tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Infarct Size Following Experimental Coronary Artery Occlusions
Authors: PETER R. MAROKO, JOHN K. KJEKSHUS, BURTON E. SOBEL, TAN WATANABE, JAMES W. COVELL, JOHN ROSS, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1971)

The purpose of this study was the determination of whether hemodynamic and pharmacologic factors influence the extent and severity of myocardial necrosis produced by coronary occlusion. In 48 dogs, 10 to 14 epicardial leads were recorded on the anterior surface of the left ventricle in the distribution and vicinity of the site of occlusion of a branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The average S-T segment elevation for each animal was determined at 5-min intervals after occlusion. This elevation was used as an index of the presence and severity of myocardial ischemic injury. The number of sites showing this elevation provided an additional measure of the size of the injured area. Occlusion alone raised the average S-T segment elevation from 0.22 ± 0.04 to 3.32 ± 0.37 mv (SEM). Isoproterenol, ouabain, glucagon, bretylium, and tachycardia given prior to a repeated occlusion increased the severity and extent of ischemic injury, while propranolol decreased it. Elevation of arterial pressure with methoxamine reduced the occlusion-induced S-T segment elevation, and lowering of the mean arterial pressure by hemorrhage had the opposite effect. In 19 additional experiments, propranolol, isoproterenol, and alterations in arterial pressure produced similar alterations in S-T segment elevation when these interventions were applied as long as 3 hr after ligation. In a third group of dogs, myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined 24 hr after occlusion at the same sites at which epicardial electrocardiograms were taken. Depression of myocardial CPK activity in injured portions of the left ventricle 24 hr after coronary artery ligation correlated well with S-T segment elevation in the same sites 15 min after ligation. Moreover, isoproterenol increased and propranolol decreased the area of depression of myocardial CPK activity. We conclude that the hemodynamic status and neurohumoral background at the time of occlusion and for up to 3 hr thereafter can alter the extent and severity of myocardial ischemic injury and myocardial necrosis.
Relation between the Frequency of Colorectal Adenoma and the Serum Cholesterol Level
Authors: Gerd Alexander Mannes, Andreas Maier, Christian Thieme, Baldur Wiebecke, Gustav Paumgartner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Several investigators have reported an association between low serum cholesterol levels and an increased frequency of colorectal cancer. Because low cholesterol levels may be a result of an established cancer, we have investigated the relation between serum cholesterol levels and the frequency of colorectal adenomas, which are thought to be precursors of colon cancer. We prospectively studied 1083 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy (241 of whom were excluded because of malignant disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, familial polyposis, or partial colectomy). In the remaining 842 patients, analysis of covariance was performed to evaluate the contribution of serum cholesterol to the risk of colorectal adenoma. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly and positively associated with the frequency of colorectal adenoma in subjects of both sexes. After adjustment for age and body-mass index, this positive association remained significant between the top quintile and the lowest quintile for serum cholesterol, with regard to the total study group (odds ratio, 2.0; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.1 and 3.6) and men only (odds ratio, 2.2; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.0 and 4.8). We conclude that there is not an inverse correlation between serum cholesterol levels and the risk of colorectal adenomas; on the contrary, there appears to be a small positive association.
Passive smoking: Tobacco industry publishes disinformation
Authors: M. J Thun
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor–The American Cancer Society does not agree with the conclusions of Enstrom and Kabat in their analysis of environmental tobacco smoke in the cancer prevention study I (CPS-I).1 Their study is fatally flawed because of misclassification of exposure. The cancer prevention study was started by the society in 1959 to measure the effects of active smoking, …
Actions of the inspiratory intercostal muscles in flail chest.
