tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Uptake and Accuracy of Oral Kits for HIV Self-Testing in High HIV Prevalence Setting: A Cross-Sectional Feasibility Study in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Augustine Talumba Choko, Nicola Desmond, Emily L. Webb, Kondwani Chavula, Sue Napierala-Mavedzenge, Charlotte A. Gaydos, Simon D. Makombe, Treza Chunda, S. Bertel Squire, Neil French, Victor Mwapasa, Elizabeth L. Corbett
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Although HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake has increased dramatically in Africa, facility-based services are unlikely to ever meet ongoing need to the full. A major constraint in scaling up community and home-based HTC services is the unacceptability of receiving HTC from a provider known personally to prospective clients. We investigated the potential of supervised oral HIV self-testing from this perspective.Adult members of 60 households and 72 members of community peer groups in urban Blantyre, Malawi, were selected using population-weighted random cluster sampling. Participants were offered self-testing plus confirmatory HTC (parallel testing with two rapid finger-prick blood tests), standard HTC alone, or no testing. 283 (95.6%) of 298 selected adults participated, including 136 (48.0%) men. 175 (61.8%) had previously tested (19 known HIV positive), although only 64 (21.5%) within the last year. HIV prevalence was 18.5%. Among 260 (91.9%) who opted to self-test after brief demonstration and illustrated instructions, accuracy was 99.2% (two false negatives). Although 98.5% rated the test "not hard at all to do," 10.0% made minor procedural errors, and 10.0% required extra help. Most participants indicated willingness to accept self-test kits, but not HTC, from a neighbor (acceptability 94.5% versus 46.8%, p = 0.001).Oral supervised self-testing was highly acceptable and accurate, although minor errors and need for supervisory support were common. This novel option has potential for high uptake at local community level if it can be supervised and safely linked to counseling and care.
Epidural anaesthesia and long term backache after childbirth.
Authors: C MacArthur, M Lewis, E G Knox, J S Crawford
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To examine the relation between epidural anaesthesia and long term backache after childbirth. DESIGN--Data from postal questionnaire on morbidity after childbirth sent to women who had delivered in one maternity hospital between 1978 and 1985 were linked to maternity case notes for each woman. SETTING--Maternity hospital in Birmingham. SUBJECTS--11,701 Women who had delivered their most recent baby at the maternity hospital during the defined period and who returned their completed questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS--Of the 1634 women who reported backache, 1132 (69%) had had it for over a year. A significant association was found between backache and epidural anaesthesia (relative risk = 1.8); 903 of 4766 women (18.9%) who had had epidural anaesthesia reported this symptom, compared with 731 of the 6935 women (10.5%) who had not had epidural anaesthesia. This association was consistent in both "normal" and "abnormal" deliveries, the only exception being after an elective caesarean section when no excess backache occurred after epidural anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS--The relation between backache and epidural anaesthesia is probably causal. It seems to result from a combination of effective analgesia and stressed posture during labour. Further investigations on the mechanisms causing backache after epidural anaesthesia are required.
