tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like Growth Factors and the Basis of Growth
Authors: Ron G Rosenfeld
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Growth in any species is an extraordinarily complex process, but growth in humans is characterized by a number of unique features. These include dramatic fetal growth (the most rapid phase of human growth), deceleration of growth immediately after birth, a prolonged growth phase during childhood, prepubertal deceleration, and a pronounced adolescent growth spurt. Although some of these aspects are shared with other mammalian species, others are characteristic only of Homo sapiens and are not replicated even in other primates.The intricacy of the human growth curve (see Figure) is the product of an evolutionary process expressing the sum effect of . . .
University of Nebraska in State Board Statistics.
Authors: Henry B. Ward
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Lincoln, Neb., June 26, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In connection with the statistics regarding medical graduates, as published inThe Journal, May 25, a grave injustice has been done the College of Medicine of the University of Nebraska. The figures for Nebraska state that 7 candidates passed, 7 failed. The secretary of the Nebraska State Board of Health certifies as follows: The 7 failures of graduates of the State University in the year 1906 were —on his third, fourth and fifth examinations; —on his fourth and fifth; and — on his second and third. All of the graduates of last year from the State University who took the examination before our board passed. The persons mentioned received no training under the State University. They were responsible for the failures in 1905 as well as those of 1906. The class of 1906 was the first to complete its training
Green College Lecture. Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation.
Authors: M. Warnock
Journal: BMJ (1992)

