tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Experimental Vaccination Against Measles
Authors: Samuel L. Andelman
Journal: JAMA (1963)

ISOLATION of measles virus in tissue culture and its adaptation to growth in embryonated eggs and chick embryo-cell culture resulted in development of vaccines suitable for use in prophylaxis of measles.<sup>1</sup>Three types of measles vaccines are being studied at present: vaccine containing killed virus;<sup>2-6</sup>live attenuated virus (Enders strain);<sup>7-8</sup>and a live virus strain (Schwarz strain), which has been further attenuated than the Enders strain.<sup>9</sup> Severe reactions to the killed virus vaccines have not been reported, but several injections of a concentrated virus vaccine are necessary to produce significant antibody levels. While the duration of protection has not been determined, it appears to be maintained for only a relatively short time in some cases.<sup>3</sup>Live measles vaccines of the Enders strain, on the other hand, produced excellent immunity after one injection but caused undesirable reactions consisting of moderate to high fever and modified measles
A Natural Resource
Authors: Edward E. Etheredge
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To determine the prevalence of potential cadaver kidney, eye, and research-tissue donors in a tertiary referral hospital, the charts of 718 patients who died were studied. We found a potential kidney-donor rate of 2.4 per 100 hospital deaths, a potential eye-donor rate of 45.4 per 100 deaths, and a potential pancreas-donor rate of 26.5 per 100 deaths. In the study year, 20 potential cadaver kidney donors were projected, theoretically meeting the needs of the transplantation center. Recognized potential eye and pancreas donors were remarkably numerous. Effective education, surveillance, and procurement programs are necessary to salvage these potential donor tissues.
John Dudley Jenkins
Authors: C J Smart
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Consultant urologist Southampton (b 1931; q Cambridge/University College Hospital, London, 1956), d 4 August 2002.

After qualifying, JDJ served in the navy, seeing action in the first cod war. Following a varied career as a junior doctor he became a consultant general surgeon in Southampton with an interest in urology. He went on to become a full time urologist and founded the urology department in Southampton. His carefully thought out, common sense approach to medicine had a profound influence on a generation of students and trainee surgeons. He leaves a wife, Sian; and four children.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in chronic liver disease: Fibrogenesis or escape from death?
Authors: Massimo Pinzani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

The possibility that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) could contribute to hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases as reported in other organs, particularly the kidney, reinforced the concept that activated hepatic stellate cells were not the only key players in the hepatic fibrogenic process and that other cell types, either hepatic (i.e. portal fibroblast) or extrahepatic (bone marrow-derived cells and circulating fibrocytes) could contribute to this process. The possibility of the rapid mobilization of a large amount of fibrogenic cells by EMT after liver tissue injury made this phenomenon a relevant and suitable target for anti-fibrogenic strategies. Following an initial enthusiasm for the discovery of this novel pathway in fibrogenesis and the publication of a several highly quoted papers, more recent research has started to cast serious doubts upon the real relevance of this phenomenon in human fibrogenetic disorders. The debate on the authenticity of EMT or at least on its real contribution to the fibrogenic process has become very animated, sometimes reaching levels of "religious" integralism. The overall result is a general confusion on the meaning and on the definition of several key aspects. The aim of this article is to analyze and discuss the evidence supporting or confuting this possibility in order to reach reasonable and useful conclusions.
Time for Action on Drug Safety
Authors: Greg A. Burkhart
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Imaging and Intervention
Authors: Ian B. Ross
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Package Inserts for Patients: Informed Consent in the 1980s
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

