tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Wnt-11 signalling controls ventricular myocardium development by patterning N-cadherin and β-catenin expression
Authors: Irina I. Nagy, Antti Railo, Risto Rapila, Terhi Hast, Raija Sormunen, Pasi Tavi, Juha Räsänen, Seppo J. Vainio
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

The stage-dependent organization of the cardiomyocytes during formation of the different layers of the developing ventricular wall is critical for the establishment of a functional heart, but the instructive signals involved are still poorly known. We have addressed the potential role of Wnt-11 in the control of early ventricular myocardium assembly. We demonstrate by means of expression analysis and a mouse model in which Wnt-11 function has been inactivated that Wnt-11 is expressed by the embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes and serves as one important signal for ventricular wall development. In the absence of Wnt-11, the coordinated organization, intercellular contacts, co-localized expression of the cell adhesion components N-cadherin and β-catenin, and the cytoskeleton of the differentiating ventricular cardiomyocytes are all disturbed. Moreover, the ventricular wall lacking Wnt-11 signalling is thinner and the expression of the Gata-4, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, ANP, and BNP genes is down-regulated relative to controls. These defects lie behind disturbed embryonic cardiac functional development, marked by an increase in the ventricular relaxation time during the early diastole. We conclude that Wnt-11 signalling serves as a critical cell adhesion cue for the organization of the cardiomyocytes in the developing ventricular wall, which is essential for the establishment of a functional heart.
Prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub>and the role of the DP<sub>1</sub>, DP<sub>2</sub>and TP receptors in the control of airway reflex events
Authors: Sarah A. Maher, Mark A. Birrell, John J. Adcock, Michael A. Wortley, Eric D. Dubuis, Sara J. Bonvini, Megan S. Grace, Maria G. Belvisi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ) causes cough and levels are increased in asthma suggesting that it may contribute to symptoms. Although the prostaglandin D 2 receptor 2 (DP 2 ) is a target for numerous drug discovery programmes little is known about the actions of PGD 2 on sensory nerves and cough. We used human and guinea pig bioassays, in vivo electrophysiology and a guinea pig conscious cough model to assess the effect of prostaglandin D 2 receptor (DP 1 ), DP 2 and thromboxane receptor antagonism on PGD 2 responses. PGD 2 caused cough in a conscious guinea pig model and an increase in calcium in airway jugular ganglia. Using pharmacology and receptor-deficient mice we showed that the DP 1 receptor mediates sensory nerve activation in mouse, guinea pig and human vagal afferents. In vivo , PGD 2 and a DP 1 receptor agonist, but not a DP 2 receptor agonist, activated single airway C-fibres. Interestingly, activation of DP 2 inhibited sensory nerve firing to capsaicin in vitro and in vivo . The DP 1 receptor could be a therapeutic target for symptoms associated with asthma. Where endogenous PGD 2 levels are elevated, loss of DP 2 receptor-mediated inhibition of sensory nerves may lead to an increase in vagally associated symptoms and the potential for such adverse effects should be investigated in clinical studies with DP 2 antagonists.
Interferon-stimulated genes and their role in controlling hepatitis C virus
Authors: Philippe Metz, Antje Reuter, Silke Bender, Ralf Bartenschlager
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)

Infections with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of chronic liver disease. While the acute phase of infection is mostly asymptomatic, this virus has the high propensity to establish persistence and in the course of one to several decades liver disease can develop. HCV is a paradigm for the complex interplay between the interferon (IFN) system and viral countermeasures. The virus induces an IFN response within the infected cell and is rather sensitive against the antiviral state triggered by IFNs, yet in most cases HCV persists. Numerous IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been reported to suppress HCV replication, but in only a few cases we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral activity. It is becoming increasingly clear that blockage of viral replication is mediated by the concerted action of multiple ISGs that target different steps of the HCV replication cycle. This review briefly summarizes the activation of the IFN system by HCV and then focuses on ISGs targeting the HCV replication cycle and their possible mode of action.
The immortalized UROtsa cell line as a potential cell culture model of human urothelium.
Authors: M R Rossi, J R Masters, S Park, J H Todd, S H Garrett, M A Sens, S Somji, J Nath, D A Sens
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

