tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.
Authors: N Kerlero de Rosbo, R Milo, M B Lees, D Burger, C C Bernard, A Ben-Nun
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Although T cell responses to the quantitatively major myelin proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP), are likely to be of importance in the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), cell-mediated autoimmune responses to other myelin antigens, in particular quantitatively minor myelin antigens, such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and the central nervous system-specific myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), could also play a prevalent role in disease initiation or progression. Highly purified myelin antigens were used in this study to assess cell-mediated immune response to MOG in MS patients, in the context of the reactivity to other myelin antigens, MBP, PLP, and MAG. The greatest incidence of proliferative response by MS peripheral blood lymphocytes was to MOG, as 12 of 24 patients tested reacted and, of these, 8 reacted to MOG exclusively. In contrast, only 1 control individual of 16 tested reacted positively to MOG. The incidence of responses to MBP, PLP, and MAG did not differ greatly between MS patients and control individuals. A predominant T cell reactivity to MOG in MS suggests an important role for cell-mediated immune response to this antigen in the pathogenesis of MS.
Functional Identification of the Plasmodium Centromere and Generation of a Plasmodium Artificial Chromosome
Authors: Shiroh Iwanaga, Shahid M. Khan, Izumi Kaneko, Zoe Christodoulou, Chris Newbold, Masao Yuda, Chris J. Janse, Andrew P. Waters
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2010)

The artificial chromosome represents a useful tool for gene transfer, both as cloning vectors and in chromosome biology research. To generate a Plasmodium artificial chromosome (PAC), we had to first functionally identify and characterize the parasite's centromere. A putative centromere (pbcen5) was cloned from chromosome 5 of the rodent parasite P. berghei based on a Plasmodium gene-synteny map. Plasmids containing pbcen5 were stably maintained in parasites during a blood-stage infection with high segregation efficiency, without drug pressure. pbcen5-containing plasmids were also stably maintained during parasite meiosis and mitosis in the mosquito. A linear PAC (L-PAC) was generated by integrating pbcen5 and telomere into a plasmid. The L-PAC segregated with a high efficiency and was stably maintained throughout the parasite's life cycle, as either one or two copies. These results suggest that L-PAC behaves like a Plasmodium chromosome, which can be exploited as an experimental research tool.
Decreased material-activation of the complement system using low-energy plasma polymerized poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) coatings
Authors: Thomas E. Andersen, Yaseelan Palarasah, Mikkel-Ole Skjødt, Ryosuke Ogaki, Maike Benter, Mojagan Alei, Hans J. Kolmos, Claus Koch, Peter Kingshott
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Y-chromosomal DNA markers for discrimination of chemical substance and effluent effects on sexual differentiation in salmon.
Authors: Luis O B Afonso, Jack L Smith, Michael G Ikonomou, Robert H Devlin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Chinook salmon alevins were exposed during their labile period for sex differentiation to different concentrations of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME), primary sewage effluent, secondary sewage effluent (SE), 17ss-estradiol, testosterone, and nonylphenol. After exposure for 29 days post hatching (DPH), fish were allowed to grow until 103 and 179 DPH, at which time their genetic sex was determined using Y-chromosomal DNA markers and their gonadal sex was determined by histology. Independent of treatment, all fish identified as genetic females (XX) in these experiments possessed normal female gonads. Only the highest dose of some treatments affected the development of gonads in genetic XY males. At 103 DPH, some genetic males treated with 1 micro g estradiol/L, BKME 100%,and SE 30% developed as physiological females, presenting ovaries identical to genetic females in the control group. The physiological female condition in XY fish was also observed in these treatments groups at 179 DPH, which suggests that the effect is permanent, whereas in other groups the effect changed between sampling periods. Identification of the genetic sex of individual animals using sex-linked DNA markers provides a useful tool for investigating environmental factors influencing sex determination and differentiation.
Neurosurgeons of the Past
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Neurosurgery did not emerge, Athena-like, from the head of its parent Surgery, complete with armamentarium. It arose rather by a stepwise and lengthy period of development dealing primarily with injuries to the skull during warfare and in other settings and was the province of the all-around physiciansurgeon of ancient Greece and Rome. The great step from involvement with the skull to operations on its contents is described by Louis Bakay, professor and head of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Buffalo branch of the State University of New York. The son of the founder of neurosurgery in Hungary, Bakay was trained in surgery before leaving Hungary at the time of World War II to take neurosurgical training in Swedish and Bostonian medical centers. He has written other books, including one on the early history of craniotomy and another on the treatment of head wounds in the Thirty Years' War. Unlike
An Approach to the Prevention of Blindness in Diabetes
Authors: William H Herman, Steven M Teutsch, Stephen J Sepe, Pomeroy Sinnock, Ronald Klein
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

