tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
There are still problems in identifying who will develop complications of sore throat in primary care
Authors: J. Matthys
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> A problem ubiquitous in almost all scientific areas is escape from a metastable state, or relaxation from one stationary distribution to a new one<sup>1</sup>. More than a century of studies lead to celebrated theoretical and computational developments such as the transition state theory and reactive flux formulation. Modern transition path sampling and transition path theory focus on an ensemble of trajectories that connect the initial and final states in a state space<sup>2, 3</sup>. However, it is generally unfeasible to experimentally observe these trajectories in multiple dimensions and compare to theoretical results. Here we report and analyze single cell trajectories of human A549 cells undergoing TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a combined morphology and protein texture space obtained through time lapse imaging. From the trajectories we identify parallel reaction paths with corresponding reaction coordinates and quasi-potentials. Studying cell phenotypic transition dynamics will provide testing grounds for nonequilibrium reaction rate theories.
Controlled trial of bladder drill for detrusor instability.
Authors: G J Jarvis, D R Millar
Journal: BMJ (1980)

dsRNA is an important pathogen-associated molecular pattern that is primarily recognized by cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors of the innate-immune system during virus infection. This recognition results in the activation of inflammasome-associated caspase-1 and apoptosis of infected cells. In this study, we used high-throughput proteomics to identify secretome, the global pattern of secreted proteins, in human primary macrophages that had been activated through the cytoplasmic dsRNA-recognition pathway. The secretome analysis revealed cytoplasmic dsRNA-recognition pathway-induced secretion of several exosome-associated proteins, as well as basal and dsRNA-activated secretion of lysosomal protease cathepsins and cysteine protease inhibitors (cystatins). Inflammasome activation was almost completely abolished by cathepsin inhibitors in response to dsRNA stimulation, as well as encephalomyocarditis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infections. Interestingly, Western blot analysis showed that the mature form of cathepsin D, but not cathepsin B, was secreted simultaneously with IL-18 and inflammasome components ASC and caspase-1 in cytoplasmic dsRNA-stimulated cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing experiments confirmed that cathepsin D has a role in inflammasome activation. Caspase-1 activation was followed by proteolytic processing of caspase-3, indicating that inflammasome activation precedes apoptosis in macrophages that had recognized cytoplasmic RNA. Like inflammasome activation, apoptosis triggered by dsRNA stimulation and virus infection was effectively blocked by cathepsin inhibition. In conclusion, our results emphasize the importance of cathepsins in the innate immune response to virus infection.
Newer Tests for the Diagnosis of Renovascular Disease
Authors: Richard A. Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate published reports of diagnostic methods for renovascular hypertension, including Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, the captopril test, and captopril scanning. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —MEDLINE and selected references from appropriate published articles. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Studies included those that calculated sensitivities and specificities; studies that derived diagnostic criteria without application to another population of patients were excluded. Consensus of both authors was necessary for inclusion. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Articles were critically assessed independently by the authors and a consensus critique was developed. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —Major sources of variability exist in the investigations of recently developed tests for renovascular hypertension. These include variability in patient populations, performance of tests, and determination of outcome measures. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Among the newer diagnostic tests, both magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasonography hold promise for the anatomic detection of renal artery stenosis, but clear diagnostic criteria have not been universally accepted. There is more information concerning the captopril test, which has a sufficiently high sensitivity to be useful in the screening of high-risk patients for renovascular hypertension. Scans after captopril administration, which appear to be more specific, may enable the prediction of a blood pressure response to angioplasty or surgery. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:3353-3358)
Bullous Lesions in Leukaemia
Authors: R. Scutt
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Thirteen cases of dystrophia myotonica are reported in brief.All presented some radiological abnormalities of the skull.The most constant changes were a small to very small pituitary fossa, thickening of the calvarium, and hyperostosis interna.There was enlargement of the sinuses in some and in two the mandible was elongated.We believe the high incidence of these changes cannot be coincidental, and it is held they should now come to be accepted as some of the variable features of dystrophia myotonica.It is a pleasure to thank various physicians who have given me access to their cases, and Dr. Alexander and Dr. Rolleston for reviewing the radiological reports.
Digital Systolic Pressures in the Lower Limb in Arterial Disease
Authors: S. A. CARTER, J. D. LEZACK
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Systolic pressures were measured by using pneumatic cuffs on the second toe, ankle, and arm. In the absence of clinically evident peripheral vascular disease, digital pressure expressed as a percentage of the brachial pressure averaged 87% and was not significantly different in older normal persons, patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary artery disease from that in young normal subjects. Digital pressures were decreased in patients with arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans, or Raynaud's phenomena. Mean digital pressures correlated well with clinical and angiographic findings. In arteriosclerosis obliterans digital pressures in the limbs with claudication averaged 43% of the brachial pressure, and in patients with rest pain or skin lesions, or both, 21%. The ankle-to-toe pressure difference was increased in the majority of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans and in some diabetics with arteriosclerosis obliterans. The results indicate that digital pressure expressed as percentage of brachial pressure is a good index of the severity of the overall occlusive process, whereas the ankle-to-toe pressure difference may provide a useful index of the disease in the small distal arteries.
