tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of pleural empyema secondary to pneumonia: thoracocentesis regimen versus tube drainage.
Authors: H K Storm, M Krasnik, K Bang, N Frimodt-Moller
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: Pleural empyema is a well known complication of pneumonia. Attitudes differ, however, about the best treatment of this condition and the place of drainage, early operation, and local antibiotics. METHODS: In a retrospective study 94 consecutive patients with verified empyema caused by pneumonia were admitted to the department of either pulmonary medicine or thoracic surgery. Treatment was either by a lavage regimen (daily thoracocentesis, saline rinse, systemic antibiotics, and in some patients instillation of local antibiotics) in the medical ward (51 patients) or by tube drainage and systemic antibiotics in the surgical unit (43 patients). RESULTS: The stay in hospital was significantly shorter in the medically treated patients than in the surgical group--2.3 v 5.0 weeks respectively. Furthermore, pleurocutaneous and bronchopleural fistulas developed more frequently in patients treated by tube drainage than in those treated with the thoracocentesis regimen alone (13 (30%) v 5 (10%) and 6 (14%) v 2 (4%) for each complication respectively). The overall mortality was 8.5% with no differences between treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a lavage regimen plus local and systemic antibiotics seems to be associated with a lower frequency of complications and a shorter duration of hospital stay than tube drainage and systemic antibiotics. These results should be confirmed by a prospective, randomised study.
Innovative Life Support in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Thomas L. Petty
Journal: JAMA (1996)

An expanding number of techniques that can provide adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are available for the critical care expert. These include mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)<sup>1</sup>and newer modifications of the ventilator's pressure waveforms.<sup>2</sup>In addition, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) using a membrane oxygenator can nearly match the success rate achieved by mechanical ventilation using inverse ratio mechanical ventilation and PEEP in ARDS. These observations were obtained in a randomized controlled clinical trial<sup>3</sup>; the survival rate was 35% to 40% in ARDS patients who, by previous entry criteria, had only a 10% salvage rate.<sup>4</sup> See also p 383. A new innovation in supportive care, partial liquid ventilation using a perfluorocarbon (PFC) instilled directly into the trachea until airways and alveolar units were partially "flooded," appears to be another alternative that can be applied if any one
Retraction: Correlation between DNA Repair Capacity in Lymphocytes and Acute Side Effects to Skin during Radiotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients
Authors: Wei-Dong Wang, Zheng-tang Chen, De-zhi Li, Zheng-huai Cao, Ping Pu, Shi-liang Sun, Xiao-pin Shen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

To the Editor: The authors withdraw the article titled, “Correlation between DNA repair capacity in lymphocytes and acute side effects to skin during radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients,” which appeared in the [ July 15, 2005][1], issue of Clinical Cancer Research ([1][2]). The first
PHYSICIANS INVITED TO ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Authors: Burton E. Livingston
Journal: JAMA (1922)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —It is desired to secure for membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science a larger number of medical men. For this reason, at its recent meeting, the Executive Committee of the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science voted to invite the Members and Fellows of the Americal Medical Association to full membership without the payment of the usual five dollar entrance fee—that is, to admit them simply on the payment of the annual dues, namely, $5 a year. It is unnecessary, of course, to take space here to inform medical men what the American Association for the Advancement of Science has done and is doing to advance science in the United States. I shall be glad to hear from any Members or Fellows of the Association who desire further information.
The Air Cholangiogram as an Unusual Sequela to Thoracocentesis
Authors: Elliott Perlin
Journal: JAMA (1969)