The more that is known about the development of the early embryo, the process of fertilisation, and the nature and specific functions of the cells' gene systems, as well as the environment necessary for them to divide and multiply, the greater are the possibilities of manipulating these embryos, whether in utero or in vitro.If we are prepared to make a fairly simple minded distinction, we may ask two questions: firstly, Should this knowledge be pursued?and secondly, To what use is it right or expedient to put it if we acquire it?The questions may be distinguished and discussed as if they were quite separate.But it ought to be understood that in practice they are not completely distinct.Knowledge and using knowledge are not in reality two totally different things; or rather, acquiring knowledge and using it are not two totally different activities.In acquiring scientific knowledge possible uses for it often become apparent, and in making practical use of the knowledge we have we often acquire further knowledge.Nevertheless, treating the first question separately and asking should knowledge of the early embryo be pursued, the answer seems to me straightforward.The rate at which new information, including information about human gene systems, is being accumulated is prodigious.There is a sense of vast new fields opening out to be explored.It would be impossibly arbitrary for someone to say, "Let nothing more be discovered."Even if on some principle an organisation such as a church or scientific funding council decided that knowledge would stop here, just where we are in 1991, such an organisation could not ensure that hothing more was discovered or published.And if someone were determined to pursue research contrary to the edict they could rightly plead, if challenged, that academic freedom is one of the highest human values and that to refuse to allow any increase in understanding of the world is contrary to one of the most important moral imperatives to which humans are subject.In short, to suggest that knowledge should be ossified at a particular date is a suggestion that neither could nor should be taken seriously.
Association of Hospice Agency Profit Status With Patient Diagnosis, Location of Care, and Length of Stay
Authors: Melissa W. Wachterman, Edward R. Marcantonio, Roger B. Davis, Ellen P. McCarthy
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Context Medicare’s per diem payment structure may create financial incentives to select patients who require less resource-intensive care and have longer hospice stays. For-profit and nonprofit hospices may respond differently to financial incentives. Objective To compare patient diagnosis and location of care between for-profit and nonprofit hospices and examine whether number of visits per day and length of stay vary by diagnosis and profit status. Design, Setting, and Patients Cross-sectional study using data from the 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey. Nationally representative sample of 4705 patients discharged from hospice. Main Outcome Measures Diagnosis and location of care (home, nursing home, hospital, residential hospice, or other) by hospice profit status. Hospice length of stay and number of visits per day by various hospice personnel. Results For-profit hospices (1087 discharges from 145 agencies), compared with nonprofit hospices (3618 discharges from 524 agencies), had a lower proportion of patients with cancer (34.1%; 95% CI, 29.9%-38.6%, vs 48.4%; 95% CI, 45.0%-51.8%) and a higher proportion of patients with dementia (17.2%; 95% CI, 14.1%-20.8%, vs 8.4%; 95% CI, 6.6%-10.6%) and other noncancer diagnoses (48.7%; 95% CI, 43.2%-54.1%, vs 43.2%; 95% CI, 40.0%-46.5%; adjusted P &amp;amp;lt; .001). After adjustment for demographic, clinical, and agency characteristics, there was no significant difference in location of care by profit status. For-profit hospices compared with nonprofit hospices had a significantly longer length of stay (median, 20 days; interquartile range [IQR], 6-88, vs 16 days; IQR, 5-52 days; adjusted P = .01) and were more likely to have patients with stays longer than 365 days (6.9%; 95% CI, 5.0%-9.4%, vs 2.8%; 95% CI, 2.0%-4.0%) and less likely to have patients with stays of less than 7 days (28.1%; 95% CI, 23.9%-32.7%, vs 34.3%; 95% CI, 31.3%-37.3%; P = .005). Compared with cancer patients, those with dementia or other diagnoses had fewer visits per day from nurses (0.50 visits; IQR, 0.32-0.87, vs 0.37 visits; IQR, 0.20-0.78, and 0.41 visits; IQR, 0.26-0.79, respectively; adjusted P = .002) and social workers (0.15 visits; IQR, 0.07-0.31, vs 0.11 visits; IQR, 0.04-0.27, and 0.14 visits; IQR, 0.07-0.31, respectively; adjusted P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Conclusion Compared with nonprofit hospice agencies, for-profit hospice agencies had a higher percentage of patients with diagnoses associated with lower-skilled needs and longer lengths of stay.
The Cope Needle
Authors: Louis J. Kettel
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Cope's comments are a welcome supplement to our report on pleural biopsy. Space limitations precluded considerations of the physical characteristics of the biopsy needle, and acknowledgement of Dr. Cope's pioneering work with this device. We have had some difficulty due to backward bending of the hook and because of catching of the hook on the cannula. We agree that such difficulties are always ascribable to errors of technique. Such complications do not occur when the procedure is performed properly. It is true, however, that the sturdiness of the instrument has varied depending on the manner of manufacture. We are pleased to learn that henceforth this instrument will be stronger than in the past and thus no longer subject to the difficulties we have encountered.
Hyperglycaemia protects the heart after myocardial infarction: aspects of programmed cell survival and cell death
Authors: Christiane Malfitano, Tatiana C. Alba Loureiro, Bruno Rodrigues, Raquel Sirvente, Vera Maria Cury Salemi, Nara B. Rabechi, Silvia Lacchini, Rui Curi, Maria Claudia C. Irigoyen
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2010)
Relative source contributions of diet and air to ingested asbestos exposure.
Authors: J N Rowe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Reliable assessments of the relative contributions of diet (food, beverages, and orally administered drugs) and air (inhaled fibers) to total ingested asbestos exposure are not feasible due to the paucity of quantitative data on the subject. Instead, scenarios for both modes of exposure were developed from the limited information available to give crude estimates of ingestion of asbestos from these routes. They suggest that such sources are potentially significant relative to the contribution of asbestos exposure derived from drinking water. Research recommendations are discussed.
Reflex Action: A Study in the History of Physiological Psychology.
Authors: Franklin Fearing
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A search for nitrosamines in East African spirit samples from areas of varying oesophageal cancer frequency
Authors: C. H. Collis, P. J. Cook, J. K. Foreman, J. F. Palframan
Journal: Gut (1971)