The UROtsa cell line was isolated from a primary culture of normal human urothelium through immortalization with a construct containing the SV40 large T antigen. It proliferates in serum-containing growth medium as a cell monolayer with little evidence of uroepithelial differentiation. The working hypothesis in the present study was that this cell line could be induced to differentiate and express known features of in situ urothelium if the original serum-containing growth medium was changed to a serum-free formulation. We demonstrated that the UROtsa cells could be successfully placed into a serum-free growth medium consisting of a 1:1 mixture of Dulbeco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12 supplemented with selenium (5 ng/mL), insulin (5 microg/mL), transferrin (5 microg/mL), hydrocortisone (36 ng/mL), triiodothyronine (4 pg/mL), and epidermal growth factor (10 ng/mL). Under serum-free growth conditions, confluent UROtsa cells were shown by light microscopy to produce raised, three-dimensional structures. Routine ultrastructural examination disclosed these three-dimensional areas to consist of a stratified layer of cells that strongly resembled in situ urothelium. The cells displayed numerous desmosomal connections, complex interactions of the lateral membranes, and abundant intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm. Freeze fracture analysis demonstrated that the cells possessed tight-junction sealing strands and gap junctions. The overall morphology was most consistent with that found in the intermediate layers of in situ urothelium. The basal expression patterns of the metallothionein (MT) and heat shock proteins 27, 60, and 70 were determined in these cells, and expression was in agreement with that known to occur for in situ urothelium. The cells were also successfully tested for their ability to be stably transfected using expression vectors containing the MT-3 or MT-2A genes. The findings suggest that the UROtsa cells grown with a serum-free medium could be a valuable adjunct for studying environmental insult to the human urothelium in general and for the stress response in particular.
China and Population Control
Authors: Gerard S. Brungardt
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  I am writing to respond to the article by Dr Ma 1 entitled  Child, One Family.  Dr Ma, who we are told is an International Fellow in Medical Journalism, has presented a whitewashed apology for China's population control efforts that cannot go unchallenged.  Dr Ma tells us that the one-child policy is voluntary, that the government encourages this policy, and that abortion is available. We are meant to infer that there is in place a policy that, much like in the United States, is there for those who want to use it but is not forced on anyone. Nothing could be further from the truth.  Kubek 2 documented that forced abortion is part and parcel of China's population policies. Between 1971 and 1984, China's state-run abortion clinics performed 114 million abortions. He relates, using official state statistics, the infanticide of 1.3 million female infants during the
STATE LICENSURE APPLIED TO LABORATORIANS
Authors: JOHN A. KOLMER
Journal: JAMA (1922)

A progressive development of laboratory methods for the study and diagnosis of disease and a rapid multiplication of hospitals, diagnostic clinics and laboratories, have created a constantly increasing demand for laboratorians. More and more, physicians and surgeons are demanding accurate and reliable pathologic, bacteriologic, serologic and chemical examinations and the preparation of biologic products, as diagnostic aids and therapeutic measures. The number of medical graduates of sufficient special training in laboratory medicine adopting the laboratory as a career and specialty is inadequate to meet this demand. Graduates in medicine are not being attracted to laboratory careers in sufficient numbers, largely because of inadequate financial compensation and limited opportunities for advancement. As a result, it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide instructors in the medical sciences for medical schools, and heads for large hospital and municipal laboratories. It is imperative that salaries shall be revised upward, and that teachers of pathology
Ectopic Ventricular Prematurity and Its Relationship to Ventricular Tachycardia in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Man
Authors: NEIL DE SOYZA, JOE K. BISSETT, JAMES J. KANE, MARVIN L. MURPHY, JAMES E. DOHERTY
Journal: Circulation (1974)

In order to determine the role of the coupling interval of a premature ventricular contraction (PVC) in the development of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT) during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction in man, 52 male patients with documented acute myocardial infarction had 24-hour Holter monitoring commenced within 24 hours of the onset of prolonged chest pain. Review of the tape recordings revealed that 27 patients had PVT documented, while 25 patients did not. Analysis of the data on the two groups showed that the frequency of PVCs, coupled PVCs, and accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) were found to be associated with a significantly increased incidence of ventricular tachycardia. The mean coupling interval of the PVCs initiating episodes of ventricular tachycardia was not significantly different from either the mean coupling interval of the isolated PVCs in the patients with PVT or the mean coupling interval of the PVCs in the patients without PVT. This suggests that the coupling interval of a ventricular ectopic is a poor predictor of ventricular tachycardia in the early phases of acute myocardial infarction.
PET/CT of a Brodie Abscess
Authors: Klaus Strobel, Thomas F. Hany, G Ulrich Exner
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Brodie abscess is a rare, localized type of subacute or chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis, usually of staphylococcal origin. Imaging with standard radiographs, bone scintigraphy, and MRI has been described in the literature. We present the case of a 28-year-old patient with pain in the right knee. Whole-body FDG-PET/CT scan showed a solitary FDG-active (SUV max 5.2) intracortical lesion in the meta-/epiphysis of the proximal tibia. CT demonstrated a sclerotic rim around the lesion. A Brodie abscess was considered a possible diagnosis. Multifocality could be excluded. CT-guided transosseous biopsy and curettage was performed and the diagnosis of a Brodie abscess was confirmed.
WHO gives go ahead for experimental treatments to be used in Ebola outbreak
Authors: A. Sayburn
Journal: BMJ (2014)

