tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influenza-Related Mortality
Authors: Michael B. Gregg
Journal: JAMA (1978)

ALBERT Sabin, MD,<sup>1</sup>in an article published in<i>JAMA</i>takes issue with estimates of influenza-related mortality published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and current recommendations for yearly influenza immunization of persons assumed to be at high risk of dying from influenza. Sabin's conclusions are based on analyses of recent morbidity and mortality data published by CDC and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). We believe the methods Sabin used in his analyses obscure important epidemiologic features of influenza and, hence, lead him to draw incomplete and erroneous conclusions regarding the impact of influenza in the United States and thebenefits of annual influenza immunization of those at high risk. <h3>Sabin's Analytic Methods</h3> Three aspects of Sabin's analytic methods are inappropriate to a thorough understanding of influenza epidemiology and its relationship to epidemic-associated mortality. These include (1) use of the calendar year rather than an epidemiologic year as
Academic medicine and the new consultant contract
Authors: M Baum, A L Bloom, W T Davies, J A Dodge, G H Elder, K T Evans, J D P Graham, C N Hales, P Harper, T M Hayes, A Henderson, B Hibbard, L E Hughes, A Jacobs, J G Leopold, J N Lunn, R Mahler, G Nuki, J F Pearson, G M Roberts, P Smith, J M Stark, M D Vickers, C A J Wardrop, J F Watkins, J A Whittaker, E D Williams
Journal: BMJ (1977)

favouring one group to the detriment of another), but these irritations do not give our honourable profession the right to strike.
The Effect of Oxygen on Respiration and Sleep in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Patrick J. Hanly
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To determine the effect of supplemental oxygen on Cheyne-Stokes respiration, nocturnal oxygen saturation (SaO2), and sleep in male patients with severe, stable congestive heart failure. Design: Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Setting: Patients referred from outpatient cardiology clinics of two teaching hospitals. Patients: Sequential sample of nine outpatients with severe, stable congestive heart failure. Interventions: For each patient, sleep studies (after an adaptation night) from two consecutive randomized nights were compared; one study was done while the patient breathed compressed air and the other while the patient breathed oxygen (O2). Compressed air and oxygen were both administered through nasal cannulae at 2 to 3 L/min. Measurements and Main Results: Cheyne-Stokes respiration, defined as periodic breathing with apnea or hypopnea, was found in all patients. Low-flow oxygen significantly reduced the duration of Cheyne-Stokes respiration (50.7% ± 12.0% to 24.2% ± 5.4% total sleep time), mainly during stage 1 NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep (21.3% ± 7.1% to 6.7% ± 2.3% total sleep time) with no significant change during stage 2 sleep, slow-wave sleep, or REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Although patients had normal SaO2 (96.0% ± 1.7%) while awake, severe sleep hypoxemia was common; breathing oxygen reduced the amount of time that SaO2 was less than 90% from 22.3% ± 8.0% to 2.41% ± 1.93% of total sleep time. Sleep, disrupted to a variable extent in all patients, improved with oxygen therapy: There was an increase in total sleep time from 275.3 min ± 36.6 to 324.6 min ± 23.3; a reduction in the proportion of stage 1 sleep (27.6% ± 5.8% total sleep time to 15.2% ± 2.6% total sleep time); and a reduction in the number of arousals (30.4/h ± 8.0 to 13.8/h ± 1.9). The apnea-hypopnea index was reduced from 30.0 ± 4.7 to 18.9 ± 2.4 with oxygen breathing. Conclusions: In severe, stable congestive heart failure, nocturnal oxygen therapy reduces Cheyne-Stokes respiration, corrects hypoxemia, and consolidates sleep by reducing arousals caused by the hyperpneic phase of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Correction of nocturnal hypoxemia and sleep disruption may improve the clinical status of these patients.
Abstract 5415: Histone deacetylase inhibitors and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 synergistically induce apoptosis
Authors: Makoto Koyama, Yasuyuki Izutani, Ahmed E. Goda, Taka-aki Matsui, Mano Horinaka, Mitsuhiro Tomosugi, Jun Fujiwara, Yoshitaka Nakamura, Miki Wakada, Shingo Yogosawa, Yoshihiro Sowa, Toshiyuki Sakai
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat) are used clinically for the treatment of epilepsy and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, respectively. HDIs have been shown to be more effectively utilized in combination with other agents despite the promising anti-tumor effect of HDIs alone. Therefore, additional mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for use of HDIs in combination with other agents should be investigated to overcome resistance to HDIs or to increase the efficacy of HDIs. The natural endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a member of cyclopentenone prostaglandins and known to be a potent anti-neoplastic agent. Thus, we examined whether VPA or SAHA in combination with 15d-PGJ2 could show synergistic anti-tumor activitiy in colon cancer DLD-1 cells. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR analysis were carried out to investigate the expressions of apoptosis-related molecules. Small interfering RNA or transient transfection with plasmids was used for gene silencing, gene overexpression or luciferase assays. Mice bearing DLD-1 xenograft were divided into 4 groups (n=5) and injected everyday (i.p.) with diluent, VPA (100 mg/kg), 15d-PGJ2 (5 mg/kg) or a combination for 25 days. Cotreatment with VPA or SAHA at clinically achievable concentrations and 15d-PGJ2 synergistically induced cell death and drastically caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in DLD-1 cells. The apoptosis induced by VPA/15d-PGJ2 cotreatment was due to alterations of apoptosis-related genes such as an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bcl-XL, X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and death receptor 5 (DR5) via ROS generation, subsequent endoplasmic reticulum stress and/or histone deacetylase inhibition. Moreover, VPA/15d-PGJ2 cotreatment induced ROS-dependent apoptosis in other malignant tumor cells and was more effective than a VPA or 15d-PGJ2 monotherapy in vivo. These results suggest that cotreatment with the clinically relevant HDIs and 15d-PGJ2 may warrant clinical investigation as a rational combination therapy against a broad spectrum of malignant tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5415.
How Best to Train Physician-Managers-Reply
Authors: John Bernard Henry
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I can understand Dr Gillette's reservations about the rigor of a combined program in medicine and management, and, of course, this is not the only option and may not be the wisest choice for some. I do think that some medical students, premedical students (the early assurance students to whom I refer), and graduate medical trainees should be offered the opportunity to begin (or complete) study for the MBA. Exposed to courses in management early, physicians in training may view differently the restrictions that are bound to be imposed by changing economic conditions. The physicians we are training now will practice in a different climate; their autonomy is more likely to be challenged, and some of them should be economic realists as well as medical visionaries. Perhaps only a few will consider this model, and certainly more opportunities should be available for physicians in practice, but those who
Simplification of Left Heart Catheterization Percutaneous Techniques for Catheter Insertions
Authors: Henry D. McIntosh
Journal: JAMA (1961)

