tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Case of Recurrent Haematinuria
Authors: W. Jones-Morris
Journal: BMJ (1883)

Clinically, the dangers of bromnide of potassium and of chloral have been recognised; and thus, in our text-books, we find the statements that the presence of grave adynamic symptoms contra- indicate chloral and bronmide of potassium.Opium, on the other hand, in such adynamic states, frequently appears to lend actual support.The results of definite experiment we find to accord with the results of clinical experience; and the value of the former lies in that they confirm, and by their definiteness must tend to enforce, the teachings of the latter.The choice of a drug is, however, no simple matter; an advantage here may be outbalanced by a disadvantage there; and practical men may object that they would gladly give opium, but that the disordered stomach, blunted appetite, inactive liver, and torpid in- testines, more than outweigh the advantages of opium administra- tion.This clearly is a matter for consideration in the individual case under treatment; and the decision will have to be according as one or other element, asthenia, or derangement of the digestive, etc., powers, is most to be feared.These objections to opium, on the one hand, and chloral and bromide of potassium, on the other hand, raise the question as to whether, in very many cases, a drug, at present rather extensively used, especially in America, viz., bromide of sodium, might not with advantage be substituted in their place.The salts of sodium gene- rally contrast very markedly with those of potassium; for the chlorides, bromides, and iodides of these two metals, the lowest figure
Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting Survival in Patients With Resected Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Wenhua Liang, Li Zhang, Gening Jiang, Qun Wang, Lunxu Liu, Deruo Liu, Zheng Wang, Zhihua Zhu, Qiuhua Deng, Xinguo Xiong, Wenlong Shao, Xiaoshun Shi, Jianxing He
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

A nomogram is a useful and convenient tool for individualized cancer prognoses. We sought to develop a clinical nomogram for predicting survival of patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).On the basis of data from a multi-institutional registry of 6,111 patients with resected NSCLC in China, we identified and integrated significant prognostic factors for survival to build a nomogram. The model was subjected to bootstrap internal validation and to external validation with a separate cohort of 2,148 patients from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) database. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were measured by concordance index (C-index) and risk group stratification.A total of 5,261 patients were included for analysis. Six independent prognostic factors were identified and entered into the nomogram. The calibration curves for probability of 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. The C-index of the nomogram was higher than that of the seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system for predicting OS (primary cohort, 0.71 v 0.68, respectively; P < .01; IASLC cohort, 0.67 v 0.64, respectively; P = .06). The stratification into different risk groups allowed significant distinction between survival curves within respective TNM categories.We established and validated a novel nomogram that can provide individual prediction of OS for patients with resected NSCLC. This practical prognostic model may help clinicians in decision making and design of clinical studies.
Misoprostol Compared with Sucralfate in the Prevention of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-induced Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Naurang M. Agrawal, Sanford Roth, David Y. Graham, Richard H. White, Bernard Germain, Jeffry A. Brown, Scott C. Stromatt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and frequency of adverse experiences of misoprostol and sucralfate in the prevention of gastric ulcers in patients receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. Design: A prospective, randomized, single-blind, multicenter trial. Patients: Patients with osteoarthritis receiving treatment with Ibuprofen, piroxicam, or naproxen and experiencing abdominal pain were eligible. Interventions: Patients who were expected to receive at least 3 months of NSAID therapy and who did not have a gastric ulcer at the time of the initial screening endoscopy were randomized to receive misoprostol, 200 µg four times a day, or sucralfate, 1 g four times a day. A gastric ulcer was defined as a lesion of the gastric mucosa 0.3 cm or greater in diameter. Patients were followed clinically, and repeat endoscopies were performed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Main Measurement: The development of a gastric ulcer, which was regarded as a prophylaxis failure. Results: Two hundred fifty-three patients were evaluable for efficacy analysis. A gastric ulcer developed in 2 of the 122 (1.6%, 95% Cl, 0.3% to 6.4%) patients on misoprostol, compared with 21 of 131 patients on sucralfate (16%, Cl, 10.4% to 23.7%). The difference in ulcer rates was 14.4% (Cl, 10.4% to 19.5%; P < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients receiving chronic NSAID therapy for osteoarthritis, treatment with misoprostol for 3 months was associated with a significantly lower frequency of gastric ulcer formation, compared with treatment with sucralfate (P < 0.001).
K+ ions and channels: Mechanisms of sensing O2 deprivation in central neurons
Authors: Gabriel G. Haddad
Journal: Kidney International (1997)

