tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Most laboratory cancer studies cannot be replicated, study shows
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Most laboratory studies of cancer are wrong, says a former head of global cancer research at the biotechnology company Amgen. Of 53 “landmark” publications in the literature that Glenn Begley and colleagues attempted to double check, only six could be successfully replicated.

“It was shocking,” he told Reuters. “These are the studies that the pharmaceutical industry relies on to identify new targets for drug development. But if you’re going to place a $1m or $2m or $5m bet on an observation, you need to be sure it’s true. As we tried to reproduce these papers we became convinced that you can’t take anything at face value.”

Begley, who is now senior vice president of the biotechnology company TetraLogic, wrote a comment in Nature (2012;483:531-3, doi:10.1038/483531a) with Lee Ellis of …
LISTER, THE INVESTIGATOR AND SURGEON
Authors: W. W. Cheyne
Journal: BMJ (1925)

The story that I have to tell, thougli it goes back for just sixty years, is still full of vitality; it is a fascinating tale, far exceeding in interest the most exciting detective story ever written.And it is a true story.It is the story of a fight against a series of diseases-the infective or septic diseases of wounds.Until Lister's time any wound of the skin, whether the result of an accident or of an operation performed by the surgeon, involyed a very great risk to the patient of serious -illnesses.A surgical ward in a hospital w-as a place in which most of the patients were visibly ill, with flushed faces, parched lips, delirium, severe pain, etc., and many of them were evidently on the verge of death; the wards were pervaded with a peculiar mawkish odour which was very trying to newcomers.Lister's first introduction to septic diseases was when he became a dresser in the surgical wards at University College Hospital, London.I think that his very first case had been attacked by phagedaenic gangrene, olne of the most terrible of these septic diseases.That and other similar cases impressed him so greatly that he never forgot them, and always felt that no study was more urgent or might be more fruitful than thle attempt to find out the cause.When Lister became professor of surgery in Glasgow and was appointed one of the surgeons at -the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, late in 1861, lie hlad done excellent experimental work on the early stages of inflammation, coagulation of blood, etc.-work which was to be of the greatest value to him in future and for which he had been elected, at the early age of 33, a Fellow of the Royal Society.Lister made an extensive experiment in his wards with ordinary cleaniliness, but without success, and one can imagine his depression when he found that the best methods he could think of did lnot help him at all, and that pyaemia and all -the other septic troubles dogged hiis footsteps and rendered his best work nugatory.But it so happened, though Lister did not then know it, that the cause of putrefaction was being revealed about the time that he was appointed professor of surgery in Glasgow.About 1860 Pasteur not only closed the proof against the spontaneous generation of yeast cells, but also opened up a new and extremely vital line of research by pointing out that other fermentations than the vinous, such as the butyric and the putrefactive, were also dependent on living organisms.Pasteur himself does not seem to have had at the time any idea of the importance of this part of his
The interferons. Mechanisms of action and clinical applications
Authors: S. Baron
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The interferons (IFN) are one of the body's natural defensive responses to such foreign components as microbes, tumors, and antigens. The IFN response begins with the production of the IFN proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma), which then induce the antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory actions of IFN. Recent advances have led to Food and Drug Administration approval of five clinical indications for IFN. Interferon alfa is approved for hairy-cell leukemia, condyloma acuminatum, Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and non-A, non-B (type C) viral hepatitis. Interferon gamma has properties distinctive from those of IFNs alpha and beta and is approved as an immunomodulatory treatment for chronic granulomatous disease. Promising clinical results with IFNs have also been reported for basal cell carcinoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, early human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B, and laryngeal papillomatosis. Future clinical uses of IFNs may emphasize combination therapy with other cytokines, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, hyperthermia, or hormones.
Career preferences of doctors
Authors: I. Allen
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Medicine is no longer staffed by men working full time in one specialty for 40 years

Where do our young doctors think they are going? Do they actually end up there? These questions have been posed by the Medical Careers Research Group in a series of cohort studies of British medical graduates since 1974. The career preferences of graduates from 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1983 were examined about a year after qualification,1 and the results are compared with those from the 1993 cohort in a paper in this edition of the BMJ (p 19). 2