In evaluating patients for cardiac surgery the usefulness of hemodynamic measurements in the left atrium and ventricle has stimulated the development of several catheterization techniques. This report describes in detail the use of percutaneous methods for inserting the transseptal needle and the retrograde aortic catheter. Retrograde catheterization of the aortic valve, in the absence of significant stenosis, has been accomplished in 176 of 182 patients. Precautions that should prevent complications from the transseptal technique are described. The desirability of simultaneous measurements from the left atrium and ventricle for evaluation of the mitral valve is emphasized.
Urinary excretion of albumin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: persistent versus intermittent microalbuminuria and relationship to duration of diabetes, sex, and metabolic control.
Authors: R W Holl, M Grabert, A Thon, E Heinze
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

Urinary excretion of albumin is a marker for incipient diabetic nephropathy in adults. The intra-individual variability, as well as the relationship to duration of diabetes, onset of the disease, and long-term metabolic control, have not been evaluated in a large sample of pediatric patients.A total of 5,722 nocturnal urinary albumin excretion rates were determined in 447 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes, comprising 1,821 years of observation. Excretion rates were related to duration of diabetes, age at onset of diabetes, sex, blood pressure, and metabolic control.Based on repeated measurements in individual patients, the positive predictive value of one sample was 76%, the negative 99.5%. After a duration of diabetes of 11 years, 5% of patients displayed persistent microalbuminuria (10% after 13 years). The duration of diabetes until persistent microalbuminuria was identical for patients with prepubertal or pubertal onset of diabetes. In addition to duration, female sex (P < 0.03) and insufficient long-term metabolic control (P < 0.03) contributed significantly and independently to urinary albumin excretion.Determination of urinary albumin excretion rate is useful in pediatric patients. Female subjects with a long duration of diabetes and insufficient metabolic control are especially at risk for microalbuminuria. Even if persistent microalbuminuria usually becomes evident in patients aged > 11 years, the prepubertal duration of diabetes contributes equally to this risk. Good metabolic control therefore should be aspired to from the onset of diabetes.
A New Look at Black Families
Authors: Carl C. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1982)

This is a succinct book on black family life with a concise discussion of the differences among affluent (middle-class), working-class, and poor black families. In part 1 the author notes that, while slavery did disrupt the black family, it did not cause permanent damage, and that the belief that slavery caused the black family to be unstable and matriarchal is a myth. What is true is that "as family income decreases, the proportion of families headed by one parent tends to increase." He points out that theories of Marxism and colonialism are not adequate to explain the adaptation of blacks in American society. Instead, a situational, sociological point of view is taken as sufficiently explanatory as it considers the most important situation in which blacks find themselves—discriminated against due to racism—and how the behavior of blacks is structured by this situation. He refutes the popular notion that "race is declining
Psoriatic arthritis associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and Takayasu's arteritis
Authors: None Fukuhara, None Urano, None Akaike, None Ahsan, None Arase
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

