tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Postmenopausal Estrogen and Prevention Bias
Authors: Maryann Napoli
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Letters1 February 1992Postmenopausal Estrogen and Prevention BiasMaryann NapoliMaryann NapoliSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-3-268_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: When citing the improved prognosis for breast cancer among estrogen-treated women, Barrett-Connor (1) offers the plausible explanation that their cancers were diagnosed earlier, presumably due to increased surveillance. I offer another plausible explanation: The increased incidence of breast cancer among estrogen-treated women is falsely inflated by overdiagnosis. The increased rate of breast cancer (and absence of an increased death rate) among these women may be caused by the more frequent diagnosis of noninvasive lesions, 75% of which would not have progressed to malignant disease if left untreated (2).Women who use estrogen have a higher rate of...References1. Barrett-Connor E. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:455-6. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Physicians Data Query. Database of the National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, Maryland; 1991. Google Scholar3. Dupont W. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1991;265:1824. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. RiesHankeyMillerHartmanEdwards LBBAB. Cancer statistics review: 1973-1988. National Cancer Institute, NIH Pub. no. 91-2789, 1991. Google Scholar5. KetchamMoffat AF. Vexed surgeons, perplexed patients, and breast cancers which may not be cancer. Cancer. 1990;65:378-83. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Center for Medical Consumers New York, NY 10012 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByHORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY AND RISK FOR BREAST CANCER 1 February 1992Volume 116, Issue 3Page: 268-268KeywordsBreast cancerCancer preventionDeath ratesEstrogensLesions Issue Published: 1 February 1992 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Framycetin and the Staphylococcus
Authors: W. I. H. Shedden, C. W. Potter, A. M. Bruce
Journal: BMJ (1963)

While admitting the importance of the curative side of the work, one wonders if we are perhaps neglecting the preven- tive side, which might yield more eventual success.This would necessitate more work in regard to carriers.Hsia, Paine, and Driscoll' showed how heterozygotes of phenylketonuric patients could be detected by their low tolerance for
Simple access for hematological activity of intracardiac thrombi by D-dimer assay
Authors: Kiyoshi Umemoto, Masatake Fukunami, Masaharu Ohmori, Kazuaki Kumagai, Akihiko Sakai, Takahisa Yamada, Nobuhiko Kondoh, Tetsuo Minamino, Noritake Hoki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
FGFR1 Amplification in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of The Lung
Authors: Rebecca S. Heist, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Lecia V. Sequist, Swathi Tammireddy, Laura Morrissey, David C. Christiani, Jeffrey A. Engelman, A. John Iafrate
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Francis G. Blake, Russell L. Cecil
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. Lobar pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by the intratracheal injection of minute amounts of pneumococcus culture. 2. The disease produced has been shown to be clinically identical with lobar pneumonia in man. 3. Lobar pneumonia has been produced in the monkey in one instance by experimental contact infection. 4. Normal monkeys inoculated in the nose and throat with large amounts of pneumococcus culture have failed to develop lobar pneumonia though carrying the organism in their mouths for at least a month. They have likewise failed to show any evidence of upper respiratory tract infection. 5. Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously or intravenously with pneumococcus culture have in no instance developed pneumonia, but have either died of pneumococcus septicemia or recovered without localization of the infection in the lungs.