During an attempted thoracocentesis in a patient with empyema, air was inadventently introduced beneath the diaphragm apparently penetrating the liver capsule. Air filled the biliary tree and 24 hours later, an "air cholangiogram" was seen roentgenographically. Transient liver function abnormalities followed the incident.
SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: W. A. LINCOLN
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Because of its rarity, this condition is of more scientific than practical interest. But as it sometimes occurs, I wish to take this opportunity of reporting an interesting case which recently came under my care, especially as I am able to describe for the first time the actual rupture of the artery in any reported case.  REPORT OF CASE  History.  —G. C., man, aged 64, referred to me by Dr. J. L. Allan of Calgary, was married and was the father of eight children, one of whom died of tuberculosis after reaching an adult age. The others were healthy. There was no history of severe injury, nor of any venereal disease. He had never been a very hard worker, and was temperate in his habits. The patient was in his usual health and was ascending the stairs after his evening meal at the end of an ordinary day's work, when
Establishing Surveillance for Diabetes in American Indian Youth
Authors: Todd S. Harwell, Janet M. McDowall, Kelly Moore, Anne Fagot-Campagna, Steven D. Helgerson, Dorothy Gohdes
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—To determine prevalence estimates in order to monitor diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, in American Indian youth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To explore the feasibility of developing a case definition using information from primary care records, all youth aged &amp;lt;20 years with an outpatient visit or hospitalization for diabetes were identified from the Billings Area Indian Health Service database in Montana and Wyoming from 1997 to 1999, and the medical records were reviewed. Classification for probable type 1 diabetes was based on age ≤5 years, weight per age ≤15th percentile at diagnosis, or positive results of islet cell antibody test. Classification for probable type 2 diabetes was based on weight per age ≥85th percentile or presence of acanthosis nigricans at diagnosis, elevated C-peptide or insulin, family history for type 2 diabetes, or use of oral hypoglycemic agents with or without insulin or absence of current treatment 1 year after diagnosis. RESULTS—A total of 52 case subjects with diabetes were identified, 3 of whom had diabetes secondary to other conditions. Of the remaining 49 case subjects, 25 (51%) were categorized as having probable type 2 diabetes, 14 (29%) as having probable type 1 diabetes, and 10 (20%) could not be categorized because of missing or negative information. Prevalence estimates for diabetes of all types, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes were 2.3, 0.6, and 1.1, respectively, per 1,000 youth aged &amp;lt;20 years. CONCLUSIONS—Our definitions may be useful for surveillance in primary care settings until further studies develop feasible case definitions for monitoring trends in diabetes among youth.
NEW 3D SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IDENTIFIES GLOBAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MECHANICS WITH A HIGH SENSITIVITY IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS
Authors: Hong-Kui Yu, Wei Yu, Ka-leung Cheuk, Godfrey CF Chan, Sophia J Wong, Yiu-fai Cheung
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
CASE OF ACUTE STRYCHNINE POISONING IN A CHILD: RECOVERY
Authors: J. R. Pooler
Journal: BMJ (1905)

CAASES of acute mercurial poisoning are so rare and the litera- ture so sparse that I think it desirable to place on record this well-marked case.A young lady, 23 years of age, on October ist swallowed, mixed in a tablespoonful of milk, a " headache powder," pro- cured from a local chemist's shop.Immediately after taking the powder she was seized with a severe burning pain in the throat and with vomiting; she vomited again in a few
Duloxetine for Mild to Moderate Postprostatectomy Incontinence: Preliminary Results of a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Jean-Nicolas Cornu, Benoit Merlet, Calin Ciofu, Stéphane Mouly, Laurence Peyrat, Philippe Sèbe, René Yiou, Guy Vallancien, Isabelle Debrix, Karim Laribi, Olivier Cussenot, François Haab
Journal: European Urology (2010)
From Cirrhosis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Molecular Insights on Inflammation and Cellular Senescence
Authors: Gayatri Ramakrishna, Archana Rastogi, Nirupama Trehanpati, Bijoya Sen, Ritu Khosla, Shiv K. Sarin
Journal: Liver Cancer (2013)

