tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lymphoepithelial interactions in the mucosal immune system.
Authors: P Brandtzaeg, L M Sollid, P S Thrane, D Kvale, K Bjerke, H Scott, K Kett, T O Rognum
Journal: Gut (1988)

Progress reportLymphoepithelial interactions in the mucosal immune systemThe efferent limb of secretory immunity depends on local production and selective epithelial transport of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIg).To this end there is a fascinating cooperation of the B-cell system and the epithelium with their production of two key factors, the J chain and the secretory component (SC), respectively.Interactions between activated leucocytes - for example, T cells and macrophages, and the secretory epithelium may contribute to modulation of the SC-dependent plg transport.Indirect evidence is accumulating, moreover, that lymphoepithelial interactions may also be involved in regulation of the mucosal B-cell system and in T cellmediated mucosal induction of systemic tolerance to luminal antigens. Nature of mucosal immunityThe exocrine secretory tissues constitute the most important mediator organ of humoral immunity -with the gut as the major contributor.There are about 10' Ig-producing cells per metre of human small bowel.'Most of these immunocytes form J chain-containing dimers or larger polymers of IgA (pIgA)2 which can be transported through the glandular epithelium along with pentameric IgM by combining with a pIg receptor called the secretory component or SC.3More IgA is translocated to the gut lumen every day than the total daily production of IgG, which is approximately 30 mg/kg.4It is still obscure how the particular immunoregulatory requirements of local immunity are normally fulfilled.Although the concept of a 'common mucosal immune system'`has gained wide acceptance, there are several indications that regulatory mechanisms operating in gut associated lymphoid tissue and in organised lymphoepithelial structures of the respiratory tract, such as tonsils and bronchus associated lymphoid tissue, differ in several ways.67In this review we will discuss established and putative lymphoepithelial interactions of regulatory importance in the afferent and efferent limbs of the mucosal immune system.When possible, reference will be made primarily to studies carried out on human material. Distribution and particular features of mucosal lymphocytesThe basis for local immunity is the migration of B and T cells from gut associated lymphoid tissue and bronchus associated lymphoid tissue to various secretory tissues such as the gut mucosa.Local extravasation of lymphoid cells probably depends primarily on organ specific endothelial recognition mechanisms."`Inaddition, epithelial factors may be involved in the attraction of B cells;"' the selective migration of T cells into epithelia may 1116
Principles of glucocorticoid therapy: Eds A N Lin, S A Paget. (85.) London: Arnold, 2002. ISBN 0 340 75934-8.
Authors: J Kirwan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

