tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Developmental Aspects of the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Hemorrhagic Stress in Lamb Fetuses In Utero
Authors: James C. Rose, Alastair A. Macdonald, Michael A. Heymann, Abraham M. Rudolph
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Plasma ACTH and corticosteroid concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in chronically catheterized fetuses of 32 pregnant sheep. Fetal plasma ACTH levels 38±5 pg/ml (means±SEM) were slightly (P < 0.05) lower than maternal 54±4 pg/ml levels. No general rise in fetal plasma ACTH concentration was noted before 140 days gestation; however, fetal plasma corticoid levels began to increase after about 125 days. This suggested that an increase in fetal adrenal responsiveness to endogenous ACTH occurred during gestation.
Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure should be restricted to scientific research
Authors: M Brueren
Journal: BMJ (1996)

explicable by Guus A de Jonge and Adele C Engelberts's comments on secondary sleeping position, since the proportion of boys among infants found in the prone position was 53/77 (69%) in the cases and 28/45 (62%) in the con- trols, in the side position 22/43 (51%) and 41/92 (45%) respectively, and in the supine position 36/67 (54%) and 311/618 (50%) respectively.Thus among the babies who died more boys than girls rolled from their side to prone during the final sleep.
Treatment after failure: the problem of "non-responders"
Authors: J-Q Huang, R H Hunt
Journal: Gut (1999)

Although the currently most eVective treatment regimens cure about 90% of infections, 10% of patients remain Helicobacter pylori positive.Several factors contribute to treatment failure.These include patient compliance, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and treatment related issues.Treatment failure leads to the development of bacterial resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin.Retreatment can be undertaken after considering several diVerent strategies: to repeat the same regimen with full doses of medications and a longer treatment duration, or to choose diVerent regimens to avoid the antibiotic previously used, or to switch to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) based quadruple therapy or ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) based triple therapy.In principle, full doses and longer treatment durations are advisable.As retreatment is always diYcult, choosing the best available first line treatment regimen is still the best "rescue" treatment.
Effect of gastrin II on gastric emptying and secretion during a test meal
Authors: J. N. Hunt, N. Ramsbottom
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Families in Flats-Fanning %fMIA JOURAIf lats and the other in houses.It was found that the morbidity of those families who lived in flats was 57% greater than of those who lived in houses, and that the greatest differences were seen in the incidence of respiratory infections in young women and children, and of psychoneurotic disorders in women.The reasons for the differences in respiratory infections were felt to be the relatively small space available in a flat compared with that in a house, and confinement of the family within the flat.This confinement, and the resulting social isolation, were thought to be the reasons for the increase in psycho- neuroses in the women.The families concerned had had a double social disturbance in that their family ties had been severed and they were also subject to the restricting environment of life in a flat, and it is suggested that in view of the large number of flats which are being built, and the tendency towards family mobility, further investigation is needed into the effects of flat life
Fonofos Exposure and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study
Authors: Rajeev Mahajan, Aaron Blair, Charles F. Lynch, Paul Schroeder, Jane A. Hoppin, Dale P. Sandler, Michael C.R. Alavanja
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

