tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Infantile Fundus Lesions in Relation to Mental Capacity
Authors: J. H. Doggart
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Developmental abnormalities and other congenital defects of the eye often remain unsuspected in the early weeks or months of life because newborn babies do not as a rule undergo'detailed intraocular examination.For research purposes a clinic may go out of its way to scrutinize the ocular fundi and media in every infant, but in ordinary out-patient and office practice the need seldom arises.We know that the macula is not fully developed at birth, even in healthy full-term children, so that nurses, parents, and others in close contact with infants do not usually feel perturbed about a baby's blank stare-unless that vacant look persists beyond the time when a healthy baby should be taking in his en- tourage with a purposive stare.If later on we discover a bilateral macular coloboma or any other fundus lesions ample to account for defective sight we can as a rule tell the parents that nobody could have prevented the trouble, and that no treatment, however promptly it had been given, could have made the eyes normal.Before mentioning some of the diseases in which fundus lesions may give a clue to the mental state, let us consider what kind of situation makes a parent or doctor wish to have an infant's eyes examined.1. Ophthalmoscopy may be done as a routine precau- tion in the absence of any unfavourable signs.Perhaps there is a history of eye trouble in other members of the family, or perhaps the-parents are full of fear through having often heard eye defects discussed.2. An explanation may be sought for abnormal signs in the eyes.For instance, one eye may be smaller than the other, or possibly there is nystagmus, proptosis, squint, inequality or peculiar shape of the pupils, or opacity of one or both lenses.3. The victims of certain disease-states are prone to suffer from ocular complications, so that ophthalmo- scopy may serve to clinch the dia:gnosis, as -in Tay-Sachs disease or in toxoplasmosis.Then again, the family doctor may seek to know whether the optic disks are atrophic in cases of hydrocephalus, oxycephaly, or other deformities of the skull and face.
Much Ado About Die Liebfrauenmilch
Authors: James S. Reynolds
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  In contrast to your usual learned correctness, I was surprised by an entry in the Just Words article ( 194 :14, 1965). In this you state that  Liebfrauenmilch means 'milk  the breasts  our Lady the Virgin Mary.'  This, I believe, is untrue and a misinterpretation. Liebfrauenmilch or Liebfraumilch means simply  Mother's milk, and your addition  from the breasts of is an unwarranted presumption.  In fact, the name implies the origin  the original Liebfraumilch which was produced only  the grapes  the vineyards  the Liebfrauenkirche in the city  Worms, in Rheinland-Pfalz, West Germany. The name was corrupted by its adoption for products  many other areas and vineyards today, just as many areas would like to produce Cognac or Roquefort. The correct interpretation  Liebfraumilch is thus Cream  the Vineyards  the Beloved Mother Church—not (heaven forbid) from the breasts
England approves first mental health foundation trusts
Authors: Robert Short
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The first three mental health foundation trusts have been authorised in England. Monitor, the UK's independent regulator of NHS foundation trusts, has named them as Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, South Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, and South Staffordshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.

The regulator says that the trusts will be financially viable, well governed, and legally constituted. William Moyes, chairman of Monitor, said, “NHS foundation trust status will allow them to further develop services, taking advantage of the freedoms that …
Increase in mucociliary clearance in normal man induced by oral high frequency oscillation.
Authors: R J George, M A Johnson, D Pavia, J E Agnew, S W Clarke, D M Geddes
Journal: Thorax (1985)