Glucocorticoid therapy is one of the most widely used treatments in medicine, hence this volume is intended for “internists and the many subspecialists in internal medicine, as well as family physicians, paediatricians, and all who use corticosteroids in their practice”. This looks like an ambitious project, even before one sees the contents page. It draws together contributions written by the editors and 49 physicians, principally their colleagues in New York, USA and Edmonton, Canada. They fall into five sections—overview, basic science, effects in specific body systems (for example, the eye, the gastrointestinal tract), clinical usage (the largest section), and special management considerations. The editors aim to present “a systematic discussion of the use of corticosteroids in different organ systems, their side effects, and their use in special circumstances such as pregnancy and …
Genetic susceptibility to chronic trichuris muris induced experimental colitis: translation and relevance to human Crohn's disease
Authors: S. E. Levison, P. Fisher, W. Newman, J. McLaughlin, R. KGrencis, J. L. Pennock
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Unraveling the genetic architecture of complex traits presents a true challenge. The analysis of experimental models with strict phenotypic documentation and homology to human traits, alongside sensitive scientific methodologies, will facilitate future discoveries. <i>Trichuris muris</i> (<i>T muris</i>) induces chronic colitis in susceptible mouse strains, with previously described clinical, histological, and immunological commonalities to human Crohn9s disease (CD). Conversely, resistant mouse strains exhibit acute infection, with quick and full recovery. Cross-breeding susceptible and resistant mice has permitted Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, pertaining to chronic <i>T muris</i> inflammation. <h3>Aims</h3> (1.) Characterize the genetic basis of chronic <i>Trichuris</i> induced colitis, and identify biologically relevant susceptibility genes. (2) Correlate initial experimental findings to human CD genome sequence variation data. <h3>Methods</h3> An F2 inter-cross of resistant (BALB/c) and susceptible (AKR) mice were generated and infected with <i>T muris</i> (300 ova). Colonic and systemic phenotype was established (worm burden, histology, immune response), and QTL mapping performed. Genome-wide colonic transcriptional activity of parental strains was also determined (Affymetrix). Hypothesis-free <i>in silico</i> work-flow analysis identified candidate genes from the QTL and expression data. Genes lacking parental strain SNPs were excluded. Polymorphic QTL genes, with differential transcription were subsequently compared to experimental and CD data for potential homology. <h3>Results</h3> QTL associated with chronic <i>T muris</i> colitis susceptibility were identified on 7 murine chromosomes (Chr). 144 QTL-genes displayed parental strain SNPs and significant gene expression changes in chronic colitis (ANOVA, p&lt;0.05, expression fold-change ≤±1.4). QTL-Chr3 demonstrated overlap with published QTL of three unrelated experimental models of colitis. Of 33 potential QTL-Chr3 gene candidates, Ptpn22 and Fcgr1 display human and experimental homology. Additional transcribed polymorphic genes, central to biological (KEGG) pathways, were highlighted at this locus. <h3>Conclusion</h3> 7 QTL indicate susceptibility to chronic <i>T muris</i> colitis. Unbiased, systematic, reductionist analysis prioritised <i>cis</i>-QTL gene candidates. With experimental and human trait overlap, this model and methodology can inform the biology and outcome of transmural colonic inflammation. Positional, mechanistic pathway genes may thus be identified for translational studies.
TWO NEW GENERA OF NEMATODES OCCASIONALLY PARASITIC IN MAN
Authors: R. T. Leiper
Journal: BMJ (1907)

1J96 , I'm M]ULTIPLE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.[JUNE I, I9t7.and intestinal haemorrhage were regarded as the result of tuberculous ulceration of the intestines, and probably of tuberculosis ,more or less generalized throughout the body.Tuberculous ulceration of the intestines is, in our experience at least, hardly ever accompanied by profuse intestinal haemorrhage; but Professor Oeler speaks of having had several fatal cases from this 'cause.The occurrence of profuse haemorrbage of the stomach with- out haematemesis was presumably explained by the pressure exerted by the growth against the cardiac orifice, and -to some extent by the presence of the oesophageal growth, conditions which would-make vomit- ing impossible.Much stress cannot be laid on the obstructive influence of the latter, inasmuch as there was at no time any recognizable dysphagia.The same argu- ment might, indeed,' be raised with regard to the gastric growth; but it seems reasonable to believe that the gastric growth, which, did not quite reach the cardiac orifice, did not obstruct that orifice when the stomach was passive, but that in vigorous contraction of the stomach, such as would induce vomiting in a healthy person, the cardiac orifice became obstructed by the pressure of the growth.In otler words, that the obstruction was valvular.
Artificial liver: A forthcoming attraction
Authors: Norman L. Sussman, James H. Kelly
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

