tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cynicism Among Medical Students
Authors: Donald Oken
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Kopelman's<sup>1</sup>article on cynicism in medical students was thoughtful and thought provoking. But it contains a significant internal contradiction. She makes the point that research on medical students' attitudes reveals a cynicism about medical values that grows progressively within—and from—the medical school experience. In explicating the causes of this, she focuses on the students' reactions to the attitude research itself, and she exposes the grave flaws in that body of work. Among these, she points correctly to the weaknesses in the instruments used to measure purported cynicism, indicating that there is unsatisfactory evidence of their responsibility and validity. Even by the most direct test of simple face validity, their inadequacies are patent. But if this is so, as I heartily agree, what basis do we have in the first place for saying that medical students do become cynical? Before we look too hard at what we
Specificity studies on cytolytic T lymphocytes directed against murine leukemia virus-induced tumors. Analysis of monoclonal cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Authors: F Plata
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

The specificities of cloned cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were studied for the analysis of CTL populations generated against murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) in H-2 congenic BALB/c (H-2d) and BALB.B (H-2b) mice. In particular, CTL generated in response to tumors induced by Gross MuLV and Friend MuLV were studied; these tumors expressed virus-induced antigens that do not cross-react and that can be distinguished from each other. The systematic study of 92 CTL clones clearly indicated that MuLV-immune CTL were highly heterogeneous with respect to both the intensities of target cell lysis that they mediated and to their specificity of recognition of MuLV-induced tumor target cells. Various categories of CTL clones were identified, ranging from CTL clones tht were tightly H-2 restricted and specific for the immunizing tumor to CTL clones that displayed no discernible patterns of specificity and that attacked a large number of different target cells. In addition, the surface markers of these cloned CTL were defined, and the best conditions for their prolonged maintenance in culture were determined. The present data indicate that future efforts in the definition of target antigens recognized by tumor-specific CTL should be performed with monoclonal lymphocytes.
AN UNUSUAL REMISSION IN POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Authors: Ernest H. Falconer
Journal: JAMA (1933)

In 1918, Dr. S. H. Hurwitz and I<sup>1</sup>reported a case of polycythemia vera in which the patient remained well more than a year following treatment. After five years, the patient still remaining apparently normal, we began to regard her as a clinical cure. In 1923, over six years having elapsed since termination of treatment, she was thoroughly studied with the idea of reporting her case as a clinical cure. She had remained symptom free, with a normal blood level, from late 1916 to 1923. June 16, 1923, the blood count was: hemoglobin, 100 per cent (Newcomer); red blood cells, 5.36 million; white blood cells, 7,400; neutrophils, 74 per cent; eosinophils, 1 per cent; lymphocytes, 20 per cent; monocytes, 5 per cent. About this date a bone marrow biopsy was performed and fatty marrow was found at the site of puncture, the junction of the middle and lower thirds
Molecular mechanisms of non-apoptosis by Fas stimulation alone versus apoptosis with an additional actinomycin D in cultured cardiomyocytes
Authors: T Aoyama
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Objective: In cultured cardiomyocytes, apoptosis is induced not by Fas stimulation, a popular inducer of apoptosis, but by an additional treatment with actinomycin D (AD), a transcription inhibitor, although the mechanism is unknown. Our hypothesis is that Fas stimulation not only activates pro-apoptotic signals but also may inhibit some of them, and this inhibition is blocked by AD. Methods: Cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were treated with agonistic anti-Fas antibody (FA), AD, or both (FA+AD). In this system, apoptotic signals related to Fas-induced apoptotic pathways were examined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. In addition, antisense oligonucleotide (AS) studies were carried out. Results: The treatment with FA+AD induced up-regulation of Fas, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which is one of the key molecules of the alternate pathway of Fas-induced apoptosis, up-regulation of Bax, up-regulation and activation of caspase-3, activation of caspase-3-dependent DNase (CAD), and final DNA fragmentation and apoptotic morphologies in cardiomyocytes. FA alone or AD alone did not affect any part of the above pathway. However, mRNA of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), an inactivator of JNK, was up-regulated by FA alone, but not by FA+AD or AD alone. Pretreatment with AS against MKP-1 induced apoptosis in FA alone-treated cardiomyocytes, whereas AS against JNK1 prevented apoptosis induced by FA+AD. On the other hand, FA+AD did not result in the activation of either caspase-8, one of the key molecules of the classic pathway in Fas-induced apoptosis, p38 MAPK, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Conclusions: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis by FA+AD depends on the alternate pathway through the JNK, Bax and caspase-3, and CAD-dependent pathways including a positive feedback mechanism of Fas up-regulation. The molecular mechanism that prevents Fas stimulation alone from inducing apoptosis involves up-regulation of MKP-1, an inhibitor of JNK; this up-regulation is inhibited by AD.
Cefaclor and Serum Sickness-Like Reaction-Reply
Authors: Douglas K. Kelsey
Journal: JAMA (1996)

