tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Explosion during halothane anaesthesia.
Authors: T W May
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Errors in using clinical thermometersAnecdotes of febrile patients with normal tracings on their temperature charts are not uncommon.Probably many of these errors occur because the thermometer is left under the tongue for an insufficient period.In 1944, from a study in which eight thermometers were tested in each of 32 individuals, De Nosaquo et all concluded that a minimum of three minutes sublingual exposure is required.More recently, on the basis of a smaller study, a group of student nurses recommended a time of at least four minutes.2Despite such results, we found in a survey of popular textbooks
Subcutaneous Emphysema From Ruptured Diverticulum
Authors: F. Michael Melewicz
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Subcutaneous emphysema following colocutaneous fistula is a known complication of surgery,<sup>1</sup>but spontaneous preoperative occurrence is an uncommon and dangerous complication of diverticular disease, requiring prompt and adequate antibiotic coverage as well as surgical intervention. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 53-year-old man suffered dull, left, posterolateral, hip pain for two weeks, without chills, fever, abdominal pain, trauma, or muscle strain. Lymphosarcoma with bone marrow and liver involvement began eight years earlier, with clinical remission from treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone treatment. Two years prior, a one-week episode of multiple sigmoid diverticulitis was confirmed by barium enema examination. Marked tenderness without swelling, redness, or warmth was present over the left greater trochanter. There was no abdominal or rectal tenderness. Bowel sounds were normal and he was afebrile. The next day, with a temperature of 41 C, the patient developed left suprapatellar warmth, swelling and crepitation. A needle
FastPro: Software for MetaAnalysis by the Confidence Profile Method
Authors: David Behar
Journal: JAMA (1992)

When a treatment is very powerful or very weak, statistics are not necessary. Before penicillin, most people with pneumonia died; after it, most lived. Statistics are redundant here. It is in the moderate range of strength of effect, where the majority of good medical ideas lie, that statistics are most needed. The usual progression starts with an effect described in a few cases. It intrigues others enough to repeat the study, perhaps in a larger sample. If the effect is robust and useful, it gets tested many times, from many directions. If it withstands such testing and is important, it is tested in a giant sample of thousands of patients. Then it becomes a minimum standard of care, applied to the entire population of such patients. Examples of such giant studies include the treatment of mild and moderate hypertension, the association of smoking with lung cancer, and cholesterol level and
Social Policy Considerations in Noncoital Reproduction
Authors: Sherman Elias, George J. Annas
Journal: JAMA (1986)

A review is provided of social issues posed by the reproductive technologies of artificial insemination by donor, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, surrogate motherhood, surrogate embryo transfer, and the implantation of previously frozen embryos. These issues include possible use unrelated to infertility, status of the embryo, identification of parents, donor screening and anonymity, and commercialization. The policy recommendations of Great Britain's Warnock Committee and Australia's Waller Committee are briefly discussed, as is the current absence of a comparable commission in the United States. Prompt state legislative action is proposed to establish the gestational mother as legal mother and to forbid the sale of human embryos. Action by professional organizations and a national advisory commission are recommended to formulate social policy protecting the interests of children resulting from reproductive technologies.
Pericholecystic Rim Sign on PET/CT Secondary to Locally Invasive Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Dwight M. Achong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A variety of gallbladder pathology (eg, carcinoma, acute and chronic cholecystitis, adenomyomatosis, cholestasis) has been imaged with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The pericholecystic rim sign seen on conventional Tc-99m hepatobiliary scintigraphy is a marker of acute cholecystitis, possibly complicated by perforation or gangrene. A case of increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake within the gallbladder fossa secondary to locally invasive gallbladder carcinoma reminiscent of a classic rim sign is presented.
Listening to Genetic Background Noise
Authors: Joseph H. Nadeau
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Since the early days of modern genetics, researchers have largely shut their ears to the “background noise” of genetic modifiers that modulate the expression of mendelian traits. Because modifier genes complicate regular patterns of inheritance and because their identification can be difficult, their importance has been recognized, but they have rarely been the focus of genetic studies. However, attention is beginning to focus on these genetic background effects, in part because they are the entrée into the genetics and systems biology of more complex and common diseases, and in part because they have great potential as powerful and effective ways . . .
Letter: How significant is persistent S-T segment depression?
Authors: B Livesley
Journal: BMJ (1974)