Authors: M Cappello, A De Troyer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We have previously shown in dogs that the ribs in flail chest move paradoxically inward during inspiration but continue to move cranially. We have also shown that flail elicits, probably via an increased activation of the muscle spindles, a threefold to fourfold increase in external intercostal inspiratory EMG activity without inducing any changes in parasternal intercostal activity. Therefore, the present studies were undertaken to test the hypothesis that the persistent cranial motion of the fractured ribs resulted primarily from the action of the external intercostals. A flail was induced in seven supine anesthetized animals by fracturing both dorsally and ventrally ribs 3 to 6 on the right side of the chest, after which the external intercostal muscles in interspaces 1 to 7 were severed. Severing the external intercostals caused a small increase in the inspiratory inward displacement of the fractured ribs, from 2.76 +/- 0.31 to 3.25 +/- 0.38 mm (p < 0.05), but it did not affect the parasternal intercostal EMG activity or the cranial rib displacement (before, 3.61 +/- 1.03 mm; after, 3.22 +/- 1.43 mm; NS). However, when the parasternal intercostals in interspaces 1 to 7 were also denervated, the inspiratory inward displacement of the ribs increased markedly to 5.95 +/- 0.48 mm (p < 0.01), and their inspiratory cranial displacement was reversed into a 1.05 +/- 0.58 mm inspiratory caudal displacement (p < 0.01). We conclude, therefore, that in dogs with flail chest the respiratory displacements of the ribs are still primarily determined, besides pleural pressure, by the action of the parasternal intercostals. These observations also suggest that in anesthetized dogs, spindle-induced excitation of the external intercostals has little impact on the mechanical behavior of the ribs.
Federal epidemiologists link ills to environs
Authors: Donald E. Riesenberg
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, understand the complexities of environment-health interactions. The CDC's Center for Environmental Health has investigated outbreaks of illness in which the causes ranged from rug shampoo to volcanic eruptions. In 1980, for example, symptoms of respiratory irritation among inhabitants of a city office building and a day-care center were traced to underdilution of commercial carpet cleaners. The dry residue, sodium dodecyl sulfate, turned out to be a potent respiratory irritant (<i>Environ Int</i>1982;8:337-341). Henry Falk, MD, of the Center for Environmental Health, says the group has conducted a dozen such indoor air quality investigations. Indoor studies have more recently been taken over by the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Its records indicate that the tally of indoor air quality complaints investigated now exceeds 200. Also in 1980, the Center for Environmental Health had the opportunity to study an outdoor
Secondary syphillis. Still the great imitator
Authors: E. W. Baum
Journal: JAMA (1983)

We report herein four cases of nodular syphilis, a rare form of secondary syphilis that closely simulates lymphoma and granulomatous disease processes of variable origins. We discuss the clinical presentations, serologic and histologic features, treatment, and course of these patients and review the manifestations of secondary syphilis. We conclude that secondary syphilis is still the great imitator. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:3069-3070)
The efficacy of mammography and screening for breast cancer
Authors: G. W. Cotter
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —The recent article by Dr Kattlove and colleagues1regarding development of a basic benefit package for the treatment of early breast cancer failed to address fully the issues surrounding local treatment. It is important to understand that the ultimate local treatment outcome from conservative surgery and radiation therapy is far superior, particularly on a cosmetic and functional basis, than that from complete mastectomy alone. To quantitate the cost of one treatment vs another, one must include the costs, both monetary and physical, of reconstruction after complete mastectomy.  If one does compare similar local care outcomes, those being either a preserved breast or a fully reconstructed breast, conservative surgery and radiation therapy become attractive, particularly from the cost standpoint. It has been shown that the treatment of early breast carcinoma with conservative surgery and radiation therapy is more cost-effective than modified radical mastectomy followed by reconstruction.2
" A Question of Priority in the Abortive Treatment of Typhoid Fever."