Activation of sulphonylurea-sensitive channels and the NO-cGMP pathway decreases the heart rate response to sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: R Mohan
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objectives: Activation of ATP sensitive K+ channels (KATP) and the NO-cGMP pathway have both been implicated in reducing norepinephrine (NE) release from cardiac sympathetic nerves during stimulation. Our aim was to test whether these pathways could interact and modulate cardiac excitability during sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS). Methods: The effect of inhibitors and activators of KATP channels and the NO-cGMP pathway on the heart rate (HR) response to cardiac SNS in the isolated guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) double atrial/right stellate ganglion preparation was studied (n=48). Results: The KATP channel activator, diazoxide (100 μM, n=6) or hypoxia (0% O2/5% CO2, n=6) significantly attenuated the HR response to 3 Hz SNS by −10±4% and −27±6% respectively; an effect that was reversed by the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide (30 μM). Glibenclamide (n=6) on its own enhanced the HR response to SNS by 20±8%. Bath applied NE (0.1–0.7 μM, n=6) did not affect the HR response to diazoxide, although an increased response to glibenclamide was observed at 0.3 and 0.5 μM NE. In the presence of 8-Br-cGMP (0.5 mM, n=7), diazoxide further decreased the HR response SNS (19±3%). The NO synthase inhibitor, N-ω-nitro-l-arginine (100 μM) significantly increased the HR response (13±3%) to SNS in the presence of diazoxide (100 μM, n=6). This effect was reversed with excess (1 mM) L-arginine. Conversely, the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 20–100 μM) significantly attenuated the HR response to SNS. The addition of glibenclamide (30 μM, n=10) could still enhance the HR response (42±15%) to SNS. Similar results were seen with the cyclic GMP analogue, 8-Br-cGMP (0.5 mM, n=12). Conclusions: Our results indicate that NO and sulphonlyurea-sensitive channels act in a complementary fashion, but appear to be independent of each other in the regulation of HR during cardiac SNS activation.
The dunghills of Glasgow in 1839
Authors: Jeremy Hugh Baron
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Rationale</h3> Most food in the UK comes from commercial food companies, which contribute to the environments that drive what we eat. Many food companies need to change to support healthier diets. Population health researchers need to understand how food companies shape food choices and identify levers for change. This may require that researchers interact with industry. However, there is no explicit consensus among researchers regarding what constitutes acceptable or effective interaction. This has led to confusion over potential conflicts of interest, which could obscure findings and undermine scientific integrity. We aimed to build international consensus on what constitutes appropriate interactions between population health researchers and the food industry. <h3>Methods</h3> We undertook a systematic scoping review of published and grey literature, and a two-stage international Delphi study of population health researchers. Scopus and Pubmed were searched to May 2017 for articles in English referring to principles guiding interactions between population health researchers and the food industry. We also asked experts to nominate documents, conducted an advanced Google search and hand searched reference lists. We thematically analysed included articles to saturation to derive principles. A two-round, online Delphi survey was undertaken to determine and build consensus on these principles, using a multi-pronged, purposeful approach to recruitment of researchers internationally. Consensus was defined as 80% agreement on each statement. Content analysis of qualitative feedback informed the second Delphi round. Findings provided the starting point for a two-day international workshop, in which we discussed a framework and principles for guidance. <h3>Findings</h3> Our systematic review identified 56 principles in five key areas: governance of funding, risk assessment, maintaining standards of governance, ensuring transparency and improving publication standards. 100 researchers completed the first round of the Delphi and 92 the second. After round two, there was consensus on 39 statements (68%). Detailed comments by participants helped to modify principles. The international workshop identified the need for guidance as a ‘thinking tool’ rather than set of rules, offering support for researchers to assess risks and manage potential conflicts of interest throughout the research process. Effective guidance will need the support of researchers, funders and journals. <h3>Discussion</h3> This research has built consensus on the need for guidance, and identified an optimal approach for assessing risk, prevention and management of conflicts of interest in interactions between population health researchers and the food industry. Further work is needed to finalise, pilot test and seek endorsement for evidence informed guidance.
