tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Student selected caesareans
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (2004)

2004 is my 40th year in medical education, as student or teacher. Back in 1964 our class was special—the first to experience the New Curriculum. The idea had been to reduce factual learning and make the course more integrated.

I now know that reducing factual learning is a tradition stretching back to the 19th century. Each generation of educators discovers that designing a fully integrated and really challenging course is fun. It certainly beats teaching. …
Antibody Against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Commercial Intravenous Gammaglobulin Preparations
Authors: CHESTER C. WOOD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

In a 6-month study, antibody levels against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were determined in intravenous gammaglobulin preparations and 45 serum samples from 20 patients on gammaglobulin therapy. All 10 lots of a reduced and alkylated preparation and 4 of 8 lots of a pH4/pepsin-treated preparation were seropositive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By Western blot analysis, 8 of 10 lots of the reduced and alkylated preparation and 3 of 8 lots of the pH4/pepsin-treated preparation were positive. Before gammaglobulin infusion, 2 of 45 preinfusion samples were seropositive by ELISA but seronegative by Western blot. After infusion, 15 of 45 samples were seropositive by ELISA, and 8 had antibody against p24 by Western blot. Seropositivity persisted for less than 1 month. Cultures of HIV-positive intravenous gammaglobulin lots were negative for reverse transcriptase activity or viral antigen expression. These results suggest that current methods of preparation either exclude or inactivate HIV.
Plasma connective tissue growth factor is a novel potential biomarker of cardiac dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Norimichi Koitabashi, Masashi Arai, Kazuo Niwano, Atai Watanabe, Michiko Endoh, Masahiko Suguta, Tomoyuki Yokoyama, Hiroshi Tada, Takuji Toyama, Hitoshi Adachi, Shigeto Naito, Shigeru Oshima, Takashi Nishida, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Masahiko Kurabayashi
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
Father Types of Anorexia nervosa Patients: The ‘Bonding’, the ‘Brutal’, the ‘Weak’ and the ‘Absent’ Father
Authors: Klaus Engel, Michael Stienen
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1988)

Increased attention has been drawn in recent years to the importance of the father in the genesis of anorexia nervosa. Four types of fathers were identified and investigated by comparing, under this aspect, fathers of 96 most severely affected patients with those of 111 families of a representative normal group. The investigation showed significant differences with regard to the 'bonding' and the 'brutal' father, whereas the 'weak' and the 'absent' father showed no significantly different values; the latter was even more frequent in the Unormal population. The results shall be discussed with regard to anorexia nervosa therapy.
Interleukin 4 induces cultured monocytes/macrophages to form giant multinucleated cells.
Authors: A McInnes, D M Rennick
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Giant multinucleated cells (GMCs) are associated with granulomatous lesions that form in response to various infectious and noninfectious agents. The present study shows that mouse IL-4 induces the in vitro formation of GMCs by factor-dependent bone marrow and alveolar monocytes via cell fusion. GMCs appear 2 d after incubation of cell cultures with 20 U/ml or more of IL-4. Anti-IL-4 mAbs block the appearance of GMCs in these cultures, indicating that IL-4 acts directly on monocytes to promote fusion and does not secondarily induce the production of other soluble fusion factors. In soft agar cultures, IL-4 also causes the aggregation of macrophages and diminishes their migration. The role of IL-4 in a granulomatous inflammatory response is discussed.
