tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
History Rewritten
Authors: Grant Gwinup
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The year: 1983 The place: The Doctor's Lounge in Memorial Hospital <h3>Smith:</h3> What brings you to the hospital so early in the morning? <h3>Jones:</h3> Oh, one of my diabetics who is on an insulin pump. His needle fell out when he went to bed last night, so he woke up this morning in mild ketoacidosis. <h3>Smith:</h3> Those pumps are always going on the fritz, but maybe we won't have to put up with them much longer now. <h3>Jones:</h3> What do you mean? <h3>Smith:</h3> Didn't you read the MEDICAL NEWS section inThe Journallast week? Somebody has come up with a long-acting insulin. <h3>Jones:</h3> A long-acting insulin? I can't believe it! How does it work? <h3>Smith:</h3> Oh, it is very simple. Actually, it's just insulin that is absorbed slowly from the injection site. They say they are going to have forms that will last more than 24 hours. <h3>Jones:</h3> My
Staphylococci Resistant to "Fucidin"
Authors: E. T. Cetin, O Ang
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Male sexual response comprises four phases: excitement, including erection; plateau; ejaculation, usually accompanied by orgasm; and resolution. Ejaculation is a complex sexual response involving a sequential process consisting of two phases: emission and expulsion. Ejaculation, which is basically a spinal reflex, requires a tight coordination between sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic efferent pathways originating from different segments and area in the spinal cord and innervating pelvi-perineal anatomical structures. A major relaying and synchronizing role is played by a group of lumbar neurons described as the spinal generator of ejaculation. Excitatory and inhibitory influences from sensory genital and cerebral stimuli are integrated and processed in the spinal cord. Premature ejaculation (PE) can be defined by ≤1-min ejaculatory latency, an inability to delay ejaculation, and negative personal consequences. Because there is no physiological impairment in PE, any pharmacological agent with central or peripheral mechanism of action that is delaying the ejaculation is a drug candidate for the treatment of PE. Ejaculation is centrally mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter systems, involving especially serotonin and serotonergic pathways but also dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems. Pharmacological delay of ejaculation can be achieved either by inhibiting excitatory or reinforcing inhibitory pathways from the brain or the periphery to the spinal cord. PE can be treated with long-term use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants. Dapoxetine, a short-acting SSRI, is the first treatment registered for the on-demand treatment of PE. Anesthetics applied on the glans penis have the ability to lengthen the time to ejaculation. Targeting oxytocinergic, neurokinin-1, dopaminergic, and opioid receptors represent future avenues to delaying ejaculation.
Assessment of histamine release from basophils in whole blood by benzylpenieilloyl poly‐L‐lysine in penicillin‐sensitized patients
Authors: D.Y. Koller, A. R. Rosenkranz, C. Pirker, M. Götz, R. Jarisch
Journal: Allergy (1992)

