also, addition of 0.1 mM IBMX, or 0.1 nM cholera toxin, to 16.7 mM glucose stimulated further increases in cAMP levels and insulin release in the cultures, but no further increases in B cell replication. We conclude that (a) cAMP stimulates islet B cell replication, (b) cAMP may mediate the effects of glucose on B cell replication, and (c) mechanisms regulating B cell replication may be more sensitive to cAMP and/or different from those regulating insulin secretion.
MASSAGE AND EXERCISE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PUERPERIUM.
Authors: C. S. BACON
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In obstetric practice there are various conditions when a patient should keep in the horizontal position for a longer or shorter period of time. For example, rest in bed is a very important part of the proper management of excessive vomiting of pregnancy. Sometimes it is necessary or very desirable to continue the rest treatment for several weeks. Threatened abortion or premature labor is also an indication for strict observance of a horizontal position. Occasionally this enforced rest must be maintained for months. The same thing is true for cases of heart and kidney diseases. <h3>REST IN THE PUERPERIUM.</h3> While the use of the horizontal position is at times of much value during pregnancy, it is during the puerperium especially that we have to consider its advantages and disadvantages, for here every puerpera is kept in bed for some time, the period depending on a variety of circumstances. It is
DNA Restriction-Enzyme Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Isolates Obtained from Patients with Encephalitis
Authors: Richard Whitley, Alfred D. Lakeman, Andre Nahmias, Bernard Roizman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Herpes simplex encephalitis is a devastating disease in persons of all ages, even in those given antiviral therapy.1 During the course of collaborative studies of antiviral therapy for herpes simplex encephalitis, we noted eight patients from whom herpes simplex viruses were isolated concomitantly from the brain and from oral or labial sites. Our prior investigations using restriction-endonuclease analyses of viral DNA had demonstrated that strains of herpes simplex viruses within a type, either 1 or 2, were identical if epidemiologically related.2 3 4 Specifically, analyses of viral DNA demonstrate that the virus in recurrent herpetic lesions of individual patients and in contacts . . .
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the 1990s
Authors: Willard Cates, Alan R. Hinman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

DURING the 20th century, our efforts to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been guided by both the magnitude of the problem and the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic measures. We began the 1900s focusing on one dominant STD —syphilis — which could be diagnosed with newly developed serologic techniques and treated with a suppressive therapy.1 Since treatment was not curative, syphilis often led to serious complications. During the next half-century, we saw improvements in our ability to detect and treat syphilis, which led to a striking decline in its incidence.Growing awareness of the serious social implications of gonorrhea, . . .
Our evolving beliefs about evolved misbelief
Authors: Ryan T. McKay, Daniel C. Dennett
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract The commentaries raise a host of challenging issues and reflect a broad range of views. Some commentators doubt that there is any convincing evidence for adaptive misbelief, and remain (in our view, unduly) wedded to our “default presumption” that misbelief is maladaptive. Others think that the evidence for adaptive misbelief is so obvious, and so widespread, that the label “default presumption” is disingenuous. We try to chart a careful course between these opposing perspectives.
Side-effect profile of cyclosporin A in patients treated for psoriasis
Authors: P. KRUPP, C. MONKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

This is a review of the side-effects of cyclosporin A (CyA) in patients with severe psoriasis; renal dysfunction and hypertension are discussed elsewhere. In particular, paraesthesia, hypertrichosis, gingival hyperplasia and gastrointestinal disorders may occur, but are generally transient, mild-to-moderate in severity and only rarely require discontinuation of CyA. Infections are not a problem. As expected with an immunosuppressive drug, there is the possible risk of tumour development, particularly squamous cell carcinomas. However, these skin malignancies developed almost exclusively in patients previously treated with PUVA and/or methotrexate. The few lymphoproliferative disorders regressed spontaneously on discontinuation of the drug. Whether the isolated cases of solid tumours were CyA-related is not known. Apart from a raised serum creatinine, an important indicator of renal dysfunction, the laboratory abnormalities included hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia, increased uric acid, changes in liver function tests, and fluctuations in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Although most of these changes were not clinically relevant, laboratory monitoring of patients with psoriasis treated with CyA is essential.
TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY CASES OF HEMORRHOIDS, OPERATED ON SUCCESSFULLY BY THE LIGATURE METHOD.
Authors: JOSEPH B. BACON
Journal: JAMA (1900)

