tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
P269 Feasibility and acceptability of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as an aid to exercise in patients admitted with acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease
Authors: F. Dyer, F. Bazari, C. Jolley, L. Flude, V. Lord, M. I. Polkey, N. S. Hopkinson
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease are often too breathless to exercise, leading to muscle deconditioning. Using NIV to assist exercise during an exacerbation might prevent this, but it is not known if this is acceptable to patients. <h3>Methods</h3> 12 in-patients with an acute exacerbation (including Bronchiectasis and CF) were recruited. If they were unable to cycle for 5 min at 20 Watts unassisted they then cycled with NIV for up to 20 min. NIV settings were adjusted to patient comfort. Patients were asked to rate their level of distress and willingness to repeat the intervention. <h3>Results</h3> Mean age was 50.6 (21.3). 44% male. 53% used NIV at night. All were naïve to NIV during exercise. NIV increased cycle time by 146 s (105%). All stated they would be prepared to repeat this type of exercise (Abstract P269 table 1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> NIV is well tolerated, feasible and significantly increases exercise capacity in patients hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of respiratory disease.
Circulating somatostatin. Physiological regulator of pancreatic function?
Authors: K Gyr, C Beglinger, E Köhler, U Trautzl, U Keller, S R Bloom
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

The present study was designed to determine whether somatostatin is released into the circulation in sufficient amounts to regulate exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function and to evaluate the possible role of somatostatin as a hormonal regulator of the pancreas. Mean plasma somatostatin levels (SLI) increased from 11 +/- 2 pmol liter-1 to peak concentrations of 18 +/- 2 in six healthy male volunteers after a steak meal (P less than 0.05). Infusion of somatostatin inhibited hormone-induced exocrine pancreatic secretion and suppressed cerulein-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion, but did not significantly change arginine-stimulated insulin and glucagon release at mean plasma somatostatin concentrations within the range seen after a meal. The amount of somatostatin released after a meal thus was of sufficient magnitude to inhibit exocrine pancreatic function and PP release. On the other hand, basal and arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretions were not significantly affected by these plasma concentrations of intravenous somatostatin suggesting that the exocrine pancreas might be more sensitive to somatostatin than the islet cells. We conclude that somatostatin in concentrations within the range seen after a meal is a potent inhibitor of stimulated acinar cell function in man. The findings support the hypothesis that somatostatin acts as a true hormonal regulator.
Environmental tobacco smoke, low birth weight, and hospitalization for respiratory disease.
Authors: Y Chen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The author examined the effect of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on hospitalization for respiratory illness in low-birth-weight (LBW, less than 2,500 g) infants. This analysis was performed on the combined data of 3,285 infants from the Jing-An and Chang-Ning epidemiologic studies of children's health in Shanghai. Infants were classified into three ETS groups according to the total number of cigarettes smoked daily by household members: none, light (one to 19 cigarettes/d) and heavy (20+ cigarettes/d). There were no mothers who were smokers. Infants might have been hospitalized more than once during their first 18 mo of life. Risk and incidence density of hospitalization for respiratory disease increased with increasing smoking by household members among the LBW infants more rapidly than among the normal-birth-weight (NBW) infants. Compared with the NBW infants who were living in nonsmoking households, the odds ratios for the first episode of hospitalization for respiratory disease were 1.40 in the NBW infants who were living in light smoking households and 1.61 in those who were living in heavy smoking households. In the LBW infants, the odds ratios were 2.91 and 4.48 in light and heavy smoking households respectively, after adjustment for study area, sex, and feeding by simple logistic regression analysis. Ordinal logistic regression analysis for all episodes of respiratory hospitalization showed similar results.