The Agricultural Health Study (AHS) is a prospective cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators from Iowa and North Carolina enrolled 1993-1997 and followed for incident cancer through 2002. A previous investigation in this cohort linked exposure to the organophosphate fonofos with incident prostate cancer in subjects with family history of prostate cancer.This finding along with findings of associations between organophosphate pesticides and cancer more broadly led to this study of fonofos and risk of any cancers among 45,372 pesticide applicators enrolled in the AHS.Pesticide exposure and other data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while controlling for potential confounders.Relative to the unexposed, leukemia risk was elevated in the highest category of lifetime (RR = 2.24; 95% CI, 0.94-5.34, Ptrend = 0.07) and intensity-weighted exposure-days (RR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.06-6.70, Ptrend = 0.04), a measure that takes into account factors that modify pesticide exposure. Although prostate cancer risk was unrelated to fonofos use overall, among applicators with a family history of prostate cancer, we observed a significant dose-response trend for lifetime exposure-days (Ptrend = 0.02, RR highest tertile vs. unexposed = 1.77, 95% CI, 1.03-3.05; RRinteraction = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.07-1.54). Intensity-weighted results were similar. No associations were observed with other examined cancer sites.Further study is warranted to confirm findings with respect to leukemia and determine whether genetic susceptibility modifies prostate cancer risk from pesticide exposure.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Functionally Phosphorylates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Ser633
Authors: Zhen Chen, I-Chen Peng, Wei Sun, Mei-I Su, Pang-Hung Hsu, Yi Fu, Yi Zhu, Kathryn DeFea, Songqin Pan, Ming-Daw Tsai, John Y-J. Shyy
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a central role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis by controlling NO bioavailability. The activity of eNOS in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) largely depends on posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation. Because the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in ECs can be increased by multiple cardiovascular events, we studied the phosphorylation of eNOS Ser633 by AMPK and examined its functional relevance in the mouse models. Shear stress, atorvastatin, and adiponectin all increased AMPK Thr172 and eNOS Ser633 phosphorylations, which were abolished if AMPK was pharmacologically inhibited or genetically ablated. The constitutively active form of AMPK or an AMPK agonist caused a sustained Ser633 phosphorylation. Expression of gain-/loss-of-function eNOS mutants revealed that Ser633 phosphorylation is important for NO production. The aorta of AMPKα2 −/− mice showed attenuated atorvastatin-induced eNOS phosphorylation. Nano–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) confirmed that eNOS Ser633 was able to compete with Ser1177 or acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase Ser79 for AMPKα phosphorylation. Nano-LC/MS/MS confirmed that eNOS purified from AICAR-treated ECs was phosphorylated at both Ser633 and Ser1177. Our results indicate that AMPK phosphorylation of eNOS Ser633 is a functional signaling event for NO bioavailability in ECs.
Elevated factor Xa activity in the blood of asymptomatic patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency.
Authors: K A Bauer, T L Goodman, B L Kass, R D Rosenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The presence of congenital antithrombin deficiency has been consistently shown to predispose patients to venous thrombosis. We have utilized the prothrombin fragment F1+2 radioimmunoassay to quantitate factor Xa activity in the blood of 22 asymptomatic individuals with this clinical disorder not receiving antithrombotic therapy. The mean level of F1+2 was significantly elevated in these patients as compared to normal controls (3.91 vs. 1.97 nM, P less than 0.001). The metabolic behavior of 131 I-F1+2 was found to be similar in antithrombin-deficient subjects and normal individuals. The hemostatic system hyperactivity as measured by the F1+2 assay could be specifically corrected by raising the plasma antithrombin levels of the above asymptomatic individuals into the normal range. This study provides the first demonstration that the prethrombotic state can be biochemically defined as an imbalance between the production and inhibition of factor Xa enzymatic activity within the human circulation. It is known that antithrombin and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (PI) are the major inhibitors of factor Xa in human plasma in the absence of heparin. To further evaluate the mechanism by which antithrombin functions as an inhibitor of factor Xa in humans, we studied five patients who exhibited severe congenital deficiencies of alpha 1-PI. Our results indicated that the plasma of these subjects showed virtually identical decreases in plasma antifactor Xa activity in the absence of heparin when compared to antithrombin-deficient individuals, but the plasma F1+2 levels in the alpha 1-PI deficient population were not significantly different than normal. This data suggests that alpha 1-PI does not function as a major inhibitor of factor Xa in vivo, and that a tonically active heparin-dependent mechanism exists in humans for accelerating the neutralization of this enzyme by antithrombin.
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone in hyponatraemia: not always "inappropriate".
Authors: S D Slater, G Canning
Journal: BMJ (1985)

We also doubt whether, after missing a pill at the start of a packet, the normal practice of taking wo pills would increase the risk of ovulation.This is because a good dose of progestogen as well as oestrogen is thereby given, and Yuzpe et al have shown that a similar regimen is a good postcoital contraceptive even during spontaneous cycles.)
A STUDY OF ACUTE LEPTOMENINGITIS (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES).
Authors: E. E. SOUTHARD
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The present report comprises a series of human brain infections with<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, together with the results of experimental inoculation of streptococci in the brains of guinea-pigs. The human cases have been studied histologically with particular reference to, first, the age of the exudations; secondly, certain prominent vascular lesions; thirdly, the neuroglia reaction. The guinea-pig tissues are of value mainly in the study of the exudation. The work has been carried on with methods like those employed in two previous studies, on infections with<i>Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus</i><sup>1</sup>and with pneumococcus.<sup>2</sup> We have little evidence to bring on the vexed question of the relationship of pneumococcus and streptococcus. The lesions reported here differ in no constant feature from those reported by Southard and Keene in 1905 for the pneumococcus.<sup>2</sup>The effects of the two organisms on tissues, so far as observable by the methods used, would place the
Thomas Frederick Stoyle
Authors: J. Dias, C. Kershaw, R. Raymakers, R. Power
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Thomas Frederick Stoyle (“Tom”) passed away peacefully on Sunday 24 January 2010, aged 83.

Tom came a long way in his career. He was born in Glasgow on 21 April 1926, the very same day as Her Majesty the Queen. His father was a regular soldier, from a long line of military men, and his mother was German. Before the second world war Tom spent his summer holidays in the Rhineland with his cousins. He was educated at the Cardinal Vaughan School in south London. At the age of 17, he volunteered for the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm, and at the same time won a place to read classics at Magdalen College in Oxford. He spent only six months at Magdalen College before he was called up and sent to Texas to learn how to fly. He subsequently used to tell how, when he was flying on submarine patrols, he was “off to bomb his Uncle Willi,” a U-boat commander!

