tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human B cell precursors proliferate and express CD23 after CD40 ligation.
Authors: S Saeland, V Duvert, I Moreau, J Banchereau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

The CD40 surface membrane molecule plays an important role in the activation of mature human B cells, but its role in earlier stages of B lineage development is unknown. Here, we have investigated the effects of triggering the CD40 antigen on B cell precursors (BCP) by crosslinking with anti-CD40 antibody presented by Fc gamma-receptor type II-transfected murine Ltk- cells (CD40 system). CD10+ surface immunoglobulin negative (sIg-) BCP, freshly isolated from fetal bone marrow or precultured on stromal cells, proliferated in the CD40 system. This effect required the presence of IL-3, which acted as a specific cosignal among a panel of cytokines examined. The association of IL-10 and IL-7 potentiated the observed IL-3 and CD40-dependent BCP proliferation, demonstrating that IL-10 can act on early B lineage cells. CD40-dependent activation of fetal BCP did not favor maturation to sIg+ B cells, but resulted in the induction of high levels of surface membrane CD23. The emerging CD23+ BCP lacked sIg and CD10, and represented an important proportion of the cycling cells in the CD40-dependent cultures. Taken together, our data demonstrate that stimulation of the CD40 antigen induces expression of the CD23 gene, and regulates cell proliferation during normal human B cell ontogeny.
TCT-771 Long-term results of a comparison of three patent foramen ovale closure devices in a randomized trial (Amplatzer versus CardioSEAL-STARflex versus Helex occluder)
Authors: Marius Hornung, Jennifer Franke, Stefan Bertog, Margaret Taaffe, Laura Vaskelyte, Undine Pittl, Ilona Hofmann, Horst Sievert
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Who should be doing what in international health: a confusion of mandates in the United Nations?
Authors: K. Lee, S. Collinson, G. Walt, L. Gilson
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Since 1945 at least five United Nations organisations have become substantially involved in international health activities. This has led to considerable confusion among policy makers, scholars, and UN staff over distinct and appropriate mandates. Interviews with staff an a historical analysis have shown that while formal mandates have been complementary, effective mandates have led to an unclear delineation of activities. The process of translating formal into effective mandates have been influenced by the decentralised nature of the UN, lack of a master plan for its activities, the considerable growth in the policy agenda and the shift towards a multisectoral approach to health. The identification of each organisation's comparative advantage, at both the global and country levels, is one way of understanding what each organisation does best and perhaps should be doing. There is a need for improved mechanisms to define effective mandates, taking into account comparative advantages, if the mandates of UN organisations are appropriate to meet future challenges in international health.
Using thresholds based on risk of cardiovascular disease to target treatment for hypertension: modelling events averted and number treated
Authors: S Baker, P Priest, R Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To estimate the impact of using thresholds based on absolute risk of cardiovascular disease to target drug treatment to lower blood pressure in the community. <b>Design:</b> Modelling of three thresholds of treatment for hypertension based on the absolute risk of cardiovascular disease. 5 year risk of disease was estimated for each participant using an equation to predict risk. Net predicted impact of the thresholds on the number of people treated and the number of disease events averted over 5 years was calculated assuming a relative treatment benefit of one quarter. <b>Setting:</b> Auckland, New Zealand. <b>Participants:</b> 2158 men and women aged 35–79 years randomly sampled from the general electoral rolls. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Predicted 5 year risk of cardiovascular disease event, estimated number of people for whom treatment would be recommended, and disease events averted over 5 years at different treatment thresholds. <b>Results:</b> 46 374 (12%) Auckland residents aged 35–79 receive drug treatment to lower their blood pressure, averting an estimated 1689 disease events over 5 years. Restricting treatment to individuals with blood pressure ≥170/100 mm Hg and those with blood pressure between 150/90-169/99 mm Hg who have a predicted 5 year risk of disease≥10% would increase the net number for whom treatment would be recommended by 19 401. This 42% relative increase is predicted to avert 1139/1689 (68%)additional disease events overall over 5 years compared with current treatment. If the threshold for 5 year risk of disease is set at 15% the number recommended for treatment increases by &lt;10% but about 620/1689 (37%) additional events can be averted. A 20% threshold decreases the net number of patients recommended for treatment by about 10% but averts 204/1689 (12%) more disease events than current treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> Implementing treatment guidelines that use treatment thresholds based on absolute risk could significantly improve the efficiency of drug treatment to lower blood pressure in primary care.
