tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Pigmented Hive
Authors: Kenneth M. Halprin
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Brownish macules or papules or nodules which urticate when stroked provide the symptomatology and the diagnosis of urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis). Urtication from mild injury (stroking) is the result of histamine release from dermal mast-cell nests. The brown color is due to hyperactive melanocytes in the overlying epidermis. Young children with only one or a few lesions limited to the skin (Fig 1) account for about 80% of all cases. The lesions, which are usually nodular, fade gradually and by puberty are usually insignificant. Onset during later childhood or adult life is a matter for concern. The lesions are usually more numerous and tend to be macular or papular (Fig 2). They may progress until the entire skin is diffusely infiltrated with mast cells (Fig 3) and until individual lesions can no longer be appreciated. Systemic symptoms due to histamine release occur frequently and include episodic flushing, pruritus, headache, nausea, diarrhea,
Antiangiogenesis Enhances Intratumoral Drug Retention
Authors: Jie Ma, Chong-Sheng Chen, Todd Blute, David J. Waxman
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

The tumor vasculature delivers nutrients, oxygen, and therapeutic agents to tumor cells. Unfortunately, the delivery of anticancer drugs through tumor blood vessels is often inefficient and can constitute an important barrier for cancer treatment. This barrier can sometimes be circumvented by antiangiogenesis-induced normalization of tumor vasculature. However, such normalizing effects are transient; moreover, they are not always achieved, as shown here, when 9L gliosarcoma xenografts were treated over a range of doses with the VEGF receptor-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors axitinib and AG-028262. The suppression of tumor blood perfusion by antiangiogenesis agents can be turned to therapeutic advantage, however, through their effects on tumor drug retention. In 9L tumors expressing the cyclophosphamide-activating enzyme P450 2B11, neoadjuvant axitinib treatment combined with intratumoral cyclophosphamide administration significantly increased tumor retention of cyclophosphamide and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. Similar increases were achieved using other angiogenesis inhibitors, indicating that increased drug retention is a general response to antiangiogenesis. This approach can be extended to include systemic delivery of an anticancer prodrug that is activated intratumorally, where antiangiogenesis-enhanced retention of the therapeutic metabolite counterbalances the decrease in drug uptake from systemic circulation, as exemplified for cyclophosphamide. Importantly, the increase in intratumoral drug retention induced by neoadjuvant antiangiogenic drug treatment is shown to increase tumor cell killing and substantially enhance therapeutic activity in vivo. Thus, antiangiogenic agents can be used to increase tumor drug exposure and improve therapeutic activity following intratumoral drug administration, or following systemic drug administration in the case of a therapeutic agent that is activated intratumorally.
How the media left the evidence out in the cold
Authors: G. Schwitzer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

