tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Undergraduate medical education
Authors: James P Waddell
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A comparative randomised study of valacyclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients
Authors: I.D. Pavlopoulou, V.Ph. Syriopoulou, H. Chelioti, G.L. Daikos, D. Stamatiades, A. Kostakis, J.N. Boletis
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2005)
Air pollution in Reykjavík and dispensation of drugs for angina pectoris
Authors: Ragnhildur Gudrun Finnbjornsdottir, Helga Zoega, Orn Olafsson, Vilhjalmur Rafnsson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction:   Ambient air pollution is associated with increase in morbidity from heart diseases. Air pollutant concentrations in the Reykjavik area are known to exceed official European health limits several times every year.   Objectives:   To evaluate the association between ambient air concentration of NO 2 , O 3 , PM 10 , and H 2 S in Iceland9s capital area Reykjavik and the dispensation of drugs for angina pectoris.   Methods:   Data on the daily dispensing of drugs for angina pectoris were obtained from The Icelandic Medicine Registry. Data on hourly concentrations of NO 2 , O 3 , PM 10 , and H 2 S were obtained from The City of Reykjavik, and The Environment Agency of Iceland. A case-crossover design was used and the study period was January 1st 2005 to December 31st 2009.   Results:   Exposure to air pollution was associated with the dispensing of drugs for cardiovascular disease (C01DA). For every 10 μg/m 3  increase of NO 2  concentration levels the dispensing of glyceril trinitrates (sub-group C01DA02) increased by 11.6% (at lag 0) and 7.1% (at lag 1). Similarly, an increae by 10 μg/m 3  of O 3  concentration was associated with 9.0% (at lag 0) and 7.2% (at lag 1) increase in glyceril trinitrate dispensations.   Conclusion:   The findings indicate that increased air pollution levels are associated with increased dispensation of glyceril trinitrate. We caution that this is the first study to examine the association between ambient air pollution and dispensation of drugs for angina pectoris, hence further evidence is needed for definite conclusions of this association. Drug dispensing may potentially be a sensitive indicator of health when estimating the effects of air pollution.
To analyze efficacy and safety of pegfilgrastim versus filgrastim in patients with breast cancer
Authors: C. T. Satheesh, S. Tejinder, J. Ankit, K. V. Sajeevan, K. C. Lakshmaiah, D. Lokanatha, K. Govind Babu, T. M. Suresh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

e20587 Background: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single fixed 6 mg dose of pegfilgrastim (a pegylated version of filgrastim) per cycle of chemotherapy, compared with daily administration of filgrastim, in the provision of neutrophil support. Methods: Patients with carcinoma of breast, less than 65 yrs with ECOG performance status 0 or 1 treated at our institution were randomized to receive either a single 6 mg subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of pegfilgrastim or daily 5 mg/kg s.c. injections of filgrastim, after adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and docetaxel (60 mg/m, 600 mg/m2 and 75 mg/m2, respectively)q3 wk. Duration of grade 4 neutropenia (DSN), incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN), grade 4 neutropenia (SN), IV anti-infective use (IV), hospitalization and adverse events like bony pain (BP), anemia &amp; thrombocytopenias were assessed as safety endpoints. Results: 71 patients were analyzed from Aug 2007 to Dec 2008. The median age in pegfilgrastim group is 58 years and filgrastim is 57 years respectively. Results are shown ( Table ). The mean duration of grade 4 neutropenia (DSN) in cycle 1 was 2.0 and 1.7 days for the pegfilgrastim and filgrastim groups, respectively. Results for all efficacy end points in cycles 2–6 were consistent with the results from cycle 1. A trend towards a lower incidence of febrile neutropenia was noted across all cycles with pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim (10.7% versus 18.6%, respectively). Conclusions: A single fixed dose of pegfilgrastim administered once per cycle of chemotherapy was comparable to multiple daily injections of filgrastim. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Diet and exercise are effective in preventing type 2 diabetes, task force finds:
Authors: Michael McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Programs that promote dietary change and physical activity are effective in reducing the likelihood that people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes will do so, say new recommendations from the US Community Preventive Services Task Force.1

The task force arrived at its recommendations after a systematic review of 53 studies that described 66 programs.2 Participants in such programs were also more likely to see an improvement in diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors, such as excess weight and elevated blood glucose levels, lipid levels, and blood pressure, the panel said. “The beneficial effects of combined programs were seen across a wide range of intensity levels,” the task force said.