Planning the medical workforce has been a recurrent theme in Britain for over 50 years,3 with successive governments seeking to forecast demand and supply in the labour market for doctors. Britain now has a Medical Workforce Standing Advisory Committee, which has published two reports.4 5 And yet crucial questions still remain unanswered as the experts juggle figures and try to establish how many doctors we need to train …
New Studies About Everyday Types of Chemical Exposures: What Readers Should Consider
Authors: Pertti J. Hakkinen
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Articulations: The Body and Illness in Poetry
Authors: Paul A. Fiore
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Jon Mukand, a physician and poet, has combined the perseverance of a rehabilitation specialist with the scholarship of a PhD candidate in English literature and compiled an important and unique anthology of wonderful, accessible poetry,<i>Articulations: The Body and Illness in Poetry</i>. Why assemble an anthology of poetry with medical themes written by physicians and by many of our most important contemporary poets? Who will read poems about the human body, patients' views of illness and caregivers, mental illness, disability, social issues, and women in health care settings? Jon Mukand declares his purpose and audience in the introduction: "I hope that these poetic articulations will help patients to cope with illness, friends and family members to understand the patient's condition, and health care professionals in their challenging work." The American College of Physicians recently prepared an annotated bibliography, "The Internist's Reading: Selections from Classic and Contemporary Literature." A companion series
Rape victims in Sudan face life of stigma, says report
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Girls as young as eight are being raped and used as sex slaves in Darfur, says Amnesty International in a report published last week.

At the launch of its report the charity called for medical personnel to be sent immediately to care for survivors, warning, “Rape has a devastating and ongoing impact on the health of women and girls, and survivors now face a lifetime of stigma and marginalisation from their own families and communities.”

The rapes are part of what the charity describes in the report as “a pattern of systematic …
Functional Heterogeneity of Marginal Zone B Cells Revealed by Their Ability to Generate Both Early Antibody-forming Cells and Germinal Centers with Hypermutation and Memory in Response to a T-dependent Antigen
Authors: Haifeng Song, Jan Cerny
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Marginal zone (MZ) B cells play a major role in the first-line responses against blood-born T-independent bacterial antigens (TI), but the full scope of their immune functions is not known. Here we compare the responses of MZ and follicular (FO) B cells to a T-dependent antigen (TD), hapten-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) coupled to chicken gamma-globulin, in a cell transfer system. Consistent with the conventional paradigm, MZ B cells but not FO B cells rapidly generated the early burst of NP-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC), high levels of IgM Ab, and early IgG with relatively high affinity to NP. However, MZ B cells were also capable of forming germinal centers (GCs) albeit with a delay, compared with FO B cells. The early AFCs and the GCs originated from different MZ precursors, but the MZ- and FO-derived GCs were similar in VH gene repertoire, somatic mutation, and production of late AFC and IgG Ab. Surprisingly, the MZ but not the FO memory response included IgM Ab. We conclude that MZ B cells are heterogeneous, comprising cells for both early AFC response and GC/memory pathway against TD antigens.
Renal sodium retention in cirrhosis: Tubular site and relation to hepatic dysfunction
Authors: Laurence J. Wood, Denise Massie, Allan J. McLean, Francis J. Dudley
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Renal sodium handling, assessed by the response to acute saline loading, was investigated in 14 well-compensated, nonascitic alcoholic cirrhotics and six normal controls. Urinary sodium excretion in cirrhotic patients (199 ± 141 μmoles per min) was significantly lower than in controls (387 ± 104 μmoles per min; p &lt; 0.01) at 3 hr postinfusion. In contrast to controls, renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate did not increase in the cirrhotics in response to acute saline loading. Proximal fractional reabsorption of sodium was estimated by clearance techniques in the presence of a hypotonic diuresis. Cirrhotic subjects with impaired functional liver cell mass as assessed by antipyrine clearance were unable to decrease proximal fractional reabsorption of sodium significantly in response to saline loading. Assessment in the cirrhotics included measurement of hepatic vein pressure gradient, indocyanine green extraction ratio, indocyanine green clearance, and antipyrine clearance as indices of portal pressure, intrahepatic shunting, hepatic blood flow and functional hepatocellular mass, respectively. Urinary sodium excretion in the cirrhotics correlated strongly with antipyrine clearance (r = 0.839, p &lt; 0.0001) and weakly with portal pressure (r = 0.562, p = 0.037). No correlation was seen with the other indices of hepatic blood flow and shunting. The findings of this study suggest that alcoholic cirrhosis is associated with a decline in hepatocellular function which results in either a decreased clearance of a salt-retaining hormone or decreased synthesis of a natriuretic hormone. This hormone has as its principal effect the modulation of renal afferent vasomotor tone such that, in cirrhotics, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and proximal tubular sodium reabsorption cannot be altered in response to a salt load. Release of this hormone may be influenced by the degree of sinusoidal hypertension or hepatic venous outflow resistance.
Stroke After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery—Reply
Authors: Joseph F. Sabik
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
GONORRHOEA COMPLICATED BY SYPHILIS
Authors: N. P. L. Lumb
Journal: BMJ (1918)