It is understandable that US newspapers and television stations would be interested in a story about a new drug for the common cold. Americans have one billion cold infections each year, losing millions of days of work or school (www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/cold.htm). What is difficult to understand is why and how so many journalists became cheerleaders for an investigational drug that, in the end, failed to pass the test of clinical trials.​trials.
Liver Function in Acute Viral Hepatitis As Determined by A Hepatocyte–Specific Ligand: 99MTc–Galactosyl-Neoglycoalbumin
Authors: Irene Virgolini, Christian Müller, Josef Höbart, Werner Scheithauer, Peter Angelberger, Helmar Bergmann, John O'Grady, Helmut Sinzinger
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Twelve patients with recently diagnosed acute viral hepatitis underwent serial 99mTc-galactosyl neoglycoalbumin scanning of the liver (for up to 8 mo). Injection of 99mTc-galactosyl neoglycoalbumin (150 mBq) at a rate of 3.5 mg (50 nmol; 1 ml) revealed that the liver is the exclusive site of tracer uptake. Simulation of 99mTc-galactosyl neoglycoalbumin kinetics allowed quantification of galactosyl neoglycoalbumin binding to human hepatic binding protein. Return of liver function test scores to normal values was associated in two patients with hepatitis A, in four patients with hepatitis B and in two patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis virus infection, with increases in hepatic binding protein concentration (up to three times the initial concentration), binding rate constant and hepatic blood flow. In the other four patients (three patients with hepatitis B and one patient with cytomegalovirus infection) a prolonged course of disease was monitored. In the mean, hepatic binding protein increased from 0.41 +/- 0.11 mumol/L after onset of acute hepatitis (n = 12) to 0.78 +/- 0.21 mumol/L after 6 mo of follow-up (n = 10) (p less than 0.001). During this period, binding rate constant (72.4 +/- 12.6 vs. 82 +/- 11.5 mumol/L/sec; p less than 0.05) and hepatic blood flow (0.027 +/- 0.0051 vs. 0.031 +/- 0.0083 L/sec; p less than 0.05) increased. Hepatic binding protein concentration correlated highly with actual laboratory test results for liver function (r = 0.98; p = 0.0001). We conclude that scintigraphic evaluation of functional liver cell mass using the new receptor-tracer 99mTc-galactosyl neoglycoalbumin could provide an in vivo diagnostic means of quantifying liver function and assessing liver morphology. In addition, our findings suggest that changes in hepatic binding protein-receptor concentration are likely to occur in vivo.
Intensive Lifestyle Changes Are Necessary to Improve Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Kirsten A. McAuley, Sheila M. Williams, Jim I. Mann, Ailsa Goulding, Alex Chisholm, Noela Wilson, Gretchen Story, Rebecca T. McLay, Michelle J. Harper, Ianthe E. Jones
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—The extent to which lifestyle must be altered to improve insulin sensitivity has not been established. This study compares the effect on insulin sensitivity of current dietary and exercise recommendations with a more intensive intervention in normoglycemic insulin-resistant individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Seventy-nine normoglycemic insulin-resistant (determined by the euglycemic insulin clamp) men and women were randomized to either a control group or one of two combined dietary and exercise programs. One group (modest level) was based on current recommendations and the other on a more intensive dietary and exercise program. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a euglycemic insulin clamp, body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometry and aerobic fitness were assessed before and after a 4-month intervention period. Four-day dietary intakes were recorded, and fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured. RESULTS—Only the intensive group showed a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (23% increase, P=0.006 vs. 9% in the modest group, P=0.23). This was associated with a significant improvement in aerobic fitness (11% increase in the intensive group, P=0.02 vs. 1% in the modest group, P=0.94) and a greater fiber intake, but no difference in reported total or saturated dietary fat. CONCLUSIONS—Current clinical dietary and exercise recommendations, even when vigorously implemented, did not significantly improve insulin sensitivity; however, a more intensive program did. Improved aerobic fitness appeared to be the major difference between the two intervention groups, although weight loss and diet composition may have also played an important role in determining insulin sensitivity.
Decreased Glutamate Transport by the Brain and Spinal Cord in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Jeffrey D. Rothstein, Lee J. Martin, Ralph W. Kuncl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic degenerative neurologic disorder characterized by the death of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Recent studies have suggested that the metabolism of glutamate, a potentially neurotoxic amino acid, is abnormal in patients with ALS. We hypothesized that the high-affinity glutamate transporter is the site of the defect.
The distribution of keratin type intermediate-sized filaments in so-called mixed tumour of the skin
Authors: K. YONEDA, Y. KITAJIMA, H. FURUTA, Y. TSUNEDA, S. MORI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Epithelial cells can be distinguished from various non-epithelial cells by the presence of keratin-type intermediate-sized filaments, which can be detected by immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies to alpha-keratin. In the present study, two types of antibodies were obtained. One of them was specific for alpha-keratin (mol. wt. 49,000 to 69,000 daltons) in whole epidermis, and the other for alpha-keratin (mol. wt. 62,000 and 69,000 daltons) in prickle and granular cells but not in basal cells. Four cases of so-called mixed tumour of the skin were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy using these antibodies. Tumour cells nests of cuboidal and polygonal cells, tubular structures and keratinous cysts reacted with these antibodies, as did individually-dispersed tumour cells within the myxoid and chondroid matrix. These results indicate that all the tumour cells of the so-called mixed tumour of the skin are of epithelial origin. Differences in staining intensity between these tumor cells and their specificity for these two antibodies are discussed with reference to keratin differentiation in tumour cells.
TUMOUR OF THE BRAIN SIMULATING ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA
Authors: S. McClements
Journal: BMJ (1928)

