tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus by Clinical Type
Authors: L Joseph Melton, Pasquale J Palumbo, Chu-Pin Chu
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

The incidence of diabetes mellitus by clinical type was determined for the community of Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–69. Overall adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were 8.4 for IDDM, 80.1 for obese NIDDM, 45.6 for nonobese NIDDM, and 3.6 for secondary diabetes, using our definitions. Strict use of National Diabetes Data Group criteria would have reduced the apparent incidence of all diabetes by about 20% through the deletion of NIDDM cases. The National Diabetes Data Group classification improved the clinical homogeneity of IDDM patients compared with “juvenile-onset” diabetes but had little effect on NIDDM relative to “maturity-onset” diabetes, since essentially the same patients were included in both groups. Separation of NIDDM into obese and nonobese subcategories accomplished little in the way of defining two more homogeneous subgroups.
Functional and evolutionary insights into the simple yet specific gut microbiota of the honey bee from metagenomic analysis
Authors: Philipp Engel, Nancy A. Moran
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

The honey bee, Apis mellifera, harbors a characteristic gut microbiota composed of only a few species which seem to be specific to social bees. The maintenance of this stable and distinct microbial community depends on the social lifestyle of these insects. As in other animals, the bacteria in the gut of honey bees probably govern important functions critical to host health. We recently sequenced a metagenome of the gut microbiota of A. mellifera, assigned gene contents to bins corresponding to the major species present in the honey bee gut, and compared functional gene categories between these species, and between the complete metagenome and those of other animals. Gene contents could be linked to different symbiotic functions with the host. Further, we found a high degree of genetic diversity within each of these species. In the case of the gammaproteobacterial species Gilliamella apicola, we experimentally showed a link between genetic variation of isolates and functional differences suggesting that niche partitioning within this species has emerged during evolution with its bee hosts. The consistent presence of only a few species, combined with strain variation within each of these species, makes the gut microbiota of social bees an ideal model for studying functional, structural, and evolutionary aspects of host-associated microbial communities: many characteristics resemble the gut microbiota of humans and other mammals, but the complexity is considerably reduced. In this addendum, we summarize and discuss our major findings and provide a detailed perspective on future research.
THE CHILDREN'S YEAR CAMPAIGN
Authors: GRACE L. MEIGS
Journal: JAMA (1918)

in the factories, and, as I have already mentioned, Albert Thomas, minister of munitions, has established in all the munition factories such an organization for the protection of women and children.In order to furnish an efficient personnel for the foregoing noted organizations, there has been founded in Paris, under the auspices of the Ligue contre la mortalité infantile, a central school of puericulture.Lectures in puericulture have, however, been given for several years at the Foundation Pierre Budin, Hôpital des Enfants assistés, and in a special department of the Faculty of Paris under Dr. Marfan.I have myself, since 1906, given a course in puericulture in our nurses' training school of the city of Paris, and many others are given in the universities of the provinces.At the moment, during 1917, when we found our¬ selves in particular difficulties along these lines in our reorganization of the fight against infant mortality, the American Red Cross arrived in France with its special department, the children's bureau (under the direction of Dr. William Palmer Lucas), to offer its aid.This offer was accepted by the whole of France with the deepest appreciation.That which has so appealed to us from the theoretical standpoint is your development of the visiting nurses, whose efficiency has been so clearly demonstrated in the United States.Of this I am particularly impressed, since I had the opportunity of seeing the visiting nurse organizations of New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, etc.After having responded to the most urgent appeals for aid incident to the war, as for example, at Toul, Nesle and Evian, the American Red Cross undertook, at Lyons, a work of a more general nature, in organiz¬ ing an exposition of puericulture or, as is said here, an "infant welfare exhibit."This has had a most aston¬ 1.
New Uses of Electrocardiography
Authors: Samuel Vee
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  In your EDITORIAL  Bundle of Information ( 216 : 669, 1971) you have failed to mention a new electrocardiographic test which had been devised in our hospital a few years ago. Finding the two-step test too hazardous, we substituted a much more gentle and pleasurable way of accelerating the heart rate. This is brought about by having the patient read a pornographic book for 15 minutes. A 12-lead pornocardiogram is then taken and carefully checked for S-T depressions and T-wave inversions. In the absence of these abnormalities, as defined by Master (not Masters), we consider the tracing normal. If the record is abnormal, we let the patient rest for one hour and then take a cornocardiogram to serve as control in ruling out false-positive tests. Any corny book in our hospital library can be used for this purpose. If the ECG remains normal after the patient has been
Lesions of the Pitching Arm in Adolescents
Authors: Hugh S. Tullos
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This communication focuses on lesions of the throwing arm in adolescents which occur during participation in organized youth baseball. While it is apparent that multiple injuries may be possible in this sport, this communication centers on those lesions unique to the act of throwing—those lesions which occur as a direct result of prolonged and repetitious delivery of a baseball. Insight into these lesions may be gained by an understanding of the basic act of pitching. This is best demonstrated in the professional pitcher. <h3>The Pitching Act</h3> The professional pitcher in the act of pitching demonstrates several distinct phases. First, there is the windup; then the arm is cocked; the arm and shoulder are accelerated and the ball is released; and finally, there is the follow-through (Fig 1). <h3>The Cocking Phase.—</h3> To further clarify the process, we arbitrarily divided the pitching act into three phases. In the initial phase, the arm
Ocular findings and skin histology in a group of patients with X-linked ichthyosis
Authors: A. PICCIRILLO, L. AURICCHIO, G. FABBROCINI, G. PARENTI, A. BALLABIO, M. DELFINO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