In Reply.  —Originally, the serum sickness reaction was described following the administration of horse antiserum. Recently, the serum sickness reaction has been associated with the administration of penicillin, hydralazine, sulfonamides, or thiazide diuretics. This clinical entity results from the formation and deposition of detectable antigen-antibody complexes in blood vessels. Subsequent activation of the immune system and release of vasoactive amines results in clinical disease from 1 to 3 weeks, but usually 7 to 10 days after exposure to the antigen. An urticarial or maculopapular skin rash is the most common sign, occurring 90% of the time.  Arthralgias occur in 50% of the cases. Fever, lymphadenopathy, and proteinuria are less frequent. The clinical course is usually benign and resolves quickly after withdrawal of the offending antigen. Epinephrine, antihistamines, and/or steroids may be helpful in more severe cases. 1   From the late 1970s through 1991, Eli Lilly and Co collected and investigated spontaneous reports
Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Reactivity of maternal sera with glycoprotein 120 and 41 peptides from HIV type 1.
Authors: K E Ugen, J J Goedert, J Boyer, Y Refaeli, I Frank, W V Williams, A Willoughby, S Landesman, H Mendez, A Rubinstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The observation that approximately 70% of HIV-infected pregnant women do not transmit infection vertically suggests that antibody therapy may be effective in the prevention of transmission of HIV infection from mother to child. Currently, there is an incomplete understanding of the processes involved in vertical transmission of HIV infection. The elucidation of the serological basis of maternal immunity as it relates to protection from vertical transmission is the goal of this study. We have screened 20 maternal sera from HIV+ individuals of known vertical transmission status for reactivity with 31 peptides spanning the entire envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1. Of interest was reactivity to regions outside of the V3 loop of gp120. The findings have been examined in relationship to transmission status, as well as to in vitro anti-HIV-1 biological activity. Our results indicate that lack of vertical transmission is correlated with high viral neutralization activity, but not with antisyncytial activity nor with binding to the V3 peptides examined in this study. Also, the transmission group bound to fewer gp41 peptides when compared with the nontransmission group, suggesting that immune responses to gp41 may be important in preventing transmission. These findings may provide insights into the design of passive immunotherapies.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC SUBSTANCE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
Authors: Hans Zinsser, Takeo Tamiya
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

