tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evaluation by gated cardiac blood pool scanning.
Authors: G M Pohost, P A Vignola, K E McKusick, P C Block, G S Myers, H J Walker, D L Copen, R E Dinsmore
Journal: Circulation (1977)

The gated radionuclide cardiac blood pool scan (GCS) can be used to visualize the entire profile of the interventricular septum and left ventricular contraction. Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, nine with valvular aortic stenosis and six normals, underwent echocardiography and GCS. All patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 14 of 22 had resting systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve on echocardiogram. In eight patients with aortic stenosis with adequate echocardiograms, two had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and none had systolic anterior motion. The GCS demonstrated disproportionate upper septal thickening in 11; septal flattening in 16; cavity obliteration in 17; and a filling defect in the region of the left ventricular outflow tract in 16 of the 22 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In the nine patients with valvular aortic stenosis, two demonstrated septal flattening, two cavity obliteration, two an outflow tract defect, and none disproportionate upper septal thickening. Both patients with cavity obliteration demonstrated asymmetric septal hypertrophy on echocardiogram. One normal control patient had septal flattening. Thus the gated cardiac blood pool scan provides an atraumatic technique for the evaluation of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which complements the echocardiogram.
Simultaneous Measurement of Protein Oxidation and <i>S</i> -Nitrosylation During Preconditioning and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury With Resin-Assisted Capture
Authors: Mark J. Kohr, Junhui Sun, Angel Aponte, Guanghui Wang, Marjan Gucek, Elizabeth Murphy, Charles Steenbergen
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Redox modifications play an important role in many cellular processes, including cell death. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to involve redox signaling. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO) is increased following myocardial IPC, and SNO is thought to provide cardioprotection, in part, by reducing cysteine oxidation during ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. To test the hypothesis that SNO provides cardioprotection, in part, by shielding against cysteine oxidation following IR injury. We developed a new method to measure protein oxidation using resin-assisted capture (Ox-RAC), which is similar to the SNO-RAC method used in the quantification of SNO. Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to various perfusion protocols (control, IPC, IR, IPC-IR, IPC/reperfusion) and homogenized. Each sample was divided into 2 equal aliquots, and the SNO-RAC/Ox-RAC procedure was performed to simultaneously analyze SNO and oxidation. We identified 31 different SNO proteins with IPC, 27 of which showed increased SNO compared to baseline. Of the proteins that showed significantly increased SNO with IPC, 76% showed decreased oxidation or no oxidation following ischemia and early reperfusion (IPC-IR) at the same site when compared to IR alone; for non-SNO proteins, oxidation was reduced by only 50%. We further demonstrated that IPC-induced protein SNO is quickly reversible. These results support the hypothesis that IPC-induced protein SNO provides cardioprotection by shielding cysteine residues from reactive oxygen species-induced oxidation during IR injury. Therefore, the level of protein SNO plays a critical role in IR injury, where ROS production is increased.
Syringe and Needle Regulation, Blood-Borne Disease Transmission, and Concern for Public Safety-Reply
Authors: Gerald Friedland
Journal: JAMA (1997)

—We are all for preventing IDUs from contracting deadly blood-borne diseases and, therefore, fully support creation and expansion of syringe exchange programs. However, repeal of syringe regulation laws and practice guidelines as outlined by Gostin and colleagues 1 is a dangerous and illconceived solution. Granting access to an endless supply of needles to society's most irresponsible members is as preposterous as it is unthinkable. Possession of hypodermic needles carries a serious responsibility to dispose of them safely. Trusting an IDU to fully carry out this responsibility is both foolish and naive. Injecting drug users are by legal definition criminals, by medical definition addicts who are unable to control their own impulses and actions, and by society's definition the very letter of irresponsibility. Beyond the physician's responsibility to IDUs is our responsibility to protect the public at large. No doubt, trash collectors and beachgoers, among the persons most assuredly at risk to
Does ECT alter brain structure?