Innovative Ways to Fight Cancer Dominate 1989 AMA Houston Science News Conference
Authors: Andrew Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1989)

ALTHOUGH acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cholesterol, and drug abuse have grabbed recent science news headlines, cancer quietly persists as the number two killer in the United States. This might explain the air of exigency surrounding presentations by cancer experts at the American Medical Association's (AMA) Eighth Annual Science Reporters Conference. The 3-day conference was appropriately located in Houston, Tex, where part of the continuing war against cancer is being waged with extensive research and therapeutic efforts. A number of conference presentations dealt with novel approaches to cancer prevention and treatment, ranging from genetic therapy for cancer, targeting of anticancer drugs, the relationship between nutrition and cancer, to cancer vaccines. <h3>Cancer Vaccines</h3> David Hohn, MD, associate professor of surgery at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, compares the concept of immunizing individuals against cancer with strategies for the prevention of polio or measles. A vaccine against malignant
Are GLP-1 analogues affordable?
Authors: D. Macaulay
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues (GLP-1) seem to have been rapidly taken up by diabetologists. Yet without long term trials, nothing seems to have been learnt from the rush into rosiglitazone. As Wilding and Hardy state, “Neither exenatide nor liraglutide has been formally studied with, or has a licence for use in combination with, insulin; however, exenatide is sometimes used with …
Use of Teflon Paste for Patulous Eustachian Tube Challenged
Authors: John J. Shea
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section (1982;247:883) the response mentioned the use of Teflon paste for an excessively patent (patulous) eustachian tube. In patients with patulous eustachian tubes, good relief can be obtained by cautery with silver nitrate solution on wire wrapped with cotton. This treatment of autophony was reported in detail in an article published in<i>Laryngoscope</i>.<sup>1</sup>Injection of Teflon paste around the tube is dangerous and has resulted in cerebrovascular accidents and death. A former distributor of Teflon paste discontinued its investigational program and withdrew the material for this use after these complications were reported, although it is still available for injection into the vocal cords when they do not meet properly.
Medicine as a Social Instrument: Industrial Medicine
Authors: Irving R. Tabershaw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

FROM inconspicuous beginnings as a minor offshoot of general medical practice, industrial medicine has developed in the last half-century into a humane science concerned with all the facets of man's physical, mental and emotional actions and reactions at work. Its growth paralleled the rise of our nation to world supremacy as an industrial and economic power. As our society changed and became more complex over the years and as the industrial population increased to vast numbers, concentrated in ever larger groupings or scattered in diverse segments, the need for far-reaching industrial health programs was intensified.During the first two decades . . .
The Treatment of Spastic Paralysis in Children
Authors: H. A. T. Fairbank
Journal: BMJ (1926)

IT is geni-erally agreed that a spastic conidition of one or more limibs of a child can result fr omii one of the three followving causes : (1) pr-eniatal damlage to tile brain, (2) intracraniial lhaemiiorrhage at birth, and (3) inflammatory.injury to the brain after birth-for example, polio- encephalitis or syphilis.It is thle relative frequency of the first two that is in dispute.Jamiies Collier' has done much to convince medical opinioii-inceltiding, we believe, the majority of the neuro- logists-tliat the dam-<age ill mlost cases is done before birth.He attributes the lesion to " primary neuroilie degenerationi."Somne physicians, niotably Hector Cameron,2 are still uinconiviniced, alnd regard intracranial lhaemiiorrhage as b)einlg a commion cause of this condition.Fortunately this qule'stion is not of practical importance to the orthopaedic surgeon, as lie is concerlned with the resuilts of the lesioni ratlhei than withl the lesion itself.It is, however, important that he should be satisfied that the lesion is not progressive.In some ilon-syphilitic cases- botlh pre-and post-niatal (Collier)-as well as in those in which syplhilis is the cause, the case may become pro- gressively worse; this is very rare in my exlerience.Tlhe Sulrgeon shouild, however, exelutde these cases by a careful hiistory-and the Wasserimaian reaction before considering surgical treatnient.If we accept Collier's conclusions, and I thlinlk wi-e miust, we mulst necessarily doubt the possibility of doing aijy good by a decompression operation as practised by Sharpe.'I lhave no experience of this method of treat- nientt; it did not seemii to me called for in aniy of my cases.We may take it, therefore, that in the majority of cases the lesion is not a progressive one, buit, o01 thie contrary, any casewill in all pirobability tend to improve.The
Detection of Hepatic Hematoma on Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy
Authors: Murat Fani Bozkurt, Tamer Aksoy, Pnar Özgen Kiratli
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Various tumors or vascular lesions could potentially be seen as incidental findings on dynamic renal scintigraphy. We report on a case in which Tc99m-DTPA dynamic renal scintigraphy unexpectedly showed a photopenic lesion in the liver, which was later confirmed by computed tomography as hepatic hematoma secondary to traumatic injury. Interestingly, this lesion was missed on previous ultrasonography performed before scintigraphy. In this particular patient, dynamic renal scintigraphy made it possible for the clinicians to reevaluate the liver with computed tomography after trauma. It can be concluded that dynamic renal scintigraphy is a reliable functional imaging modality to evaluate patients with a history of abdominal trauma, and it may have the potential of displaying incidental findings secondary to traumatic injury that may be missed initially and thus help in patient management.