Adenovirus-Mediated Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Gene Therapy Reduces Neointima Formation in Balloon-Denuded Rabbit Aorta
Authors: Mikko O. Laukkanen, Antti Kivelä, Tuomas Rissanen, Juha Rutanen, Minna K. Karkkainen, Olli Leppanen, Jan Hinrich Bräsen, Seppo Yla-Herttuala
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— Restenosis is a frequent problem after invasive treatment of atherosclerotic vessels and is associated with intimal hyperplasia, which is primarily a result of proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, leading to the formation of neointima. Because there is no effective conventional medication for restenosis, gene therapy is a potential new treatment to prevent neointima formation. Methods and Results— In the present study, we analyzed the effects of adenovirus-mediated extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene transfer (3×10 9 pfu/kg AdEC-SOD versus AdLacZ control virus) on neointima formation in balloon-denuded rabbit aortas. Local catheter-mediated gene transfer to the arterial wall reduced restenosis ( P &lt;0.001) and decreased the number of macrophages in the transduced segment ( P &lt;0.001) 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the gene transfer compared with AdLacZ controls. Transgene expression was detected in the arterial wall by RT-PCR 2 weeks after the procedure, and the production of superoxide anion was reduced after the gene transfer. Recovery of the endothelial layer was enhanced in EC-SOD-transduced rabbits compared with LacZ controls ( P &lt;0.001) 2 weeks after the gene transfer. The therapeutic effect was found to be extended, affecting the gene transfer site and flanking aortic segments from the renal arteries to the bifurcation. However, systemic AdEC-SOD gene transfer to liver did not have any effects on restenosis. Conclusions— The results suggest that EC-SOD gene transfer reduces restenosis and may be useful for the prevention of intimal hyperplasia after vascular manipulations.
THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN DELIRIUM TREMENS
Authors: MILTON ROSENBAUM
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid by means of spinal puncture as a therapeutic measure in delirium tremens was introduced by Steinebach1in 1915. In that same year Hoppe2introduced this procedure in the United States; since then the treatment has become highly popular. Although it is now generally assumed that an increase in intracranial pressure occurs in delirium tremens and that drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid will relieve that tension, few data in support of this hypothesis can be found in the literature.  In a series of 18 cases, Steinebach found 14 patients (75 per cent) to have an increased pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. However, this conclusion was based on his interpretation of any pressure above 150 mm. of water as abnormally increased, which criterion is not in accord with that generally employed in this country, in which the upper limit of normal is usually considered to
Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with the androgen insensitivity (testicular feminisation) syndrome.
Authors: J Muller, N E Skakkebaek
Journal: BMJ (1984)

<b>328</b> <h3><b>Objectives</b></h3> Pharmacological evidence suggests abnormalities in the brain serotonin (5-HT) system in OCD involving cortical 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors. As these are located on pyramidal cells and interneurons and may modulate glutamate (Glu) and GABA transmission, we measured 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor availability with PET, and Glx (Glu plus glutamine) and GABA levels with MRS in OCD patients and matched controls. <h3><b>Methods</b></h3> Nineteen unmedicated patients (ages 31 ± 10 years, 9 F, 10 M) and 19 matched healthy controls completed PET and MRS studies. [<sup>11</sup>C]MDL100907 PET scans were acquired on an HR+ camera with arterial input function and analyzed with two-tissue kinetic modeling to generate BP<sub>P</sub> in multiple ROIs. MRS data were acquired using a 3T GE system and an 8-channel phased-array head coil with the J edited spin echo difference technique from an anterior cingulate (ACC) and a dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) voxel to generate GABA and Glx ratios to water. <h3><b>Results</b></h3> PET and MRS outcome measures showed no regional differences between OCD and controls. Glx/W was 3.2 ± .99 in OCD and 3.3 ± .58 in controls in DLPFC (p = 0.8); GABA/W was 2.2 ± .62 in OCD and 2.4 ± .54 in controls in ACC (p = 0.2, all values times 10<sup>-3</sup>). However, there were significant correlations between ACC GABA/W and [<sup>11</sup>C]MDL100907 BP<sub>P</sub> in multiple cortical regions in OCD but not controls. In orbital frontal cortex, where BP<sub>P</sub> values were 37.4 ± 8.4 mL<sup>.