Data on the effect on mucociliary clearance of oral high frequency oscillation is conflicting. By means of a technique to superimpose high frequency oscillation on tidal breathing, changes in mucociliary clearance during high frequency oscillation were studied in seven normal non-smokers by monitoring the clearance of inhaled radiolabelled aerosol from the lungs. After inhalation of 5 microns technetium 99m labelled particles under controlled conditions, whole lung clearance was monitored by scintillation counters half hourly for six hours with a final count at 24 hours, from which tracheobronchial deposition and clearance could be calculated. Control and high frequency oscillation studies were performed on separate days in random order. Oral high frequency oscillation was applied by a bass loudspeaker through a mouthpiece to superimpose sinewave oscillations (RMS input pressure 1.2 cm H2O, mean pressure zero) on normal breaths. On high frequency oscillation days 30 minutes of oscillation alternated with 30 min of rest. Between 3 and 4.5 hours mucociliary clearance with high frequency oscillation exceeded control by about 10% (p less than 0.05). The mean time taken to eliminate 90% of deposited radioaerosol from the tracheobronchial tree fell from 4 hours 50 minutes (range 1 h 52 min-6 h 50 min) during control to 3 hours 43 minutes (range 2 hr 28 min-5 hr 54 min) during the high frequency oscillation run (p less than 0.05). Possibly this comfortable, simple technique would be of therapeutic benefit to patients with chronic sputum retention and merits further investigation.
Deaths and necropsies in a thoracic unit.
Authors: D A Boldy, C Jones, H Matthews, C Edwards
Journal: Thorax (1993)

There is concern about the decrease in the number of requests for necropsies, so a study was undertaken to assess current clinical practice.A prospective study was made of all deaths occurring under the care of five chest physicians and three thoracic surgeons at East Birmingham Hospital from 1 April to 30 June 1989.A necropsy was sought in 34 of 58 deaths (59%) and was performed in 22 instances (38%). Major unexpected findings which would have affected clinical management were noted in three patients (14%). The mean delay in reporting results of histological examinations was 146 days (range 41-260 days). As the result of an increase in pathology technical staff levels and alteration in the practice of processing histological data, there was a substantial improvement during the corresponding period in 1990 (mean reduction 58 days, 95% confidence limits 39-77 days). Apart from patients with histologically proved carcinoma, there was no consistent pattern for requests for necropsies.Necropsies continue to reveal diagnoses which were not suspected while the patient was alive. Although the number of requests made by clinical staff for necropsies is reasonable, the reasons for the requests are not consistent. Guidelines are suggested to improve the number of successful requests and to maximise the information obtained from them.
Metabolic Response of Normal Human Myocardium to High-Dose Atropine-Dobutamine Stress Studied by <sup>31</sup> P-MRS
Authors: Hildo J. Lamb, Hugo P. Beyerbacht, Ronald Ouwerkerk, Joost Doornbos, Babette M. Pluim, Ernst E. van der Wall, Arnoud van der Laarse, Albert de Roos
Journal: Circulation (1997)

31P-MRS during cardiac stress may provide (patho)physiological insights into the high-energy phosphate metabolism of the myocardium. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to determine the metabolic response of normal human myocardium to severe atropine-dobutamine (A-D) stress. To corroborate the results from the present in vivo study, a 31P-MRS experiment was performed with a moving phantom to simulate respiratory motion.The phantom experiment showed no relation (P=.371) between the intensity ratio of two separate phosphate peaks and amplitude of phantom excursions. The phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP signal strength and the PCr/ATP ratio were determined from the left ventricular wall in 20 healthy subjects (posttest likelihood for coronary artery disease was <2.5%) with 31P-MRS at rest and during high-dose A-D stress (rate-pressure product increased threefold). Stress-induced changes were -21% for PCr (P<.001) and -9% for ATP (P<.05). The average PCr/ATP value at rest was 1.42+/-0.18 and decreased by 14% to 1.22+/-0.20 during stress (P<.001).The phantom experiment shows that the in vivo decrease of myocardial PCr/ATP due to high-dose A-D stress we observed is not a motion artifact. Consequently, this indicates that myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism of the normal human heart is altered at high workloads.
ABC of AIDS. The virus and the tests.
Authors: P P Mortimer
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Patients with symptoms of possible sleep .apnoeaneed careful, expert examination of the oropharynx weight loss, drug treatment, nasal positive airway pressure, or surgery.We describe a case illustrating the importance of careful examination of the upper airway in these patients. Case reportA 66 year old man was admitted to hospital after a road traffic accident in which he fractured his left wrist.He reported that the accident had been caused by his falling asleep at the wheel.He gave a history of tiredness during the day with pronounced daytime somnolence for six to 12 months.
Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning With Ethyl Alcohol
Authors: Warren E. C. Wacker
Journal: JAMA (1965)

