tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gut Microbiota, Lipopolysaccharides, and Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Melania Manco, Lorenza Putignani, Gian Franco Bottazzo
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2010)

Compelling evidence supports the concepts that gut microbiota actively promotes weight gain and fat accumulation and sustains, indirectly, a condition of low-grade inflammation, thus enhancing the cardiovascular risk. Fewer Bacteroidetes and more Firmicutes seem to characterize the gut microbiota of obese people as compared with that of lean individuals. This difference translates into an increased efficiency of microbiota of obese individuals in harvesting energy from otherwise indigestible carbohydrates. Furthermore, the microbiota also seems able to favor fat accumulation. Indeed, studies performed in germ-free animals have demonstrated that conventionalization of sterile intestine with gut microbiota is associated with an enhanced expression of various lipogenic genes in different tissues, i.e., hepatic, adipose, and muscle tissues. Finally, the microbiota favors systemic exposure to the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), large glycolipids derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPSs can cause a condition of "metabolic endotoxemia" characterized by low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and augmented cardiovascular risk. LPSs are a powerful trigger for the innate immune system response. Upon binding to the Toll-like receptor 4 and its coreceptors, LPSs trigger a cascade of responses ultimately resulting in the release of proinflammatory molecules that interfere with modulation of glucose and insulin metabolism, promote development and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque, and favor progression of fatty liver disease to steatohepatitis. This review gives a comprehensive breakdown of the interaction among gut microbiota, LPSs, and the innate immune system in the development of obesity and promotion of an individual's cardiovascular risk.
&lt;emph type="ital"&gt;Pümpfrage&lt;/emph&gt; Redivivus—Reply
Authors: Allan S. Detsky
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
P189 Smoking status predicts benefit from breathing retraining for hyperventilation
Authors: C. A. Maguire, A. G. Robson, J. Pentland, D. McAllister, J. A. Innes
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hyperventilation syndrome has a prevalence of 6–11% in primary care, and can be treated via breathing retraining. Breathing retraining reduces hyperventilation and improves symptoms. However, it is staffing intensive. Therefore, we examined which patient characteristics are associated with benefit from breathing retraining. <h3>Method</h3> Retrospectively, we identified 201 consecutive patients referred to the breathing retraining service (February 2003 to June 2009) at a single site. Treatment efficacy was assessed by the treating physiotherapist according to resolution of symptoms. Success was defined as complete or near complete resolution of symptoms at the end of the breathing retraining period. Height, age, sex, smoking status, ethnicity, hyperventilation type (acute or chronic), restrictive/obstructive spirometry and known cardio/respiratory disease were also recorded. Patient characteristics were compared by treatment efficacy using χ<sup>2</sup> tests and <i>t</i>-tests, and logistic regression was used to identify which characteristics were independently associated with treatment efficacy. <h3>Results</h3> The mean (SD) age was 50.9 (15.5) years. 38.3% were male and 31% had acute hyperventilation. 15.9% had obstructive and 10.5% had restrictive spirometry. 46.3% had known cardiovascular or respiratory disease. 61 patients overall benefited from breathing retraining. Current smokers were much less likely to benefit from breathing retraining compared to non-smokers (1 in 16.5 vs 1 in 2.4, p=&lt;0.01). This association persisted after adjusting for the above patient characteristics. Ex-smokers had a similar probability of benefiting to that of non-smokers (1 in 3). Known cardio-respiratory disease was also independently associated with a lower odds of benefiting. The ORs for successful breathing retraining are shown for each predictor in the Abstract P189 Table 1. None of the remaining characteristics were associated with treatment efficacy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our sample size was comparatively small as reflected in the wide CI, and the outcome measure was subjective. Nevertheless, smoking status is strongly associated with physiotherapist-assessed treatment efficacy following breathing retraining. Smokers, but not-ex-smokers are much less likely to benefit from breathing retraining. Therefore referral for smoking cessation rather than breathing retraining may be more appropriate in this patient group. It was not possible to assess long term benefit from this retrospective study.
High Titer Widal Reaction
Authors: Peter Sansone
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  Definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever rests upon isolation of Salmonella typhosa. Pending results of isolation procedures, preliminary serology tests are widely used; the Widal reaction being the preferred test. 1,2,3 Despite difficulty with the interpretation of the Widal reaction, it is generally thought that a significant O antigen titer response to nontyphoid Salmonella infection is infrequent. 4 This report offers evidence that even the most prompt and profound response in the Widal test is not specific for typhoid fever. The highest titer Widal test ever recorded at the Florida Division of Health occurred in a case of S javiana infection.  Report of a Case.—  A 24-year-old white man was hospitalized following 12 days of intermittent diarrhea, fever, malaise, and noctural diaphoresis. Laboratory tests revealed the following values: hematocrit, 40%; white blood cell count, 4,700/cu mm with normal differential count. Values for serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and
Number of animals used in science increased slightly in 2013, Home Office reports
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The number of animals used in scientific procedures has risen slightly despite a government pledge to reduce the use of animals in such experiments, Home Office statistics have shown.1 In 2013 4.12 million procedures were carried out on animals—an increase of 11 600 procedures (0.3%) on 2012.