Sequential progression from chronic liver disease to fibrosis and to cirrhosis culminates in neoplasia in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The preneoplastic setting of the cirrhotic background provides a conducive environment for cellular transformation. The role of classical inflammation in cirrhosis is widely known, but the exact mechanism linking inflammation and cancer remains elusive. Recent studies have elucidated roles for NF-κB, STAT3 and JNK as possible missing links. In addition, the "inflammasome" (a multiprotein complex and sensor of cellular damage) is a recently identified player in this field. The hallmarks of cirrhosis include necroinflammation, deposition of extracellular matrix and shortening of telomeres, leading to senescence and regeneration. Additionally, the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic changes propels atypical cells toward a malignant phenotype. This review provides recent information on the classical inflammatory pathway, together with a spotlight on inflammasomes and the immunomodulatory role of cellular senescence during the progression from cirrhosis to HCC. Moreover, lacunae in the current knowledge were identified and key questions raised on whether the observed adaptive responses are beneficial or detrimental to tissue homeostasis in a complex organ like liver.
A False-Positive Treponema Pallidum Complement Fixation (TPCF) Test
Authors: Edward H. Mandel
Journal: JAMA (1961)

POSITIVE reactions to the routine serologic tests for syphilis are found in patients who neither give a history of the disease nor present any of the clinical signs or symptoms. When this happens, verification tests such as theTreponema pallidumimmobilization, treponema complement fixation, and Reiter protein complement fixation are used to clarify the diagnosis. They are considered to be specific for syphilis and if negative, the diagnosis of a biologic false-positive reaction (BFPR) is made.  BFPR's account for 40 to 45 per cent of the positive serologic tests for syphilis.1They are more common in young persons between the ages of 21 and 30 and occur almost twice as often in females.  Biologic false-positive reactions are either acute or chronic. The former type appear in the course of any one of a number of infections—bacterial, viral, plasmodial, or rickettsial—and disappear when the patient recovers. BFPR's are reported in
Autoantibodies tied to some heart ailments
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In 1967, pediatrician Jacqueline A. Noonan, MD, saw a baby in the hospital nursery with congenital heart block. Looking outside the nursery door, she noted a mother with a large butterfly rash on her face. Noonan turned to a maternity ward nurse and asked: Does that mother go with that baby? Told that she did, Noonan remarked that the mother had lupus. The nurse replied that the mother had undergone a test for lupus erythematosus (LE) cell factor (a type of antinuclear antibody often present in lupus patients' serum), the results of which were negative. Recalling everything she knew from, training and experience about the signs of this disorder, Noonan exclaimed: I can't help that, she's got lupus!  Ninety percent of deaths from congenital heart disease occur within the first year of life, but pediatricians are at a loss to understand what causes most of the heart defects they encounter.
Contrast-Agent–Induced Acute Renal Dysfunction — Is Iodixanol the Answer?
Authors: Carl M. Sandler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

In this issue of the Journal, Aspelin et al.1 report findings from a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial that compared iodixanol, a third-generation, iso-osmolar, dimeric, nonionic iodinated contrast agent, with iohexol, a low-osmolar, monomeric, nonionic contrast agent. The use of iodixanol resulted in significantly fewer nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing arteriography than iohexol did — findings that are important because a beneficial effect of this iso-osmolar agent on renal function had not previously been conclusively demonstrated in a randomized study.Before the late 1960s, all iodinated contrast agents used for radiologic imaging were ionic monomers with an ionizing carboxyl group . . .
Myosin light chain phosphorylation facilitates monocyte transendothelial migration by dissociating endothelial adherens junctions
Authors: Mehran Haidari, Wei Zhang, Zhenping Chen, Leila Ganjehei, Navin Warier, Peter Vanderslice, Richard Dixon
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

Transendothelial migration (TEM) of monocytes is a crucial step in inflammatory processes such as atherogenesis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cad) has been implicated in the dissociation of adherens junctions and the increased paracellular permeability of endothelial cells (ECs) that occur during TEM of monocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been determined. We tested the hypothesis that the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) in ECs is crucial for the dissociation of adherens junctions during TEM of monocytes.Using a combination of biochemical and cellular techniques, we provide evidence for the signal transduction pathways that regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cad in ECs after the attachment of monocytes. Our findings indicate that after interaction of integrins on THP-1 cells with adhesion molecules on ECs, the induction of the HRas\Raf\MEK\ERK signalling cascade leads to the phosphorylation of MLC. This results in the recruitment of Src to the VE-cad complex and tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cad, which leads to dissociation of β-catenin from the VE-cad complex, formation of gaps between ECs, and enhancement of THP-1 cell TEM.Our studies suggest that monocyte-induced phosphorylation of MLC in ECs enhances TEM of monocytes through dissociation of EC adherens junctions.
Effects of drugs on the negative (backflow) component of velocity patterns in the dog aorta
Authors: P. A. KOT, J. C. ROSE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