PAPNET-Assisted Rescreening of Cervical Smears
Authors: Timothy J. O'Leary, Miguel Tellado, Sally-Beth Buckner, Izzat S. Ali, Angelica Stevens, Curtis W. Ollayos
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.-The Food and Drug Administration has recently approved several devices that use computerized image analysis to rescreen Papanicolaou (Pap) smears that have already been examined by cytotechnologists.Physicians and laboratories must decide whether the utility of these devices justifies the cost.Objective.-Todetermine the effectiveness and cost of PAPNET-assisted rescreening in identifying cervical abnormalities not identified by manual rescreening.Design.-PAPNET-assisted rescreening of 5478 Pap smears obtained in 1994 and 1995 previously identified as "within normal limits" or "benign changes" on both initial and random screening.Patients.-Femaleservice members and dependents aged 12 to 88 years.Setting.-AirForce clinics in the United States and Japan.Intervention.-Rescreening of Pap smears by PAPNET, followed by reevaluation of abnormal smears by the consensus panel, consisting of 3 cytotechnologists and 3 pathologists.Main Outcome Measures.-Proportion of Pap smears initially screened as normal identified as abnormal by both PAPNET and consensus panel; costs of rescreening.Results.-PAPNET screening identified 1614 (29%) slides requiring additional microscopic review.On further review, 448 (8% of total) had possibly abnormal cells.Ultimately, 11 of these cases were reviewed by the consensus panel for potentially atypical cells.Of these 11 cases, 5 were reclassified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 1 as atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS).No additional squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL) was identified in these smears; the patient with a diagnosis of AGUS on rescreening was diagnosed as having a low-grade SIL (LSIL) on follow-up.Costs were $5825 to $33 781 for each additional ASCUS or AGUS diagnosis.A cost of $17 475 to $101 343 is expected for each case of LSIL identified by PAPNETassisted rescreening and not by traditional manual rescreening.Conclusions.-PAPNET-assistedrescreening identified a few more cases of ASCUS than did manual rescreening, but at a relatively high cost.The costs of rescreening should be carefully compared with the expected efficacy in reducing cervical cancer mortality.
Effect of Antibiotic Therapy on the Density of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Stool of Colonized Patients
Authors: Curtis J. Donskey, Tanvir K. Chowdhry, Michelle T. Hecker, Claudia K. Hoyen, Jennifer A. Hanrahan, Andrea M. Hujer, Rebecca A. Hutton-Thomas, Christopher C. Whalen, Robert A. Bonomo, Louis B. Rice
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Colonization and infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been associated with exposure to antibiotics that are active against anaerobes. In mice that have intestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, these agents promote high-density colonization, whereas antibiotics with minimal antianaerobic activity do not.
The Language of Case Histories
Authors: Leonard H. Sigal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 May 1998The Language of Case HistoriesLeonard H. Sigal, MDLeonard H. Sigal, MDUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick, NJ 08903Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-10-199805150-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In “The Language of Medical Case Histories,” Dr. Donnelly advances the correct premise that the very descriptives we use determine the interpretation and valuation we apply to that which is being described [1].The term “denies” does put a burden of proof on the patient. “Subjective” is sterile and does imply a certain “second-class” quality in comparison to the unassailable “objective” of the physician's input. HOAP may be viewed as a somewhat more useful (dare I say hopeful) formulation. As a believer in taking parallel “illness behavior” and “biomedical model” approaches to the understanding and management of ...References1. Donnelly WJ. The language of medical case histories. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127:1045-8. Google Scholar2. Barbour A. Caring for Patients: A Critique of the Medical Model. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ Pr; 1995. Google Scholar3. Sigal LH. Illness behavior and the biomedical model. Bull Rheum Dis. 1997; 46:1-4. Google Scholar4. Engel G. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196:129-36. Google Scholar5. Weed LL. Medical Records, Medical Education, and Patient Care: The Problem-Oriented Medical Record as a Basic Tool. Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western University; 1969. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick, NJ 08903 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 May 1998Volume 128, Issue 10Page: 877KeywordsAdvanced directivesBehaviorDecision makingHearingMemoryPerceptionResearch laboratoriesSocial status Issue Published: 15 May 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Essential fatty acid deficiency depletes rat glomeruli of resident macrophages and inhibits angiotensin II-induced eicosanoid synthesis.
