tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Theories in health care and research: Theories of race, ethnicity and culture
Authors: N. Pfeffer
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Series editor: Priscilla Alderson

This is the fourth in a series of six articles on the importance of theories and values in health research

Advice on which of the many possible definitions of race, ethnicity, and culture is most appropriate has been published in some medical journals.1Sensitivity to what these words may mean to an individual and, in a collective context, their explosive potential, has been encouraged partly by the latest phase in what has been called the “race policy environment.” Its history can be summarised briefly. The “race neutrality” of British public policy that emerged in the postwar period, which contributed to the entrenchment of inequality, was supplanted in the mid-1960s by assimiliationist policies informed by a belief that disadvantage in “racial” minorities might be eradicated if they adopted indigenous cultural behaviours such as the English diet. These policies were replaced in the 1980s by others promoting “racial harmony,” a blending of identities as a means of defusing racial tension. In the current phase, there is a recognition of the importance that people attach to having their distinctive identity acknowledged and respected, and moreover, recognition that the structure of British society and institutional racism both contribute to the disadvantages experienced by minorities.2

### Summary points

Race, ethnicity, and culture should not be perceived as problematic “facts” or “things”

The category “white” is too broad —and often meaningless

Research into the relevance of race, ethnicity, and culture should address everyone's health, not just that of the victims of inequality

Globalisation, displacement, and social movements are undermining the capacity of one nation to fix people's identity

The current phase of this race policy environment is stimulating research into whether, how, and when racism and race, ethnicity, or culture influence susceptibility to disease and access to or use of health services. Investigators, …
Clinical and functional features in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with and without haemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages on BALF
Authors: Carolina Vitale, Emanuela Carpentieri, Francesco Perna, Manuela Pitassi, Antonio Molino, Anna Stanziola, Matteo Sofia
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

We have previously reported increased frequency of haemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages in patients whit IPF in comparison to other infiltrative lung diseases.  We performed a retrospective analysis of 49 patients who received diagnosis of IPF. The diagnosis of IPF were in accord to the ATS/ERS guidelines. BAL was performed in all subjects.We evaluated the occurrence of haemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages in patients whit IPF.Perls Prussian blue stain was used to detect haemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages. ≥400 MΦ were examined for the number of cells that stained with Perls9 Prussian Blue stain, and a percentage score was estabilished by dividing the number of Prussian-blue-positive cells by the total number of cells counted. Perls positivity were defined as percentage of BALF MΦ > 50%. Patients were divided in 2 groups based on BALF Perls positivity: IPF BALF MΦ P+ 15/49 (30%) and IPF BALF MΦ P – 24/49 (70%).Variables compared between the 2 groups included cellular BALF data, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, and PAPs estimated by echocardiography.  DLCO% th and% oxygen desaturation during 6MWT were significantly reduced in IPF BALF MΦ P+ in comparison to IPF BALF MΦ P- (respectively 29±9 vs 41±14, p=0,03; and 18±5 vs 12±1, p= 0,02) while FVC%th (68±18 vs 71±19) and resting paO2 mmHg 64±17 vs 69±9) were not significantly different.   Conclusions:  Increased haemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages is associated to more severe impairment of lung diffusion and higher oxygen desaturation during exercise.
Atopiform dermatitis
Authors: J.D. Bos
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

It is proposed to introduce the term 'atopiform dermatitis' to describe patients who have dermatitis with many of the characteristics of true atopic dermatitis, but who are not atopic. Atopy should be defined as the genetically determined and environmentally influenced syndrome in which the primary immunological abnormality is the production of allergen-specific IgE. It is suggested that by making a distinction between atopiform dermatitis and true atopic dermatitis, subsequent genetic, immunological and therapeutic studies will be improved. Furthermore, atopiform dermatitis would be a more appropriate diagnosis for the atopic dermatitis-like skin diseases that may occur in syndromes such as phenylketonuria, Schwachman's syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Netherton's syndrome, Job's syndrome, selective IgA deficiency, agammaglobulinaemia and ataxia telangiectasia. In contrast to patients with true atopy, patients with atopiform dermatitis can logically be advised that allergen avoidance is not required, as they have no allergen-specific IgE.
Allergen structures and epitopes
Authors: K. H. Meno
Journal: Allergy (2011)