Histamine release from basophil granulocytes in whole blood by benzylpenicilloyl poly-L-lysine (PPL) was investigated in 7 patients with penicillin allergy. All patients presented with systemic immediate hypersensitivity reactions after i.v. administration of penicillin G. Total histamine (of 7 patients) ranged from 27.5 ng/ml to 62.1 ng/ml (mean 43.2 ng/ml). The spontaneous histamine release ranged from 0.15% to 5.1% (mean 1.8%) of the total content. Addition of PPL in various concentrations resulted in values between 0.8 and 9.6%. Although PPL is a reliable allergen for prick- and intradermal testing in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy--demonstrating a histamine liberation in the skin--the in vitro experiment using the same allergen showed no histamine release above 10%. Using a threshold of 5% out of 7 patients, 4 (57%) would show a positive histamine release. Therefore it might indicate that in penicillin allergy a threshold of 5% must be used. In addition, basophils in whole blood and skin mast cells may be activated differently.
Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens
Authors: Sherman J. Silber, Teri Ord, Jose Balmaceda, Pasquale Patrizio, Ricardo H. Asch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Congenital absence of the vas deferens has been considered a virtually untreatable cause of male sterility. Furthermore, sperm that have not passed through at least the head of the epididymis have been thought to be incapable of causing pregnancy. We attempted to determine whether human sperm that had never passed through the epididymis could fertilize eggs in vitro and whether the technique could be used for men with congenital absence of the vas deferens.Twenty-eight men with congenital absence of the vas deferens underwent microsurgical aspiration of sperm from the epididymis and vasa efferentia for attempted in vitro fertilization of their wives' oocytes, with subsequent transfer of embryos. Thirty-two treatment cycles were begun (four were repeat cycles).The most motile sperm were found in the proximal epididymis, at or near the vasa efferentia. Embryos were obtained for transfer in 21 cases (66 percent). Ninety-three embryos resulted from 352 mature oocytes (fertilization rate, 26 percent). Clinical pregnancy was achieved in 10 of the 32 treatment cycles (31 percent). Seven women delivered normal infants, and three miscarried. One of the seven live births was of twins. There were six girls and two boys. When fewer than 10 eggs were retrieved, no pregnancy occurred. When 10 or more eggs were retrieved (20 cases), the pregnancy rate was 50 percent.Sperm from the proximal caput epididymidis and even sperm from the vasa efferentia (which have never passed through the epididymis) can fertilize the human oocyte in vitro and result in pregnancy with live birth.
Bile Acid Content of Human Serum. I. Serum Bile Acids in Patients with Hepatic Disease1
Authors: Daniel Rudman, Forrest E. Kendall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1957)

Lack of specific analytic methods has hitherto prevented exact studies of the effect of liver dis- ease upon the concentration of bile acids in the serum.Until recently it has not been possible to measure the serum concentration of bile acids other than cholic acid.Various modifications-of the Pettenkofer reaction have been employed to deter- mine the serum concentration of cholic acid.Re- ports of "normal" serum cholic acid concentrations of 0.0 mg. per cent (1), 0.4 mg. per cent (2), 0.6 to 2.2 mg. per cent (3), and 3 to 6 mg. per cent (4) reflect the non-specific nature of this reaction.Several observers have agreed, however, that an accumulation of cholic acid occurs in the serum of patients with obstructive jaundice, elevations to 9 mg.per cent having been recorded (5).In acute hepatitis, serum cholic acid was less regu- larly elevated (5).In patients with portal cir- rhosis, serum cholic acid as studied by Snell (6) and by Sherlock and Walshe (5) was generally not elevated.The introduction of improved methods of sepa- rating and identifying the various bile acids (7-9) has stimulated a re-examination of this sub- ject.A preliminary report from this laboratory ( 10) indicates that both dihydroxy and trihy- droxy bile acids, largely in conjugated form, ac- cumulate in the serum and are excreted in the urine of patients with obstructive jaundice.Only dihydroxy bile acid has been found in the serum of patients with Laennec's cirrhosis and no bile acid can be detected in the urine of these subjects.The binding of bile acids by serum albumin has also been described (10).Carey (11) has re- ported differences in the ratio of dihydroxy and
Effect of strychnine hydrochloride on liver cytochrome P450 mRNA expression and monooxygenase activities in rat
Authors: Qian Gao, Jun-jun Wang, Feng-mei Han, Yong Chen
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2011)