Most procedures (51%) were undertaken to breed genetically modified animals or animals with a harmful genetic mutation. In 2013 2.1 million such procedures took place—123 200 (6%) more than in 2012. The remaining procedures (2.02 million) were for other purposes, mainly basic or applied science experiments with the goal of improving human or animal health. …
Prevalence of smoking among pregnant women is lower in Italy than England
Authors: L. Chatenoud, F. Chiaffarino, F. Parazzini, G. Benzi, C. L. Vecchia
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Owen et al report that the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy and the rates of stopping did not change in England between 1992 and 1995, remaining at around 25%.1They also reported that the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy is higher in young women, unemployed women, and manual workers.

We analysed the characteristics of women who gave up or continued smoking during pregnancy in Italy, using the comparison group of a case-control …
The Role of Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in the Follow-up of Benign Liver Tumors Secondary to Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: SERGEY BYKOV, IZAK GARTY, LEONID CHEREVINSKY, ORI SEGOL, DIMITRY LUMELSKY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2001)

BYKOV, SERGEY M.D.; GARTY, IZAK M.D.; CHEREVINSKY, LEONID M.D.; SEGOL, ORI M.D.; LUMELSKY, DIMITRY M.D. Author Information
Prioritizing Environmental Issues around the World: Opinions from an International Central and Eastern European Environmental Health Conference
Authors: Elena S. Craft, Kirby C. Donnelly, Iulia Neamtiu, Kathleen M. McCarty, Erica Bruce, Irina Surkova, David Kim, Iveta Uhnakova, Erika Gyorffy, Eva Tesarova, Beth Anderson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

BackgroundAs the next generation of scientists enters the field of environmental health, it is imperative that they view their contributions in the context of global environmental stewardship. In this commentary, a group of international graduate students facilitated by three experienced environmental health scientists present their views on what they consider to be the global environmental health concerns of today. This group convened initially in October 2004 at an international health conference in Prague, Czech Republic.ObjectivesIn this report we identify perceived environmental health concerns that exist around the world, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe. Additionally, we address these perceived problems and offers some potential solutions.DiscussionAt the meeting, students were invited to participate in two panel discussions. One group of young international scientists identified several significant global environmental health concerns, including air pollution, occupational hazards, and risk factors that may exacerbate current environmental health issues. The second panel determined that communication, education, and regulation were the mechanisms for addressing current environmental challenges.ConclusionsIn this commentary we expand on the views presented at the meeting and represent the concerns of young investigators from nine different countries. We provide ideas about and support the exchange of information between developed and developing countries on how to handle the environmental health challenges that face the world today.
Atrial Natriuretic Factor in Edematous Disorders
Authors: R J Cody
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1990)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Expression of microRNAs is essential for arterial myogenic tone and pressure-induced activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway
Authors: Anirban Bhattachariya, Diana Dahan, Karolina M. Turczyńska, Karl Swärd, Per Hellstrand, Sebastian Albinsson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

The myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of small arteries to constrict in response to increased intraluminal pressure. Although microRNAs have been shown to play a role in vascular smooth muscle function, their importance in the regulation of the myogenic response is not known. In this study, we investigate the role of microRNAs in the regulation of myogenic tone by using smooth muscle-specific and tamoxifen-inducible deletion of the endonuclease Dicer in mice. In order to avoid effects of Dicer deletion on smooth muscle differentiation and growth, we used an early time point (5 weeks) after the tamoxifen-induction of Dicer knockout (KO). At this time point, we found that myogenic tone was completely absent in the mesenteric arteries of Dicer KO mice. This was associated with a reduced pressure-induced Akt-phosphorylation, possibly via increased phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression, which was found to be a target of miR-26a. Furthermore, loss of myogenic tone was associated with a decreased depolarization-induced calcium influx, and was restored by the L-type channel agonist Bay K 8644 or by transient stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II). The effect of Ang II was dependent on AT1-receptors and activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. In this study we have identified novel mechanisms that regulate myogenic tone in resistance arteries, which involves microRNA-dependent control of PI3-kinase/Akt signalling and L-type calcium influx. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that transient stimulation by Ang II can have long-lasting effects by potentiating myogenic tone.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEVER CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PYROGENS
Authors: Ivan L. Bennett
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

The relationship between the fever of acute infection and that following injection of bacterial pyrogen was studied by administering pyrogens to animals convalescent from acute infections. Rabbits surviving dermal pneumococcal infections or peritonitis due to Escherichia coli were given intravenous injections of typhoid or E. coli vaccine. They showed no evidence of tolerance to the fever-promoting effect of these pyrogenic materials. Tolerance did develop in infected animals given daily pyrogen injections during the course of the infection. Certain previous observations upon the ability of rabbits to develop tolerance to pyrogens, the broad nature of the tolerance, and its duration were confirmed. It is concluded that the pyrogen produced by certain bacteria plays little or no rôle in the production of the fever of infection. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a common factor, perhaps a product of cell injury, underlying the fever accompanying diseases of various types.
BMA calls for continuted restrictions on use of IVF
Authors: Rebecca Coombes
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The law still needs to restrict the use of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in the United Kingdom despite it now being accepted as a standard medical procedure, the BMA has told MPs.

The association was giving evidence to the House of Commons science and technology committee, which is questioning whether existing laws governing human reproductive technologies should change.

Dr Vivienne Nathanson, the BMA's head of science and ethics, told MPs that public confidence in IVF depended on the practice being regulated.

“Getting public acceptance of IVF and other assisted …
RAPID RECOVERY FROM SYNCOPE.
Authors: HAROLD B. WOOD
Journal: JAMA (1907)

For overcomming cerebral anemia it is the common practice to lower the head, according to the accepted theory, to permit the blood to reach the brain without working against gravity. To do this the patient is made to lie supine. In fact, the unconsciousness and fall of a fainting person is a natural provision to bring about the same end. In the absence of medicinal restoratives the treatment of unconsciousness caused by mental excitement or emotion, slight pain, excessive heat or other nervous causes is deficient in that the end reaction, cerebral hyperemia, is usually not sufficiently sought. In case of fainting from being in overcrowded rooms, from exciting surroundings, from slight concussion or other pain or discomfort, the most rapid relief comes from forcing the blood out of the abdomen, where it has largely collected. This is of more avail than to elevate or to compress the extremities, and
AIDS and Patient Management: Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues
Authors: Michael A. Grodin
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>Mobilizing Against AIDS: The Unfinished Story of a Virus, by Eve K. Nichols, 212 pp, with illus, $15, paper $7.95, Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1986.</h3> The proliferation of books dealing with the medical, legal, ethical, and social policy aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has necessitated scrutiny of the nature, function, and goals of each text. In a rapidly changing field such as AIDS, there must be a careful balancing of the rights and needs of the public to have accurate and timely data and of the dangers of premature and contradictory reporting. As one reviews these texts, one first asks who the intended audience for the book is and, second, what new or useful information is transmitted and for what purpose. <i>AIDS and Patient Management</i>, though wide in scope and ambitious in its undertaking, suffers from a lack of defined audience and from a multiauthored and conference
The LeVeen Shunt for Ascites and Hepatorenal Syndrome
Authors: Murray Epstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Among the most difficult problems to manage in clinical medicine are the avid sodium retention and accumulation of ascites that complicate the course of illness in many patients with advanced liver disease. Although diuretics are used commonly to decrease ascites, it is time-consuming and arduous to manage the sodium retention of liver disease with diuretics and dietary restriction of sodium. Furthermore, it is well recognized that such an approach is fraught with hazards. A diuresis that exceeds the capacity for mobilization of ascitic fluid or edema must be mobilized at the expense of the plasma compartment, thereby further aggravating the . . .
Sickle-Cell-Disease Variants and Pregnancy
Authors: A. B. Henderson, A. E. Prince, J. B. Greene
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE clinical symptoms of sickle-cell anemia result from a pathophysiologic involvement of the erythron, with severe anemia, occlusion of small blood vessels and hyperactivity of the bone marrow as manifestations. In the variants of sickle-cell disease symptoms may be minimal or totally absent, but occasionally, as a result of certain provocations, acute episodes can occur that rival in severity the "crisis" of sickle-cell anemia. Hemoglobin S thalassemia and hemoglobin S-C disease are considered the more pernicious of the variants of sickle-cell disease. When symptoms are present, the bone, spleen, lung and retina are the usual suspected sites of vascular occlusive . . .
Left ventricular volume measurement by conductance catheter in intact dogs. Parallel conductance volume depends on left ventricular size.
Authors: C M Boltwood, R F Appleyard, S A Glantz
Journal: Circulation (1989)