Authors: J B Lefkowith, G Schreiner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency exerts a beneficial effect on immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, preventing both the tissue injury and consequent mortality. Because both macrophages and eicosanoids are thought to play pathogenic roles in glomerulonephritis, and because macrophages play an important role in modulating arachidonate metabolism at sites of renal injury, the effects of EFA deficiency on the population of resident glomerular macrophages and on glomerular eicosanoid generation were examined. EFA deficiency led to a striking reduction in the number of resident glomerular macrophages and a corresponding reduction in the number of resident glomerular Ia+ cells. This phenomenon was not strain-specific, was not due to a decrease in circulating monocytes, was not a function of changes in cell surface labeling characteristics, and was not restricted to a specific subset of glomeruli. In addition, EFA deficiency affected other areas of the renal cortex: a comparable depletion of interstitial macrophages and Ia+ cells was also observed. In conjunction with the decrease in glomerular macrophages seen with the deficiency state, a marked decrease in both basal and angiotensin II-stimulated glomerular eicosanoid production was noted. In contrast to angiotensin II, platelet-activating factor-induced eicosanoid production was not significantly affected by the deficiency state. These changes in glomerular eicosanoid production could not be attributed to changes in glomerular cyclooxygenase or reacylation capacity. Dietary (n-6) fatty acid supplementation, but not (n-3) fatty acid supplementation, reversed both the decrease in glomerular macrophages and the diminished eicosanoid metabolism seen with the deficiency state. Understanding the mechanisms behind the changes in the glomerular microenvironment induced by EFA deficiency may provide a basis for elucidating the protective effect of dietary fatty acid manipulation on immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.
The Influence of Salicylates on Aspects of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism.
Authors: Sheldon G. Gilgore
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 February 1964The Influence of Salicylates on Aspects of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism.Sheldon G. Gilgore, M.D., Joseph J. Rupp, M.D. (Associate), Lawrence W. Drew, M.D.Sheldon G. Gilgore, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Joseph J. Rupp, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, Lawrence W. Drew, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-2-333_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptSalicylates, like insulin and tolbutamide, effectively lower the elevated blood sugar levels of diabetics, but unlike insulin they do not significantly alter the blood glucose levels of normal subjects. In view of this important difference in mode of action it was decided to study not only changes in blood glucose but variations in the plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) after an intravenous infusion of sodium salicylate with the knowledge that insulin and the sulfonyl urea drugs produce a lowering of NEFA that parallels the lowering of the blood glucose. Five grams of sodium salicylate were infused intravenously into groups of... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Sheldon G. Gilgore, M.D.; Joseph J. Rupp, M.D. (Associate); Lawrence W. Drew, M.D.Affiliations: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1964Volume 60, Issue 2_Part_1Page: 333-333KeywordsBlood plasmaCarbohydratesDrugsFatty acidsGlucoseInsulinLipid metabolismSalicylatesSodiumUrea ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Sodium in peritoneal dialysis solutions.
Authors: P G Bisson, K M Bailey
Journal: BMJ (1979)

economic advantage has been shown in our study, the greatest benefit must be of more time for the patient who requires this, whether for further investigation or treatment.The conventional arrangements for follow-up of patients from hospital may be inappropriate for the asymptomatic patient who does not require clinical measurement or hospital investigative facilities.The success of this investigation suggests that a system of reply-paid cards can provide an efficient and realistic method of review.If applied selectively this system could have enormous potential advantage for patients, staff, and the National Health Service.We thank Mr J W Fowler for permission to include his patients in the survey; the nursing staff of our day bed unit and diagnostic theatre for their help;
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
Authors: B H Stack
Journal: BMJ (1970)

against re-exposure to the same virus in later years.Approximately every decade a major antigenic variant of influenza A virus appears which can infect those immunized by experience of the previous subtype; these individuals have also been sensitized by their previous exposure to the many antigens shared by the new variant with its pre- decessors of the same type.Thus an allergic element in the response to infection of the older cohort may be respon- sible for the typically febrile "influenzal" illness and for the fulminating haemorrhagic pneumonias and encephalitis found particu- larly in later childhood and early adult years.Most older adults may have acqiiired sufficient protective immunity from a series of infections with sequential new influenza A subtypes to inhibit the more damaging cross-sensitization effects of infection with the latest subtype.-Iam, etc.,
MECHANISMS OF PARAKERATOSIS
Authors: E. CHRISTOPHERS, O. BRAUN-FALCO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

Journal Article MECHANISMS OF PARAKERATOSIS Get access E. CHRISTOPHERS, E. CHRISTOPHERS Department of Dermatology, The University of Munich (Director: Prefessor Dr O. Braun‐Falco) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar O. BRAUN‐FALCO O. BRAUN‐FALCO Department of Dermatology, The University of Munich (Director: Prefessor Dr O. Braun‐Falco) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 82, Issue 3, 1 March 1970, Pages 268–275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb12436.x Published: 01 March 1970 Article history Accepted: 31 July 1969 Published: 01 March 1970
Acne vulgaris and malignancy
Authors: R.A. SHEEHAN-DARE, W.J. CUNLIFFE, A.V. SIMMONS, J.A. CHILD, PATRICIA A. McKINNEY, R.A. CARTWRIGHT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Seventy patients with lymphomas and leukaemias were interviewed. Details of past acne vulgaris were recorded and a clinical examination performed. A history of acne was less common in the patients than in matched controls. In addition, fewer patients had received treatment prescribed by a medical practitioner for their acne than had the controls. Examination revealed fewer patients with acne. These results suggest a reduced incidence of acne or its more severe forms in patients who have developed lymphomas and leukemias, and provide some support for the hypothesis that increased exposure or response to P. acnes, as appears to occur with acne, could confer protection against malignant disease.