GONORRHOEA COMPLICATED BY SYPHILIS.[ Ts fomemLater there was arthlritis of the left shoulder.CASE 2.-Primary syphilis.No urethral discharge; two-glas; urine test on admissioni: clear, iio filamenits.Ilistory of goIoi1rboea two months before.Acute left epi(li(lymitis developed after ten injections of arseniobenzol and five of mercury.CASE 3.-Primary syphilis.No urethral discharge; two.glass urinie test oIn admission: clear, no filaments.Past history of gonlorrhoea not clear.After three mercury inje.-tioIns acute prostatitis developed, followed ten days later by acute epididymitis.CASE 4.-Primary syphilis.No urethral discharge; two-glass urinae test on admission: clear, iio filaments.History of gonor- rhoea six lmonths before; no relapse since.After ten arseno- benzol anid seven mercury inijectioils acute epididyinitis developed.CASE 5.-Primary syphilis.No urethral discharge; two-glass urine test on adnmission: clear, no filaments.History of gonoi-- rhoea four years ago; no relapse since.After five arseniobenzol an(d three mercury injections acute epididymitjs developed.
Surfactant Protein Profile of Pulmonary Surfactant in Premature Infants
Authors: Philip L. Ballard, Jeffrey D. Merrill, Rodolfo I. Godinez, Marye H. Godinez, William E. Truog, Roberta A. Ballard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Although premature infants are known to be deficient in pulmonary surfactant, there is limited information regarding surfactant protein (SP) composition. To assess the postnatal profile of SPs, tracheal aspirate samples were collected from 35 intubated infants of 23-31 weeks of gestation between 8 and 80 days of age. In 71 large aggregate surfactant samples that had normal in vitro function (minimum surface tension of less than 1 mN/m by pulsating bubble surfactometry), mean +/- SEM contents of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C (3.7 kD) were 7.1 +/- 1.4%, 1.8 +/- 0.2%, and 4.6 +/- 0.6%, respectively, of phospholipid. To assess SPs in the 1st week of life, we analyzed samples from additional infants receiving only synthetic replacement surfactant. On the 2nd day of life, contents of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C were 13.4%, 8.4%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the mean levels for Day 8-80 samples. The major postnatal increases for SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C occurred during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks, respectively. We conclude that surfactant of newborn premature infants is markedly deficient in SPs, in particular SP-C. Despite continuing lung disease, some infants who are more than 1 week of age have surfactant with normal in vitro function that contains SPs at levels comparable to adult surfactant.
Efficacy of Adalimumab in Chronically Active and Symptomatic Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: Lieke S. Kamphuis, Wai-Kwan Lam-Tse, Willem A. Dik, Paul L. van Daele, Paula van Biezen, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Robert W. Kuijpers, Herbert Hooijkaas, Jan A. van Laar, Jeroen Bastiaans, G. Seerp Baarsma, P. Martin van Hagen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)
Pediatrics and adolescent medicine
Authors: Allen R. Walker, Catherine D. DeAngelis
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Infections caused by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae are becoming important clinical problems in a number of areas of the country and of the world. [See also Infectious Diseases.—Ed.] A study of invasive pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease in Memphis, Tenn, 1 described 6 children who were infected with multiply-resistant pneumococcus. Two of these children died. A review of the experience in this sickle cell disease treatment center showed that 15% of the strains that caused pneumococcal sepsis during a 4½-year period were resistant to penicillin. Vancomycin hydrochloride remains uniformly effective against pneumococcus, and the authors suggest that vancomycin be added to cefotaxime sodium in children with sickle cell disease who have meningitis or another potentially serious focus of infection such as pneumonia, evidence of overwhelming infection, or a history of sepsis.  Penicillin-resistant pneumococci are generally susceptible to the serum concentrations that can be achieved with
Transmembrane signalling by the T cell antigen receptor. Perturbation of the T3-antigen receptor complex generates inositol phosphates and releases calcium ions from intracellular stores.
Authors: J B Imboden, J D Stobo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