Authors: John Eliot Woodbridge
Journal: JAMA (1896)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —"<i>La politesse ne coûte rien</i>." In the issue of theJournalof March 21, 1896, under the caption "A Question of Priority in the Abortive Treatment of Typhoid Fever," there appears over the signature of Arthur J. Hall, a remarkable criticism of the paper on typhoid fever which I read before the Mississippi Valley Medical Association at Hot Springs, Ark., on Nov. 21, 1894. From this critique I make the following quotations: "Dr. Woodbridge expounded his so-called abortive treatment of typhoid fever, giving three polypharmic formulæ, with instructions for their use, and claimed he had had twelve years' experience with this treatment. The formulæ contain guaiacol carbonate to the extent of 33⅓ per cent. This claim of twelve years' experience with guaiacol carbonate is at variance with a statement of the manufacturers of the drug." Now it is not true that I did in this paper
Dysfunctions of Pokeweed Mitogen-stimulated T and B Lymphocyte Responses Induced by Gammaglobulin Therapy
Authors: Anne Durandy, Alain Fischer, Claude Griscelli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Lymphocytes obtained from nonimmuno deficient children treated with commercially available preparations of gammaglobulin failed to proliferate and to mature into plasma cells in vitro after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. The influence of the treatment on lymphocyte functions varied according to the cell population considered. A T helper cell activity was detected in these patients but only in the cell subset bearing receptors for IgG after irradiation. T lymphocytes exerted a suppressive effect that disappeared after irradiation or incubation at 37°C. The suppressive cells were found among E rosette-forming cells depleted of leukocytes bearing receptors for IgG. Their suppressive effect was expressed only in the presence of normal radioresistant T lymphocytes that did not bear Fc receptors for IgG. Similar dysfunctions could be induced in vitro by incubation of normal T and B lymphocytes with gammaglobulin preparations. Because F(ab)′2 fragments or deaggregated preparations of gammaglobulin failed to activate T suppressor lymphocytes, this activation was likely triggered by attachment of Fc portion of denatured IgG to the corresponding membrane receptor. This activation step was prostaglandin E2-dependent, suggesting that activated monocytes were involved in the activation process. B lymphocyte responses appeared directly inhibited by attachment of denatured gammaglobulin on membrane Fc receptor. Our observations suggest that immunological effects of gammaglobulin therapy are not limited to antibody transfer, since it also induces subtle modifications of in vitro pokeweed mitogen-stimulated T and B cell responses. These modifications must be considered in interpreting results obtained in immunodeficient patients investigated under gamma-globulin therapy.
Substituting Diagnostic Services
Authors: David P. Kilgore
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Several of the assumptions by Eisenberg et al<sup>1</sup>cast doubt on the validity of their conclusions that new diagnostic methods do not displace, but rather are performed in addition to, older methods. I question the appropriateness of comparing the radionuclide brain scan to brain computed tomography (CT). A more valid study would compare the incidence of pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography (the primary neuroimaging studies of the pre-CT era) in 1974 with their incidences in 1980. Pneumoencephalography was performed daily in the preCT era in institutions with active neurology and neurosurgery practices; it was completely discarded within 5 to 6 years of the introduction of CT. The incidence of cerebral angiography has also declined dramatically since the advent of CT. The period studied, 1978 through 1980, was one of rapid change in the capabilities of both CT and ultrasound devices. Many of the devices in use then
Lack of Smallpox Protection
Authors: Glenn C. Szalay
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In March 1967, the American Hospital Association, in response to a telegram from the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, urged revaccination of all hospital personnel whose last smallpox vaccination was more than three years old. As chairman of the immunization committee for the Southern California Permanente Medical Group (presently numbering about 1,000 full- and part-time doctors), I attempted to implement this recommendation without success; our committee can recommend but cannot enforce our recommendations. In April 1972, I contacted the present chairman of the same committee (about the same problem); he has met with complete lack of success in his efforts.
Side effects of disodium aminohydroxypropylidenediphosphonate (APD) during treatment of bone diseases.