This is an exciting area of research for at least two reasons: (1) it has high clinical visibility and potential implications that transcend age, tissue, and cell type. (2) Currently there are very powerful armamentaria to solve questions and we are starting to apply this in this area of research. Hence, the possibility for understanding how hypoxia induces injury or why do cells survive anoxia is within reach. I hope that within the foreseeable future we will be able to solve some of these questions at the molecular level and start to target some of the important pathways for pharmacologic and drug interventions.
Incidence of HIV infection among homosexual men.
Authors: P A Waight, E Miller
Journal: BMJ (1991)

venous drug addiction; in Dr Tedder and colleagues' study, however, any recorded history of injecting drug use was noted, but this was not routinely sought.We concluded that hepatitis C virus is not readily spread by homosexual activity; the presence of antibody to the virus in homosexual men may mostly be explained by other, parenteral mechanisms.
Detection of hepatitis C virus in the bile and bile duct epithelial cells of hepatitis C virus–Infected patients
Authors: Yoshimichi Haruna, Tsutomu Kanda, Masaharu Honda, Tetsuto Takao, Norio Hayashi
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The pathobiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the biliary system has not been clarified yet, although bile duct damage is a histological finding characteristic of chronic hepatitis C. In this study, we examined whether HCV infects bile ducts and is released into the bile. Twelve patients positive for serum HCV antibody were examined in this study, and eight were seropositive for HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For those who underwent abdominal surgery, the bile was aspirated from the gall bladders by fine needle puncture. Five underwent wedge liver biopsy. Series of saline-diluted bile were assayed for HCV RNA by PCR to determine the HCV RNA titers. To examine HCV expression in the biliary system, the liver specimens were immunostained using monoclonal antibodies to the HCV proteins. HCV RNA was detected in the bile of 5 patients with high serum HCV RNA load (> or = 2.5 Meq/mL). Comparison of viral loads between serum and bile revealed that the HCV RNA level in the bile was as high as that in serum. Furthermore, immunohistological study showed that bile duct epithelial cells were infected with HCV. In contrast, HCV was not found in either the bile or bile duct of patients seronegative for HCV RNA or with low serum HCV load (< or = 1.1 Meq/mL). These findings suggest that the biliary system is involved in the pathobiology of HCV and that the bile is as highly infectious as the serum.
Acquired mutations in the genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 both are recurrent aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia: prevalence and prognostic value
Authors: Saman Abbas, Sanne Lugthart, François G. Kavelaars, Anita Schelen, Jasper E. Koenders, Annelieke Zeilemaker, Wim J. L. van Putten, Anita W. Rijneveld, Bob Löwenberg, Peter J. M. Valk
Journal: Blood (2010)
CEREBRAL PERFUSION IN PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENTS WITH MOOD AND BEHAVIOR DISORDERS
Authors: E A Akin, M H Stein, F B Atkins, J G Tall, C E Nuquist, S J Potolicchio, H A Ziessman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Akin, E A; Stein, M H; Atkins, F B; Tall, J G; Nuquist, C E; Potolicchio, S J; Ziessman, H A Author Information
A Trial of Combination Antimalarial Therapies in Children from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Harin A. Karunajeewa, Ivo Mueller, Michele Senn, Enmoore Lin, Irwin Law, P. Servina Gomorrai, Olive Oa, Suzanne Griffin, Kaye Kotab, Penias Suano, Nandao Tarongka, Alice Ura, Dulcie Lautu, Madhu Page-Sharp, Rina Wong, Sam Salman, Peter Siba, Kenneth F. Ilett, Timothy M.E. Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Malaria control is difficult where there is intense year-round transmission of multiple plasmodium species, such as in Papua New Guinea.
Incidence of Hypomagnesaemia in Intestinal Malabsorption
Authors: C. C. Booth, N. Babouris, S. Hanna, I. MacIntyre
Journal: BMJ (1963)

