tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sunscreens and melanoma: the future looks bright
Authors: B.L. Diffey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Meta-analyses of observational case-control studies have demonstrated no association between sunscreen use and the development of malignant melanoma.To examine whether this observation is to be expected given the period during which the case-control studies were conducted, the sunscreens prevalent at that time, and how sunscreen is used and applied in practice. To predict whether modern sunscreens are likely to be effective as a preventative agent in melanoma.The protection against solar ultraviolet radiation delivered by sunscreens available prior to the early 1990s (when the data used in most published case-control studies were collected) was estimated by combining their absorption properties with the amount applied in a way reflecting common usage. Similar estimates were made for the protection offered by modern sunscreens.It is not surprising that case-control studies have failed to find any association between sunscreen use and the risk of melanoma when consideration is given to the sunscreens in common usage at the time and the way in which sunscreen is applied in practice. Modern high Sun Protection Factor, broad-spectrum sunscreens, on the other hand, can be expected to be an effective measure in helping to prevent melanoma compared with sunscreens typical of those used 10-20 years ago.It is reasonable to suppose that the improvement in performance of modern sunscreens will lead to a worthwhile benefit as a preventative agent against melanoma, although these benefits may not be seen for several decades.
THE EMETIC ACTION OF THE DIGITALLS BODIES
Authors: CARY EGGLESTON
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Emesis has long been recognized as one of the most annoying of the side actions of the digitalis bodies, and this effect is almost universally attributed to a direct irritant action on the gastric mucous membrane. We have recently shown,<sup>1</sup>however, that this wide-spread belief has no support in direct experimental evidence with therapeutic doses, but that the emesis following the use of amounts comparable to those used clinically is due almost entirely to a direct action on the vomiting center in the medulla. In the present investigation we have compared the relative emetic and cardiac activities of certain of the more commonly used digitalis bodies, including digitalis, crystalline digitoxin, true digitalin (not German digitalin), strophanthus, amorphous strophanthin, ouabain (so-called crystalline strophanthin), squill, convallaria, apocynum, adonis, digalen, digipuratum, digitalysatum and the fat-free tincture of digitalis. Single small doses of the drug were injected intravenously from a hypodermic syringe, or
Randomized Trial of Prolonged Chloroquine Therapy in Advanced Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: MARCEL BALTZAN, SANJAY MEHTA, TREVOR H. KIRKHAM, MANUEL G. COSIO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Sarcoidosis may cause severe ventilatory impairment requiring corticosteroid treatment. Chloroquine (CQ) can be an effective treatment for lung sarcoidosis with few side effects, but has not been accepted as standard therapy. We investigated the benefits of prolonged CQ therapy in 23 symptomatic patients with biopsy-proven pulmonary sarcoidosis (duration, >/= 2 yr). Patients were initially treated for 6 mo with CQ, 750 mg/d, tapering every 2 mo to 250 mg/d. Eighteen patients were then randomized to either a Maintenance group (CQ, 250 mg/d) or to an Observation group (no CQ). After the initial treatment, significant improvement was observed in symptoms, pulmonary function, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and lung gallium scan. Patients randomized to the Maintenance group showed a slower decline in pulmonary function (FEV1, 51.4 +/- 28.2 ml/yr [Maintenance] versus 196.3 +/- 33.4 ml/yr [Observation], p < 0.02) and had fewer relapses: 2 of 10 patients in the Maintenance group at 29.5 +/- 4.9 mo versus 6 of 8 patients in the Observation group at 15.5 +/- 2.9 mo. Adverse effects were seen mainly during high-CQ dosage. We conclude that CQ should be an important consideration for the treatment and maintenance of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis.
How work can be made less frustrating and conversation less boring
Authors: T. Zeldin
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editorial by Clever 

The frustrations of relationships and of work are at the root of much illness in today's society. Technology cannot do much more to relieve them; it cannot tell people who to love, what to think, where to go, or what to do for a living. So medicine, which remedies the suffering which results from such decisions, needs additional partners to modify behaviour harmful to health. To find these partners it must reconsider its assumptions about how people come to change their behaviour, both in private and at work.

#### Summary points

Work can be reorganised to prevent it being demoralising, blunting sympathies, and narrowing horizons

Jobs do not need to turn people into part time slaves

Barriers between professions can be breached to provide more varied stimulation

New methods of conversation can produce radical changes in people's sense of their own capabilities

Doctors are well placed to show how work and enhancement of personal life can be reconciled

This article is based on two books I have written, one of which contains long bibliographies. 1 2 It also reflects the first findings of my ongoing project on the future of work, supported by the European Commission, which involves studying a wide range of occupations from the point of view of how their frustrations could be diminished.