Cortical long-axoned cells and putative interneurons during the sleep-waking cycle
Authors: Mircea Steriade
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1978)

Abstract Knowledge of the input-output characteristics of various neuronal types is a necessary first step toward an understanding of cellular events related to waking and sleep. In spite of the oversimplification involved, the dichotomy in terms of type I (long-axoned, output) neurons and type II (short-axoned, local) interneurons is helpful in functionally delineating the neuronal circuits involved in the genesis and epiphenomena of waking and sleep states. The possibility is envisaged that cortical interneurons, which are particularly related to higher neuronal activity and have been found in previous experiments to be more active during sleep than during wakefulness, might be involved in complex integrative processes occurring during certain sleep stages. Electrophysiological criteria for the identification of output cells and interneurons are developed, with emphasis on various possibilities and difficulties involved in recognizing interneurons of the mammalian brain. The high-frequency repetitive activity of interneurons is discussed, together with various possibilities of error to be avoided when interpreting data from bursting cells. Data first show opposite changes in spontaneous and evoked discharges of identified output cells versus putative interneurons recorded from motor and parietal association cortical areas in behaving monkeys and cats during wakefulness (W) compared to sleep with synchronized EEG activity (S): significantly increased rates of spontaneous firing, enhanced antidromic or synaptic responsiveness, associated with shorter periods of inhibition in type I (pyramidal tract, cortico-thalamic and cortico-pontine) cells during W versus significantly decreased frequencies of spontaneous discharge and depression of synaptically elicited reponses of type II cells during W compared to S. These findings are partly explained on the basis of recent iontophoretic studies showing that acetylcholine, viewed as a synaptic transmitter of the arousal system, excites output-type neurons and inhibits high-frequency bursting cells. Comparing W and S to the deepest stage of sleep with desynchronized EEG activity (D) in type I and type II cells revealed that: ( a ) the increased firing rates of output cells in D, over those in W and S, is substantially due to a tonic excitation during this state, and rapid eye movements (REMs) only contribute to the further increase of discharge frequencies; ( b ) in contrast, the increased rates of discharge in interneurons during D is entirely ascribable to REM-related firing. On the basis of experiments reporting that increased duration of D has beneficial effects upon retention of information acquired during W, the suggestion is made that increased firing rates of association cortical interneurons during REM epochs of D sleep are an important factor in maintaining the soundness of a memory trace.
LocaLisa
Authors: Fred H. M. Wittkampf, Eric F. D. Wever, Richard Derksen, Arthur A. M. Wilde, Hemanth Ramanna, Richard N. W. Hauer, Etienne O. Robles de Medina
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Estimation of the 3-dimensional (3D) position of ablation electrodes from fluoroscopic images is inadequate if a systematic lesion pattern is required in the treatment of complex arrhythmogenic substrates. Methods and Results —We developed a new technique for online 3D localization of intracardiac electrodes. Regular catheter electrodes are used as sensors for a high-frequency transthoracic electrical field, which is applied via standard skin electrodes. We investigated localization accuracy within the right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle by comparing measured and true interelectrode distances of a decapolar catheter. Long-term stability was analyzed by localization of the most proximal His bundle before and after slow pathway ablation. Electrogram recordings were unaffected by the applied electrical field. Localization data from 3 catheter positions, widely distributed within the right atrium, right ventricle, or left ventricle, were analyzed in 10 patients per group. The relationship between measured and true electrode positions was highly linear, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.996, 0.997, and 0.999 for the right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle, respectively. Localization accuracy was better than 2 mm, with an additional scaling error of 8% to 14%. After 2 hours, localization of the proximal His bundle was reproducible within 1.4±1.1 mm. Conclusions —This new technique enables accurate and reproducible real-time localization of electrode positions in cardiac mapping and ablation procedures. Its application does not distort the quality of electrograms and can be applied to any electrode catheter.
In vivo real-time imaging of gemcitabine-leaded growth inhibition in the orthotopic transplantation model of human pancreatic tumor
Authors: Sheng-hua Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong-wei He, Yi Li, Xiao-ying Li, Lian-feng Zhang, Rong-guang Shao
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2011)

Human xenograft mouse models, which have been used in cancer research for over a century, provided significant advances for our understanding of this multifaceted family of diseases. Orthotopic transplantation tumor models are emerging as the preference for cancer research due to the increasing clinical relevance over subcutaneous mouse models. In this study, a stable luciferase-expressed Capan-2 cell line was constructed and the expression of luciferase was tested. The results showed that the luminorescence intensity of Capan-2Luc cells was associated with the number of cells and the minimal detectable cell population was 600 cells/well. We established an orthotopic transplantation model of pancreatic cancer using Capan-2Luc cell line in athymic mice and investigated the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine (Gem) in vitro and in vivo. Optical imaging system was applied to evaluate the tumor growth of orthotopic transplantation model in vivo. The results suggested that the orthotopic transplantation model of pancreatic cancer was well established and the luminorescence intensity of Gem-treated group was markedly lower than that of control group with an inhibitory rate of 56.8% (P<0.001). Our orthotopic transplantation model of pancreatic cancer and real-time imaging observation method established in this study could be an ideal model and a useful tool for therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancers.
