tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association Between Antipsychotic Use and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Shuai-Ting Lin, Cheng-Chung Chen, Hin-Yeung Tsang, Chee-Siong Lee, Pinchen Yang, Kai-Da Cheng, Dian-Jeng Li, Chin-Jen Wang, Yung-Chi Hsieh, Wei-Cheng Yang
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Antipsychotic medications have been increasingly and more widely prescribed despite continued uncertainty about their association with the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).We investigated the risk of AMI associated with antipsychotic treatment in 56 910 patients with schizophrenia, mood disorders, or dementia first hospitalized or visiting an emergency room for AMI in 1999 to 2009. A case-crossover design was used to compare the distributions of antipsychotic exposure for the same patient across 1 to 30 and 91 to 120 days just before the AMI event. Adjustments were made for comedications and outpatient visits. The adjusted odds ratio of AMI risk was 2.52 (95% confidence interval, 2.37-2.68) for any antipsychotics, 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 2.17-2.47) for first-generation antipsychotics, and 2.74 (95% confidence interval, 2.49-3.02) for second-generation antipsychotics. The risk significantly increased (P<0.001) with elevations in dosage and in short-term use (≤30 days). Male patients, elderly patients, and patients with dementia were at significantly increased risk (all P<0.001). Physically healthier patients with no preexisting diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or dyslipidemia were at significantly greater risk (P<0.001), largely because they had been exposed to higher doses of antipsychotics (P<0.001). A study of the selected binding of antipsychotics to 14 neurotransmitter receptors revealed only dopamine type 3 receptor antagonism to be significantly associated with AMI risk (adjusted odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 2.43-2.75; P<0.0001).Antipsychotic use may be associated with a transient increase in risk for AMI, possibly mediated by dopamine type 3 receptor blockades. Further education on drug safety and research into the underlying biological mechanisms are needed.
Cell–Cell Interactions: Clues to Hepatocyte Heterogeneity and Beyond?
Authors: Jorge J. Gumucio, Rolf Gebhardt
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

We previously demonstrated that glutamine synthetase (GS) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) mRNAs are expressed in the mouse liver acinus preferentially in pericentral hepatocytes, that is, those immediately surrounding terminal central veins (A. L. Bennett, K. E. Paulson, R. E. Miller, and J. E. Darnell, Jr., J. Cell Biol. 105:1073-1085, 1987, and F. C. Kuo, W. L. Hwu, D. Valle, and J. E. Darnell, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (in press). We now show that hepatocytes surrounding large collecting hepatic veins but not portal veins also express these two mRNAs. The pericentral hepatocytes are the most distal hepatocytes with respect to acinar blood flow, whereas this is not necessarily the case for hepatocytes next to the large collecting hepatic veins. This result implies that it is contact with some hepatic venous element which signals positional expression. In an effort to induce conditions that change relationships between hepatocytes and blood vessels, regenerating liver was studied. After surgical removal of two–thirds or more of the liver, there was no noticeable change in GS or OAT expression in the remaining liver tissue during regeneration. However, treatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), which specifically kills pericentral hepatocytes, completely removed GS– and OAT–containing cells and promptly halted hepatic transcription of GS. Repair of CCl 4 damage is associated with invasion of inflammatory and scavenging cells, which remove dead hepatocytes to allow regrowth. Only when hepatocytes resumed contact with pericentral veins were the pretreatment levels of OAT and GS mRNA and high levels of GS transcription restored.
Effects of opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone on neuropeptide Y-induced feeding and brown fat thermogenesis in the rat. Neural site of action.
Authors: C M Kotz, M K Grace, J Briggs, A S Levine, C J Billington
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Neuropeptide Y administered intracerebroventricularly and into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates feeding and decreases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Although specific neuropeptide Y antagonists are not yet available, previous studies had shown that the opioid antagonist naloxone blocked neuropeptide Y-induced feeding when both drugs were injected intracerebroventricularly. We wanted to find out if naloxone injected into specific brain sites would block neuropeptide Y effects on feeding and brown fat thermogenesis. Rats were double injected in specific brain sites with neuropeptide Y and either naloxone or naltrexone (a congener of naloxone). Food intake and brown fat measures were assessed. Naloxone or naltrexone in the paraventricular nucleus weakly decreased paraventricular nucleus neuropeptide Y-induced feeding and did not affect neuropeptide Y-induced reductions in brown fat activity. Peripheral naloxone blocked intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y-induced feeding and brown fat alterations. Fourth ventricular naloxone decreased paraventricular nucleus neuropeptide Y-induced feeding, and naltrexone given into the nucleus of the solitary tract blocked paraventricular nucleus neuropeptide Y-induced alterations in feeding and brown fat. These data indicate that neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus may act on feeding and brown fat thermogenesis through opioidergic pathways in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Make patient safety part of everyday routines, says watchdog
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Weak leadership, ineffective management, and poor use of systematic information are the key reasons that patient safety is put seriously at risk in English NHS trusts, says a report from the health service watchdog.

