tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Objectivity and ethics in environmental health science.
Authors: Steve Wing
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

During the past several decades, philosophers of science and scientists themselves have become increasingly aware of the complex ways in which scientific knowledge is shaped by its social context. This awareness has called into question traditional notions of objectivity. Working scientists need an understanding of their own practice that avoids the naïve myth that science can become objective by avoiding social influences as well as the reductionist view that its content is determined simply by economic interests. A nuanced perspective on this process can improve research ethics and increase the capacity of science to contribute to equitable public policy, especially in areas such as environmental and occupational health, which have direct implications for profits, regulation, legal responsibility, and social justice. I discuss research into health effects of the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA, as an example of how scientific explanations are shaped by social concepts, norms, and preconceptions. I describe how a scientific practice that developed under the influence of medical and nuclear physics interacted with observations made by exposed community members to affect research questions, the interpretation of evidence, inferences about biological mechanisms in disease causation, and the use of evidence in litigation. By considering the history and philosophy of their disciplines, practicing researchers can increase the rigor, objectivity, and social responsibility of environmental health science.
Tuberculosis: A Call for Papers
Authors: Catherine D. DeAngelis
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Increased Concentrations of Iron and Isoferritins in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Patients with Stable Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: STEVE W. STITES, MARK W. PLAUTZ, KIRSTIN BAILEY, AMY R. O'BRIEN-LADNER, LEWIS J. WESSELIUS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Reactive oxygen species may contribute to airway injury in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and iron catalyzes oxidant injury by promoting generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. Iron in the lower respiratory tract may be free, ferritin bound (from which iron can be reductively mobilized), or transferrin bound (which generally prevents iron mobilization). Ferritin is composed of subunits that are heavy (H) or light (L), and H-rich ferritins have additional biologic effects including inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and cell growth. To assess concentrations of iron and iron-binding proteins in the lower respiratory tract of patients with CF, we measured iron (ferrozine), L-ferritin, H-ferritin, and transferrin (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid recovered from stable patients with CF (n = 8), healthy nonsmokers (NS; n = 8), or heavy cigarette smokers (HS; n = 8). Iron was detected in BAL fluid from patients with CF and HS, but not NS, with higher iron concentrations in patients with CF (42.0 +/- 11.6 microgram/dl) than in HS (9.9 +/- 2.6 microgram/dl, p < 0.05). Ferritin was present in all BAL fluids, with higher total ferritin (L + H) in patients with CF (647 +/- 84 ng/ml) than in HS (181 +/- 25 ng/ml, p < 0.005) or NS (9 +/- 3 ng/ml, p < 0.0005). Ferritin recovered from HS and NS lungs was < 2% H type, whereas ferritin in CF lungs was > 40% H-type ferritin. Transferrin concentrations in BAL fluid were not different in any group. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was present only in BAL samples from patients with CF. To assess whether TNF-alpha contributed to H-ferritin accumulation in CF lungs, we treated lung epithelial cells (A549) with iron alone (FeSO(4), 10-40 microM) or with iron and TNF-alpha (5-20 ng/ml). Iron-treated A549 cells synthesized almost entirely L-ferritin whereas exposure to TNF-alpha with iron caused a dose-dependent increase in accumulation of H-type ferritin. These findings suggest that oxidant injury could be promoted in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis by iron mobilized from extracellular ferritin and, in addition, that TNF-alpha-promoted accumulation of H-type ferritin may impair local immune function and cell growth.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α and Antiangiogenic Activity of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor SCH66336 in Human Aerodigestive Tract Cancer
Authors: Ji-Youn Han, Seung Hyun Oh, Floriana Morgillo, Jeffrey N. Myers, Edward Kim, Waun Ki Hong, Ho-Young Lee
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: The farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336, in combination with other receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, inhibits the growth of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We examined whether SCH66336 inhibits angiogenesis of aerodigestive tract cancer cells. Methods: Antiangiogenic activities of SCH66336 against NSCLC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and endothelial cells were examined with cell proliferation, capillary tube formation, and chick aorta (under hypoxic, normoxic, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF)–stimulated, and unstimulated conditions); reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; and western blot analyses. The specific roles of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome machinery, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt pathways, and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in the SCH66336-mediated degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were assessed with ubiquitin inhibitors and adenoviral vectors that express constitutively active MAP kinase kinase (MEK)1, constitutively active Akt, or Hsp90. Results: SCH66336 showed antiangiogenic activities and decreased the expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and HIF-1α in hypoxic, IGF-stimulated, and unstimulated aerodigestive tract cancer and endothelial cells. SCH66336 reduced the half-life of the HIF-1α protein, and ubiquitin inhibitors protected the hypoxia- or IGF-stimulated HIF-1α protein from SCH66336-mediated degradation. SCH66336 inhibited the interaction between HIF-1α and Hsp90. The overexpression of Hsp90, but not constitutive Akt or constitutive MEK, restored HIF-1α expression in IGF-stimulated or hypoxic cells but not in unstimulated cells. Conclusions: SCH66336 appears to inhibit angiogenic activities of NSCLC and HNSCC cells by decreasing hypoxia- or IGF-stimulated HIF-1α expression and to inhibit VEGF production by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1α and Hsp90, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α.
