tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Children’s Environmental Health Faculty Champions Initiative: A Successful Model for Integrating Environmental Health into Pediatric Health Care
Authors: Bonnie Rogers, Leyla Erk McCurdy, Katie Slavin, Kimberly Grubb, James R. Roberts
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Pediatric medical and nursing education lack the environmental health content needed to properly prepare health care professionals to prevent, recognize, manage, and treat environmental exposure-related diseases. The need for improvements in health care professionals' environmental health knowledge has been expressed by leading institutions. However, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of programs that incorporate pediatric environmental health (PEH) into curricula and practice.We evaluated the effectiveness of the National Environmental Education Foundation's (NEEF) Children's Environmental Health Faculty Champions Initiative, which is designed to build environmental health capacity among pediatric health care professionals.Twenty-eight pediatric health care professionals participated in a train-the-trainer workshop, in which they were educated to train other health care professionals in PEH and integrate identified PEH competencies into medical and nursing practice and curricula. We evaluated the program using a workshop evaluation tool, action plan, pre- and posttests, baseline and progress assessments, and telephone interviews.During the 12 months following the workshop, the faculty champions' average pretest score of 52% was significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) to 65.5% on the first posttest and to 71.5% on the second posttest, showing an increase and retention of environmental health knowledge. Faculty champions trained 1,559 health care professionals in PEH, exceeding the goal of 280 health care professionals trained. Ninety percent of faculty champions reported that PEH had been integrated into the curricula at their institution.The initiative was highly effective in achieving its goal of building environmental health capacity among health care professionals. The faculty champions model is a successful method and can be replicated in other arenas.
Functional feature of a novel model of blood brain barrier: studies on permeation of test compounds
Authors: Alessandro Cestelli, Caterina Catania, Stefania D’Agostino, Italia Di Liegro, Luana Licata, Gabriella Schiera, Giovanna Laura Pitarresi, Giovanni Savettieri, Viviana De Caro, Giulia Giandalia
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2001)
On a New Apparatus to Obtain Alternating and Elastic Compression of Arteries
Authors: Ch. Sarazin
Journal: BMJ (1868)

T'hc tube is of silver, the wire of iron.Thus there is established (with the artery) a small galvanic circle, which promotes the prompt and firmi coagulationi of the blood in the artery, and the disengagement of the wire.This I regard as a circumstance of great importance in the
Reoxygenated effluent of Tyrode-perfused heart affects papillary muscle contraction independent of cardiac perfusion
Authors: M Dijkman
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: We determined, via a bioassay, if inotropic factors are released in the coronary circulation of the rat heart and if changes in cardiac perfusion change papillary muscle inotropy. Methods: An isolated isometrically contracting rat papillary muscle (n = 5, acceptor) was superfused with Tyrode or with reoxygenated coronary venous effluent from an isolated isovolumically beating rat heart (donor) at 27°C, which was perfused with Tyrode according to Langendorff. The superfusion solution in the muscle bath was exchanged completely in 90 s. During coronary venous effluent superfusion, the flow of the heart (donor) was changed in steps. Results: The peak force of the papillary muscle (acceptor) was unaffected by a change from Tyrode to coronary venous effluent superfusion, but time to half relaxation (RT1/2) significantly increased by 23.0 ± 9.0% (mean ± s.d.) and positive dF/dtmax significantly decreased by 14.6 ± 4.7%. These twitch characteristics were unaffected by changes in coronary perfusion while in the heart isovolumic developed left ventricular pressure did increase with perfusion (the Gregg phenomenon). Conclusions: Factors that affect papillary muscle contractility are released into the coronary circulation, but their effect is independent of the magnitude of coronary perfusion.
Reversal of Amitriptyline Intoxication by Physostigmine
Authors: Bruce D. Snyder
Journal: JAMA (1974)