We have long been taught that important changes are brought about by the discoveries of geniuses, by mass revolutions, or by the influence of exceptional leaders. On the other hand, we are also told that we live as we do because deep economic forces, historical traditions, or the traumas of our infancy—none of which we can easily avoid—make change difficult. There is some truth in both opinions. But they miss a more decisive factor.

The central impulse in the history of humanity has been …
David Henry Edwards
Authors: J. Edwards, S. Willard
Journal: BMJ (2009)

David Henry Edwards was born in Sutton, Surrey, and won a scholarship to King’s College School Wimbledon. He gained an open exhibition to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1955 to study medicine. Following house jobs in Oxford, he worked in Birmingham, London, and Wessex before returning to the Radcliffe Infirmary and the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre as …
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi Arabian children: A baseline survey for mass vaccination against hepatitis B
Authors: F.Z. Al-Faleh, E.A. Ayoola, M. Arif, S. Ramia, R. Al-Rashed, M. Al-Jeffry, M. Al-Mofarreh, M. Al-Karawi, M. Al-Shabrawy
Journal: Journal of Infection (1992)
RENAL TUBULAR CELL INJURY IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE: A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISM, A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER AND A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DIURETIC RESISTANCE
Authors: Parta Hatamizadeh, Todd Koelling, Mahboob Chowdhury, Judith Grossi, Su Q. Wang, Roger C. Wiggins
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Abstract 613: The chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 modulates BRCA1’s response to UV irradiation.
Authors: Ling Zhang, Hua Chen, Feng Gong
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex plays a role in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. It was proposed that chromatin remodeling activities are utilized to increase the accessibility of NER machinery and checkpoint factors to the damaged DNA. It was shown recently that BRCA1 contributes to UV damage response by promoting photoproduct excision, triggering post-UV checkpoint activation and post replicative repair. In this study, we show that BRCA1 rapidly binds to UV damage sites when cells are undergoing DNA synthesis. In contrast, two phosphorylated forms of BRCA1 do not accumulate at sites of UV damage. Depletion of BRG1, a core subunit of the human SWI/SNF-BAF complex, impairs the recruitment of BRCA1 to the damage sites and attenuates DNA damage induced BRCA1 phosphorylation. At UV lesions-stalled replication forks, BRG1 promotes RPA phosphorylation in response to UV irradiation, since UV-induced phosphorylation of chromatin bound RPA drops significantly when BRG1 is depleted in human cells. In addition, activation of ATR is attenuated when BRG1 is depleted. We propose that BRG1 functions upstream of BRCA1 and modulates its response to UV irradiation. Citation Format: Ling Zhang, Hua Chen, Feng Gong. The chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 modulates BRCA1’s response to UV irradiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 613. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-613 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
782-6 Clinical and Angiographic Followup to a Prospective Study of Transluminal Extraction Atherectomy in High Risk Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Barry M. Kaplan, William W. O’Neill, Robert D. Safian, Theodore L. Schreiber, Timothy J. Larkin, Mark Dooris, Melissa May, Cindy L. Grines.
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Effects and dose-response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic
Authors: Wen-Ping Tseng
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