SHOULD patients be given direct information on the risks and benefits of prescription drugs in order to help them formulate an effective informed consent? An effort to move toward a system of patients' "package inserts" for all prescription drugs has been under consideration at the Food and Drug Administration for some time. Earlier this year, the effort was further delayed when the Reagan administration called a moratorium on new regulations. The idea, however, is still strongly supported by many consumer and patient groups.The legal battle over package inserts for patients came about when the inserts were proposed for oral . . .
Glycoprotein IIIa polymorphism and risk of myocardial infarction
Authors: N SAMANI, D LODWICK
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objectives: To prospectively investigate whether the PlA 2 variant of the platelet adhesion molecule glycoprotein IIIa influences the risk of myocardial infarction. Background: The platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor plays an important role in platelet aggregation. The IIIa polypeptide is polymorphic due to a single base change at position 1565 resulting in either proline PlA 1 or leucine PlA 2 at position 33 in the protein. It has recently been reported that the PlA 2 variant may be strongly associated with the risk of acute coronary syndromes, particularly in younger subjects. Methods:PlA genotypes of 242 prospectively collected cases of first myocardial infarction admitted to our Coronary Care Unit were compared with those of 209 community-based control subjects. Results: We found no difference in either PlA genotype ( P = 0.65) or allele ( P = 0.64) frequencies between cases and controls. The PlA 2 allele frequency was 18.2 and 19.4% in cases and controls, respectively. The age- and sex-stratified odds ratio for risk of myocardial infarction associated with the PlA 2 allele was 0.89 (95% CI 0.58–1.37, P = 0.65) and remained non-significant when the analysis was confined to subjects under the age of 60 (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.38–1.56, P = 0.44). There was no interaction between PlA 2 and other coronary risk factors. For cases, the age at myocardial infarction was not different between those carrying the PlA 2 allele and those not (66.3 ± 10.8 vs. 65.6 ± 11.7 years, P = 0.63). Conclusions: We conclude that, in our subjects, the PlA 2 variant of platelet glycoprotein IIIa is not an important risk factor for myocardial infarction.
Coccidia and Microsporidia
Authors: Ralph T. Bryan, Govinda S. Visvesvara
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Letters15 February 1991Coccidia and MicrosporidiaRalph T. Bryan, MD, Govinda S. Visvesvara, PhDRalph T. Bryan, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Govinda S. Visvesvara, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-4-343 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors:In their recent article in this journal (1) and in a companion article published elsewhere (2), Kotier and colleagues vividly demonstrate that infection with the microsporidianEnterocytozoon bieneusiis associated with severe injury to the small intestine. Their data add significantly to the expanding body of evidence suggesting that microsporidia should be considered important opportunistic pathogens in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (3, 4). They are in error, however, when they fail to make the distinction between "coccidia" and "microsporidia" (reference1; Table 2 and in the text of "Results" and "Discussion" sections). The coccidia...References1. KotlerFranciscoClaytonScholesOrenstein DAFJJ. Small intestinal injury and parasitic diseases in AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:444-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. OrensteinChiangSteinbergSmithRotterdamKotler JJWPHD. Intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: a report of 20 cases. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:475-81. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. BryanCaIiOwenSpencer RARH. Microsporidia: opportunistic pathogens in patients with AIDS. In: Sun T, ed. Progress in Clinical Parasitology, 2. Philadelphia: Field and Wood; 1990;1-26. Google Scholar4. CaliOwen AR. Intracellular development of Enterocytozoon, a unique microsporidian found in the intestine of AIDS patients. J Protozool. 1990;37:145-55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. BeaverJungCupp PRE. Clinical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1984:39-40. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Centers for Disease Control Atlanta, GA 30333 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByPARASITIC DISEASES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTSHuman microsporidial infectionsLetters to the editor 15 February 1991Volume 114, Issue 4Page: 343-343KeywordsHIVMicrosporidiaMicrosporidiosisOpportunistic infectionsOpportunistic pathogensSmall intestine Issue Published: 15 February 1991 PDF DownloadLoading ...
On the Administration of Diuretics in Some Cases of Dropsical Effusion
Authors: J. Toogood
Journal: BMJ (1848)

It is admitted by the most experienced practitioners, that all those medicines which are known under the denomination of diuretics, are generally uncertain in their operation, nor has it been explained why the same class of medicine succeeds in one case, and fails in another, in which no appreciable difference in the condition of the patient can be ascertained; for althobh
Specificity of cytotoxic T cells from athymic mice.
Authors: T Hünig, M J Bevan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