</sup>cm<sup>-3</sup> in OCD and 38.0 ± 14.4 mL<sup>.</sup>cm<sup>-3</sup> in controls (p = 0.9), Pearson R values were -0.19 (p = 0.4) in controls and 0.67 (p = 0.002) in OCD. <h3><b>Conclusions</b></h3> We found no abnormalities in Glx or GABA levels or 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors in OCD. However, the strong correlations between PET and MRS data suggest heightened coupling in OCD between these systems. Further studies are needed to fully characterize the nature of this relationship. <h3><b>Research Support</b></h3> NIM
Gene expression of insulin signal-transduction pathway intermediates is lower in rats fed a beef tallow diet than in rats fed a safflower oil diet
Authors: Young-Bum Kim, Rieko Nakajima, Tatsuhiro Matsuo, Takatoshi Inoue, Toyoko Sekine, Maki Komuro, Tomohiro Tamura, Kumpei Tokuyama, Masashige Suzuki
Journal: Metabolism (1996)
HLA-DQβl Typing and Non-Asp57 Alleles in the Aborigine Population of Senegal
Authors: Maryline Chauffert, Aynina Cisse, Didier Chevenne, Béatrice Parfait, Simone Michel, François Trivin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To investigate, in Senegalese subjects, the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQβ1 alleles and their role in susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS HLA-DQβ1 typing was done in 55 IDDM subjects and 118 nondiabetic control subjects by means of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS All;eles bearing a codon for an Asp residue at position 57 in the DQ β-chain were associated with a significantly lower risk of IDDM. Alleles 0201 and 0302 (Ala57) were positively associated with diabetes, but allele 0501 (Val57) was less frequent in IDDM subjects than in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS HLA-DQβl alleles may be genetic susceptibility markers for IDDM in the Senegalese population, as they are in Caucasian populations.
[737] THE EFFECT OF INSULIN-SENSITIZING AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS
Authors: D. Mizrak, R. Idilman, M. Bektas, E. Erden, I. Soykan, D. Corapcioglu, B. Doganay, R. Emral, A.R. Uysal, A. Ozden
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Delivery of patient centred care in routine practice requires a whole system change
Authors: N. Mathers, C. J. Ng
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Walsh and colleagues’ systematic review found no evidence that the use of patient decision aids saves costs.1 The accompanying editorial by Katz concluded that there is “no compelling reason to prioritise research on the potential role of patient decision support in reducing budgets.”2 We agree that these areas should not be a top priority for research into …
The referral system
Authors: B Sweeney
Journal: BMJ (1994)

reappeared.We are paying insufficient attention to this probable global event.We have limited understanding of the molecular events that underlie pandemics of influenza: to have any hope of preventing one of these outbreaks we need to identify the specific interplay among people, pigs, and birds that spawns a new pandemic virus.Current preventive strategies involving vaccines and antiviral drugs could be expected to blunt the pandemic in only a few regions of the world.Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines for influenza are about equally efficacious (60-90%) when antigenically matched vaccines are used.6Reverse genetics offers a new strategy for improving influenza vaccines-namely, inserting defined mutations into attenuated vaccines or increasing the yields ofvirus for inactivated vaccines.7But this strategy could not be expected to overcome the initial lag time in the preparation of a matched vaccine.Although antiviral drugs such as amantadine and its analogue rimantadine would probably be efficacious in the first wave of infection, drug resistance would emerge rapidly, making control of the pandemic unlikely.A new group of antiviral drugs, designed around the structure of the sialic acid binding site on the neuraminidase molecule, have shown promise in animal model studies and are now being tested clinically.8These first generation antiviral drugs based on structure will probably also have limitations, but they herald future strategies that may provide some control of new pandemics.In the meantime, we need to plan for the next pandemic.
