tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Accelerated gastric epithelial proliferation.
Authors: M R Gray, S J Darnton, J A Hunt, R W Irlam, J Nemeth, H M Wallace
Journal: Gut (1995)

Gastric body mucosal proliferation was quantified and localised under conditions of increased gastrin drive using a variety of techniques. Rats were given omeprazole 400 mumol/kg/day by gavage and after 30 days mean serum gastrin rose 11-fold (p &lt; 0.001). Total mucosal polyamines rose 220% from 15.9 to 50.9 nmol/mg protein (p &lt; 0.001). This was associated with a 238% increase in crypt cell production rate from 0.541 to 1.83 crypt cells/h by vincristine metaphase arrest (p &lt; 0.02). Using computer aided counting of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostained nuclei to assess epithelial proliferation in hypergastrinaemia rat stomach: mucus neck cell PCNA labelling was increased by 41% (p &lt; 0.001) and gland cell PCNA labelling was increased by 222% (p &lt; 0.001). PCNA/AgNOR (argyrophilic nuclear organiser regions) co-stained sections were used to assess proliferative activity in cycling and non-cycling cell populations. Data from these experiments suggest that, in addition to increasing the number of mucosal cells in cycle, cell life and cell cycle duration may be reduced in hypergastrinaemia.
Damage to hepatic cellular membranes by chlorinated olefins with emphasis on synergism and antagonism.
Authors: E S Reynolds, M T Moslen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

The fundamental reactivity or stability of the chloroethylene molecules affects their hepatotoxic potential. Extent and symmetry of the chlorine substitution, which alters electron delocalization, charge polarization, and solubility, affect biologic response. The most nonsymmetrically depolarized chloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) is the most hepatotoxic and causes a unique pattern of hepatocellular injury involving mitochondria, plasma membranes, and chromatin. The injury caused by the other chloroethylenes examined appears to profoundly affect the structural integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum with toxic potential in the order: trichloroethylene (TRI) greater than vinyl chloride (VCM) greater than perchloroethylene (PER). Pretreatments which increased cytochrome P-450 contents, thus presumably augmenting metabolic activation to a reactive intermediate such as an epoxide, enhanced or were synergistic to the hepatotoxic potential of TRI, VCM and PER but were protective or antagonistic to 1,1-DCE hepatotoxicity. Biologic response to 1,1-DCE may be expressed by a different metabolic pathway. Glutathione appears to be involved in the biologic response to all nonsymmetric chloroethylenes and toact as an antagonist against injury. Marked differences in the patterns of injury and the biologic responses suggest that more than one mechanism is involved in the production of injury by chloroethylenes.
Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder
Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Lucy Kenny, Amy Joscelyne, Natasha Rawson, Fiona Maccallum, Catherine Cahill, Sally Hopwood, Idan Aderka, Angela Nickerson
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a potentially disabling condition that affects approximately 10% of bereaved people. Grief-focused cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in treating PGD. Although treatments for PGD have focused on exposure therapy, much debate remains about whether exposure therapy is optimal for PGD.To determine the relative efficacies of CBT with exposure therapy (CBT/exposure) or CBT alone for PGD.A randomized clinical trial of 80 patients with PGD attending the outpatient University of New South Wales Traumatic Stress Clinic from September 17, 2007, through June 7, 2010.All patients received 10 weekly 2-hour group therapy sessions that consisted of CBT techniques. Patients also received 4 individual sessions, in which they were randomized to receive exposure therapy for memories of the death or supportive counseling.Measures of PGD by clinical interview and self-reported measures of depression, cognitive appraisals, and functioning at the 6-month follow-up.Intention-to-treat analyses at follow-up indicated a significant quadratic time×treatment condition interaction effect (B [SE], 0.49 [0.16]; t120.16=3.08 [95% CI, 0.18-0.81]; P=.003), indicating that CBT/exposure led to greater PGD reductions than CBT alone. At follow-up, CBT/exposure led to greater reductions in depression (B [SE], 0.35 [0.12]; t112.65=2.83 [95% CI, 0.11-0.60]; P=.005), negative appraisals (B [SE], 0.68 [0.25]; t109.98=2.66 [95% CI, 0.17-1.18]; P=.009), and functional impairment (B [SE], 0.24 [0.08]; t111.40=3.01 [95% CI, 0.08-0.40]; P=.003) than CBT alone. In terms of treatment completers, fewer patients in the CBT/exposure condition at follow-up (14.8%) met criteria for PGD than those in the CBT condition (37.9%) (odds ratio, 3.51; 95% CI, 0.96-12.89; χ2=3.81; P=.04).Including exposure therapy that promotes emotional processing of memories of the death is an important component to achieve optimal reductions in PGD severity. Facilitating emotional responses to the death may promote greater changes in appraisals about the loss, which are associated with symptom reduction. Promotion of emotional processing techniques in therapies to treat patients with PGD is needed.anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12609000229279.
