tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BIZARRE chimpanzees do not represent “the chimpanzee”
Authors: David A. Leavens, Kim A. Bard, William D. Hopkins
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Henrich et al. convincingly caution against the overgeneralization of findings from particular human populations, but fail to apply their own compelling reasoning to our nearest living relatives, the great apes. Here we argue that rearing history is every bit as important for understanding cognition in other species as it is in humans.
Estimating Individual-Level Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons throughout the Gestational Period Based on Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Monitoring
Authors: Hyunok Choi, Frederica Perera, Agnieszka Pac, Lu Wang, Elzbieta Flak, Elzbieta Mroz, Ryszard Jacek, Tricia Chai-Onn, Wieslaw Jedrychowski, Elizabeth Masters, David Camann, John Spengler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Current understanding on health effects of long-term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is limited by lack of data on time-varying nature of the pollutants at an individual level. In a cohort of pregnant women in Krakow, Poland, we examined the contribution of temporal, spatial, and behavioral factors to prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs within each trimester and developed a predictive model of PAH exposure over the entire gestational period.We monitored nonsmoking pregnant women (n = 341) for their personal exposure to pyrene and eight carcinogenic PAHs-benz[a]anthracene, chrysene/isochrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P], indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene-during their second trimester for a consecutive 48-hr period. In a subset (n = 78), we monitored indoor and outdoor levels simultaneously with the personal monitoring during the second trimester with an identical monitor. The subset of women was also monitored for personal exposure for a 48-hr period during each trimester. We repeatedly administered a questionnaire on health history, lifestyle, and home environment.The observed personal, indoor, and outdoor B(a)P levels we observed in Krakow far exceed the recommended Swedish guideline value for B(a)P of 0.1 ng/m(3). Based on simultaneously monitored levels, the outdoor PAH level alone accounts for 93% of total variability in personal exposure during the heating season. Living near the Krakow bus depot, a crossroad, and the city center and time spent outdoors or commuting were not associated with higher personal exposure. During the nonheating season only, a 1-hr increase in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was associated with a 10-16% increase in personal exposure to the nine measured PAHs. A 1 degrees C decrease in ambient temperature was associated with a 3-5% increase in exposure to benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, after accounting for the outdoor concentration. A random effects model demonstrated that mean personal exposure at a given gestational period depends on the season, residence location, and ETS.Considering that most women reported spending < 3 hr/day outdoors, most women in the study were exposed to outdoor-originating PAHs within the indoor setting. Cross-sectional, longitudinal monitoring supplemented with questionnaire data allowed development of a gestation-length model of individual-level exposure with high precision and validity. These results are generalizable to other nonsmoking pregnant women in similar exposure settings and support reduction of exposure to protect the developing fetus.
Effect of Genetic Testing for Risk of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rosalie A. Kane, Robert L. Kane
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Genetic testing can be considered a complex variant of diagnostic testing. If the results are not actionable, the findings may lead to anxiety or even life-disrupting actions with little offsetting benefit. Even if the results are actionable, the anxiety or actions resulting from disclosure may outweigh any benefit. Because the benefits of genetic testing are often modest, and the tests themselves are often imprecise in identifying risk, consideration must be given to potential harm in revealing the test results. A test that discloses an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease — a fearsome condition involving memory loss, personality change, and physical . . .
Treatment Guidelines for Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism-Reply
Authors: David S. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Ahmad correctly points out that amiodarone affects thyroid function in certain individuals. However, it was the intent of our article to mention only agents that either alter absorption or metabolism of levothyroxine, a property that amiodarone does not possess. We did not have space to review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of all forms of hyperthyroidism, only the most common. In response to Dr Brakke, while our guidelines may not depart in any "radical fashion from current practice," we do emphasize the serum TSH measurement as the best test for screening for thyroid disease, in contrast to some previous recommendations.<sup>1</sup>We have no firm data that our guidelines will lead to cost savings since there are no formal economic analyses that examine the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders. Yet it was the belief of the practicing clinicians on our committee that such savings would
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)
Authors: William S. Tillett
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