An attempt has been made to determine what association, if any, exists between chronic dyspepsia and the presence of gall-stones, determined radiologically in women aged 50-70 years.The survey was conducted in a general practice to avoid the selection inevitable in a hospital population.The women were interviewed before being x-rayed, so that their histories were not biased by any knowledge of whether gall-stones were present or not.A history of dyspepsia was obtained from 12 (50%) out of 24 subjects with gall-bladder disease.Of those with normal cholecystograms 63 (53%) out of 118 had similar symptoms.The dyspepsia suffered by those with gall-stones was not distinguishable from that experienced by those with normal gall-bladders.It is concluded that among women aged between 50 and 70 the occurrence of chronic dyspepsia and gall-bladder disease is coincidental.These symptoms cannot assist in diagnosis of gall-bladder disease and should not influence its treatment.I am grateful to Dr.
Residential History and Groundwater Modeling
Authors: Laurel A. Schaider, Ruthann A. Rudel, Janet M. Ackerman, Julia G. Brody
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

In a case-control study, Gallagher et al. (2010) reported elevated breast cancer risk among women residing on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, who consumed water from wells classified as impacted by wastewater treatment plant effluent from the Barnstable Water Pollution Control Facility (BWPCF).Exposure classi fi ca tion was based on a U.S. Geological Survey model of groundwater flow, historical public water supply data, and the women's residential histories.Recent detection of hormones and other wastewater-associated endocrinedisrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking water supplies nationwide has raised concerns about health effects, so we applaud the authors for an inventive examination of this issue, which is difficult to study because historical exposure measure ments are lacking.However, drinking water data for Cape Cod suggest additional exposures that are relevant to this analysis.An alternative, or possibly additional, explanation for the elevated breast cancer risk may be drinking water exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which are mammary gland carcinogens (Rudel et al. 2007).Although the Barnstable Water Company (BWC)-which provided water to exposed participants-included three wells impacted by the BWPCF, it also included three wells contaminated by VOCs from a nearby airport.Treatment was installed in 1991 (Keijser H, personal communication), so for 25 of the 27 years of the study's exposure period , there was no treatment to remove VOCs.Contributions of these VOC-contaminated wells to the BWC system were similar to, and in some cases exceeded, the contributions from BWPCF-impacted wells.In 1975, the wells impacted by the airport (Maher wells 1, 2, and 3) supplied 43% of BWC water, compared with 41% from the wastewater-affected wells (Hyannisport, Simmons Pond, and Straightway) (LeBlanc et al. 1986); in 1986, the proportions were 33% and 37%, respectively (Bratton 1991).In addition, at least one BWPCF-impacted well also contained VOCs, as Gallagher et al. (2010) mentioned.An unspecified number of BWPCFexposed participants relied on private wells, which were probably not affected by the airport.However, from 1970However, from to 1990, ,
Neuropilin-2 Is Required In Vivo for Selective Axon Guidance Responses to Secreted Semaphorins
Authors: Roman J Giger, Jean-François Cloutier, Amar Sahay, Rabinder K Prinjha, Dorothy V Levengood, Stephen E Moore, Susan Pickering, David Simmons, Sohaila Rastan, Frank S Walsh, Alex L Kolodkin, David D Ginty, Martin Geppert
Journal: Neuron (2000)
P217 The Negative Predictive Value Of Endosonography For Mediastinal Staging Of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: K. Sayal, M. Scarci, N. Carroll, B. Dougherty
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> The ASTER trial demonstrated that the sensitivity of combined endobronchial/endoscopic ultrasound [EBUS/EUS] is similar to that of mediastinoscopy.<sup>1</sup> NICE guidelines now recommend combined EBUS/EUS for initial mediastinal staging as an alternative to surgical staging.<sup>2</sup> Although surgical staging following negative endosonography is recommended, ASTER showed that 11 mediastinoscopies are required to identify one case of mediastinal disease. We aimed to determine the negative predictive value of EBUS/EUS for mediastinal staging in our practice. <h3>Method</h3> We identified all patients who had undergone primary surgical resection with lymph node sampling for NSCLC between May 2012 and April 2014 previously staged with CT, PET-CT, EBUS+/-EUS and/or mediastinoscopy. Demographic, histological and surgical details were extracted from clinical records. Analysis was conducted on MedCalc software v13.3.1 and reviewed by an independent statistician. <h3>Results</h3> 42 patients who underwent EBUS+/-EUS for mediastinal staging were found to have no evidence of N2/3 disease. In 3 cases subsequent mediastinoscopy was performed as a high degree of suspicion for mediastinal disease persisted. However, in all cases surgical staging correlated with endosonographic staging. At thoracotomy, 3 (other) patients were upstaged to N2 disease. In two cases, micrometastatic disease was present in a station 7 node and one case had positive station 5/6 not accessible at EBUS/EUS. Overall the NPV of EBUS+/-EUS was 93% (95% CI, 80%–98%). In 22 of 42 patients, the same nodal stations sampled on EBUS/EUS were removed at surgery. In this subset, EBUS/EUS had a NPV of 91% (95% CI, 71% to 99%). <h3>Conclusion</h3> We have shown that in an experienced centre, mediastinal staging by EBUS+/-EUS can have a high NPV. In these circumstances, surgical staging following negative endosonography is probably not warranted unless a high degree of clinical suspicion remains following MDT discussion. Regular audit of NPV is recommended to ensure performance standards are maintained. <h3>References</h3> Annema <i>et al</i>.<i> JAMA</i> 2010;304:2245 NICE guidelines, 2011, <i>Lung Cancer</i>, CG121