We carried out ophthalmological examinations, and histopathological examinations of skin biopsies in 32 male patients affected by X-linked ichthyosis. We found corneal opacities in only five patients, and their presence was not related to the age of the patients. Skin histology revealed a reduction of the granular layer in nine cases, a finding previously thought to be typical of autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris.
Surgical management of large bronchial collateral arteries with pulmonary stenosis or atresia.
Authors: D C McGoon, D K Baird, G D Davis
Journal: Circulation (1975)

Single or multiple large bronchial collateral arteries may provide all or some of the pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with proximal atresia of the pulmonary artery, and even in patients with only pulmonary stenosis. At the time of corrective surgery such arteries must be ligated in order to provide favorable operating conditions, to avoid cardiac overdistention during repair, and to prevent left-to-right intrapulmonary shunting postoperatively. Their ligation and control require precise preoperative definition of their number, origin, and course, and special intraoperative methods for their exposure. Associated hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries may be severe enough to preclude corrective operation, but these hypoplastic arteries may enlarge in response to increase of blood flow through them resulting from a surgically created shunt. Experience with 14 surgically managed cases of this type forms the basis for the report.
Medical equipment for expeditions.
Authors: R Illingworth
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Each year more than 200 expeditions leave Britain to travel to destinations around the world, to climb mountains, explore jungles, to study plants or beetles, and to seek excitement and adventure.Expeditions may differ greatly in size, duration, objectives, and activities, but none can avoid the possibility of accident or illness.Most expeditions have no major medical problem.Nevertheless, any injury or disease that does occur may be more serious and difficult to manage because of the remoteness that is an essential part of an expedition.Expedition medicine entails far more than just taking a first- aid kit and hoping not to have to use it.It is most important to prevent illness and injury whenever possible by adequate immunisations and antimalarial prophylaxis, careful attention to the cleanliness of food and water, safety precautions during potentially dangerous activities, and general common sense.Dental and medical check-ups will be needed before departure, plans must be made for emergency evacuation if necessary, and full medical insurance arranged.These and other aspects of expedition medicine have been discussed elsewhere.1-3Even with the best preventive medicine, however, a medical kit is essential.This paper is the result of experience gained from expeditions and mountaineering in four continents and of organising medical equipment for more than 60 expeditions.Most of these have been run by the Brathay Exploration Group for young men and women aged 16-22, with older leaders, to remote parts of Scotland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada, FIG 2-Kiagtut Sermia expedition, 1969.)glacier, South Greenland. (Brathay GreenlandFIG 3-Expedition equipment in dug-out canoes on Karamuak River, Borneo.
The Resuscitation of Near-Drowning Victims
Authors: Joseph P. Ornato
Journal: JAMA (1986)