Pneumococcus Vaccine and Diabetes
Authors: James E. Pennington
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A recent COMMENTARY by James M. Moss, MD (1980;243: 2301), has concluded that "diabetes is not a valid indication for the use of pneumococcus vaccine." I do not believe the data presented in the article are sufficient to warrant this conclusion. Some specific points made in this article deserve attention. Dr Moss spends some time confirming that patients with poorly controlled diabetes do appear to have decreased resistance to infection but states that an immunization program for this type of diabetic is "doomed to failure," because these patients "will never take the injections." This implies that patients with poorly controlled diabetes are an incorrigible lot who rarely appear for medical care and refuse injections when seen. However, most internists know a good many diabetics who, by virtue of their disease itself, have a poorly controlled condition and would make any effort to comply with measures to improve
Transduction of Cell Lines and Primary Cells by FIV-Packaged HIV Vectors
Authors: Kevin V. Morris, James Gilbert, Flossie Wong-Staal, Mehdi Gasmi, David J. Looney
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are capable of packaging viral RNA derived from heterologous as well as homologous lentiviruses, a phenomenon referred to as "cross packaging." To remove the possibility of seroconversion to HIV proteins, and to avoid potential problems arising due to targeting of vector or packaging construct by antiviral genes, we investigated the feasibility of using an FIV-based packaging system to deliver human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)-based vectors bearing anti-HIV-1 RNA expression cassettes to target cells. In the absence of FIV rev, FIV was packaged by HIV-2 at only 3% the efficiency of FIV packaging by FIV, but this was increased to 39% of homologous controls by supplying FIV rev in trans. HIV-2 vectors were packaged by FIV at levels equal to or exceeding the homologous HIV-2 packaging system in the absence of HIV-1 tat and rev, and levels increased approximately four- to fivefold with the addition of tat and rev in trans. HIV-2 vectors bearing a polyribozyme cassette targeting multiple regions of HIV RNA were efficiently packaged by FIV and transferred to target cells. Upon challenge with cell-free HIV-1 (m.o.i. = 0.1) a significant reduction in replication was observed. These findings demonstrate that packaging HIV vectors with FIV is a viable alternative, which avoids use of HIV structural proteins.
Malaria (1969)
Authors: Alexander C. Sonnenwirth
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Dr. Wessler: There has been an increase in the incidence of malaria in our civilian as well as our military population. As a result, a greater number of patients have been exposed to quinine intoxication, either through the inappropriate use of the accidental ingestion of large doses of this antimalarial drug. Two interesting patients will be presented at these rounds. The first was selected to highlight current problems in the diagnosis and management of malaria; the second was chosen to illustrate an uncommon form of quinine intoxication. Dr. David Hirschfeld, Junior Assistant Resident in Medicine, Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, and Assistant in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine: The first patient is a 37-year-old soldier who was initially admitted to Jewish Hospital seven weeks ago after sustaining an accidental gunshot wound of the head. The bullet lodged subepidurally, compressing the temporal lobe, and was removed without incident. Diphenylhydantoin was
A Practical Treatise on Fractures and Dislocations.
Authors: Lews A. Stimison
Journal: JAMA (1901)

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783 GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED LEUCINE ZIPPER (GILZ): A KEY PROTEIN IN THE SENSITIZATION OF FATTY LIVER TO LPS IN OBESITY
Authors: H. Boujedidi, A. Bigorgne, A.-M. Cassard-Doulcier, L. Bouchet-Delbos, S. Naveau, H. Hamdi, I. Durand-Gasselin, S. Rousset, R. Douard, J.-M. Chevallier, D. Emilie, G. Perlemuter
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Analysis and Reliability of Data from 24&amp;ndash;Hour Frequency&amp;ndash;Volume Charts in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Karel W.H. Gisolf, Ger E.P.M. van Venrooij, Mardy D. Eckhardt, Tom A. Boon
Journal: European Urology (2000)
Postmenopausal Hormone Users and Obesity-Reply
Authors: Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>In Reply—</h3> We agree with Dr Verdy that the lower weight observed in postmenopausal women taking estrogens is of great interest. However, we doubt that postmenopausal estrogen use causes weight loss, because this effect has not been shown in clinical studies, as he notes in his letter. It seems more probable that postmenopausal estrogen use either is prompted in search of improved health and appearance by women who are already weight conscious for the same reasons, or that postmenopausal estrogen use is initiated selectively by lean women because they have more postmenopausal symptoms. The latter hypothesis is attractive, because circulating estrogen in postmenopausal women is produced from plasma androgens, and the extent of conversion is positively correlated with body weight.<sup>1</sup>More sustained plasma estrogen levels in obese postmenopausal women might be expected to reduce the frequency of hot flushes and consequently to reduce the frequency of replacement estrogen use.
