tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of the H<sub>1</sub> Antihistamine Chlorpheniramine Maleate on Histamine‐Induced Symptoms in the Human Conjunctiva
Authors: Jørgen Kirkegaard, Claus Secher, Niels Mygind
Journal: Allergy (1982)

Earlier studies have shown that intranasal chlorpheniramine (0.77%) can inhibit histamine‐induced tickling, sneezing, and hypersecretion by a local effect on nerve fibres. The aim of the present study was to examine whether this solution has local anaesthetic or parasympatholytic properties. If nether of these properties are present it suggests that the anti‐pruritic effects of the solution are caused by inhinbition of H 1 receptors, which in turn is indirect evidence for the presence of H 1 receptors on nerve fibres. In a double‐blind design 15 normal subjects were provoked with histamine in the eye after pretreatment with chlorpheniramine or with a local anaesthetic, oxybuprocain. Both drugs inhibited itching, but the H 1 antihistamine was significatly more effective than the local anaesthetic ( P &lt;0.01). Corneal senstivity was measured by an esthesiometer, and pupil difference was used as a measure for atropine activity. Chlorpheniramine had neither a local anaesthetic nor a parasympatholytic effect. This study has therefore strengthened the hypothesis that there are nervous H 1 receptors in the mucous membranes of the eye and airways, and has extended its application in animals to also include man.
Natural Occurrence of Tumors in Mouse Strains With Different Xenotropic and Ecotropic Endogenous Viruses2
Authors: Gary J. Kelloff, Robert L. Peters, Robert M. Donahoe, John R. Stephenson, Stuart A. Aaronson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

Natural tumor incidence and type C virus expression in NIH Swiss and BALB/c mice were investigated. The BALB/c mice showed a moderate incidence of Iymphoreticular tumors containing infectious ecotropic virus. A second class of lymphoreticular tumors occurred with approximately the same incidence in both strains; though infectious virus could not be isolated from it, it contained the antigens of a common xenotropic virus. These xenotropic viral antigens were found in all NIH Swiss and BALB/c tumors examined and in normal hematopoietic tissues as well. The relationship between different classes of endogenous viruses and tumor development was discussed.
Globalisation and health
Authors: C. D Butler
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Editor—Rao argues that trade between unequal partners is better for everyone than no trade at all.1 Although specialisation and free trade lead to increased total production, however, the benefits between unequal partners are rarely shared equally. Despite increased production it is not even certain that the population of the weaker economy will benefit; an oversupply of goods produced may lead to lower wages because the price of such goods is set not by benign agreement but by supply and demand.

The doctrine of comparative advantage being of mutual benefit holds only for a static position.2 Uganda may have a comparative disadvantage in software design, but if it produces only coffee then its software industry can never develop. Furthermore, overspecialisation in coffee will always leave it vulnerable, including to oversupply.

While oversupply of goods produced by the stronger economy is possible, that economy's strengths generally cushion it better from adversity. These cushions include the flow of interest from poor to wealthy populations, the leverage afforded to creditor populations over the economic and social policies of indebted populations, and the selective and self serving use of tariffs and subsidies by more powerful economies. For these reasons relative inequality remains important.

Feachem admits that current global economic policies have many failings but laments the health community's naivete for going further than he does in its criticism.3 He claims that the health community uses no, or only circular, citations to support its critique, but he again claims that globalisation has reduced poverty and inequity. In absolute terms, the number of energy deficient people in the world has declined marginally in recent decades, but there are several plausible explanations: “globalisation” is only one.

In terms of hard, tradeable currency, such as US dollars, the evidence that global inequality has become more extreme recently is unequivocal. No authority disputes this, though some hide it by referring to income adjusted for “purchasing power parity.”4,5 In fact, the global Gini coefficient (using foreign exchange-adjusted currency) increased from an already high 71% in 1964 to peak at 80% in 1995 and was 79% in 1999.5 In comparison, Brazil, a country normally considered to be extremely unfair, has a Gini coefficient of little more than 60%.