Diabetic eye disease is the leading cause of new cases of legal blindness in American adults under the age of 65 yr. Diabetic persons are at risk for visual loss due to diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. Better understanding of the natural histories of these complications and recent advances in treatment have provided a rationale for developing an approach to prevent visual loss. This approach requires that diabetic patients who are at high risk for visual loss, and not under the care of ophthalmologists, be systematically screened, referred, and treated.
Immunological aspects of psoriasis.
Authors: J.J. GUILHOU, J. MEYNADIER, J. CLOT, E. CHARMASSON, M. DARDENNE, J. BROCHIER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

We have investigated lymphocyte subpopulations (six different markers) and T cell functions (mitogen responses and serum thymic factor determination) in twenty patients with psoriasis compared with thirty-five healthy subjects. Normal results were found for B cell markers, but significantly lower numbers of T cells were assessed by E-rosettes and anti HTLA serum. Mitogen responses were significantly higher in psoriasis than in normal subjects of the same age. These findings could be in favour of a T cell subpopulation defect involved in an auto-immune pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Use of the Automatic External Defibrillator in the Management of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: W. Douglas Weaver, Deborah Hill, Carol E. Fahrenbruch, Michael K. Copass, Jenny S. Martin, Leonard A. Cobb, Alfred P. Hallstrom
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

The automatic external defibrillator is a simple device that can be used by nonprofessional rescuers to treat cardiac arrest. In 1287 consecutive patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, we assessed the results of initial treatment with this device by firefighters who arrived first at the scene, as compared with the results of standard defibrillation administered by paramedics who arrived slightly after the firefighters. Of 276 patients who were initially treated by firefighters using the automatic defibrillator, 84 (30 percent) survived to hospital discharge (expected rate according to a logistic model, 17 percent; P<0.001), as compared with 44 (19 percent) of 228 patients when firefighters delivered only basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the first defibrillation was performed after the arrival of the paramedic team. Few patients with conditions other than ventricular fibrillation survived. In a multivariate analysis of characteristics that influenced survival after ventricular fibrillation, a better survival rate was related to a witnessed collapse (odds ratio, 3.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 7.6), younger age (odds ratio, 1.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.4), the presence of "coarse" (higher-amplitude) fibrillation (odds ratio, 4.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 11.0), a shorter response time for paramedics (odds ratio, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.1), and initial treatment by firefighters using an automatic external defibrillator (odds ratio, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.9). These findings support the widespread use of the automatic external defibrillator as an important part of the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, although the overall impact of the use of this device on community survival rates is still uncertain. (N Engl J Med 1988; 319:661–6.)
Setting up and running a stress management service for doctors
Authors: K. Appleby
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Doctors are exposed to stress. This reality is well documented,1,2 as are the high levels of some of the less adaptive coping strategies-for example, alcohol misuse.3 A survey of preregistration house officers in west Midlands found that two thirds of respondents thought an independent stress counselling service was needed and that crisis support and training should be included in this.4 The results helped bring Contact into being.

Many accounts exist of how difficult it can be for doctors to request and obtain appropriate help.5 Having a choice between services helps protect professional boundaries.

Most of the people we have seen were moderately to very distressed-their average scores on the General Health Questionaire were 21. For these doctors we were a last resort-often they had not been able to think of other sources of help. Some had lived with their problem for years.

Our service was set up in 1995, initially just for doctors in training, and extended in 1996 to cover all grades of doctors and dentists. Doctors can bring either personal or work related problems, provided that there is a clear focus to work with, and we have seen doctors with their partners if relevant.

Contact is staffed by two clinical psychologists and two counsellors working on a sessional basis with administrative support. The service is confidential, independent, free to the user, and accessed on a self referral basis. Often contact starts over the telephone, but usually a face to face appointment is booked. Clients attend an average of 4.9 sessions with a non-attendence rate of less than 2%. Around 83% of clients attend within 3 days of their first call.

Around 52 of the 2600 junior doctors in the region made use of the service in the past 12 months, which represents about a …
Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Marfan's Syndrome
Authors: J. W. S. Irwin, D. M. Hancock, J. R. Sharp
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Healthcare systems around the world are struggling to maintain a sufficient workforce to provide adequate care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Staffing problems have been exacerbated by healthcare workers (HCWs) refusing to work out of concern for their families. I sketch a deontological framework for assessing when it is morally permissible for HCWs to abstain from work to protect their families from infection and when it is a dereliction of duty to patients. I argue that it is morally permissible for HCWs to abstain from work when their duty to treat is outweighed by the combined risks and burdens of that work. For HCWs who live with their families, the obligation to protect one’s family from infection contributes significantly to those burdens. There are, however, a range of complicating factors including the strength of duty to treat which varies according to the HCW’s role, the vulnerability of family members to the disease, the willingness of family members to risk infection and the resources available to the HCW to protect their family. In many cases, HCWs in ‘frontline’ roles with a weak duty to treat and families at home will be morally permitted to abstain from work given the risks posed by COVID-19; therefore, society should provide additional incentives to maintain sufficient staff in these roles.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS TO CHLORAMPHENICOL (CHLOROMYCETIN) 12
Authors: I. W. McLean, J. L. Schwab, A. B. Hillegas, A. S. Schlingman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1949)

The antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by Streptomyces venezuelae, was originally reported by Ehrlich et al. (1, 2) and independently de- scribed by Carter, Gottlieb et al. (3, 4).Since these original reports the active principle has been chemically isolated and characterized (5, 6), syn- thesized ( 7) and is at present commercially avail- able for clinical use.Originally (1) activity was described against several Gram-negative bacteria, in particular Shigella sonnei, and against Rickettsia prowazekii in chick embryos.Smadel et at.(8-11) have notably extended this spectrum to include other rickettsial agents as well as two viruses, lymphogranuloma venereum and psittacosis.Smith et al. ( 12) reported that chloramphenicol was active, un- der the conditions tested, against Gram-negative bacteria, R. prowazekii and Borellia recurrentis; moderately active against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; and inactive in the concentrations used against yeasts, filamentous fungi, protozoa and certain viruses.Youmans et al. ( 13) tested strains of virulent human-type M. tuberculosis in vitro and concluded that chloram- phenicol was only moderately active when com- pared with streptomycin or para-amino salicylic acid.Clinically, confirmation of laboratory activity has been obtained for certain of the rickettsial dis- eases (14-18), typhoid fever (19), brucellosis (20) and in urinary infections caused by certain Gram-negative bacteria (21).With the drug now available in quantity for clinical trial, it seems op- portune at this time to collect the known informa-
A monoclonal antibody to human platelet glycoprotein IIIa detects a related protein in cultured human endothelial cells.
Authors: P Thiagarajan, S S Shapiro, E Levine, L DeMarco, A Yalcin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

We have previously described a series of monoclonal antibodies against platelet membrane glycoproteins. Two of the antibodies, B59.2 and B2.12, recognize the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. These two antibodies react specifically with glycoprotein (GP) IIIa, as shown by immunoblotting of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of solubilized platelet membranes. Monoclonal B2.12, but not B59.2, binds to cultured human endothelial cells obtained from umbilical vein, internal iliac artery, and inferior vena cava. At saturation approximately 100,000 binding sites were detected per human umbilical vein endothelial cell. When solubilized radioiodinated cells were chromatographed on a column of agarose-bound B2.12, a single radiolabeled protein was obtained whose apparent molecular weight is slightly larger than that of platelet GP IIIa. This protein incorporated [35S]methionine when endothelial cells were labeled metabolically. These results demonstrate that human endothelial cell membranes synthesize a protein immunologically related to platelet GP IIIa.
Sarcoidosis: TNF- α Release from Alveolar Macrophages and Serum Level of sIL-2R Are Prognostic Markers
Authors: MANFRED W. ZIEGENHAGEN, UDO K. BENNER, GERNOT ZISSEL, PETER ZABEL, MAX SCHLAAK, JOACHIM MÜLLER-QUERNHEIM
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

At the time of diagnosis, many sarcoidosis patients have no clinical indication for corticosteroid therapy, and prognostic parameters predicting deterioration are missing. In the present study, we investigated parameters derived from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum in 77 patients with recently diagnosed sarcoidosis to test their predictive value. Patients were divided into a group with (Group A, n = 37) and a group without (Group B, n = 40) indications for therapy, and the course of the disease was evaluated after 5.7 ± 0.4 mo. The CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio and percentage of BAL lymphocytes were of no predictive value. Release of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) from cultured alveolar macrophages (AM) was significantly increased in both groups (Group A = 1,872 ± 428 pg/ml; Group B = 1,561 ± 449 pg/ml) as compared with controls (220 ± 37 pg/ml). In Group B, however, patients with a high level of TNF- α release had a significantly greater risk of disease progression than did those with normal TNF- α release (43.8% versus 8.3%, respectively). From the serologic parameters investigated, consisting of neopterin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), only the last was of significant predictive value; 42.1% of sarcoidosis patients in Group B with a high level of sIL-2R experienced disease progression, whereas none of those with a normal level did. We conclude that TNF- α release and sIL-2R are suitable parameters for predicting disease progression in sarcoid patients who have no indication for therapy at the time of disease diagnosis.
Acid regulates inflammatory response in a rat model of induction of gastric ulcer recurrence by interleukin 1β
Authors: T Watanabe, K Higuchi, K Tominaga, Y Fujiwara, T Arakawa
Journal: Gut (2001)