Pravastatin Treatment Increases Collagen Content and Decreases Lipid Content, Inflammation, Metalloproteinases, and Cell Death in Human Carotid Plaques
Authors: Milita Crisby, Gunilla Nordin-Fredriksson, Prediman K. Shah, Juliana Yano, Jenny Zhu, Jan Nilsson
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The clinical benefits of lipid lowering with statins are attributed to changes in plaque composition leading to lesion stability, but supporting clinical data from human studies are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 3 months of pravastatin treatment on composition of human carotid plaques removed during carotid endarterectomy. Methods and Results —Consecutive patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis received 40 mg/d pravastatin (n=11) or no lipid-lowering therapy (n=13; control subjects) for 3 months before scheduled carotid endarterectomy. Carotid plaque composition was assessed with special stains and immunocytochemistry with quantitative image analysis. Plaques from the pravastatin group had less lipid by oil red O staining (8.2±8.4% versus 23.9±21.1% of the plaque area, P &lt;0.05), less oxidized LDL immunoreactivity (13.3±3.6% versus 22.0±6.5%, P &lt;0.001), fewer macrophages (15.0±10.2% versus 25.3±12.5%, P &lt;0.05), fewer T cells (11.2±9.3% versus 24.3±13.4%, P &lt;0.05), less matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) immunoreactivity (3.6±3.9% versus 8.4±5.3%, P &lt;0.05), greater tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) immunoreactivity (9.0±6.2% versus 3.1±3.9%, P &lt;0.05), and a higher collagen content by Sirius red staining (12.4±3.1% versus 7.5±3.5%, P &lt;0.005). Cell death by TUNEL staining was reduced in the pravastatin group (17.7±7.8% versus 32.0±12.6%, P &lt;0.05). Conclusions —Pravastatin decreased lipids, lipid oxidation, inflammation, MMP-2, and cell death and increased TIMP-1 and collagen content in human carotid plaques, confirming its plaque-stabilizing effect in humans.
Review: In patients with heart failure, β-blockers reduce mortality but do not differ from each other
Authors: Prateeti Khazanie, L. Kristin Newby
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Chatterjee S, Biondi-Zoccai G, Abbate A, et al. Benefits of beta blockers in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f596. 23325883
Folate deficiency and neurological disease.
Authors: M I Botez
Journal: BMJ (1976)

<h3>Abstract</h3> When a plant detects a pathogen, chloroplasts terminate photosynthetic activity and uptake vital roles in the immune system to help stave off infection, including the production of defense hormone precursors and antimicrobial reactive oxygen species. Additionally, chloroplasts associate with the nucleus and produce greater numbers of tubular extensions called stromules during immune challenge. We previously showed that during infection by the potato blight pathogen <i>Phytophthora infestan</i>s, chloroplasts accumulate at the pathogen haustoria, hyphal extensions that are accommodated within the host cell. However, the extent to which chloroplast positioning around haustoria, or at the nucleus, contributes to immunity during infection remains unknown. Here we show a striking increase in the susceptibility to <i>P. infestans</i> of <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> CRISPR knock-out lines lacking the chloroplast movement and anchoring gene, CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 (<i>CHUP1</i>). However, the positioning of chloroplasts around the haustorium or nucleus is not impaired in the absence of <i>CHUP1</i>. Further, loss of <i>CHUP1</i> leads to an extreme clustering of chloroplasts around the nucleus in the presence and absence of infection, showing that greater chloroplast-nucleus association does not necessarily equate to more robust immunity. While plants lacking <i>CHUP1</i> have reduced basal stromules, they are still able to induce stromules following immune stimulation, indicating that multiple populations of stromules exist. Lastly, we found that <i>CHUP1</i> is required for proper deposition of callose - a cell wall material implicated in pathogen penetration resistance - around <i>P. infestans</i> haustorium, but not for other core immune processes. Our results implicate chloroplasts in plant focal immunity and point to a key role of <i>CHUP1</i> in facilitating the deposition of defense material at the pathogen interface.