The preparation, characterization and pre-clinical evaluation of an orally administered HIV-I vaccine, consisting of a branched peptide immunogen entrapped in controlled release microparticles
Authors: D.T. O'Hagan, J.P McGee, R. Boyle, D. Gumaer, X.-M. Li, B. Potts, C.Y. Wang, W.C. Koff
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1995)
Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation by Wnt and Notch are conserved throughout the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the colon
Authors: Pramudita Ramadhina Prasetyanti, Cheryl Doreen Zimberlin, Michael Bots, Louis Vermeulen, Felipe De Sousa E Melo, Jan Paul Medema
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2013)

Abstract Background Colon cancer stem cells are shown to be the self-renewing cells within a tumor that give rise to all lineages of more differentiated tumor cells. In this respect they are remarkably similar to their non-malignant counterparts that orchestrate the intestinal lining. This suggests that, despite the numerous genetic aberrations and morphological changes that have occurred during cancer initiation and progression, a remnant homeostatic regulation persists. Findings Using a number of human and mouse intestinal-derived organoid cultures from normal, adenoma and cancerous tissues, we show here that Notch signals coordinate self-renewal and lineage determination not only in normal, but also at the adenoma and carcinoma stage in both mice and humans. Moreover, the Wnt pathway, which carries activating mutations in virtually all colon cancers, is not as previously predicted constitutively active in adenomas and carcinomas, but still displays a heterogeneous activity pattern that determined stemness in all stages of disease. Conclusion These data for the first time provide a comprehensive overview of Wnt and Notch-mediated signaling in the different stages of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and demonstrates that these morphogenic pathways, despite mutations, remain crucial determinants of both architecture and hierarchy in normal and malignant intestinal tissue.
A phase 2 study of lenalidomide monotherapy in patients with deletion 5q acute myeloid leukemia: Southwest Oncology Group Study S0605
Authors: Mikkael A. Sekeres, Holly Gundacker, Jeffrey Lancet, Anjali Advani, Stephen Petersdorf, Jane Liesveld, Deborah Mulford, Tom Norwood, Cheryl L. Willman, Frederick R. Appelbaum, Alan F. List
Journal: Blood (2011)
AIDS: predicting cases nationally and locally.
Authors: B. R. Tennison, S. Hagard
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Models for predicting the future course of the AIDS epidemic can be divided into five types: trend extrapolation models, compartment models, models based on the incubation period, comparison models, and models produced by expert committees. To predict the numbers of cases of AIDS in the United Kingdom and in East Anglia and Cambridge a two stage approach was chosen using trend extrapolation for the national case reports followed by reduction in scale to the two localities. The method predicted that about 2700 cases would be reported nationally during 1990 and about 6000 during 1992. The number of people with AIDS expected to present for treatment in East Anglia during 1990 was 48, and during 1992 was 105; for Cambridge the corresponding figures were 20 and 43. These figures with their estimated 95% confidence intervals will be used for planning local services for people with AIDS, and they emphasise the need for preventive action.