We have developed a novel hepatocyte loaded hollow fiber bioreactor as a potential bioartificial liver. Freshly harvested rat hepatocytes were entrapped in a three-dimensional gel matrix within hollow fibers in a perfused bioreactor. Gel entrapment allowed cells to be cultured at high density while maintaining tissuespecific function. Hepatocyte function was evaluated in 10 bioreactors, each containing approximately 5 x 10 7 cells. Oxygen consumption averaged 0.32 pmole/cell/hr, albumin appearance averaged 0.60 pg/cell/hr, and lidocaine clearance (a measure of the P-450 activity) averaged 0.74 pg/cell/hr. Function persisted for the 7 days of the study. Electron microscopy at 7 days showed the distinctive ultrastructure of viable, differentiated hepatocytes: bile canaliculi, intercellular junctions, peroxisomes, abundant mitochondria, and glycogen granules. Maintenance of tissue specific function and ultrastructure suggests that this bioreactor configuration has potential as a device to support patients in liver failure, as well as to study hepatocytes in vitro.
Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and HLA-B27 in sexually acquired reactive arthritis.
Authors: A C Keat, R N Maini, G C Nkwazi, G D Pegrum, G L Ridgway, J T Scott
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Inflammatory arthritis, tendinitis, and fasciitis after non-specific urethritis ("sexually acquired reactive arthritis" (SARA)) was studied prospectively in 531 men with non-specific urethritis, with particular reference to the frequency of isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and the presence of HLA-B27. Satisfactory cultures were obtained from the urethral swabs from 384 patients; and HLA typing was performed on 482, of whom 30 (6%) were HLA-B27-positive. Arthritis developed in 16 patients, and five of the 14 (36%) with satisfactory cultures were positive for C trachomatis; 135 of the patients without arthritis were also positive for C trachomatis, an identical proportion. Seven of the 15 patients (40%) with arthritis who were HLA-typed were HLA-B27-positive. Six of the 30 patients with HLA-B27 developed peripheral arthritis in contrast to only nine of the 452 patients lacking the antigen, suggesting a tenfold increase susceptibility. C trachomatis, however, was no more prevalent in cultures from HLA-B27-positive men than from the others. Thus carriage of C trachomatis is unlikely to be influenced by HLA-B27. C trachomatis may be an important pathogen in some cases of SARA but does not appear to be an exclusive trigger factor for this condition.
Abnormality in Normal Development. A Concept of Symptom Formation in Childhood
Authors: Mauricio Knobel
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1974)

Several developmental points of view are revised in order to stress a basic coincidence in regard to ego formation and object relationships in spite of the evident discrepancies and differing research lines. From the classic Freudian approach in regard to symptom formation the shift towards an understanding of the normality of basic conflicts with its corresponding anxieties is being emphasized. Normality and pathology become relative terms in child development, and may or may not acquire the significance of a structured pathological system, whereas symptoms can be either normal or abnormal according to circumstances. The basic core of symptom formation relies in the interplay of conflictive ego-object relationships. The starting point is the undifferentiated primitive ego that, through interaction with inner and outer objects strengthens and enlarges itself. Discrimination is the developmental aim for which the mother-child relationship is of paramount importance. Parental objects being primary structuring figures, the earlier conflicts stem from hampered maturational processes due to this pathological situation when it occurs. Thus, the importance of body ego, body image, parental figures and the correlated object relationships must be stressed. From the psychosomatic point of view and on the basis of symptom formation being an end result of conflictive primitive object relationships, three schematic types of somatization are described: the hysterical, the hypochondriacal and the psychotic ones. Several abridged clinical cases are presented.
Teaching Anatomy in the Digital World
Authors: Kitt Shaffer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Anatomy has a long and checkered past as a scientific discipline. In ancient Egypt, dissection was a religious ritual. During the Renaissance, it was considered an artistic and spiritual exploration of life, suffering, and death. Its heyday came in the 19th century, with the development of quick, effective surgical techniques on the battlefield and, later, the introduction of anesthesia, when knowledge of the structural intricacies of the body began to have practical significance for doctors. Throughout the 20th century, dissection of the human body served as an initiation rite for first-year medical students, even as the research focus in the . . .
Long-standing Bullous Keratopathy Is Associated with Peripheral Conjunctivalization and Limbal Deficiency
Authors: Yuichi Uchino, Eiki Goto, Yoji Takano, Murat Dogru, Naoshi Shinozaki, Shigeto Shimmura, Yukiko Yagi, Kazuo Tsubota, Jun Shimazaki
Journal: Ophthalmology (2006)
Prenatal Genome Testing Sparks Debate
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Calcium antagonists differently inhibit proliferation of human coronary smooth muscle cells in response to pulsatile stretch and platelet-derived growth factor.
Authors: Z Yang, G Noll, T F Lüscher
Journal: Circulation (1993)

Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is the key event of coronary artery disease. Mechanical forces, in particular, pulsatile stretch and platelet-derived growth factor, may play an important role.Vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured from the media of human left descending coronary arteries obtained from organ donors using the explant method. To study effects of pulsatile stretch on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, a computer-controlled in vitro pulsatile stretch device was used. Cells were seeded onto Flex I culture plates with deformable membranes and exposed to pulsatile stretch (60 cycles per minute) and/or growth factors. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Pulsatile stretch markedly stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation of coronary smooth muscle cells (180 +/- 15 to 432 +/- 27 cpm/10(5) cells; P < .05) after 24 hours and increased cell number after 6 days (10.3 +/- 0.7 x 10(4)/mL; P < .05). Platelet-derived growth factor-AB (0.01 to 10 ng/mL) concentration-dependently stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation in coronary smooth muscle cells (EC50, 0.1 ng/mL) and had additive effects with pulsatile stretch. The Ca2+ antagonist verapamil (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) concentration-dependently inhibited proliferation stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor back to control levels (P < .05 to .01) but not that induced by pulsatile stretch.Pulsatile stretch and platelet-derived growth factor are potent stimuli for proliferation of coronary smooth muscle cells. The selective inhibitory effect of a Ca2+ antagonist on smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor but not by pulsatile stretch may explain why the drugs have only modest antiatherogenic effects in patients with coronary artery disease.
Effect of adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic agonists on atrial natriuretic peptide secretion by isolated rat atria. Potential role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating atrial natriuretic peptide secretion.
Authors: R J Schiebinger, M Z Baker, J Linden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Stretching of the atrial wall is a known stimulant for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion. Little is known about other factors that may influence ANP secretion. We examined the effects of the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system on ANP secretion from isolated rat left atria. Superfusion with 10 muM norepinephrine produced a biphasic rise in ANP secretion with a peak response 2.5-fold above baseline secretion. To determine whether the response to norepinephrine primarily reflected alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, atria were superfused with 0.1 muM isoproterenol or 10 muM phenylephrine and 1 muM propranolol. ANP secretion in response to isoproterenol was biphasic, similar to the response to norepinephrine. Phenylephrine evoked a monophasic ANP secretory response, which was delayed in onset relative to that of isoproterenol or norepinephrine. Superfusion with 10 muM methacholine alone had no effect on ANP secretion, but rapidly attenuated norepinephrine-stimulated secretion by 67%. From these observations we conclude: (a) Both alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists directly and distinctively stimulate ANP secretion; (b) Norepinephrine stimulates ANP secretion by both alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms, however the secretory response pattern of norepinephrine reflects a predominence of beta-adrenergic activity; (c) Under basal conditions, methacholine does not influence ANP secretion; and (d) Methacholine inhibits norepinephrine-stimulated ANP secretion. Thus, in vivo, activation of the sympathetic nervous system may enhance ANP secretion, whereas a rise in parasympathetic tone may lower ANP secretion.
Cephaloridine in Acute Pulmonary Infections
Authors: A. Pines
Journal: BMJ (1967)