Alveolar Air/Tissue Interface and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Behavior of Normal and Edematous Lungs
Authors: Antonio G. Cutillo, K. Craig Goodrich, Krishnamurthy Ganesan, Suetaro Watanabe, David C. Ailion, Alan H. Morris, Carl H. Durney
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The alveolar air/tissue interface markedly affects the NMR properties of lungs by causing an NMR signal loss as a result of internal (tissue-induced) magnetic field inhomogeneity. This signal loss can be measured as the difference in NMR signal intensity (difference signal Δ) between a pair of images obtained using temporally symmetric and asymmetric spin-echo sequences. Previous data indicate that the difference signal measured at an asymmetry time of 6 ms (Δ6ms) is very low in degassed lungs and increases markedly with alveolar opening. Theoretically, the NMR behavior of edematous lungs is expected to differ from that of normal nondegassed lungs because alveolar flooding and collapse are equivalent to partial (regional) degassing. To test this prediction, we measured Δ6ms in normal and edematous (oleic acid-injured) excised unperfused rat lungs at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 0 (full passive deflation) cm H2O inflation pressure (Pl). Lung volume changes were estimated from NMR lung water density (H2O) measurements. In normal lungs, Δ6ms did not vary with Pl. In edematous lungs Δ6ms was, as predicted, significantly lower than normal at 5 and 10 cm H2O Pl but rose markedly (to about normal) as Pl was further increased. Upon subsequent deflation from 30 to 0 cm H2O Pl, Δ6ms did not vary significantly or decreased. On the basis of our theoretical models, the data could be interpreted as reflecting the loss of alveolar air/tissue interface as a result of alveolar flooding and the relative contributions of airspace recruitment and distension to the lung volume changes. Histologic and morphometric data obtained from the same lungs supported this interpretation. Our results suggest that Δ6ms measurements can be used to characterize experimental lung injury. Combined measurements of H2O and Δ6ms may provide a method for differentiating alveolar from interstitial edema and for assessing the relative roles of airspace recruitment and distension in the lung pressure-volume behavior.
Effects of Disulfiram and Pyridoxine on Serum Cholesterol
Authors: L. F. MAJOR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Disulfiram, 500 mg/day, raised serum cholesterol levels in alcoholic persons from a mean of 193 +/- 16.4 mg/dl to 227.2 +/- 17.2 mg/dl after 3 weeks and 264 +/- 40 mg/dl after 6 weeks. This increase was not seen in a group taking pyridoxine 50 mg/day in addition to disulfiram 500 mg/day. In contrast to the disulfiram and disulfiram-pyridoxine treatment groups, control groups receiving pyridoxine alone, or no drug, had a 33 mg/dl reduction in serum cholesterol during the first 3 weeks of abstinence, a finding consistent with other evidence showing a rapid decrease in serum lipids on abstinence from alcohol. Patients taking disulfiram 250 mg/day, with or without pyridoxine, did not have this expected decrease in serum cholesterol. Since increased serum cholesterol is one of the risk factors in a coronary heart disease, chronic disulfirm therapy may increase the incidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as has been the case with chronic exposure to carbon disulfide, a principal metabolite of disulfiram.
Effect of Extracellular Volume Expansion upon Sodium Reabsorption in the Distal Nephron of Dogs
Authors: Cleaves M. Bennett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Micropuncture studies have disclosed that extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. The diuresis that ensues represents only a portion of the increment in sodium and water escaping proximal reabsorption, since a large and variable fraction of the increment is reabsorbed distally. In certain experimental models proximal reabsorption may be depressed by ECF volume expansion, yet only a negligible amount of sodium appears in the final urine. This suggests that saline diuresis is the consequence of depressed distal sodium reabsorption. Previous clearance and micropuncture studies have not conclusively proven this. Eight dogs were studied repeatedly: in some studies glomerular filtration rate and distal delivery were increased markedly without sodium administration; in others comparably high distal sodium loads were achieved by progressive 1/2 isotonic saline infusion. C(H2O) at high distal sodium loads was depressed by expansion of the ECF volume with hypotonic saline. The difference in free water formation between dogs which did and did not receive hypotonic saline was accounted for by the difference in sodium excretion. In one dog hypotonic saline expansion failed to depress free water formation; likewise the level of natriuresis in this dog was severely attenuated. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence that the natriuresis that occurs following ECF volume expansion with saline is a consequence of alteration in function of the distal nephron.
Psychosocial Well-Being and Functional Outcomes in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes 12 years After Disease Onset
Authors: Elisabeth A. Northam, Ashleigh Lin, Sue Finch, George A. Werther, Fergus J. Cameron
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes in youth and community controls were compared on functional outcomes. Relationships were examined between psychosocial variables at diagnosis and functional outcome 12 years later. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were subjects with type 1 diabetes (n = 110, mean age 20.7 years, SD 4.3) and control subjects (n = 76, mean age 20.8 years, SD 4.0). The measures used included the Youth Self-Report and Young Adult Self-Report and a semi-structured interview of functional outcomes. Type 1 diabetes participants also provided information about current diabetes care and metabolic control from diagnosis. RESULTS Type 1 diabetes participants and control subjects reported similar levels of current well-being but for the youth with type 1 diabetes, the mental health referral rates over the previous 12 years were higher by 19% and school completion rates were lower by 17%. Over one-third of clinical participants were not currently receiving specialist care and this group had higher mental health service usage in the past (61 vs. 33%) and lower current psychosocial well- being. Within the type 1 diabetes group, behavior problems, high activity, and low family cohesion at diagnosis predicted lower current well-being, but were not associated with metabolic control history. Poorer metabolic control was associated with higher mental health service usage. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetes participants report similar levels of current psychosocial well-being compared with control subjects, but higher levels of psychiatric morbidity since diagnosis and lower school completion rates. Psychiatric morbidity was associated with poor metabolic control and failure to transition to tertiary adult diabetes care.
