tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Drug Prices, Availability, Affordability, and Price Components: Implications for Access to Drugs in Malaysia
Authors: Zaheer Ud Din Babar, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Harpal Singh, Nadeem Irfan Bukahri, Andrew Creese
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Malaysia's stable health care system is facing challenges with increasing medicine costs. To investigate these issues a survey was carried out to evaluate medicine prices, availability, affordability, and the structure of price components.The methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) was used. Price and availability data for 48 medicines was collected from 20 public sector facilities, 32 private sector retail pharmacies and 20 dispensing doctors in four geographical regions of West Malaysia. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (IRPs) to obtain a median price ratio. The daily wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker was used to gauge the affordability of medicines. Price component data were collected throughout the supply chain, and markups, taxes, and other distribution costs were identified. In private pharmacies, innovator brand (IB) prices were 16 times higher than the IRPs, while generics were 6.6 times higher. In dispensing doctor clinics, the figures were 15 times higher for innovator brands and 7.5 for generics. Dispensing doctors applied high markups of 50%-76% for IBs, and up to 316% for generics. Retail pharmacy markups were also high-25%-38% and 100%-140% for IBs and generics, respectively. In the public sector, where medicines are free, availability was low even for medicines on the National Essential Drugs List. For a month's treatment for peptic ulcer disease and hypertension people have to pay about a week's wages in the private sector.The free market by definition does not control medicine prices, necessitating price monitoring and control mechanisms. Markups for generic products are greater than for IBs. Reducing the base price without controlling markups may increase profits for retailers and dispensing doctors without reducing the price paid by end users. To increase access and affordability, promotion of generic medicines and improved availability of medicines in the public sector are required.
Thymic Aplasia With Lymphopenia, Plasma Cells, and Normal Immunoglobulins
Authors: Andre' J. Nahmias
Journal: JAMA (1967)

An infant girl with persistent lymphopenia was found to have plasma cells in her bone marrow and, for her age, normal amounts of immunoglobulins (I g A, I g G, and I g M) in her serum. She died at age 4 months from giant cell pneumonia proven to be due to measles virus. Postmortem examination revealed no identifiable thymus. There was an almost complete absence of small lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, spleen, and intestines, but plasma cells were present in these tissues. Two sisters who had died earlier of pneumonitis—one with giant cell pneumonia— also had the same type of immunological defect. Since the Swiss type of thymic aplasia is associated with absent plasma cells and agammaglobulinemia, these patients belong to a variant of this syndrome which points to a dissociation between the development of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The increased susceptibility of two of the three infants to measles infection and other clinical and laboratory observations suggests that lymphocytes play an important role in host resistance to this viral infection.
Glare and Contrast Sensitivity for Clinicians
Authors: Richard Feist
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<i>Contrast</i>is defined as the difference in luminance or brightness of contiguous objects and is mathematically derived by the formula (maximum luminance - minimum luminance) / (maximum luminance + minimum luminance). The inverse of a person's contrast threshold for an object or pattern of any size (the point at which it is first seen) is termed<i>contrast sensitivity</i>. Glare is defined as the sensation of luminance greater than that to which the eyes are adapted. Glare is most evident clinically in situations in which light scattering occurs (cataract, corneal edema). These concepts, which impinge directly on visual function, have been described for over 50 years, have been oft ignored and poorly understood for much of that time, and today are receiving much attention in the ophthalmic literature. Their history and the current state of the art of visual function testing are covered in this text in a clear, concise manner by the editors
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM ON ADIPONECTIN GENE REGULATES ARTERIAL SUPEROXIDE GENERATION, BY AFFECTING ADIPONECTIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN ADIPOSE TISSUE FROM PATIENTS WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Alexis S. Antonopoulos, Charalambos Antoniades, Dimitris Tousoulis, Constantinos Bakogiannis, Antigoni Miliou, Nikolaos Sfyras, Michael Dimosthenous, Costas Psarros, Kyriakoula Marinou, George Ekonomopoulos, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Tracheal gas insufflation: catheter effectiveness determined by expiratory flush volume.
Authors: S A Ravenscraft, R S Shapiro, A Nahum, W C Burke, A B Adams, G Nakos, J J Marini
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Used adjunctively during mechanical ventilation, tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) improves CO2 elimination, principally by decreasing effective anatomic dead space. Continuing lung deflation at end- expiration raises the end-expiratory C02 concentration within the proximal airway, and could theoretically reduce the efficiency of a given catheter flow. To test this possibility, we designed a series of experiments that examined the influence of TGI delivery patterns on the efficiency of CO2 elimination. Using a gating device, catheter flow was delivered selectively during desired portions of expiration. Paralyzed, ventilated dogs were studied at short and extended inspiratory time fractions (TI/TT) with inspiratory tidal volume and ventilator frequency held constant. The expiratory flush volume, not the pattern of gas delivery, determined the observed decline in PaCO2, provided that the end-expiratory period was included in the catheter flush period. Despite continuing end-expiratory lung deflation (extended TI/TT), catheter effectiveness remained the same at matched expiratory flush volumes. To determine if enhanced distal mixing at the higher catheter flows required during the extended TI/TT (to match expiratory flush volume) masked a decrease in efficiency, we repeated the experiment with a tip-inverted catheter. We again found that matched catheter delivered expiratory volumes were similarly effective. With or without ongoing lung deflation, the volume of gas flushed during the expiratory period determined the effectiveness of TGI, provided that inspired minute ventilation remains unchanged and end-expiration is included in the catheter flush period.
Antibacterial Action of 2-Aminophenol
Authors: M. Barber, G. A. D. Haslewood
Journal: BMJ (1944)