BACKGROUND In a previous study we showed that interleukin 1β (IL-1β) caused recurrence of gastric ulcers in rats, and that adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and leucocytic β2 integrins) play a role in this recurrence. Although gastric acid plays an important role in many types of gastric injuries, including peptic ulcer recurrence, the mechanism(s) remains unclear. AIMS To examine the involvement of gastric acid in induction of ulcer recurrence by IL-1β, and to investigate the role of gastric acid in inflammatory responses during ulcer recurrence. METHODS Rats with healed ulcers were used. Rats were given 1 μg/kg IL-1β intraperitoneally. Another group of rats was given 20 mg/kg omeprazole for three days to inhibit acid secretion, and received IL-1β 20 hours after the first administration of omeprazole. They were then given 0.15 N HCl or vehicle at 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after IL-1β treatment. Some rats were given acid alone at the same time points. Expression of adhesion molecules was examined immunohistochemically and concentrations of IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA in scar tissue 24 hours after IL-1β treatment. RESULTS IL-1β increased expression of adhesion molecules and concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in scar tissue by 24 hours after IL-1β treatment, and nine of 11 healed ulcers had recurred by 48 hours. Omeprazole inhibited the effects of IL-1β. HCl acid abolished the inhibitory effects of omeprazole. Acid alone affected neither expression of adhesion molecules nor cytokine concentrations, and did not cause recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Gastric acid is required for recurrence of gastric ulcers caused by IL-1β, and gastric acid stimulates the inflammatory process in scarred mucosa during ulcer recurrence.
A Cure for Whooping Cough.
Authors: R. A. Lancaster
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Gainesville, Fla., July 16, 1896. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In Keating's Cyclopedia of the Diseases of Children, the assertion is made that one-fourth of the infant mortality of London is caused from whooping cough, and from a study of the vital statistics as published in Public Health Reports issued by Supervising Surgeon-General Marine Hospital-Service I believe that the same ratio will hold good in many other cities. Having for a number of years used, with such happy results in this affection, a combination of old and approved remedies, I feel it to be my duty to publish the formula, feeling assured that almost any case can be cured in a week if the remedy be properly used. Where the doctor can not supervise the administration of the medicine and thinks it not advisable to push the drugs to their physiologic effects the length of time necessary for a cure may be
Ozone, Oxidant Defense Genes, and Risk of Asthma during Adolescence
Authors: Talat Islam, Rob McConnell, W. James Gauderman, Ed Avol, John M. Peters, Frank D. Gilliland
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Although oxidative stress is a cardinal feature of asthma, the roles of oxidant air pollutants and antioxidant genes heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), catalase (CAT), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MNSOD) in asthma pathogenesis have yet to be determined.We hypothesized that the functional polymorphisms of HMOX-1 ([GT](n) repeat), CAT (-262C>T -844C>T), and MNSOD (Ala-9Val) are associated with new-onset asthma, and the effects of these variants vary by exposure to ozone, a potent oxidant air pollutant.We assessed this hypothesis in a population-based cohort of non-Hispanic (n = 1,125) and Hispanic white (n = 586) children who resided in 12 California communities and who were followed annually for 8 years to ascertain new-onset asthma.Air pollutants were continuously measured in each of the study communities during the 8 years of study follow-up. HMOX-1 "short" alleles (<23 repeats) were associated with a reduced risk for new-onset asthma among non-Hispanic whites (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.99). This protective effect was largest in children residing in low-ozone communities (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25-0.91) (interaction P value = 0.003). Little evidence for an association with HMOX-1 was observed among Hispanic children. In contrast, Hispanic children with a variant of the CAT-262 "T" allele (CT or TT) had an increased risk for asthma (HR, 1.78; P value = 0.01). The effects of these polymorphisms were not modified by personal smoking or secondhand-smoke exposure.Functional promoter variants in CAT and HMOX-1 showed ethnicity-specific associations with new-onset asthma. Oxidant gene protection was restricted to children living in low-ozone communities.
Capillary permeability of 99mTc-DTPA in canine myocardium determined by intracoronary bolus injection and residue detection
Authors: J. H SVENDSEN, F. EFSEN, S. HAUNSO
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

Journal Article Capillary permeability of 99mTc-DTPA in canine myocardium determined by intracoronary bolus injection and residue detection Get access JESPER H SVENDSEN, JESPER H SVENDSEN **From the Department of Medicine B, Cardiovascular Section, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, School of Medicine, Denmark Address for correspondence and reprints: Jesper Hastrup Svendsen MD, Department of Medicine B, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar FRITZ EFSEN, FRITZ EFSEN †From the Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Section, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, School of Medicine, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar STIG HAUNSØ STIG HAUNSØ **From the Department of Medicine B, Cardiovascular Section, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, School of Medicine, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 23, Issue 6, June 1989, Pages 512–519, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/23.6.512 Published: 01 June 1989 Article history Accepted: 13 December 1988 Published: 01 June 1989