Strychnos nux-vomica L. has been frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine but has high acute toxicity. It is commonly taken with Glycyrrhizae radix to decrease its toxicity but the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. In this work, the mRNA expression and the activity of four cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes representative of four subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP3A, CYP2C and CYP2E) were determined ex vivo in rat livers from groups of Wistar rats orally administered strychnine hydrochloride (SH) at three doses (0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg/day) alone and, at the highest dose, in combination with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, 25 mg/kg/day) or liquiritin (LQ, 20 mg/kg/day) once a day for 7 consecutive days. Compared to control, the mRNA expressions of CYP3A1, 1A2 and 2E1 were higher in rats receiving the highest dose of SH but lower for CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 in rats receiving the SH+GA and SH+LQ combinations. CYP2E1 activity was higher and CYP2C, CYP3A and CYP1A2 activities were lower in rats receiving the highest dose of SH. In contrast CYP1A2 and CYP2C activities were higher and CYP2E1 and CYP3A activities lower in rats receiving the SH+GA combination. CYP2E1 and CYP3A activities were also lower in rats receiving the SH+LQ combination. The results show that treatment with SH for 7 days affects the expression and the activity of CYP enzymes and that coadministration of GA and LQ modulates these effects. This modulation may explain the role of Glycyrrhizae radix in reducing the acute toxicity of Strychnos nux-vomica L.CYPs enzymes.
Regulation of hexokinase II expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo
Authors: Christoph Vogt, Hossein Ardehali, Patricia Iozzo, Hannele Yki-Järvinen, Janice Koval, Katsumi Maezono, Merri Pendergrass, Richard Printz, Daryl Granner, Ralph DeFronzo, Lawrence Mandarino
Journal: Metabolism (2000)
Abstract 4933: Modeling the sequence-sensitive gemcitabine/docetaxel combination using the Virtual Tumor
Authors: Eric Fernandez, David Orrell, Caroline Mignard, Zina Koob, Damien France, Nicolas Hoffman, Francis Bichat, David Fell, Christophe Chassagnole
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract In recent years there has been great interest in determining synergistic drug combinations. A difficulty, however, is that the number of different possible schedules increases combinatorically when more than one drug is considered, so it is very hard to know what schedules should be tested. Physiomics, a computational biology company based in Oxford UK, has therefore developed a predictive PK-PD “Virtual Tumor” model that allows us to rationally design schedules for drug combination. This poster presents simulations of xenograft experiments, performed in collaboration with Oncodesign, for the sequence-sensitive gemcitabine/docetaxel combination regimen, which is widely used to treat various types of cancer. By producing xenograft and biomarker data of each drug in isolation, we have built a Virtual Tumor capable of simulating the outcome of various regimens using this combination, and proposed new optimal administration schemas. This technology can be used to design new regimens with proprietary compounds as well as standard of care, small molecules or biotherapeutical agents; help test possible schedules for combinations of different drugs that would be effectively impossible to investigate experimentally; and allow prioritisation of the most effective drug combinations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4933. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4933
Selection of multiresistant coliforms by long-term treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin.
Authors: M V Valtonen, R J Suomalainen, R H Ylikahri, V V Valtonen
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Patients with hypercholesterolaemia are often treated with the antimicrobial agent neomycin. Such treatment is potentially dangerous, however, as it may favour the emergence of multiresistant, R-factor-carrying, enteric bacteria among the intestinal flora. In 11 out of 14 patients who had received neomycin for three months to eight years most of the faecal coliforms were resistant to at least four antimicrobial drugs and capable of transferring this resistance to others. In contrast, only one out of nine patients who were treated with other lipid-lowering drugs had resistant bacteria in their faeces. Neomycin may cause multiresistant strains to emerge because, like tetracycline, it forms high concentrations in the gut. Long-term treatment of non-infectious conditions like hypercholesterolaemia with neomycin is potentially dangerous not only to the patient but also to the community because of the creation of a reservoir of multiresistant organisms.
Hyperactive Children: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Arthur L. Drew
Journal: JAMA (1976)

The uniqueness of this contribution to the subject of hyperactivity stems from two sources. First, the authors stress the diversity and heterogeneity of hyperactive children. They do not take a dogmatic positivist stance and do continually stress the difficulties and confusion surrounding the condition of hyperactivity. Secondly, the bibliography is the most complete in an easily available form. The explanatory notes and discussions are presented in separate sections and are excellent. They do not clutter the flow of the main textual material. The central core of hyperactivity, as presented by Drs Safer and Allen, is stated as follows: "... a better way of viewing the activity problem these children have is to state that they have difficulty modulating their activity level...." The major and minor features of inattentiveness, learning difficulties, behavior problems, impulsivity, and emotional deviance are not neglected but viewed as frequent but not necessarily associated aspects of hyperactivity. The
Clinical Trial Enrollment and Progress in Women’s Health
Authors: Sanket S. Dhruva
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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Comparative evaluation of RAST and FAST for 11 allergens in 288 patients
Authors: J. L. Gueant, D. A. Moneret‐Vautrin, G. Dejardin, C. Algalarondo, J. P. Nicolas, J. P. Grilliat
Journal: Allergy (1989)