Following the report of the presence of nitrosamine-like substances in samples of homemade spirit from Zambia, which had been obtained from an area where cancer of the oesophagus is common, samples of distilled alcoholic drinks were collected throughout western Kenya and southern Uganda from areas where the frequency of cancer of the oesophagus varies from very common to very rare. The 44 samples of spirit were screened by polarography and substances giving a similar response to nitrosamines were indicated at levels as high as 21 ppm. Subsequent analysis by gas chromatography for selected individual nitrosamines showed no evidence for the occurrence of methylethylnitrosamine (MEN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), dipropylnitrosamine (DPN), ethylbutylnitrosamine (EBN), dibutylnitrosamine (DBN), nor of N nitrosopiperidine (N Pipn), but traces of compounds having a similar retention time as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) were observed. However, subsequent examination by mass spectrometry showed no evidence of dimethylnitrosamine. There was no apparent association between the levels of unknown constituents indicated by polarography and gas chromatography, nor between either of these levels and the frequency of cancer of the oesophagus. The results by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry confirm that polarography is too unspecific to be a useful indicator of nitrosamines.
INDICATIONS FOR AND UTILITY OF ALTITUDE TREATMENT TN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: S. E. SOLLY
Journal: JAMA (1902)

It is especially useful at the present time to be reminded of what is known of the effects of high climates, because the excitement produced in many physicians by their reception of the idea that the open air, forced feeding and sanatorium treatment are of immense value in arresting phthisis, has caused them, in their eagerness to use these, to them new weapons, to inconsiderately fling away many a proven weapon of the past. <h3>INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE.</h3> In the consideration of the influence of altitude there are two important matters to be recognized—the physical conditions of the climate and its physiologic effects. The essential distinction of the climate at a high altitude from that at a low level is the diminished barometric pressure. The most notable and important of the permanent effects of this reduced pressure is the influence it exercises on the blood, in producing an increase of red
Authors' Response to Zimmer et al
Authors: Roberto Stasi, Sergio Amadori, John Osborn, Adrian Newland, Drew Provan
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

I read the paper by Chi et al. with interest.The authors found a greater hypoxia response gene expression in carcinomas than stromal cells grown in vitro, but were not sure of the underlying explanation (see Discussion in [1]).The underlying explanation may be the difference in mitotic activity and hence metabolic activity between these two cell types, such that hypoxia may be present within cancer cells, although the surrounding culture media may have similar oxygen levels as the stromal cultures.The differences in mitotic activity could also explain greater hypoxia-related gene expression in clear-cell carcinoma compared with chromophobe carcinoma, normal tissue, or oncocytoma, as clear-cell carcinomas are more active mitotically.Did the authors compare the hypoxia gene expression with mitotic activity in various tumors?
Attenuated Salmonella Becomes Versatile Vector in Multivalent, Multipurpose Genetic Vaccines
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1987)

AN AVIRULENT<i>Salmonell</i>a strain is the basis of the first bacterial vaccine to generate a mucosal as well as cellular and humoral immune response. The vaccine is a genetically engineered form of<i>Salmonella typhi</i>that has been rendered avirulent by removal of the genes that code for two enzymes, adenylate cyclase and C-reactive protein, that are necessary to produce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Robbed of its ability to produce cAMP, the bacterium cannot metabolize sugars, transport amino acids, or synthesize cell-surface structures. It is carried to its customary habitat—the lymphoid cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa or Peyer's patches—where, lacking the capability (and the cilia) to go forth and multiply, it lives for five to seven days. The odds are heavily against the avirulent<i>Salmonella</i>'s reacquiring the ability to make cAMP by picking up a plasmid containing the gene from another gut-dwelling bacterium, says the vaccine's developer, Roy Curtiss
Antiapoptotic Effects of IL-15 on Pulmonary Tc1 Cells of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: CARLO AGOSTINI, MARTA SIVIERO, MONICA FACCO, DAVIDE CAROLLO, GIANNI BINOTTO, ALICIA TOSONI, ANNA MARIA CATTELAN, RENATO ZAMBELLO, LIVIO TRENTIN, GIANPIETRO SEMENZATO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