THIS article illustrates the rapid reversal of coma due to amitriptyline hydrochloride overdose by the administration of physostigmine salicylate. Physostigmine is the only commonly used specific cholinesterase inhibitor that readily penetrates the blood brain barrier.<sup>1</sup> Slovis et al<sup>2</sup>reported that physostigmine rapidly restored alertness and reversed tachycardia in four patients with amitriptyline intoxication. Rumack<sup>3</sup>reported the successful use of physostigmine to treat children who became intoxicated by various agents with anticholinergic properties as well as the tricyclic antidepressants. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 27-year-old woman was admitted in coma to Martin Army Hospital on April 2, 1974. History provided by a friend indicated that after an alleged altercation with her estranged husband, the patient ingested 20 amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets (50 mg) and about 20 diazepam tablets (5 mg). When discovered by a neighbor, approximately 10 to 12 hours later, she could not be aroused. When seen
LUPUS VULGARIS—EPITHELIOMA—ACNE —ALOPECIA CIRCUMSCRIPTA—TINEA VERSICOLOR.
Authors: JOHN V. SHOEMAKER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

<h3>LUPUS VULGARIS.</h3> The patient is 40 years of age. The disease from which she suffers began about three years ago upon the right cheek, whence it has spread toward the upper lip. There is much infiltration in the affected part, and exterior to the edges of the main patch are a number of tubercles of glutinous appearance. These tubercles project slightly above the general surface. The extensive and continuous patch upon the cheek is the result of the coalescence of many tubercles. Most of the cheek has been invaded in this manner. Upon the seat of disease are many fine scales. The development of these lesions has, from the first, been accompanied by considerable pain. But the disease is not in active progress in all parts. Upon the cheek are several cicatricial spots. I know, therefore, that however chronic, disfiguring or deep this ulceration, it can not be of malignant
Neural Mechanisms of Volume Regulation
Authors: GERALD F. DiBONA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Under steady-state conditions, urinary sodium excretion matches dietary sodium intake. Because extracellular fluid osmolality is tightly regulated, the quantity of sodium in the extracellular fluid determines the volume of this compartment. The left atrial volume receptor mechanism is an example of a neural mechanism of volume regulation. The left atrial mechanoreceptor, which functions as a sensor in the low-pressure vascular system, has a well-defined compliance relating intravascular volume to filling pressure and responds to changes in wall tension by discharging into afferent vagal fibers. These fibers have appropriate central nervous system representation whose related efferent neurohumoral mechanisms regulate thirst, renal excretion of water and sodium, and the redistribution of the extracellular fluid volume.
Comparison of Inflammatory Markers and in Hospital Clinical Course In Patients with Lead versus Non-lead Left Sided Endocarditis
Authors: Mehmet Bozbay, Hüseyin Uyarel, Bayram Köroğlu, İbrahim Sarı, Gökhan Çiçek, Mehmet Ergelen, Murat Uğur, Ahmet Ekmekçi, Mehmet Eren
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Thyroid function in lung cancer
Authors: J G Ratcliffe, B H R Stack, R W Burt, W A Ratcliffe, W G S Spilg, J Cuthbert, R S Kennedy
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Thyroid function was assessed at the time of initial diagnosis in 204 patients with lung cancer and compared with that of age and sex-matched patients with non-malignant lung disease. Abnormalities in thyroid function were found in 67 patients (33%). The most prevalent abnormality was a low T3 concentration; this was not associated with other clinical or biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism, but the short-term prognosis of these patients was worse than that of matched patients with lung cancer having normal T3 concentrations. Primary hypothyroidism occurred in three patients, low T4 concentrations and free thyroxine index (FTI) with normal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in four patients, and moderately raised TSH with normal thyroid hormone concentrations in six patients; nine patients had a raised FTI with or without raised T4 concentration as the sole abnormality.Overall, the pattern of thyroid hormone metabolism in lung cancer was a tendency towards reduced T3 concentrations with significantly increased T4/T3 ratios and modestly increased 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) concentrations. The altered T4/T3 ratio was particularly noticeable in patients with anaplastic tumours of small ("oat cell") and large cell types, but was not apparently related to detectable extrathoracic metastases.These data suggest that thyroid hormone metabolism is altered in patients with lung cancer by decreased 5'-monodeiodination of T4. The resulting low T3 concentrations and altered T4/T3 ratio may be partly responsible for the reduced ratio of androsterone to aetiocholanolone observed in lung cancer, which is known to be a poor prognostic sign.
Effect of screening on deaths from cervical cancer in Sweden
Authors: M. Arbyn, E. Weiderpass, R. Capocaccia
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Screen detected cancers are more likely to be cured 