Incidence of candida in hospital in-patients and the effects of antibiotic therapy.
Authors: B. J. Smits, A. P. Prior, P. G. Arblaster
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Two cases of acute uric acid nephropathy complicating acute leukaemia are described.Some observations have been made which bear on the use of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in the management of acute uric acid nephropathy.Allopurinol restricts the formation of uric acid in acute leukaemia, but to be effective in reducing the risk of acute uric acid nephropathy it must be given before chemotherapy is begun.The patients were under the care of Sir Ronald Bodley Scott, K.C.V.O., and we are pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to him for allowing us to study them, and for his help and encouragement.
A Difficult Case: Perform carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery as a single procedure
Authors: P. Hornick, K M Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1995)

This patient has appreciable carotid and coronary artery disease. Surgical correction of one disorder in the presence of the other carries an associated risk of morbidity and death. As regards the carotid stenosis and the patient's neurological state, advocating surgery as opposed to a conservative policy has been verified by several prospective randomised trials.1 2

The risk of myocardial infarction in patients having carotid endarterectomy is estimated as 18% in patients with stable angina.3 This patient has unstable angina and therefore we presume that the risk of perioperative myocardial infarction is greater. The risk of stroke in patients having coronary artery …
Is real self-deception really all that biased?
Authors: James Friedrich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The mechanisms invoked to demonstrate how self-deception can occur without intention or awareness imply that self-deceptive beliefs are nevertheless the outcome of inappropriate and often egoistically driven processes. In contrast, models of pragmatic reasoning suggest that self-deception may well be the “reasonable” output of a more generalized, adaptive approach to hypothesis testing.
Clonidine and Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Friedrich Conrad, Holger Baumgartner, Christian Wiedermann, Georg Klein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1983Clonidine and HyperhidrosisFRIEDRICH CONRAD, M.D., HOLGER BAUMGARTNER, M.D., CHRISTIAN WIEDERMANN, M.D., GEORG KLEIN, M.D.FRIEDRICH CONRAD, M.D., HOLGER BAUMGARTNER, M.D., CHRISTIAN WIEDERMANN, M.D., GEORG KLEIN, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-4-570_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Because emotional sweating is under sympathetic control (1), clonidine, known to inhibit sympathetic tone (2), could be useful in the treatment of excessive emotional sweating (hyperhidrosis), a disorder that is still a therapeutic problem (1). Several reports imply a possible inhibition of sweating by clonidine in various conditions, including diabetic gustatory sweating (3, 4). In the summer of 1979, we tested clonidine in six hyperhidrotic patients (three palmar, two plantar, and one axillar) who had considered surgical sympathectomy. Informed consent was obtained before the study.Intravenous clonidine, 1.8 mg/kg body weight, was tested twice (single blind) in...References1. QUINTON P. Sweating and its disorders. Ann Rev Med. 1983;34:429-52. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. LOWENSTEIN J. Clonidine. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:74-7. LinkGoogle Scholar3. JANKASTANDLMEHNERT HEH. Clonidine effect on diabetic gustatory sweating. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:130. LinkGoogle Scholar4. WALLAND A. Inhibition of sudomotor transmission in the cat's stellate ganglion by activation of somadendritic α2-adrenoceptors. In: BOCK KD, ed. Catapresan (Clonidine). Aulendorf: Editio Cantor; 1983:92-110. (Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research Vol. 28). Google Scholar5. SHIHLIN CM. Effects of cholinomimetic drugs on sudomotor, metabolic, respiratory, vasomotor, and temperature response in palmar hyperhidrosis. J Neurosurg. 1980;53:684-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byTherapie der HyperhidrosisHyperhidrose und SchweißdrüsenerkrankungenHyperhidrosis und SchweißdrüsenerkrankungenInhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary meansCorrection: Incorrect Dosage 1 October 1983Volume 99, Issue 4Page: 570-570KeywordsBody weightEmotionsSympathectomy Issue Published: 1 October 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
Bile salt transport in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome.