In the early phases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease a T-cell alveolitis sustained by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with anti-HIV activity occurs in the lung. With the progression of HIV disease, pulmonary CTL become infected and their cytotoxic activity declines. To investigate the potential causes leading to this phenomenon, we evaluated T cells obtained from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of 18 HIV-infected patients with T-cell alveolitis. BAL T cells were CD45R0 + /CD8 + defined as Tc1 cells because they expressed cytoplasmic interferon gamma (IFN- γ ) and were CXCR3 + /IL-12R β 2 + . Furthermore, they bore the interleukin (IL)- 15 receptor, Fas antigen, and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) type II. When cultured for 24 h highly purified BAL T cells showed an excessive spontaneous apoptosis; after activation with anti-CD3 or ionomycin, the proportion of T cells undergoing cell death increased. Interestingly, we found a direct relationship between the predisposition to undergo spontaneous apoptosis and the levels of Fas expression by BAL T cells. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) expressed high levels of IL-15 which paralleled the intensity of T-cell infiltration in most patients. The predisposition of CD8 T cells to undergo cell death was downregulated by the incubation with IL-15; the protective effect of the cytokine was dose-dependent. Nonetheless, AMs also expressed proapoptotic molecules, including membrane TNF-alpha (mTNF- α ). Based on these observations it may be suggested that an excessive, spontaneous, and activation-induced apoptosis of pulmonary lymphocytes may be observed in HIV lung and that AMs are major regulators of T-cell homeostasis.
Arthritis and Cancer
Authors: A. Lewis Kolodny
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In your recent issue (<i>JAMA</i><b>179</b>:186 [Jan. 13] 1962), in your Questions and Answers section, a query was made concerning the concomitant occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and prostatic carcinoma. A most important factor was not pointed out by your consultant. The appearance of a rheumatoid-like arthritis in an 80-year-old male should certainly alert the clinician to the possibility of an underlying prostatic carcinoma. While the accompanying rheumatic disorder resembles rheumatoid arthritis, in all probability the symptoms are brought about by an unknown mechanism associated with the malignancy. Several case histories have been reported recently which substantiate this statement. The use of corticosteroids is not indicated, as the arthritis will improve with either removal of the prostate or hormonal treatment of the carcinoma.
P31 PREFERENTIAL TRAFFICKING TO THE LIVER OF T-LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATED IN THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES OF RATS WITH CIRRHOSIS: ROLE OF ALPHA-4 INTEGRIN
Authors: M. Ubeda, M.J. Borrero, D. Díaz, L. Muñoz, M. Lario, E. Aguado-Fraile, L. García-Bermejo, M. Álvarez-Mon, A. Albillos
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Bottle feeding, early gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: P J Whorwell, G Holdstock, G M Whorwell, R Wright
Journal: BMJ (1979)

