tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drug Spotlight on Anticoagulants
Authors: George N. Aagaard
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The Drug Spotlight turns on anticoagulants, because the appropriate use of these agents could prevent a substantial number of the 50,000 deaths caused by venous thromboembolism annually in the United States.  Experts may differ on some of the indications for anticoagulant therapy, the method of administration, and the duration of therapy. Nonetheless, it is important to determine how the use of anticoagulants in your hospital measures up to the ideas presented by Dr. Stanford Wessler, on page 757 and the opinions expressed in the other scientific reports presented in the other journals participating in the program.  Listed below are suggestions for studies of anticoagulant therapy. Your pharmacy and therapeutics committee should gather data on one or more of these subjects or on some other aspect of anticoagulation. The analysis of your data might lead to more effective use of anticoagulants and to a reduction in morbidity and mortality from venous
Effect of Pacing Chamber and Atrioventricular Delay on Acute Systolic Function of Paced Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Angelo Auricchio, Christoph Stellbrink, Michael Block, Stefan Sack, Jürgen Vogt, Patricia Bakker, Helmut Klein, Andrew Kramer, Jiang Ding, Rodney Salo, Bruce Tockman, Thierry Pochet, Julio Spinelli
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Previous studies of pacing therapy for dilated congestive heart failure (CHF) have not established the relative importance of pacing site, AV delay, and patient heterogeneity on outcome. These variables were compared by a novel technique that evaluated immediate changes in hemodynamic function during brief periods of atrial-synchronous ventricular pacing. Methods and Results —Twenty-seven CHF patients with severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and LV conduction disorder were implanted with endocardial pacing leads in the right atrium and right ventricle (RV) and an epicardial lead on the LV and instrumented with micromanometer catheters in the LV, aorta, and RV. Patients in normal sinus rhythm were stimulated in the RV, LV, or both ventricles simultaneously (BV) at preselected AV delays in a repeating 5-paced/15-nonpaced beat sequence. Maximum LV pressure derivative (LV+dP/dt) and aortic pulse pressure (PP) changed immediately at pacing onset, increasing at a patient-specific optimal AV delay in 20 patients with wide surface QRS (180±22 ms) and decreasing at short AV delays in 5 patients with narrower QRS (128±12 ms) ( P &lt;0.0001). Overall, BV and LV pacing increased LV+dP/dt and PP more than RV pacing ( P &lt;0.01), whereas LV pacing increased LV+dP/dt more than BV pacing ( P &lt;0.01). Conclusions —In this population, CHF patients with sufficiently wide surface QRS benefit from atrial-synchronous ventricular pacing, LV stimulation is required for maximum acute benefit, and the maximum benefit at any site occurs with a patient-specific AV delay.
Lentiviral Vectors for Use in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Johan Jakobsson, Cecilia Lundberg
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Lentiviral vectors have been used extensively as gene transfer tools for the central nervous system throughout the past decade since they transduce most cell types in the brain, resulting in high-level and long-term transgene expression. This review discusses some of the recent progress in this field, including preclinical gene therapy experiments in disease models, development of regulated vectors, and the application of siRNA's using lentiviral vectors. We also describe some of the features that make lentiviral vectors a likely candidate for human gene therapy in the brain.
A 76-Year-Old Woman Considering Total Hip Replacement, 1 Year Later
Authors: Jennifer Daley
Journal: JAMA (1997)

At Orthopedics Grand Rounds held approximately 1 year ago, Dr John Callaghan discussed the evaluation and management of a 76-year-old woman with osteoarthritis of the hip.<sup>1</sup>The patient was reluctant to undergo hip replacement without a guarantee that her most troubling symptom, limitation of motion of the hip, would be improved after the surgery. Dr Callaghan discussed the natural history of osteoarthritis of the hip, evaluation and treatment, and indications for surgical management. We asked the patient and her doctor to comment on the year that has passed. <h3>MRS W, THE PATIENT</h3> I feel wonderful. I had my hip replaced in May. They gave me 1 radiation treatment and physical therapy. At first, I couldn't move my hip the way I wanted to, but I found a physical therapist who really helped me. I walk every day and ride an exercise bicycle when I remember. I can put on
The effective population size of Anopheles gambiae in Kenya: implications for population structure
Authors: T. Lehmann, W. A. Hawley, H. Grebert, F. H. Collins
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

