tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Boning Up on Estrogen
Authors: Karl Insogna
Journal: JAMA (1996)

POSTMENOPAUSAL osteoporosis is due primarily to the accelerated bone loss that occurs in the years following menopause. Estrogen replacement effectively abrogates this increase in bone breakdown and appears to decrease fracture rates.<sup>1-4</sup>Despite the development of several promising alternatives, estrogen remains the standard for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and the only drug with labeling approval for its prevention.<sup>5</sup>Long-term adherence to oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT), however, is poor. In 1 recent study, fewer than 25% of women reported that they still used HRT 2 years after initiation of treatment.<sup>6</sup>A practical limitation of HRT is that the intermittent administration of a progestational agent with estrogen to women with a uterus is accompanied by the return of regular uterine bleeding in nearly 75% of individuals.<sup>7</sup>Many postmenopausal women find such bleeding unacceptable. An alternative regimen that employs the daily use of both a progestin and an
Are fibre supplements really necessary in diverticular disease of the colon? A controlled clinical trial.
Authors: M H Ornstein, E R Littlewood, I M Baird, J Fowler, W R North, A G Cox
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Fifty-eight patients with uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon took bran crispbread, ispaghula drink, and placebo for four months each in a randomised, cross-over, double-blind controlled trial. Assessments were made subjectively, using a monthly self-administered questionnaire, and objectively, by examining a seven-day stool collection at the end of each treatment period. In terms of a pain score, lower bowel symptom score (the pain score and sensation of incomplete emptying, straining, stool consistency, flatus, and aperients taken), and total symptom score (belching, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and abdominal distension) fibre supplementation conferred no benefit. Symptoms of constipation, however, when assessed alone, were significantly relieved. Both fibre regimens produced the expected changes in stool weight, consistency, and frequency. It is concluded that dietary fibre supplements in the commonly used doses do no more than relieve constipation. Perhaps the impression that fibre helps diverticular disease is simply a manifestation of Western civilisation9s obsession with the need for regular frequent defecation.
Medical Marijuana and the Supreme Court
Authors: Susan Okie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Interview with Dr. Donald Abrams on medical marijuana. (07:42)Download Angel McClary Raich, a California woman at the center of the recent Supreme Court case on medical marijuana, hasn't changed her treatment regimen since the Court ruled in June that patients who take the drug in states where its medicinal use is legal are not shielded from federal prosecution. A thin woman with long, dark hair and an intense gaze, Raich takes marijuana, or cannabis as she prefers to call it, about every two waking hours — by smoking it, by inhaling it as a vapor, by eating it in foods, or by applying it topically as a balm. She . . .
Clinical trials in community pharmacies.
Authors: H. C. Masheter, E. G. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1992)

investigate the aetiology.We agree with A FThe authors state that pharmacy based trials referred to, giving optimal and instantaneous Mellon and colleagues about the usefulness of conforming to the European Commission's information.urine microscopy as an aid to diagnosing infection, guidelines for good clinical practice are possible.When these sensors and monitors go to the but we however advise caution when dealing with Compliance with some of the stipulations of the community it is paramount that those who hand children,' patients with a self induced diuresis, and guidelines, however, would be problematic.For them out fully educate the users in their use.These patients with vaginitis or cervicitis.' example, it is necessary to check case record forms moves should prevent further events similar to that Steve Higgins and Eboo Versi preach, wisely, with source documents, such as patients' notes.' reported by Emery and colleagues.that patients should have other causes of urethral This ensures that the record form accurately JASPERIEN MEINHARDT symptoms investigated, and we do not disagree.represents the facts.Unless pharmacists keep Graseby Medical, We, however, took a pragmatic approach, realising separate notes on individual patients such valida-Watford, that this was probably a low risk population' and tion would be impossible.Hertfordshire WD2 4LG that a sexual history could be used as a screeningThe guidelines state that the investigator is IEmrJLTalrM,CpetrRWieA.pna
L-Lysine Monohydrochloride
Authors: Richard P. Lasser, Myron R. Schoenfeld, Charles K. Friedberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE usefulness of chloruretic, acidifying agents before the administration of mercurial diuretics is well established,1 since they have been shown to enhance the intensity of diuresis after injection of a mercurial agent and to restore responsiveness in patients refractory to mercurial diuretics, particularly those who are refractory because of hypochloremic alkalosis resulting from repeated administration of such diuretics.2 3 4 Recent reports have indicated that refractory heart failure associated with chronic "dilutional hyponatremia" or "low-salt syndrome" can be treated by vigorous acidification before the use of a mercurial diuretic.5 The drug most commonly employed for this purpose is ammonium chloride, which has . . .
A FORECAST OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA IX
Authors: M. I. WILBERT
Journal: JAMA (1910)