Authors: D P Devanand, A J Dwork, E R Hutchinson, T G Bolwig, H A Sackeim
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1994)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ECT causes structural brain damage.The literature review covered the following areas: cognitive side effects, structural brain imaging, autopsies of patients who had received ECT, post-mortem studies of epileptic subjects, animal studies of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and epilepsy, and the neuropathological effects of the passage of electricity, heat generation, and blood-brain barrier disruption.ECT-induced cognitive deficits are transient, although spotty memory loss may persist for events immediately surrounding the ECT course. Prospective computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies show no evidence of ECT-induced structural changes. Some early human autopsy case reports from the unmodified ECT era reported cerebrovascular lesions that were due to agonal changes or undiagnosed disease. In animal ECS studies that used a stimulus intensity and frequency comparable to human ECT, no neuronal loss was seen when appropriate control animals, blind ratings, and perfusion fixation techniques were employed. Controlled studies using quantitative cell counts have failed to show neuronal loss even after prolonged courses of ECS. Several well-controlled studies have demonstrated that neuronal loss occurs only after 1.5 to 2 hours of continuous seizure activity in primates, and adequate muscle paralysis and oxygenation further delay these changes. These conditions are not approached during ECT. Other findings indicate that the passage of electricity, thermal effects, and the transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier during ECS do not result in structural brain damage.There is no credible evidence that ECT causes structural brain damage.
Edward Rigby (1747-1821) of Norwich and his Essay on the Uterine Haemorrhage
Authors: T. F Baskett
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

Antepartum haemorrhage has always been one of the most feared complications in obstetrics. William Hunter (1718-1783) said that only two emergencies ever scared him: ‘... one is the flooding and the other convulsions’1. One of the most alarming causes of antepartum haemorrhage is placenta praevia, which can lead to torrential haemorrhage. It was Paul Portal (1630-1703), a physician at the Hotel Dieu in Paris, who was the first to clearly describe the attachment of the placenta to the lower uterine segment in a case of placenta praevia in his 1685 text The Compleat Practice of Men and Women Midwives2. Before his description it was thought that when the placenta was felt at the cervix in cases of antepartum haemorrhage it had fallen down from its fundal attachment3. William Hunter illustrated the true position of placenta praevia in plates 11 and 12 of his Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus, published in 17744.

During the 17th and 18th centuries obstetricians acknowledged the dangers of placenta praevia even when they did not understand its true nature. It was recognized that the bleeding would continue until delivery of the infant. Thus, the obstetrician would dilate the cervix if necessary, separate the edge of the placenta with the hand until the membranes were reached, rupture them, grasp the leg of the infant, and deliver it by breech extraction. If necessary, the infant was turned inside the uterus until the feet could be grasped and delivered. This technique of internal version and breech extraction was known as ‘delivery of the art’5. If the cervix had to be forcibly dilated to achieve this it became known as accouchement force—a term introduced by the French obstetrician Andre Levret (1703-1780)6. Thus, the principal obstetric texts of the 17th and 18th centuries advocated accouchement force in cases of placenta praevia2,3,7,8,9. However, because there was no clear clinical differentiation between placenta praevia and other causes of haemorrhage, accouchement force tended to be applied to all patients with heavy antepartum bleeding. Since most of these cases were not due to placenta praevia, and accouchement force itself could be traumatic and dangerous, this was neither necessary nor desirable5. Indeed, in a historical review, Noble found a maternal mortality of 33% with no interference compared with 48% with accouchement force10.
