tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Graphical Representation of the Movements of the Chest-Wall in Inspiration
Authors: A. Ransome
Journal: BMJ (1874)

& -t.em all lhonour for their spirited conduct; but I do not see the b_-i inl-of the above history on the general question of the propriety of i i. i acute surgical cases in hospitals, which is the real question bsd hy the word "'hospitalism".Every reader of Sir J. Siimpson ] is).v-s t!-is; nil(I it xNvas in order to raise this question that the N-ord wvas i ;l ted.If Mr. Erichsen mean to continiue the use of the word in o. ' to impress on theimind of the profession the important but surely f. illiar truth that care ought to be used in the construction anld manage- r of hospitals in which acute disease is treated, my only objection vo-oil be to the confusion thus inevitably produced in the public mind, ;a-1 to) the unfair prejudice so created against all hospitals, whether prOp)erly coinstructedi or otherwise.The fact that many of our smaller a-d older counitry hospitals are not fitted for the reception of acute caies, at least in any considerable number, and that they are liable to be v.xsited by fatal outbreaks of septic (or, as wve then called them, "se- condary'") disea.ses, is fully dwvelt on in the Report above alluded to (see
DNA damage induced in cultured human alveolar (L-132) cells by exposure to dimethylarsinic acid.
Authors: K Kato, H Hayashi, A Hasegawa, K Yamanaka, S Okada
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Gene damage in cultured human alveolar (L-132) cells induced by exposure to dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), a major metabolite of inorganic arsenics in mammals, was studied. DNA single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links were induced by the treatment of L-132 cells with 10 mM DMAA. These kinds of damage appeared at 8 hr after start of exposure to DMAA. As regards DNA-protein cross-links, the DNA was found to bind not only to core histone proteins but also linker histone (H1) and nonhistone proteins. Furthermore, the cross-links were formed by the binding to serine or threonine residues of H1 or nonhistone proteins through phosphate moieties of the DNA. The induction of the alkali-labile sites in DNA in DMAA-treated L-132 cells was observed prior to that of DNA single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links. As one of the alkali-labile sites in DNA, we estimated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA. The present study suggests that the DNA single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links induced by the treatment of L-132 cells with DMAA occurred via the formation of AP sites in the DNA and that the DNA-protein cross-links were produced by a Schiff-base reaction between amino groups of nuclear proteins and aldehyde groups of AP sites in the DNA and the DNA single-strand breaks, by a beta-elimination reaction on AP sites in the DNA.
US Citizens Returning From Foreign Medical Schools
Authors: Richard L. Egan
Journal: JAMA (1979)

As increasing numbers of Americans return to the United States after attending foreign medical schools, questions must be raised and answered about educational quality and the students' capabilities as they enter our system of medical education and subsequent practice. These returnees have participated in a system of medical education that is distinctly different from our own.  To generalize, Americans who attend foreign medical schools were unable to gain admission to an accredited US medical school. They have faced the challenge of a foreign language and unaccustomed surroundings and mores and wish to transfer home at the earliest possible time because all expect to practice medicine in the United States.  Despite doubling of the number of first-year positions in US medical schools during the past dozen years, a greater increase in the number of applicants has resulted in the rejection of qualified persons who might otherwise have been accepted during less-competitive
Elevated Leg Systolic Pressures and Arterial Calcification in Diabetic Occlusive Vascular Disease
Authors: Mary A Emanuele, Bernard J Buchanan, Carlos Abraira
Journal: Diabetes Care (1981)