It is the widening of the gap between rich and poor that so many of the medical profession find unsettling and so many activists find outrageous. The “mainstream” view on globalisation and development that Feacham identifies profits from and supports this inequality.3 To paraphrase Virchow, those concerned with health have to find the courage to continue to challenge power.
Randomised crossover trial of telemonitoring in chronic respiratory patients (TeleCRAFT trial*): No impact on hospital admissions and quality of life (QOL)
Authors: Michelle Chatwin, George Hawkins, Lydia Paniccia, Annette Woods, Rebecca Lucas, Anna Hanak, Essam Ramhamadany, Emma Baker, Bobby Mann, Jillian Riley, Martin Cowie, Anita Simonds
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Objective:  To assess the impact of home telemonitoring (TM) on health service use and QOL in severe chronic lung disease patients via a randomised crossover trial with 6 months standard clinical care (control group) and 6 months with additional TM (Philips Motiva).   Method:  Participants - 73 patients (47% male, (mean (SD)) age 63 (12) yrs. 39 with COPD FEV1 0.88(0.54)L and 34 with chronic respiratory failure due to other causes FVC 1.14(0.62)L, who had a hospital admission for an exacerbation within previous 6 months, and used domiciliary oxygen or had a SpO2 l90% during previous acute admission. Patients responded to daily symptom questionnaire and monthly questionnaires on health service use/health related QOL, plus recorded SpO2 daily.   Results:  Of 61 patients (32 COPD) completing the trial the time to acute admission did not differ between control and TM groups – mean (SD) Control 156 (52) v TM 147 (60) days, p=0.189, and was not affected by intervention order. EuroQol 5D scores, and self-efficacy did not differ between groups. In patients receiving TM first, hospital & home visits increased: self-efficacy decreased. In COPD and anxious patients receiving TM first, depression (HADS) score fell.   Conclusion:  Telemonitoring added to optimised standard care neither reduced acute admissions, nor improved QOL in severe chronic respiratory patients. In some health care activity increased on TM. Subgroups eg. COPD patients with depression, or anxious patients may benefit. A more nuanced, personalised approach to TM is advisable in chronic severe respiratory patients before a major roll-out. *Funded by NIHR CLAHRC NW London.
Point: Fluoroquinolone-Based Antibacterial Chemoprophylaxis in Neutropenic Cancer Patients Works for Defined Outcomes in Defined Populations, but Must Be Used Wisely
Authors: Eric J. Bow
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2004)

Fluoroquinolone-based antibacterial chemoprophylaxis administered in situations in which the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli is low (&lt;3% to 5%) can reliably reduce the risk for invasive gram-negative bacillary infection, and, if supplemented by gram-positive agents such as rifampin, penicillin, or macrolides, can reduce the risk of developing invasive infections caused by gram-positive microorganisms, including Viridans streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. In the published literature, fluoroquinolone-based chemoprophylaxis does not reliably reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenic episodes, neutropenic episode-related mortality, or physician-initiated systemic antimicrobial prescribing behavior. Prophylaxis should only be prescribed in defined patient populations from the first day of cytotoxic therapy until neutrophil regeneration in environments in which the prevalence of gram-negative bacillary resistance to the prophylaxis strategy is low. Small phase II clinical trials suggest that empirical antibacterial therapy of unexplained fevers in neutropenic patients receiving effective fluoroquinolone-based prophylaxis under defined epidemiologic circumstances may be safely discontinued early. Better discriminators of infection in febrile neutropenic patients are needed.
Assessment of malondialdehyde in the airways during treatment of COPD exacerbations
Authors: Balazs Antus, Gabriella Harnasi, Orsolya Drozdovszky, Imre Barta
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this longitudinal study malondialdehyde (MDA), an end-product of lipid peroxidation was investigated in the airways of COPD patients with exacerbations.  Methods: Levels of MDA in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and sputum were measured in 34 COPD patients at the time of hospital admission due to an acute exacerbation of the disease, and again at the time of hospital discharge following treatment. MDA was also assessed in 21 stable COPD patients and 20 healthy controls. Measurement was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data are presented as mean±SEM.  Results: Sputum MDA levels have increased significantly at the time of exacerbation compared with stable COPD patients and healthy controls (ex: 220.0±17.5 vs. stable: 144.6±14.3 or control: 85.9±11.3 nmol/L, p  Conclusions: MDA in sputum appears to be a useful marker for monitoring exacerbation-associated oxidative stress within the airways of patients with COPD.
Adaptation and Compensation as Origin of Disorders
Authors: Julius Bauer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1928)