ketonuria.When the fat in the diet was increased gradually, glycosuria disappeared without the appearance of ketonuria (except on one day in 8 weeks).The amount of diet eaten containing 70%b of added fat provided 90% of the calories available in the amount of normal diet eaten, and maintained body weight.After successive periods of high-fat diet the glycosuria seen on return to the normal diet steadily diminished.
The effects of low-thrombin fibrin sealant on wound serous drainage, seroma formation and length of postoperative stay in patients undergoing axillary node dissection for breast cancer. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Raffaella Benevento, Antonio Santoriello, Gianluca Pellino, Guido Sciaudone, Giuseppe Candilio, G. Serena De Fatico, Francesco Selvaggi, Silvestro Canonico
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Shareholders are to sue drug firm for not disclosing adverse reactions even though number wasn't significant
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The US Supreme Court has unanimously cleared the way for investors in a company that makes an over the counter cold remedy to go ahead with a lawsuit against it for failing to disclose reports that the product caused adverse effects, even though the number of reports fell short of statistical significance.

Shares in the US based Matrixx Initiatives plummeted in 2004 after media reports that some users of its Zicam nasal spray, whose active ingredient was zinc gluconate, had lost their sense of smell. Investors filed a class action alleging securities fraud, on the basis that the company had failed to disclose …
Endocardial fibroelastosis associated with maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies in the absence of atrioventricular block
Authors: Lynne E Nield, Jeffrey F Smallhorn, Leland N Benson, Lisa K Hornberger, Earl D Silverman, Glenn P Taylor, M Mullen, J Brendan, Lisa K. Hornberger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN VITRO
Authors: Gilmour Harris
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

The effects of actinomycin D and puromycin on spleen cell suspensions from rabbits immunized to SRC's were studied. These inhibitors, in high concentration, suppressed PFC's when added initially to recently isolated cells. When such cells were incubated for several days in the presence of both antigen and inhibitor, both actinomycin D and puromycin produced an increase in PFC's after the initial suppression. This recovery effect was best seen with cells from rabbits killed 3 days after boosting with SRC's, and was usually absent when cells were taken from rabbits killed 2 days after boosting. When actinomycin D or puromycin was added after several days in culture in the presence of SRC's, surviving PFC's were found to be not only resistant to these inhibitors, but there was also an increased number of PFC's compared to similar cultures incubated without these agents. Radioautographic studies showed that PFC's stimulated by the presence of actinomycin D or puromycin were not incorporating precursors for RNA or protein synthesis. In view of the known mode of action of these inhibitors, it was postulated that they were stimulating antibody production by PFC's in vitro either by interfering with represser mechanisms or stimulating the completion of antibody molecules, perhaps by causing the release of preformed antibody chains from ribosomes. Since the presence of specific antigens in vitro were necessary for these observed stimulatory effects on PFC's, and since antigens were producing an effect on antibody production on cells which were being suppressed by these inhibitors, added initially, it was further suggested that one role of antigen in the immune response was concerned with the completion of antibody synthesis on the ribosomes, perhaps by acting as an inducer as has been suggested previously (1).
Décision de traitement postopératoire du cancer du rectum. Faut il tenir compte de l'échographie endorectale initiale ou de l'analyse histologique de la pièce opératoire? Analyse d'un essai randomisé multicentrique de la FFCD
Authors: P Burtin, N Methy, JP Gerard, T Conroy, O Bouché, O Chapet, F Bonnetain
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Introduction: En raison des altérations induites par la radiothérapie préopératoire du cancer du rectum, le stade pTNM ne correspond pas toujours au stade clinique initial. Ceci peut être lié à la réduction de stade attendue avec le traitement préopératoire. On peut se poser la question d'une chimiothérapie postopératoire chez les patients ypN1, ou bien ypN0 mais initialement uN1 en échographie endorectale (EER) avant radiothérapie (si leur pronostic est similaire aux ypN1). But de l'étude: Nous avons comparé la survie des patients uN0 effectivement ypN0, uN1 puis ypN0, et uNx puis ypN1 pour déterminer si les patients initialement uN1 ont un pronostic similaire aux patients ypN1.
Depression of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from rats with Brugia pahangi lymphatic filariasis.
Authors: L Kaiser, P K Tithof, V L Lamb, J F Williams
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