Systolic occlusion leg and brachial pressures were determined using a Doppler ultrasonic method in 24 diabetic subjects with either past or evolving gangrene due to arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities. The leg-brachial ratios were correlated with x-ray determined leg vascular calcification. Ratios above 1.10 were invariably associated with heavy continuous calcification of the tibial vessels; lesser degrees of arterial calcification had normal or depressed leg-brachial ratios. Medial calcification might be causally related to the abnormally elevated leg systolic pressures not infrequently noted in diabetic patients. Based on the observed occurrence of reamputation in association with normal or elevated leg-brachial ratios, it appears that a Doppler pressure index above 0.90 is not a reliable indicator of adequate blood flow in severe diabetic occlusive arterial disease.
The Propagation of the Filariae of the Blood Exclusively by means of the Puncture of Peculiar Mosquitos
Authors: B. Grassi, G. Noe
Journal: BMJ (1900)

Some of these problems are now beliag studied by us, with interesting results.We had already been using this method for some time in the laboratory, when our attention was drawn to a paper by Paul Carnot and Louis Fournier,' who, independently and unknown to ourselves, have described a similar method for ebtaining the toxin produced by the pneumococcus in caltivating media.We are greatly indebted to Dr. Pinching Bey and Dr. Schiess Bey for allowing us to begin this work in the bacterio- togical laboratory of the Government hospital, Alexandria.To the latter gentleman we are especially indebted for much valuable assistance.
Minimally Invasive Surgery: Neurosurgery
Authors: D G Thomas, N D Kitchen
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Chondrocalcinosis Surgical emphysema Foreign bodiesAn ununited accessory ossification centre of the fibular head will have a smooth corticated margin unlike a fracture.A thin line of ossification may also be seen in the medial collateral ligament next to the insertion point on the medial femoral epicondyle.This is caused by an old avulsion injury ofthis ligament with subsequent calcification within the subperiosteal haematoma (Pelligrini-Stieda disease) (fig 9).
Signification psychothérapique de I’approche globale et pluridimentionnelle de la maladie en milieu hospitalier
Authors: M. de Boucaud, P. Freour, P. Chomy, J. Darquey, J.P. Gachie, J.R. Mallet, M. Bernadou, M. Nacef, J. Valencon
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

In hospitals, psychotherapeutic meaning of pluridisciplinary activities must be considered, as a very important point of view. We thank, after our own experience of attendence in hospital, that this psychotherapeutic meaning is present in three distinct and complementary impacts: (1) In the medical consciousness; the communication between different disciplines widens the interpersonal relation, and awaites the psychotherapeutic conscientiousness of the team member. (2) In the patient's consciousness; three directions are observed: insecurity-reassurance, hope-aggressive revendication, removing of the interpersonal relation and increasing autonomy. (3) In the group's consciousness apperception of the patient's unity as physical and becoming being ('corporéité'-temporalité') The psychotherapeutic function of the group is realized by this global apperception of the subject.
Insulin signalling in the heart
Authors: L. Bertrand, S. Horman, C. Beauloye, J.-L. Vanoverschelde
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

The main role of insulin in the heart under physiological conditions is obviously the regulation of substrate utilization. Indeed, insulin promotes glucose uptake and its utilization via glycolysis. In addition, insulin participates in the regulation of long-chain fatty acid uptake, protein synthesis, and vascular tonicity. Significant advancements have been made over the last 20 years in the understanding of the signal transduction elements involved in these insulin effects. Among these molecular mechanisms, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway is thought to play a crucial role. Under pathological conditions, such as type-2 diabetes, myocardial ischaemia, and cardiac hypertrophy, insulin signal transduction pathways and action are clearly modified. These molecular signalling alterations are often linked to atypical crosstalks with other signal transduction pathways. On the other hand, pharmacological modifications of parallel and interdependent signalling components, such as the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, are now considered to be a good therapeutic approach to treat insulin-signalling defects such as insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. In this review, we will focus on the description of the molecular signalling elements involved in insulin action in the heart and vasculature under these different physiological, pathological, and therapeutical conditions.
Effect of Unblinding on Participants' Perceptions of Risk and Confidence in a Large Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Ann H. Partridge, Karen Sepucha, Anne O'Neill, Kathy D. Miller, Christine Motley, Ramona F. Swaby, Bryan P. Schneider, Chau T. Dang, Donald W. Northfelt, George W. Sledge
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2015)