Authors: J G Douglas, G J Beckett, I W Percy-Robb, N D Finlayson
Journal: Gut (1980)

Serum bile salt measurements and intravenous clearance of glycocholate were performed in a woman with Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Fasting conjugated cholate concentration was raised and prolonged intravenous clearance of sodium glycocholate revealed a secondary rise in conjugated cholate concentration after two hours. The intravenous clearance of bromsulphthalein also showed a secondary rise. These findings support the proposal that Dubin-Johnson syndrome is not homogeneous and that in some patients a abnormality of bile salt clearance coexists with an abnormality of bilirubin nd bromsulphthalein clearance.
Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Robert A. Kyle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma has been disappointingly slow since the introduction of melphalan and cyclophosphamide more than two decades ago. In fact, not all patients who fulfill the minimal criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma should be treated. Patients with smoldering multiple myeloma, which is characterized by an M protein level over 3 g per deciliter in the serum and more than 10 per cent atypical plasma cells in the bone marrow but no anemia, renal insufficiency, or osteolytic lesions, should be followed carefully and not treated unless progression occurs.1 The [3H]thymidine plasma-cell-labeling index is . . .
Vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. A novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Authors: D Y Jin, Z L Li, Q Jin, Y W Hao, Y D Hou
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Striking similarities between vaccinia virus hemagglutinin (VVHA) and proteins belonging to the Ig superfamily clearly indicate that VVHA, a 315-amino acid glycoprotein expressed on the surface of the infected cells, is a novel viral protein that can be added to the expanding list of the Ig superfamily. Its deduced amino acid sequence contains one Ig-like domain at the NH2 terminus, followed by two tandem repeating units and a hydrophobic region, suggestive of membrane spanning. The results offer an opportunity for the further study of the probable evolutionary and possible functional relationship between VVHA and other members of the Ig superfamily. Our observation, together with a recent finding that human CMV possibly encodes a protein similar to the MHC class I antigens (13), provides evidence supporting the fact that the viral capture of cellular Ig-related genes is more common than expected in vaccinia and other viruses, and that usage of an Ig-like domain as recognition signals might be extended from higher animals to animal viruses.
Postpartum Renal Failure
Authors: John P. Hayslett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

THE syndrome of postpartum renal failure, recognized since 1968, is an idiopathic condition characterized by renal failure in association with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and, usually, thrombocytopenia occurring within a few days to approximately 10 weeks after an apparently normal pregnancy and delivery.1 , 2 This syndrome is regarded as distinct from acute renal failure occurring in the third trimester of pregnancy or within 48 hours of delivery because of obstetric complications, such as abruptio placentae, postpartum hemorrhage, amniotic-fluid embolism, puerperal sepsis, and eclampsia.3 Since the idiopathic condition is characterized by clinically overt symptoms occurring at least three or more days after an . . .
Pulmonary hypertension associated with obliterative phlebitis in IgG4-related lung disease
Authors: Jun Fukihara, Yasuhiro Kondoh, Hiroyuki Taniguchi, Tomoki Kimura, Kensuke Kataoka, Toshiaki Matsuda, Toshiki Yokoyama, Kenzo Ono, Yukio Kashima, Junya Fukuoka
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic fibroinflammatory disease associated with elevated serum IgG4 level and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration into multiple organs [1]. In 2001, Hamano et al. [2] reported that patients with autoimmune pancreatitis have high-serum IgG4 concentrations. Subsequently, IgG4-related lesions similar to those of autoimmune pancreatitis have been identified in other organs [1] including the lungs [3]. Pulmonary hypertension can be caused by obliterative phlebitis in patients with IgG4-related lung disease <http://ow.ly/EEjvE>
DIPHTHERIA INFECTION OF THE SCROTAL CONTENTS
Authors: Clarence Martin
Journal: JAMA (1928)

The case here described was thought of sufficient importance to report because of the unusual bacteriology involved. W. L. B., a white man, aged 77, a widower, American, a houseman, entered the St. Louis City Hospital, Nov. 19, 1926, complaining that a mass, which had been present in the scrotum for many years, had flared up one week previous to admission to the hospital and was causing him considerable distress. The following history was elicited: Twenty-six years before the patient had noticed a painless swelling in the left side of the scrotal sac. He was at a loss to account for it. There had not been any recently aquired trauma but at the age of 14, thirty-seven years prior to the date which marked the beginning of the scrotal swelling, the patient fell astride a cross-bar, injuring the inguinal region and left testis. Apparently a quick and complete recovery followed this injury.