Putting together the results of such experiments as those outlined above, we can set down the following definite facts. 1. The substance of the bacterial cell can be roughly divided into two antigenic entities. One of these is the so called "nucleoprotein" substance, the other the residue substance or soluble material of Dochez and Avery and Avery and Heidelberger, both of which have been repeatedly characterized in preceding papers. 2. Immunization with the nucleoprotein, if such nucleoprotein is rendered free of bacterial bodies or fragments of bacterial bodies by Berkefeld filtration, incites the production only of antinucleoprotein antibodies which, with slight group overlapping, are species-specific but, as determined by the previous studies of Avery and, subsequently, those of Lancefield, are not type-specific to the same degree as the residue antibodies. 3. Immunization with dissolved residue alone leads to no antibody formation whatever. This residue, as indicated in several of our own previous studies, represents the haptophore group upon which specificity depends and which, in the simple process of solution, is disrupted from another substance together with which it represented a complete antigen in the antibody-forming sense. 4. The formation of specific antiresidue antibodies is apparently dependent upon the injection of morphologically formed elements, at least as far as experiment can determine at the present time; for, as in the pneumococcus experiments, the most available process of solution and the injection of all the materials so obtained from the whole bacteria fails to yield antiresidue antibodies, as though in the mere process of dissolving the residue haptophore group were dissociated from its association with the larger molecule to which, in the whole bacteria, it lends specificity. 5. While antiresidue antibodies are only formed when such undisrupted bacterial cell substances are present in the immunizing substance, immunization with whole bacteria, even when attempts are made to preserve them from solution by formalin, leads to the formation of both antiresidue and antinucleoprotein antibodies, probably because a certain amount of solution inevitably takes place after injection within the animal body.
Exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide.
Authors: M Rosen, M D Vickers
Journal: BMJ (1986)

<h3>Introduction</h3> In patients with tendinopathy/fasciopathy, increase in vascularisation is observed in some but not all patients. However, decrease in vascularity has been observed in those successfully treated patients. A question therefore arises as whether the changes in vascularity would be difference in patients with and without vascularisation. The objective of the present study was to delineate the temporal changes in vascularisation in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis after a course of extracorporeal shock wave therapy. <h3>Methods</h3> Thirteen eight patients with chronic plantar fasciitis (age: 47.0 ± 7.4years, BMI: 25.8 ± 3.8, duration of symptom : 3 to 36 months) participated in this study. Doppler signals were obtained in Power Doppler mode using an Esaote MyLab 70 X-view ultrasound unit with a 4–13 MHz linear transducer (Esaote, Genova, Italy) at the proximal portion of the plantar fascia at 5 time points. These include pre-, post-, 3-months, 6 months and 1 year after 6-session of extracorporeal shock wave therapy, at the treated and untreated heels. Vascularity index (VI) was computed off-line using a self-written software progam (Matlab, version 7.3.0.267R2006b). Range of interest (ROI) was drawn manually along the boundary of the proximal plantar fascia within a colour box of 1.5 * 1 cm in each image. VI was calculated as the ratio of the number of colour pixels to the total number of pixels within the ROI. Patients were categorised into vascularized and non-vascularized groups based on pre-intervention vascularisation. <h3>Results</h3> In patients with chronic plantar fasciitis, the painful heel had higher VI (2.6%) than the non-painful heel (1.5%; p = 0.000). 15 (39.5%) patents were classified as vascularized group (with VI &gt;2.6%). VI slight increase than decrease after a course of ESWT and reached a significant level at 6-month post intervention. However, in the non-vascularized patients, significant increase in VI was observed immediately after ESWT but returned to the pre-intervention level at 3-months post intervention. In the vascularized patients, reduction of VI was observed after ESWT and the reduction reached a significant level at 6-month and maintained at 1 year post intervention (Figure 1). <h3>Discussion</h3> Changes in vascularisation were observed in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis after 6-session of ESWT at the treated but not the untreated heel. The changes in vascularisation depend on the pre-intervention vascularity. An initial increase in vascularisation was observed in the non-vascularized group but a continued decline in vascularisation was noted in the vascularized group. At 1-year post intervention, the vascularisation is similar to the non-painful heel.
Enhanced cytotoxicity of an anti-transferrin receptor IgG3-avidin fusion protein in combination with gambogic acid against human malignant hematopoietic cells: functional relevance of iron, the receptor, and reactive oxygen species
Authors: E Ortiz-Sánchez, T R Daniels, G Helguera, O Martinez-Maza, B Bonavida,, M L Penichet
Journal: Leukemia (2008)
Rupture of Diseased Large Arteries in the Course of Enterobacterial (Salmonella) Infections
Authors: Frederick G. Zak, Lotte Strauss, Ivan Saphra
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

