tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New vaccine against typhoid could eventually be used for babies
Authors: Deborah Josefson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Researchers from the child health and human development division of the US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, have developed a new vaccine against Salmonella typhi , the bacterium that causes typhoid fever ( N Engl J Med 2001;344:1263-9).

An estimated 16-30 million cases of typhoid fever occur annually, resulting in 600 000 deaths. It is spread by the faecal-oral route and is therefore quite common in impoverished areas where sanitation is poor and malnutrition is rampant.

The new vaccine produces a good immune response, is well tolerated, and is effective in protecting young …
In vitro effect of tobacco exposure
Authors: Susan E. Boggs, Brandy Crowder, Cindy Knall, Gregory Polzin, Patricia A. Richter
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

4459 

Comparative protein profiling of cigarettes in human bronchial epithelial cells Potentially reduced-exposure tobacco products which employ new technologies and may differ in the composition of their smoke chemistry from previous traditional cigarettes are entering the market place. Data comparing the biological effects of smoke from different types of cigarettes or the same cigarette under different smoking conditions is limited. This study compares the protein expression profile of ten cigarette smoke condensates in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were treated for 18 h with five sub-toxic doses of each cigarette smoke type and a vehicle control. For comparative protein profiling 50 μg of total protein was subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis with isoelectric focusing from pH 3–10 and molecular weight separation on a 10–20% tris/glycine SDS gel. Gels were stained with Sypro ruby red and imaged using PDQuest software. Comparisons within the dose range of the same smoke type as well as between smoke types were made. Differences due to the smoke type and/or dose were evident. To identify differentially expressed proteins 100 μg of total protein was separated by 2D gel and stained with BioSafe Coomassie. Spots were excised from the gel, destained, reduced and alkylated before in gel tryptic digestion. Tryptic peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-TOF (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-time of flight). One protein in particular identified to be highly induced with cigarette smoke exposure was heat shock protein 27. Standardized in vitro testing potentially allows for an assessment of the cellular response produced by cigarettes that differ in blend, design, and smoke chemistry. Protein expression profiles of primary human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to these cigarette smoke condensates are dose and smoke type dependent. This work was supported by Contract # GS-24F-0006N from the Centers for Disease Control and NIEHS Grant # P30 ES-012072.
843. Single-Chain Polypeptide: Universal Module for Targeted Gene Delivery
Authors: Miguel Mano, Paula Verissimo, Carlos Faro, Abraham Loyter, Sergio Simoes, Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Over the past few years, the discovery that a number of small peptides, defined as cell permeable peptides (CPPs), are able to very efficiently cross cell membranes through a mechanism that is independent of receptors or transporters and that avoids lysosomal enzymatic degradation, has been enthusiastically considered of key interest for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
The Somatostatin Analog Octreotide Inhibits Growth of Interleukin-6 (IL-6)–Dependent and IL-6–Independent Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines
Authors: Patrik Georgii-Hemming, Thomas Strömberg, Eva Tiensuu Janson, Mats Stridsberg, Helena Jernberg Wiklund, Kenneth Nilsson
Journal: Blood (1999)
Abstract 9238: Fatty Acids and Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Stephanie E Chiuve, Eric B Rimm, Roopinder K Sandhu, Kathryn M Rexrode, JoAnn E Manson, Walter C Willett, Christine M Albert
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Although dietary guidelines recommend increasing N-6 polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake, there are concerns that N-6 PUFAs may compete with N-3 PUFA metabolism and attenuate health benefits. N-3 PUFAs have antiarrhythmic properties and intake is inversely associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk. Little is known regarding the relation of N-6 PUFAs and SCD risk, despite having similar antiarrhythmic properties in experimental models. Therefore we examined the associations, and the potential interactions, of N-6 and N-3 PUFAs on SCD risk. Methods: We followed 91,981 women from the Nurses' Health Study, age 34 to 59 in 1980. Information on diet was obtained via questionnaires every 4 years; other factors were assessed biannually. SCD was defined as death within 1 hour of symptom onset. Relative risks (RR) and 95%CI were estimated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results: We documented 385 cases of SCD through June 2010. Total PUFAs were inversely associated with risk of SCD, and similar associations were seen for N-6 and N-3 PUFAs (Table). For N-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid, but not arachidonic acid, was associated with lower risk of SCD. For N-3 PUFAs, alpha-linolenic acid, but not marine N-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), were inversely associated with risk. When modeled as a % total fat (a measure of dietary fat quality), marine N-3 PUFAs were significantly associated with lower risk (RR quintile 5 v. 1: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.37, 0.74 ). Women in the highest tertile of both N-3 and N-6 PUFA intake had the lowest risk of SCD (RR= 0.58; 95%CI: 0.40, 0.82) compared to women in the lowest tertile for both PUFAs (P, interaction=0.02). Conclusions: Higher intake of both N-6 and N-3 PUFAs was associated with lower risk of SCD. N-6 PUFA intake enhances, rather than attenuates, the inverse association between N-3 PUFA intake and SCD. These results support the AHA dietary guidelines to increase N-6 and N-3 PUFAs intake for heart health.