The specific IgE levels for 11 allergens were compared in 288 patients by means of the Phadebas RAST and the IgE‐FAST. Agreement (&lt; 1 class difference) was observed in 78.7% of the cases. The best agreement was observed with Phleum pratense , egg white, corn, Betula verrucosa and cat epithelium. In 91 cases the results were retrospectively compared with clinical data and skin tests. When RAST and FAST differed ( n = 31) 93.5% and 51.6% of the respective results were in agreement with the skin test. When RAST and FAST were similar ( n = 60) 81.7% and 80.0% of the respective results were in agreement with the skin test. It was concluded that the RAST and the FAST gave similar results in most cases but that the RAST was more sensitive than the FAST, especially when the results obtained with both methods differed.
Failure of acyclovir cream in treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.
Authors: M Shaw, M King, J M Best, J E Banatvala, J R Gibson, M R Klaber
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A double blind, randomised, crossover placebo controlled trial of 5% acyclovir cream, applied topically five times a day for five days, was carried out in 45 patients with recurrent herpes labialis. These patients had a total of 72 episodes, 34 of which were treated with the 5% acyclovir cream and 38 with placebo cream. Treatment was begun by the patients as soon as possible after the onset of prodromal symptoms. There was no significant clinical benefit from treatment with acyclovir cream compared with placebo cream. The median healing times were nine days with acyclovir cream, 10 days with placebo cream, and 13 days when no treatment was given. The possibility that the 40% propylene glycol cream base alone has a therapeutic effect must therefore be considered.
The cellular basis of intrinsic sinus node recovery time
Authors: F J Prinsze, L N Bouman
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

The aim was to investigate the mechanism of the intrinsic sinus node recovery time.The effect of 2 min periods of 20% and 50% overdrive on the electrical activity of fibres in the sinoatrial node was studied in isolated atria of rabbits under complete autonomic blockade (atropine 3 x 10(-6) M and propranolol 3 x 10(-7) M).Rabbits (New Zealand white) of either sex up to 3 kg weight were used.The first returning cycle after overdrive is prolonged not only by the time needed for retrograde plus antegrade conduction but also by a delay in impulse formation (overdrive suppression). During pacing, action potential duration, amplitude, maximum diastolic potential (only in primary pacemaker fibres), and diastolic depolarisation rate were all decreased. Action potential duration, amplitude and maximum diastolic potential returned to control value during the first cycle following a period of overdrive, but diastolic depolarisation remained depressed during many consecutive cycles. In primary pacemaker fibres, diastolic depolarisation appeared to be depressed throughout diastole. In latent pacemaker fibres diastolic depolarisation was depressed only in the second part of the diastole.Sinus node recovery time has two components: (1) a conduction component of both retrograde and antegrade conduction, and (2) a depression of the automaticity (= overdrive suppression), which is only due to a slowing of diastolic depolarisation.
FDG PET/CT Appearance of Benign Pilomatricoma
Authors: Manoj Kumar Bhatt, Ryan Sommerville, Aravind S. Ravi Kumar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A 56-year-old patient was referred for FDG PET/CT with a right preauricular lymph node fine-needle biopsy, suggesting poorly differentiated carcinoma and no obvious primary lesion. There was intense FDG uptake in the right preauricular nodule. The node was excised, and formal histology demonstrated a benign pilomatricoma rather than malignancy. Pilomatricoma is uncommon in adults and an unusual cause for marked FDG uptake, likely due to foreign body inflammation. Pilomatricoma can be either benign or malignant. The marked FDG uptake demonstrated in our patient with benign pilomatricoma also suggests that FDG PET cannot reliably grade this rare condition.
Conditional Overexpression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Cardioprotective in Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Natalie Burkard, Tatjana Williams, Martin Czolbe, Nadja Blömer, Franziska Panther, Martin Link, Daniela Fraccarollo, Julian D. Widder, Kai Hu, Hong Han, Ulrich Hofmann, Stefan Frantz, Peter Nordbeck, Jan Bulla, Kai Schuh, Oliver Ritter
Journal: Circulation (2010)