Human type 1 hypersensitivity diseases such as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis are characterized by allergen-specific IgE antibodies produced in allergic individuals after allergen exposure. IgE antibodies bound to receptors on the surface of effector cells trigger an allergic response by interacting with three-dimensional (conformational) epitopes on the allergen surface. Crystal structures are available for complexes of antibody specifically bound to five allergens, from birch pollen, bee venom, cockroach, cow's milk and timothy grass pollen. The details of the antibody-allergen interaction extending all the way to atomic resolution are available from such complexes. In vitro investigations using recombinant monoclonal antibodies and human basophils show that binding affinity is a key to triggering the allergic response. Continued molecular characterization of antibody-allergen interactions is paving the way for the use of recombinant allergens in allergen-specific diagnosis and immunotherapy.
Abstract 854: Homing of Fetal Stem Cells to Damaged Maternal Hearts: A Potential Mechanism for Cardiac Repair in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Rina J Kara, Iwao Matsunaga, Themy F Dumlao, Omar Tanweer, Neil S Shachter, Yoshifumi Naka, Hina W Chaudhry
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during all pregnancies. They may persist in maternal blood and tissues for decades, creating a state of physiologic microchimerism. We hypothesize that fetal stem cells may be associated with a maternal response to cardiac injury and, therefore, might potentially contribute to cardiac recovery noted in peripartum cardiomyopathy. In order to examine whether fetal stem cells cross the placenta and participate in cardiac repair in the maternal heart, we created a mouse model of cardiac injury during pregnancy. We crossed wild-type B6CBA female mice (age 3– 6 months) with male EGFP transgenic mice. The female mice then underwent ligation of the left-anterior descending (LAD) artery in order to induce an anterolateral myocardial infarction (MI) at gestation day 12. Approximately 50% of the embryos were EGFP-positive. 13 experimental females underwent infarction; 9 female pregnant controls did not undergo surgery. Post-partum females were sacrificed at 1 week post-MI (8 experimental, 4 control) or 2 weeks post-MI (5 experimental, 5 control). Genomic DNA was extracted from each total heart. Using primers designed to amplify EGFP and an internal control gene, ApoB, real time PCR was done in triplicate. The ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative quantity of EGFP in experimental hearts compared to controls. Unpaired t-test was used to evaluate the ΔCt values generated from the PCR reactions. Experimental hearts harvested at 1 week post-MI contained 4.1 times more EGFP than controls (p=0.0477). Experimental hearts harvested 2 weeks post-MI contained 3.9 times more EGFP than controls (p=0.0312). In a separate group of experimental and control mice, immunofluorescence analysis with confocal microscopy was utilized to detect EGFP-positive cells in ventricular tissue sections of maternal hearts. EGFP-positive cells were noted in infarct zones of experimental maternal hearts only at both 1 and 2 weeks post-MI. At 2 weeks post-MI, EGFP-positive cardiomyocytes were noted in the infarct zones of maternal hearts, implicating differentiation of fetal stem cells to maternal cardiomyocytes. These data implicate fetomaternal stem cell transfer as an important mechanism in the maternal response to myocardial injury.
A Voice in the Wilderness
Authors: J. Garland
Journal: BMJ (1962)

An invitation from the editor of the British Medical Journal to tell, in its pages, something of the history of the New England Journal of Medicine, on the occasion of its hundred and fiftieth anniversary, was a pleasant surprise.Coming at about the time of our American Thanksgiving, it was accepted in that spirit by one who, as a confirmed amateur, has been associated in one capacity or another with the New England Journal of Medicine for many years.An amateur standing, how- ever, has long been a sporting proposition among those of British descent, and the New England Journal may be considered as having a heritage of British standards and traditions.
Repair of a massive inguinal hernia
Authors: E Tay, E Gray, M W E Morgan
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1999)