We estimated current and long-term effective population size (Ne) of two Anopheles gambiae (savanna cytotype) populations in Kenya. Temporal variation at nine microsatellite loci in each population sampled 7 and 9 years apart and genetic diversity in each sample were analyzed to answer the following questions. (1) Do bottlenecks occur in Kenyan populations of A. gambiae? (2) How variable are different populations with respect to their current and long-term Ne values? (3) What are the implications of these results on population structure and history? The estimates of Ne of Asembo and Jego were 6,359 and 4,258, respectively, and the lower 95% limits were 2,455 and 1,669, respectively. Thus, despite the typical observation of low density at the village level during the dry season, large populations are maintained annually. Large current Ne is consistent with previous studies showing low differentiation across the continent, especially under Wright's isolation-by-distance model. Current Ne in Asembo was 1.5-fold higher than in Jego, but this difference was not significant. Long-term Ne in Asembo (22,667) was 2.9-fold higher than that in Jego (7,855) based on the stepwise mutation model. The difference between populations was significant at both time points regardless of whether long-term Ne values were calculated based on the stepwise mutation model or the infinite-alleles model. Heterozygosity in Jego declined significantly between 1987 (59%) and 1996 (54%), whereas heterozygosity in Asembo was stable (66%-65%). Despite the relatively high and significant differentiation between Asembo and Jego (FST = 0.072-0.10, RST = 0.037-0.038), all alleles in Jego were found in Asembo but not vice versa. All of these findings suggest that lower Ne in Jego magnifies differentiation between the two populations. The long-term Ne was biased downward, because its calculation was based on an upper bound estimate of microsatellite mutation rate. Ne values based on mtDNA and allozymes were an order of magnitude higher. Long-term Ne therefore, is probably measured in hundreds of thousands and hence does not support a recent expansion of this species from a small population.
Relapsing Kala-Azar
Authors: Paul R. Wilner, Thomas A. Haedicke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

THERE have been many reports concerning the increased incidence of certain tropical diseases in the United States during the postwar period. Service personnel were exposed to and contracted more tropical diseases than any previous group of citizens. There were many cases of dysentery, malaria and dengue among the armed forces. However, the incidence of more exotic tropical diseases, such as leishmaniasis, relapsing fever, cholera and trypanosomiasis, was fortunately much less.During the immediate postwar period, it became apparent that no widespread outbreaks of tropical diseases in this country would occur chiefly because of the climate, housing and sanitation and the . . .
NEW NASAL SNARE.
Authors: T. EDWARD DUFFEE
Journal: JAMA (1906)