The observations recorded in this paper on the infectivity of Type III pneumococci for rabbits may be summarized as follows: 1. Of eleven strains of Type III isolated from human sources, ten were found to possess low virulence for rabbits. This was true despite the fact that all the strains tested possessed large capsules and a high degree of virulence for mice. 2. One strain of Type III pneumococcus was rendered highly virulent for rabbits. Since it possessed no other biological property demonstrably different from the other strains, its virulence must reside in some additional property. 3. An initial decrease in the number of circulating organisms following the injection of virulent bacteria is a well known occurrence, and it was observed in rabbits injected with the rabbit virulent strain of Type III. However, the extent of the reduction was in inverse proportion to the degree of virulence of the strain; a fact which makes mechanical explanations of the phenomenon insufficient. 4. The bacteremia produced in rabbits by Type III pneumococci, avirulent for this species, runs a characteristic course. It differs from that produced by non-encapsulated R forms of pneumococci although in both instances survival of the infected animal ensues. This is evidence that the mechanism of resistance against encapsulated and non-encapsulated pneumococci is not identical. 5. Phagocytosis of Type III pneumococci by circulating rabbit leucocytes was not demonstrable by a vital stain technique, whereas under the same conditions the ingestion of non-encapsulated R forms occurred. This is further evidence that the process whereby non-encapsulated pneumococci are disposed of, is insufficient to explain the natural resistance of rabbits to infection with encapsulated Type III pneumococci.
Stakeholders appeal for more kidney donations in Europe
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Besides immeasurably improving the quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease, an increase in kidney donations would lead to major savings for financially strapped health services, the European Kidney Health Alliance says.

With 250 000 patients in Europe on dialysis and 60 000 on the waiting list for a renal transplant, the alliance, a not for profit group of organisations that represent the key stakeholders in kidney health in Europe (www.ekha.eu), has appealed for an increase in the number of transplantations from deceased and living donors. Currently 18 000 take place each year.

Daniel Abramowicz, professor of medicine in the nephrology department of …
The White Blood Cell Adhesion Molecule E-Selectin Predicts Restenosis in Patients With Intermittent Claudication Undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
Authors: J.J.F. Belch, J.W. Shaw, G. Kirk, M. McLaren, R. Robb, C. Maple, P. Morse
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Experimental studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction is an early event preceding restenosis. Monocytes and neutrophils have been shown to bind to damaged endothelium via the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The selectins are involved in capturing the leukocytes and tethering them to the endothelium. E-selectin is a CAM that is only expressed on activated endothelial cells. Its ligands are expressed on monocytes and neutrophils and it has been found to exist in a soluble form. This soluble form may represent a marker for endothelial damage and may be a precursor of smooth muscle proliferation. Methods and Results Fifty-four patients who were undergoing peripheral arterial balloon angioplasty had blood sampled before angioplasty. E-selectin was measured in plasma with the use of an ELISA. At follow-up angiogram, 30% (n=14) of the patients had restenosed at 1 year. There was a significant difference in baseline E-selectin levels in patients who restenosed compared with those who did not (65.3 ng/mL [58.25 to 78.05] versus 52.3 [34.2 to 62.1], Mann-Whitney U , P &lt;.007). Endothelial activation with subsequent adherence of white blood cells is an important step in restenosis. Conclusions We have shown an increased level of shed E-selectin in patients destined for restenosis and suggest that this work further supports a role for white blood cell/endothelial interaction in restenosis after angioplasty.
Persistence of Antitoxin Levels after Tetanus-Toxoid Inoculation in Adults, and Effect of a Booster Dose after Various Intervals
Authors: Joseph M. Looney, Geoffrey Edsall, Johannes Ipsen, William H. Chasen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

ALTHOUGH various previous observations, chiefly by French, American and Canadian investigators, had indicated that tetanus toxoid immunization was a powerful tool in the prevention of tetanus, it was not until the experience of the United States and British armed forces in World War II that the truly remarkable effectiveness of this product was made clear. The American record was particularly impressive, only 14 cases of tetanus occurring in the United States Army and Navy during the war.1 , 2 The two services established basic immunity with 3 doses of fluid toxoid (Army) or two doses of alum-precipitated toxoid (Navy), a booster dose . . .
What role does mannitol play in preventing contrast nephropathy? a prospective analysis
Authors: K.J. Tobin, P.A. McCullough, J.P. Speck, D.C. Westveer, D.A. Guido-Allen, D.S. Hartenburg, S.B. Puchrowicz-Ochocki, W.W. O'Neill, M. Stevens
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
VARIANTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI; THEIR RELATION TO TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE, VIRULENCE, AND TOXIN
Authors: E. W. Todd, R. C. Lancefield
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