We previously demonstrated that conditional overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibited L-type Ca2+ channels and decreased myocardial contractility. However, nNOS has multiple targets within the cardiac myocyte. We now hypothesize that nNOS overexpression is cardioprotective after ischemia/reperfusion because of inhibition of mitochondrial function and a reduction in reactive oxygen species generation.Ischemia/reperfusion injury in wild-type mice resulted in nNOS accumulation in the mitochondria. Similarly, transgenic nNOS overexpression caused nNOS abundance in mitochondria. nNOS translocation into the mitochondria was dependent on heat shock protein 90. Ischemia/reperfusion experiments in isolated hearts showed a cardioprotective effect of nNOS overexpression. Infarct size in vivo was also significantly reduced. nNOS overexpression also caused a significant increase in mitochondrial nitrite levels accompanied by a decrease of cytochrome c oxidase activity. Accordingly, O(2) consumption in isolated heart muscle strips was decreased in nNOS-overexpressing nNOS(+)/αMHC-tTA(+) mice already under resting conditions. Additionally, we found that the reactive oxygen species concentration was significantly decreased in hearts of nNOS-overexpressing nNOS(+)/αMHC-tTA(+) mice compared with noninduced nNOS(+)/αMHC-tTA(+) animals.We demonstrated that conditional transgenic overexpression of nNOS resulted in myocardial protection after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Besides a reduction in reactive oxygen species generation, this might be caused by nitrite-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial function, which reduced myocardial oxygen consumption already under baseline conditions.
Psychiatry and Foreign Affairs: The Expanding Competence of Psychiatry
Authors: HOWARD P. ROME
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

There is ample historical precedent for the involvement of clinical psychiatry in those foreign affairs which, at first glance, seem to lie outside the boundaries as they have been customarily defined. "Ecology" is the key word—not only in the present-day health philosophy but also in the "new psychiatry." To attain the end of realistic primary prevention, psychiatry must elevate its sights to include the politico-social domain within its assigned catchment area.
Learning from complaints about general practitioners
Authors: R. Baker
Journal: BMJ (1999)

General practice p 1596 

Those who worry about improving quality claim that “every defect is a treasure,” but for the patient who is the victim defects can be disasters, not treasures. Patients who experience defects in care therefore need a complaints system that allows them to express their concerns, undertakes an investigation, provides an appropriate apology, and takes action to reduce the risk of harm to other patients. If such a complaints system is also to provide a supportive environment to doctors who are the subject of complaints it needs to be part of a wider set of systems that are concerned with improving quality overall.

Dissatisfaction with the previous system of handling complaints in the NHS led to the introduction of a new system in April 1996.1 Since then the complaints system has been separated from disciplinary procedures, and the new system for general practice divided into three levels. At the first level practices are required to have practice based complaints systems organised to comply with national criteria. The second …
Hospital study of transferable drug resistance.
Authors: E. C. Moorhouse, L. McKay
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Verapamil in Angina-Phear BuD m 741 reduction of glyceryl trinitrate intake on verapamil was 16.1 tablets a week, suggesting that glyceryl trinitrate was used rather arbitrarily and not only for angina.Neither trial corresponds to the ordinary conditions of ambulant treatment. Summary and ConclusionsA double-blind trial is reported of verapamil in 20 outpatients with angina.The dose of verapamil was 80 mg.three times daily for a fortnight, with a similar period on placebo tablets.No significant relief of angina by verapamil was found.I am grateful to Dr.