HAVE WE IN NATURE A BASIS FOR A SCIENCE AND ART IN MEDICINE.
Authors: H. J. HERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Inasmuch as medicine has to do with natural forces, and as natural forces are uniform and according to law, the inquiry has often come to mind, have we a basis for a science in medicine? Other sciences, as physics, chemistry, astronomy, navigation, etc., have come to their present position through long years of struggle and search. Now they present themselves before the tribunal of public opinion, and find universal acceptance. No one would question the validity of the principles on which they rest; no schisms exist among their followers. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the conditions with which the physician deals have such uniformity of phenomena and facts that the subject may be properly termed a science, and that such conclusions may be reached, and practical results attained, as to be unquestioned by any intelligent inquirer, and that when those principles are applied to practical
Rates of U.S. Physicians Counseling Adolescents About Smoking
Authors: A. N. Thorndike, T. G. Ferris, R. S. Stafford, N. A. Rigotti
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

BACKGROUND: The health care system provides an important opportunity for addressing tobacco use among youths, but there is little information about how frequently physicians discuss smoking with their adolescent patients. We analyzed data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys to assess the prevalence and the predictors of physicians' identification of smoking status and counseling about smoking at office visits by adolescents. METHODS: From 1991 through 1996, 5087 physicians recorded data on 16 648 visits by adolescents aged 11-21 years. We determined the proportion of office visits at which physicians identified an adolescent's smoking status and counseled about smoking and then identified predictors of these outcomes with logistic regression. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: In 1991, physicians identified an adolescent's smoking status at 72.4% of visits but provided smoking counseling at only 1.6% of all adolescent visits and 16.9% of visits by adolescents identified as smokers. These proportions did not increase from 1991 through 1996. Compared with specialists, primary care physicians were more likely to identify smoking status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53-1.89) and to counsel about smoking (OR = 3.43; 95% CI = 2.18-5.38). Patients with diagnoses of conditions potentially complicated by smoking were more likely to have their smoking status identified and to be counseled about smoking. Younger and nonwhite adolescents were less likely to be counseled about smoking than older and white teens. CONCLUSIONS: We found that physicians frequently identified adolescents' smoking status but rarely counseled them about smoking. Physicians' practices did not improve in the first half of the 1990s, despite a clear consensus about the importance of this activity and the publication of physician guidelines targeting this population. Physicians treating adolescents are missing opportunities to discourage tobacco use among teens.
The nanoscale properties of bacterial inclusion bodies and their effect on mammalian cell proliferation
Authors: César Díez-Gil, Sven Krabbenborg, Elena García-Fruitós, Esther Vazquez, Escarlata Rodríguez-Carmona, Imma Ratera, Nora Ventosa, Joaquin Seras-Franzoso, Olivia Cano-Garrido, Neus Ferrer-Miralles, Antonio Villaverde, Jaume Veciana
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Evidence for persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemophiliacs.
Authors: J P Allain, S H Dailey, Y Laurian, D S Vallari, A Rafowicz, S M Desai, S G Devare
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiologic agent associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. This study was designed to assess virologic and serologic markers in hemophiliacs exposed to non-heat-treated and/or virus-inactivated plasma derivatives. Serial bleeds from 48 hemophilic patients were analyzed for the presence of HCV viral RNA sequences as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibodies to structural (core) and nonstructural (C-100 and 33C) proteins by specific dot immunoblot assay. All patients exposed to non-heat-treated products, and four of six patients exposed only to virus inactivated products, had evidence of HCV infection. However, over the 5-yr study period, six exposed patients (13%) consistently lacked detectable anti-C-100 and seven (15%) lost this antibody. HCV viremia (PCR positive) was found in 91% of exposed patients, and was significantly more frequent in HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (P less than 0.05). Six patients had high antibody level to HCV and elevated ALT, but appeared to clear viremia. Four hemophiliacs were HCV seropositive but lacked detectable viremia. These data indicate that hemophiliacs remain persistently infected by HCV and that antibody to the core antigen of HCV is a reliable marker of this transfusion transmissible agent.