Using an accurately calibrated flowmeter in the descending thoracic aorta of the dog, a study was made of alterations in aortic flow patterns following intravenous and intra-arterial injections of vasoactive drugs. When injected distal to the flowmeter, vasopressors caused marked backflow while vasodilators raised the level of the lowest portion of the pulsatile flow curve. When injected into the brachiocephalic artery, vasopressors prevented the development of a significant negative component whereas vasodilators caused the appearance of backflow, or augmented that which was already present. All acute elevations or decreases in peripheral resistance due to drugs were accompanied by increases in the negative or "backward" phase of flow in diastole. A significant negative flow component was noted only during these acute adjustments. A temporary differential in resistances of the upper and lower portions of the arterial circulation protected cerebral and coronary blood flow during acute haemodynamic adjustments.
A crucial role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in antiviral protection by CpG ODN-based vaginal microbicide
Authors: Hong Shen, Akiko Iwasaki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

Topical microbicides represent a promising new approach to preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. TLR agonists are ideal candidates for microbicides, as they trigger a multitude of antiviral genes effective against a broad range of viruses. Although vaginal application of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and poly I:C has been shown to protect mice from genital herpes infection, the mechanism by which these agents provide protection remains unclear. Here, we show that plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are required for CpG ODN-mediated protection against lethal vaginal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Moreover, we demonstrate that cells of both the hematopoietic and stromal compartments must respond to CpG ODN via TLR9 and to type I IFNs through IFN-alphabeta receptor (IFN-alphabetaR) for protection. Thus, crosstalk between pDCs and vaginal stromal cells provides for optimal microbicide efficacy. Our results imply that temporally and spatially controlled targeting of CpG ODN to pDCs and epithelial cells can potentially maximize their effectiveness as microbicides while minimizing the associated inflammatory responses.
Development and preliminary clinical evaluation of a peptide immunotherapy vaccine for cat allergy
Authors: Margitta Worm, Hae-Hyuk Lee, Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, Roderick P. Hafner, Paul Laidler, David Healey, Cecile Buhot, Adrienne Verhoef, Bernard Maillère, A. Barry Kay, Mark Larché
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Methodology and Reports of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Authors: Alejandro R. Jadad, Deborah J. Cook, Alison Jones, Terry P. Klassen, Peter Tugwell, Michael Moher, David Moher
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Review articles are important sources of information to help guide decisions by clinicians, patients, and other decision makers. Ideally, reviews should include strategies to minimize bias and to maximize precision and be reported so explicitly that any interested reader would be able to replicate them.Objective.—To compare the methodological and reporting aspects of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published by the Cochrane Collaboration with those published in paper-based journals indexed in MEDLINE.Data Sources.—The Cochrane Library, issue 2 of 1995, and a search of MEDLINE restricted to 1995.Study Selection.—All 36 completed reviews published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and a randomly selected sample of 39 meta-analyses or systematic reviews published in journals indexed by MEDLINE in 1995.Data Extraction.—Number of authors, trials, and patients; trial sources; inclusion and exclusion criteria; language restrictions; primary outcome; trial quality assessment; heterogeneity testing; and effect estimates. Updating by 1997 was evaluated.Results.—Reviews found in MEDLINE included more authors (median, 3 vs 2; P&lt;.001), more trials (median, 13.5 vs 5; P&lt;.001), and more patients (median, 1280 vs 528; P &lt;.001) than Cochrane reviews. More Cochrane reviews, however, included a description of the inclusion and exclusion criteria (35/36 vs 18/39; P&lt;.001) and assessed trial quality (36/36 vs 12/39; P&lt;.001). No Cochrane reviews had language restrictions (0/36 vs 7/39; P&lt;.01). There were no differences in sources of trials, heterogeneity testing, or description of effect estimates. By June 1997, 18 of 36 Cochrane reviews had been updated vs 1 of 39 reviews listed in MEDLINE.Conclusions.—Cochrane reviews appear to have greater methodological rigor and are more frequently updated than systematic reviews or meta-analyses published in paper-based journals.
Inguinal lumps misidentified as ectopic testis
Authors: P. Azarbod, A. Rane, P J. R Boyd
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