This is one of a series of instruments designed for nose and throat work, the special feature of each being the "pistol grip" handle, which allows the operator an unobstructed view of the field of operation and an easy natural position which does not cramp the hand or fingers. The nasal snare shown here is very light, being made from nickled tubular brass, is well reinforced, exceedingly strong and durable, and I believe embodies several features that will make it a valuable instrument. The direct draft decreases resistance, and with the index and middle fingers in the rings the operator gets a purchase which makes a much more powerful snare than any with which I am familiar. The double carriage avoids binding when traction is made, at the same time reinforces the whole instrument so there is no springing even when considerable force is exerted. When greater force is needed
Overexpression of chemokines, fibrogenic cytokines, and myofibroblasts in human membranous nephropathy
Authors: Sergio A. Mezzano, M. Alejandra Droguett, M. Eugenia Burgos, Leopoldo G. Ardiles, Claudio A. Aros, Italo Caorsi, Jesús Egido
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Mechanotransduction in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure
Authors: Robert C. Lyon, Fabian Zanella, Jeffrey H. Omens, Farah Sheikh
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Cardiac muscle cells have an intrinsic ability to sense and respond to mechanical load through a process known as mechanotransduction. In the heart, this process involves the conversion of mechanical stimuli into biochemical events that induce changes in myocardial structure and function. Mechanotransduction and its downstream effects function initially as adaptive responses that serve as compensatory mechanisms during adaptation to the initial load. However, under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, the remodeling processes can become maladaptive, leading to altered physiological function and the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Although the mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction are far from being fully elucidated, human and mouse genetic studies have highlighted various cytoskeletal and sarcolemmal structures in cardiac myocytes as the likely candidates for load transducers, based on their link to signaling molecules and architectural components important in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent developments that have uncovered specific protein complexes linked to mechanotransduction and mechanotransmission within the sarcomere, the intercalated disc, and at the sarcolemma. The protein structures acting as mechanotransducers are the first step in the process that drives physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, as well as the transition to heart failure, and may provide better insights into mechanisms driving mechanotransduction-based diseases.
Status of Immunization in Tuberculosis in 1971: Report of a Conference on Progress to Date, Future Trends and Research Needs
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Vaccination against tuberculosis with BCG (baccillus of Calmette-Guérin) has been employed widely in most countries of the world but has been used on a very limited scale in the United States. Renewed interest in BCG vaccine has recently developed because chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis has been associated with certain toxic effects, particularly liver damage, and because BCG vaccine may play a role in enhancing immunity against certain neoplasms. The Surgeon General of the United States convened a conference of experts at the Fogarty International Center for Advanced Studies in the Health Sciences to examine current knowledge and attitudes toward BCG vaccination. The report of this conference has recently been published by the National Institutes of Health (DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 72-68) and is available from the US Government Printing Office. Four basic aspects of the tuberculosis problem were discussed: (1) mechanisms involved in the stimulation of cellular immunity and delayed hypersensitivity,
A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization
Authors: Jeong Won Jang, Jong Young Choi, Si Hyun Bae, Seung Kew Yoon, Im U Chang, Chang Wook Kim, Se Hyun Cho, Jun Yeol Han, Young Sok Lee
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during chemotherapy is well documented. However, there are limited data on this complication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transarterial chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preemptive lamivudine therapy in reducing hepatitis due to HBV reactivation in patients with HCC undergoing transarterial chemo-lipiodolization (TACL) and to seek predictors of this event. A total of 73 consecutive HCC patients undergoing TACL using epirubicin 50 mg/m2 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2 at monthly intervals were prospectively and randomly assigned to receive lamivudine 100 mg daily from the start of TACL (preemptive group) or not (control group). During the study, 11 (29.7%) of 37 patients in the control group and 1 (2.8%) of 36 patients in the preemptive group developed hepatitis due to HBV reactivation ( P = .002). In addition, there were significantly more incidences of overall hepatitis ( P = .021) and severe grade of hepatitis ( P = .035) in the control group. With multivariate Cox regression model, a baseline HBV DNA level of more than 104 copies/mL was the only independent predictor of hepatitis due to HBV reactivation during chemo-lipiodolization ( P = .046). In conclusion , preemptive lamivudine therapy demonstrated excellent efficacy in reducing hepatitis due to HBV reactivation and hepatic morbidity during TACL. Preemptive therapy should be considered in HCC patients with an HBV DNA level of more than 104 copies/mL. Further studies are needed to confirm the value of this approach in patients with low-level viremia. (Hepatology 2006;43:233–240.)
THE CELLULOID CAPSULE: A MEANS OF DETERMINING THE MOTILITY OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Jacob Buckstein
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The methods ordinarily adopted for the determination of the motility of the gastro-intestinal tract are:   The ingested barium meal. By following roentgenologically the progress of this radiopaque mixture, it is possible to determine, at any time, the exact position of the head and of the tail of the column of barium. Unquestionably, this is the most accurate method we can employ for this purpose at the present time.  The use of powdered charcoal or carmin. This material is not radiopaque, and its progress cannot be followed fluoroscopically. At best, only the terminal result can be noted, namely, the time of the appearance of the carmin or charcoal in the stool. No information as to the intermediate progress is obtainable. The method, however, in addition to giving us information as to the total gastro-intestinal motility, serves as a means of demarcation. When it is desired to study the nature of the
Atherosclerosis: Is it Time for a New Name?
Authors: José A. Páramo, Oscar Beloqui, Javier Diez
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Is it Time for a New Name?To the Editor:Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular death in Western countries, is an inflammatory disease. 1 Evidence linking inflammation to atherosclerosis stems from studies focusing on the acute and chronic phases of coronary heart disease.Elevated acute-phase reactants and cytokine production, activation of CD4 and CD8 circulating lymphocytes, the presence of infiltrating macrophages, expression of interferon-␥, and neoangiogenesis all support the notion that atherosclerosis shares similar pathophysiological mechanisms with other inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. 2Moreover, the earliest type of atherosclerotic lesion (the fatty streak) is also an inflammatory lesion, consisting of macrophages and T-lymphocytes.In addition, circulating markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein recently have been found to be potential predictors of future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with the disease. 3,4The study reported by Muhlestein et al 5 in the October 17, 2000, issue of Circulation shows that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein can also be predictive for mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.In the light of these recent pathophysiological findings, we think that time has come to reexamine the name for atherosclerosis and that a new name adapted to a more realistic scientific
Clinical Effectiveness of Drugs Used for Topical Anesthesia
Authors: John Adriani, Richard Zepernick
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The efficacy of topical anesthetics has been difficult to assess in man because no wholly satisfactory method of study has been available. A technique embodying electrical stimulation of the mucous membranes was devised which permitted a comparison to be made of effectiveness, duration of action, and potency of such drugs. Over 40 drugs said to be active topically were studied. Tetracaine, cocaine, dibucaine, lidocaine, dyclonine, and hexylcaine proved to be the most serviceable. A maximum concentration exists for each drug above which no further enhancement of activity is noted. The most serviceable drugs are the ones which clinical experience has shown to be the most toxic systemically. Vasoconstrictors, detergents, demulcents, and other nonanesthetic substances do not enhance or prolong the effects of topical anesthetics. The latent period is shortened as the maximum effective concentration is approached.
ESGE Workshop on Colorectal Cancer Screening: Summary and Outlook
Authors: M. Classen
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