Anaesthetic deaths and caesarean section.
Authors: B H Goodrich
Journal: BMJ (1979)

validity because of differences of definition.Internal comparison between the "exposed" and control infants in Dr Tomlin's survey shows no overall significant difference in malformation rates (26 of 277 v 4 of 92, X(2)= 1-72, P-0-2).In summary, Dr Tomlin's survey, while provocative, adds little that is concrete to the existing literature on the possible relationship between exposure to anaesthetic agents and outcome of pregnancy.
Tetanus Prophylaxis-Reply
Authors: Robert M. Filler
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I agree that antitoxin still has a place in the prophylaxis of tetanus. I believe that the drug is over-used and that its administration should never be routine. The small, trivial wound which has had meticulous local treatment does not have the potential of the massive, or dirty, or late wound. The use of antitoxin for these wounds would have greater hazard than that from potential tetanus. Powder burns, rusty nail puncture wounds, or deep wounds harboring foreign bodies are not trivial by my definition. In the last analysis, the judgment as to the severity of a wound, its potential for clostridial infection, and the indication for antitoxin must remain with the individual physician caring for his patient. It should be reemphasized that, if a patient has had horse serum, and especially if he is sensitive to it, protection from antitoxin is greatly lessened and may be
Maharishi Ayur-Veda
Authors: Patrick L. Ryan
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article regarding Maharishi Ayur-Veda<sup>1</sup>does not belong in<i>JAMA</i>. To print a journal article that is read by thousands of medical doctors promoting hocus-pocus medicine is unconscionable. The German government has issued public warnings concerning aspects of Maharishi Ayur-Veda.<sup>2</sup>I am frightened that<i>JAMA</i>would print, and thus give credibility to magic, astrology, rituals, and potions for the prevention and cure of disease. The article has factual errors and, by omission, paints a false picture of a rather unscrupulous organization. Most references cited are generated by the Transcendental Meditation (TM) "movement." Professional critiques of TM research state that "the scientific research is without objectivity, and at times, simply untrue," and it is "deliberately contrived to mislead the public." Thus, the approach is: if you don't believe us, ask us. Drs Chopra and Sharma are followers of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The authors are "converts"<sup>3</sup>
Immunoregulatory role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in development of killer cells: comparison of active and latent TGF-beta 1.
Authors: S C Wallick, I S Figari, R E Morris, A D Levinson, M A Palladino
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Using recombinant DNA technology, we have generated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that synthesize latent transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) to study immune regulation by TGF-beta 1. In vitro, latent TGF-beta 1 synthesized by transfectants or added exogenously as a purified complex after activation inhibited CTL generation to a similar extent as seen with acid-activated recombinant human (rHu) TGF-beta 1. In vivo, serum from nu/nu mice bearing CHO/TGF-beta 1 tumors contained significant levels of latent TGF-beta 1 in addition to depressed natural killer (NK) activity in spleens which paralleled that seen in C3H/HeJ mice treated with acid-activated rHuTGF-beta 1. rHuTGF-beta 1 treatment of mice receiving heart allografts resulted in significant enhancement of organ graft survival. Because of possible regulated tissue-specific activation, administration of latent rather than active TGF-beta may provide a better route to deliver this powerful immunosuppressive agent in vivo.