The …
Phase II Study of Cisplatin and Vinorelbine as First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients With Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Sandro Pignata, Giustino Silvestro, Ettore Ferrari, Luigi Selvaggi, Francesco Perrone, Antonio Maffeo, Pasquale Frezza, Giovanni Di Vagno, Gennaro Casella, Paolo Ricchi, Gennaro Cormio, Ciro Gallo, Francesco Iodice, Frank Romeo, Roberto Fiorentino, Giovanni Fortuna, Sergio Tramontana
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1999)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the activity and toxicity of the combination of cisplatin (80 mg/m 2 day 1) and vinorelbine (25 mg/m 2 days 1 and 8) in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix that has not been previously treated with chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with cervical cancer were enrolled onto this study (27 stage IB-III, 23 stage IVB-recurrent). A two-stage optimal Simon design was applied. Thirteen responders of 29 treated patients were required to proceed beyond the first stage, and 28 responders were needed overall. RESULTS: Hematologic toxicity was mild, with neutropenia being the most frequent side effect. Nonhematologic toxicity was frequent but never severe; one patient had grade 3 peripheral neurotoxicity. Objective responses were recorded for 32 patients (64%): 11 patients (22%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 21 patients (42%) achieved a partial response (PR). The response rate was 81.5% in patients with IB-III stage (25.9% CR rate) and 43.5% in patients with IVB-recurrent disease (17.4% CR rate). Responses were seen both in stage IVB patients (one CR and two PRs, for an overall rate of 37.5%) and in patients with recurrent disease (three CRs + four PRs, for an overall rate of 46.7%). CONCLUSION: The combination of cisplatin and vinorelbine is an active regimen in the treatment of patients with early-stage and advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity of this combination is mild.
Occupational asthma caused by exposure to ash wood dust (Fraxinus americana)
Authors: JL Malo, A Cartier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

A 63 year old man reported rhinitis and asthma, which occurred only at work where he was exposed to ash wood dust. Monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) and bronchial responsiveness to histamine when off work and at work showed increased variation of PEFR at work but no significant changes in nonspecific bronchial responsiveness assessed by the provocation concentration producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). Specific inhalation challenges were carried out in a special challenge room with ash wood dust. During the exposure for only 3 minutes, the mean concentration of particles was 3 mg-m3 and about 50% of particles had a diameter less than 10 mu. An immediate bronchospastic reaction was documented. Antibodies to a human serum albumin (HSA) ash wood conjugate were not significantly increased.
Gene-Panel Sequencing and the Prediction of Breast-Cancer Risk
Authors: Douglas F. Easton, Paul D.P. Pharoah, Antonis C. Antoniou, Marc Tischkowitz, Sean V. Tavtigian, Katherine L. Nathanson, Peter Devilee, Alfons Meindl, Fergus J. Couch, Melissa Southey, David E. Goldgar, D. Gareth R. Evans, Georgia Chenevix-Trench, Nazneen Rahman, Mark Robson, Susan M. Domchek, William D. Foulkes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

An international group of cancer geneticists review the level of evidence for the association of gene variants with the risk of breast cancer. It is difficult to draw firm conclusions from the data because of ascertainment bias and the lack of data from large populations.
The Place of Arthrography in the Diagnosis and Management of Meniscal Injuries – a 6-year Review
Authors: S E Evans, J Chandy, M J Aldridge
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1991)

Four hundred and eighty-seven consecutive knee arthrograms, performed over a 6-year period, are reviewed. Their accuracy is compared with arthroscopy and, where appropriate, with arthrotomy. The increasing accuracy of arthrography has resulted in the acceptance of this method of imaging as a useful and accurate means of examining meniscal injuries in the knee. This has led to far fewer surgical procedures and an overall saving of resources.
Acute phase protein α1-antitrypsin - A novel regulator of angiopoietin-like protein 4 transcription and secretion in human cells
Authors: Eileen Frenzel, Sabine Wrenger, Stephan Immenschuh, Rembert Koszulla, Ravi Mahadeva, Joachim Deeg, Mario Marcondes, Sabina Janciauskiene
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (angptl4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma induced angiopoietin-related protein) is a multifunctional protein associated with acute phase response. The regulation of angptl4 expression are largely unknown. This study is the first to show that human α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) up-regulates expression and release of angplt4 in human blood mononuclear cells and in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Mononuclear cells treated for 1 h with A1AT (from 0.1 to 4 mg/ml) increased mRNA of angptl4 from 2 to 174-fold, relative to controls. In endothelial cells the maximal effect on angptl4 expression was achieved at 8 h with 2 mg/ml of A1AT (11-fold induction versus controls). In ten emphysema patients with A1AT therapy (Prolastin) plasma angptl4 levels were higher relative to patients without therapy [ng/ml, mean (95% confidence interval) 127.1 (99.5-154.6) versus 76.8 (54.8-98.8), respectively, p=0.045] and correlated with A1AT levels. The effect of A1AT on angptl4 expression was significantly diminished in cells pre-treated with a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation (UO126), irreversible and selective PPARγ antagonist (GW9662), or genistein, a ligand for PPARγ. GW9662 did not alter the ability of A1AT to induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that PPARγ is a critical mediator in the A1AT-driven angptl4 expression. In contrast, the forced accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1-α, an up-regulator of angptl4 expression, enhanced the effect of A1AT. Thus, acute phase protein A1AT is a physiological regulator of angptl4, another acute phase protein.
Paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee.
Authors: T Kleinschmidt, J Czelusniak, M Goodman, G Braunitzer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1986)