IT is the purpose of this report to call attention to the syndrome of rupture of previously diseased large arteries in the presence of bacterial infection caused by members of the gram-negative enterobacteriaceae, among which the salmonellae are the most common offenders, and in the absence of bacterial endocarditis. The steady increase of atherosclerosis and salmonellosis,¶ as well as the recent advances in vascular surgery, is likely to bring more cases of this nature to light. The following cases are arranged in a chronologic order.Case ReportsCase 1. F.R., a 71-year-old man, was admitted to the Beth Israel Hospital . . .
Intrauterine growth restriction may not suppress bone formation at term, as indicated by circulating concentrations of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and Dickkopf-1
Authors: Despina D. Briana, Dimitrios Gourgiotis, Anestis Georgiadis, Maria Boutsikou, Stavroula Baka, Antonios Marmarinos, Dimitrios Hassiakos, Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
Journal: Metabolism (2011)
Care of hepatitis C virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Modifications in three consecutive large surveys between 2004 and 2009
Authors: Patrice Cacoub, Philippe Halfon, Eric Rosenthal, François Bailly, Firouze Bani Sadr, Yves Benhamou, Stéphane Chevaliez, Jean Michel Pawlotsky, Lionel Piroth, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Stanislas Pol
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D in coalworkers and surface workers in winter.
Authors: S Shuster, L Chadwick, A S Afacan, M D Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1982)

and may be detected in the circulation many weeks after infusion.3This long intravascular life is certainly undesirable and particularly so when the agent is used in healthy volunteer donors.The prolonged circulation of hetastarch may well have contributed to the extraordinary persistence of the pruritus in our cases.We believe that less persistent agents should be used: dextran 70 would be suitable but might increase the risk of anaphylaxis or, alternatively, hetastarch might be modified to increase the speed at which it is degraded.4Pruritus appears to occur only in those donors who have received more than one litre of hetastarch within a short time.We would suggest that, if a donor is to give granulocytes on more than one day in any week, a formula devised to reduce the exposure to hetastarch should be used.Mischler5 recommended a regimen of 500 ml on day one, 300 ml on day two, and 200 ml on day three, or a dose based on the donor's erythrocyte sedimentation rate after previous administration of hetastarch.It is important to highlight this problem so that volunteer donors may be made aware of possible consequences of donating granulocytes.We noted that the donors were reluctant to attribute the itching to the procedure, even when they were doctors.We expect that many similar cases will be found once this problem is made known.The Committee on Safety of Medicines and the distributor have had no other reports of this side effect of hydroxyethyl starch.
Dysplastic basophils in the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Barbara J. Bain, Marc Heller
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

