tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Infection in Hospitals: Epidemiology and Control.
Authors: Carl W. Walter
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Three dozen brief essays by 34 scholarly investigators comprehensively cover the subject of cross infection in hospitals. Nine discussions serve to highlight the presentations and round out the subject. The symposium is an extraordinarily well-balanced review of the many interwoven facets of the complex known as institutionally acquired infections.  The essays are compellingly readable and present the current state of knowledge in a surprisingly unified and constructive way. With their publication, students of the phenomenon of cross infection need not envy those who participated in the symposium.  The continuing hazard of hospital-acquired infections and their worldwide distribution are described. Because most is known about staphylococcal infections, that subject forms the background theme of the symposium. Streptococcal, clostridial, gram-negative, and viral infections are oriented in the expanding scope of the problem. The well-organized presentations outline the scientific information and emphasize constructively the areas of agreement. The areas of scientific ignorance and
Expenditures for Reproduction-Related Health Care
Authors: Victor R. Fuchs
Journal: JAMA (1986)

THERE are 55 million American women of childbearing age (15 to 44 years), of whom about 30 million use some form of contraception, including sterilization. Approximately 10% have the opposite problem—difficulty in conceiving—and annually about 1 million couples seek medical advice or treatment for infertility. Each year approximately 6 million women learn that they are pregnant. One fourth of the pregnancies end with an induced abortion, and another 15% of these confirmed conceptions end in miscarriage or stillbirth. Over 3.6 million infants are delivered, of whom about 40,000 die within a year of birth. Nearly all of the infants receive some medical care and a small percentage receive a great deal. Currently there is considerable controversy about "high-tech" obstetrical methods, costly neonatal intensive care, and other reproduction-related expenditures, but there is little solid information available about these health services from an economic perspective. What fraction of total health care spending
Low hot pain threshold predicts shorter time to exercise-induced angina: results from the psychophysiological investigations of myocardial ischemia (PIMI) study
Authors: David S Sheps, Robert P McMahon, Kathleen C Light, William Maixner, Carl J Pepine, Jerome D Cohen, A.David Goldberg, Robert Bonsall, Robert Carney, Peter H Stone, David Sheffield, Peter G Kaufmann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
A Clinical Lecture ON COXA VALGA: Delivered at Westminster Hospital
Authors: A. H. Tubby
Journal: BMJ (1908)

The angle of inclination (angle of depression), the cervical angle, or angle of the femur, is estimated in the normal femur by drawing one line, A B, through the, long axis of the shaft, and another line, c D, tlirough.the long axis of the head and neck, these lines being drawn in a frontal plane.We therefore have an angle c E B -(Fig.1), and this is the angle of inclination.It varies from 1250 to 1280 in the normal femur.Roughly speaking, ve may say that any marked increase above 1280 represents coxa valga and any marked decrease below 1250 represents coxa vara.Hoffa'8 Line.-If we drawv a line A B, Fig. 2, on a normal femur through the base of the head, at the point where the cartilaginous covering ceases, we have Hoffa's line.This is represented in Fig. 1 by G F and cuts c i) at K. Now we come to Alsberg's triangle.Reverting to Fig. 1, the triangle made by the lines K H, H E, and E K is / I | .6F-i. 4. Coxa valga.Coxa vara.
753 INSULIN RESISTANCE IS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED LIVER FIBROSIS AND HIGH BODY MASS INDEX IN HIV/HCV-COINFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: P. Ryan, J. Berenguer, P. Miralles, D. Michelaud, P. Catalan, J.M. Bellon, M. Sanchez-Conde, E. Alvarez, M.A. Munoz, S. Resino
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Familial Lung Cancer
Authors: Ann G. Schwartz, John C. Ruckdeschel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death, and although most lung cancer is attributable to cigarette smoking, underlying genetic susceptibility is suggested by studies demonstrating familial aggregation. The first family linkage study of lung cancer has identified linkage of lung, laryngeal, and pharyngeal cancer in families to a region on chromosome 6q23-25. Because lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to aggregate in families beyond shared risk associated with smoking, the linkage results are compared and contrasted with results from genomewide linkage and association studies and candidate gene studies searching for genes for lung cancer, lung function, and COPD. Linkage on chromosome 6q to both lung cancer and lung function, and on 12 to lung cancer, COPD, and lung function, together with overlap in candidate genes for these outcomes, suggests that future research into underlying genetic mechanisms of lung disease would benefit from broadening the collection of family history data and better defining the "high risk" population. As familial risk of lung disease is better defined, referral into screening programs and prevention trials can be better targeted to reach families with both a history of lung cancer and COPD.
GROUP METHODS IN HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION AND PATIENT TREATMENT AS APPLIED IN THE PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM
Authors: H. WALTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