Cytological screening identifies precursors of cervical cancer (high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and, by early treatment, prevents progression to invasive cancer. Multiple case-control studies, cohort studies, and trend analyses have shown that cytological screening is generally associated with a substantial drop in the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer.1 Where screening is not widely established or is poorly organised, such as in several eastern European countries, the incidence of cervical cancer and cervical cancer related mortality is not decreasing, and in some countries it is even increasing.2 3 Whether the drop in mortality from cervical cancer is a result of prevention of invasive disease, down staging of invasive cases, more effective cancer treatment, or other mechanisms is unclear.

In the linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.e900), Andrae and colleagues evaluate and compare five year relative survival and cure rates for women with cervical cancer detected through screening (within one to six months of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear), and for women with cervical cancer detected after presentation with symptoms (six months or more after screening), taking into account staging, histological classification, and age.4 A case-control study by the same authors, which compared the screening …
Hyperlactataemia in Phenformin-treated Diabetics
Authors: S. K. Varma, S. J. Heaney, W. G. Whyte, R. S. Walker
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Raised fasting blood lactate levels were observed in diabetic patients on phenformin in therapeutic dosage. After an intravenous glucose load this effect was exaggerated and the lactate/pyruvate ratio increased. Withdrawal of the drug led to normal blood lactate levels and a fall in the lactate/pyruvate ratio.
A Brief Account of Henry Gray, F.R.S., and His Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical, During a Century of Its Publication in America
Authors: William B. Bean
Journal: JAMA (1961)