Molecular weight of gastric mucus glycoprotein is a determinant of the degree of subsequent aspirin induced chronic gastric ulceration in the rat.
Authors: P F Bagshaw, D J Munster, J G Wilson
Journal: Gut (1987)

Mucus was sampled from the gastric mucosal surface of anaesthetised rats. Three weeks later these rats were orally dosed each day with aspirin (375 mg/kg) for six months. Then the number and size of the aspirin induced chronic gastric ulcers were assessed. Gel filtration chromatography of the mucus samples showed that mucus glycoprotein was present in both high and low molecular weight forms. There was a natural variation between individual rats in the percentage of glycoprotein in the high molecular weight form (mean = 58.9%; SD = 9.6%; n = 23). This variation correlated strongly with the degree of subsequent aspirin induced chronic gastric ulceration (r = -0.85, p less than 0.001). This is the first time that a pre-existent variability in a mucosal defence factor has been shown to predict susceptibility of the stomach to chronic ulceration.
Fasting and Postchallenge Glycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: James B. Meigs, David M. Nathan, Ralph B. D’Agostino, Peter W.F. Wilson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—To test the hypothesis that fasting hyperglycemia (FHG) and 2-h postchallenge glycemia (2hPG) independently increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—During 1991–1995, we examined 3,370 subjects from the Framingham Offspring Study who were free from clinical CVD (coronary heart disease, stroke, or intermittent claudication) or medication-treated diabetes, and we followed them for 4 years for incident CVD events. We used proportional-hazards regression to assess the risk associated with FHG (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l) and 2hPG, independent of the risk predicted by standard CVD risk factors. RESULTS—Mean subject age was 54 years, 54% were women, and previously undiagnosed diabetes was present in 3.2% by FHG and 4.9% (164) by FHG or a 2hPG ≥11.1 mmol/l. Of these 164 subjects, 55 (33.5%) had 2hPG ≥11.1 without FHG, but these 55 subjects represented only 1.7% of the 3,261 subjects without FHG. During 12,242 person-years of follow-up, there were 118 CVD events. In separate sex- and CVD risk-adjusted models, relative risk (RR) for CVD with fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l was 2.8 (95% CI 1.6–5.0); RR for CVD per 2.1 mmol/l increase in 2hPG was 1.2 (1.1–1.3). When modeled together, the RR for FHG decreased to 1.5 (0.7–3.6), whereas the RR for 2hPG remained significant (1.1, 1.02–1.3). The c-statistic for a model including CVD risk factors alone was 0.744; with addition of FHG, it was 0.746, and with FHG and 2hPG, it was 0.752. CONCLUSIONS—Postchallenge hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for CVD, but the marginal predictive value of 2hPG beyond knowledge of standard CVD risk factors is small.
Increased serum levels of the specific AGE-compound methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: B.K. Kilhovd, I. Giardino, P.A. Torjesen, K.I. Birkeland, T.J. Berg, P.J Thornalley, M. Brownlee, K.F. Hanssen
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension.
Authors: A. N. Brest
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1961)

s1 May 1961Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension.A. N. Brest, M.D., J. H. Moyer III, M.D., F.A.C.P.A. N. Brest, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, J. H. Moyer III, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-54-5-1032_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe use of enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension is currently being investigated. Several monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, including iproniazid and 1-phenyl-2-hydrazine propane, have demonstrated significant antihypertensive abilities. In addition, the hypotensive action of these compounds is further enhanced by the therapeutic addition of the thiazide derivatives. The MAO inhibitor nialamide was used alone and in combination with thiazide derivatives in 40 patients with significant antihypertensive results, and serious toxic or side reactions were not encountered. The mechanism of hypotensive action of the MAO inhibitors appears related, at least in part, to ganglionic blockade. More recently, decarboxylase inhibitors have... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pa. (CS) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1961Volume 54, Issue 5Page: 1032-1032KeywordsEnzyme inhibitorsHypertension ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1961 PDF downloadLoading ...
Non-bronchoscopic protected bronchoal veolar lavage (NB-pBAL) for rapid diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome (FES) in trauma patients
Authors: M. Valente, G. Mancinelli, C. Münch, D. Corsi, G. Sambo, P. Pietropaoli, R. Alfieri, R. Sabatini, A. Vecchi
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1996)