Specific gene delivery to liver sinusoidal and artery endothelial cells
Authors: Tobias Abel, Ebtisam El Filali, Johan Waern, Irene C. Schneider, Qinggong Yuan, Robert C. Münch, Meike Hick, Gregor Warnecke, Nodir Madrahimov, Roland E. Kontermann, Jörg Schüttrumpf, Ulrike C. Müller, Jurgen Seppen, Michael Ott, Christian J. Buchholz
Journal: Blood (2013)
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL BLOCKADE
Authors: David J. Drutz, M. Glenn Koenig, David E. Rogers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

The mechanism of the reticuloendothelial "blockade" which followed injection of large quantities of chromic phosphate without exogenous stabilizing material was investigated in Wistar rats. The RE blockade observed for several hours after induction appeared related to the continuing circulation of the chromic phosphate-blockading dose, and a reduction in the size of the particles used enhanced blockade. RE blockade appeared to be particles specific and was not related to a generalized depression of RE-phagocytic cell function. Studies in isolated perfused rat livers appeared to eliminate saturation of particle-specific macrophage clones as a likely explanation of blockade, and blockade could not be explained on the basis of depletion of serum opsonins. In the system employed, it is postulated that blockade occurs when large numbers of circulating particles saturate specific macrophage cell membrane-binding sites rather than from physical stuffing of RE-phagocytic cells.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction and its treatment
Authors: Jeremy Hull
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2012)

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). Loss or altered function of the product of this gene, the CFTR protein, affects the transport of ions across cell membranes in several tissues in the body which in turn, through mechanisms which are still not fully understood, results in the disease.
Impact of Risk-Adjusting Cesarean Delivery Rates When Reporting Hospital Performance
Authors: David C. Aron
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Hospitals and health plans are often ranked on rates of cesarean delivery, under the assumption that lower rates reflect more appropriate, more efficient care. However, most rankings do not account for patient factors that affect the likelihood of cesarean delivery.To compare hospital cesarean delivery rates before and after adjusting for clinical risk factors that increase the likelihood of cesarean delivery.Retrospective cohort study.Twenty-one hospitals in northeast Ohio.A total of 26127 women without prior cesarean deliveries admitted for labor and delivery from January 1993 through June 1995.Hospital rankings based on observed and risk-adjusted cesarean delivery rates.The overall cesarean delivery rate was 15.9% and varied (P<.001) from 6.3% to 26.5% in individual hospitals. Adjusted rates varied from 8.4% to 22.0%. The correlation between unadjusted and adjusted hospital rankings (ie, 1-21) was only modest (R=0.35, P=.12). Whereas 7 hospitals were classified as outliers (ie, had rates higher or lower [P<.05] than overall rate) on the basis of both unadjusted and adjusted rates, outlier status changed for 5 hospitals (24%), including 2 that changed from outliers to nonoutliers, 2 that changed from nonoutliers to outliers, and 1 that changed from a high outlier to a low outlier.Cesarean delivery rates varied across hospitals in a single metropolitan region. However, rankings that fail to account for clinical factors that increase the risk of cesarean delivery may be methodologically biased and misleading to the public.