For more years, probably, than he is willing to admit, the author has edited the American edition of<i>Gray's Anatomy</i>. Now he has collected the rather skimpy biographical material about the originator of this book and followed the extraordinary developments and occasional vicissitudes of an important medical treatise, the anatomical Bible for many generations of first-year medical students. Gray is an excellent example of the failure of recognition of a prophet in his own country and time. We have only the most meager and biographical data of Gray, whose premature death was recorded in a few perfunctory obituary notices published in England. Just what set him on his course of fascinated exploration of anatomy, what gave him the capacity to collect, collate, condense, and then present the great mass of anatomical detail required for understanding medicine, no one has any clear idea. No history of anatomy over the last 100
Antagonism of toll-like receptor 2 attenuates the formation and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Huimin Yan, Bing Cui, Xiaowei Zhang, Xiaoming Fu, Jun Yan, Xiaoxing Wang, Xiaoxi Lv, Zhong Chen, Zhuowei Hu
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory vascular disorder with high mortality. Accumulating evidence shows that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a critical role in the regulation of wound-repairing process after tissue injury. We wondered if TLR2 signaling contributed to the pathogenesis of AAA and that targeting TLR2 would attenuate AAA development and progression. In this study, enhanced expression of TLR2 and its ligands were observed in human AAA tissue. Neutralization of TLR2 protected against AAA development and caused established AAA to regress in mouse models of AAA. In addition, TLR2-deficient mice also failed to develop AAA. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of blocking TLR2 were accompanied by a significant resolution of inflammation and vascular remodeling, as indicated by the decreased expression or activity of MMP-2/9, α-SMA, inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT1/3 in AAA tissue. Mechanistically, blocking TLR2 decreased the expression and interaction of TLR2 and several endogenous ligands, which diminished chronic inflammation and vascular remodeling in the vascular tissue of AAA. Our studies indicate that the interactions between TLR2 and its endogenous ligands contribute to the pathogenesis of AAA and that targeting TLR2 offers great potential toward the development of therapeutic agents against AAA.
Tamoxifen and anastrozole as a sequencing strategy in postmenopausal women with hormone-responsive early breast cancer: updated data from the Austrian breast and colorectal cancer study group trial 8.
Authors: R Jakesz, M Gnant, R Griel, C Tausch, H Samonigg, W Kwasny, E Kubista, M Stierer, G Luschin, E Rüecklinger, M Mittlböck
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #14 Background: Historically, standard endocrine treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early breast cancer (EBC) was 5 years' tamoxifen. However, the inclusion of an aromatase inhibitor (AI) is now considered standard practice. There is increasing evidence that whether as initial adjuvant treatment or as a switch treatment following 2-3 years of tamoxifen therapy, Ais improve patients' outcomes compared with 5 years' tamoxifen monotherapy.&amp;#x2028; To date, there is limited evidence comparing a prospective sequencing strategy of 2 years of tamoxifen followed by 3 years of an AI compared with 5 years' tamoxifen. Previously presented data from ABCSG Trial 8 (SABCS 2005), at a median follow-up of 55 months, revealed a 24% reduction in the risk of recurrence in favor of a sequencing strategy compared with 5 years' tamoxifen (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56-1.02), although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.07). Here we present updated data from ABCSG Trial 8.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Postmenopausal women with histologically verified G1 or G2, locally radically treated invasive or minimally invasive hormone receptor-positive breast cancer were eligible for inclusion. Newly diagnosed patients were randomized to receive 5 years' tamoxifen therapy or 2 years' tamoxifen followed by anastrozole for 3 years. The primary endpoint was event-free survival, including locoregional and distant metastatic recurrences and new contralateral breast cancers.&amp;#x2028; Results: This final analysis will report the data cut-off point, the number of eligible patients, and the median follow-up period of the trial, which will exceed 5 years. The incidence of first events, local recurrences, distant metastases, and contralateral breast cancers for the two treatment arms of the study will be presented. The effect of treatment on the trial endpoint will be analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model and data will be presented as estimated HRs with two-sided 95% CIs and p-values.&amp;#x2028; Conclusions: The updated analyses of ABCSG Trial 8 will provide evidence regarding 2 years' treatment with tamoxifen followed by 3 years' anastrozole in comparison to 5 years' tamoxifen for postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed hormone-sensitive EBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 14.
1136 THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION NEGATIVELY IMPACTS SHORT-TERM MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: J. Altamirano, F. Higuera, A. Duarte-Rojo, J.G. Abraldes, M. Martinez, L. Herrera, L. Zapata, J.L. Perez, A. Torre, J.A. Gonzalez, M. Domínguez, P. Ginès, J. Caballería, R. Bataller
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Pancytopenia Induced by Cephalothin
Authors: Norma E. Tartas
Journal: JAMA (1981)

VARIED hematologic alterations induced by cephalothin sodium have been reported, among them hemolytic anemia,<sup>1-3</sup>thrombocytopenia,<sup>4,5</sup>and occasionally agranulocytosis.<sup>6-8</sup>We had the opportunity to treat a patient who received cephalothin for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis and in whom pancytopenia developed. The widespread use of cephalothin and its many hematologic complications (some of them severe) led us to describe this case. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 40-year-old man with a congenital ventricular septum defect had a first episode of bacterial endocarditis in 1969;<i>Streptococcus viridans</i>grew from blood cultures. He was treated with cephradine because he was allergic to penicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracyclines. On Aug 1, 1979, a tooth was extracted without the patients' receiving antibiotic prophylaxis. He became febrile (temperature, 38 °C) three days later. On Aug 8 he was admitted to the Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas of the University of Buenos Aires. A physical examination
Increased Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System and Endothelin by Mental Stress in Normotensive Offspring of Hypertensive Parents
Authors: Georg Noll, René R. Wenzel, Martin Schneider, Valerie Oesch, Christian Binggeli, Sidney Shaw, Peter Weidmann, Thomas F. Lüscher
Journal: Circulation (1996)