Development of long term use of psychotropic drugs by general practice patients
Authors: A. Mant, P. Duncan-Jones, D. Saltman, C. Bridges-Webb, L. Kehoe, G. Lansbury, A. H B Chancellor
Journal: BMJ (1988)

From 1984 to 1986 a prospective study was conducted of 104 general practice patients who started treatment with a benzodiazepine or an antidepressant drug. The duration of reported use of the drugs was two months for 45% of patients, four months for 17% of patients, and six months for 15%. Type of drug, age, and level of education were found to be predictive of continuing use. General practitioners have a significant effect on their patients' use of drugs and, with careful selection and review when prescribing, may help to prevent dependence on psychotropic drugs.
343. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Prevents Bone Marrow Derived-Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence In Vitro
Authors: Jennifer Pons, Hua Su, Yu Huang, Y.W. Kan
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Currently, adult bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is under investigation as a possible alternative for treatment of myocardial infarction. However, the effect of in vitro MSC expansion, which is necessary to generate a sufficient number of cells for injection in vivo, remains unclear. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported to prevent stress-induced apoptosis of muscle and endothelial cells and promote their growth. Thus, we examined the hypothesis that in vitro culture could modify the regenerative properties of MSCs and VEGF could protect against these culture-induced alterations. Mouse MSCs were harvested from tibias and femurs using the plastic adherent method, cultured to passage 10, and lysates collected at each passage for western blot analysis with markers for cell cycle inhibition (p16, p27, and p21), apoptosis (p19), and telomere function (telomere repeat binding factor 2, TRF2). Three groups of MSCs at passage 10 were treated with VEGF peptide, infected with retroviral vectors with CMV promoter driving expression of VEGF, or infected with retroviral vectors driving LacZ expression as control. Results demonstrated that in vitro expanded MSCs increased expression of p16 and p27 starting at passage 4 and p21 and p19 at passage 6, as compared to passage 2, indicating changes in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis stimulation. MSCs also exhibited a decrease in TRF2 expression at passage 5, which suggests telomere instability in vitro. In contrast, VEGF-treated MSCs expressed lower p16 and p21 and higher TRF2 than untreated cells, indicating decreased cell senescence and increased telomere function, respectively. Similarly, VEGF retroviral vector- infected MSCs expressed more TRF2 than uninfected or LacZ- infected MSCs. In conclusion, VEGF can protect against senescence of MSCs in culture. Thus, combining VEGF in the form of protein or gene therapy with MSCs may increase their survival in vivo and overall therapeutic effectiveness for myocardial infarction.
Regulation of C-myc expression during growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic human myeloid progenitor cells.
Authors: S D Gowda, R D Koler, G C Bagby
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

C-myc proto-oncogene transcripts from serially harvested, colony-stimulating activity (CSA)-stimulated, normal progenitor-enriched human bone marrow cells were compared to those of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and to those of freshly obtained human myeloid leukemic cells. During the early culture period both normal and leukemic cells expressed the c-myc oncogene. In normal cells maximal expression occurred after 24 h of culture and did not occur in the absence of CSA. At this time, progranulocytes predominated in the cultured cells. Although cellular proliferation occurred for 96 h in vitro, c-myc expression ceased after 24-36 h. Terminally differentiated cells predominated in these cultures by 120 h. In contrast, although leukemic cells also expressed c-myc in vitro, transcription persisted throughout the culture period and, in the case of HL-60 cells, occurred in the absence of exogenous CSA. We also noted that normal cells with only one diploid gene copy exhibited, after 24 h of culture, only twofold fewer transcripts than did HL-60 cells in which there were 16 myc copies. Furthermore, c-myc mRNA degradation rates were similar in normal cells and in HL-60 cells. We conclude that c-myc transcription is a normal event in granulopoiesis linked to proliferative activity as well as to primitive developmental stage. Furthermore, the most consistent abnormality in leukemic cells in vitro is their failure to suppress transcriptional activity of this gene. We suggest that c-myc transcription in HL-60 cells may be appropriate for cells arrested at that developmental stage and that the amplified genes in HL-60 cells are quiescent relative to c-myc in normal cells at the same differentiation stage. The techniques described herein may be of value in identifying mechanisms by which normal hematopoietic cells suppress c-myc expression and aberrancies of these mechanisms in leukemic cells.