A role for altered endothelial cell function is emerging in the pathogenesis of disease. We have previously demonstrated that Dirofilaria immitis, the canine heartworm, depresses endothelium-dependent responses and alters the mechanism of relaxation in the in vivo femoral artery of infected dogs. Exposure of rat aorta to the parasite or parasite-conditioned medium selectively depresses endothelium-dependent relaxation. D. immitis is closely related to the major human filarial pathogens. This study was designed to examine the effect of chronic infection with the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi on endothelium-mediated responses of the rat aorta in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that endothelium-dependent responses are depressed in the aorta from rats infected with B. pahangi. Rings of thoracic and abdominal aorta were suspended in muscle baths for measurement of isometric tension. Dose-response relations to norepinephrine, endothelium-dependent dilators (acetylcholine, histamine, and A23187), and nitroglycerin were done. In some experiments, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin and aspirin), guanylate cyclase (methylene blue), and nitric oxide formation (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; L-NOARG) were used. No differences in vascular reactivity were detected in the thoracic aorta. In contrast, endothelium-dependent responses in abdominal aorta of Brugia-infected rats were significantly depressed when compared with control aorta from noninfected rats. Acetylcholine relaxation was further depressed by indomethacin and aspirin. After L-NOARG, acetylcholine relaxation in control abdominal aorta was completely abolished; however, in abdominal aorta of Brugia-infected rats, acetylcholine still caused relaxation. Methylene blue inhibited acetylcholine relaxation in both control and Brugia-infected abdominal aorta; however, relaxation in Brugia-infected aorta was significantly greater than control. This study demonstrates that endothelium-dependent relaxation can be altered by chronic experimental filarial infection in the absence of direct contact between the blood vessel and the parasite. The mechanism of relaxation in the Brugia-infected abdominal aorta appears to be altered when compared with control, suggesting that parasites are capable of modulating vascular reactivity by inducing changes in endothelial cell behavior. The mechanism may involve parasite-induced local inflammation or alterations in endothelial cell metabolism. Understanding how chronic experimental filarial infection alters vascular reactivity may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of human filariasis.
Identification of a New Modulator of the Intercalated Disc in a Zebrafish Model of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Angeliki Asimaki, Sudhir Kapoor, Eva Plovie, Anne Karin Arndt, Edward Adams, ZhenZhen Liu, Cynthia A. James, Daniel P. Judge, Hugh Calkins, Jared Churko, Joseph C. Wu, Calum A. MacRae, André G. Kléber, Jeffrey E. Saffitz
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2014)