Blinding patients to treatment regimen is an important component of high-quality randomized clinical trials, although concern exists about how receipt of a placebo will affect participants' views, particularly among patients with cancer.To determine whether unblinding of random assignment to placebo vs experimental agent in a large adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy randomized clinical trial was associated with perception of greater chance of cancer recurrence and lower confidence in the decision to participate in the trial in participants who were randomized to placebo compared with those randomized to experimental therapy.Serial telephone-based prospective survey substudy of all Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Protocol 5103 (ECOG5103) participants enrolling between January 5 and June 8, 2010. In ECOG5103, patients were randomized to receive standard adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer with either placebo or bevacizumab for either approximately 6 or approximately 12 months. Treatment assignment was unblinded by 24 weeks, and then patients were surveyed.Trial participants' self-reported perceived risk of recurrence and confidence in study participation.Of 571 patients in this substudy who started protocol therapy, 550 were still in the study at unblinding and 492 (89%) responded to the unblinding survey. At unblinding, 336 of 477 (70%) believed that they had at most a small risk of breast cancer recurrence, and 342 of 480 (71%) reported perceiving at most a small risk of serious problem with therapy; most reported feeling very informed (421 of 483 [87%]) and having high levels of confidence in their study participation (420 of 483 [87%]). The 102 participants who learned that they had been randomized to placebo did not have greater perception of chance of recurrence (P = .48) or fear of recurrence (P = .69), feel less informed (P = .86), or have lower confidence in trial participation (P = .31) compared with the 390 participants who had been randomized to experimental therapy. Patients who learned that they had been randomized to bevacizumab perceived higher risk of having a serious problem caused by treatment (P = .01).In a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial of chemotherapy for breast cancer, unblinding to randomization allocation did not significantly affect most participants' views except for chance of a serious problem from experimental treatment, regardless of receipt of placebo or experimental anticancer therapy along with standard chemotherapy.
Comparison of gastric body and antral pH.
Authors: V Savarino, G S Mela
Journal: Gut (1989)