which rem- mend that drugs raising the circulating plasma prolactin level should not be given to patients with breast cancer seem premature.There is no evidence that pro- lactin levels are raised in patients with breast cancer,' nor that this hormone causes an incease in the rate of growth of breast cancer in human beings.In oertain animal models prolactin does increase de rate of growth of the tumour,2 but results obtained with these models are not necessarily applic- able to human disease.3Attempts to control the rate cf growth of breast cancer by suppressing prolactin secretion have for the most part been unsucces4Uul,5 and patients on long-term phenothazine therapy do not have a higher icidence of or death rate from breast cancer.6The association of breast cancer with reserpine therapy has by no means been established.7For these reasons we doubt that the evidence is at hand to justify predictions about the effect of antiemetics on the growth of breast cancers.The question may be worthy of study by an appropriate trial to conpare cydlizine with chlorpromazine.Until evidence is at hand which relaes directly to this question, however, it seems iadvisable to discontinue a drg of proved value with which we have had many years of experience in favour of a dug whose potential influence on cancer of the breast in humans is totally unknown.-Weare, etc.,
Changing the Tumor Microenvironment: New Strategies for Immunotherapy
Authors: Pedro Berraondo, Viktor Umansky, Ignacio Melero
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Solid tumors are composed of malignant cells surrounded by a tumor-conditioned stroma that contains extracellular matrix and a variety of nonmalignant populations, including myeloid cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. These stromal elements form a local immunoregulatory network that must be overcome to achieve eradication of established tumors by immunotherapy. On March 21–22, 2012, a symposium was held in Pamplona, Spain, to share the recent advances regarding the molecules and cells that create and sustain this immune-hostile tumor microenvironment. Excellent targets for immunotherapeutic intervention were identified, and a number of therapeutic strategies under translation from mouse to human were presented. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5159–64. ©2012 AACR.
Pressure rupture and spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus
Authors: D. H. Clark, H. I. Tankel
Journal: Gut (1964)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This paper describes cases of two contrasting types of spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus.One of them, described as a pressure rupture, was unusual insofar as the perfor- ation was into the right pleura and high in the oesophagus.
The Tuberculous Immigrant
Authors: J. H. Hudson
Journal: BMJ (1962)

The Tuberculous Immigrant SIR,- The incidence of active pulmonary tubercu losis in this country as shown by mass radiography surveys is less than 1 per 1,000 of the population.... Asian immigrants show at least 25 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis per 1,000. (December 16, 1961, p. 1624.) It would be of interest to know more about the statistical basis of this estimate of tuberculosis in Asian immigrants. Then a fairer comparison would be with the incidence of tuberculosis in this country as shown by the number of cases on clinic registers, which may be about five active cases per 1,000 of the population. It would thus seem that the incidence in Asian immigrants is not 25 times but about five times that of the general population here, a figure which is in harmony with that given by Springett for Birmingham.' -I am, etc., Swnnlv_ ktent J. H. HUDSON. REFERENCE I Springett, V. H., Adams, J. C. S., D'Costa, T. B., and Hemming. M.. Brit. J. prev. soc. Med., 1958. 12, 135.
BIFURCATION ANGLE INFLUENCES ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE DISTRIBUTION IN CORONARY ARTERIES: AN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: Makoto Watanabe, Shiro Uemura, YOKO DOTE, Yu Sugawara, Yutaka Goryo, Tomoya Ueda, Hiroyuki Kawata, Yoshihiko Saito
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
ABC of diabetes.
Authors: A M Nussey
Journal: BMJ (1982)

SIR,-It is somewhat unfair to the health visiting profession to assume, as Dr R P Snaith is tempted to do (14 August, p 512), that the absence of specific mention of postnatal depression in Shirley Goodwin's article (17 July, p 182) indicates a lack of concern with psychiatric disorder on the part of health visitors in general.As part of a programme of research undertaken here by the General Practice Research Unit, and funded by the Department of Health and Social Security, we are currently studying health visitors in one London borough, with particular reference to their role in the identification and management of psychosocial problems in the families they visit.Our preliminary results indicate that health visitors do not concern themselves merely with the detection of abnormalities in child development and with physical health but are keenly aware of the significance of emotional problems and of psychiatric ill health in families.'Indeed, the support and
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Mandatory Premarital Rubella-Antibody Screening Program
Authors: Matthew E. Farber, Stan N. Finkelstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

In 1969, two attenuated rubella vaccines were licensed for use in the United States. Since that time, the practice in this country has been to immunize school-age children to reduce the reservoir and spread of the virus.1 This policy is in contrast with the immunization strategy of the United Kingdom, which is to vaccinate only girls 10 to 14 years of age who do not have detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to rubella virus.2 Although little has been written about the success of the British strategy, continual outbreaks of rubella in the United States are indicative of the difficulty in achieving herd . . .
Personalized medicine and the role of induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: M. A. G. van der Heyden, M. K. B. Jonsson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Disease characterization using LQTS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells’ by T. Egashira et al ., pp. 419–429, this issue. 