Abstract 232: Early Withdrawal of Post-Arrest Care After Therapeutic Hypothermia in Victims of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kyle Mccarty, Graham Nichol, Vatsal Chikani, Joel Bunis, Jason Roosa, Daniel Spaite, Margaret Mullins, Bentley Bobrow
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Objective: Current guidelines state that neurologic prognosis after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cannot be reliably assessed within 72 hours of the completion of therapeutic hypothermia (T...
569. Increased Antigen-Specific Humoral Response by Adenoviral Vector Prime and Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Boost
Authors: Yadi Tan, Julie L. Boyer, Neil R. Hackett, Ronald G. Crystal
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Top of pageAbstract
Dissemination of anthrax spores in a bioweapons event could result in inhalational anthrax, a disease that resulted in 45% mortality in the recent US anthrax attacks. The current licensed vaccine and the experimental vaccine currently being assessed by the US Army elicit protective immune responses against protective antigen (PA), a component of lethal toxin. We have recently demonstrated (Tan et al, Human Gene Therapy 2003; 14:1673-1682) that a recombinant serotype 5 adenovirus vector expressing a synthetic gene for PA (Ad5sechPA) offers more robust protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge than that achieved with purified recombinant PA protein. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that the efficacy of Ad5sechPA vaccination can be enhanced in prime-boost vaccination regimens. BALB/c mice were given intramuscular injections of the Ad5sechPA vaccine at a dose 107, 108, 109 particle units (pu) either once at wk 0, or twice at wk 0 and 4. Anti-PA IgG titer (by ELISA) and neutralizing antibody titer (NAb; reciprocal titer required for 50% inhibition of cytotoxicity by macrophage protection assay) were assessed and lethal toxin challenge was given at wk 6. In all dose groups, boost led to a higher reciprocal anti-PA ELISA titer in pooled sera rising from 200 to 670 in the 107 pu group; from 1,730 to 32,800 in the 108 group and from 2,550 to 40,200 in the 109 group (5 mice/group). Additionally, in all dose groups, boost led to a higher reciprocal neutralizing titer rising from undetectable to 35 in the 107 pu group; from 120 to 810 in the 108 group and from 120 to 1,400 in the 109 group (pooled sera from 5 mice/group). In response to lethal toxin challenge, boost immunization significantly increased protection: 100% of mice in the 108 pu prime-boost group survived the challenge compared to only 20% survival in the 108 pu single immunization group. In the 107 group there was no survival with or without boost and in the 109 group there was 100% survival regardless of boost. We conclude that an Ad5-based anthrax vaccine can be effectively used in prime-boost immunization to achieve more robust protective immunity than single immunization, at least when given via intramuscular route. These results have implications for applying Ad5-based vaccines to human populations.
Army Medical Specialist Corps.
Authors: Leonard D. Heaton, Harriet S. Lee, Myra L. McDaniel, Robert S. Anderson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Abstract : Although the Army Medical Specialist Corps was only established by the Congress a scant twenty years ago as the Women's Medical Specialist Corps and, as such, is the newest of the six corps of the Army Medical Service, I am delighted to note that the editors and authors have wisely given proper perspective to the dimensions of the achievements of the corps by incorporating in this historical account the period from 1917 to 1961. By the inclusion of material concerning the growth of this important adjunct to the Army Medical Service team, one learns of the 1,500 pioneer women who served as dietitians, physical therapists, and occupational therapists in Army hospitals, both at home and abroad during World War I and of those who continued to serve, as civilian employees, until World War II. It is particularly interesting to me, as I am sure it will be to others, to contrast the position of the members of the Army Medical Specialist Corps today, with their well-deserved recognition, compatible promotion policy, long-range educational and training program, and the like, with the poorly defined and frequently misunderstood and frustrating experiences of the World War I era and for many years thereafter. The fact that the Army Nurse Corps had been established in 1901 did not, it is surprising to note, insure general acceptance of other women specialists in the Army and for several decades the laborious struggle for recognition and status continued. It was achieved, of course, in 1947, and in retrospect, one might say it was long overdue.
Analysis of Variability of Mammary Tumor Incidence in Inbred DBA Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: C. K. Chai, E. S. Russell
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1956)