NHS trust boards in England also fail on patient safety because it is unclear who is responsible for maintaining safety, and staff feel unable to speak out when problems occur, says the Healthcare Commission.

The report looks at 13 investigations carried out by the commission between August 2004 and April 2007. …
Dyspnea and Risk in Suspected Coronary Disease
Authors: Thomas H. Marwick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Stress testing for the detection of coronary artery disease is most useful in patients considered on clinical grounds to be at intermediate risk.1 The patient's age and sex and the nature of chest pain can be used to provide a simple estimate of the probability of coronary artery disease.2 Because the absence of chest pain has traditionally been interpreted to indicate a low likelihood of coronary disease — and, indeed, a low long-term risk — functional testing has been thought to contribute little to the evaluation of patients without angina.3 Basing a selection strategy for stress testing on the evaluation . . .
Responses of the Human Upper Extremity Vascular Bed to Exercise, Cold, Levarterenol, Angiotensin, Hypertension, Heart Failure, and Respiratory Tract Infection with Fever *
Authors: L. J. Kettel, H. W. Overbeck, R. M. Daugherty, J. P. Lillehei, R. F. Coburn, F. J. Haddy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1964)

Alterations of pressure, flow, and resistance to flow in peripheral vascular beds occur frequently and are often grave (5).Because of technical difficulties, however, pressure and flow are infre- quently measured and resistance is rarely calcu- lated.As a result, certain facets of the alterations continue to provoke controversy.The exact site of the increase in peripheral resistance in essential hypertension has not been established.Neither is there unanimity of opinion on the caliber of veins in congestive heart failure, extremity blood flow in respiratory tract infection with fever, or venous *
Clinical and Chemical Studies in Human Lactation.--VII
Authors: F. E. Hytten
Journal: BMJ (1954)

Potassium as a mixture of chloride and citrate was administered to two children by mouth and balance studies were made.In one child with a normal serum sodium 81% of the potassium given was retained.In another child, who had a low serum sodium, only 26% was retained.i It is suggested that the electrolyte disturbances in tuberculous meningitis can be explained by the serious vomiting and prolonged low food intake in the early stages of the disease.The abnormality is not due to a deficiency of any one electrolyte, but is probably due to a combined deficit of sodium, chloride, and potassium.Ensurance of an adequate electrolyte intake may be an important contributory factor to the recovery of patients with tuberculous meningitis.Thanks are due to Professor R. S. Illingworth for permission to study cases
Influence of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure on the Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Women
Authors: David Conen, Usha B. Tedrow, Bruce A. Koplan, Robert J. Glynn, Julie E. Buring, Christine M. Albert
Journal: Circulation (2009)

The influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) on incident atrial fibrillation (AF) is not well studied among initially healthy, middle-aged women.A total of 34,221 women participating in the Women's Health Study were prospectively followed up for incident AF. The risk of AF across categories of systolic and diastolic BP was compared by use of Cox proportional-hazards models. During 12.4 years of follow-up, 644 incident AF events occurred. Using BP measurements at baseline, we discovered that the long-term risk of AF was significantly increased across categories of systolic and diastolic BP. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for systolic BP categories (<120, 120 to 129, 130 to 139, 140 to 159, and > or =160 mm Hg) were 1.0, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.28), 1.28 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.63), 1.56 (95% CI, 1.22 to 2.01), and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.77 to 4.22) (P for trend <0.0001). Adjusted hazard ratios across baseline diastolic BP categories (<65, 65 to 74, 75 to 84, 85 to 89, 90 to 94, and > or =95 mm Hg) were 1.0, 1.17 (95% CI, 0.81 to 1.69), 1.18 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.65), 1.53 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.23), 1.35 (95% CI, 0.82 to 2.22), and 2.15 (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.84) (P for trend=0.004). When BP changes over time were accounted for in updated models, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 1.0, 1.14 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.46), 1.37 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.76), 1.71 (95% CI, 1.33 to 2.21), and 2.21 (95% CI, 1.45 to 3.36) (P for trend <0.0001) for systolic BP categories and 1.0, 1.12 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.52), 1.13 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.52), 1.30 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.88), 1.50 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.88), and 1.54 (95% CI, 0.75 to 3.14) (P for trend=0.026) for diastolic BP categories.In this large cohort of initially healthy women, BP was strongly associated with incident AF, and systolic BP was a better predictor than diastolic BP. Systolic BP levels within the nonhypertensive range were independently associated with incident AF even after BP changes over time were taken into account.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAROTID ARTERY STIFFNESS PARAMETER ? AND BRACHIAL ARTERY FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Susumu Nishio, Hirotsugu Yamada, Rina Tamai, Keisuke Endo, Shuji Hayashi, Kenya Kusunose, Noriko Tomita, Junko Miki, Sachiko Bando, Sahika Hisaoka, Toshiyuki Niki, Koji Yamaguchi, Yoshio Taketani, Takashi Iwase, Takeshi Soeki, Tetsuzo Wakatsuki, Masashi Akaike, Masataka Sata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Dialysis or Transplantation?
Authors: Christopher R. Blagg
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Nephrologists are in general agreement that a successful transplant is the optimal treatment for many patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, the article in this issue ofThe Journalby Terasaki et al (p 1065) describing the improved results of transplantation in recent years with pretransplant blood transfusions is an important one. Nevertheless, in assessing the role of transplantation in the treatment of ESRD, several questions must be addressed. These include the number of patients that can realistically receive transplants, the effectiveness of the procedure, the patient preference for this treatment modality, and the cost. How many patients undergoing dialysis are, in fact, candidates for transplantation? The mean age of patients starting dialysis is now in the middle 50s, yet many consider this to be the upper age limit for transplantation.<sup>1</sup>Therefore, about half the new patients undergoing dialysis in the United States are too old for transplantation.
Systema helminthum. Vol. 3: Nematode parasites of vertebrates.
Authors: J. Walter Beck
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Systema Helminthum, in the third volume (two parts), represents another prodigious accomplishment of the author, the first two volumes being the treatises on the digenetic trematodes and cestodes, respectively. Volume three is a systematic treatment of the nematodes of vertebrates based primarily on their morphological, but sometimes biological, characteristics. Part one presents a classification of the parasitic nematode with brief, but pertinent, notes on their life histories and geographical distribution. Division into groups according to their host animals as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals is first made with further classification by differential keys into orders, families, and genera. Further subdivisions are used when necessary. Part two gives a systematic survey of the nematode parasites of vertebrates with their host, after which some 200 pages are devoted to bibliography. Over 900 figures of parasitic structures, with accompanying legends, are presented. This volume represents a sorely needed contribution to the literature,
Endothelial Cell-Specific NF-κB Inhibition Protects Mice from Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ralph Gareus, Elena Kotsaki, Sofia Xanthoulea, Ingeborg van der Made, Marion J.J. Gijbels, Rozina Kardakaris, Apostolos Polykratis, George Kollias, Menno P.J. de Winther, Manolis Pasparakis
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2008)
Reducing risk of injury due to exercise
Authors: Domhnall MacAuley, Thomas M Best
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Papers p 468