In normal mice, self-H-2 antigens in the thymus have a profound influence on T cell specificity. We have therefore investigated the properties of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors from athymic nude mice (5) with the notion that they may provide a model system for the study of T cells whose receptro specificity is closer to the germ-line-encoded repertoire. It was found that the precursors of nude CTL are, themselves, THy-1+ cells. The possibility that these nude t cells were derived from the phenotypically normal mother by placental transfer was ruled out. In the presence of T cell growth factor, nude CTL can be induced by polyclonal activation with concanavalin A or by stimulation with allogeneic or trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic stimulator cells, but not by stimulation with minor H antigens in the context of self-H-2. Alloreactive, nude CTL--like those from normal mice--recognize H-2K- and H-2D-region-encoded antigens in killer-target cell interactions, but, unlike normal CTL, did not cross-react on third-party target cells. Whereas the anti-TNP response of nude mice is H-2 restricted, it does not seem to be influenced by self-H-2 antigens in the same manner as in normal mice. This is suggested by the finding that the immunodominance of H-2k over H-2d in the anti-TNP-self response of normal (H-2d X H-2b)F1 mice is absent in (H-2d X H-2k)F1 nude mice. These observations are discussed in relation to the role of the thymus in the generation of the normal mature T cell receptor repertoire.
Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis-Reply
Authors: Gregory R. Istre
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> In our report of an outbreak of acute<i>Schistosomiasis mansoni</i>, we refrained from suggesting that the syndrome of acute schistosomiasis also occurred with<i>S haematobium</i>because we were not convinced that infection with this species either causes or is simply coincident with the syndrome. Generally, reports of acute schistosomiasis in association with<i>S haematobium</i>infection are rare.<sup>1</sup>Typically, they concern persons suffering from a protean illness who also have<i>S haematobium</i>ova in their urine and an eosinophilia. In contrast, intense outbreaks of disease among individuals unaware of this potential problem who have had recent, brief, common-source exposures are reported for both<i>S mansoni</i>and<i>S japonicum</i>. A recent report of two cases of transverse myelitis within an outbreak of acute<i>Schistosomiasis mansoni</i>emphasizes Dr Zilberg's concern over serious manifestations of acute infection.<sup>2</sup>However, we have not had a similarly poor experience with stool or urine examination
Marketing studies and scientific research must be distinct
Authors: E Ernst
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Background/aim</h3> To determine willingness to pay for children’s spectacles, and barriers to purchasing children’s spectacles in Cambodia. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted vision screenings, and eye examinations as indicated, for all consenting children at 21 randomly selected secondary schools. We invited parents/guardians of children found to have refractive problems to complete a willingness to pay for spectacles survey, using a binary-with-follow-up technique. <h3>Results</h3> We conducted vision screenings on 12 128 secondary schoolchildren, and willingness to pay for spectacles surveys with 491 parents/guardians (n=491) from Kandal and Phnom Penh provinces in Cambodia. We found 519 children with refractive error, 7 who had pre-existing spectacles and 14 recommended spectacles for lower ametropias. About half (53.2%; 95% CI 44.0% to 62.1%) of parents/guardians were willing to pay KHR70 000 (US$17.5; average market price) or more for spectacles. Mean willingness-to-pay price was KHR74 595 (US$18.6; 95% CI KHR64 505 to 86 262; 95% CI US$16.1 to US$21.6) in Phnom Penh and KHR55 651 (US$13.9; 95% CI KHR48 021 to 64 494; 95% CI US$12.0 to US$16.1) in Kandal province. Logistic regression suggested parents/guardians with college education (OR 6.8; p&lt;0.001), higher household incomes (OR 8.0; p=0.006) and those wearing spectacles (OR 2.2; p=0.01) were more likely to be willing to pay ≥US$17.5. The most common reasons for being unwilling to pay US$17.5 were related to cost (58.8%). The most common barrier to spectacle wear was fear that spectacles weaken children’s eyes (36.0%). <h3>Conclusions</h3> With almost half of parents/guardians unwilling to pay for spectacles at the current average market price, financial support through a subsidised spectacle scheme might be required for children to access spectacles in Cambodia.
Mutations in the high‐affinity IgE receptor <i>β</i>‐chain are not associated with nonresponder status
Authors: H. Küster, S. Von Manstein, S. Ruocchio‐Wiglinghaus, A. Von Brunn, D. Reinhardt
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Basophils of some individuals do not release histamine upon activation of their high‐affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcRI), but do so if this receptor is circumvented for cell activation. This so‐called nonresponder phenomenon is clinically relevant, because in various studies atopy was less frequent or absent in nonresponder individuals. So far, it is unknown if this phenomenon is acquired during adulthood or exists from birth on. Methods: Histamine release was determined from isolated leucocytes stimulated with anti‐IgE or calciumionophor. Also, random primed cDNA was synthesized and the open reading frame (ORF) of the FcRI β ‐subunit amplified and sequenced. Results: In the first part of our study, we examined the role of atopic status, type of atopy, and age in a random population of 95 children of whom we found 22% to be nonresponder. None of these parameters correlated with the nonresponder status. Except for food allergy, no specific type of atopy correlated with histamine release. The mechanism underlying the nonresponder phenomenon is assumed to occur early in the signalling cascade. We hypothesized that mutations in the FcRI β ‐chain may be associated with the nonresponder status, and in the second part of our study sequenced the β ‐subunit in 20 responders and 20 nonresponders. Two conservative and two nonconservative heterozygous one base mutations (Thr179Thr, Asp216Asp, Ile147Leu and Glu237Gly) were found in two nonresponders and one responder. Three of these mutations have not been described so far. Conclusion: The nonresponder phenomenon is present from birth on and genetically determined. In our population, it was not associated with age or the presence of atopy, and appeared not to be caused by mutations in the FcRI β ‐chain.
The production of generic drugs in India
Authors: J. Love
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A new trade agreement with the EU would hinder access to drugs in developing countries