839-3 Frequency, spectrum, and phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with multiple sarcomeric mutations
Authors: Sara L Van Driest, Steve R Ommen, Mellissa L Will, Vlad C Vasile, Susan Chung, A Jamil Tajik, Bernard J Gersh, Michael J Ackerman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Management of Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: A Leaf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

IN the past few years, physicians, the media, and the pharmaceutical industry have directed much attention to lowering the level of blood cholesterol to treat or prevent coronary heart disease. This awareness of hypercholesterolemia as a medical problem stems in part from the 1985 statement of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference entitled "Lowering Blood Cholesterol to Prevent Heart Disease,"1 and has been further reinforced by the National Cholesterol Education Program2 and the Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health.3 The impetus for the statements comes principally from the results of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention . . .
The Slippery Knot Syndrome
Authors: W. K. Mangum
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  The letter from Drs Foley and McGinn (236:821, 1976) regards the dangers of knot slippage in some of the new suture materials. We have used the monofilament synthetic sutures in thoracic and abdominal wound closure as well as in vascular anastomoses for several years. Our experience is that secure and reliable knots can be achieved by three surgeon's knots, each squared on the previous one, with the third knot set down tightly (Figure). This technique works equally well on all sizes, from six 0 to O.  Elimination of the slippage problem in this manner will allow broad usage of these almost perfect suture materials with greater confidence.
Book Review Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry's Quest to Manipulate Height By Susan Cohen and Christine Cosgrove. 405 pp. New York, Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2009. $26.95. 978-1-58542-683-6
Authors: Gaya S. Aranoff, Sharon E. Oberfield
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
False Positive V/Q Imaging in Pulmonary Contusion
Authors: JOANNE F. HOUSMAN, WILLIAM A. FAJMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Pulmonary contusion and embolism are frequent complications of trauma. The radionuclide imaging finding of pulmonary embolism, a segmental ventilation/perfusion mismatch, has been documented in the literature to occur in pulmonary contusion, without, however, excluding concurrent pulmonary embolus by arteriography. The authors report a case of ventilation/perfusion mismatch due to pulmonary contusion with normal pulmonary arteriography.
Genetic Research and Smoking Behavior
Authors: Laura Jean Bierut, Joseph F. Cubells, William G. Iacono, Ming D. Li, Pamela A. F. Madden, Elliot C. Nelson, Jonathan D. Pollock, Joni L. Rutter, Gary E. Swan, Michael Vanyukov
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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Sequential increases in the intrahepatic expression of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor ? in a bile duct ligated rat model of cirrhosis
Authors: J Napoli, D Prentice, C Niinami, G A Bishop, P Desmond, G W McCaughan
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Chronic hepatic regeneration constitutes an important part of the cirrhotic process. The factors regulating chronic hepatic regeneration, however, remain unclear. We therefore analyzed the intrahepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of growth factors (epidermal growth factor [EGF], basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], transforming growth factor [TGF]-α, and TGF-β) at progressive time points (postoperative days 2, 7, 14, and 21) in a rat bile duct-ligated (BDL) model of cirrhosis versus sham controls. Intrahepatic growth factor mRNA expression was quantitatively assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a dot-blot hybridization technique. Cirrhosis was associated with statistically significant ( P &lt; .05) progressive increases in the intrahepatic mRNA expression of bFGF (80-fold), EGF (25-fold), and TGF-β (fourfold) in BDL animals versus controls. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of hepatic sections showed a progressive up-regulation of bFGF protein in areas of bile duct proliferation. These areas also showed a dramatic increase in the number of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). In contrast, the intrahepatic expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA was only significantly increased at postoperative days 7 and 14 in BDL animals before returning to control levels as cirrhosis developed. There were no significant differences found at any timepoint in the expression of TGF-α in BDL animals versus controls. In conclusion, the development of cirrhosis in this BDL rat model was associated with a progressive increase in the intrahepatic expression of EGF, bFGF, and TGF-β. Early increased expression of HGF was not maintained in established cirrhosis. The findings suggest that these growth factors may play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatic regeneration in cirrhosis.