Dysplastic basophils can occur in the myelodysplastic syndromes but they are not diagnostically very useful as they are usually infrequent and the tendency of normal basophils to degranulate can make them difficult to recognize. They are much more readily recognized in the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The images shown are from the blood film of a 64-year-old woman with a 33-year history of Ph-positive CML. At the time of the film, she was about to commence bosutinib following relapse after a third autologous stem cell transplant. Splenectomy had been performed the year after presentation and during the course of her long illness she had also received busulfan, hydroxycarbamide, imatinib, and nilotinib. Her white cell count was 80.3 × 109/l and 87% of cells were basophils. She had become anemic and thrombocytopenic (hemoglobin 107 g/l and platelet count 17 × 109/l, respectively). The left hand image shows a dysplastic basophil (left) in comparison with a cytologically normal neutrophil (right). The cell in the center is a basophil precursor in which typical large basophilic granules can be recognized. The right hand image shows two dysplastic basophils. The dysplastic features, which were shown in the majority of basophils in this patient, included cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear hypersegmentation and granules that were sparse, abnormally small and had abnormal staining characteristics (often pink rather than purple on a Romanowsky stain). At presentation of CML, the basophils are usually cytologically normal. The appearance of increased numbers of basophils and dysplastic basophils are common features of accelerated phase disease.
Lymph Node Density Affects Cancer-Specific Survival in Patients with Lymph Node–Positive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Following Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Matthias May, Edwin Herrmann, Christian Bolenz, Arne Tiemann, Sabine Brookman-May, Hans-Martin Fritsche, Maximilian Burger, Alexander Buchner, Christian Gratzke, Christian Wülfing, Lutz Trojan, Jörg Ellinger, Derya Tilki, Christian Gilfrich, Thomas Höfner, Jan Roigas, Mario Zacharias, Sven Gunia, Wolf F. Wieland, Markus Hohenfellner, Maurice S. Michel, Axel Haferkamp, Stefan C. Müller, Christian G. Stief, Patrick J. Bastian
Journal: European Urology (2011)
UK government wants to increase number of donated organs
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A single organ donation organisation for the whole of the United Kingdom should be set up to ease the shortage of donor organs, a government task force has concluded in a report published this week.

More than 8000 people in the UK are currently awaiting organ transplants—primarily kidneys—and the numbers are rising by about 8% every year, according to figures from UK Transplant. Over 1000 people die every year waiting for a transplant.

The report, drawn up by representatives from specialist societies, MPs, and royal colleges, among others, nominates NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) as the most suitable candidate to take on the task.

The move would see a doubling in the …
Outbreak of Hematological Abnormalities in A Community of People Exposed to Leakage of Fire-extinguisher Gas
Authors: Shih-Hsiang Lo, Chang-Chuan Chan, Wei-Chin Chen, Jung-Der Wang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

ContextAlthough there are ample data on the respiratory effects of exposure to fire extinguisher gas, the potential hematologic effects have not been fully documented. We conducted this study to determine the possible etiologic agent(s) for a decrease in red blood cells among community residents in Taipei, Taiwan, after they were exposed to leakage of mixed fire extinguishants containing bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br, Halon 1301), bromochlorodifluoromethane (CF2BrCl, Halon 1211), and dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2, CFC-12).Case presentationWe studied 117 exposed residents who came into one hospital for physical examinations. We also selected age- and sex-matched referents for comparison from residents who came to the same hospital for health examinations. Nine months after the exposure to mixed fire extinguishants, 91 of the exposed residents came back for a second physical examination. In the first examination of the exposed residents, we found a significant reduction in red blood cell count and hemoglobin and a relationship between dose and response.DiscussionAfter excluding iron-deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and other possible agents, we suspected that the hematologic effects might have resulted from pyrolytic products of CFC-12 and Halon 1211, which may contain phosgene, among other products.Relevance to clinical practiceThe acute transient hematologic effects observed in the exposed residents were associated with the incident of leakage of mixed fire-extinguisher gases and were most likely caused by a small amount of pyrolytic products, probably phosgene. Nine months after the exposure, we found a significant improvement in the abnormalities without any specific treatment.
Fatal Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage in a Child With AIDS
Authors: Howard J. Balbi
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor.—  As of May 1988 more than 900 cases of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga. 1 Complications commonly reported include pulmonary disease, progressive encephalopathy, opportunistic infections, hematologic abnormalities, and hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. 2,3   We report a pediatric patient with AIDS who had sudden unexpected death due to massive gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage following an episode of pneumatosis intestinalis (intramural air).  Report of a Case. —  An 8-year-old boy presented at 6 years of age with fever of unknown origin. Both parents were intravenous drug users. The boy allegedly had been abused sexually by his father, who subsequently died of brain abscesses and AIDS. Later, the patient and his mother had antibody to human immunodeficiency virus detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis.  Over 2 years, the child (who had been in a program for gifted