It is generally well known that the Pharmacopeia of the United States of America had its origin in the desire of the leading men in the medical profession of a century or more ago to secure for their patients medicaments of uniform strength and activity and to eliminate from the practice of medicine, so far as possible, drugs and preparations of unknown value or of recognized uselessness. In accordance with these intentions the first edition of the Pharmacopeia of the United States was devised by capable, broad-minded men as a safeguard to the health of the American people, and the preface to that work outlines, at some length the objects and the ideals of the founders. As an illustration of the aims of the originators I may be permitted to quote from the initial paragraphs of the preface to the first U. S. P.: It is the object of a
The Sézary syndrome: a malignant proliferation of helper T cells.
Authors: S Broder, R L Edelson, M A Lutzner, D L Nelson, R P MacDermott, M E Durm, C K Goldman, B D Meade, T A Waldmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The Sézary syndrome is a frequently lethal disease characterized by circulating malignant cells of thymus-derived (T)-cell origin. The capacity of circulating malignant lymphocytes from patients with this syndrome to synthesize immunoglobulins and to function as helper or suppressor cells regulating immunoglobulin synthesis by bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes was determined. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals had geometric mean immunoglobulin synthetic rates of 4,910 ng for IgM, 1,270 ng for IgA, and 1,625 ng for IgG per 2 X 10(6) cells in culture with pokeweed mitogen for 7 days. Purified normal B cells had geometric mean synthetic rates of 198 ng for IgM, 145 ng for IgA, and 102 ng for IgG. Leukemic cells from patients with the Sézary syndrome produced essentially no immunoglobulins. Adding normal T cells to normal B cells restored their immunoglobin producing capacity. Leukemic cells from four of five patients tested had a similar capacity to help immunoglobulin synthesis by purified normal B cells. Additionally, Sézary cells from one patient studied induced a nearly 10-fold increase in IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with ataxia telangiectasia and selective IgA deficiency. Furthermore, these Sézary cells induced more than a 500-fold increase in IgG and IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with Nezelof's syndrome. When Sézary cells were added to normal unfractionated lymphocytes, they did not suppress immunoglobulin biosynthesis. In addition, unlike the situation observed when large numbers of normal T cells were added to purified B cells, there was no depression of immunoglobulin synthesis at very high malignant T-cell to B-cell ratios. These data support the view that Sézary T cells do not express suppressor cell activity. The results presented in this paper suggest that neoplastic lymphocytes from the majority of patients with the Sézary syndrome originate from a subset of T cells programmed exclusively for helper-like interactions with B cells in their production of immunoglobulin molecules.
Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Theophylline in Premature Newborns
Authors: Jacob V. Aranda, Daniel S. Sitar, William D. Parsons, Peter M. Loughnan, Allen H. Neims
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

To characterize further the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature infants, its concentraion in blood was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography after intravenous infusion given to six apneic premature newborns three to 15 days of age. Theophylline's apparent volume of distribution was 0.690 +/- 0.095 liters per kilogram (mean +/- S.E.), a value similar to that of children, but the half-life (30.2 +/- 6.5 hours) was nine times longer. Blood clearance rate (17.6 +/- 2.3 ml per kilogram per hour) was lower than plasma clearance rate (100 ml per kilogram per hour) of young children. At a total plasma concentration of 17 mg per liter, 56.4 +/- 3.8 and 36.4 +/- 3.8 per cent of the theophylline was bound to adult or full-term cord plasma proteins, respectively. Bilirubin and theophylline did not compete for plasma protein. Calculations suggest that a loading doses of 5.5 mg per kilogram and a maintenance dose rate of 1.1 mg per kilogram per eight hours would achieve and maintain a mean blood concentration of 8 mg per liter (about 10 mg per liter in plasma).
Recombinant interferon gamma in hairy cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Jorge R. Quesada, Raymond Alexanian, Razelle Kurzrock, Barthel Barlogie, Samuel Saks, Jordan U. Gutterman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Fifteen patients with multiple myeloma, five with hairy cell leukemia, and five with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia were treated with recombinant interferon gamma (rINF‐gamma) to determine the antitumor activity of this agent. The rIFN‐gamma was administered by daily intramuscular injection at doses ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 mg/m 2 . No responses were observed in patients with multiple myeloma, although in one patient the disease has remained stable for over 16 months. Minimal improvement in some hematologic indexes were observed in three of five patients with hairy cell leukemia. One partial remission and one minor response were documented in two of the five patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. In five patients, an increase in normal serum immunoglobulins was observed. These results suggest that there is only minimal activity of rIFN‐gamma as a single agent in neoplasms of B‐cell origin.
KIT receptor (CD117) expression in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: S. Strong, K. Shalders, R. Carr, D.R.J. Snead
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Journal Article KIT receptor (CD117) expression in Merkel cell carcinoma Get access S. Strong, S. Strong Departments of Histopathology and Dermatology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Shalders, K. Shalders Departments of Histopathology and Dermatology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K K. Shalders, E‐mail: kerryshalders@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Carr, R. Carr Department of Histopathology, South Warwickshire Hospital, Lakin Road, Warwick, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.R.J. Snead D.R.J. Snead Departments of Histopathology and Dermatology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 150, Issue 2, 1 February 2004, Pages 384–385, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05779.x Published: 01 February 2004
Helen Howard (nee Raw)
Authors: R. W. Howard
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Helen Howard (nee Raw) died in November 2009 aged 67 of acute myeloid leukaemia following a courageous struggle over two and a half years with myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.