Antibodies against the T3-antigen receptor complex can activate the human T cell line, Jurkat, to produce interleukin 2 (2-5). This activation is initiated by a receptor-mediated increase in the concentration of free cytoplasmic calcium ions [Ca2+]i (3, 4). In this communication, we investigate the mechanism by which the receptor complex increases [Ca2+ )i in Jurkat cells. The initial receptor-mediated change in [Ca2+]i can occur when extracellular Ca2+ is depleted by EGTA. Perturbation of the T cell antigen receptor, therefore, generates a signal which mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores. As inositol trisphosphate appears to function as such a signal for certain hormone receptors, we measured the levels of inositol trisphosphate and of the other inositol phosphate compounds in Jurkat. Antibodies to either the antigen receptor heterodimer or T3 determinants result in marked elevations of all three inositol phosphates. These changes in inositol phosphates are not secondary to the receptor-mediated increases in [Ca2+]i as demonstrated by the inability of the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, to affect the levels of any of these compounds. In concentrations between 0.1 and 1 microM, purified inositol trisphosphate releases Ca2+ from permeabilized Jurkat cells. Taken together, these data indicate that, during activation, perturbation of the T3-antigen receptor complex generates inositol trisphosphate. This compound functions as an intracellular signal to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores, leading to increases in [Ca2+]i.
Retroperitoneal, Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema as a Complication of Routine Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: A. Girardi, I. Piazza, G. Giunta, G. Pappagallo
Journal: Endoscopy (1990)

Diagnostic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a safe procedure, which, however, is not without complications. We report the rare occurrence of retroperitoneal, mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema following routine endoscopy, with no obvious evidence of a site of perforation. Possible etiological aspects are discussed. This complication appeared to be a benign clinical condition that was resolved with conservative, nonsurgical treatment.
Progesterone Receptors as a Prognostic Factor in Stage II Breast Cancer
Authors: Gary M. Clark, William L. McGuire, Charles A. Hubay, Olof H. Pearson, J. S. Marshall
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

The presence of estrogen receptors in breast cancers is now accepted as a predictor of extended disease-free survival, but the relative value of progesterone receptors for this purpose has not been established. We have examined both receptors along with other risk factors in 189 patients receiving adjuvant therapy for Stage II breast cancer. The presence of either estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors was positively correlated with disease-free survival when analyzed separately, whether or not the adjuvant regimen included an endocrine component. However, when estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were analyzed together in multivariate models, the presence of progesterone receptors was more significant than that of estrogen receptors for predicting time to recurrence, regardless of what other variables were included in the model. These data suggest that determination of the progesterone-receptor concentration is of equal or greater value than determination of the estrogen-receptor concentration for predicting the disease-free survival of patients with breast cancer. Future trials should include measurement of progesterone receptors. (N Engl J Med 1983; 309:1343–7.)
Fatal haemorrhage from mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary artery.
Authors: J M Morgan, A D Morgan, B Addis, G W Bradley, S G Spiro
Journal: Thorax (1986)

The Affordable Care Act has been a lightning rod for litigation, generating hundreds of cases seeking to have all or parts of the law declared illegal. This article focuses on Supreme Court cases that have assessed the ACA over the past decade and highlights those on the Court9s pending docket.