secretion, the thirst centre and osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. The observed thrombocytopenia may have been related to the patient's chronic hypothermia; in hypothermic animals, platelets become sequestrated in the liver and possibly the spleen6. What of the cardiac arrhythmia? A well-documented consequence of hypothalamic injuries, it may have been the cause of this patient's sudden death. The excessive salivation may be relevant. This is an unusual feature of hypothalamic damage and has been reported in a patient with a third ventricle tumour7. In rats, lesions of the lateral hypothalamus are followed by excessive salivation8. Since salivation is a parasympathetic response, it may reflect high vagal tone, a cause of bradycardia. Excessive salivation and bradycardia in a patient with hypothalamic damage may therefore warrant early insertion of a pacemaker. In this case it is possible that hypothermia contributed to the cardiac arrhythmia. REFERENCES
Egfr Mutation and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Completely Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma – a Multiple Centers, Non-Interventional Study (Ican Trial)
Authors: Y. Wu, X. Chu, J. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Shen, H. Ma, X. Fu, J. Hu, N. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Zhou, J. Wang, K. Yang, J. Li, L. Xu, S. Wang, Q. Wang, L. Liu, S. Xu, X. Zhang
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in relapsed and resistant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: evidence for a schedule-dependent effect favoring infusional administration of chemotherapy.
Authors: J A Sparano, P H Wiernik, A Leaf, J P Dutcher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1993)

PURPOSE This study attempted to determine the efficacy of cyclophosphamide (C), doxorubicin (D), and etoposide (E) administered as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion (infusional CDE) over 4 days in patients with relapsed or resistant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (rNHL) and in patients with previously untreated (uNHL) who had poor prognostic features. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-eight patients with rNHL and 10 patients with uNHL received infusional CDE every 28 or more days; all but one had intermediate- to high-grade histology. The cumulative doses of C, D, and E administered per treatment cycle were 750 mg/m2, 50 mg/m2, and 240 mg/m2, respectively. In the rNHL group, all patients had previously received C, most (81%) had received D, and a minority (16%) had received E. RESULTS Objective response occurred in 30 patients with rNHL (52%; 95% confidence interval, 39% to 65%); 10 patients had a complete response (CR) (17%; 95% confidence interval, 7% to 27%). Eleven patients (19%) remain progression-free (median follow-up, 22 months; range, 10+ to 38+), and six patients (10%) are disease-free (median follow-up, 25 months; range, 10+ to 38+). Among 10 patients with uNHL, eight (80%) had a CR, and none have relapsed (median follow-up, 11 months; range, 9+ to 24+). Toxicity was primarily hematologic. Two treatment-related deaths (3%) occurred, both attributable to infection in the relapsed or resistant group. CONCLUSION Infusional CDE produced a CR in substantial proportion of patients who had previously been exposed to at least two of the agents administered as an IV bolus, suggesting a schedule-dependent effect in favor of the infusional administration of certain cytotoxic agents in patients with lymphoid neoplasms. In addition, infusional CDE was effective and tolerable in patients with poor-prognosis NHL when used as initial therapy, and merits further study in that setting.
Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg Cells Induce Fibroblasts to Secrete Eotaxin, a Potent Chemoattractant for T Cells and Eosinophils
Authors: Franziska Jundt, Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, Kurt Bommert, Florian Emmerich, Gerd Müller, Hans-Dieter Foss, Hans-Dieter Royer, Harald Stein, Bernd Dörken
Journal: Blood (1999)
Exercise training improves exercise capacity and quality of life in people with dust-related pleural and interstitial respiratory diseases: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Marita Dale, Zoe McKeough, Phillip Munoz, Peter Corte, Peter Bye, Jennifer Alison
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The use of exercise training as a treatment option for people with dust-related pleural and interstitial respiratory diseases has not been evaluated. A randomised controlled trial was conducted to determine whether exercise training improved exercise capacity and quality of life in people with dust-related respiratory diseases compared to usual care. The inclusion criterion was a medical diagnosis of a dust-related respiratory disease including asbestosis, silicosis and asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening. Participants were randomised to exercise training (eight weeks, three times per week) or usual care (control). Exercise capacity (six-minute walk test and endurance cycle test) and quality of life (St George9s Respiratory Questionnaire) were measured at baseline and at eight weeks by a blinded assessor. Thirty-six of 37 participants completed the study (mean (SD) age 71 (7) years, FVC 86 (20)% predicted, D L CO 56 (14)% predicted). Compared to usual care, exercise training significantly increased six-minute walk distance (mean difference 50 metres, 95% CI 29 to 71), endurance cycle time (mean difference 225 seconds, 95% CI 92 to 359) and significantly improved the St George9s Respiratory Questionnaire Total score (mean difference -7, 95% CI -12 to -1). Improvements in exercise capacity and quality of life reached the minimum clinically important difference established for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exercise training is an effective treatment option for improving exercise capacity and quality of life in people with dust-related pleural and interstitial respiratory diseases.
Nuclear pore complex remodeling by p75NTR cleavage controls TGF-β signaling and astrocyte functions
Authors: Christian Schachtrup, Jae Kyu Ryu, Könül Mammadzada, Abdullah S Khan, Peter M Carlton, Alex Perez, Frank Christian, Natacha Le Moan, Eirini Vagena, Bernat Baeza-Raja, Victoria Rafalski, Justin P Chan, Roland Nitschke, Miles D Houslay, Mark H Ellisman, Tony Wyss-Coray, Jorge J Palop, Katerina Akassoglou
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2015)
Peg-filgrastim (Peg-F) on day 4 of (R-)CHOP-14 chemotherapy compared to day 2 in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): Results of a randomized trial of the German high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma study group (DSHNHL)
Authors: F. Hartmann, S. Zeynalova, C. Nickenig, M. Reiser, E. Lengfelder, H. Duerk, M. de Witt, J. Schubert, M. Loeffler, M. G. Pfreundschuh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