Neurological Surgery: A Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Diagnosis and Management of Neurosurgical Problems
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Most of the 112 chapters written by 124 contributors in this first American multivolume text are good; some are excellent, and a few fail to meet the standards implied in the subtitle "a comprehensive guide to the diagnosis and management of neurosurgical problems." The authors include well-known surgical and medical neurologists, radiologists, basic scientists, and specialists in ophthalmology, genitourinary surgery, otology, and other fields of allied interest. The subjects cover the major (and some minor) fields of neurosurgical interest, with long sections on neuroradiology and other diagnostic procedures, such as tests for eye, ear, and brain function. Anesthesia, procedures to change the psychologic attitudes of patients, rehabilitation, complications, physiology and homeostasis, biochemistry, and, of course, operative techniques are covered. Divergent views are presented by their proponents to avoid bias from a single author. There is, hence, no unified viewpoint, and one has to look in scattered places (luckily, there is
Trials Probe New Agents for Kidney Cancer
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Atlanta—New phase 3 clinical trial results point to the potential of several targeted therapies for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, a disease with few therapeutic options and an annual worldwide mortality exceeding 100 000. The studies, presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, held here in June, may change the standard of care for patients with this disease. “The results are likely to lead to an expansion of treatment options for patients with metastatic renal cancer,” said Michael Atkins, MD, of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center’s division of Hematology/Oncology, in Boston. “Today, targeted therapy enters the front line for the treatment of renal cancer,” he added.
A SEROLOGICAL REACTION OBSERVED IN CERTAIN CASES OF BULLOUS DERMATOSES
Authors: GWEN MACNAB, L. J. A. LOEWENTHAL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1952)

Journal Article A SEROLOGICAL REACTION OBSERVED IN CERTAIN CASES OF BULLOUS DERMATOSES Get access GWEN MACNAB, M.Sc., GWEN MACNAB, M.Sc. South African Institute for Medical Research and the Johannesburg General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. J. A. LOEWENTHAL, M.D., M.R.C.P. L. J. A. LOEWENTHAL, M.D., M.R.C.P. South African Institute for Medical Research and the Johannesburg General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 64, Issue 12, 1 December 1952, Pages 447–450, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1952.tb15882.x Published: 01 December 1952
Peanut allergy in relation to heredity, maternal diet, and other atopic diseases: results of a questionnaire survey, skin prick testing, and food challenges
Authors: J O'B Hourihane, T P Dean, J O Warner
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b>: To determine rates of other atopic manifestations in people with peanut allergy and the prevalence of such allergy in their families. <b>Design</b>: A survey of people with self reported peanut allergy and people referred by their general practitioner for suspected peanut allergy; survey and skin testing of 50 children with reported peanut allergy and their available first degree relatives. <b>Subjects</b>: 622 adults and children with reported, suspected, or known peanut allergy. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Prevalence of peanut allergy and other allergies in the families of people with peanut allergy. <b>Results</b>: 622 valid completed questionnaires were returned out of the 833 questionnaires dispatched (74.7%). All forms of atopy were both more common in successive generations (P&lt;0.0001) and more common in maternal than paternal relatives (P&lt;0.0001). Peanut allergy was reported by 0.1% (3/2409) of grandparents, 0.6% (7/1213) of aunts and uncles, 1.6% (19/1218) of parents, and 6.9% (42/610) of siblings. Consumption of peanuts while pregnant or breast feeding was more common among mothers of probands aged &lt;/=5 years than mothers of probands aged &gt;5 years (P&lt;0.001). Age of onset correlated inversely with year of birth (r = -0.6, P&lt;0.001). Skin prick testing of 50 children with reported peanut allergy and their families: 7 probands (14%) had a negative result for peanut. Peanut allergy was refuted by food challenge in all those tested (5/7). No parent and 13% (5/39) of siblings had a positive result on skin prick testing for peanut. Two of these siblings had negative challenge with peanuts. The prevalence of peanut allergy in siblings is therefore 3/39 (7%). <b>Conclusions</b>: Peanut allergy is more common in siblings of people with peanut allergy than in the parents or the general population. Its apparently increasing prevalence may reflect a general increase of atopy, which is inherited more commonly from the mother. Peanut allergy is presenting earlier in life, possibly reflecting increased consumption of peanut by pregnant and nursing mothers. <h3>Key messages</h3> The apparent epidemic of peanut allergy is a reflection of the general increase in atopic diseases and increased case identification The age of onset of peanut allergy is decreasing, possibly secondary to increased consumption by mothers and by infants early in life Peanut allergy affects 7% of siblings of people with peanut allergy but only 1.3% of the general population