A Matter of Principle SIR,-The recent Conference of Local Medical Committees (24 June, Supplement, p. 177) has gone down in history as officially recording an overwhelming vote against the " principle" of payment for special experience and service.This must surel), without doubt, be the most incredible and shameful
Molecular Pathways: Osteoclast-Dependent and Osteoclast-Independent Roles of the RANKL/RANK/OPG Pathway in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis
Authors: William C. Dougall
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a TNF ligand superfamily member that is essential for the formation, activation, and function of osteoclasts. RANKL functions via its cognate receptor RANK, and it is inhibited by the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). In skeletal metastases, the ratio of RANKL to OPG is upregulated, which leads to increased osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. These changes in the bone microenvironment not only compromise the structural integrity of bone, leading to severe clinical morbidities, but have also been implicated in establishment of de novo bone metastasis and the progression of existing skeletal tumors. Evaluation of RANKL inhibitors, including the fully human anti-RANKL antibody denosumab, in patients with cancer has shown reductions in tumor-induced bone resorption activity and successful management of skeletal complications of bone metastases. RANKL also functions as a major paracrine effector of the mitogenic action of progesterone in mouse mammary epithelium, and it has a role in ovarian hormone-dependent expansion and regenerative potential of mammary stem cells. RANKL inhibition attenuates mammary tumorigenesis and pulmonary metastases in mouse models. These data suggest that the contribution of progesterone to increased mammary cancer incidence is mediated, at least in part, by RANKL-dependent changes in the mammary epithelium; RANKL also directly promotes distant metastases. In summary, the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of RANKL inhibition can occur by at least 2 distinct mechanisms, one in the bone via osteoclast-dependent effects, and the second via direct effects on the tumor cells of various origins and/or mammary epithelium.
Hypertension following arterial baroreceptor denervation in the unanesthetized dog.
Authors: C S Ito, A M Scher
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

Studies were conducted on unanesthetized dogs (1) in the control state, (2) after carotid sinus denervation plus section of the cervical aortic nerves (SCAD), and (3) after carotid sinus denervation plus section of intrathoracic vegal branches which innervate arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, the heart, lungs, and other structures (STD). Mean values and standard deviations of blood pressure and heart rate were measured during many 75-minute recording sessions. The control mean arterial pressure was 94.8 +/- 8.9 mm Hg. The mean pressure after SCAD was 105.5 +/- 9.5 mm Hg, 10.0 mm Hg higher (P less than 0.05) than in the control state, whereas after STD, the mean pressure was 119.5 +/- 16.8 mm Hg, 25.3 mm Hg higher (P less than 0.001) than in the control state. The standard deviation of pressure was increased (P less than 0.01) by either denervation procedure. The mean pressure after STD was higher than after SCAD (P less than 0.05). Ten of 12 animals with SCAD showed residual baroreceptor reflexes (seven from intrathoracic receptors) whereas, after STD, six of 11 animals showed reflexes (one from intrathoracic receptors). SCAD only occasionally produces denervation as complete as that produced by STD. A larger increase in arterial pressure follows a more complete denervation of vagally innervated baroreceptors. We believe that our procedures do not denervate all arterial baroreceptors. Chronic denervation of arterial baroreceptors leads to a widely varying, elevated arterial pressure. The increase in pressure has persisted more than 1 1/2 years.
The Present Position of the Surgery of the Hypertrophied Prostate: Abstract of an Address delivered before the American Surgical Association
Authors: J. W. White
Journal: BMJ (1893)

PROFESSOR WHITE alluded to the admirable papers in which Harrison,' McGill, 2 Belfield,3 and Moullin4 had so thoroughly reviewed this subject, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them for the basis of the address.)The main practical points in reference to enlargement of the prostate are to be classified as follows: 1.The nature and chief varieties of the prostatic enlargement and their relation to the vesical changes found associated with them. 2. The symptoms in relation to diagnosis and prognosis, (a) subjective, (b) objective.3. The indications for (a) non-interference, (b) medical treatment, (c) palliative treatment, (d) operative treatment.4. The choice of operation. 5.The methods of operation.
Scintiscans of Two Siblings with Turmoral Calcinosis
Authors: YAMIL ABBUD, SUPPIAH BALACHANDRAN, MELVIN J PRINCE, ARTHUR B CHAUSMER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

Seven of 15 siblings were affected by tumoral calcinosis, a rare ectopic calcification syndrome. Case reports and scintigraphic findings of two affected siblings are presented. Bone scintiscanning may be useful in determining both initial extent of the disease and prognosis after treatment.