In a limited area on the southwest coast of Taiwan, where artesian well water with a high concentration of arsenic has been used for more than 60 years, a high prevalence of chronic arsenicism has been observed in recent years. The total population of this “endemic” area is approximately 100,000. A general survey of 40,421 inhabitants and follow-up of 1,108 patients with blackfoot disease were made. Blackfoot disease, so-termed locally, is a peripheral vascular disorder resulting in gangrene of the extremities, especially the feet. The overall prevalence rates for skin cancer was 10.6 per 1000, and for blackfoot disease 8.9 per 1000. Generally speaking, the prevalence increased steadily with age in both diseases. The prevalence rates for skin cancer and blackfoot disease increased with the arsenic content of well water, i.e., the higher the arsenic content, the more patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease. A dose–response relationship between blackfoot disease and the duration of water intake was also noted. Furthermore, the degree of permanent impairment of function in the patient was directly related to duration of intake of arsenical water and to duration of such intake at the time of onset. The most common cause of death in the patients with skin cancer and blackfoot disease was carcinoma of various sites. The 5-year survival rate after the onset of blackfoot disease was 76.3%; the 10-year survival rate was 63.3% and 15-year survival rate, 52.2%. The 50% survival point was 16 years after onset of the disease.
Molecular evidence for induction of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 in the viable border zone associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury of the dog heart.
Authors: K A Youker, H K Hawkins, G L Kukielka, J L Perrard, L H Michael, C M Ballantyne, C W Smith, M L Entman
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Acute inflammation may play a role in injury during reperfusion following myocardial ischemia. Studies in vitro suggest that intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mediates neutrophil adherence to cardiac myocytes and neutrophil-mediated injury. We have shown cytokine activity in postischemic cardiac lymph sufficient to maximally express ICAM-1 on myocytes and that ICAM-1 mRNA is found in the previously ischemic myocardium early in reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we used in situ hybridization techniques to detect ICAM-1 mRNA and examine the cells of origin, relation to cell injury, and relation to inflammatory infiltration after 1 hour of ischemia and varying times of reperfusion. By 1 hour of reperfusion, ICAM-1 mRNA was detected in much of the ischemic myocardium, except in areas of contraction band necrosis. At 2 and 3 hours, a clear demarcation of necrotic areas surrounding ischemic areas of viable myocardium with ICAM-1 mRNA staining was present, and ICAM-1 mRNA staining increased with time. Nonischemic areas had no visible ICAM-1 mRNA staining in the first 3 hours. By 24 hours of reperfusion, ICAM-1 mRNA was present in both control and ischemic segments (excluding the necrotic areas) compatible with a generalized circulation of cytokines persistent at 24 hours. In the absence of reperfusion, ICAM-1 mRNA staining was not seen in the first 3 hours and was markedly reduced at 24 hours. The interface of viable and necrotic cells also contained the most extensive inflammatory infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is presented that induction of ICAM-1 mRNA has highly specific localization to ischemic but viable myocardium. Induction of ICAM-1 mRNA transcription in early reperfusion may render the viable "border zone" susceptible to neutrophil-induced injury.
Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men.
Authors: N Kawakami, N Takatsuka, H Shimizu, H Ishibashi
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1984, 2,764 male employees of an electrical company in Japan completed a self-administered questionnaire including the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). They were followed for the next 8 years, and 2,380 (86%) responded to the follow-up survey in 1992. During the follow-up survey, occurrence of type 2 diabetes was diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: A total of 41 cases of type 2 diabetes were identified during the 8-year follow-up survey. After controlling for other known risk factors for type 2 diabetes, a proportional hazard analysis indicated that subjects who had moderate or severe levels of depressive symptoms (&amp;gt; or = 48 on the SDS) at baseline had a 2.3 times higher risk of having type 2 diabetes at the follow-up survey than those who were not depressed (&amp;lt; or = 39 on the SDS) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms may be associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes.
An analysis of the incidence and risk factors of developing severe keratopathy in eyes after megavoltage external beam irradiation
Authors: Sek Keung Kwok, Patrick Chi Ping Ho, Shing Fai Leung, Sonal Gandhi, Vincent Wing Hong Lee, Dennis Shun Chiu Lam, Ivan Chen Ngan, Jimmy Lai Shiu Ming
Journal: Ophthalmology (1998)
Biochemical recovery time scales in elderly patients with osteomalacia
Authors: S C Allen, S Raut
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Osteomalacia is not rare in the UK and climatically similar countries, particularly in elderly people and those of Asian descent. Overt clinical osteomalacia is usually treated with a loading dose of vitamin D, followed by a regular supplement. However, little is known of the time taken to reach a stable biochemical state after starting treatment. Such information would shed light on the duration of the bone remineralization phase and guide decisions on the length of follow-up. To address this we conducted a 2-year follow-up study of 42 patients (35 female, mean age 80.8 years) with biopsy proven osteomalacia treated with a standard replacement regimen and general nutritional support. Although normocalcaemia was attained within 4 weeks the mean values continued to rise, to a mid-range plateau at 52 weeks. The phosphate and alkaline phosphatase values also took at least a year to reach a stable mean, with a slight further trend towards the mid-range for the entire 104 weeks. The mean serum albumin also rose throughout the first 52 weeks, indicating an effective response to the general nutritional support measures. Our observations suggest that the dynamic relationship between calcium, phosphate and bone requires at least a year, and probably longer, to reach an equilibrium after treatment for osteomalacia in elderly patients. The findings emphasize the need for close medical and social follow-up in this clinical context.
Granulomatous Pulmonary Disease Secondary to Alternaria
Authors: Richard W. Lobritz
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THE<i>Alternaria</i>genus of fungi is ubiquitous in nature and is encountered frequently in the clinical laboratory in the form of airborne contaminants of cultures and microscopic preparations. Only rarely has<i>Alternaria</i>been associated with human disease. It has been implicated as a noninvasive stimulus for hypersensitivity pneumonitis<sup>1</sup>and as an invasive pathogen in superficial infections of skin and nails.<sup>2</sup>Most recently, a case report described maxillary osteomyelitis caused by<i>Alternaria</i>sp.<sup>3</sup> This report describes a case of localized pulmonary granulomas due to<i>Alternaria</i>sp. The organism was recovered in pure culture from tissue, and morphologically compatible organisms were simultaneously identified in histologic sections. Review of the literature suggests that this represents the first report of true pulmonary pathogenicity secondary to<i>Alternaria</i>sp. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 36-year-old man was referred to Wilford Hall US Air Force Medical Center in May 1977 with chief complaints of
Radionuclide Diagnosis of Splenic Rupture in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: WILLIAM C. VEZINA, RICHARD L. NICHOLSON, PHILLIP COHEN, M J CHAMBERLAIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare but serious complication of infectious mononucleosis. Although radionuclide spleen imaging is a well accepted method for diagnosis of traumatic rupture, interpretation can be difficult in the setting of mononucleosis, as tears may be ill-defined and diagnosis hampered by inhomogeneous splenic uptake. Four proven cases of spontaneous rupture are presented, three of which illustrate these diagnostic problems.
The Forces of Mortality in Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Samuel S. Kurohara
Journal: JAMA (1969)