autoantibody profile, platelet count, clotting screen, tests for Australia antigen, antistreptolysin 0 titre, Cryptococcus neoformans titre, serum fibrin degradation products, haptoglobins, and creatine phosphokinase.Widal tests confirmed a good immune response to the vaccine with titres of 1/1280 for Salmonella typhi H and 0 antigens and 1/640 for Salmonella paratyphi A and B H antigens.He was given an infusion of isotonic saline and 250 mg of intravenous frusemide.Urine flow started two hours later.The urine was normal in colour and microscopy showed granular casts in only one of six samples examined.No white cells or red cells were found in any of the specimens, though a trace of protein was found in two.The patient's condition steadily improved and he became asymptomatic over the next few days.Within two weeks his renal and hepatic function tests gave normal results.
The Exclusion or Eradication of Measles: Cost-Beneficial for Whom?-Reply
Authors: Stephen C. Schoenbaum
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I would like to point out that I did not suggest the reinstitution of a foreign quarantine service. I believe I simply raised the possibility as one of the considerations in trying to decrease importations of measles, and I rejected it out of hand as unlikely to be cost-beneficial. Mr George's suggestion that perhaps the best approach would be global eradication of measles merits further scrutiny. It is not obvious to me that this would necessarily be cost-effective for underdeveloped countries. Given very limited resources, which of the many things that could be done to improve the health and welfare of the population of those countries ought to be done first? How many of the 2.6 million children estimated to have died of measles worldwide in 1984 would have died in childhood of other causes had measles been eradicated? On the other hand, might it not be cost-beneficial
Triplex formation inhibits HER-2/neu transcription in vitro.
Authors: S W Ebbinghaus, J E Gee, B Rodu, C A Mayfield, G Sanders, D M Miller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) have been shown to bind to target DNA sequences in several human gene promoters such as the c-myc oncogene, the epidermal growth factor receptor, and the dihydrofolate reductase genes. TFOs have been shown to inhibit transcription in vitro and gene expression in cell culture of the c-myc and other genes. The HER-2/neu oncogene, which is overexpressed in breast cancer and other human malignancies, contains a purine-rich sequence in its promoter, which is favorable for purine:purine:pyrimidine (R:R:Y) triplex formation. Although its function in the HER-2/neu promoter is unknown, this purine-rich site is homologous to a protein-binding sequence in the promoter of the epidermal growth factor receptor that is necessary for efficient transcription of this gene. We have shown that this sequence is a site for nuclear protein binding by incubation with a crude nuclear extract. We describe the formation of an interstrand triplex using a purine-rich oligonucleotide antiparallel to this purine-rich target sequence of the HER-2/neu promoter. Triplex formation by the oligonucleotide prevents protein binding to the target site in the HER-2/neu promoter in vitro. We have shown that this oligonucleotide is a potent and specific inhibitor of HER-2/neu transcription in an in vitro assay. The triplex target site contains a single pyrimidine base that does not conform to the R:R:Y triplex motif. In an attempt to abrogate the potentially destabilizing effects of this pyrimidine base on triplex formation, we have substituted an abasic linker for the pyrimidine residue in the triplex forming oligonucleotide. Triplex formation with the modified oligonucleotide appears to occur with approximately equivalent binding affinity. Triplex formation in the HER-2/neu oncogene promoter prevents transcription in vitro and may represent a future modality for specific inhibition of this gene in vivo.
Prelaparoscopic Echography used to Detect Abdominal Adhesions
Authors: G. Marin, S. Bergamo, E. Miola, M.W. Caldironi, G. Dagnini
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

Through the use of echography after establishing the pneumoperitoneum, it is possible to recognize the presence of intra-abdominal adhesions and the distribution of gas. Using this method, the laparoscopist is able to form a picture of the intra-abdominal situation with regard to the site of the adhesions and the pneumoperitoneal chambers. This enables him to choose the best site for the insertion of the trocar both for the avoidance of possible incidents, and for optimal inspection.
Association between BMI-1 expression, acute graft-versus-host disease, and outcome following allogeneic stem cell transplantation from HLA-identical siblings in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mohamad Mohty, Richard M. Szydlo, Agnes S. M. Yong, Jane F. Apperley, John M. Goldman, Junia V. Melo
Journal: Blood (2008)
Intermediary role of macrophages in the passage of suppressor signals between T-cell subsets.
Authors: W Ptak, M Zembala, R K Gershon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

We have examined the ability of macrophages (Mphi) to transmit T-cell derived suppressor signals to other T cells. The suppressor signal studied is an antigen-specific factor which suppresses the ability of adoptively transferred, sensitized lymphocytes to express contact hypersensitivity in normal recipients. We have found that this factor binds to peritoneal exudate Mphi via cell surface structures which can be blocked with heat-aggregated gamma globulin. Dead (HK) Mphi bind the factor but fail to present it in a functional way to assay (immune) T cells, whereas live (L) Mphi perform both functions. Further, L Mphi can retrieve the factor in an active form from the surfaces of HK Mphi. Based on these and other findings (1-5), we discuss the possibility that Mphi may play as important a role in presenting T-cell communication signals to the cells of the immune system as they do in presenting antigen.