In the course of phylogenetic evolution, the substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme which detoxicates ethyl alcohol, has apparently broadened. Thus, while the enzyme from yeast oxidizes ethyl alcohol and only a few other alcohols,<sup>1</sup>the enzyme of the horse liver is capable of oxidizing a range of other alcohols.<sup>1,2</sup>The human enzyme has an even wider range,<sup>3</sup>since contrary to the horse enzyme it oxidizes both ethyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. While chemically ethylene glycol is very similar to ethyl alcohol, both these compounds are toxic to man. Detailed studies of the enzymatic oxidation of ethylene glycol demonstrate that ethyl alcohol, the natural substrate, is a potent competitive inhibitor of the oxidation of ethylene glycol.<sup>3</sup>Hence, low concentrations of ethyl alcohol prevent the oxidation of large concentrations of ethylene glycol. These biochemical features of the catalytic behavior of human-liver alcohol dehydrogenase have served as
A Follow-up Study Using lodine-131 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Imaging in a Patient with Neuroblastoma
Authors: K IKEKUBO, Y HABUCHI, S JEONG, H YAMAGUCH, Y SAIKAI, H ITO, M HINO, T HIGA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

A new radiopharmaceutical, I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) was used to determine the location and to follow-up tumors in a 13-month-old girl with neuroblastoma. I-131 MIBG imaging revealed both a primary abdominal tumor and a distant metastatic orbital tumor. Follow-up study with I-131 MIBG imaging demonstrated significant resolution of tumors after external radiotherapy and chemotherapy. I-131 MIBG imaging is a simple, safe, and specific method of determining the location of tumors and also is clinically useful in the evaluation and management of patients with neuroblastoma.
Limbless Ex-Service Men
Authors: G. Chandley
Journal: BMJ (1950)