It has been a common notion that cancer patients nearly always die of their primary malignancy. Thus, many authors fail to report, in publications of their experiences, the proportion of patients succumbing to other causes; this may be quite substantial, depending on the type and degree of malignancy, age and sex of the patients, type of treatment, and other factors. For example, the crude survival rate (uncorrected) for deaths due to intercurrent or concurrent diseases or for tumor nonrecurrence, is not a good measure of success of treatment in patients with skin cancer, especially since the patients are elderly, and the cancer is relatively nonlethal and is treated in an early stage. However, in the case of lung cancer, the natural forces of the process are relatively strong, and only a small proportion of patients do not die of this disease. In the latter situation, it is reasonable to assume
567 A functional polymorphism in the glutathione-S-transferase P1 gene determines the progression to cirrhosis in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis
Authors: F. Stickel, C.H. Oesterreicher, P. Ferenci, C. Datz, J. Distler, F. Wrba, C. Hellerbrand, D. Schuppan
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Longistatin in tick saliva blocks advanced glycation end-product receptor activation
Authors: A Anisuzzaman, Takeshi Hatta, Takeharu Miyoshi, Makoto Matsubayashi, M. Khyrul Islam, M. Abdul Alim, M. Abu Anas, M. Mehedi Hasan, Yasunobu Matsumoto, Yasuhiko Yamamoto, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Kozo Fujisaki, Naotoshi Tsuji
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Ticks are notorious hematophagous ectoparasites and vectors of many deadly pathogens. As an effective vector, ticks must break the strong barrier provided by the skin of their host during feeding, and their saliva contains a complex mixture of bioactive molecules that paralyze host defenses. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates immune cell activation at inflammatory sites and is constitutively and highly expressed in skin. Here, we demonstrate that longistatin secreted with saliva of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis binds RAGE and modulates the host immune response. Similar to other RAGE ligands, longistatin specifically bound the RAGE V domain, and stimulated cultured HUVECs adhered to a longistatin-coated surface; this binding was dramatically inhibited by soluble RAGE or RAGE siRNA. Treatment of HUVECs with longistatin prior to stimulation substantially attenuated cellular oxidative stress and prevented NF-κB translocation, thereby reducing adhesion molecule and cytokine production. Recombinant longistatin inhibited RAGE-mediated migration of mouse peritoneal resident cells (mPRCs) and ameliorated inflammation in mouse footpad edema and pneumonia models. Importantly, tick bite upregulated RAGE ligands in skin, and endogenous longistatin attenuated RAGE-mediated inflammation during tick feeding. Our results suggest that longistatin is a RAGE antagonist that suppresses tick bite–associated inflammation, allowing successful blood-meal acquisition from hosts.
Hemagglutinin-specific complement-dependent antibody response to influenza infection
Authors: MW Verbonitz, FA Ennis, JT Hicks, P Albrecht
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

The host defense response to influenza infection is complex. Specific humoral antibodies develop to the strain-specific surface antigens, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase, and to the internal antigens (matrix and nucleoprotein) which are common to all influenza A viruses (1). Antibodies to the hemagglutinin, which is the major surface antigen, neutralize viral infectivity (2). In addition to antibodies which have been detected against virion antigens, a cytotoxic T-cell response with specificity against the viral hemagglutinin on influenza-infected target cells (3-5) has been recently described. A more cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell response has also been observed when a nonpermissively infected target cell is used in cytotoxicity assays (6,7). The present report describes the development during influenza infection and after vaccination of a cytolytic humoral antibody response which is directed against the hemagglutinin on infected target cells. This antibody-mediated lysis of infected cells in complement dependent, as has been reported with other virus infections (8-11).
A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Irinotecan/Platinum with Etoposide/Platinum in Patients with Previously Untreated Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jingwei Jiang, Xiaohua Liang, Xinli Zhou, Lizhen Huang, Ruofan Huang, Zhaohui Chu, Qiong Zhan
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)