Surntinari.Three cases of frontal lobe tumLiour are described, in two of which the growths were bilateral.The onily observ-ed clinical signs which were common to all three cases were miiental changes and tremor.In two cases severe generalized convulsive attacks conistituted the first definite symptom.Attenttion is drawn to a peculiar exaggeration of the plantar reflexes encountered in two of the cases.
Web-surfers beware: know thy source
Authors: Shelley Wood
Journal: The Lancet (2010)

As the managing editor at theheart.org, one of the cardiology websites cited by Christopher Cannon (Aug 14, p 505),1Cannon CP Cardiology's move online—and onto my iPad.Lancet. 2010; 376: 505-506Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (4) Google Scholar I was delighted to read Cannon's belief that "cardiology's move online… will hopefully improve health care." I would, however, point to some potential pitfalls. As Cannon notes, physicians now have countless websites to turn to for information, and ever-increasing formats—news, scientific papers, blogs, tweets, webcasts, podcasts—in which to get it. Indeed, I believe the rise of independent medical websites probably spurred meeting organisers, journal editors, and now textbook publishers not only to diversify the content they offer online, but also to offer it more quickly: simultaneous presentation and publication of new research being a case in point. Add to this the rise of "sharing" via social media, and keeping up-to-date (iPad or no iPad) becomes a second job. A survey commissioned by Google2Hall & Partners, Google. Connecting with physicians online: searching for answers. August, 2009.Google Scholar suggests that eight out of ten doctors use search engines such as Google and Yahoo to find medical information, typically spending 3 min or less to find answers—a staggering statistic that will only rise with the proliferation of handheld devices. The problem? Pressed physicians have little time to verify information sources; websites competing to be the first and flashiest might sacrifice quality for quickness. In jeopardy are concepts once the backbone of medical publishing—peer review and media embargoes—as well as principles of journalism—balance, accuracy, and public accountability. I declare that I have no conflicts of interest.
Tight junction components occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1, -4 and -5 in active and healing psoriasis
Authors: S. Peltonen, J. Riehokainen, K. Pummi, J. Peltonen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Cells of the granular layer are interconnected by tight junctions (TJs) in normal epidermis. The structural proteins of epidermal TJs include occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 and -4.Our aim was to correlate the expression of TJ components with keratinocyte differentiation using psoriasis as a model of premature keratinization.The distribution of TJ proteins was evaluated in the skin of nine patients with psoriasis. Punch biopsies were taken from perilesional skin, from active psoriasis plaques, and from healed, previously lesional locations. The punch biopsies were analysed using indirect immunolabelling for ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1, -4 and -5. In addition, epidermal samples were analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for claudin-1, -4 and -5 mRNAs.Claudin-5 was localized to the granular cell layers of normal control skin as well as perilesional and lesional psoriatic epidermis. This was unexpected, as previous studies have not detected claudin-5 in the epidermis. Occludin and ZO-1 were expressed in the granular cell layer in psoriatic perilesional epidermis. In the psoriasis plaques, ZO-1 and occludin were detected in a wider zone extending from the granular layer to the middle spinous cell layers. In healed psoriasis plaques, the expression of occludin and ZO-1 resumed a normal-looking profile, being restricted to the upper epidermis only. Claudin-1 and -4 did not show marked changes in psoriasis compared with normal skin.The results demonstrate claudin-5 in normal epidermis and psoriatic skin, and abnormal distribution of occludin and ZO-1 in psoriasis plaques. Clinical healing of aberrant keratinization is associated with restoration of the normal distribution of occludin, ZO-1 and also involucrin.
RINGWORM OF THE SCALP DUE TO MICROSPORUM AUDOUINI.
Authors: A. J. E. BARLOW, F. W. CHATTAWAY, C. S. WHEWELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1950)