Article1 May 1928Adaptation and Compensation as Origin of DisordersJULIUS BAUER, M.D.JULIUS BAUER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-1-11-875 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptMr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I appreciate highly the great honor of having been invited by the Board of Regents of the "American College of Physicians" to read a paper at this annual meeting and I am deeply indebted for having this opportunity. To a research worker and medical teacher it is the greatest satisfaction to see his work recognized and to get in personal contact with many representatives of the profession, in order to communicate them some of this work. But there is a slight difficulty. One's own research work must necessarily deal with a more or less limited...(1) WENCKEBACH KF, Med. Klinik, 1928. Nr. 1. p. 1. Google Scholar(2) WENCKEBACH KF, Wien. klin. Wochenschr. 1928. Nr. 1. p. 1. Google Scholar(3) HENDERSONHAGGARD YHW, Journ. of the Amer. Med. Assoc. 1922. vol. 78, p. 697. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(4) JORNS G, Deutsche med. Wochenschr. 1927. Nr. 32. p. 1339. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(5) FREUND M, Zeitschr. f. physikal. Ther. 33, p. 133. 1927. Google Scholar(6) ZONDEK H, Klin. Wochenschr. 1927. Nr. 17. Google Scholar(7) BAUER J, Konstitut. Disposition zu inneren Krankheiten. Berlin, Julius Springer, 1917. 3d edition 1924. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(8) NOTHNAGEL H, Wien. med. Wochenschr. 1894. Nr. 15.-19. Google Scholar(9) GRUBER GB, Münchn. med. Wochenschr. 1924. Nr. 38. p. 1316. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Vienna Austria*Lecture delivered before the American College of Physicians, March 5, 1928, New Orleans, La. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1928Volume 1, Issue 11Page: 875-883 Issue Published: 1 May 1928 PDF DownloadLoading ...
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in malignant and non-malignant pleural effusions
Authors: Marios Panagiotou, Andriana I. Papaioannou, Filia Diamantea, Styliani Giannakaki, Elvira Markela Antonogiannaki, Sofia Pouriki, Alexandros Kalkanis, Anna Takou, George D. Maropoulos, Emmanuel Kastanakis, Vlassios Polychronopoulos, Konstantinos Kostikas, Napoleon Karagianidis
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background:Vitamin D (VitD) is a key modulator of host immune response and is raised in patients with lung cancer. However, there are no studies evaluating the levels of VitD in malignant pleural effusions.  Objectives:To evaluate the diagnostic role of VitD levels in pleural effusions of various etiologies.  Methods:Prospective study of consecutive patients with a new diagnosis of pleural effusion. Exclusion criteria included previous diagnostic/therapeutic attempts or no definite diagnosis after at least 6-month follow up. Pleural fluid and serum samples were collected, protected from light exposure and immediately stored in -20°C until testing for VitD with Chemiluminescent Immunoassay.  Results:Fifty patients were studied. Pleural VitD was higher than serum VitD(p  11.6 ng/ml were diagnostic for malignant effusions (Sensitivity=68%,Specificity=73%,PPV=81%,NPV=58%). Malignant effusions with positive cytology had higher levels of VitD than those with negative cytology (p=0.007). Pleural VitD did not differ between effusions caused by lung cancer versus non-lung cancer (p=0.72). VitD levels in malignant effusions above the upper quartile (i.e. 24.5 ng/ml) were related to better survival during the 6-month follow up compared to lower levels (p  Conclusions:Malignant pleural effusions present increased levels of VitD and higher levels of pleural VitD were associated to positive cytology, plausibly reflecting a greater local immune response. Increased levels of VitD were associated with better survival in this small population.
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in children: a clinical study of 15 cases.
Authors: G Vassal, F Flamant, J M Caillaud, F Demeocq, C Nihoul-Fekete, J Lemerle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1988)