<b>Rationale: </b> To assess the diagnostic accuracy of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT for characterizing solid renal masses. <b>Methods:</b> Imaging and clinical records of patients who underwent <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT for clinical work-up of their solid renal masses, from September 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Histopathology (sample from biopsy/ surgery) formed the reference standard. The histopathologic diagnoses were segregated as malignant/concerning (RCCs other than chromophobe histology) and benign/non-concerning (oncocytic renal neoplasms including chromophobe RCC, other benign diagnoses) to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT and contrast-enhanced CT (ceCT). The clinical reads of the SPECT/CT images were used for the visual classification of the lesions. Additionally, the images were manually segmented to obtain maximum and mean counts of the lesion, adjacent renal cortex, and maximum and mean lesional HU. <b>Results:</b><sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT was performed in 42 patients to evaluate their 62 renal masses. A histopathologic diagnosis was available in 27 patients (mean age 66.8±10.4 years; 18 men, 9 women), with 36 solid renal masses. ceCT findings were available in 20 of these patients. The most commonly identified single histology was clear-cell RCC (13/36; 36.1%). Oncocytic tumors were the most common group of non-concerning lesions (15/36) with oncocytoma as the predominant histology (<i>n</i> = 6). The sensitivity and specificity of SPECT/CT for diagnosing a non-concerning lesion was 66.7%, and 89.5% respectively, compared to 10%, and 75% for ceCT, respectively. Lesion to kidney count ratios could be calculated for 31 lesions. The lesion to kidney ratios for maximum and mean counts, and maximum lesion HU showed significant differences between the two groups (P&lt;0.05). Lesion to kidney mean count ratio at a cut-off value of &gt;0.46 showed a sensitivity and specificity of 87.5%, and 86.67% respectively for detecting non-concerning lesions which was significantly higher than that of ceCT. The highest area under the curve of 0.92 was obtained by retrospectively combining maximum HU and mean lesion-to-kidney count ratio on SPECT/CT. <b>Conclusion:</b> The current literature on the utility of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT for characterization of solid renal masses is limited. We offer additional evidence on the incremental value of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT over ceCT for differentiating the malignant/aggressive renal tumors from the benign/indolent ones, thereby potentially avoiding over-treatment and its associated complications. Quantitative assessment can further increase the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT/CT and may be used in conjunction with the visual interpretation.
Importance of obesity, race and age to the cardiac structural and functional effects of hypertension
Authors: John S. Gottdiener, Domenic J. Reda, Barry J. Materson, Barry M. Massie, Alpo Notargiacomo, Robert J. Hamburger, David W. Williams, William G. Henderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of obesity and its interaction with age, race and the magnitude of blood pressure elevation in a large cohort of patients with mild to moderate hypertension and a high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Background. Obesity, race and age each have important effects on the incidence and severity of hypertension and may contribute to the effects of blood pressure elevation on the cardiac manifestations of hypertension. Methods. Left ventricular structure and function were assessed with two-dimensional targeted M-mode echocardiography in 692 men with mild to moderate hypertension (average blood pressure 153/100 mm Hg), and the data were compared in relation to obesity (determined from body mass index), age, race, blood pressure, physical activity, plasma renin activity, urinary sodium excretion, hematocrit, heart rate and serum lipids. Results. Left ventricular hypertrophy was common (630% with increased left ventricular mass, 22% with left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram [ECG]). On multivariable regression analysis, body mass index was the strongest predictor of left ventricular mass and magnified the slope relation of blood pressure to left ventricular mass. Despite a greater prevalence of ECG left ventricular hypertrophy in blacks (31%) than in whites (10%), left ventricular mass and echocardiographic prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not differ by race. However, septal, posterior left ventricular and relative wall thickness were greater in black than in white men. Conclusions. Obesity is the strongest clinical predictor of left ventricular mass and left ventricular hypertrophy la men, even in those with mild to moderate hypertension of sufficient severity to be associated with a high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Moreover, independent effects of systolic blood pressure on left ventricular mass an amplified by obesity. Although race does not affect left ventricular mass or the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, black race is associated with greater relative wall thickness, itself a predictor of unfavorable cardiovascular outcome.
Loss of Imprinting of<i>IGF2</i>: A Common Epigenetic Modifier of Intestinal Tumor Risk
Authors: Atsushi Kaneda, Andrew P. Feinberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Epigenetic alterations in cancer occur at least as commonly as genetic mutations, but epigenetic alterations could occur secondarily to the tumor process itself. To establish a causal role of epigenetic changes, investigators have turned to genetically engineered mouse models. Here, we review a recent study showing that a mouse model of loss of imprinting (LOI) of the insulin-like growth factor II gene (Igf2), which shows aberrant activation of the normally silent maternal allele, modifies the risk of intestinal neoplasia caused by mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene. This increased risk corresponds to the apparent increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with LOI of IGF2. The model suggests that preexisting epigenetic alterations in normal cells increase tumor risk by expanding the target cell population and/or modulating the effect of subsequent genetic alterations on these cells, providing a novel idea for cancer risk management. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11236-40)
Effects of weight loss and exercise on the distribution of lead and essential trace elements in rats with prior lead exposure.
Authors: S Han, W Li, U Jamil, K Dargan, M Orefice, F W Kemp, J D Bogden
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