Helen was academically bright and inquisitive, and ever since her school days she had a passion for anything scientific. She was an avid reader of the BMJ and scientific journals, and, as well as anything medical, she was especially interested in physics and astronomy.

Helen studied medicine at Queen’s University Belfast in the early 1960s. She had a break of 15 years from medicine to bring up her family and followed her husband and his career, which took them all over the country. Her own need was not so much for a career but …
Identifying chemical carcinogens and assessing potential risk in short-term bioassays using transgenic mouse models.
Authors: R W Tennant, J E French, J W Spalding
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Cancer is a worldwide public health concern. Identifying carcinogens and limiting their exposure is one approach to the problem of reducing risk. Currently, epidemiology and rodent bioassays are the means by which putative human carcinogens are identified. Both methods have intrinsic limitations: they are slow and expensive processes with many uncertainties. The development of methods to modify specific genes in the mammalian genome has provided promising new tools for identifying carcinogens and characterizing risk. Transgenic mice may provide advantages in shortening the time required for bioassays and improving the accuracy of carcinogen identification; transgenic mice might now be included in the testing armamentarium without abandoning the two-year bioassay, the current standard. We show that mutagenic carcinogens can be identified with increased sensitivity and specificity using hemizygous p53 mice in which one allele of the p53 gene has been inactivated. Furthermore, the TG.AC transgenic model, carrying a v-Ha-ras construct, has developed papillomas and malignant tumors in response to a number of mutagenic and nonmutagenic carcinogens and tumor promoters, but not to noncarcinogens. We present a decision-tree approach that permits, at modest extra cost, the testing of more chemicals with improved ability to extrapolate from rodents to humans.
Pharmacogenetics in the evaluation of new drugs: a multiregional regulatory perspective
Authors: Marc Maliepaard, Charity Nofziger, Marisa Papaluca, Issam Zineh, Yoshiaki Uyama, Krishna Prasad, Christian Grimstein, Michael Pacanowski, Falk Ehmann, Silvia Dossena, Markus Paulmichl
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2013)
Ethmoid Mucocele Causing Visual Impairment
Authors: Jae Yong Lee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 74-year-old man was referred because of left exophthalmos and outward displacement of the orbit (Panel A). His symptoms had progressed slowly over a 4-year period but had worsened rapidly during the preceding 2 days, causing diplopia, impaired ocular movement, orbital pain, and decreased visual acuity (0.8 in the right eye and 0.2 in the left eye, corresponding to Snellen equivalents of 20/25 and 20/100, respectively). On computed tomography, a cystic lesion was observed in the left ethmoid sinus (Panel B), where it was compressing the globe (white arrow) and eroding the lamina papyracea (black arrows) and part of the . . .
Various effects of arsenic in Japan depending on type of exposure.
Authors: K Tsuchiya
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