The reports published here on the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) workshop on colorectal cancer screening held in Oslo [1] [2] [3] [4] provide important documentation, summing up and analyzing valuable data in a very concise form. They present the findings of four working groups from the meeting - on methods and economic considerations; legal and ethical considerations; and public awareness and lobbying.
The NHS bill.
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1989)

can be made about initial management and transfer of the patient to the specialist centre.4Early transfer is desirable for virtually all patients.For example, the spinal unit in Perth, Western Australia, succeeds in admitting 91% of patients within 24 hours and 95% within 48 hours.'The figures in Britain fall seriously short of this ideal.If we are to improve our results all spinal units should have direct access to the facilities of a district general hospital with an intensive care unit and an ortho- paedic surgeon, a neurosurgeon, and a urologist, all with training in spinal injuries.5A plastic surgeon and maxillofacial surgeon should also be available as patients often have multiple injuries.4The spinal unit must always be in a position to admit patients promptly; a better geographical distribution of beds would help.For patients with major trauma early admission may be life saving, and this may be best achieved by rapid transfer by helicopter to the most appropriate hospital.6In Switzerland the introduction of a nationwide helicopter rescue system for patients with spinal cord injuries reduced overall mortality by 80% .7 Initiatives of this kind are needed if we are to reduce the rate of complications and achieve optimum management for our patients.
Genomics and Malaria Control
Authors: Kenneth D. Vernick, Andrew P. Waters
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The genomic sequences of the malarial vector, parasite, and host — the three components of the malarial transmission system — have been known for at least two years. It may be possible to counter the disease by harnessing this genomic information to launch a strategic attack on the parasite during vulnerable stages of its life cycle.
Pathophysiology of Intense Physical Conditioning in a Hot Climate. I. MECHANISMS OF POTASSIUM DEPLETION
Authors: James P. Knochel, Larry N. Dotin, Richard J. Hamburger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Serial estimations of exchangeable (42)K showed that six volunteer subjects undergoing intensive physical conditioning in a hot climate sustained a mean deficit of 517 mEq. This deficit occurred despite a daily potassium intake of 100 mEq. Simultaneous values for lean body mass rose suggesting that potassium deficiency was not the result of catabolism. Although sweating was the major avenue by which the deficit occurred, daily excretion of potassium into the urine when each subject was maximally deficient ranged from 46 to 75 mEq and thus was inappropriately high for potassium-depleted subjects. Despite high intakes of sodium and excretion of corresponding quantities into the urine, Na/K ratios in sweat were low thus indicating unsuppressed activity of aldosterone on sweat glands. Moreover, excretion and secretion of aldosterone and in many instances, plasma renin activity, appeared to be high with respect to sodium intake. These findings suggest that intense physical work in the heat stimulates higher production of aldosterone than would occur in nonexercising subjects on similar sodium intakes. Similar to the phenomenon of mineralocorticoid escape, such overproduction of aldosterone in the presence of conditions permitting excretion of sodium into the urine could facilitate continued excretion of potassium by the kidney despite serious potassium depletion. As a consequence, the kidney played a role in the genesis of potassium depletion in these subjects. In contrast to subjects undergoing conditioning in the summer months, potassium depletion did not occur in 16 subjects during identical training under cooler environmental conditions.
Middle Ear Disease and the Practice of Pediatrics
Authors: Warren Bosley
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The article by Teele et al (1983;249:1026) entitled Middle Ear Disease and the Practice of Pediatrics presents once again the difference in perspective between the institutional-based pediatrician and the pediatrician in practice. The author set out  determine the burden on pediatricians imposed by disease in the middle ear. We in practice hardly consider otitis media a burden. Rather, this is an opportunity, since, as the authors point out, middle ear infections account for 22.7% of visits made during the first year of life, increasing to 40% in years 4 and 5. When one considers that it requires 300 pediatric office visits to equal one hip replacement, my use of the word opportunity is appropriate.  Of course, we in practice are concerned about the problem of recurrent middle ear infection and do all we can to treat it effectively and to reduce as much as we can
Letter: The North Sea.
Authors: J W Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1976)

the UK ?In many countries the cost of alcohol-induced problems exceeds the revenue raised from alcohol taxation.7Let not anyone, even members of Parlia- ment, be surprised that if you give more of a drug you get a greater response.Whatever special aetiological factor-for example, genetic -there may be in alcoholism, this overall doseresponse relationship with alcohol and its effects on society are established with a high degree of probability.I do not think that the experiment that the legislators seemed poised to carry out would pass any hospital ethical committee; it's been done before and the risk of a high incidence of adverse effects is too great.