1. A form of hospital treatment for alcoholism, providing short hospitalization followed by prolonged outpatient treatment is described. 2. A therapeutic hospital milieu results from techniques facilitating patient interaction; treatment intervention by the staff is also coordinated through group methods. 3. The patient effects identifications with fellow-patients, his re-socialization commencing with his recognition that inner stresses, which he can be helped to modify, have contributed to his drinking. 4. Small group techniques are an effective means of outpatient psychotherapy when the patient is beginning a sober working adjustment and forming new social relationships.
Pulmonary and percutaneous absorption of 2-propoxyethyl acetate and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate in beagle dogs.
Authors: D Guest, M L Hamilton, P J Deisinger, G D DiVincenzo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

A comparison was made of the absorption and elimination rates of 2-propoxyethyl acetate (PEA) and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (EEA) following inhalation, dermal application or IV administration. Male beagle dogs were exposed to 50 ppm PEA or EEA for 5 hr, and breath samples were collected during the exposure and a 3-hr recovery period. Both compounds were rapidly absorbed through the lungs. After 10 min of exposure, the concentrations of the parent compounds in the expired breath were 5 to 10 ppm (80-90% absorption) and reached plateau values at about 3 hr of 13 ppm for PEA (74% absorption) and 16 ppm for EEA (68% absorption). Post-exposure breath samples declined exponentially to 0.5 ppm and 2 ppm after 3 hr for PEA and EEA, respectively. Expired concentrations of PEA were slightly, but significantly (p less than 0.025), lower than those of EEA at corresponding times during the exposure. After IV dosing with 1 mg/kg [ethyl-1,2-14C]PEA, the urine contained 61% and 88% of the dose in 4 and 24 hr, respectively. [14C]EEA was eliminated more slowly, with 20% and 61% of the dose appearing in the urine in 4 and 24 hr, respectively. Blood elimination half-lives were 1.6 hr for [14C]PEA and 7.9 hr for [14C]EEA. Only trace amounts of 14CO2 (less than 1%) or volatile materials (less than 0.1%) were detected in the expired air with either compound. For studies of percutaneous absorption, [14C]PEA or [14C]EEA was added to undiluted compound and applied in a glass cell to a shaved area on a dog's thorax for 30 or 60 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deming (N. M.) as a Health Resort.
Authors: J. W. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1891)

As regards Deming for a health resort for people coming from the East, affected with pulmonary or bronchial troubles, we would say: Deming is situated on a plain, surrounded by mountains, comprising an area of about 50 miles square. This is at an elevation of about 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. The temperature on this plain is always mild, never going below the freezing point in day time during mid-winter, while the heat during the summer never becomes extreme. The rainfall is exceedingly slight, limited principally to the months of July, August and September, while the air during the rest of the year is comparatively free from moisture. The water-supply is received from the Black Range, which is a spur of the Rocky Mountains. The water is the purest in the territory, being filtered through a stratum of sand for a distance of 25 miles before reaching
Serum Cholesterol as a Prognostic Factor after Myocardial Infarction: The Framingham Study
Authors: Nathan D. Wong, Peter W. F. Wilson, William B. Kannel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

To determine the relation between serum cholesterol levels and the long-term risk for reinfarction, death from coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in persons who recover from myocardial infarction.Prospective, longitudinal study.A geographically defined population-based cohort of adults participating in the Framingham Heart Study.Men (n = 260) and women (n = 114), 33 to 88 years of age (mean age, 62 years), who had a history of myocardial infarction.A complete physical examination, including electrocardiographic evaluation, blood pressure measurement, height and weight measurements, determination of smoking habits, and casual determinations of blood glucose and serum cholesterol, was done approximately 1 year after recovery from initial myocardial infarction. Patients were followed after infarction for the occurrence of reinfarction or death (mean follow-up, 10.5 years; range, 0.8 to 31.6 years).The mean cholesterol level after infarction was 5.21 mmol/L (242.8 mg/dL); 20% of patients had levels below 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), and 22% had levels of 7.11 mmol/L (275 mg/dL) or more. Compared with patients who had cholesterol levels below 5.17 mmol/L, patients with levels of 7.11 mmol/L or more were at increased risk for reinfarction (relative risk, 3.8; 95% Cl, 1.6 to 8.7), death from coronary heart disease (relative risk, 2.6; Cl, 1.4 to 4.8), and all-cause mortality (relative risk, 1.9; Cl, 1.2 to 2.9) based on multivariate Cox regression analyses adjusted for other coronary risk factors. Intermediate cholesterol levels (5.17 mmol/L to 7.11 mmol/L) were generally not associated with increased risk. The association between elevated serum cholesterol and increased risk was strongest in men; however, elevated cholesterol levels were found to be most strongly related to death from coronary disease and to all-cause mortality in persons who were 65 years of age or more.Patients who have recovered from a myocardial infarction and who have high cholesterol levels are at an increased long-term risk for reinfarction, death from coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. Our results confirm the prognostic value of cholesterol levels measured after myocardial infarction and support the role of lipid management in this population.
Incidental drainage of a periappendicular abscess during colonoscopy
Authors: P. Figueiredo, V. Fernandes, J. Freitas
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