Hemolytic streptococci, when freshly isolated from pathogenic lesions, form characteristic matt colonies and contain the type-specific substance M. Two varieties of matt cultures, equally rich in type-specific substance, can be distinguished by the virulence of the organisms for mice: (1) the matt virulent variety, (2) the matt attenuated variety. The matt forms of hemolytic streptococci can be degraded to a third variety which forms glossy colonies and is always relatively avirulent. This is accomplished by prolonged cultivation on artificial media, by selection of colonies or by cultivation in homologous anti-M serum. In the process of degradation the cocci lose the major part of their type-specific substance but complete disappearance of type-specific substance rarely occurs. The glossy variant form, when fully degraded, is highly stable; but glossy cultures which have retained some type-specific substance can occasionally be reverted to the original matt form. Toxic filtrates from matt and glossy cultures are approximately equal in skin reactivity. No relationship appears to exist between virulence and toxigenicity.
Professional Values in Medical Practice
Authors: Wayne G. Menke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Abstract Appropriate medical attitudes and behavior emerge from and in turn contribute to the development of an inter-related core of professional values. Distinct from economic considerations, these values can be identified historically and sociologically, and the independent status of a practicing physician in America is uniquely high. Foremost is the value of service to individual and community institutionalized in the doctor–patient relation. The commitment to rationality, science and learning forms a foundation for technical skill creatively applied to practical ends. Individualism, innovation and self-discipline are expressed in a system of ethical principles. In broad social relations and responsibilities, as well as functionally specific technical competence, the physician is blessed with a unique validation of his authority by the public.
RECOVERY FROM SEXUAL DEVIATIONS THROUGH OVERCOMING NON-SEXUAL NEUROTIC RESPONSES
Authors: IAN STEVENSON, JOSEPH WOLPE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

1. Three cases of sexual deviation are reported in which a return to normal heterosexual behavior followed the development of assertive behavior on the part of the patients. Follow-up inquiries 3 to 6 years later showed that the patients had maintained their improvements. 2. In these patients the sexual deviations were determined by anxiety that did not have a sexual origin. The processes of their therapy are discussed, and also, more briefly, the therapy of those cases in which anxiety is specifically attached to sexual stimuli. 3. The recoveries in these patients were not related to recall of repressed memories of traumatic events or the working out of specific sexual conflicts. The alteration of sexual behavior did not lead to the occurrence of other symptoms or other undesirable side effects. 4. The processes whereby stimuli of anxiety lose their capacity to arouse anxiety are discussed and it is suggested that the concept of "repressed emotion" has hindered an understanding of the processes of recovery from psychoneuroses with and without psychotherapy.
Germline gain-of-function mutations in AFF4 cause a developmental syndrome functionally linking the super elongation complex and cohesin
Authors: Kosuke Izumi, Ryuichiro Nakato, Zhe Zhang, Andrew C Edmondson, Sarah Noon, Matthew C Dulik, Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan, Charles P Venditti, Karen Gripp, Joy Samanich, Elaine H Zackai, Matthew A Deardorff, Dinah Clark, Julian L Allen, Dale Dorsett, Ziva Misulovin, Makiko Komata, Masashige Bando, Maninder Kaur, Yuki Katou, Katsuhiko Shirahige, Ian D Krantz
Journal: Nature Genetics (2015)
Points: Why do our hospitals not make more use of the concept of a trauma team?
Authors: D. W Yates
Journal: BMJ (1985)

fish rich in o-3 unsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (mackerel, herring, salmon, sardines, etc).It would be interesting to know whether Eskimos have a high or low incidence of renal disease, since it is already known that both ischaemic heart disease and many forms of cancer are uncommon in Eskimos eating a high fatty fish diet.7
Twenty-six compelling conversations
Authors: Ushma S. Neill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

I continue to believe I have the best job in science. Since May 2012, I’ve been the Editor at Large for the JCI, and in this capacity, I’ve been the chief interviewer of those chosen for the series Conversations with Giants in Medicine. We’ve aired twenty-six interviews with twenty-eight notable scientists in the 2.5 years that this series has been part of the JCI (Figure ​(Figure11).



Figure 1

Scientists interviewed for the series Conversations with Giants in Medicine. 



In that time, I’ve heard some amazing stories, the kind that are often better — and stranger — than fiction. In the highlight reel to accompany the October 2014 issue (posted online at http://www.jci.org/videos/cgms), I’ve chosen some of the most memorable vignettes from the twenty-six Conversations. These stories give life to the life sciences. Want to hear Francis Collins talk about competition with Craig Venter to get the human genome sequenced? It’s in there. Also included are Mike Brown and Bob Lefkowitz teasing Joe Goldstein. There are uplifting and hilarious stories about Roy Vagelos almost getting court-martialed and the experiment that led Gene Braunwald to define hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Don Seldin tells a story about arriving at UT Southwestern to a collection of shacks and garbage and transforming it into the powerhouse it is today. Their collective stories about the thrill of discovery and sometimes the delight in seeing work at the bench hold true in patients — it all has captivated me.

The Conversations series will continue next month and through the coming years, and I hope that we can add to the current collection of interviews with two Knight Bachelors, eight Howard Hughes Medical Investigators, ten winners of Lasker Awards, eight Nobel Laureates, twenty-five members of the Institute of Medicine, and twenty-four members of the National Academy of Sciences. Their stories are personal, courageous, insightful, and oftentimes rather entertaining.