DROWNING causes almost 9000 deaths in the United States each year out of an estimated 80 000 near-drowning incidents.<sup>1</sup>Males between the ages of 10 and 19 years are the most common victims. Fortunately, only about one of every nine or ten underwater submersion accidents results in death. When death occurs, the term "drowning" is applied. "Near-drowning" is the term used when there is at least temporary survival from suffocation by submersion.<sup>2</sup> The usual sequence of events in the animal model of drowning is initial breath holding followed by the swallowing of large amounts of water, vomiting, terminal gasping with flooding of the lungs, and death.<sup>3</sup>Animal models of near-drowning in the laboratory do not precisely mimic human drowning in natural waters.<sup>4-6</sup>This must be taken into account when extrapolating results of animal research to clinical resuscitation. Less hemodilution is noted in humans than in animals,
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate: a modulator of embryonic chick cartilage growth.
Authors: W M Burch, H E Lebovitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

We tested the hypothesis that cyclic AMP plays a significant role in modulating the growth of embryonic chick cartilage by determining whether cyclic AMP levels change in growing embryonic cartilage and whether cyclic AMP could stimulate embryonic cartilage growth in a long term in vitro organ culture. Cyclic AMP levels were low (0.1 pmol/mg wet wt) in 8-d chick embryo pelvic cartilage, and increased progressively through the 11th d of embryonic development at which time they reached a maximum (1.8 pmol/mg wet weight) and thereafter remained constant. We developed an in vitro organ culture system to determine whether cyclic AMP, a factor known to stimulate radiolabeled precursor incorporation into macromolecules in short-term studies does, in fact, stimulate growth of cartilage. Individual pelvic cartilages were isolated from 9-d chick embryos, placed in serum-free medium (BGJb-FJ modification) and incubated for 3 to 5 d during which time they increased in size (39 and 60% in length, respectively), wet weight (90 and 141%, respectively), and content of total soluble protein (30 and 48%, respectively). N6-monobutyryl cyclic AMP (BtcAMP) added to the medium caused a dose-dependent (0.05 to 1.0 mM) stimulation of growth. After 3 d of incubation, 1.0 mM BtcAMP increased wet weight (125%), [14C]leucine incorporation into protein (75%), and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (48%) compared with control cartilages incubated in medium alone. 1-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, also increased cartilage growth above control while sodium butyrate, AMP, and ATP had no effect. Histological examination of cartilage grown in medium was similar to that of cartilage developing in ovo, whereas, cartilage grown in medium containing BtcAMP showed marked hypercellularity with many immature chondrocytes. Our observations are compatible with the hypothesis that cyclic AMP can significantly modulate the growth of embryonic cartilage.
Oxidative decarboxylation of free and peptide-linked amino acids in phagocytizing guinea pig granulocytes.
Authors: S K Adeniyi-Jones, M L Karnovsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids by a system consisting of myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride has been demonstrated previously by others and the process has been considered to be part of the microbicidal armamentarium of some phagocytic leukocytes. We were able to translate these earlier observations, made on model systems, to intact guinea pig granulocytes. We could demonstrate differences in the cellular handling of peptide-linked amino acids as particles, compared with free amino acids. Specific inhibitors were used to explore two routes of oxidative decarboxylation: (a) the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed direct decarboxylation-deamination reaction, and (b) oxidation of alpha-keto acids after transamination of amino acids. These inhibitors were cyanide, azide, and tapazole for the former pathway, and amino-oxyacetate for the latter. Amino-oxyacetate profoundly inhibited the decarboxylation of free 14C-amino acids (alanine and aspartate) in both resting and stimulated cells, but had only a minimal effect on 14CO2 production from ingested insoluble 14C-protein. On the other hand, the peroxidase inhibitors cyanide, azide, and tapazole dramatically inhibited the production of 14CO2 from ingested particulate 14C-protein, but had only small effects on the decarboxylation of free amino acid. Soluble, uniformly labeled 14C-protein was not significantly converted to 14CO2 even in the presence of phagocytizable polystyrene beads. These observation suggest that the amino acids taken up by phagocytosis (e.g., as denatured protein particles) are oxidatively decarboxylated and deaminated in the phagosomes by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system; soluble free amino acids that enter the cytoplasm by diffusion or transport are oxidatively decarboxylated after transamination by the normal cellular amino acid oxidative pathway.
Poorer Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Associated with Cystoid Macular Edema Identified in Preterm Infants in the Intensive Care Nursery