Comparison of gastric body and antral pH SIR,-We read with interest the recent paper by McLauchlan et al' on the comparison of gastric body and antral pH.In our opinion, the most important aspect of this study is that pH values increase immediately after endoscopy, which was used to anchor pH probes to the gastric mucosa.This finding clearly deprives perendoscopic gastric pH measure- ments of all diagnostic value.The premeal and posiprandial pH patterns the authors found by anchoring glass electrodes to the gastric body and antrum mucosa do not differ from those of Fimmel et al', who used unfixed glass pH probes.This means that the endoscopic anchoring procedure does not provide better information and besides, it is certainly unpractical for clinical pur- poses.In addition, it alters the gastric environment to the point that a long period of continuous pH measurements (three hours) is lost to analysis and it cannot be excluded that the malfunction of the authors' recording electrodes was due to this anchorage.In fact, they failed to record daytime pH in one case and night-time pH in another case and, in our experience, this frequency and long duration of defective pH monitoring are tinusual with glass electrodes which are not fixed to the gastric mucosa.The authors' analysis of nocturnal pH measurements gives rise to some questions.First of all, it is not clear why they selected the time interval from
Argyll Robertson pupils due to neurosarcoidosis: evidence for site of lesion.
Authors: C J Poole
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Une malade atteinte de sarcoidose presente a plusieurs reprises des troubles ophtalmologiques et notamment le signe d'Argyll Robertson. L'examen par resonance magnetique permet de localiser la lesion responsable, dans la matiere grise autour de l'aqueduc de Vylvius
Abstract PR13: The canonical Wnt pathway participates in anchorage-independent growth in a subset of heterogeneous tumor cells derived from a single murine pancreatic tumor
Authors: Man Yeung Heung, Bryan Serrels, Jennifer P. Morton, Owen J. Sansom, Valerie Brunton, Margaret C. Frame
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a difficult cancer to treat with poor response rates to current therapies. Using a mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma driven by endogenous expression of KRASG12D and p53R172H, we isolated heterogeneous tumor cell clones from a single tumor. Each of the cell clones has a unique genetic and protein expression signature, and they proliferate at different rates in vitro. Notably, only some of them are able to grow into colonies under anchorage-independent (AI) condition. We found that clones which can undergo AI growth have significantly higher phospho-ERK levels than the others, and the MEK inhibitors PD184352 and UO126 can suppress only some AI growth. We therefore looked for additional drivers of this cancer-associated AI growth and discovered that the canonical Wnt pathway, indicated by high transcription levels of Axin2 and Lgr5, is associated with AI growth in the pancreatic cancer cell clones that are less sensitive to the MEK inhibitors. In addition, two tankyrase inhibitors, XAV939 and IWR1, which stabilize Axin1 and enhance β-catenin degradation, inhibit AI growth in Wntactive cells, but not in ERK-dependent cells. Both tankyrase inhibitors downregulate Wnt-dependent Axin2 and Lgr5 transcription, without affecting phospho-ERK levels. Importantly, knockdown of β-catenin also impairs anchorage-independent growth only in Wnt-active cells. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that the canonical Wnt pathway is activated and contributes to AI growth in subclones of pancreatic cancer cells downstream of KRASG12D and p53R172H, and that Axin2 and Lgr5, but not all classical Wnt target genes (for example c-Myc), are involved. Hence, targeting Wnt in pancreatic cancer may be a viable option in treating KRAS- and p53-driven pancreatic cancer, but will probably need to be combined with multiple pathway inhibitors to deal with tumor heterogeneity. This abstract is also presented as Poster A46. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr PR13.
Primary biliary cirrhosis in men.
Authors: M R Lucey, J M Neuberger, R Williams
Journal: Gut (1986)

To determine whether primary biliary cirrhosis differed in men and women we reviewed the presenting features and clinical course of 39 men and 191 women with primary biliary cirrhosis followed at this unit between 1970 and 1984. Age and severity of disease at time of diagnosis were similar in both groups. Pruritus was significantly less common in men than in women both at diagnosis and throughout the period of follow up (p less than 0.01). The difference in incidence of pruritus at diagnosis was most evident when the male group were compared with a group of premenopausal women, an observation which is consistent with involvement of sex steroid metabolism in the origin of pruritus. Skin pigmentation was also less marked in men at diagnosis (p less than 0.05). Autoimmune associated conditions, especially sicca syndrome, were more common in women. Survival was similar among men and women although hepatoma developed significantly more frequently in male patients (p less than 0.01).
SYNTHETIC MUSCLE RELAXANTS IN ANESTHESIA
Authors: Francis F. Foldes
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Analgesia, amnesia or freedom from apprehension, and good muscular relaxation are essential in the anesthetic management of patients for most surgical procedures. 1 Both ether and chloroform, the first two agents used extensively for the production of surgical anesthesia, were able to fulfill these three requirements. Due to this, for almost a century the search for new anesthetic agents was directed toward compounds that would possess all the three properties mentioned but would be free of the unwanted side-effects of ether and chloroform. In the middle 1930's, first cyclopropane 2 and then thiopental (pentothal®) sodium 3 were introduced into anesthesiology, and their use became rapidly popular. It soon became evident, however, that, with regard to muscular relaxation, neither cyclopropane nor thiopental sodium always fulfilled the requirements of good surgical anesthesia.  While the search for new anesthetic agents continued, gradually more information had been gathered on the pharmacologic effects of the
US senator calls for tougher rules on ghostwriting
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Senator Charles Grassley and the US Senate Committee on Finance have called for tougher rules and better disclosure about ghostwriting of journal articles. In a report issued on 24 June they have asked medical journals, medical centres, and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) to impose stricter rules.