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) in children accounted for 12% of all ovarian tumors treated in the Institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR) Pediatric Department from 1967 to 1985. The median age of the 15 girls was 8 years 7 months (range, 22 months to 15 years 7 months). Precocious pseudopuberty was present in six of the seven girls under 8 years. Of the other seven girls, one developed virilization symptoms. Surgery was the first treatment in each case. According to the Wollner classification, there were six stage I, one stage II, six stage III (including four ruptured tumors), and one stage IV JGCT cases. One patient was not available for staging. An adjuvant treatment (five chemotherapy and one radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy) was administered to six patients. Eleven girls are alive and free of disease, with a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 2 to 18 years). Four girls relapsed 6 to 17 months after surgery and died. Two of these relapses occurred in bone. The prognosis for JGCT in children is favorable for the lower stages when treated with surgery, but the best treatment for extensive and recurrent disease has yet to be determined.
Renal impairment following aminoglycoside therapy in cystic fibrosis.
Authors: A Tai
Journal: Thorax (2008)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic respiratory, life limiting illness in the Caucasian population. Chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs in more than 80% of adults and this contributes to deterioration in lung function over time.1 A reported long term complication includes renal impairment from presumed cumulative aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminoglycosides are highly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and effectively penetrate the sputum of patients with CF, achieving more effective bacterial killing.2 The nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides is reported to …
Bacteremic nosocomial pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis: a single or two distinct clinical entities?
Authors: Y.-T. Lee, S.-C. Kuo, S.-P. Yang, Y.-T. Lin, D.-H. Chiang, F.-C. Tseng, T.-L. Chen, C.-P. Fung
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012)
Abstract P4-02-11: Circulating methylated DNA of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a clinically useful biomarker in breast cancer
Authors: Richard Sainsbury, Karsten Koehler, Catherine Page, Saroj Velamakanni
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Background: A recent report suggests that Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPPA) plays a pivotal role in normal cell division and is targeted early in breast cancer development. Epigenetic silencing of PAPPA is highly prevalent in precursor lesions and invasive breast cancer, correlating with loss of PAPPA protein expression. In normal breast tissue PAPPA promoter methylation was not observed (Journal of Pathology 344-356: 2014). We sought to test the hypothesis that PAPPA promoter hypermethylation can be detected in cell-free tumour specific DNA (ctDNA) in the bloodstream of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Plasma derived from 12 patients with metastatic breast cancer was examined for ctDNA. A semi-quantitative real-time PCR based MethyLight assay was used for detection of PAPPA methylation. Spiking experiments with breast cancer cell lines were performed to develop the assay and confirm linearity of sodium bisulfite treatment. Results: Percentage methylated reference (PMR) values from spiking experiments with PAPPA methylated and non-methylated DNA in plasma (matrix) demonstrate good linearity for the PAPPA gene and the endogenous control Col2A. PAPPA methylation was detected in 10 out of 12 (83%) of the metastatic breast cancer samples. In stark contrast, epigenetic silencing of PAPPA was not detected in any of the plasma samples from non-cancer bearing patients (n=10). Conclusions: Given the potential clinical impact of our data, this study is being extended to include early stage breast cancer patients with poor prognostic clinic-pathological indicators. Our proof-of-concept findings indicate that testing for PAPPA promoter methylation in ctDNA may be used as a biomarker of disseminated disease, helping clinicians with treatment decisions and adjusting those choices as conditions change. By developing and refining more sensitive techniques, PAPPA methylation testing in ctDNA could also find practical utility in breast cancer screening. Citation Format: Richard Sainsbury, Karsten Koehler, Catherine Page, Saroj Velamakanni. Circulating methylated DNA of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a clinically useful biomarker in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-11.
Spontaneous pneumomedistinum & subcutaneous emphysema in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with bronchial wall leak
Authors: Chintan Patel, Ram Chopra, Vaibhav Pandharkar, Anand Yannawar, Jaymala Gaikwad, Manisha Bhosle, Sharad Patil
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum & subcutaneous emphysema in IPF is due to alveolar rupture but air leak due to bronchial rupture is rare.We present unique case of bronchial leak seen on bronchoscopy in a patient of IPF. Non traumatic subcutaneous & medistinal emphysema due to bronchial rupture in IPF is rare & is being reported for the first time Case report-55 years male admitted with severe progressive dyspnoea & dry cough of 1 month. Massive subcutaneous emphysema was seen on chest, neck & arms. CT thorax showed pneumomedistinum & IPF in lower lobes.  Put on steroids & 100% O2 but no relief. Bronchoscopy showed air bubbles oozing from irregular opening near superior segment of left lower lobe.  Glue was applied to seal bronchial wall leak & to our amaze subcutaneous emphysema started regressing with clinical improvement. Repeat CT scan showed decrease in mediastinal air. Discussion-Bloomberg considered the cause of non traumatic subcutaneous & mediastinal emphysema to be due to weakness of either alveolar or bronchial wall. Air escapes via bronchovascular channels to mediastinum & subcutaneous tissues, described as Maclin effect.
Roles of circulating and resident myeloid cell subpopulations in bronchopulmonary remodeling and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Kelley Colvin, Kurt Stenmark, Michael Yeager
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by vascular remodeling and the presence of myeloid cells. A clearer understanding of the myeloid cell phenotypes contributing to pulmonary vascular remodeling seems a pre-requisite for anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with PH.  Methods: We used immunohistology, qPCR, cell sorting, and immunoblot on lung tissue and peripheral blood derived from rat (green fluorescent protein [GFP] bone marrow transplanted) PH models and humans with PH.  Results: In human blood, we found increased fibrocytes in PH vs. controls, assessed as CD45+/procollagen+ (PH 1.2% of total white blood cells, WBC vs. controls 0.45% WBC) or vimentin+ (PH 1.9% vs. controls 1.35% WBC) or smooth muscle actin+ (PH 2.2% vs. controls 0.3% WBC) or heat shock protein 47+ (PH 0.27% vs. controls 0.078% WBC). No differences in myeloid derived suppressor cell (CD45+/CD33+/CD11b+/MHCII-) numbers were observed. PH patients expressed Fc gamma receptors (FcgR) CD16, CD32, and CD64 more robustly vs. controls. We found positive correlation between fibrocytes and cardiac output, and strong positive correlation between fibrocytes and expression of CD16 and CD32 FcgRs. Similar results were obtained using blood from rats with PH. FACS analysis of PH rat lungs confirmed increases in fibrocytes, as well as cells positive for CD68+, or CD163, or CD11c, CD103, CD206, and CD11b. Only CD11b cells were co-positive for GFP, a result confirmed by immunofluorescence of tissue sections.  Conclusion: A clearer understanding of how myeloid cells impact the pathobiology of PH may have profound therapeutic significance.