Probable Cure of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Following Relapses
Authors: Paul G. Dyment
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THE TREATMENT of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia using current chemotherapy regimens along with radiotherapy and intrathecal chemotherapy for CNS prophylaxis has resulted in a large number of long-term survivors. Most of these patients continue in remission following cessation of three years or more of therapy.<sup>1</sup>However, these successfully treated patients have almost always been in continuous remission since their initial induction treatment at the time of diagnosis. Bone marrow or extramedullary relapse almost always heralds a series of recurrent relapses and progressively shorter remissions in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A child underwent both testicular and bone marrow relapse at different times and yet subsequently has become apparently cured of his disease. He has been free of all signs of acute lymphocytic leukemia for the 11 years since his last relapse, even though his antileukemic therapy was stopped six years ago. We hope this report will encourage physicians
Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorders in the United States
Authors: Wilson M. Compton, Bridget F. Grant, James D. Colliver, Meyer D. Glantz, Frederick S. Stinson
Journal: JAMA (2004)

ContextAmong illicit substance use disorders, marijuana use disorders are the most prevalent in the population. Yet, information about the prevalence of current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) marijuana use disorders and how prevalence has changed is lacking.ObjectiveTo examine changes in the prevalence of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFace-to-face interviews were conducted in 2 large national surveys conducted 10 years apart: the 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey ([NLAES] n = 42 862) and the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions ([NESARC] n = 43 093).Main Outcome MeasuresRates of past year marijuana use, abuse, and dependence.ResultsAmong the adult US population, the prevalence of marijuana use remained stable at about 4.0% over the past decade. In contrast, the prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana abuse or dependence significantly (P = .01) increased between 1991-1992 (1.2%) and 2001-2002 (1.5%), with the greatest increases observed among young black men and women (P&lt;.001) and young Hispanic men (P = .006). Further, marijuana use disorders among marijuana users significantly increased (P = .002) in the absence of increased frequency and quantity of marijuana use, suggesting that the concomitant increase in potency of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) may have contributed to the rising rates.ConclusionsDespite the stability in the overall prevalence of marijuana use, more adults in the United States had a marijuana use disorder in 2001-2002 than in 1991-1992. Increases in the prevalence of marijuana use disorders were most notable among young black men and women and young Hispanic men. Although rates of marijuana abuse and dependence did not increase among young white men and women, their rates have remained high. The results of this study underscore the need to develop and implement new prevention and intervention programs targeted at youth, particularly minority youth.
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and endocarditis among injection drug users and nonaddicts: Host factors, microbiological and serological characteristics
Authors: Eeva Ruotsalainen, Minna Kardén-Lilja, Pentti Kuusela, Jaana Vuopio-Varkila, Anni Virolainen-Julkunen, Seppo Sarna, Ville Valtonen, Asko Järvinen
Journal: Journal of Infection (2008)
A Single Mutation of the Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Gene in French Canadians with Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type I
Authors: Markus Grompe, Maryse St.-Louis, Sylvie I. Demers, Muhsen Al-Dhalimy, Barbara Leclerc, Robert M. Tanguay
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Hereditary tyrosinemia type I is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. The disorder clusters in the Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean area of Quebec. In this region, 1 of 1846 newborns is affected and 1 of every 22 persons is thought to be a carrier. Recently, we identified a splice mutation and two nonsense mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene in two patients from Quebec with tyrosinemia type I.
Insulin Treatment in Cancer Cachexia: Effects on Survival, Metabolism, and Physical Functioning
Authors: Kent Lundholm, Ulla Körner, Lena Gunnebo, Petra Sixt-Ammilon, Marita Fouladiun, Peter Daneryd, Ingvar Bosaeus
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: The present study was designed to evaluate whether daily insulin treatment for weight-losing cancer patients attenuates the progression of cancer cachexia and improves metabolism and physical functioning in palliative care. Experimental Design: One hundred and thirty-eight unselected patients with mainly advanced gastrointestinal malignancy were randomized to receive insulin (0.11 ± 0.05 units/kg/d) plus best available palliative support [anti-inflammatory treatment (indomethacin), prevention of anemia (recombinant erythropoietin), and specialized nutritional care (oral supplements + home parenteral nutrition)] according to individual needs. Control patients received the best available palliative support according to the same principles. Health-related quality of life, food intake, resting energy expenditure, body composition, exercise capacity, metabolic efficiency during exercise, and spontaneous daily physical activity as well as blood tests were evaluated during follow-up (30-824 days) according to intention to treat. Results: Patient characteristics at randomizations were almost identical in study and control groups. Insulin treatment for 193 ± 139 days (mean ± SD) significantly stimulated carbohydrate intake, decreased serum-free fatty acids, increased whole body fat, particularly in trunk and leg compartments, whereas fat-free lean tissue mass was unaffected. Insulin treatment improved metabolic efficiency during exercise, but did not increase maximum exercise capacity and spontaneous physical activity. Tumor markers in blood (CEA, CA-125, CA 19-9) did not indicate the stimulation of tumor growth by insulin; a conclusion also supported by improved survival of insulin-treated patients (P &amp;lt; 0.03). Conclusion: Insulin is a significant metabolic treatment in multimodal palliation of weight-losing cancer patients.