19511 Background: Application of peg-f is recommended on day 2 of chemotherapy, but later application has not been studied. Objective: To compare the effects of peg-f given on day 4 instead of day 2 on the endpoints feasibility, leukocyte counts, rate of infections and therapy-associated deaths after CHOP-14 with and without rituximab (R). Methods: Intention-to-treat-analysis of 109 elderly patients (median 69 years) with DLBCL receiving CHOP-14 or R-CHOP-14 randomized to peg-f on day 2 or day 4 (D4). Results: Of 103 evaluable pats., 51 received peg-f on day 2 (D2) and 52 on day 4 (D4). D2 and D4 populations were well balanced for known risk factors, and there was no difference between pats. receiving CHOP-14 and R-CHOP-14 with respect to the above mentioned endpoints. Both D2 and D4 allowed for an excellent adherence to (R)-CHOP-14 protocol, with a median relative dose of myelosuppressive drugs of 98% (D2) and 99% (D4), respectively. Leukocytopenia &lt;2,000/mm 3 lasted for 3 (day 8 to 10) after D2 and 1 day (day 9) after D4. Grade 4 leukocytopenia (&lt;1,000/mm 3 ) occurred in 47% of all cycles after D2 and in 20.5% after D4 (p&lt;0.001). Grade 3 and 4 infections occurred in 9.4% of D2 and 6.0% of D4 cycles (p=0.118). There were 4 therapy-associated deaths (all infection-associated) in the D2 and 1 (none infection-associated) in the D4 group (p=0.205 for all and p=0.057 for infection-associated deaths). Conclusions: Peg-f allows for excellent adherence of elderly patients to (R)-CHOP-14. Peg-f should be given on day 4 instead of day 2, because D4 results in less leukocytopenia, less infections and less therapy-associated deaths. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Tuberculosis in health-care workers: 5-year, multi-institutional analysis of the northern region of Portugal
Authors: Ricardo Reis, Ana Maria Correia, Marta Gomes, Raquel Duarte
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction:  Health care workers (HCWs) in high income countries (HIC) have little or no occupational risk for tuberculosis (TB). Portugal is a HIC that had a high TB incidence 15 years ago and little is known about the impact of TB in its HCWs.   Aim:  Study the incidence and occupational risk of TB in HCWs in the northern region of Portugal. Evaluate potential risk factors and compare HCWs characteristics with the regional population.   Methods:  We reviewed all TB cases among HCWs from Jan/06 to Dec/10 in the region. TB incidence was calculated and compared with the regional rate to obtain occupational odds ratio. Correlation between incidence and both admittances and district incidence was analyzed. TB and individual characteristics were compared with a chi-square test.   Results:  Ninety TB cases were notified from a total of 42713 HCWs, with an annual average incidence of 42,1/100000 and an occupational odds ratio of 1,27 (95%CI: 1.03-1.56). Five (27%) of the hospitals had rates above the annual average, from 111 to 45. 81% of cases worked in hospitals but incidence in primary HCWs was similar. TB incidence in hospital HCWs was correlated with TB admissions (p=0,026) but not with district TB incidence.  Cases had a median age of 30 years and 23% were male. 40% were nurses and 31% doctors. One had a risk factor. Median time to diagnosis was 45 days. No differences regarding origin, retreatment, location or resistance were found with the regional population.   Conclusions:  Our study showed that HCWs in the north of Portugal have a significant occupational risk for TB that seems related with TB admission rates. Most cases were in young female nurses with no individual risk factors.
Radiation therapy in the treatment of meningioma: the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy experience 1970 to 1982.
Authors: A R Forbes, I D Goldberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1984)