WHO gives go ahead for experimental treatments to be used in Ebola outbreak Anna Sayburn LondonThe use of experimental vaccines and treatments in the outbreak of Ebola virus in west Africa is ethical so long as certain conditions are in place, a panel of 12 experts convened by the World Health Organization said in a statement on 12 August.
Weight Gain in Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: L. R. Frumkin
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Q Following completion of chemotherapy for breast cancer, several premenopausal patients began tamoxifen treatment. During the 12- to 24-month period since starting this drug, all the women have had significant weight increases, ranging from 9 to 16 kg. This has occurred despite no apparent changes in diet or exercise habits and no prior history of weight control problems. Logs of daily energy intake and exercise suggest that attempts to lose the weight are more ineffective than expected. Is this a common phenomenon in women taking tamoxifen? If so, what is the mechanism, and what recommendations can be given to assist these patients?   A Weight gain often occurs both with adjuvant chemotherapy and with adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer. 1,2 Given the small but consistent benefits of improved survival with adjuvant therapy, diminution in quality of life and adverse health effects related to significant weight gains are of considerable import.
Cultural evolution and emergent group-level traits through social heterosis
Authors: Peter Nonacs, Karen M. Kapheim
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Smaldino proposes emergent properties of human groups, arising when individuals display both differentiation and organization, constitute a novel unit of cultural selection not addressed by current evolutionary theory. We propose existing theoretical frameworks for maintenance of genetic diversity – social heterosis and social genomes – can similarly explain the appearance and maintenance of human cultural diversity (i.e., group-level traits) and collaborative interdependence.
833-1 Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction is associated with a striking reduction in 30-day and one-year mortality: Insights from GUSTO V
Authors: Deepak P Vivekananthan, A.Michael Lincoff, Hitinder S Gurm, Danielle Brennan, Eric J Topol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
New directions in information for patients
Authors: P. Meredith, M. Emberton, C. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Providing information for patients is currently a growth industry. Traditionally, health professionals have created their own fact sheets for local use, with consumer organisations, self help groups, and commercial publishers plugging the gaps. But now commercial companies are competing to relieve providers of services of their responsibilities by selling computer disks containing information about hundreds of conditions and procedures. This format allows purchasers to customise this information for their patients.1

Commercially produced videos on diseases and treatments that permit viewers to experience passively what they may encounter are also becoming available. Interactive video disks take this medium one stage further by inviting patients themselves to exert some control over the flow of information. Whether patients will be willing to make decisions about treatment on the basis of interaction with a machine rather than a doctor is not yet known. Given the pace of development in information technology, virtual reality systems may become available within the …
The Quinidine-Digoxin Interaction
Authors: J. Thomas Bigger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

In 1978, three groups independently described a drug interaction between quinidine and digoxin: When quinidine is given to patients taking digoxin, the serum digoxin concentration increases.1 2 3 These reports have raised many interesting and important questions and a flurry of investigation. Two recent articles in the Journal provide some insight into the mechanism of this interaction.4 , 5 The purpose of this editorial is to review the information currently available on the digoxin-quinidine interaction and to discuss its clinical implications.What is the prevalence of the interaction? Although the number of patients studied is still less than 100, we can be reasonably certain . . .
Admission after mild head injury: benefits and costs.
Authors: A D Mendelow, D A Campbell, R R Jeffrey, J D Miller, C Hessett, J Bryden, B Jennett
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Large numbers of patients are admitted to hospital in Britain after mild head injury in the hope of anticipating complications. Investigation of 1442 consecutive admissions with head injury to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary yielded 56 intracranial haematomas. Of 865 patients who were alert and orientated in the accident and emergency department after having been briefly knocked out but who had no skull fracture, no focal neurological signs, and no history of headache or vomiting, only one developed an intracranial haematoma. In deciding which patients should be admitted a skull fracture is a much more important risk factor than is a history of brief unconsciousness. If criteria for admission took account of this fewer patients would be admitted and the saving would be considerable.
The Neurology of Eye Movements.
Authors: N Shimizu
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Eye movements are necessary for clear and stable vision, for which images of the world should be brought to the fovea and be held steady on the retina. The main types of eye movements consist of saccadic eye movements, vergence, vestibular eye movements, smooth pursuit eye movements and eye movements for visual stabilization. Saccades are fast eye movements and have consistent relationship between their peak velocity and the size of the movements. The burst neurons in the brainstem are the generator of saccades and receive projections from the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, parietal eye field, basal ganglia, superior colliculus and cerebellum. Saccades are evaluated by a speed and accuracy of the size. There are different types of saccade, such as visually triggered saccades, antisaccades, memory-guided saccade and predictive saccades. The specific test paradigms of saccades may show the localization and the type of diseases. Opsoclonus, flatter-like oscillation, ocular myoclonus, square-wave jerks are characteristic involuntary eye movements. Syndromes of the paramedic pontine reticular formation, medial longitudinal fascicules and one-and-a-half syndrome are caused by disease of the pons.
Effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether on various parameters of testicular function in the F344 rat.
Authors: R E Chapin, J C Lamb
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