Drug screening in a zebrafish model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy identified a small molecule that remodels the intercalated disc.
The Era of Delivery System Reform Begins
Authors: Zirui Song, Thomas H. Lee
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Analysis of Interleukin-21-Induced Prdm1 Gene Regulation Reveals Functional Cooperation of STAT3 and IRF4 Transcription Factors
Authors: Hyokjoon Kwon, Danielle Thierry-Mieg, Jean Thierry-Mieg, Hyoung-Pyo Kim, Jangsuk Oh, Chainarong Tunyaplin, Sebastian Carotta, Colleen E. Donovan, Matthew L. Goldman, Prafullakumar Tailor, Keiko Ozato, David E. Levy, Stephen L. Nutt, Kathryn Calame, Warren J. Leonard
Journal: Immunity (2009)
Fallacy of the Fundal Height
Authors: J. M. Beazley, R. A. Underhill
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The method of estimating gestational age from the height of the fundus uteri during pregnancy has been investigated. Such wide variations occur in the length of the maternal abdomen and umbilical position and in the level of the uterine fundus at each gestational age that the method is not reliable. Assessment of uterine size by pelvic examination in the first trimester of pregnancy correlates more closely with gestational age than assessments made by abdominal palpation of the uterus at a later time.
AMA Auxiliary Activities 1974-1975
Authors: Howard Liljestrand
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Use of an artificial pancreas as a tool to determine subcutaneous insulin doses in juvenile diabetes
Authors: André E Lambert, Martin Buysschaert, Luc Lambotte
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of determining the most appropriate subcutaneous insulin treatment in unstable diabetes on the basis of the circadian hormonal profile delivered by an artificial pancreas. The metabolic control of 11 brittle diabetic subjects, as assessed by the M value and the MAGE index (used as indexes of blood glucose control and of glycemic fluctuations, respectively), was compared during a 5-day period before and after a 24-h connection to the artificial pancreas. The usual insulin treatment was continued to that day. Examination of the insulin pattern revealed by the artificial pancreas suggested that a valid scheme for subsequent treatment should consist of two daily injections of a mixture of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins, which was administered to the patients beginning with the injection given after the artificial pancreas onwards. The new insulin regimen was characterized by a total daily dose that increased from 0.93 +/- 0.10 to 1.20 +/- 0.10 U/kg body weight (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.005) as well as by a higher proportion of the dose given as regular insulin (37.1 +/- 6.9% before vs. 56.0 +/- 2.1% after; P less than 0.05). These changes led to a better control of blood glucose in 10 patients, as evidenced by a decrease of both the M value and the mean of all blood glucose levels. The mean MAGE index was not decreased, however, by the new insulin program, thereby suggesting that the lability of the disease remained unabated. These results indicate that subcutaneous treatment consisting of two daily injections of regular and intermediate-acting insulins and comprising 50 to 60% of the former could improve the metabolic control in unstable diabetes. The artifical pancreas provided a rapid and simple means to determine the appropriate doses for each type of insulin.
Incidence of Physical Disorders Among Psychiatric In-patients
Authors: H. E. S. Marshall
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Progressive ratio (PR) schedules had been widely used to study motivation to work for a reinforcer. After a post-reinforcer pause, subjects engage pressing a lever until a reinforcer is obtained. However, the discrete nature of lever presses allows alternative behaviors during inter-response time and had lead to the suggestion of several behavioral categories to explain pauses and work time. A progressive hold-down (PH) is incompatible with alternative responses and may allow a precise estimation of work time. Performance of rats trained in both PR and PH that received sucrose or intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as reinforcer were compared. We observed that rats mastered the PR and PH schedules. Post-reinforcer pauses, work time and inter-reinforcer time increased as a function of the response or hold requirement. However, rat’s performance suggest that the PH progression may be experienced by the rats as easier that the PR progression. Elimination of consummatory behavior with ICSS reduced PS<sup>R</sup>P and in accordance with predictions of explanatory models of fixed and variable schedules of reinforcement. In the case of PH performance, intermediate requirements leveled off pauses but inceased rapidly on later requirements; since rats controlled pause length and work time was close to hold requirement, time allocation between PR and PH schedules diverged. Finally, the Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement model of Bradshaw and Killeen (Psychopharmacology 2012, 222: 549) rendered a good description of the performance in both PR and PH schedules.
Pharmacokinetic Approach to the Clinical Use of Lidocaine Intravenously
Authors: David J. Greenblatt
Journal: JAMA (1976)

The time course of lidocaine plasma concentrations following various modes of administration were predicted by computer. Initiating therapy with a single intravenous bolus dose was unsatisfactory; plasma levels during the first hour were potentially toxic after a 200-mg bolus and subtherapeutic after a 50- to 100-mg bolus. After two bolus doses of 100 mg, separated by 20 to 30 minutes, or a rapid loading infusion over 15 to 60 minutes, therapeutic concentrations were achieved and maintained. Pharmacokinetic principles can be of value in devising rational approaches to lidocaine dosage. (<i>JAMA</i>236:273-277, 1976)