Increased resistance to acute respiratory acidosis in isolated cardiac muscle following chronic hypoxia-induced hypertrophy
Authors: E NEVILLE, N BATEMAN, J WARD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Hypertrophied myocardium is more sensitive to ischaemic dysfunction and damage. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of respiratory acidosis on cardiac muscle function following hypoxia-induced right ventricular hypertrophy, and to ascertain the role of Na(+)-H+ antiporter, which is known to be associated with cell growth.Wistar rats were maintained at 10% O2 for 1 or 4 weeks. Experiments were performed on right ventricular papillary muscles stimulated at 1 Hz, and developed tension was recorded. The effect of respiratory acidosis was examined by equilibrating the perfusing solution with increasing levels of CO2, and the role of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter was determined by preincubation with the inhibitor 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA). Data were analysed by comparison of the slope of the semi-log plot of normalised tension against pH.Right ventricular hypertrophy was apparent after both 1 and 4 weeks of hypoxia. Respiratory acidosis reduced developed force in preparations from all groups, but the relationship between log tension and pH in the 4-week hypoxia group was less steep than in controls (4-week hypoxia 0.736 (0.057); control 0.947 (0.067); P < 0.01). In the 1-week hypoxia group however the relationship was steeper (1.243 (0.090); P < 0.01). HMA increased the slope in all groups, and under these conditions the control and 4-week hypoxia groups were not significantly different (control 1.134 (0.080); 4-week hypoxic 1.083 (0.087); P > 0.05).The increased resistance to respiratory acidosis of hypertrophied cardiac muscle following 4 weeks of hypoxia was abolished by HMA. This implies that it is related to increased activity of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter. The mechanism underlying the decreased resistance to acidosis following 1 week of hypoxia is unclear, but is unlikely to involve the Na(+)-H+ antiporter.
Chronic bronchitis alters the pattern of aerosol deposition in the lung.
Authors: T D Sweeney, W A Skornik, J D Brain, V Hatch, J J Godleski
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Knowledge of the local and regional doses of inhaled particulates is crucial for inhalation therapy and for understanding the progression of pulmonary disease. We studied the deposition pattern of radioactively tagged particles in rats with chronic bronchitis. Rats were exposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2; 236 +/- 14 ppm) for 5 h/d, 5 d/wk for 7 wk to produce chronic bronchitis (CB). Control rats were exposed to room air. The control animals gained 85% more weight over the 7-wk period than did the CB rats. Five control and five CB rats were then exposed for 30 min to an insoluble 99mTc-labeled aerosol. The animals were killed within 5 min after the exposure period. The lungs were excised, dried at total lung capacity (TLC), and sliced into 1 mm sections. The distribution of the radiolabeled particles retained in the lungs was determined in two ways. First, autoradiographs were made of the distribution of the radioactivity throughout a lung slice. Autoradiographs were quantified by image analysis to determine the amount of radioactivity (relative density of the film) associated with airway versus parenchyma (ratio of airway to parenchyma density). The lung slices were then dissected into pieces, the weight and radioactivity content of each piece was measured, and its evenness index (EI) was calculated. This type of analysis enables the homogeneity of particle deposition throughout the lungs to be assessed. If deposition were totally uniform, the average EI would be 1.0 with an SD = 0. The total amount of radioactivity retained in the lungs was similar in control and CB rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension with Erythropoietin
Authors: Robert D. Hoeldtke, David Streeten
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Patients with orthostatic hypotension caused by autonomic neuropathy frequently have a decreased red-cell mass. This would be expected to compromise their effective circulating blood volume and aggravate the orthostatic hypotension. We studied the effect of increasing the red-cell mass with erythropoietin, given subcutaneously in a dose of 50 U per kilogram of body weight three times a week for 6 to 10 weeks to eight patients with orthostatic hypotension -- four men, one teenage boy, and three women (age range, 17 to 68 years). Four patients had type I diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy, three patients had pure autonomic failure, and one patient had sympathotonic orthostatic hypotension. Seven patients received fludrocortisone (0.1 or 0.2 mg per day) before, during, and after the trial of erythropoietin. The red-cell volume, plasma volume, and hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress were measured before and after therapy.
NOSTRUM GUZZLING A CENTURY AGO
Authors: George Bevier
Journal: JAMA (1923)