Why Is There No Generic Insulin? Historical Origins of a Modern Problem
Authors: Jeremy A. Greene, Kevin R. Riggs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

Six million U.S. patients with diabetes take insulin, which was discovered in 1921 — yet is available only in brand-name forms. The reasons why an agent discovered almost 100 years ago is still unavailable as a low-priced generic have implications for policy and practice.
1215 Multivariate models predict outcome to hepatitis C virus therapy at baseline and at weeks 4 and 8
Authors: M PEIGNOUX, L COMANOR, J MINOR, M RIPAULT, N BOYER, C CASTELNAU, N GUILY, D HENDRICKS, P MARCELLIN
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The benefit of individualizing treatment for patients with genotype 3 HCV infection on the basis of viral clearance at week 4 (wk4-R) has not been firmly established.Four hundred and fourteen patients received Peg-interferon alpha-2b plus 1000–1200 mg of ribavirin daily according with body weight > or <75 kg. Patients were randomized to standard 24 weeks (Std24) or to a 12 or 36 weeks variable treatment duration (Var12/36). In the variable treatment arm, patients with or without wk4-R were allocated to either 12 or 36 weeks duration.At treatment week 4, HCV RNA was undetectable in 262 patients (63.3%), 136 in the Std24, and 126 in the Var12/36 group (p = 0.41). In patients with wk4-R, end-of-treatment (EOT) responses were 80.4% (CI 85.4–95.3) and 97.6% (CI 94.9–99.9) in the two arms, respectively (p = 0.019). In patients without wk4-R, corresponding rates were 61.9% (50.6–73.2) and 75.3% (CI 65.9–84.6) (p = 0.08). SVR was attained in 302 patients, 71.4% (CI 65.3–77.6) in the St24 group and 74.3% (CI 58.4–80.3) in the variable 12/36 arm. Among patients with wk4-R, SVR was 81.6% (CI 75.1–88.1) and 82.5% (75.9–89.1), respectively. In patients without wk4-R, SVR amounted to 52.1% (CI 40.4–63.7) and 61.7 (CI 51.1–72.3) in the two arms (p = 0.25).HCV genotype 3 patients with week4-R may be treated safely with 12 weeks of therapy, provided that sufficiently high doses of ribavirin are administered. For patients still viremic at treatment week 4, SVR rates were numerically higher after 36 weeks of treatment than after the currently recommended 24 weeks.
The emergence of a highly transmissible lineage of cbl+ Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia causing CF centre epidemics in North America and Britain
Authors: Li Sun, Ru-Zhang Jiang, Suzanne Steinbach, Alison Holmes, Craig Campanelli, Janet Forstner, Uma Sajjan, Ying Tan, Margaret Riley, Richard Goldstein
Journal: Nature Medicine (1995)
Expression of CEACAM1 in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung: A Factor of Independent Prognostic Significance
Authors: Eckart Laack, Haleh Nikbakht, Anja Peters, Christian Kugler, Yvonne Jasiewicz, Lutz Edler, Jens Brümmer, Udo Schumacher, Dieter Kurt Hossfeld
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic relevance of CEACAM1 and sialyl Lewis X expression in adenocarcinomas of the lung. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Paraffin wax sections of 93 patients with adenocarcinomas of the lung who underwent surgery between 1990 and 1995 were immunohistochemically investigated using monoclonal anti-CEACAM1 and sialyl Lewis X antibodies. The clinical course of all patients was followed up for a minimum of 5 years. RESULTS: Sixty-one tumors were classified as CEACAM1-positive, and 32 were classified as CEACAM1-negative. Patients with CEACAM1-positive tumors had a significantly poorer overall (P = .00025) and relapse-free (P = .00029) survival than those with CEACAM1-negative tumors. Only three patients did not express the sialyl Lewis X glycotope, whereas 90 tumors (97%) were sialyl Lewis X–positive. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, next to tumor stage and sex, only the expression of CEACAM1 was a significant independent prognostic factor for survival. CONCLUSION: Expression of CEACAM1 was an independent prognostic factor in our patient population and can be used to stratify patients with adenocarcinomas of the lung into low-risk and high-risk groups. In contrast, the expression of sialyl Lewis X was of no prognostic relevance because it was expressed in 97% of all investigated tumors, and most likely has no influence on the function of CEACAM1 in this tumor entity.