The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is still uncertain, but genetic factors and the sympathetic nervous system are likely to be involved. Sympathetic nerve activity and hormonal circulatory control mechanisms, however, are affected by blood pressure itself. Hence, early functional changes are best investigated in normotensive subjects at risk to develop hypertension, such as normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents.Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSA) was measured in the peroneal nerve of 10 normotensive offspring of parents with essential hypertension and 8 offspring of normotensive parents. Measurements were performed under resting conditions, during a 10-minute period of hypoxia (12.5% O2/87.5% N2) and during a 3-minute mental stress test. The tests were separated by a 30-minute resting period. Plasma samples for determination of norepinephrine and endothelin were collected before and after the tests. Baseline values of MSA were comparable in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents. During hypoxia, MSA, heart rate, and norepinephrine and endothelin plasma levels increased in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents to a comparable degree, whereas no significant changes in blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels were observed in either group. During mental stress, MSA and plasma norepinephrine and endothelin increased only in offspring of hypertensive parents (P < .001 to .01). In parallel, blood pressure increased significantly only in offspring of hypertensive parents (P < .001 to .05) but heart rate increased in both groups (P < .001 to .05).The activity of the sympathetic nervous system and plasma norepinephrine and endothelin levels are increased during mental stress only in offspring of hypertensive parents, whereas the response to hypoxia was similar in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents, suggesting a genetically determined abnormal regulation of the sympathetic nervous system to certain stressful stimuli in offspring of hypertensive parents. This may play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Biliary Sterol Secretion Is Not Required for Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Authors: Ryan E. Temel, Janet K. Sawyer, Liqing Yu, Caleb Lord, Chiara Degirolamo, Allison McDaniel, Stephanie Marshall, Nanping Wang, Ramesh Shah, Lawrence L. Rudel, J. Mark Brown
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2010)
Suicide in the Young
Authors: Elizabeth R. McAnarney
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In the United States, suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, 15 to 24 years. This new volume provides ample data about the epidemiology of suicide, the complexities of our fully understanding the psychosocial etiology of suicide, and the challenge of treating suicidal young people and their families. This volume has many strengths. The introduction and three summary chapters by the editors (chapters 10, 18, and 25) are outstanding and clearly written. Readers might start with these four sections before proceeding through the remainder of the book. The abstracts for each chapter are concise and well written. The scope of the volume, including epidemiology and etiology, diagnosis, and prevention and intervention, is broad. The layout of the book is excellent: the graphics are outstanding and the text readable. There are some outstanding chapters, namely, "Cohort Studies of Suicide," "Toward the Prediction of Violent Deaths Among the
THE ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS.
Authors: SAMUEL H. FRIEND
Journal: JAMA (1897)

A comparative histologic study of normal cells, those of all tumors and the two malignant growths, cancer and sarcoma, indicates some striking similarities and differences. These cells arising as they do from previously existing normal cells, this is not especially remarkable, though it is worthy of note. Enumerated these differences are: 1, a limiting membrane; 2, fibrillar; 3, protoplasmic; and 4, nuclear structure in all. In benign growths this varies in predominance according to structural origin; but in the two malignant growths there is:<i>a</i>, an increased thick limiting membrane in cancer and a normal one in sarcoma;<i>b</i>, an increased protoplasmic structure and nuclei in both, especially striking in cancer where the nuclei predominate. The study of the biology of these malignant tumors indicates this: 1, that they are rapidly growing cells; and 2, that this rapid growth is intimately associated with the predominance of nuclei in the cell.
Encouraging HIV positive people to participate in clinical trials
Authors: J. H Williams
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Although many HIV positive patients play an active part in their treatment, it is proving increasingly difficult to recruit patients for clinical trials in the United Kingdom. There are reasons for this.

There is only a limited supply of “treatment naive” patients. Also, people living with HIV who are already taking antiretroviral drugs are seeing their lives improve. For those beginning treatment there are many drugs available. Combination therapy …