A 40-year-old Japanese man with psoriatic arthritis (PA) involving the spine, sacroiliac and peripheral joints presented with dyspnoea and ankle oedema. Blood pressure was 180/110 and 114/80 mmHg in the right and left upper arms, respectively. Examinations showed left ventricular dilatation and diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle, with no involvement of the coronary arteries. Aortography detected total occlusion of the left subclavian artery and stenosis of the origin at the right renal artery. Dilated cardiomyopathy and Takayasu's arteritis associated with PA was diagnosed. A few cases of PA have been reported in association with cardiovascular diseases, but the association of these three diseases has not been documented in the literature to date. Dermatologists need to be aware of cardiovascular manifestations in patients with PA, because cardiovascular diseases are not rare in other seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
Acute Melioidosis in a Soldier Home From South Vietnam
Authors: Matthew C. Patterson
Journal: JAMA (1967)

A fatal case of acute melioidosis occurred in a soldier who had recently returned from Vietnam.<i>Pseudomonas pseudomallei</i>was identified by culture of blood specimens taken before and after death, animal inoculation, and fluorescent antibody tests. Chloramphenicol is the drug of choice in this disease.
Organic Diseases of the Heart. Part II
Authors: C. J. B. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1850)

ORGANCIC DISEASES OF TE BEAR!. cerebral disease, attended withi insensibility, or with perveraion of the intellectual powers; while, on the other band, I cannot too highly.extol the cqpious abstraction of blood in ukppr.opritecases.The state of the pulqe I believe to be an unfailing criterion as to the necssity -of blood-letting, which, when performed jp~iciously, and in time, has often in y own experinuce, and no doubt in that of many others, succeeded in averting the most formidable and fatal attacks of Cerebral Disease.8, Torrmgton Square, -March 1850.
Tissue Factor Expression and Fibrin Deposition in the Lungs of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: SHIRO IMOKAWA, ATSUHIKO SATO, HIROSHI HAYAKAWA, MASATO KOTANI, TETSUMEI URANO, AKIKAZU TAKADA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Although abnormalities of alveolar fibrin turnover have been reported to play a role in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the pathophysiological relevance remains unclear. We therefore investigated the localization of tissue factor (TF) and fibrin deposition in patients with IPF using immunohistochemistry and compared the results with those from patients who had interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic sclerosis (IP-SSc) and idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Expression of TF-mRNA was also assessed, using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe. In patients with IPF, IP-SSc, and idiopathic BOOP, the TF antigen was positively stained in type II pneumocytes and in some alveolar macrophages. The fibrin antigen was stained in the type II pneumocytes and the adjacent area. Tissue factor–mRNA was expressed in the type II pneumocytes and in some alveolar macrophages. Neither TF antigens nor TF-mRNA were detected in the normal lung. These results indicate that type II pneumocytes are a major source of TF, suggesting that TF production in these cells is closely related to fibrin deposition in the lungs of people with these diseases.
Lysosomal function in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Jianhua Zhang
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