Authors: Adam L. Rothman, Du Tran-Viet, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Ricki F. Goldstein, Maureen G. Maguire, Vincent Tai, Neeru Sarin, Amy Y. Tong, Jiayan Huang, Laura Kupper, C. Michael Cotten, Sharon F. Freedman, Cynthia A. Toth
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
Role of Endogenous Endothelin-1 in Experimental Renal Hypertension in Dogs
Authors: Julian Donckier, Liviu Stoleru, Wataru Hayashida, Henri Van Mechelen, Philippe Selvais, Laurence Galanti, Jean-Paul Clozel, Jean-Marie Ketelslegers, Hubert Pouleur
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Endothelin-1, a vasoconstrictive peptide released by endothelium, may be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of endogenous endothelin-1 in renal hypertension in dogs. The model of hypertension consisted of silk tissue wrapping of the left kidney, which produced hypertension associated with perinephritis after 6 to 8 weeks. Methods and Results Thirty-two anesthetized open chest dogs were studied randomly: 8 dogs with perinephritic hypertension received the nonpeptidic ET A -ET B receptor antagonist bosentan (group 1); 8 other hypertensive dogs received the vehicle solution (group 2); 8 healthy dogs received bosentan (group 3); and 8 healthy dogs received the vehicle solution (group 4). Bosentan was injected as an intravenous bolus (3 mg/kg) followed by a 1-hour infusion at a rate of 7 mg · kg −1 · h −1 . In hypertensive dogs, bosentan produced a similar decrease ( P =.0001) of both left ventricular systolic and mean aortic pressures, which averaged 38 mm Hg (−22% and −24%, respectively). These parameters remained unchanged with the vehicle solution. Left ventricular end-diastolic and left atrial pressures also declined significantly with bosentan ( P =.0005 and P &lt;.05, respectively). Left ventricular lengths tended to decrease. The other cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, peak [+]dP/dt, time constant of relaxation, and coronary vascular resistance) did not change significantly. In healthy dogs, bosentan decreased mean aortic pressure by 19 mm Hg ( P =.004). Vehicle solution had no effect. Plasma endothelin-1 levels, similar under basal conditions in healthy and hypertensive dogs, increased 30-fold with bosentan ( P =.0001). Conclusions Specific endothelin-1 receptor antagonism markedly lowers blood pressure in experimental hypertension but is less effective on blood pressure of healthy animals. This suggests that endothelin-1 plays a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension but contributes to a lesser extent to the maintenance of normal blood pressure. This role of endothelin-1 is unrelated to its plasma levels. The increase of plasma endothelin-1 with bosentan, due either to a displacement of endothelin-1 from its receptor or to a feedback mechanism, does not prevent this blood pressure reduction.
Novel role of nuclear receptor rev-erbα in hepatic stellate cell activation: Potential therapeutic target for liver injury
Authors: Ting Li, Ashley L. Eheim, Sabine Klein, Frank E. Uschner, Amber C. Smith, Elizabeth Brandon-Warner, Sriparna Ghosh, Herbert L. Bonkovsky, Jonel Trebicka, Laura W. Schrum
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) transdifferentiation from a quiescent, adipocyte-like cell to a highly secretory and contractile myofibroblast-like phenotype contributes to negative pathological consequences, including fibrosis/cirrhosis with portal hypertension (PH). Antiadipogenic mechanisms have been shown to underlie activation of HSCs. We examined the role of heme-sensing nuclear receptor Rev-erbα, a transcriptional repressor involved in metabolic and circadian regulation known to promote adipogenesis in preadipocytes, in HSC transdifferentiation. We discovered that Rev-erbα protein was up-regulated in activated HSCs and injured livers; however, transcriptional repressor activity was not affected by fibrogenic treatments. Surprisingly, increased protein expression was accompanied with increased cytoplasmic accumulation of Rev-erbα, which demonstrated distributions similar to myosin, the major cellular motor protein. Cells overexpressing a cytoplasm-localized Rev-erbα exhibited enhanced contractility. Ectopically expressed Rev-erbα responded to both adipogenic ligand and fibrogenic transforming growth factor beta treatment. Rev-erb ligand SR6452 down-regulated cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα, decreased expression of fibrogenic markers and the activated phenotype in HSCs, and ameliorated fibrosis and PH in rodent models. Conclusions: Up-regulation of Rev-erbα is an intrinsic fibrogenic response characterized by cytoplasmic accumulation of the protein in activated HSCs. Cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα promotes a contractile phenotype. Rev-erbα acts as a bifunctional regulator promoting either anti- or profibrogenic response, depending on milieu. Rev-erb ligand SR6452 functions by a previously undescribed mechanism, targeting both nuclear activity and cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα. Our studies identify Rev-erbα as a novel regulator of HSC transdifferentiation and offers exciting new insights on the therapeutic potential of Rev-erb ligands. (Hepatology 2014;59:2383–2396)
Health gains in Canadian budget
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The Canadian government has responded to public anxiety about recent huge cuts in health care by announcing that it is to spend an additional $C300m (£136m; $205m) on health related programmes over the next three years.