Respiratory muscle strength during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Authors: NM Siafakas, T Argyrakopoulos, K Andreopoulos, G Tsoukalas, N Tzanakis, D Bouros
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure (CRF) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on respiratory muscle function. Global respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring mouth pressures during maximum static inspiration (PIMAX) near residual volume (RV) and expiration (PEMAX) near total lung capacity (TLC), in 26 patients. Maximum pressures, spirometry and lung volumes were measured before dialysis, 4 h after the administration of 2 l of dialysate into the peritoneal cavity, and just after the next drainage. In addition, biochemical indices (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus) and haematological indices (haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct)) were measured once before the treatment. The results showed that mean PIMAX and PEMAX were normal, with a very wide range between patients, before CAPD. However, seven patients (27%) showed a PIMAX of &lt; 75% predicted (pred) and eight (31%) a PEMAX &lt; 75% pred. Maximal pressures decreased significantly during CAPD and increased again after the drainage of fluid. Similarly, lung volumes were within the normal range before and decreased significantly during CAPD. The forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio did not change. We conclude that respiratory muscle strength was preserved in the majority of the patients with chronic renal failure treated with CAPD. During CAPD, lung volumes and respiratory muscle function were decreased, demonstrating an effect of the abdominal cavity on the mechanics of the respiratory system. However, the decrease in the maximum pressures was less than 20%, indicating that CAPD is a safe procedure in patients without pre-existing pulmonary disease or uraemic pulmonary complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two Cases of Congenital Complete Heart-block Diagnosed Antenatally
Authors: J. Eyton-Jones
Journal: BMJ (1960)

being formed.There were a few lymphocytes, but no evidence of a true infective origin was seen.The articular surfaces were covered by some fibrous over- growth, but in other places the joint surfaces were eroded and showed degeneration of the cartilage.These changes represent a combination of fibrosis and degenerative change of an osteoarthritic type, and there is a close similarity to the changes reported by Bremner in his series of joints which were explored (R. Drury, personal communication).The pathological changes noted seem to support the view that the condition is primarily one of joint degeneration of an osteo- arthritic type, and further support is given by the clinical findings and the harmless and uneventful progress of the
Explaining Variations in Hospital Death Rates-Reply
Authors: Rolla Edward Park
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> As a practical matter, randomness depends on our state of knowledge. Dr Redelmeier demonstrates that if our knowledge were good enough to sort patients into two groups that live with probability.99 or die with probability.8, random variance would be markedly reduced. Indeed, if we truly knew and understood everything about a patient and his or her treatment at a cellular or molecular level, we might banish randomness entirely and explain outcomes perfectly. We took as our state of knowledge a relation between outcome and age-sex-race that approximates the targeting method used by HCFA when we started our project 5 years ago (<i>New York Times</i>. March 12, 1986:1). The method currently used by HCFA makes better use of information in the claims data<sup>1</sup>but does not reduce random variance very much. For example, principal diagnosis from claims data lets us sort patients with acute myocardial infarction into two of
Colonie Polyps in Patients with Acromegaly
Authors: IRWIN KLEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Seventeen patients with acromegaly were prospectively studied with barium enemas and colonoscopy to investigate the possibility that acromegaly is associated with an increased frequency of colonic polyps and colon cancer. Polyps were identified in nine patients and were removed and examined in eight. In five patients the polyps were adenomatous, and in four of the five there were multiple polyps. The presence of polyps closely correlated with the presence of skin tags (p = 0.041) and also with the age of the patient (p < 0.01). No new cases of colonic cancer were discovered; however, reviewing the records of 44 patients with acromegaly, four cases were previously diagnosed with colon carcinoma. This study identifies a unique group of patients that are at risk for the development of colonic polyps and perhaps colon cancer.