Journal Article RINGWORM OF THE SCALP DUE TO MICROSPORUM AUDOUINI. Get access A. J. E. BARLOW, M.D.LEEDS, A. J. E. BARLOW, M.D.LEEDS Dermatologist, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. W. CHATTAWAY, M.Sc, PH.D., F. W. CHATTAWAY, M.Sc, PH.D. Lecturer in Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. S. WHEWELL, PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.T.I. C. S. WHEWELL, PH.D., F.R.I.C., F.T.I. Reader in Textile Finishing, University of Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 62, Issue 6, 1 June 1950, Page 251, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1950.tb14380.x Published: 01 June 1950
Measuring quality of life of patients with different clinical types of psoriasis using the SF-36
Authors: F. Sampogna, S. Tabolli, B. Söderfeldt, B. Axtelius, U. Aparo, D. Abeni
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Background Different specific and generic instruments are used to evaluate quality of life in dermatology, but their interrelationship is not well known. Objectives To describe the quality of life in patients with different clinical types of psoriasis using the 36‐item short form of the Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire (SF‐36), and to study its correlation with dermatology‐specific instruments. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 380 inpatients with psoriasis. SF‐36 mean scores were compared with the norms for medical and psychiatric disorders. Quality of life was also measured by both dermatology‐specific (Skindex‐29 and Dermatology Life Quality Index, DLQI) and psoriasis‐specific instruments (Psoriasis Disability Index, PDI, and the Impact of Psoriasis Questionnaire, IPSO). A specific (Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory, PLSI) and a generic (12‐item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ‐12) measure of psychological distress was also used. A cluster analysis was performed to study the relationship among the different questionnaires. Results Our study population showed SF‐36 physical health scores similar to minor medical conditions (e.g. physical functioning 79 for psoriasis, 80 for minor medical conditions, and 57 for severe medical conditions), but mental health scores quite similar to psychiatric illnesses (e.g. mental health 57 for psoriasis, 81 for minor medical conditions, 79 for severe medical conditions, and 53 for psychiatric conditions). The SF‐36 showed two distinct patterns of impairment of quality of life, with a greater burden of disease for palmoplantar, pustular and arthropathic psoriasis. SF‐36 scales tended to form separate clusters from the other dermatology‐specific quality of life instruments. Conclusions A generic quality of life instrument (e.g. the SF‐36) provides information that is complementary to that derived from dermatological questionnaires, and may give further insight in the evaluation of the burden of psoriasis.
Syncytial Giant-Cell Hepatitis
Authors: M. James Phillips, Lawrence M. Blendis, Siria Poucell, Jacqueline Patterson, Martin Petric, Eve Roberts, Gary A. Levy, Riccardo A. Superina, Paul D. Greig, Ross Cameron, Bernard Langer, Robert H. Purcell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

We describe a new form of hepatitis, occurring in 10 patients over a period of six years, characterized clinically by manifestations of severe hepatitis, histologically by large syncytial giant hepatocytes, and ultrastructurally by intracytoplasmic structures consistent with paramyxoviral nucleocapsids.
IDIOTYPE EXPRESSION AND THE INHERITANCE OF MOUSE ANTIBODY CLONES
Authors: Klaus Eichmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

The inheritance of idiotypes was investigated using idiotypic antisera against two monoclonal antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates derived from A/J mice. Each of the two idiotypes was characterized by a special frequency of expression. One of the idiotypes was expressed in more than 80% of A/J mice, the other in less than 20%. The idiotypes of both antibodies were strain specific and were transmitted to (A/J x BALB/cJ)F1 hybrid mice. Furthermore, both idiotypes remained associated with the A/J heavy chain C region allotype in (A/J x BALB/cJ)F1 hybrid mice. The results suggest that idiotypes are specified by allelic V genes, and that the heavy chain idiotype locus is linked to the heavy chain allotype locus.
Myeloma patient wins fight for drug not yet approved by NICE
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A primary care trust’s refusal to fund a terminally ill cancer patient’s treatment with lenalidomide (Revlimid) was damned by the High Court last week as a decision that “no reasonable authority could have made on the application before it.”

Judge Simon Grenfell described West Sussex Primary Care Trust’s exceptional funding policy and its decision not to pay for the treatment for Colin Ross, who has multiple myeloma, as “logically flawed” and unlawful.