The Use of Prisoners as Sources of Organs–An Ethically Dubious Practice
Authors: Arthur Caplan
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2011)

The movement to try to close the ever-widening gap between demand and supply of organs has recently arrived at the prison gate. While there is enthusiasm for using executed prisoners as sources of organs, there are both practical barriers and moral concerns that make it unlikely that proposals to use prisoners will or should gain traction. Prisoners are generally not healthy enough to be a safe source of organs, execution makes the procurement of viable organs difficult, and organ donation post-execution ties the medical profession too closely to the act of execution.
Potential Dangers of Alcohol-Based Sunscreens
Authors: Daniel Hogan
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —It has been reported that certain topical medications, including Retin-A gel (Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp, Raritan, NJ), Erygel (Herbert Laboratories, Irvine, Calif), Cleocin-T topical solution (The Upjohn Co), and Solbar PF 15 liquid (Person and Covey, Inc, Glendale, Calif) are highly flammable because of their alcohol content.<sup>1,2</sup>I have confirmed these observations and determined that the new Solbar PF 30 liquid sunscreen (70% SD alcohol; Person and Cobey, Inc), Pre-Sun Active 30 Clear Gel sunscreen (69% SD alcohol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, NJ), and Clinique oil-free sunblock (15 SPF [sun protection factor], 36% alcohol; Estee Lauder Clinique, Melville, NY) are also highly flammable. The Solbar PF 30 liquid sunscreen recommends "keep away from open flames." The Clinique product does include the following statement: "Common sense caution; flammable. Do not use near flames or while smoking." It may not be "common sense" to assume that a sunblock is
Outdoor ultraviolet exposure of children and adolescents
Authors: B. L. DIFFEY, C. J. GIBSON, R. HAYLOCK, A. F. McKINLAY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

The weekday and weekend outdoor ultraviolet exposure‐ of young people from primary and secondary schools in three geographically distinct regions of England was determined over a 3‐month period in summer. Ultraviolet exposure was measured using personal Him badges worn by each young person, and time spent outdoors, in hourly intervals, assessed using exposure records. In each area a class of 9‐10‐year‐old children from a primary school and a class of 14‐1 5‐year‐old adolescents from a secondary school took part, giving a total of 180 subjects. We found that primary school children received higher outdoor ultraviolet exposure than young people in secondary schools, and geographical differences in exposure could not be accounted for solely by differences in ambient ultraviolet. There was little difference between the exposure of males and females. Children and adolescents did not behave as homogeneous groups with regard to exposure.
The future of Britain's high security hospitals
Authors: E. Murphy
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Until a decade or so ago, the vast majority of mentally disordered offenders who posed a threat to public safety in Britain were consigned to one of the country's three “special hospitals”, Broadmoor, Rampton, and Ashworth (previously Moss Side and Park Lane). This is no longer the case. Most patients on whom a crown court judge has imposed a restriction order (under section 37/41 of the Mental Health Act 1983) are now cared for in regional secure units, general NHS psychiatric inpatient acute units, and independent sector hospitals. These institutions operate far more liberal regimes but with no less safety and without the problems that have dogged the special hospitals. Now that their role is much diminished, do these troubled hospitals have any role in the future of forensic mental health care? And if they do, how can they become clinically excellent institutions?