A 50-year-old man was referred to the outpatient colonoscopy clinic after a positive fecal occult blood test during screening for colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy, which was performed with the patient sedated, revealed a 12-mm tumor covered by normal, smooth mucosa at the site of the appendicular orifice. A biopsy was taken, but this led to an immediate purulent discharge occurring from the lesion ([Video 1]). Therefore, a diagnosis of a periappendicular abscess was incidentally established.
Relationship Between the Effectiveness of Lithium Therapy and Family History
Authors: JULIEN MENDLEWICZ, RONALD R. FIEVE, FRANK STALLONE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

As part of a continuing study, 72 manic-depressive patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either lithium carbonate or placebo. Of these, 67 percent were treated successfully and 33 percent were long-term failures. Data that reflected the incidence of psychopathology in the first- and second-degree relatives of the patients were collected. Striking differences were observed in the backgrounds of lithium responders and failures: response to lithium treatment was significantly associated with the presence of manic-depressive illness in the patients' families.
Emergence of Macrolide Resistance during Treatment of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Daniel M. Musher, Mark E. Dowell, Virginia D. Shortridge, Robert K. Flamm, James H. Jorgensen, Pierre Le Magueres, Kurt L. Krause
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

To the Editor: Sargent et al. (Oct.11 issue) 1 report that adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil is as effective in older patients with resected colon cancer as it is in younger patients.Their conclusion is based on the absence of a statistically significant interaction between age and treatment effect for both overall and disease-free survival.However, the survival curves for treated and untreated patients who were more than 70 years old seem closer than the curves for treated and untreated younger patients.In our opinion, the absolute gain in survival is the measure that should be discussed with patients when deciding whether to use an adjuvant treatment.We suspect that the absolute differences in the study by Sargent et al. were small, and we would like to know what the absolute gain in survival was at each year of follow-up.
Primer of Clinical Psychopharmacology: A Practical Guide
Authors: Toksoz B. Karasu
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Over the last 30 years, we have entered a period in which psychopharmacologic agents have played an ever-increasing role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, which has led to the development of a field of psychopharmacology of staggering complexity. If one also takes into account that more than 200 million psychopharmacologic prescriptions a year are written by physicians, one can easily recognize the importance of promoting general competence and knowledge among practitioners. One can also anticipate a dynamic growth in the field, especially from the fact that many of the substantive advances in the treatment of mental disorders will be coming from psychopharmacology. This advancement will be coupled by the massive production of pharmacologic agents as well as numerous books on the subject. The proliferation of both the drugs themselves along with the literature about them potentially creates a source of great confusion for the practitioner. In response to this,
Announcing The Journal's Expanded Obituary Column
Authors: Ann Bartling
Journal: JAMA (1987)