We studied the effects of weight loss and non-weight-bearing exercise (swimming) on blood and organ lead and essential metal concentrations in rats with prior lead exposure. Nine-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 37) received lead acetate in their drinking water for 2 weeks, followed by a 4-day latency period without lead exposure. Rats were then randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups: weight maintenance with ad libitum feeding, moderate weight loss with 20% food restriction, and substantial weight loss with 40% food restriction, either with or without swimming. Blood lead concentrations were measured weekly. The rats were euthanized after a 4-week period of food restriction, and the brain, liver, kidneys, quadriceps muscle, lumbar spinal column bones, and femur were harvested for analysis for lead, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both swimming and nonswimming rats fed restricted diets had consistently higher blood lead concentrations than the ad libitum controls. Rats in the substantial weight loss group had higher organ lead concentrations than rats in the weight maintenance group. Rats in the moderate weight loss group had intermediate values. There were no significant differences in blood and organ lead concentrations between the swimming and nonswimming groups. Organ iron concentrations increased with weight loss, but those of the other metals studied did not. Weight loss also increased hematocrits and decreased bone density of the nonswimming rats. The response of lead stores to weight loss was similar to that of iron stores because both were conserved during food restriction in contrast to decreased stores of the other metals studied. It is possible that weight loss, especially rapid weight loss, could result in lead toxicity in people with a history of prior excessive lead exposure.
Lymphocyte Sensitization in Sarcoidosis
Authors: E. A. Caspary, E. J. Field
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Nineteen patients with sarcoidosis have all been shown to have lymphocytes in their blood sensitized to several antigens, including purified protein derivative of tuberculin and Kveim agent, though they had negative or greatly reduced Mantoux reaction. Two patients who repeatedly failed to "convert" after B.C.G. inoculation showed the same cell sensitization phenomena. No explanation can be offered for this anomaly.
Evaluation of 100 Laparoscopic Varicocele Operations with Preservation of Testicular Artery and Ligation of Collateral Vein in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Peter Nyirády, András Kiss, László Pirót, Sándor Sárközy, Zsolt Bognár, Ágoston Csontai, Miklós Merksz
Journal: European Urology (2002)
Naïve CD8 T cell activation by liver bone marrow-derived cells leads to a “neglected” IL-2low Bimhigh phenotype, poor CTL function and cell death
Authors: Lauren E. Holz, Volker Benseler, Michelle Vo, Claire McGuffog, Nico Van Rooijen, Geoffrey W. McCaughan, David G. Bowen, Patrick Bertolino
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
New equities of information in an electronic age
Authors: C. Zielinski
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The developing countries of the Third World are far from homogeneous. Nevertheless, as consumers of information the countries have a stark regularity of features that allows for convenient grouping: most of their medical libraries subscribe to fewer than 50 journals, less than one library in 10 has a computer or CD-ROM player; and budgets for new books, software, and online charges are tiny or non-existent. Telephone and telecommunications systems are sparse, unreliable, and expensive, so use of networks is rare. Where access to networks exists it is used mainly for simple communications rather than to scan health literature.

To add to this unpromising perspective it is now clear that the cost of information is overtaking the cost of information technology. As the price of computers drops and as countries invest in modernising their telecommunications the basic cost of content, reinforced by copyright protecting encryption and tagging systems, will become the principal economic barrier to the flow of information. The “information poor,” particularly in …
Abstract 3951: Imaging exosome transfer from colon cancer cells to stroma at liver metastatic sites in nude mouse.
Authors: Atsushi Suetsugu, Kimi Homma, Shigetoyo Saji, Hisataka Moriwaki, Takahiro Ochiya, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication to promote tumor metastasis. In order to image the fate of cancer-cell-derived exosomes in liver metastasis of colon cancer, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged CD63, which is a general marker of exosomes. GFP-exosome producing RFP human colon cancer HCT cells (HCT-RFP/GFP- Exo cells) were injected in the spleen of nude mice. By day 28, HCT-RFP/GFP-Exo cells were visualized in the liver with the Olympus OV100 imaging system. HCT-RFP/GFP- Exo cells secrete GFP-exosomes in the liver metastasis site as observed with the Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope. Colon cancer cells secreted exosomes into the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-derived exosomes were incorporated into tumor-associated cells as well as circulating in the blood of mice with colon cancer metastases. These results suggest that tumor-derived exosomes may contribute to forming a niche to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of GFP imaging to investigate the role of exosomes in colon cancer liver metastasis. Citation Format: Atsushi Suetsugu, Kimi Homma, Shigetoyo Saji, Hisataka Moriwaki, Takahiro Ochiya, Robert M. Hoffman. Imaging exosome transfer from colon cancer cells to stroma at liver metastatic sites in nude mouse. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3951. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3951