It used to be so simple. Prevention of musculoskeletal injury during exercise meant conditioning, warm up, and stretching. We could not argue with these basic principles—until we began to look for the evidence to support such advice. Stretching is long established as one of the fundamental principles in athletic care. No competition is complete without countless athletes throwing shapes along the trackside, trainers and coaches each favouring their own particular exercises, and locker room experts, kinesiologists, and self appointed specialists inventing new contortions for long forgotten muscle groups. Sport is rife with pseudoscience, and it is difficult to disentangle the evangelical enthusiasm of the locker room from research evidence. But in this issue, Herbert and Gabriel (see p 468) question conventional wisdom and conclude that stretching before exercising does not reduce the risk of injury or muscle soreness.1

They are not the first group to examine the evidence behind stretching and injury …
Outcomes of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting for symptomatic gallbladder diseases: a multicenter prospective follow-up study
Authors: T. Lee, D. Park, S. Lee, D. Seo, S. Park, S. Lee, M. Kim, S. Kim
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

Background and study aims: Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for symptomatic gallbladder disease is a safe and effective bridge therapy in patients at high risk for surgery or who have terminal liver disease and are awaiting transplantation. However, there are few reports on long-term results in terms of stent patency and clinical course. Our study was designed to investigate the long-term patency and clinical course after endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETGS) in patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.
Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Patients-Reply
Authors: Neil M. Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Excess nocturnal urinary excretion is indeed common in older adults, particularly among institutionalized elderly persons and those who spend much time in bed, and as Dr Reyes-Ortiz points out, the causes are diverse. From a clinical standpoint, I find it easiest to divide the causes of nocturia into 3 categories: excessive urine output, sleep-related difficulties, and urinary tract dysfunction.<sup>1</sup>These causes usually can be differentiated by using the voiding record to compare the volume of each nighttime void with the functional bladder capacity (the largest single volume voided). For instance, if the functional bladder capacity is 400 mL and each of 3 nightly voids is approximately 400 mL, nocturia is due to excessive nocturnal urine production. If the volume of nightly voids is smaller than normal bladder capacity, nocturia is due to either a sleep-related problem (patients void since they are awake anyway) or a problem with the lower
The Package Insert
Authors: Don A. Rogers
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The article, "Notes on the Package Insert" (<b>207</b>:1335, 1969), together with the companion editorial raises two questions. First, although it was noted in the article that the package insert must meet requirements of the "full disclosure" regulation, ie, must contain all available information concerning "drug usage" efficacy, contraindications, and indications," why did not the editorial suggest, let alone stress, that it is the responsibility of the physician to read the package insert. Second, the editorial concluded that "the Council on Drugs emphasize that the package insert is... not a legal restriction on the careful and thoughtful use of a drug by an informed physician." We would like to know how the physician can be "informed" and how he can use the drug carefully and thoughtfully if he has not mastered the only authorized prescribing facts conveniently available to him. In order to further the concept of
‘Memory’ of the stratum corneum: exploration of the epidermis’ past
Authors: M. Haftek
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