Authors: C A Mautalen, C A Casco, D Gonzalez, G R Ghiringhelli, C Massironi, G A Fromm, L Plantalech
Journal: BMJ (1984)

In our experience prolonged treatment with APD does not have any important clinical side effects.We are currently studying
Evidence that superficial basal cell carcinoma is monoclonal from analysis of the Ptch1 gene locus
Authors: G. Saldanha, J.A. Shaw, A. Fletcher
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) arises as an apparently multifocal proliferation of tumour nests attached to the epidermis, which is at odds with a monoclonal origin. Computer-assisted reconstruction shows that these nests join in three dimensions, but it remains unknown whether this tumour is monoclonal. An early event in BCC formation, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the Patched 1 (Ptch1) locus, can be used as a tool to address whether this tumour is monoclonal.To determine whether superficial BCC is monoclonal by analysing individually microdissected superficial BCC nests and looking for the same pattern of LOH in each.Six cases of superficial BCC were analysed for LOH at the Ptch1 gene locus using the D9S287 microsatellite marker. Identical allelic patterns were sought in each nest from a given tumour. These patterns were no allelic loss, loss of the shorter allele or loss of the longer allele, each with a respective probability of occurrence, as estimated from published findings.All cases were informative. Four cases showed no LOH in each nest and two showed loss of the same allele. If these nests arose independently, then the probability of this result was between 4 x 10-11 and 2 x 10-14. The lack of LOH, seen in four cases, could be due to monoclonal expansion of a cell retaining both D9S287 alleles, or due to a polyclonal proliferation. Therefore, a separate analysis excluding these cases was done, giving a probability of between 2.2 x 10-4 and 1.0 x 10-7.These probabilities were so extreme that it was unlikely that the nests arose independently, thus providing the first molecular evidence that superficial BCC is monoclonal.
Mitochondria Control Functional Ca <sub>V</sub> 1.2 Expression in Smooth Muscle Cells of Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Damodaran Narayanan, Qi Xi, Lawrence M. Pfeffer, Jonathan H. Jaggar
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Physiological functions of mitochondria in contractile arterial myocytes are poorly understood. Mitochondria can uptake calcium (Ca(2+)), but intracellular Ca(2+) signals that regulate mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](mito)) and physiological functions of changes in [Ca(2+)](mito) in arterial myocytes are unclear.To identify Ca(2+) signals that regulate [Ca(2+)](mito), examine the significance of changes in [Ca(2+)](mito), and test the hypothesis that [Ca(2+)](mito) controls functional ion channel transcription in myocytes of resistance-size cerebral arteries.Endothelin (ET)-1 activated Ca(2+) waves and elevated global Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R) activation. IP(3)R-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release increased [Ca(2+)](mito) and induced mitochondrial depolarization, which stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation that elevated cytosolic ROS. In contrast, a global [Ca(2+)](i) elevation did not alter [Ca(2+)](mito), mitochondrial potential, or mitoROS generation. ET-1 stimulated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB p50 subunit and ET-1-induced IP(3)R-mediated mitoROS elevated NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity. ET-1 elevated voltage-dependent Ca(2+) (Ca(V)1.2) channel expression, leading to an increase in both pressure (myogenic tone)- and depolarization-induced vasoconstriction. Baseline Ca(V)1.2 expression and the ET-1-induced elevation in Ca(V)1.2 expression were both reduced by IP(3)R inhibition, mitochondrial electron transport chain block, antioxidant treatment, and NF-kappaB subunit knockdown, leading to vasodilation.IP(3)R-mediated SR Ca(2+) release elevates [Ca(2+)](mito), which induces mitoROS generation. MitoROS activate NF-kappaB, which stimulates Ca(V)1.2 channel transcription. Thus, mitochondria sense IP(3)R-mediated SR Ca(2+) release to control NF-kappaB-dependent Ca(V)1.2 channel expression in arterial myocytes, thereby modulating arterial contractility.