The initial moderate headache and mild pyrexia in the present case was not alarming, in the absence of meningism.CT at that stage might have allowed an attempt at further decompression, but the acute deterioration was not preceded by warning signs.Chemical meningitis has been reported from intracranial rupture of several types of cystic structures, including intracranial dermoid cysts, 1 cholesteatoma following radical mastoidectomy, remnant after geniculate ganglion surgery, and epidermoid cysts in the cerebellar pontine angle, as well as from a craniopharyngioma or cyst of Rathke's pouch. 2,3Accumulation of the oily irritant material within a cyst lined by squamous epithelium is an irregular phenomenon: some remain quiescent before and after decompression.Radiotherapy may or may not affect cyst recurrence.Long-term review of these patients is often in the hands of endocrinologists, who need to arrange intermittent scans to identify cyst recurrence.
Proteomics approaches towards early detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Ali Tiss, John Timms, Usha Menon, Alex Gammerman, Rainer Cramer
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Early stage detection of cancer is the key to provide a better outcome for therapeutic intervention. Proteomic technologies hold recently great promise in the search of new clinical biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer or for the development of new vaccines
Iron deficiency anaemia is common in patients with an ileoanal pouch and is not always associated with inflammation
Authors: M. F. Jaboli, M. Hamilton, L. Marelli, C. Toumpanakis, G. Erian, O. Epstein, C. Murray
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard restorative procedure for ulcerative colitis (UC) following colectomy. This operation is, however, associated with distinct rates of failure and complications. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is common in this group of patients although it is not clear to what degree this is secondary to ongoing inflammation or other mechanisms. The authors therefore performed a systematic audit of the patients after restorative proctocolectomy coming to the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Clinic in our department. <h3>Methods</h3> 74 patients (37 male, 37 female, mean age 47 years) with IPAA were recruited from the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic. Demographic and medical data were collected retrospectively from medical notes. Clinical signs of pouchitis were increased stool frequency, urgency, tenesmus, incontinence, abdominal pain, pelvic discomfort and nocturnal seepage. <h3>Results</h3> Among 74 patients with IPAA and IBD (66 patients with UC, 4 Crohn9s disease and 4 indeterminate colitis), 24 patients (30%) had anaemia and/or low iron indices. Seven of these 24 patients (30%) had clinical signs of pouchitis, two had β-thalassemia and one celiac disease. A sigmoidoscopy of the pouch was performed in 56 of the patients (75%). Only 23 patients had an oesophageal-gastro-duodenal endoscopy (OGD) but of the remaining 51 patients, 20 had negative antitissue transglutaminases antibody (TTG). The OGDs were all normal, including the duodenal biopsies. The authors performed capsule endoscopy in 11 patients with anaemia: 4 patients had small bowel erosions, 5 patients had erosions at the anastomotic site (4 with active bleeding), 2 had pouchitis, 1 angiodysplasia and 1 was normal. Considering all 75 patients with IPAA, 37 patients developed pouchitis (50%), 5 fistula (7%), 2 had PSC (4%), 2 of whom had OLT. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In this series of patients who underwent IPAA, nearly one third developed anaemia. In these patients, the most common findings at capsule endoscopy were erosions in the small bowel and at the anastomosis, which though contributory are unlikely to represent the cause of their anaemia. The most frequent complication in this group of anaemic patients was pouchitis. This audit suggests that iron deficiency anaemia is common in patients with IPAA and that further studies are required to investigate the mechanism of iron deficiency in this particular group of patients.