Molecular Mechanisms, and Selective Pharmacological Rescue, of Rem-Inhibited Ca <sub>V</sub> 1.2 Channels in Heart
Authors: Xianghua Xu, Steven O. Marx, Henry M. Colecraft
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Rationale: In heart, Ca 2+ entering myocytes via Ca V 1.2 channels controls essential functions, including excitation–contraction coupling, action potential duration, and gene expression. RGK GTPases (Rad/Rem/Rem2/Gem/Kir sub-family of Ras-like GTPases) potently inhibit Ca V 1.2 channels, an effect that may figure prominently in cardiac Ca 2+ homeostasis under physiological and disease conditions. Objective: To define the mechanisms and molecular determinants underlying Rem GTPase inhibition of Ca V 1.2 channels in heart and to determine whether such inhibited channels can be pharmacologically rescued. Methods and Results: Overexpressing Rem in adult guinea pig heart cells dramatically depresses L-type calcium current ( I Ca,L ) (≈90% inhibition) and moderately reduces maximum gating charge ( Q max ) (33%), without appreciably diminishing the physical number of channels in the membrane. Rem-inhibited Ca V 1.2 channels were supramodulated by BAY K 8644 (10-fold increase) compared to control channels (3-fold increase). However, Rem prevented protein kinase A–mediated upregulation of I Ca,L , an effect achieved without disrupting the sympathetic signaling cascade because protein kinase A modulation of I KS (slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium current) remained intact. In accord with its functional impact on I Ca,L , Rem selectively prevented protein kinase A– but not BAY K 8644–induced prolongation of the cardiac action potential duration. A GTP-binding-deficient Rem[T94N] mutant was functionally inert with respect to I Ca,L inhibition. A chimeric construct, Rem 265 -H, featuring a swap of the Rem C-terminal tail for the analogous domain from H-Ras, inhibited I Ca,L and Q max to the same extent as wild-type Rem, despite lacking the capacity to autonomously localize to the sarcolemma. Conclusions: Rem predominantly inhibits I Ca,L in heart by arresting surface Ca V 1.2 channels in a low open probability gating mode, rather than by interfering with channel trafficking. Moreover, Rem-inhibited Ca V 1.2 channels can be selectively rescued by BAY K 8644 but not protein kinase A–dependent phosphorylation. Contrary to findings in reconstituted systems, Rem-induced ablation of cardiac I Ca,L requires GTP-binding, but not membrane-targeting of the nucleotide binding domain. These findings provide a different perspective on the molecular mechanisms and structural determinants underlying RGK GTPase inhibition of Ca V 1.2 channels in heart, and suggest new (patho)physiological dimensions of this crosstalk.
Electroconvulsive therapy: results in depressive illness from the Leicestershire trial.
Authors: S Brandon, P Cowley, C McDonald, P Neville, R Palmer, S Wellstood-Eason
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Electroconvulsive therapy was investigated in a double blind trial. Altogether 186 clinically selected patients were referred to the trial, but 48 of these did not participate. According to the present state examination, 95 of the remaining 138 patients fell into one of the classes of major depression. Patients were randomly allocated to a course of real or simulated electroconvulsive therapy. Treatment was given twice a week with a maximum of eight treatments. On the Hamilton depressive rating scale the improvement in the group given real treatment was significantly greater than that in the group given simulated treatment both at two weeks (p = 0.014) and at four weeks (p = 0.0001). At follow up at 12 and 28 weeks there was no difference between the treatment groups. At the end of the four week trial consultants, who were blind to the allocation of treatment, rated the patients who had received real treatment as having made a significantly greater improvement than the patients who had received simulated treatment (p less than 0.00005). Further analysis showed that electroconvulsive therapy was effective in depression associated with delusions and in depression associated with retardation.