This video is also timed to appear on the birthday of the JCI. Ninety years ago, in October 1924, one of the greatest biomedical journals was born. There are numerous excellent stories told in the pages of the JCI, and here’s to hoping for another ninety years.
Cholesterol Reduction: Weighing the Benefits and Risks
Authors: J. Michael Gaziano
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends reducing total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels to decrease the risk for coronary heart disease. The available evidence clearly indicates that higher cholesterol levels increase the risk for coronary heart disease and that cholesterol reduction results in corresponding decreases in risk. In contrast, existing data do not strongly support the idea that cholesterol reduction causes increases in any specific nonvascular cause of death. The outcomes of ongoing, large-scale trials will enable existing guidelines to be refined. However, current recommendations, which encourage nonpharmacologic interventions for about 30% of U.S. adults and cholesterol-reducing drugs for about 7% of U.S. adults, seem both justified and warranted.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections in 250 patients. Abbreviated therapeutic approach to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Authors: H Calkins, J Langberg, J Sousa, R el-Atassi, A Leon, W Kou, S Kalbfleisch, F Morady
Journal: Circulation (1992)

The purpose of this study was to report the results and complications of radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular (AV) connections by using an abbreviated approach aimed at minimizing the duration of the procedure.Two hundred fifty consecutive patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia involving a concealed accessory AV connection underwent catheter ablation with the use of radiofrequency current. In 179 of the 250 patients, catheter ablation was performed at the time of an initial electrophysiology test. Two hundred thirty-five patients had one accessory AV connection and 15 patients had two or more. One hundred eighty-three accessory AV connections were manifest and 84 were concealed. One hundred sixty-one were were located in the free wall of the left ventricle, 47 were in the right free wall, 44 were posteroseptal, 10 were anteroseptal, and five were intermediate test, and the ablation procedure was recorded for each patient, as was the total duration of fluoroscopy. A follow-up electrophysiology test was performed 2-3 months after the ablation procedure. Ninety-four percent of patients had all accessory AV connections successfully ablated and remained free of symptomatic tachycardia during a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 4 months. Two hundred nineteen patients (88%) had all accessory AV connections ablated during the initial attempt at catheter ablation. Mean duration of the entire procedure was 134 +/- 75 minutes. Procedure duration was longest in patients with multiple accessory AV connections, shortest in patients with intermediate septal accessory AV connections, and similar in all other locations. A nonfatal complication occurred in nine patients (4%).The results of this study indicate that catheter ablation of accessory AV connections with radiofrequency current can be performed safely and expeditiously in a majority of patients and confirm in a large series the feasibility of catheter ablation at the time of an initial diagnostic electrophysiology test. This abbreviated therapeutic approach avoids the need for electropharmacological testing, long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy, and surgical therapy in the majority of patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or with symptomatic tachycardias involving accessory AV connections.
Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps: can this be learned by everyone?
Authors: Ralf Kiesslich
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

Screening and surveillance colonoscopy has proven to be effective in reducing the number of deaths from colorectal cancer. However, it can be clearly shown that colonoscopy is not perfect, and in fact, right-sided colonic cancers cannot be significantly reduced by screening colonoscopy [1]. Precancerous conditions such as adenomas or serrated lesions can also be overlooked and can lead to interval cancers [2]. There is a strong correlation between the adenoma detection rate and the occurrence of interval cancers. This has led to the recommendation that the adenoma detection rate be used as a surrogate marker for quality in colonoscopy [3].
Torsion of the testis: why is the prognosis so poor?
Authors: E J Mackle, D Gilroy
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Population Censuses and Surveys) would not have been possible using routinely available data.It will, however, be possible using incidence data once the office has completed the postcoding of addresses in the cancer registration files (working retrospectively back to 1971).It will not be pos- sible using mortality data for the years before 1981 without a major recoding of address information.In conclusion, the Office ofPopulation Censuses and Surveys' report was not, and could not have been, a study of cancer risk among people living within two to three miles of nuclear installations.It is clear, however, from reports discussed in chapter 2 ofthe study that for some members ofthe public concern about possible risks extends at least as far as 10 miles.Data have now been presented that indicate cancer levels within these limits.'Dr Russell Jones considers the epidemiological evidence for an increase in childhood cancer in the vicinity of nuclear installations to be "consistent and compelling." In my opinion, a more balanced conclusion is that there have been some increases relating to different age groups and different distance zones in the vicinity of some installations and that there is as yet no clear evidence on what the cause of these increases might be.'-'2