Nearly a decade after the first description of obtaining and differentiating human embryonic stem cells in 1998,1 the reports in 2007 of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human tissues2,3 heralded a second era of human stem cell research that currently delivers many interesting new findings. iPSCs are normally produced by overexpression of the OCT3/4 , SOX2 , KLF4 , and c-MYC genes in human skin cells, followed by culturing techniques initially developed for keeping human embryonic stem cells undifferentiated. Subsequently, the iPSCs that now express a number of stem cell markers can be differentiated into the cell type of interest by dedicated methods that often include a phase of embryoid body formation. Two major applications of iPSCs were foreseen immediately. The first was in regenerative medicine in which autologous transplantation might come within reach. In cardiac research, a number of innovations have arisen that may prove to be important for future therapies, like high-purity enrichment of specific cardiovascular …
Should the pill be stopped preoperatively?
Authors: H Sue-Ling, L E Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Many women are now advised not to take birth control pills from 4 to 6 weeks before elective surgery out of concern over serious thromboembolic complications. However, stopping the pill may lead to unwanted pregnancies, and drug prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis carries risk of morbidity. A study in the 1970s of more than 60,000 British women showed a 4 to 6-fold increase in the relative risk of spontaneous venous thrombosis in young women taking the pill. However, the incidence of spontaneous deep vein thrombosis was remarkably low--43 cases in 23,000 women taking the pill (0.19%) compared with 8 cases in 23,000 women not taking it (0.035%). Since 1968, when the 2 studies were commenced, only 5 deaths (3 of current users and 2 of past users) from pulmonary embolism have been reported. Epidemiological studies have relied almost entirely on cases diagnosed clinically. The clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis after surgery in young women taking the pill (12/1244, 0.96%) was about twice that of women not taking the pill (22/4359, 0.5%), but this difference was not statistically significant. The literature showed 3 studies conducted on young women taking the pill in which Iodine 125 fibrinogen scans were used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis after surgery. The incidences of thrombosis in patients taking the pill were 4.6% in patients who underwent gynecological operations for benign disease, nil in 99 patients who underwent various abdominal operations, and 20% in 33 patients who had emergency appendectomies. Present evidence indicates that the risk to young women of becoming pregnant from stopping the pill or of developing side effects from prophylaxis may be greater than the risk of developing postoperative deep vein thrombosis. It is important to define the true incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis so that a rational policy can be adopted. Until such time, the routine use of prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis in women on the pill is probably unecessary.
Patients’ Expectations of the Benefits and Harms of Treatments, Screening, and Tests
Authors: Tammy C. Hoffmann, Chris Del Mar
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Unrealistic patient expectations of the benefits and harms of interventions can influence decision making and may be contributing to increasing intervention uptake and health care costs.To systematically review all studies that have quantitatively assessed patients' expectations of the benefits and/or harms of any treatment, test, or screening test.A comprehensive search strategy was used in 4 databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO) up to June 2013, with no language or study type restriction. We also ran cited reference searches of included studies and contacted experts and study authors. Two researchers independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted participants' estimates of benefit and harms and authors' contemporaneous estimates.Of the 15,343 records screened, 36 articles (from 35 studies) involving a total of 27,323 patients were eligible. Fourteen studies focused on a screen, 15 on treatment, 3 a test, and 3 on treatment and screening. More studies assessed only benefit expectations (22 [63%]) than benefit and harm expectations (10 [29%]) or only harm (3 [8%]). Fifty-four outcomes (across 32 studies) assessed benefit expectations: of the 34 outcomes with overestimation data available, the majority of participants overestimated benefit for 22 (65%) of them. For 17 benefit expectation outcomes, we could not calculate the proportion of participants who overestimated or underestimated, although for 15 (88%) of these, study authors concluded that participants overestimated benefits. Expectations of harm were assessed by 27 outcomes (across 13 studies): underestimation data were available for 15 outcomes and the majority of participants underestimated harm for 10 (67%) of these. A correct estimation by at least 50% of participants only occurred for 2 outcomes about benefit expectations and 2 outcomes about harm expectations.The majority of participants overestimated intervention benefit and underestimated harm. Clinicians should discuss accurate and balanced information about intervention benefits and harms with patients, providing the opportunity to develop realistic expectations and make informed decisions.
Bone-Marrow Depression Resulting from the Administration of Methicillin
Authors: Arthur E. McElfresh, Nancy N. Huang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

DEPRESSION of bone marrow leading to aplastic anemia or pancytopenia is frequently observed after the administration of a wide variety of drugs. This serious toxic effect must be watched for in the evaluation of new drugs. The appearance of profound neutropenia with a markedly elevated concentration of serum iron in a patient receiving methicillin (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl penicillin )‡ suggested that this drug was most probably responsible for the hematologic disorder. When the drug was discontinued there was an immediate rise of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and a decrease in the concentration of serum iron. Although full-blown aplastic anemia did not . . .
Differential Diagnosis of Hypochondriacal Fears and Beliefs
Authors: Giovanni A. Fava, Silvana Grandi
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1991)