Journal Article Analysis of Variability of Mammary Tumor Incidence in Inbred DBA Mice Get access C. K. Chai, C. K. Chai Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. S. Russell E. S. Russell Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 16, Issue 6, June 1956, Pages 1335–1352, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/16.6.1335 Published: 01 June 1956 Article history Received: 21 February 1955 Published: 01 June 1956
Abstract 4142: Capacity building in cancer management in Africa: Envisioning a future from past challenges
Authors: Christopher K. O. Williams
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Sub-Saharan African institutions, especially the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, Uganda, led in the development of chemotherapy (CMT) for lymphoma subtypes between 1950 and 1980. Recent WHO emphasis on global non-communicable diseases indicates a need for regional HC paradigm shift in a region long inundated with communicable diseases. Expected barriers in capacity building in medical oncology there are illustrated with challenges of experimental management of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (UCHIN), where from 1/1984 to 12/1985, a study of tolerability and practicability of high dose cytosine arabinoside (HDAC) CMT was initiated. Included were children (chd) with a diagnosis of BL Ziegler's Stage C or D with or without CNS involvement (CNS±), and life expectancy of at least one month, whose parents/guardians were willing to give oral consent. 60 chd were to be assigned randomly to either the standard treatment (RII) or the investigational (RI) protocol. RI was: Cyclophosphamide (CTX) 1000mg/m2 IV day 1, Vincristine (VCR) 2.0mg/m2 IV day 1, cytosine arabinoside (AC) 50mg/m2 q12hr x 6 doses in cycles 1 and 4, and 1000mg/m2 q12hr x 4 doses and 50mg/m2 q12hr x 2 doses for cycles 2 and 3 cycles q14days x 4cycles. R II was: CTX 1000mg/m2 IV day 1, VCR 2.0mg/m2 IV day 1, AC 50mg/m2 q12hr x 6 doses q14days x 4 cycles. AC 50mg/m2 was given intrathecally days 1 and 5 of each cycle. See Table for results. *MDI: Mean dose intensity. HDAC based CMT was well tolerated with more effective control of systemic and CNS disease compared to conventional CMT. Challenges encountered included ethical issues of medical research in the midst of socio-economic deprivation, technical and manpower inadequacies, unreliable drug supply leading to CMT modifications, communication, lack of compliance and unreliable accessibility to follow-up. Persistence of these problems after &amp;gt;2 decades signals a need for cultural change at all community levels: government, HC administration and among categories of providers. Table of resultsR-IR-IIp-VALUEDEMOGRAPHY#RANDOMIZED14 (30)16 (30)M/F10/410/6AGE9.5±3.58.5±2.5&amp;gt;0.5STAGEC56D-CNS+46D-CNS-43MDI OF AGENTSVCR0.350.520.09CTX382.6466.40.16IV-AC936.0139.50.001IT-AC33.942.00.034OUTCOMES#EVALUATED1012CR9/95/12PR0/95/12NR0/92/12OS (%)59200.21 Citation Format: Christopher K. O. Williams. Capacity building in cancer management in Africa: Envisioning a future from past challenges. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4142. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4142
Prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in candidates for liver transplantation in Santa Casa Hospital (Porto Alegre-Brazil)
Authors: Eduardo Garcia, Taiane Francieli Rebelatto, Fernanda Waltrick Martins, Lucas Jesus de Medeiros, Rangel Olsen de Carvalho, Ajácio Brandão
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a disorder of pulmonary vascular disease secondary to liver disease, comprehending abnormalities of arterial oxygenation (PaO2    Objective:  To assess the prevalence and severity of HPS in patients with severe liver disease.   Methods:  Retrospective cross sectional review of 90 medical records of 90 patients who underwent liver transplantation at the Santa Casa Hospital (Porto Alegre -Brazil), from February 2002 to April 2009. The present study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee.   Results:  The sample consisted of 90 patients, 62.2% (n = 56) were male and mean age was 54.13 years (22-74). The prevalence of HPS was 43.3% (n=39). Forty one per cent (n=16) were classified as having mild HPS, 33.3% (n=13) moderate, 10.3% (n=4), severe and 15.4% (n = 6) as very severe. The mean PA-aO2 was 26.42 mmHg and the mean PaO2 was 81.47 mmHg.   Conclusion:  The study confirms the high prevalence of this clinical syndrome in patients with severe liver disease and, thus, strengthen its research in patients with liver diseases, especially those who may be liver transplantation, since current evidence points to liver transplantation as a treatment of HPS.
Molecular markers for determining Gefitinib sensitivity
Authors: Michael J. Peyton, Luc Girard, Boning Gao, David Shames, Aisha Ellahi, Jonathan Kurie, Adi Gazdar, John D. Minna
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