Detection of the chemokine RANTES and endothelial adhesion molecules in nasal polyps
Authors: Lisa A. Beck, Cristiana Stellato, L.Dawson Beall, Thomas J. Schall, Donald Leopold, Carol A. Bickel, Fuad Baroody, Bruce S. Bochner, Robert P. Schleimer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
Ca2+-activated K+ efflux limits complement-mediated lysis of human erythrocytes.
Authors: J A Halperin, C Brugnara, A Nicholson-Weller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The lytic effect of complement on human erythrocytes has been reported by others to increase when Na+ is substituted for K+ in the external medium. In this paper we have investigated the hypothesis that net loss of K+ through a K+ transport pathway protects erythrocytes from complement-induced colloidosmotic swelling and lysis. Antibody-sensitized human erythrocytes containing different intracellular cation concentrations (nystatin treatment) were exposed to low concentrations of guinea pig serum in media of different cation composition; complement lysis was assessed by the release of hemoglobin and the volume of the surviving cells estimated by their density distribution profiles. Complement-dependent swelling and lysis of erythrocytes (a) were limited by the presence of an outwardly directed K+ electrochemical gradient and (b) were enhanced by carbocyanine, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+-activated K+ transport pathway, and by absence of Ca2+ in the external medium. We propose that during complement activation a rising cytosolic calcium triggers the Ca2+-activated K+ permeability pathway, the Gardos effect, produces a net K+, Cl- and water loss, and thus limits the colloidosmotic swelling and lysis of erythrocytes.
Points from Letters: Transporting Patients with Chest Injuries
Authors: W. E. Cooke
Journal: BMJ (1972)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the performance of a UK based prediction model for estimating fat-free mass (and indirectly fat mass) in children and adolescents in non-UK settings. <h3>Design</h3> Individual participant data meta-analysis. <h3>Setting</h3> 19 countries. <h3>Participants</h3> 5693 children and adolescents (49.7% boys) aged 4 to 15 years with complete data on the predictors included in the UK based model (weight, height, age, sex, and ethnicity) and on the independently assessed outcome measure (fat-free mass determined by deuterium dilution assessment). <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> The outcome of the UK based prediction model was natural log transformed fat-free mass (lnFFM). Predictive performance statistics of R<sup>2</sup>, calibration slope, calibration-in-the-large, and root mean square error were assessed in each of the 19 countries and then pooled through random effects meta-analysis. Calibration plots were also derived for each country, including flexible calibration curves. <h3>Results</h3> The model showed good predictive ability in non-UK populations of children and adolescents, providing R<sup>2</sup> values of &gt;75% in all countries and &gt;90% in 11 of the 19 countries, and with good calibration (ie, agreement) of observed and predicted values. Root mean square error values (on fat-free mass scale) were &lt;4 kg in 17 of the 19 settings. Pooled values (95% confidence intervals) of R<sup>2</sup>, calibration slope, and calibration-in-the-large were 88.7% (85.9% to 91.4%), 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00), and 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04), respectively. Heterogeneity was evident in the R<sup>2</sup> and calibration-in-the-large values across settings, but not in the calibration slope. Model performance did not vary markedly between boys and girls, age, ethnicity, and national income groups. To further improve the accuracy of the predictions, the model equation was recalibrated for the intercept in each setting so that country specific equations are available for future use. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The UK based prediction model, which is based on readily available measures, provides predictions of childhood fat-free mass, and hence fat mass, in a range of non-UK settings that explain a large proportion of the variability in observed fat-free mass, and exhibit good calibration performance, especially after recalibration of the intercept for each population. The model demonstrates good generalisability in both low-middle income and high income populations of healthy children and adolescents aged 4-15 years.