Critical role of Rho-kinase pathway for cardiac performance and remodeling in failing rat hearts
Authors: N Kobayashi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Objectives: Rho and Rho-kinase play a critical role in the regulation of cellular functions such as proliferation and migration. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiac function and cardiovascular remodeling, we determined whether the signaling pathway through Rho is involved in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats with congestive heart failure (CHF) using a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. Methods: Y-27632 was administered from the left ventricular hypertrophy stage (11 weeks) to the CHF stage (18 weeks) for 7 weeks. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure–volume relationship (contractility: Ees) was evaluated using a conductance catheter. Results: Downregulated Ees in the CHF stage was significantly ameliorated by Y-27632 treatment. Increased RhoA protein, Rho-kinase gene expression and myosin light chain phosphorylations in CHF rats were suppressed by Y-27632. Upregulated proto-oncogene c-fos gene expression in CHF rats was decreased by inhibiting Rho-kinase. In contrast, Y-27632 showed no effect on upregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p70S6 kinase phosphorylations, which were reported to be involved in protein synthesis. In the CHF stage, Y-27632 effectively inhibited vascular lesion formation such as medial thickness and perivascular fibrosis. Conclusions: These results suggest that differential activation of the Rho–Rho-kinase and the ERK–p70S6 kinase pathways may play a critical role in CHF, and the Rho–Rho-kinase pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction and cardiovascular remodeling. Thus, inhibition of the Rho-kinase pathway may be at least a potential therapeutic strategy for CHF.
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and QT Interval Variability Influences Arrhythmic Risk in Long QT Syndrome Type 1
Authors: Alberto Porta, Giulia Girardengo, Vlasta Bari, Alfred L. George, Paul A. Brink, Althea Goosen, Lia Crotti, Peter J. Schwartz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Hemophilus influenzae Pyarthrosis in an Adult
Authors: Carl W. Norden, Thomas F. Sellers
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Infection due to<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>is generally considered to be a disease of infancy and early childhood, and its occurrence in an adult is rare. With advancing age, resistance to<i>H influenzae</i>increases, as shown by the bactericidal action of most adults' serum on the organism.<sup>1, 2</sup>Meningitis due to<i>H influenzae</i>in adults is unusual; Merselis et al<sup>3</sup>in a review of the medical literature in English collected 44 cases to which they added a series of 11. A much rarer manifestation of disease due to the organism is pyarthrosis with only three cases previously described in adults. Dyer et al<sup>4</sup>described a case which involved a 48-year-old female with multiple articular involvement in whom joint fluid culture was positive for<i>H influenzae</i>; blood cultures were negative. The case of a 59-year-old female with pyarthrosis due to<i>H influenzae</i>was reviewed by Weaver and Sherwood.<sup>5</sup>Meligrano
The myth of maternal transmission of spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: R M Ridley, H F Baker
Journal: BMJ (1995)

It has long been accepted that the pattern of occurrence of scrapie--the form of spongiform encephalopathy associated with sheep--is determined mainly by maternal transmission, and this view has had a profound influence on policy decisions in the control of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and on public concern over the risk to human health form this disease. The occurrence of maternal transmission is, however, not predicted by modern knowledge of the aetiology of spongiform encephalopathy, and even though claims of maternal transmission have been reiterated frequently in the literature, re-examination of the source data reveals that these data are extremely scanty, unreplicated, and probably subject to ascertainment bias. The probability of maternal transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in any species should be viewed with the greatest scepticism.
Insulin Sensitivity and Lp(a) Concentrations in Normoglycemic Men
Authors: Steven M Haffner, Pauli Karhapaa, David L Rainwater, Leena Mykkanen, Gilbert Aldrete, Markku Laakso
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE Increased lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations have been recognized as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Little data exists on the relationship of Lp(a) concentrations to insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined insulin resistance (as determined by the euglycemic clamp) together with indirect calorimetry in relation to Lp(a) concentrations, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] molecular weight, and apo(a) phe-notype in 87 normoglycemic men. RESULTS Lp(a) concentrations were significantly related to total (r = 0.225) and nonoxidative (r = 0.256) whole-body glucose disposal. These results suggest a positive but weak association between insulin sensitivity (restricted to the nonoxidative whole-body glucose disposal) and Lp(a) concentrations. However, after adjustment for apo(a) molecular weight [which accounts for some of the genetic influences on Lp(a) levels], total and nonoxidative body glucose disposal were not significantly related to Lp(a) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Normoglycemic insulin-resistant subjects do not have elevated Lp(a) concentrations.
What is selected in group selection?
Authors: Michael E. Lamb
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Misunderstandings often develop when scientists from different backgrounds use the same words (e.g., “selection”) when they mean different things by them. Theorists must therefore choose and define their terms carefully. In addition, proponents of “new” theories need to demonstrate empirically that theirs are more powerful than the existing theories they wish to supplant. Wilson &amp; Sober have not yet done this.
CHILDREN IN THE WAR ZONE
Authors: J. P. SEDGWICK
Journal: JAMA (1918)

One of the most important and interesting phases of the American Red Cross Work in France is the care of refugee children in the war zone. This work is carried out under the auspices of the children's bureau, which was organized in July of last year. The first work of this character undertaken was the establishment of an asylum and hospital for children at Toul, in the Meurthe and Moselle Department. This medical and relief work, with the help of the French civilian and military authorities, has been developed along such extensive lines that today the children's bureau, through this institution and traveling dispensaries, is able to bring help to the entire child population of the department, the fighting front of which, as all know, is the original sector taken over by the American expeditionary forces. The need of this work can be better appreciated when it is recalled that
Health concerns related to radiation exposure of the female nuclear medicine patient.