The stratum corneum (SC) is the final product of the process of epidermal differentiation. Besides its crucial protective role as a physical permeability barrier, this composite structure made of cornified keratinocytes embedded in a layered lipid matrix is also, by nature, a tissue that keeps track of past events occurring in the outermost living layers. In normal human epidermis, formation of the SC is very rapid, and during this cornification process several structures expressed by the last granular layer of keratinocytes become entrapped and immobilized at the cells' periphery. Cell–cell junctions are obvious targets of transglutaminases that cross‐link junctions' components within the corneocyte envelopes. Thus, desmosomes and tight junctions (TJs) in living cells become fixed at the corneocyte periphery and cannot be recycled anymore. We have quantified the TJ‐like structures residing in the SC of human skin explants subjected to environmental stress and compared these results with fresh skin controls. Significant overexpression of TJ‐like cell–cell envelope fusions has been observed in the stressed epidermis and in two different hereditary skin diseases characterized by increased SC cohesion. Quantitation of TJ‐like structures has contributed to the interpretation of the diseases' physiopathology. Other examples of information retrieved from the SC concern fluctuating lipid expression in the course of atopic dermatitis and patterns of corneodesmosome breakdown influencing SC desquamation. It is, therefore, possible to analyse and quantify the traces left in the SC and to draw conclusions on the dynamics of living tissue over the past several days.
New Developments in Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Robert A. Bauernfeind
Journal: JAMA (1979)

IMPORTANT advances have recently been made in the understanding of cardiac arrhythmias. It is the purpose of this review to summarize these advances as they relate to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. This review does not concern the evaluation of ventricular tachycardia in the acute setting, ie, associated with acute myocardial infarction, anesthesia, electrolyte imbalance, or drug intoxication. Similarly, it does not concern treatment in terms of termination of acute attacks of tachycardia but rather treatment as it relates to prevention of recurrences. <h3>ECG Diagnosis</h3> The diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia requires the observation of at least three wide (duration of at least 0.12 s) QRS beats occurring in a row and at a tachycardiac rate (greater than 100 beats per minute). However, while such a rhythm could be ventricular, it could also be supraventricular, with wide QRS complexes as a result of preexistent bundle-branch block,
Urine analysis for glucose and protein.
Authors: J S Yudkin, R D Forrest, C Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1990)

SIR,-Dr Steve Cunningham and colleagues show that preregistration house officers spend nearly a fifth of their time on call giving intravenous antibiotics.'We feel that the procedural aspects of parenteral drug administration could be improved in most British hospitals.Trhe increasing use of parenteral routes, infusion devices, motorised
Medicine, Socialism, and Totalitarianism: Lessons from Chile
Authors: Howard Waitzkin, Hilary Modell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Abstract Under Salvador Allende (himself a physician), Chile's socialist government achieved health reforms that emphasized nutrition, maternal and infant care, environmental health, increased services for the poor, and improved distribution of care. The government also encouraged worker and consumer control over health policy in neighborhood health centers and hospitals. The Chilean medical profession opposed democratization in the health system, participated in periodic strikes and work stoppages, and criticized the government for shortages of medical supplies and consumer goods that resulted from an international boycott of new loans and credits to Chile. The present totalitarian regime has dismantled the health system; political repression has severely affected physicians and other health workers. Three implications for health care and social change in the Third World emerge from the Chilean experience: that health care is inextricably linked to a nation's political and economic systems; that conflict...
Screening for mannose binding protein gene in routine practice is unnecessary
Authors: C. Hawke
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—John A Summerfield and colleagues suggest that mutations in the mannose binding protein gene are associated with infections in children attending their hospital paediatric department.1 They also conclude that screening for such mutations should be included in the investigation of severe or frequent infections, but they fail to explain why. What is the point of screening? How can identifying such mutations in these children improve …
SOME MINOR OR BORDERLINE PSYCHOSES OF ALCOHOLISM.
Authors: FRANK PARSONS NORBURY
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The following case is representative of a class of minor psychoses, psychoses peculiarly a feature of alcoholism. <h3>Case 1.</h3> —Man, aged 42; married; farmer, with no family history of mental or nervous disease; with no history of previous serious illness; syphilis denied. <h3>History.</h3> —For a number of years, at least twenty, has been given to drinking "bouts," not marked with periodicity and largely a self-willed desire to drink more for social reasons and to sustain a reputation which he had earned of being able to drink any man in the county under the table. In addition he was regarded as "the strong man" in the community. He was of athletic build, 6 feet 3 inches tall, weight 370 pounds, proportionately distributed. As a young man he was the champion wing shot, trap shooter and rifle marksman of the county. His desire to excel extended to his ability to drink whisky,