1272  Gefitinib sensitivity has been associated with EGFR mutational status, yet not all tumors containing mutations are sensitive to gefitinib and some tumors lacking mutations are sensitive to gefitinib. We screened a panel of NSCLC cell lines for gefitinib sensitivity, EGFR mutational status, HER family proteins levels and ligand expression levels. Additionally, affymetrix microarray analysis was performed on these cell lines. We identified 8 EGFR mutant cell lines, 5 of which were sensitive to gefitinib. Gefitinib sensitive cell lines all express EGFR and several vastly overexpress it. The levels of HER2 and HER3 vary, while HER4 expression is very low. One cell line, HCC2935, expresses EGFR, HER2 & 3 and numerous EGFR ligands, but not Heregulin. While addition of Heregulin to HCC2935 does not effect growth, it does induce gefitinib resistance. Analysis of ligand expression shows that gefitinib sensitive lines tend to overexpress EGFR ligands, particularly Amphiregulin and Epiregulin and have relatively low levels of the HER3 ligand Heregulin. Conversely, expression of HER3 and Heregulin at levels similar to or greater than EGFR is associated with gefitinib resistance. Tumor response to gefitinib predictions can be improved by knowledge of the relative levels of EGFR to HER3 on the receptor side as well as EGFR ligand (particularly Epiregulin and Amphiregulin) to the HER3 ligand Heregulin. This suggests that the HER3 pathway signals parallel to the EGFR pathway in NSCLC and its activation is associated with gefitinib resistance. Finally we present a model that may explain EGFR family ligand receptor interactions and their role in gefitinib sensitivity/resistance.
Effects of informant mental disorder on psychiatric family history data
Authors: T F Chapman, S Mannuzza, D F Klein, A J Fyer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1994)

In family history interviews, mentally ill individuals ascribe their own disorders to relatives more frequently than informants who are not ill. Whether this reflects increased or decreased reporting accuracy remains unknown. This study addressed this issue by examining the sensitivity and specificity of diagnoses based on information from different types of informants classified by their own illness status.Both members of 2,193 pairs of individuals participating in a psychiatric family study were directly interviewed. One individual in each pair (the informant) also provided family history data about the other (the subject). Informant-subject pairs were grouped according to the illness status of the informant based on the direct interview. Patterns of ascription of mental illness to subjects by groups of ill and not-ill informants were then compared with the subjects' psychiatric status based on direct interview.For depression, alcoholism, panic disorder, and "any diagnosis," ill informants demonstrated significantly increased sensitivity in family history reports when compared to never-mentally-ill informants; specificity, by contrast, was always significantly reduced. For each disorder, the aggregate disorder rate derived from family history reports was closer to the rate derived from direct interviews if information from ill informants as a group was used.The sensitivity and specificity of family history information appears to vary systematically with informant mental illness status. This may introduce a serious bias into psychiatric family study data, leading to overestimation of the strength of the tendency for mental disorders to "run in families." Family studies that rely on the informant method in their diagnostic evaluations should be aware of this problem.
Press: The operation was a success (but the patients died)
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

How media spin distorted the outcomes of a study comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting

Last week, one simple health message dominated the US media: radical prostate surgery for prostate cancer saves lives. The media were reporting the results of a Swedish trial (see news p 613) published in the New England Journal of Medicine (2002;347:781-9)—yet the trial showed no such thing.

The trial concluded that although radical surgery did reduce disease specific mortality, there was “no significant difference between surgery and watchful waiting in terms of overall survival.” A companion study published in the same issue of the New England Journal found that the surgery also failed to improve men's quality of life.

Despite these conclusions, headlines across the United States were unequivocally positive about the benefits of surgery. The New York Times of 12 September said: “Prostate cancer surgery found to cut death risk”; the Chicago Tribune (12 September) read: “Surgery benefit cited for prostate cancer”; and CBS News announced in broadcast and website leads on 12 …
Hitherto Unreported Malignant Melanomas in the Syrian Hamster: An Experimental Counterpart of the Human Malignant Melanomas
Authors: Joseph G. Fortner, Arthur C. Allen
Journal: Cancer Research (1958)

Summary  1.Primary melanotic and amelanotic malignant melanomas have been found in 10 or 1.9 per cent of 523 Syrian hamsters surviving 181 days and longer on the experiment. These tumors are of spontaneous origin.  2.Eight of the ten melanomas originated in males; nine of the ten melanomas demonstrated metastases; five of the ten animals with melanomas also had one or more additional primary tumors originating in other tissues.  3.This is the first experiment recorded in which malignant melanomas have been observed in the Syrian hamster.  4.The histogenesis of the hamster melanocarcinomas appears to be identical with that noted in malignant melanomas of humans—namely, origin from a junctional nevus. This identity seems not to have been demonstrated previously with tumors of this or other experimental animals. The macroscopic and histologic appearances and the growth characteristics of the malignant melanomas of hamsters correspond well with the features of this tumor in the human.  5.Four of the melanocarcinomas are now being carried in transplant form. These tumors are available to any interested investigator.