World Bank Group's support to the Ebola virus response effort
Authors: C. A. Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Grepin greatly underestimates the World Bank Group’s support to the Ebola virus response effort.1 The International Development Association—our fund for the poorest countries—has committed $518m (£340m; €469m), not $230m, of which $289m (56%), not $117m,1 has been disbursed to the affected countries and implementing UN and …
TCT-257 Efficacy of Short-Term High-Dose Statin Pretreatment in Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Updated Study-Level Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Joo Myung Lee, Jonghanne Park, Ki-Hyun Jeon, Ji-hyun Jung, Sang Eun Lee, Jung-Kyu Han, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Han-Mo Yang, Kyung Woo Park, Hyun-Jae Kang, Bon-Kwon Koo, Sang-Ho Jo, Hyo-Soo Kim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Abstract 4792: Analysis of the relationship between experimentally induced rodent forestomach hyperplasia and tumorigenesis.
Authors: Jason M. Fritz, Maureen R. Gwinn
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number resulting from physiological processes such as irritation, or pathological processes like carcinogenesis. The difficulty in differentiating reactive versus preneoplastic (or dedicated) hyperplasia has been the subject of debate in the literature, especially in regard to prediction of human health risks following chronic chemical exposure. Squamous hyperplasia and neoplasia are frequently detected in the rodent forestomach (FS) following chronic oral administration of chemicals evaluated in rodent cancer bioassays. Molecular level mechanistic details related to FS hyperplasia progression are not available for a wide range of chemicals, despite the increasing need for this level of mechanistic understanding to support evaluations for human health risk. In order to facilitate further discussion on the use of rodent FS lesions in the estimation of cancer and noncancer reference values, a comparison of chemical hyperplasia versus tumor induction was performed. FS lesion classification and incidence data were obtained from rat and mouse gavage bioassays on over 50 chemicals from National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year bioassays that reported dose-related increases in FS hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions in one or more rodent sex/strain combinations tested. Chemical effects were tabulated and sorted by strain, sex, genotoxicity assay results and irritation effects, and the relationship between FS hyperplasia and FS tumor (e.g., squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma) induction was analyzed using grouped animal data. When considering chemicals with positive results in genotoxicity assays, FS tumors positively correlated with FS hyperplasia incidence in both rats and mice. Increased incidence of FS hyperplasia was not correlated with FS tumors in animals exposed to chemicals that were negative for genotoxicity and irritation. The potential results of this analysis may be useful in the evaluation of chemicals with limited chronic bioassay data by informing predictions of long-term tumor formation based on chemical properties observable during short-term animal or in vitro studies (e.g., genotoxicity, irritation). The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Citation Format: Jason M. Fritz, Maureen R. Gwinn. Analysis of the relationship between experimentally induced rodent forestomach hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4792. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4792
Xanthelasma: Curbstone Recognition of Dyslipidosis
Authors: Frederick A. J. Kingery
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Everybody recognizes xanthelasma. The yellow plaques which occur about the eyelids command immediate notice on the most cursory examination (Fig 1). The association of these yellow tumors with systemic disorders of lipid metabolism (dyslipidoses), however, is sometimes forgotten. What steps can be taken to properly evaluate a patient with xanthelasma? Individuals with essential familial hypercholesteremia usually develop xanthelasma at an early age (Fig 2). In addition, patients with other hypercholesteremic disorders such as xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis or hemochromatosis similarly present these lesions. Serum cholesterol and phospholipid values are elevated, but the serum appears clear since triglycerides are normal. Much less commonly, the patient with hyperlipemia (idiopathic or secondary to pancreatitis, diabetes, or von Gierke's disease) may exhibit xanthelasma in addition to other xanthomas. In the hyperlipemias, all serum lipid fractions are elevated and the serum has a milky appearance due to elevated triglyceride levels. Tests performed on the serum often
Slow flow on distal left anterior descending coronary artery demonstrated by transthoracic doppler echocardiography predicts pathologic coronary flow dynamics
Authors: Ho-Joong Youn, Hui-Kyung Jeon, Eun-Joo Cho, Yong-Seok Oh, Wook-Sung Chung, Jae-Hyung Kim, Kyu-Bo Choi, Soon-Jo Hong
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)