Inspection of the amino acid differences among hemoglobin sequences of a wide range of mammalian species suggested that at alpha 19, alpha 110, alpha 111, beta 23, beta 44, and beta 56, synapomorphies group manatee (Trichechus inungius, Sirenia), Indian and African elephant (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana, Proboscidea), and rock hyrax (Procavia habessinica, Hyracoidea) into a monophyletic clade. Results obtained by parsimony analysis provide evidence for this grouping--and thus support for the genealogical validity of Simpson's superorder Paenungulata, which contains as the extant orders Proboscidea, Sirenia, and Hyracoidea. All of the 39 most, or nearly most, parsimonious of 10,395 trees constructed from a tandemly combined alpha- and beta-hemoglobin sequence for 103 vertebrate species (of which 79 were mammals from 16 extant orders), depicted Paenungulata as one of the most anciently separated branches of Eutheria. It was found on examining thousands of alternative trees that to not group Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Sirenia in a monophyletic clade required at least four additional substitutions.
The effect of cigarette smoke on key pathogens in COPD lung infection
Authors: Katie-Ann McGown, Stephanie McGrath, Michael Tunney, Stuart Elborn, Deirdre Gilpin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Introduction : The leading cause of COPD in developed nations is exposure to tobacco smoke and the role of bacterial colonization and infection in COPD has not yet been elucidated. Further, the direct effect of cigarette smoke on bacteria present in the COPD lung remains to be determined. This preliminary study aimed to determine the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the growth of the principal COPD bacterial pathogens.

Methods : CSE was prepared as described previously (Cromer et al Eur Respir J. 2013 May;41(5):1058-67). Bacterial type strains ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Prevotella spp and Haemophilus influenzae ) were inoculated into growth medium +/- CSE and cultured in appropriate conditions. Total viable counts (TVC cfu/ml) were estimated at each time point.

Results : The growth of P.aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae , H. influenza and Prevotella spp were not completely inhibited by any concentration of CSE; however a reduction in growth rate at higher concentrations was observed. M. catarrhalis growth was completely inhibited at higher concentrations.

Conclusions : The growth of principal bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from COPD patients are not affected by concentrations of CSE utilized in this study. Work currently underway aims to determine whether CSE induces key phenotypic changes (virulence factor expression, biofilm production and/or antibiotic susceptibility), which might enhance the pathogenicity of these bacteria and result in poorer outcomes for patients with COPD.
Fibrosis in emphysema: Radiologically occult but histologically prevalent process proportionate to smoking burden
Authors: Aurelie Fabre, Nazia Faheem, Jonathan Dodd, Maciek Narski, Ann Treacy, David Healy, Ian Lawrie, Thomas Finucane, Michael Keane, Jim Egan, Michael Tolan, Gilles Jebrak, Herve Mal, Marcus Butler
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Interstitial fibrosis with emphysema [also called smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF), or airspace enlargement with fibrosis] is increasingly recognised, described with co-existing lung cancer.

![Figure][1] 



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We undertook a prospective clinical, radiological and pathological analysis of non-cancerous lung from lung cancer resections (n=20), assessing smoking history, fibrosis and small airway changes by histology (see Katzeinstein AL et al 2010) and by protocol-derived high resolution CT (HRCT).

Histological emphysema-associated interstitial fibrosis (SRIF) was found in 40%, distant to the lung cancer and associated with small airway changes.

Gender and age distribution was similar in both SRIF and non-SRIF subjects, with SRIF observed in 87.5% in the right lung, (62.5% in the right upper lobe), and associated with decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p=0.0026). In all, SRIF had no HRCT correlate.

We assessed the histological findings in explanted lungs from radiologic emphysema subjects [n=20 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mean cigarette pack-years (PY)=45; n=20 alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT), mean PY=25]; SRIF was observed in 40% of COPD and 25% of A1AT (linear correlation with mean PY).

In summary, histologic fibrosis with emphysema is radiologically occult, highly prevalent, with a dose-response relationship to smoking, and independent of the cancer in the nearby lung.