The judge, sitting at the High Court in London, quashed the trust’s decision and granted Colin Ross an interim injunction, pending any appeal. This allowed him to start receiving treatment …
Retraction notice to: Clinical significance of the best response during repeated transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma [J. Hepatol. 2014;60:1212–1218]
Authors: Jonggi Choi, Ju Hyun Shim, Yong Moon Shin, Kang Mo Kim, Young-Suk Lim, Han Chu Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Prophylaxis for Meningococcal Disease
Authors: Malcolm S. Artenstein
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE PAST decade has been a tumultuous one for meningococcologists. The emergence and spread of sulfadiazine-resistant strains, which were first reported in 1963, ended a 20-year period in which control of the dreaded disease was possible with a brief, inexpensive chemoprophylactic regimen (sulfadiazine, 2 gm a day for two days). Intensive research over the next six years led to the development of purified capsular polysaccharide vaccines.<sup>1</sup>These were subsequently proved to be effective in preventing disease caused by serogroup C and serogroup A organisms. Meningococcal disease in the United States has been at a low ebb in recent years even though vaccines have not been available for general use. Other countries have not been so fortunate. Epidemic meningitis in Brazil has been commanding considerable newspaper coverage recently. Since 1971, Sao Paulo has experienced an epidemic of sulfadiazine-resistant serogroup C disease, with an overall rate of 11.3/100,000 total population per
Latex Agglutination Test for Australia Antigen
Authors: J. E. Banatvala, J. M. Best, J. D. Almeida, D. M. S. Dane
Journal: BMJ (1971)

a defect may be important in some isolated instances of cot death.In the meanwhile I would suggest that Dr. Englander's theory be added to the rest of many dozens of non- proven theories put forward to explain "cot death.
Genetic basis of high level aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii from Beijing, China
Authors: Lu Nie, Yuemeng Lv, Min Yuan, Xinxin Hu, Tongying Nie, Xinyi Yang, Guoqing Li, Jing Pang, Jingpu Zhang, Congran Li, Xiukun Wang, Xuefu You
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2014)

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic basis of high level aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Beijing, China. 173 A. baumannii clinical isolates from hospitals in Beijing from 2006 to 2009 were first subjected to high level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR, MIC to gentamicin and amikacin>512 µg/mL) phenotype selection by broth microdilution method. The strains were then subjected to genetic basis analysis by PCR detection of the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes (aac(3)-I, aac(3)-IIc, aac(6')-Ib, aac(6')-II, aph(4)-Ia, aph(3')-I, aph(3')-IIb, aph(3')-IIIa, aph(3')-VIa, aph(2″)-Ib, aph(2″)-Ic, aph(2″)-Id, ant(2″)-Ia, ant(3″)-I and ant(4')-Ia) and the 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA, rmtB and rmtC). Correlation analysis between the presence of aminoglycoside resistance gene and HLAR phenotype were performed by SPSS. Totally 102 (58.96%) HLAR isolates were selected. The HLAR rates for year 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 were 52.63%, 65.22%, 51.11% and 70.83%, respectively. Five modifying enzyme genes (aac(3)-I, detection rate of 65.69%; aac(6')-Ib, detection rate of 45.10%; aph(3')-I, detection rate of 47.06%; aph(3')-IIb, detection rate of 0.98%; ant(3″)-I, detection rate of 95.10%) and one methylase gene (armA, detection rate of 98.04%) were detected in the 102 A. baumannii with aac(3)-I+aac(6')-Ib+ant(3″)-I+armA (detection rate of 25.49%), aac(3)-I+aph(3')-I+ant(3″)-I+armA (detection rate of 21.57%) and ant(3″)-I+armA (detection rate of 12.75%) being the most prevalent gene profiles. The values of chi-square tests showed correlation of armA, ant(3″)-I, aac(3)-I, aph(3')-I and aac(6')-Ib with HLAR. armA had significant correlation (contingency coefficient 0.685) and good contingency with HLAR (kappa 0.940). The high rates of HLAR may cause a serious problem for combination therapy of aminoglycoside with β-lactams against A. baumannii infections. As armA was reported to be able to cause high level aminoglycoside resistance to most of the clinical important aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, etc), the function of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene(s) in A. baumannii carrying armA deserves further investigation.
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Expanding Access to Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation: An Analysis by Analogy”
Authors: Tuua Ruutiainen, Steve Miller, Arthur Caplan, Jill P. Ginsberg
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2013)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Tuua Ruutiainen and Steve Miller are joint first authors.