The special hospitals were run directly by the Home Office and staffed like prisons until 1948. They were then transferred to the Ministry of Health but did not join the new NHS, being managed directly by civil servants. After increasing concern in the late 1980s about standards of care and security, the Special Hospitals Service Authority was established in 1989 to oversee the service at arm's length from the Department of Health. The undersecretary responsible for the service at that time, Cliff Graham, made no secret of his disquiet about the proposed continuation of a centralised management structure, but he felt it was a reasonable interim solution while the hospitals prepared themselves for greater self governance. One of the authority's main problems was to establish management control over a large group of staff that Mr Graham and others perceived to have a damaging influence on standards of care through their rigid, authoritarian, and denigrating attitudes to patients. …
Clinical features, early treatment responses, and outcomes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in china with or without specific fusion transcripts: A single institutional study of 1,004 patients
Authors: Chao Gao, Xiao‐Xi Zhao, Wei‐Jing Li, Lei Cui, Wei Zhao, Shu‐Guang Liu, Zhi‐Xia Yue, Ying Jiao, Min‐Yuan Wu, Zhi‐Gang Li
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with distinct fusion transcripts has unique clinical features. In this study, the incidence, clinical characteristics, early treatment response, and outcomes of 1,004 Chinese pediatric ALLs were analyzed. Patients with TEL‐AML1 and E2A‐PBX1 fusion genes or other B cell precursor ALLs (BCP‐ALL) had favorable clinical features, were sensitive to prednisone, had low minimal residual disease (MRD), and an excellent prognosis, with a 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) of 84–92%. T‐ALL was associated with a high WBC, increased age, more central nervous system involvement, a poor prednisone response, and high MRD, with a 5‐year EFS of 68.4 ± 5.2%. Patients with BCR‐ABL and MLL rearrangements usually had adverse clinical presentations and treatment responses, and a dismal prognosis, with 5‐year EFS of 27.3 and 57.4%, respectively. We also showed that BCR‐ABL and MLL rearrangements, the prednisone response, and MRD were independent prognostic factors. Interestingly, the BCH‐2003 protocol resulted in a better outcome for E2A‐PBX1 + patients than the CCLG‐2008 protocol. Intermediate and late relapses were more common in TEL‐AML1 + patients and other BCP‐ALLs compared with other subgroups ( P = 0.018). Therefore, this study suggests that a fusion gene‐specific chemotherapy regimen and/or targeted therapy should be developed to improve further the cure rate of pediatric ALL. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ABC of nutrition. Processing food.
Authors: A S Truswell, J C Brand
Journal: BMJ (1985)

PROCESSING FOODIn the guessing game, "Animal, vegetable, or mineral?" nearly all foods are ."Doctorsneedtoknowasmuchaboutfoodsas animal or vegetable or the two combined.What we eat is other organisms, * "Doctors need to know as much about foods as some of them-fruits and cereals-still viable.The basic material of our foods has an anatomy and a histology.It is made ofcells which contain * "Each medical school should have an expert on numerous enzymes and biochemical compounds which are the same as or the blochemistry offoods among their similar to those in the human body.Foods are also inhabited by micropreclinical lecturers."organisms.These multiply after slaughter or harvesting and nearly all our Two recommendations from the International basic foodstuffs deteriorate rapidly because of autolytic decay and microbial Union of Nutritional Sciences Workshop on activity.Foods can become dangerous because of these unless we treat them Nutrition Education for Medical Practitioners, in some way.Cereal grains are the major exception.They have a low water held at the Royal College of Physicians, London, content and normally keep for years when dry at ambient temperatures.
Management of Adults Recovering From Alcohol or Other Drug Problems
Authors: Peter D. Friedmann, Richard Saitz, Jeffrey H. Samet
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Patients recovering from substance use disorders are commonly seen in the primary care setting, and relapse is a serious long-term problem for these patients. Extrapolating from therapeutic strategies effective in specialty addiction treatment settings, this article outlines a practical approach to relapse prevention in the primary care setting. Working within a supportive patient-physician relationship, the primary care physician can help recovering patients decrease their susceptibility to relapse, recognize and manage high-risk situations, and use available self-help, pharmacological, and specialty resources. Drawing on the therapeutic relationship and skills they already possess, primary care physicians can have an important, productive, and satisfying role in the long-term management of patients in recovery from alcohol or other drug problems.