 [1]: pending:yes
Growth Factor FGF2 Cooperates with Interleukin-17 to Repair Intestinal Epithelial Damage
Authors: Xinyang Song, Dai Dai, Xiao He, Shu Zhu, Yikun Yao, Hanchao Gao, Jingjing Wang, Fangfang Qu, Ju Qiu, Honglin Wang, Xiaoxia Li, Nan Shen, Youcun Qian
Journal: Immunity (2015)
Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Repeating Doublet Therapy in Previously Treated, Relapsed Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Robert A. Nagourney, John S. Link, Jonathan B. Blitzer, Cynthia Forsthoff, Steven S. Evans
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine plus cisplatin for patients with relapsed adenocarcinoma of the breast. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Previously treated patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast received cisplatin (30 mg/m 2 ) plus gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m 2 ) on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle, which was changed after patient no. 12 to cisplatin (30 mg/m 2 ) plus gemcitabine (750 mg/m 2 ) days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle. RESULTS: Of 30 patients, three (10%) had complete and 12 (40%) had partial responses, for an overall response rate of 50%. Two objective responses were observed among the four patients accrued after relapse that followed high-dose/stem-cell therapies. The median time to progression was 14 weeks. The median time to progression for objective responders was 23.5 weeks, with a range of 8 to 68 weeks. Toxicities included grades III and IV neutropenia in 13%, anemia in 6%, thrombocytopenia in 31%, grade III nausea in 4%, and grade II peripheral neuropathy in 2% of 151 treatment cycles. Moderate alopecia occurred in four patients. There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin plus gemcitabine is active and tolerable for patients with relapsed breast cancer. Responses observed in previously treated patients, including high-dose/stem-cell failures, indicate activity in otherwise drug-refractory patients.
Effect of Tetracycline on the Duration of a Raised Antistreptolysin-O Titre in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Marguerite Smith, E. G. L. Bywaters
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1966)

<h3>Background and purpose</h3> Microcatheterization is an important, but also difficult, technique used for the embolization of intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in microcatheter shaping. <h3>Methods</h3> Nine cases of internal carotid artery posterior communicating artery aneurysm diagnosed by CT angiography were selected, and 3D printing technology was used to build a 3D model including the aneurysm and the parent artery. The hollow and translucent model had certain flexibility; it was immersed in water and the microcatheter was introduced into the water to the target position in the aneurysm, followed by heating the water temperature to 50°C. After soaking for 5 min, the microcatheter was taken out and the shaping was completed. After sterilization, the shaped microcatheter was used for arterial aneurysm embolization and evaluation was conducted. <h3>Results</h3> Nine cases of microcatheter shaping were satisfactory and shaping the needle was not necessary; no rebound was observed. The microcatheter was placed in an ideal position, and the stent-assisted method was used in three cases of wide-neck aneurysm. There were no complications related to surgery. <h3>Conclusion</h3> A new microcatheter shaping method using 3D printing technology makes intracranial artery aneurysm embolization more stable and efficient.
Impact of guideline-concordant antibiotics and macrolide/β-lactam combinations in 3203 patients hospitalized with pneumonia: prospective cohort study
Authors: L. Asadi, D.T. Eurich, J.M. Gamble, J.K. Minhas-Sandhu, T.J. Marrie, S.R. Majumdar
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012)
P-glycoprotein expression in primary and metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: D.P. Petrylak, H.I. Scher, V. Reuter, J.P. O'Brien, C. Cordon-Cardo
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1994)

To determine the expression of P-glycoprotein in pre- and post-chemotherapy tumor tissue samples from patients with transitional cell carcinomas treated with M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin).Fresh frozen tissue sections of primary and metastatic urothelial tumors were stained with mouse monoclonal antibody HYB-241 which recognized an external epitope of P-glycoprotein, using an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical technique. Immunoreactivity was scored separately in tumor cells and endothelial cells.Untreated primary lesions showed immunostaining in 6 of 46 cases (13%), while 6 of 16 (38%) post-therapy primary tumors were immunoreactive. None of the untreated metastases (0 of 17) were positive, however, 6 of 11 (55%) post-therapy specimens showed varied percentages of positivity for p-glycoprotein (p = 0.002). The highest percentage, 50%-70% of tumor cells stained, was observed in metastatic lesions from patients who had received 6 or more chemotherapy cycles. No difference in the proportion of endothelial cells stained was observed in pre- and post-therapy specimens. However, 3 of 6 post-therapy samples obtained from 5 individual patients showed MDR1 up-regulation on endothelial cells.The data show that an increase in the proportion of cells expressing P-glycoprotein occurs after exposure to a combination chemotherapy program containing drugs known to select for P-glycoprotein expression in vitro. The observation of increased immunoreactive endothelial cells suggests transactivation of the MDR1 in these cells. While data are preliminary, P-glycoprotein expression in capillary endothelial cells may contribute to drug resistance. Taken together, these mechanisms may contribute to therapeutic failure in patients with bladder tumors treated with chemotherapy.