Protein aggregation, mitochondrial deficits, oxidative and autophagic stress are prominent pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases. Our laboratory has a long term interest in the regulation of autophagy-lysosomal activities in neurodegeneration. We previously found that deficiency in the lysosomal cathepsin D in a mouse knockout model led to accumulation of the key protein in Parkinson’s disease, α-synuclein. Overexpression of cathepsin D in human neuroblastoma cells as well as worms reduced α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Recent work found that enhanced expression of lysosomal cathepsin D reduced both full-length and fragmented huntingtin in transfected HEK cells, and protected against mutant huntingtin toxicity in primary neurons. Furthermore, as mitochondria are the major generators and targets of reactive species, and oxidative stress has been found in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, investigating the source and nature of oxidative stress in cathepsin deficient brains are of significant interest. It has been previously shown that α-synuclein modification by S-nitrosylation enhances its aggregation propensity. Furthermore, microglial produced nitrous oxide (NO) from an increase in inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS) underlies some of the brain pathologies in CD knockout mice. Given that other lysosomal storage conditions have demonstrated mitochondrial involvement and that oxidative and nitrative changes have been associated with CD deficiency, we studied the effects of CD deficiency on mitochondrial morphology and function with the intent to understand how this lysosomal enzyme play a role in maintaining cellular bioenergetics and management of cellular oxidative states. We have found that although there are no changes in total mitochondrial biomass due to CD deficiency, there are enlarged mitochondria, and deficits in functional parameters of the electron transport chain. The changes demonstrated in this study contribute to the understanding of how mitochondrial/lysosomal interplay affects the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Risk of Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia and Preleukemia in Patients Treated with Cyclophosphamide for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Authors: JENS PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Of 602 patients treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 9 developed overt acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or preleukemia with refractory cytopenia and cytogenetic abnormalities of the bone marrow. A Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of leukemic complications was 6.3 ± 2.6% (mean ± SE) 7 years after start of treatment. All 9 patients with leukemic complications belong to a major subgroup of 498 patients treated with alkylating agents, predominantly cyclophosphamide. The risk of leukemic complications in this subgroup was compared with the risk in 312 patients treated with other alkylating agents for Hodgkin's disease, and with the risk in 553 patients treated with dihydroxybusulfan for ovarian carcinoma. Cumulative 9-year risks were 8.0 ± 3.3%, 12.8 ± 3.5%, and 7.1 ± 1.9%, respectively. The general risk of secondary leukemia after long-term treatment with alkylating agents ranges from 1% to 1.5% per year from 2 to at least 9 years after start of treatment.
Lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children without bronchopulmonary disease.
Authors: F Ratjen, M Bredendiek, L Zheng, M Brendel, U Costabel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is increasingly used in the pediatric age group. However, normal values for BAL fluid (BALF) constituents are lacking. As part of an investigation to define reference values in children, we studied lymphocyte surface markers of BALF in 28 children 3 to 16 yr of age without bronchopulmonary disease. All of them were undergoing elective surgery for nonpulmonary illnesses. BAL was performed under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. A flexible bronchoscope (Pentax 3.5 or 4.9 mm) was wedged into the middle lobe or into one of its segments, and 3 x 1 ml/kg body weight normal saline warmed to body temperature were instilled and immediately withdrawn. The first sample was studied separately; subsequent samples were pooled for analysis. Studies on lymphocyte surface markers were performed on the pooled sample only. The distribution of B-cells, pan T-cells, and CD57 positive cells was within the range reported for adult subjects. However, CD4/CD8 ratios were lower than in adults (0.7 +/- 0.4, mean +/- SD). This decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio was caused by an increase in CD8 cells. Comparative analysis of blood and BALF lymphocytes in a subgroup of children showed that CD4/CD8 ratios in blood were within the normal range reported for this age group and significantly higher when compared with BALF. The lower CD4/CD8 ratios in normal children have to be considered in the interpretation of BALF in children with pulmonary diseases.
Screening for Cystic Fibrosis — Time to Change Our Position?
Authors: Jeannette E. Dankert-Roelse, Gerard J. te Meerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common inheritable diseases among white people, and without treatment most patients with this disease die in infancy or early childhood. The steadily increasing survival of patients with cystic fibrosis in countries in which specialized care is available indicates that treatment is effective.1 Detecting the disease by screening, which might allow treatment to be initiated before irreversible damage has occurred, could further improve the outcome. In 1983 the Task Force on Neonatal Screening took a strong position against implementing neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis until more was known about the benefits and risks of . . .
Unrecognized Legionnaires' Disease as a Cause of Fatal Illness
Authors: Dale Fay
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Lungs from 224 patients, obtained at autopsy, were examined for<i>Legionella pneumophila</i>by fluorescent antibody (FA) staining. Of 121 patients who died with pneumonia,<i>L pneumophila</i>was present in eight cases (6.6%). Two of the eight patients exhibited no important respiratory symptoms or fever, although pneumonia contributed considerably to their deaths. Preexisting underlying disease was present in all cases. Legionnaires' disease (LD), endemic in the central Ohio area, may cause up to 3.6% of the nosocomial pneumonias at the study site. Application of the local incidence of LD to the number of annual adult deaths in the United States indicates that many LD-associated deaths may occur each year. The study shows the importance of using the FA and Dieterle stains during routine pathological examination of lung tissue, especially from compromised hosts in endemic areas. (<i>JAMA</i>243:2311-2313, 1980)
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Zeb L. Burrell, Alberto C. Martinez
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

ONE of the drugs most commonly employed for the management of atrial fibrillation is quinidine. Its use was demonstrated as early as 1918 by Frey.1 The compound, a cinchona alkaloid and the d-diosteroisomer of quinine, although a most useful agent, has certain limitations, which have stimulated a search for drugs of similar therapeutic value but less toxic in character.Although quinine is known to have certain effects not unlike those of quinidine2 this action is much less intense.3 In 1939 a synthetic antimalarial agent, chloroquine, was introduced. Burn and Vane,4 in experimental studies, showed that this compound, a 4-amino quinoline, . . .