He returned to England just before the war ended and a large part of the Fleet Air Arm, which had grown during the war to include 69 aircraft carriers, 3700 aircraft, 72 000 officers and men, and 56 air stations, was disbanded. After the war, Tom went on to study medicine in London at King’s College in the Strand, and at St George’s Hospital on Hyde Park Corner.

He moved to Sheffield as senior registrar and was always very proud to have served under Sir Frank Holdsworth, who suggested he apply for the consultant post in Leicester. He was also influenced in his paediatric work by John Sharrard. When Tom was appointed consultant in 1965, Leicester was very much the poor relation of the Sheffield region. With Joss Hill, who had been appointed director of orthopaedic surgery in Leicester, Tom …
Role of lime in the generation of reactive oxygen species from betel-quid ingredients.
Authors: U J Nair, G Obe, M Friesen, M T Goldberg, H Bartsch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

The role of lime in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., O2-., H2O2, and OH., from betel-quid components (extracts of areca nut and catechu) was investigated in vitro using a chemiluminescence technique and an assay for oxidative DNA damage involving analysis of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Of the various areca-nut extracts, the catechin fraction, at alkaline pH, was shown to be the most active producer of ROS. The free Ca(OH)2 content and pH of lime samples (a component of betel quid and chewing tobacco) were highly correlated with the generation of ROS from areca-nut extract in vitro and with oxidative base damage to DNA in vitro. While Fe2+ had an enhancing effect on ROS formation, Mg2+ had a marked inhibitory effect. The cytogenetic effects of ROS generated in vivo were measured in Syrian golden hamsters in which the cheek pouch had been painted with lime and an areca-nut extract or catechu, singly or in combination. The frequency of micronucleated cells was increased only in animals that had received both the areca-nut extract and lime. The frequency of micronucleated cells in exfoliated oral mucosal cells from Indian chewers of betel quid with tobacco containing lime or of tobacco with lime was significantly higher than in a control (no habit) group. These studies demonstrate that addition of lime to betel quid constituents generates ROS, which induce cytogenetic damage in hamster cheek pouch and may contribute to the cytogenetic damage observed in the oral cavity of betel-quid chewers. These results implicate ROS in clastogenesis and probably in the etiology of oral cancer.
Can supplement but not replace autopsy in medicolegal death investigation
Authors: C. J. O'Donnell, N. Woodford
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Watts’s article asks “could a routine radiological autopsy service ever be introduced in the UK?”1 Medicolegal death investigation is complex, and autopsy has a prominent but not exclusive role. At our forensic institution, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) is routine and forms part of …
Low-Level Lead Exposure and the Prevalence of Gout
Authors: Eswar Krishnan, Bharathi Lingala, Vivek Bhalla
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Background: Blood lead levels (BLLs) less than 1.21 µmol/L (<25 µg/dL) among adults are considered acceptable by current national standards. Lead toxicity can lead to gouty arthritis (gout), but whether the low lead exposure in the contemporary general population confers risk for gout is not known. Objective: To determine whether BLLs within the range currently considered acceptable are associated with gout. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2005 through 2008. Patients: 6153 civilians aged 40 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Measurements: Outcome variables were self-reported physician diagnosis of gout and serum urate level. Blood lead level was the principal exposure variable. Additional data collected were anthropometric measures, blood pressure, dietary purine intake, medication use, medical history, and serum creatinine concentration. Results: The prevalence of gout was 6.05% (95% CI, 4.49% to 7.62%) among patients in the highest BLL quartile (mean, 0.19 µmol/L [3.95 µg/dL]) compared with 1.76% (CI, 1.10% to 2.42%) among those in the lowest quartile (mean, 0.04 µmol/L [0.89 µg/dL]). Each doubling of BLL was associated with an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.74 (CI, 1.47 to 2.05) for gout and 1.25 (CI, 1.12 to 1.40) for hyperuricemia. After adjustment for renal function, diabetes, diuretic use, hypertension, race, body mass index, income, and education level, the highest BLL quartile was associated with a 3.6-fold higher risk for gout and a 1.9-fold higher risk for hyperuricemia compared with the lowest quartile. Limitation: Blood lead level does not necessarily reflect the total body lead burden. Conclusion: Blood lead levels in the range currently considered acceptable are associated with increased prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia. Primary Funding Source: None.
ABILITY OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS MEASURED POST-DISCHARGE AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TO PREDICT DEATH AND REHOSPITALIZATION AT ONE YEAR: INSIGHTS FROM THE TRIUMPHANT ACUTE MI REGISTRY
Authors: Michael C. Kontos, David E. Lanfear, Kensey Gosch, John Spertus
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Spirographic Studies in Glossopharyngeal Breathing
Authors: W. E. Lawes, J. R. Harries