Robert C. Hinckley and the Recreation of the First Operation Under Ether
Authors: E. S. Siker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

The title doesn't quite capture what the reader finds between the covers. Mr Wolfe has written a detective story about the origin of Robert C. Hinckley's 8-×-10-foot painting of the first ether anesthesia. The narrative is based on historical facts and embroidered with a portrait of the artist—his life and times. It is difficult to imagine today the enormity of the event that occurred on October 16, 1846, in a building that shall evermore be known as the Ether Dome. Surgery without pain! That it took place in Boston—and at the Massachusetts General Hospital—was a source of great local pride and notoriety. This exhaustively researched treatise has 120 pages of text, 26 illustrations, and a 45-page appendix containing an extensive bibliography. The index is comprehensive. This demonstration of ether anesthesia by James W. Morton, a Boston dentist, occurred before Oliver Wendell Holmes applied the word "anesthesia" in this setting and
Graded repression of PU.1/Sfpi1 gene transcription by GATA factors regulates hematopoietic cell fate
Authors: Stella T. Chou, Eugene Khandros, L. Charles Bailey, Kim E. Nichols, Christopher R. Vakoc, Yu Yao, Zan Huang, John D. Crispino, Ross C. Hardison, Gerd A. Blobel, Mitchell J. Weiss
Journal: Blood (2009)
Two Cases of Hysteria
Authors: J. S. Bristowe
Journal: BMJ (1879)

With respect to the mechanism of the production of these phenomena by physical agency, I would explain it by the presence of a peripheral stimulus, which, being sufficient to affect the superficial nerve-fibres, would by this medium react upon the nerve-centres." Can a local stimulus," it may be asked, " when applied to an anaesthetic region, have any influence beyond the immediate part?"To this I answer in the affirmative, for the following reason, amongst others.A patient came to me, the outer half of whose forearm, owing to a lesion of the ulnar nerve, was quite insensible.Desiring to test whether an experiment recorded by the Commission would be effective in such a case, I requested him to place a thimble on his little finger and to keep it there for half an hour.*It was too large, however; and, to prevent it from slipping off the drooping and wasted hand, he had to maintain it in position with the other.But, when I had applied faradisation to the insensible part of the arm, he was surprised to find that the thimble no longer slipped off.The finger had increased sufficiently in size to fill it ; and this, of course, was due to an influx of blood, determined by a peripheral stimulus.tAgain, in a case recorded by Dr. Duchenne (de Boulogne), where a patient was affected with intense anoesthesia of the left side, the faradic stimulus, though unfelt, wherever applied in that region, was followed by a sensation of dizziness, vomiting, and pain in the left side of the thorax, under the breast.On the right, or sound side, the local stimulus was normally perceived, and no such remote effects followed.Hence a peripheral stimulus, when applied to an an-esthetic region, is capable of reacting on the nerve-centres; and,
Endoscopic surveillance of the ileoanal pouch following restorative proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: D. Hurlstone, B. Saunders, J. Church
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Persistence of underlying disease in the residual rectal mucosa and anal transition zone occurs following mucosectomy with either a hand-sewn anastomosis or a double-stapled anastomosis. Furthermore, recent reports have suggested an increased incidence of neoplasia in the pouch body. For this reason, endoscopic surveillance is performed not only as a screening tool to detect significant intraepithelial neoplastic lesions but also with secondary therapeutic intent aimed at reducing the adenoma burden within the ileoanal pouch. Conventional endoscopic assessment of the ileoanal pouch can be challenging. In the future, novel adjunctive endoscopic technologies such as magnification endoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy may improve our diagnostic and therapeutic management of this group.
Thyroid Cancer: Some Basic Considerations
Authors: H. J. Wanebo, W. Andrews, D. L. Kaiser
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1983)

From these data and data from the literature, our recommended treatment for well-differentiated cancer is as follows: For papillary cancer, resection should be adequate to encompass the entire tumor, which in most cases would be complete lobectomy and possibly isthmusectomy. Prophylactic neck dissection is of no value; therapeutic modified neck dissection should be done for stage II disease. Follicular cancer can be treated by lobectomy (for small lesions) or subtotal thyroidectomy. Although total or near-total thyroidectomy may be required in selected patients with large primary cancers or in those with extensive capsular invasion or extrathyroid extension, the number of cases indicating this is small. There were only a few such patients with large primaries requiring total thyroidectomy in this study. Total thyroidectomy is best avoided in most cases, considering the price of hypoparathyroidism and the lack of significant improvement in survival compared with lesser ablative techniques. Postoperative ablation with iodine-131 did not improve survival in staged patients with papillary cancer (the number of patients with follicular cancer was too small for analysis). Postoperative thyroid suppression by exogenous thyroid hormone postoperatively appeared to improve survival. Although the data were not adequate for evaluation in follicular cancer, there seems to be no reason not to use this postoperatively in high-risk patients with either papillary or follicular cancer.