This list was compiled from consecutive cases and there was no death and only one complication occurred in the entire series. While this is very gratifying, it does not necessarily prove anything unusual in this age of antiseptic surgery, since Mr. Allingham, of London, has reported four thousand consecutive operations for hemorrhoids by the ligature method without a death. But it is especially important that these successful cases should be published because of the prejudice of the laity against any surgical procedure for the relief of piles; a prejudice which unfortunately too often is shared by the general practitioner of medicine. In the one case mentioned above, during the second week of convalescence, I noticed one ligature remaining. It seemed to be loose and I removed it by very gently dragging upon it. There was no hemorrhage at the time, but during the day, when the patient assumed the upright
Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Polyneuropathy With the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom and Diabetic Neuropathy Examination Scores
Authors: Jan-Willem G. Meijer, Eelke Bosma, Johan D. Lefrandt, Thera P. Links, Andries J. Smit, Roy E. Stewart, Johannes H. van der Hoeven, Klaas Hoogenberg
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the discriminative power of the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom (DNS) and Diabetic Neuropathy Examination (DNE) scores for diagnosing diabetic polyneuropathy (PNP), as well as their relation with cardiovascular autonomic function testing (cAFT) and electro-diagnostic studies (EDS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Three groups (matched for age and sex) were selected: 24 diabetic patients with neuropathic foot ulcers (DU), 24 diabetic patients without clinical neuropathy or ulcers (DC), and 21 control subjects without diabetes (C). In all participants, the DNS and DNE scores were assessed and cAFT (heart rate variability [HRV], baroreflex sensitivity [BRS]), and EDS were performed (Nerve Conduction Sum [NCS] score; muscle fiber conduction velocity: fastest/slowest ratio [F/S ratio]). RESULTS—Both the DNS and the DNE scores discriminated between the DU and DC groups significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The DNE score even discriminated between DC and C (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Spearman’s correlation coefficients between both DNS and DNE scores and cAFT (HRV −0.42 and −0.44; BRS −0.30 and −0.29, respectively) and EDS (NCS 0.51 and 0.62; F/S ratio 0.44 and 0.62, respectively) were high. Odds ratios were calculated for both DNS and DNE scores with cAFT (HRV 4.4 and 5.7; BRS 20.7 and 14.2, respectively) and EDS (NCS 5.6 and 16.8; F/S ratio 7.2 and 18.8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS—The DNS and DNE scores are able to discriminate between patients with and without PNP and are strongly related to cAFT and EDS. This further confirms the strength of the DNS and DNE scores in diagnosing diabetic PNP in daily clinical practice.
Bronchoconstriction Triggered by Breathing Hot Humid Air in Patients with Asthma
Authors: Don Hayes, Paul B. Collins, Mehdi Khosravi, Ruei-Lung Lin, Lu-Yuan Lee
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Hyperventilation of hot humid air induces transient bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma; the underlying mechanism is not known. Recent studies showed that an increase in temperature activates vagal bronchopulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves, which upon activation can elicit reflex bronchoconstriction.This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the bronchoconstriction induced by increasing airway temperature in patients with asthma is mediated through cholinergic reflex resulting from activation of these airway sensory nerves.Specific airway resistance (SR(aw)) and pulmonary function were measured to determine the airway responses to isocapnic hyperventilation of humidified air at hot (49°C; HA) and room temperature (20-22°C; RA) for 4 minutes in six patients with mild asthma and six healthy subjects. A double-blind design was used to compare the effects between pretreatments with ipratropium bromide and placebo aerosols on the airway responses to HA challenge in these patients.SR(aw) increased by 112% immediately after hyperventilation of HA and by only 38% after RA in patients with asthma. Breathing HA, but not RA, triggered coughs in these patients. In contrast, hyperventilation of HA did not cause cough and increased SR(aw) by only 22% in healthy subjects; there was no difference between their SR(aw) responses to HA and RA challenges. More importantly, pretreatment with ipratropium completely prevented the HA-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma.Bronchoconstriction induced by increasing airway temperature in patients with asthma is mediated through the cholinergic reflex pathway. The concomitant increase in cough response further indicates an involvement of airway sensory nerves, presumably the thermosensitive C-fiber afferents.