Journal: BMJ (1957)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common, disabling and progressive neurological condition triggered by chronic compression of the cervical spinal cord by surrounding degenerative changes. Early diagnosis and specialist management are essential to reduce disability, yet time to diagnosis is typically prolonged. Lack of sufficient representation of DCM in undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula may contribute to the poor recognition of DCM by non-specialist doctors in clinical practice. In this study, our objective, therefore, is to assess DCM teaching provision in medical schools throughout the UK and to assess the impact of teaching on the DCM knowledge of UK medical students. <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> A 19-item questionnaire capturing data on medical student demographics, myelopathy teaching and myelopathy knowledge was designed. Ethical approval was granted by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee, University of Cambridge. An online survey was hosted on Myelopathy.org, an international myelopathy charity. Students studying at a UK medical school are eligible for inclusion. The survey is advertised nationally through university social media pages, university email bulletins and the national student network of Myelopathy.org. Advertisements are scheduled monthly over a 12-month recruitment period. Participation is incentivised by entering consenting participants of completed surveys to an Amazon voucher prize draw. Responses are anonymised using participant-chosen unique identifier codes. A participant information sheet followed by an explicit survey question captures participant informed consent. Regular updates on the progress of the study will be published on Myelopathy.org. <h3>Ethics and Dissemination</h3> Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee, University of Cambridge (PRE.2018.099). The findings of the study described in this protocol, and all other related work, will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at scientific conferences.
Epithelial and Stromal Cathepsin K and CXCL14 Expression in Breast Tumor Progression
Authors: Celina G. Kleer, Noga Bloushtain-Qimron, Yu-Hui Chen, Daniel Carrasco, Min Hu, Jun Yao, Stine-Kathrein Kraeft, Laura C. Collins, Michael S. Sabel, Pedram Argani, Rebecca Gelman, Stuart J. Schnitt, Ian E. Krop, Kornelia Polyak
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the expression of cathepsin K (CTSK) and CXCL14 in stromal and epithelial cells in human breast tumor progression. Experimental Design: We did immunohistochemical analyses of CTSK and CXCL14 expression in normal breast tissue, biopsy sites, benign lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive breast tumors of different stages. Expression patterns were related to histopathologic characteristics of the tumors and clinical outcome. The effect of CTSK+ breast stromal fibroblasts on CTSK- breast cancer cells was assessed in coculture. Results: Epithelial expression of CTSK was rarely detected in any of the tissue samples analyzed, whereas CXCL14-positive epithelial cells were found in all tissue types. The expression of CXCL14 was not associated with any tumor or patient characteristics analyzed. Stromal CTSK expression was significantly higher in invasive compared with in situ carcinomas, and in one of the two data sets analyzed, it correlated with higher tumor stage. Among all samples examined, the highest stromal CTSK levels were detected in biopsy sites. Neither epithelial nor stromal expression of CTSK was significantly associated with recurrence-free or overall survival. Coculture of CTSK+ fibroblasts enhanced the invasion of CTSK- breast tumor epithelial cells and this was blocked by CTSK inhibitors. Conclusions: CTSK may function as a paracrine factor in breast tumorigenesis. CTSK+ fibroblasts may play a role in tumor progression by promoting the invasiveness of tumor epithelial cells. The possibility that CTSK inhibitors may have a clinical role in decreasing the risk of tumor progression merits further investigation.
Points from Letters: Contraceptive Advice
Authors: L. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1970)

a very obvious reference number so that further information could be obtained from the records library, if required.This would save a great deal, not only of time, but of tattered and bulging records envelopes, which become like a maze when some ear- lier information is required.I make these suggestions having seen this problem from two points of view, and because, from my experience,
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Clinical course and response to therapy in eight patients
Authors: Terry L. Evans, Alan Winkelstein, Zella R. Zeigler, Richard K. Shadduck, Kenneth F. Mangan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1984)

Abstract The clinical manifestations, pathologic findings, and responses to therapy were reviewed in eight patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP). Only one exhibited all five cardinal manifestations; five showed a triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neurologic abnormalities. Microangiopathic red cell changes on peripheral blood smear and severe thrombocytopenia were present in all. The serum LDH levels were initially elevated in all eight; this enzyme determination was extremely useful for following the course of the disease and its response to therapy. Pathologic evidence of TTP was most consistently found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow biopsies. All patients were treated with a combination of therapeutic modalities including plasma exchange with replacement by fresh frozen plasma. Using this approach, 7/8 entered a complete remission; however, disappearance of all clinical manifestations was not seen in two patients prior to splenectomy.