Since 1955, a number of outbreaks of arsenic poisoning have occurred throughout Japan among industrial workers and the general population. The sources and types of exposure differ according to the incident, and the victims vary in sex and age. These incidents include arsenic poisoning in milk, soy sauce, and well water, pollution originating from the Toroku Mine on the island of Kyushu, the Matsuo Mine in Shimane Prefecture and Saganoseki Smelter on Kyushu. The type, routes, and dose of exposure as well as major symptoms are given. The clinical signs and symptoms are discussed in relation to the various types of exposure which occurred in these incidents. Dose-response relationships will be considered where data are available.
Abstract LB-223: Dissecting the therapeutic determinants of MET inhibition in Glioblastoma: HGF-autocrine loop predicts sensitivity to MET inhibitor
Authors: Qian Xie, Robert Bradley, Liang Kang, Julie Koeman, Andrea Worschech, Valeria De Giorgi, Ena Wang, Lisa Kefene, Yanli Su, Curt Essenburg, Dafna Kaufman, Tom DeKoning, Mark Enter, Timothy J.O'Rourke, Francesco Marincola, George F. Vande Woude
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Due to its invasive nature, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain cancer. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binds to MET tyrosine kinase receptor and induces invasive tumor growth. As MET inhibitors are entering clinical trials against several types of cancer including GBM, it is compelling to identify therapeutic determinants which could indicate which patient subsets are suitable for this therapy. We investigated in vivo four types of GBM models for their sensitivity to MET (SGX523*) or EGFR (erlotinib*) inhibitors: 1) Tumors sustained by an HGF-autocrine loop; 2) tumors displaying paracrine HGF tumor growth; and 3) tumors with polysomy MET amplification. 4) In addition, GBM tumors with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification were included, as this occurs frequently in GBM patients and often in association with MET aberrancy. Of the four tumor types, we observed that HGF-autocrine loop expression correlates with p-MET levels in the HGF autocrine cell lines, which in turn are extremely sensitive to MET inhibition in vivo. Moreover, serum HGF levels in HGF-autocrine loop GBM xenografts correlate with MET inhibition. Paracrine HGF can enhance GBM growth in vivo, but they were not significantly sensitive to MET inhibition. In type 4, EGFR VIII amplification predicted sensitivity to erlotinib, but MET polysomy in the same tumor did not display MET activity and the cells did not show sensitivity to MET inhibition. We conclude that HGF-autocrine loop GBM tumors bear an activated MET signaling pathway that may be used to predict sensitivity to MET inhibitors in GBM patients. However, targeting MET alone may not be sufficient for treating GBM and the combination of MET with other RTK inhibitors, especially EGFR inhibitors should be considered. *SGX523, a selective small molecule MET inhibitor, was obtained from Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis IN. *Erlotinib inhibits EGFR and was a generous gift from OSI Pharmaceuticals, Long Island N.Y. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-223. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-223
Relation of Serial Changes in Childhood Body-Mass Index to Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Young Adulthood
Authors: Santosh K. Bhargava, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Caroline H.D. Fall, Clive Osmond, Ramakrishnan Lakshmy, David J.P. Barker, Sushant K. Dey Biswas, Siddharth Ramji, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Kolli Srinath Reddy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increased in people who have low birth weights and who subsequently become obese as adults. Whether their obesity originates in childhood and, if so, at what age are unknown. Understanding the origin of obesity may be especially important in developing countries, where type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing yet public health messages still focus on reducing childhood "undernutrition."We evaluated glucose tolerance and plasma insulin concentrations in 1492 men and women 26 to 32 years of age who had been measured at birth and at intervals of three to six months throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence in a prospective, population-based study.The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was 10.8 percent, and that of diabetes was 4.4 percent. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes typically had a low body-mass index up to the age of two years, followed by an early adiposity rebound (the age after infancy when body mass starts to rise) and an accelerated increase in body-mass index until adulthood. However, despite an increase in body-mass index between the ages of 2 and 12 years, none of these subjects were obese at the age of 12 years. The odds ratio for disease associated with an increase in the body-mass index of 1 SD from 2 to 12 years of age was 1.36 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.18 to 1.57; P<0.001).There is an association between thinness in infancy and the presence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes in young adulthood. Crossing into higher categories of body-mass index after the age of two years is also associated with these disorders.
JAMA Obesity Theme Issue
Authors: Edward Livingston, Jody W. Zylke
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
GlutathioneS-transferases: Of rats and men
Authors: R. E. Kirsch, N. M. Bass
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Rat liver glutathione S-transferases have been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by S-hexylglutathione-linked Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography and CM-cellulose column chromatography. At least 11 transferase activity peaks can be resolved including five Yb size homodimeric isozymes, two Yc size homodimeric isozymes, one Ya homodimeric isozyme, one Yα homodimeric isozyme, and two Ya-Yc heterodimeric isozymes. Distribution of the GSH peroxidase activity among the CM-cellulose column fractions suggests the existence of further multiplicity in this isozyme family. Substrate specificity patterns of the Yb subunit isozymes revealed a possibility that each of the five Yb-containing isozymes is composed of a different homodimeric Yb size subunit composition. Our findings on the increasing multiplicity of glutathione S-transferase isozymes are consistent with the notion that multiple isozymes of overlapping substrate specificities are required to detoxify a multitude of xenobiotics in addition to serving other important physiological functions.