The conductance catheter is a promising new instrument for continuously measuring left ventricular (LV) volume. Absolute LV volume (V[t]) is related to uncorrected conductance volume, B(t), according to the equation: V(t) = (1/alpha)(B(t) - alpha Vc). The alpha Vc factor represents parallel-conductance volume due to conducting material outside the LV blood pool, and may be estimated by transiently changing blood conductivity using a bolus injection of hypertonic saline. alpha is the slope in the relation between B(t) and true LV volume. We tested the assumption that alpha Vc and alpha are constant over a range of hemodynamic conditions. We performed multiple hypertonic saline alpha Vc determinations in seven intact dogs during control conditions and subsequent temporary balloon occlusions of inferior vena cava (IVCO), aorta (AO), and pulmonary artery (PAO). We also compared B(t) with simultaneous biplane angiographic LV volume during similar control and intervention conditions. The saline-derived alpha Vc was 76 +/- 2 ml during control and fell significantly by -7 +/- 2 ml during IVCO (p less than 0.001) but not during AO or PAO. According to multiple linear regression analyses, the strongest predictor of saline-derived alpha Vc was uncorrected end-systolic Bes, with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.60 +/- 0.06 ml/ml (p less than 0.001). Angiographically derived alpha Vc showed a similar dependence on Bes, with a coefficient of 0.77 +/- 0.14 ml/ml (p less than 0.001). Angiographically determined alpha also showed significant variation with hemodynamic interventions, largely reflecting an underlying dependence on alpha Vc. The variation in alpha Vc and alpha with LV size may stem from nonlinearity in the B(t)-V(t) relation. Although the conductance catheter provides a useful measure of relative LV volume, measurement of absolute LV volume over a wide hemodynamic range using constant alpha Vc and alpha factors is unrealistic. This result calls into question the current use of this technique for the measurement of the absolute end-systolic--pressure-volume relation.
Body weight and risk of myocardial infarction and death in the adult population of eastern Finland.
Authors: J Tuomilehto, J T Salonen, B Marti, L Jalkanen, P Puska, A Nissinen, E Wolf
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Body mass index (weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2] and its association with the risk of myocardial infarction and death from all causes were studied prospectively in a randomly selected population sample in eastern Finland aged 30-59 at outset in 1972. The study population consisted of 3786 men and 4120 women. The participation rate in the survey in 1972 was over 90%. All deaths and admissions to hospital in the sample were obtained from the National Death Certificate and Hospital Discharge Registers. During the seven years of follow up until 1978, 170 men and 52 women had acute myocardial infarction, and during the nine years up to 1980, 223 men and 92 women died. Independent of age, men with a body mass index of 28.5 or more had a significantly higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction. This effect was also independent of smoking but not independent of biological coronary risk factors--that is, serum cholesterol concentration and blood pressure. In the analysis stratified for smoking in men the body mass index total mortality curve was J shaped among non-smokers, whereas smoking entirely outweighed body mass index as a predictor of death. Body mass index did not contribute significantly to the risk of either acute myocardial infarction or death in women. It is concluded that a body mass index of around 29.0-31.0 or more is not only a marker for coronary risk factors but is also a predictor of acute myocardial infarction in men.