Khalil Senosi/AP/PA 

The European Union is negotiating a trade agreement with India, the consequences of which will be serious for billions of people living in developing countries. Government officials in India are focused on economic growth and are keen to complete a trade deal with the EU. In exchange for market access in other areas of the economy, the EU wants India, a country with very low per capita incomes, to embrace tough new rules on ownership and enforcement of intellectual property for medical inventions.

The negotiation is between two very different entities. The EU is now the world’s largest economy; its gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at more than $16.4 trillion (£10.2 trillion; €11.8 trillion) in 2009—about 28% of the entire world’s GDP⇑.

India has a large population—estimated at nearly 1.16 billion in 2009, or 17% of the world’s population. This is also about the same as the population of Europe plus all other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development combined.

India’s GDP was estimated at $1.3 trillion in 2009, about 8% of the size of the EU economy. On a per capita basis, Indian incomes were 3.5% of those in Europe. At the bottom of the income distribution, the differences are even more stark. An estimated 317 million Indians live with incomes below the official poverty line—$12 a month for urban areas and $8 a month for rural areas.

In 1970, India eliminated patents on drug products.1 This move enabled …
Chemotherapy Enhances Metastasis Formation via VEGFR-1–Expressing Endothelial Cells
Authors: Laura G.M. Daenen, Jeanine M.L. Roodhart, Miranda van Amersfoort, Mantre Dehnad, Wijnand Roessingh, Laurien H. Ulfman, Patrick W.B. Derksen, Emile E. Voest
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Recent studies suggest that chemotherapy, in addition to its cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, can induce a cascade of host events to support tumor growth and spread. Here, we used an experimental pulmonary metastasis model to investigate the role of this host response in metastasis formation. Mice were pretreated with chemotherapy and after clearance of the drugs from circulation, tumor cells were administered intravenously to study potential “protumorigenic” host effects of chemotherapy. Pretreatment with the commonly used chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and paclitaxel significantly enhanced lung metastasis in this model. This corresponded to enhanced adhesion of tumor cells to an endothelial cell monolayer that had been pretreated with chemotherapy in vitro. Interestingly, chemotherapy exposure enhanced the expression of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) on endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Administration of antibodies targeting VEGFR-1 reversed the early retention of tumor cells in the lungs, thereby preventing the formation of chemotherapy-induced pulmonary metastases. The data indicate that chemotherapy-induced expression of VEGFR-1 on endothelial cells can create an environment favorable to tumor cell homing. Inhibition of VEGFR-1 function may therefore be used to counteract chemotherapy-induced retention of tumor cells within the metastatic niche, providing a novel level of tumor control in chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 71(22); 6976–85. ©2011 AACR.