Senator Grassley, an Iowa Republican, has for years been investigating the ghostwriting of journal articles, funding of continuing medical education, and prominent researchers’ financial conflicts of interest. He is the senior Republican on the Senate finance committee.

The report says that, because journal articles influence medical practice and prescribing, undisclosed funding by drug and device manufacturers through medical communications companies could lead to publication of articles promoting sales of the companies’ products.

However, it says that once strong policies on authorship and disclosure are in place the “challenging task is ensuring compliance.” Medical institutions rely on researchers to report accurately and honestly, it says, …
Endogenous Activation of Latent Collagenase by Rheumatoid Synovial Cells
Authors: Zena Werb, Carlo L. Mainardi, Carol A. Vater, Edward D. Harris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

To elucidate the mechanism of synovial damage in rheumatoid arthritis, we studied the activation of latent collagenases released from adherent rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. Latent enzyme was not complexed with alpha2 macroglobulin, the prinicpal proteinase inhibitor in serum, and could be activated by trypsin in the presence of alpha2 macroglobulin if sufficient proteinase was added to saturate inhibitor. Latent collagenase bound half as effectively to collagen fibrils as active enzyme. Plasmin was a threefold better activator of latent enzyme than trypsin and could be generated by addition of plasminogen to synovial-cell cultures. Production of both collagenase and plasminogen activator was inhibited by dexamethasone (10(-9) M). These studies emphasize in importance of control of activation in regulation collagenase activity, It is likely that rheumatoid synovium produces both latent collagenase and plasminogen activator; plasmin is activated from its zymogen, plasminogen, present in inflamed tissues, and in turn activates collagenase.
Transsphenoidal Microsurgery in the Treatment of Acromegaly.
Authors: R. L. Atkinson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1973Transsphenoidal Microsurgery in the Treatment of Acromegaly.R. L. Atkinson, M.D., D. P. Becker, M.D., A. M. Martins, M.D., J. M. Earll, M.D., F.A.C.P.R. L. Atkinson, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, D. P. Becker, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, A. M. Martins, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, J. M. Earll, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-815_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptApplication of modern technology to an old surgical approach has led to a treatment of acromegaly that promises a cure: eradication of the tumor with preservation of normal pituitary function. Using a dissecting microscope and a transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica, it is possible to distinguish normal pituitary from tumor under direct vision and, in most cases, to preserve the normal gland. We have treated 13 patients with active acromegaly. Two patients had hypopituitarism before treatment that was not improved by surgery; two patients with normal pituitary function preoperatively had a decrease or loss of function; and three patients... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Washington, D.C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1973Volume 78, Issue 5Page: 815-815KeywordsAcromegalySurgeryVision Issue Published: 1 May 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
A Treatable Cause of Recurrent Severe Hypoglycemia
Authors: Kevin J Hardy, Mark R Burge, Patrick J Boyle, John H B Scarpello
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To see if glucocorticoid deficiency might explain increased insulin sensitivity causing severe brittle diabetes in two type 1 diabetic patients. CASES We describe two patients who developed brittle diabetes characterized by recurrent severe hypoglycemia on small daily insulin doses with severe hyperglycemia on further insulin dose reduction. In both patients, insulin requirements had fallen markedly. RESULTS Both patients were found to have glucocorticoid deficiency. In one patient, this was a result of hypopituitarism, in which hypoglycemia was aggravated by growth hormone deficiency. In the other patient, glucocorticoid deficiency was the result of primary adrenal failure. Resolution of brittle diabetes and restoration of normal insulin doses followed steroid replacement therapy in both patients. CONCLUSIONS These patients emphasize the importance of seeking an organic cause for recurrent severe hypoglycemia. Increasing insulin sensitivity in type I diabetic patients should alert clinicians to the possibility of glucocorticoid deficiency.