To the Editor:  —The following quotation may shed some light on the status of the Propaganda for Reform a century and more ago. It is from A View of the Nervous Temperament, by Thomas Trotter, M.D., Late Physician to His Majesty's Fleet, etc., etc., first published in London in 1806:  All nervous persons are uncommonly fond of drugs; and they are the chief consumers of advertised remedies, which they conceal from their medical friends. Among some well-meaning people, this inordinate desire for medicine has frequently become of itself a disease. With many of them, physic, to be useful, must be clothed in mystery; and the moment a discovery is made of the composition, the confidence is lost. Medical attendants have too often brought this punishment on themselves. Were they unanimous in combating the prejudices of mankind, by candour and openness of conduct, by a fair avowal of the imperfections of
Satisfactory remission in a case of IgD myeloma: Effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment
Authors: Nobuo Takemori, Keiichi Kondo, Takahito Kawamura, Kiyotoshi Imai, Hiroharu Sakurai, Teiko Sato
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

IgD myeloma is an infrequent type of multiple myeloma and is characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior and a short survival time. No satisfactory treatments have thus far been established. Recently we treated a patient with IgD(lambda)-type myeloma with glucocorticoids, and succeeded in achieving a complete remission. This case seems to indicate a usefulness of glucocorticoid monotherapy for treating IgD myeloma.
Anemia versus “Anemia”
Authors: H. Franklin Bunn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

The diagnosis of anemia is deceptively simple. Certainly, the most convenient measures of anemia, such as the concentration of hemoglobin or packed cells in venous (or capillary) blood, are often misleading indicators of a patient's red-cell mass. It is increasingly apparent that a complex array of interacting factors determine whether any given patient has a sufficient level of functional circulating red cells. Depending on the severity and chronicity of the anemia, he may compensate by alterations in both the distribution of blood flow to various organs and the internal milieu of the red cell. Under certain circumstances a deficit in . . .