Authors: M G Stabin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

The female nuclear medicine patient is of special concern in evaluating radiation dose and risk in nuclear medicine. The female's overall body size and organ sizes generally are smaller than those of her male counterpart (thus her radiation doses will be higher, given the same amounts of administered activity and similar biokinetics); female gonads are inside the body instead of outside and are near several organs often important as source organs in internal dosimetry (urinary bladder, liver, kidneys, intestines); risk of breast cancer is significantly higher among females than males; and in the case of pregnancy, exposure to radiation of the embryo/fetus and the nursing infant are of special concern in such an analysis. All these concerns are addressed in this study through a comparative study of radiation doses for males and females over a large number (approximately 60) of nuclear medicine studies and through a study of what is known about radiation dosimetry in pregnancy and breast feeding. It was found that women's critical organ doses and effective doses (as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection 60 [ICRP 60] are about 25% higher than those for men across all these studies. Women's gonad doses, however, may be as much as 10 to 30 times higher than those in men, although 2- to 3-fold differences are common. Many radiopharmaceuticals are administered to women of childbearing age; however, little is known about how much activity crosses the placenta and about the biokinetics in the fetus should it occur. Nonetheless, dose estimates are provided at four stages of pregnancy (early, 3-month, 6-month, and 9-month gestation) for a large number of radiopharmaceuticals, whether or not quantitative estimates of placental crossover can be made. Many radiopharmaceuticals are also excreted in breast milk of nursing mothers. Breast feeding interruption schedules are suggested through analysis of the observed kinetics of these pharmaceuticals and an assumed dose limit of 1 mSv (effective dose equivalent) to the infant.
Safety of Imprime PGG, A Novel Innate Immune Modulator, in Adults with Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: M. Thomas, F. Schneller, P. Sadjadian, Z. Hao, P. Mattson, J. Lowe, R. Huhn, A. Braun, C. Taitt
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-naïve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy
Authors: Daniel J. Tenney, Ronald E. Rose, Carl J. Baldick, Kevin A. Pokornowski, Betsy J. Eggers, Jie Fang, Michael J. Wichroski, Dong Xu, Joanna Yang, Richard B. Wilber, Richard J. Colonno
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who develop antiviral resistance lose benefits of therapy and may be predisposed to further resistance. Entecavir (ETV) resistance (ETVr) results from HBV reverse transcriptase substitutions at positions T184, S202, or M250, which emerge in the presence of lamivudine (LVD) resistance substitutions M204I/V +/- L180M. Here, we summarize results from comprehensive resistance monitoring of patients with HBV who were continuously treated with ETV for up to 5 years. Monitoring included genotypic analysis of isolates from all patients at baseline and when HBV DNA was detectable by polymerase chain reaction (> or = 300 copies/mL) from Years 1 through 5. In addition, genotyping was performed on isolates from patients experiencing virologic breakthrough (> or = 1 log(10) rise in HBV DNA). In vitro phenotypic ETV susceptibility was determined for virologic breakthrough isolates, and for HBV containing novel substitutions emerging during treatment. The results over 5 years of therapy showed that in nucleoside-naïve patients, the cumulative probability of genotypic ETVr and genotypic ETVr associated with virologic breakthrough was 1.2% and 0.8%, respectively. In contrast, a reduced barrier to resistance was observed in LVD-refractory patients, as the LVD resistance substitutions, a partial requirement for ETVr, preexist, resulting in a 5-year cumulative probability of genotypic ETVr and genotypic ETVr associated with breakthrough of 51% and 43%, respectively. Importantly, only four patients who achieved < 300 copies/mL HBV DNA subsequently developed ETVr.Long-term monitoring showed low rates of resistance in nucleoside-naïve patients during 5 years of ETV therapy, corresponding with potent viral suppression and a high genetic barrier to resistance. These findings support ETV as a primary therapy that enables prolonged treatment with potent viral suppression and minimal resistance.
Needle-Knife Sphincterotomy Guided by a Biliary Endoprosthesis in Billroth II Gastrectomy Patients
Authors: H. R. van Buuren, J. Boender, G. A. J. J. Nix, M. van Blankenstein
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Background and Study Aims: All available techniques for performing endoscopic sphincterotomy in Billroth II gastrectomy patients have their limitations, and no standard technique has emerged. A new technique, needle-knife sphincterotomy guided by a thin (7 Fr) biliary endoprosthesis, is described here that overcomes some of the limitations of other techniques.