NI-60 * RECURRENT PATTERNS OF BEVACIZUMAB MONOTHERAPY FOR RECURRENT PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMA AND PERSPECTIVES ON BEVACIZUMAB-BASED THERAPIES
Authors: M. Nagane, K. Kobayashi, K. Saito, Y. Shiokawa
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND. Prognosis of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) remains dismal, their median overall survival (mOS) ranging from 7 to 10 months. Currently, bevacizumab (BEV), a monoclonal antibody against VEGF, has been widely used since it prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) accompanied with symptom relief in BEV trials. However, improvement of OS seems modest at most, and issues regarding short survival after BEV failure, invasive relapse, and difficulty in determining true progression remain unsolved. Here we examined the patterns of radiological BEV failure in relationship with survival of several post-treatment periods. METHODS. Twenty-five patients with primary GBM who were treated with BEV monotherapy at recurrence in Kyorin University hospital since August 2009 were included in this study. Mean age was 53 yo, 13 males/12 females, median KPS was 60 (30-100), and mOS from the initial surgery was 23.2 months. MRI patterns at BEV progression were determined using modified classification by Nowosielsky et al. (Neurology 2014) as follows: 1) T2-diffuse, 2) cT1-flare up, 3) Primary non-responders, 4) T2-circumscribed, and 5) Remote metastasis. RESULTS. mPFS and mOS of BEV monotherapy were 3.4 and 7.6 months, respectively, and post-BEV mOS was 4.7 months. Frequency and BEV-PFS/post-BEV OS were 1) 20%, 3.8/0.8 months; 2) 40%, 3.4/7.1 months, 3) 24%, 0.9/3.3 months, 4) 8%, 3.7/3.9 months, 5) 8%, 2.0/4.2 months. The cT1-flare up recurrent pattern was found most frequently with relatively better survivals, whereas the T2-diffuse recurrence included fatal brain stem invasion in two cases, resulting in poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS. BEV monotherapy showed limited survival benefit and the clinical course after BEV failure may differ by patterns of relapse. Although RANO criteria have been a standard method to determine progression, measurement of T2/FLAIR hyperintensity remains critically controversial. Efforts to improve BEV-based therapy for recurrent GBM including longitudinal and combined chemotherapy will be also discussed.
THE CLINICAL ESTIMATION OF "ACIDOSIS."
Authors: A. E. Barnes
Journal: BMJ (1910)

3KIKDICALJOURNAL3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the growth.The crayon of solid CO2 is trimmed to a diameter corresponding to that of the growth.The applica- tion is made with firm pressure, and continued until anarrow riNg of the healthy tissue around the base of the growth is white and frozen by conduction from the centre.Properly car4ed out in this way there should never be a failure in dealing with a common wart.In the reaction that ensues &blister is formed under the base of the wart, causing it to be thrown off.Twelve cases were treated in the series mader consideration; 9 were completely cured, 2 are still under treatment, and 1 ceased attending.There was no reason to think that these last would not be e,qualiy successful under further treatment. Naevi.The 105 cases presented 129 naevi for 'treatment, which were made up as follows: Capillary ... ... ...
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF AN ELITE ATHLETE–QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRAINING-RELATED INJURY RISK FACTORS
Authors: VC Wang, F Ottawa, F Mayer, PM Wippert
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Since the 2009 International Olympic Committee consensus statement, health promotion and injury prevention has been of prime importance in the health care of elite athletes. However, to date, most studies investigating injury risk factors of elite athletes have focused on single causes of injury while the elite athletes' injuries are often multi-factorial determined. To get a more comprehensive understanding of the risk factors for injury, two multiple-perspective (medical/ psychosocial/training) questionnaires were developed to assess sport injury risk factors of elite athletes in two countries (Germany and Taiwan). Objective To investigate test-retest reliability of an elite athlete questionnaire in two countries before conducting the official survey. This contribution focus on the presentation of the adopted IOC consensus statement tools like the medical Periodical Health Examination (PHE) and the Pre-Participation Evaluation (PPE). Design Retrospective and cross-sectional. Setting Anonymous participation of national level Olympic sport athletes. The survey consisted of 8 sections assessing Periodical Health Examinations &amp; Pre-Participation Evaluation, Injuries (CIRS), Medical Care, Medical Support Quality, Health Behaviors, Training Environment, Life Events (ILE) and Subjective Stress (PSS). Participants 63 athletes (35 Germans: 19f, 16m, 21.5±3.5 yrs; 28 Taiwanese: 3f, 25m, 23±2.8 yrs) training background of 2–3hrs/2–3times/week, filled out the questionnaire twice with a one-week interval. Risk factor assessment A coding plan was developed. For the PPE and the PHE only numerical-scale data were analyzed by calculating Spearman's Rho tests between 1 st and 2 nd sets of answers on each question from all participants of same version. Statistical significance was set at ɑ=0.05. Results Correlation analyses revealed good reliability levels ranging from r=.72 to r=.98 between the 2 tests. Conclusions In general, the questionnaire part assessing PPE and PHE is a reliable instrument to use in German and Taiwanese athletes.