In a budget that forecasts the lowest deficit in years, finance minister Paul Martin promised to spend more than $C1bn a year until 2000 on job creation and social programmes. …
Retroviral Integrations in Gene Therapy Trials
Authors: Luca Biasco, Cristina Baricordi, Alessandro Aiuti
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

γ-Retroviral and lentiviral vectors allow the permanent integration of a therapeutic transgene in target cells and have provided in the last decade a delivery platform for several successful gene therapy (GT) clinical approaches. However, the occurrence of adverse events due to insertional mutagenesis in GT treated patients poses a strong challenge to the scientific community to identify the mechanisms at the basis of vector-driven genotoxicity. Along the last decade, the study of retroviral integration sites became a fundamental tool to monitor vector–host interaction in patients overtime. This review is aimed at critically revising the data derived from insertional profiling, with a particular focus on the evidences collected from GT clinical trials. We discuss the controversies and open issues associated to the interpretation of integration site analysis during patient's follow up, with an update on the latest results derived from the use of high-throughput technologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future technical development and on the application of these studies to address broader biological questions, from basic virology to human hematopoiesis. γ-Retroviral and lentiviral vectors allow the permanent integration of a therapeutic transgene in target cells and have provided in the last decade a delivery platform for several successful gene therapy (GT) clinical approaches. However, the occurrence of adverse events due to insertional mutagenesis in GT treated patients poses a strong challenge to the scientific community to identify the mechanisms at the basis of vector-driven genotoxicity. Along the last decade, the study of retroviral integration sites became a fundamental tool to monitor vector–host interaction in patients overtime. This review is aimed at critically revising the data derived from insertional profiling, with a particular focus on the evidences collected from GT clinical trials. We discuss the controversies and open issues associated to the interpretation of integration site analysis during patient's follow up, with an update on the latest results derived from the use of high-throughput technologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future technical development and on the application of these studies to address broader biological questions, from basic virology to human hematopoiesis.