Any undue concern with bodily function is often labeled as hypochondriacal. Kellner's Illness Attitude Scales, self-rating instruments, distinguish between generic worry about illness, concern about pain, health habits, hypochondriacal beliefs, thanatophobia, disease phobia, and bodily preoccupations. The Illness Attitude Scales have been used in a number of studies concerned with patients suffering from DSM-III-R hypochondriasis, panic disorder, melancholia, in the medically ill, in pregnant women, during medical procedures such as mammography, and in experiments in therapeutics, such as drug trials. The results of these studies and of clinical investigations suggest that the differential diagnosis between hypochondriacal beliefs (characterized by resistance to reassurance), disease phobia, thanatophobia, and the other less specific illness attitudes, is worthy of clinical attention and may entail prognostic and therapeutic implications. Pilowsky's concept of abnormal illness behavior, unlike the DSM-III-R, provides a framework for such differentiation.
Shameem Ahmed Arthur Frank Bryson George Harold Ellis Peter Stuart Arthur Heyworth Thomas Alun Lloyd-James Ronald Alexander McFadden Ma'ad Mahmoud Salman Patrick Montrose Smythe William Horrocks Tattersall Peter Moor Vicary
Authors: A. Costello, K. Azad, D. Richard, D. Wilkinson, J R Dickson, M. Lloyd-James, A. Thomson, M I Aldoori, T. Ashworth, M E Poole-Wilson, A. T Hendry, J. R Mikhail, P. Vicary, R. Vicary, D. Vicary
Journal: BMJ (1999)
Theories of Fever From Antiquity to the Enlightenment
Authors: Charles A. Dinarello
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Despite the fact that the availability, acceptance, and use of clinical thermometers in medical practice is relatively recent medical history (Wunderlich's classic paper on clinical thermometry and fever was published in 1842), there is a wealth of treatises, books, pamphlets, and illustrations on the subject of fever as a general sign of disease as well as  as a diagnostic pool of the prevailing infectious diseases in the world. Medical historians considering various theories on fever during these 2,000 years also encounter a history of scientific philosophy. Theories on Fever From Antiquity to the Enlightenment is a compilation of seven essays that were delivered at a meeting of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine in June 1980.  The seven articles are each expertly researched and clearly presented in the context of the specific theories of fevers and, in addition, the social, religious, and political effects such theories had
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of suspected tuberculosis in patients with isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Authors: R. Puri, P. Vilmann, R. Sud, M. Kumar, S. Taneja, K. Verma, N. Kaushik
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Background and study aims: Patients with suspected tuberculosis without pulmonary lesions and with mediastinal lymphadenopathy often pose a diagnostic challenge. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an established modality to evaluate mediastinal and abdominal lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of EUS-FNA in isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients suspected of having tuberculosis.
Serum immunoglobulin E response to myocardial infarction.
Authors: A Szczeklik, K Sladek, A Szczerba, J Dropinski
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. They can be activated by immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated mechanisms to release powerful mediators affecting local blood flow. We have determined systematically serum IgE concentrations in 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction. There was a consistent pattern of change in serum IgE, characterized by a significant increase on the third and fifth day, peak values on the seventh day, and a gradual decline to initial levels by the end of the third week after infarction. The increase in serum IgE shortly after myocardial infarction was similar to the increase in blood eosinophil count, but was in contrast to serum IgG levels. After infarction, patients with high initial IgE levels (greater than 200 IU/ml) had a greater increase in IgE and less frequent severe complications than those whose initial IgE levels were below 200 IU/ml. In 16 subjects with acute coronary insufficiency without infarction serum IgE levels remained unchanged. It is suggested that in myocardial infarction circulating IgE sensitizes both mast cells of coronary arteries and eosinophils, invading ischemic myocardium; this facilitates release of chemical mediators. Patients with high IgE levels might be protected against complications of infarction because of a favorable ratio of locally released mediators and because of decreased platelet function.
The Cost of Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries-Reply
Authors: Michael J. Martin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Blackman suggests that our study can be used to estimate the number of firearm injuries nationally. Unfortunately, this is not the case, since we looked only at firearm injuries requiring hospitalization. Our estimate that in 1984 there were approximately 62 000 firearm injury hospitalizations in the United States does not include the large number of firearm injuries that do not require hospitalization (for which no estimate is available). Dr Blackman also suggests that to reduce the costs associated with firearm injuries we should incarcerate criminals who use firearms in violent or drug-trafficking offenses. At best this would be only a partial solution. Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics show that most homicides committed with firearms are not crime related; of all firearm homicides in 1987, only 25% were associated with felonies or suspected felonies.<sup>1</sup>Studies<sup>2,3</sup>have clearly shown that the number of firearm deaths in the