The standard treatment for meningioma is complete resection. However, complete resection is often not possible because of tumor location and extent. To evaluate the usefulness of radiation therapy in patients with unresected or residual tumor, we reviewed the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy experience from 1970 to 1982 (n = 31). Histologic diagnosis was available in 27 patients. The patients were treated with megavoltage radiation to a mean dose of 5,280 rad (3,780 to 6,050 rad) in 180- to 200-rad daily fractions using multiple static or rotational fields. The median follow-up period was 45 months, with a range of four to 156 months. The overall four-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was 72%. All relapses occurred within the first 37 months; the mean time to relapse was 31 months. The four-year RFS was the same whether patients were treated at initial presentation or after recurrence (74% v 67%, respectively). There was no difference in RFS for patients treated after partial resection or those patients with no resection (76% v 64%). No patients with malignant meningioma were relapse free three years after radiation therapy. Complications included decreased auditory acuity in three patients and retinopathy in one patient. These data suggest that moderate dose radiation therapy can offer long-term symptom-free survival with few complications in patients having unresected or partially resected benign meningioma.
Recruiting interferon producers
Authors: Nicole Johnston
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

Fungus-fighting vaccineOn page 597, Torosantucci and colleagues describe a novel vaccine with the potential to confer protection against multiple fungal pathogens.In mice, the vaccine induced protective immunity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus , both common fungal pathogens that prey on immunocompromised individuals.Vaccination generates anti-␤-glucan antibodies that inhibit Candida hyphae.
Influence of wildfire's smoke during heatwaves on the mortality and morbidity due to respiratory diseases in abnormally hot summer of 2010 year in Russia
Authors: Andrey Gusakov, Olga Vasilyeva
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Atmospheric air pollutants from natural disasters such as enviramenal smoke from wildfires can cause pathologic response of airways. One of such natural phenomena was abnormally hot summer with extensive fires in Russia in 2010 year.  This study  aims  to investigate combined influence of high temperatures and air pollution on respiratory health and mortality from respirotory diseases in central regions of Russian Federation during summer 2010 year.   Methods:  Time series analyses of morbidity and mortality during 2008-2010 years in central regions of Russia. Case-crossover study of influence of pollution levels and air temperature on respiratory health in 2010 year compare with 2008 and 2009 years. Panel study: examenation of 30 patients with asthma and lung function tests with peak expiratory flow measurements during the dusty days in comparison with another period.   Results:  Were recorded significant growth in respiratory morbidity and mortality during extreme smoke and abnormal heat. Number of emergency calls due to brochopulmonary diseases was twice higher than in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The most frequent cause of seeking the emergency aid were bronchial asthma, acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.   Conclusion:  Our data suggest that there were a short-term associations between daily air pollution data and frequencies of events (death, hospital admission, emergency aid etc.) in the most hot days of summer 2010 year.