As long as we have had a language we have been using our words to recall and to praise those who are our mentors. In the earliest form of tribute, the ancient Egyptians inscribed in the place of burial the name, the dates of birth and death, and the profession of the deceased. Often, this inscription included some pious motto.<sup>1</sup>Although brief, these early epitaphs gave birth to the more extended Greek and Latin sepulchral inscriptions, which were usually in verse. As our versatility with the written language increased, a whole genre of celebratory writing evolved. Much of the celebrated work in English and American literature has been written in recognition or memory of the dead. Shakespeare wrote entire plays capturing the life of some of history's greatest men—Julius Caesar, and Henry V, and Richard II. Antony's speech of Caesar in Act III of<i>Julius Caesar</i>endures as one
The Dollars and Sense of Medical Care and Health Services: Relation
Authors: Donnell W. Boardman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Abstract Traditionally the healing art was given by the people and received by the select as a sacred trust. With newer knowledge of living tissues and scientific data an elitist sense of privileged right developed among physicians in an increasingly affluent civilization. Technologic advances, commercialization of medical care and money-changers have separated doctor and patient and promise to reduce the physician — not entirely without his complicity — to mere practitioner of rational science and operator of sophisticated instrumentation. As such, he may expect "the honor due unto him for" such use. Healing or making whole requires that the whole person be addressed wholeheartedly. It is such relation that cometh of the Most High that is life-giving and death-transcending. (N Engl J Med 291:497–502, 1974)
Development of a targeted topoisomerase I inhibitor for anticancer therapy.
Authors: YZ Cao, J Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #2146 Background:&amp;#x2028; DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) has been identified as the molecular target of a variety of drugs, due to the important roles that they play in biological systems. Studies show that breast cancer cell lines are sensitive to Top1 agents such as camptothecin. Recent clinical trials have suggested that breast cancer patients may respond to drugs which target Top1. This suggests that some breast cancers may have elevated expression of the enzyme.&amp;#x2028; Thus, development of Top1 inhibitors may be a good target for anticancer therapy. To better target cancer cells, the drugs can be linked to a pH-sensitive linker such as the N-Ethoxybenzylimidazoles (NEBIs) developed in our lab. The NEBIs are designed to undergo hydrolysis in slightly acidic aqueous solutions at physiological temperature, comparable to the environment found in endosomes, lysosomes, and the extracellular environment of tumors. The hydrolysis of the NEBI causes the dissociation of the drug from a carrier (e.g. Herceptin), and the rates can be tuned by modifying the electron withdrawing and donating groups on the NEBI ring. It was demonstrated that the rates can be tuned to give half-lives ranging from 36 minutes to 9 months.&amp;#x2028; Materials and Methods:&amp;#x2028; We have developed a new class of imidazole-containing drugs which may inhibit Top1 activity. These compounds have a 4-ring, indenoisoquinoline structure and were synthesized by a simple condensation reaction which gives good yield. Ring substituents were modified to achieve molecules of optimal potency. The resulting drugs were subsequently linked to the NEBI, and hydrolysis studies were performed to determine the rate of active drug release.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Cytotoxicity of cleaved drugs was screened using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and topoisomerase inhibition assays will be performed in the near future.&amp;#x2028; Results:&amp;#x2028; Cytotoxicity studies showed that the hydrolyzed drugs are toxic to the 10μM range in cancer cells. One of the compounds has recently been approved for the National Cancer Institute screen, in which the activity will be evalutated with 60 different cancer cell lines of diverse tumor origins. Ongoing studies will assess the topoisomerase I inhibition activity of these compounds.&amp;#x2028; Discussion:&amp;#x2028; We have developed a novel prodrug which comprises of a toxic Top1 inhibiting drug attached to a pH-sensitive linker. This may prove to be an effective approach to anticancer therapy. Future studies will be pursued in using folic acid as the drug carrier to target breast cancer cells. Studies show that folate receptor overexpression is associated with poor outcome in women with breast cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that folate receptors may undergo endocytosis, which will trigger the release of the active drug from the linker. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2146.
Chernobyl hero (and victim) fighting for life in American hospital
Authors: D. L. Breo
Journal: JAMA (1990)

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Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: What Are the Big Questions?
Authors: Alistair B.A. Boxall, Murray A. Rudd, Bryan W. Brooks, Daniel J. Caldwell, Kyungho Choi, Silke Hickmann, Elizabeth Innes, Kim Ostapyk, Jane P. Staveley, Tim Verslycke, Gerald T. Ankley, Karen F. Beazley, Scott E. Belanger, Jason P. Berninger, Pedro Carriquiriborde, Anja Coors, Paul C. DeLeo, Scott D. Dyer, Jon F. Ericson, François Gagné, John P. Giesy, Todd Gouin, Lars Hallstrom, Maja V. Karlsson, D. G. Joakim Larsson, James M. Lazorchak, Frank Mastrocco, Alison McLaughlin, Mark E. McMaster, Roger D. Meyerhoff, Roberta Moore, Joanne L. Parrott, Jason R. Snape, Richard Murray-Smith, Mark R. Servos, Paul K. Sibley, Jürg Oliver Straub, Nora D. Szabo, Edward Topp, Gerald R. Tetreault, Vance L. Trudeau, Glen Van Der Kraak
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Over the past 10-15 years, a substantial amount of work has been done by the scientific, regulatory, and business communities to elucidate the effects and risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment.This review was undertaken to identify key outstanding issues regarding the effects of PPCPs on human and ecological health in order to ensure that future resources will be focused on the most important areas.To better understand and manage the risks of PPCPs in the environment, we used the "key question" approach to identify the principle issues that need to be addressed. Initially, questions were solicited from academic, government, and business communities around the world. A list of 101 questions was then discussed at an international expert workshop, and a top-20 list was developed. Following the workshop, workshop attendees ranked the 20 questions by importance.The top 20 priority questions fell into seven categories: a) prioritization of substances for assessment, b) pathways of exposure, c) bioavailability and uptake, d) effects characterization, e) risk and relative risk, f ) antibiotic resistance, and g) risk management.A large body of information is now available on PPCPs in the environment. This exercise prioritized the most critical questions to aid in development of future research programs on the topic.