These studies were designed to define the target cell for ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) action in the rodent testis, and to compare fluid production and protein secretory patterns in the testes of treated and control animals. Adult F344 rats were treated with 150 mg/kg/day, 5 day/week, and sacrificed 1, 2, 4, 7 or 10 days after the first dose. In the testes of treated animals, the most sensitive cells were the premeiotic and meiotic spermatocytes. As length of treatment continued, the younger transitional spermatocytes, and more pachytene spermatocytes, were affected. Early and late stage spermatids did not appear affected, nor was the visual appearance of spermatogonia changed by exposure to EGME. Fluid production, androgen-binding protein secretion and electrophoreograms of proteins found in the ligated rete testis were also unchanged by EGME, showing that these indices of Sertoli cell function were not affected by EGME. The histologic and biochemical data suggest that both early and late spermatocytes are targets for EGME in the testis, and that the Sertoli cells are relatively unaffected.
The results of living under a runway
Authors: S. Chapman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Sydney's airport is only 12 km from the downtown area. For years its two intersecting runways have carried all domestic and international traffic, but from the mid-1980s delayed departures and interminable holding patterns on arrival made it obvious that the two runways were not coping. Two main strategies were considered: to build a second airport 40 km south west of Sydney, connected by a fast rail service, or to build a third runway parallel to the existing north-south strip.

After intense lobbying from the business community and the tourism industry, concerned to maintain the convenience of the existing airport, the third runway option was fast tracked by the federal government. It opened on 4 November, six months ahead of schedule and A$50m (pounds sterling25m) under budget. Since then it has stayed on …
Coffee, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Marilyn C. Cornelis, Ahmed El-Sohemy, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Hannia Campos
Journal: JAMA (2006)

The association between coffee intake and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) remains controversial. Coffee is a major source of caffeine, which is metabolized by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme. Individuals who are homozygous for the CYP1A2*1A allele are "rapid" caffeine metabolizers, whereas carriers of the variant CYP1A2*1F are "slow" caffeine metabolizers.To determine whether CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee consumption and risk of acute nonfatal MI.Cases (n = 2014) with a first acute nonfatal MI and population-based controls (n = 2014) living in Costa Rica between 1994 and 2004, matched for age, sex, and area of residence, were genotyped by restriction fragment-length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the intake of caffeinated coffee.Relative risk of nonfatal MI associated with coffee intake, calculated using unconditional logistic regression.Fifty-five percent of cases (n = 1114) and 54% of controls (n = 1082) were carriers of the slow *1F allele. For carriers of the slow *1F allele, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of nonfatal MI associated with consuming less than 1, 1, 2 to 3, and 4 or more cups of coffee per day were 1.00 (reference), 0.99 (0.69-1.44), 1.36 (1.01-1.83), and 1.64 (1.14-2.34), respectively. Corresponding ORs (95% CIs) for individuals with the rapid *1A/*1A genotype were 1.00, 0.75 (0.51-1.12), 0.78 (0.56-1.09), and 0.99 (0.66-1.48) (P = .04 for gene x coffee interaction). For individuals younger than the median age of 59 years, the ORs (95% CIs) associated with consuming less than 1, 1, 2 to 3, or 4 or more cups of coffee per day were 1.00, 1.24 (0.71-2.18), 1.67 (1.08-2.60), and 2.33 (1.39-3.89), respectively, among carriers of the *1F allele. The corresponding ORs (95% CIs) for those with the *1A/*1A genotype were 1.00, 0.48 (0.26-0.87), 0.57 (0.35-0.95), and 0.83 (0.46-1.51).Intake of coffee was associated with an increased risk of nonfatal MI only among individuals with slow caffeine metabolism, suggesting that caffeine plays a role in this association.
FAILURE OF LOW-DOSE HEPARIN TO PREVENT DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS AFTER HIP-REPLACEMENT ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: W.G.J. Hampson, H.Keith Lucas, F.C. Harris, P.H. Roberts, I.W. Mccall, P.C. Jackson, N.L. Powell, G.E. Staddon
Journal: The Lancet (1974)
Researchers announce first correlates of protection for HIV vaccine
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Researchers have identified the first correlates of protection (measurable signs of immunity) of a vaccine intended to protect against HIV infection. This gives further direction to how a useful vaccine might be developed. The announcement came on 13 September at the AIDS Vaccine Conference in Bangkok, Thailand.

HIV vaccine research began in 1984 when the virus was first identified as the cause of the new AIDS epidemic. After 25 years and continuously dashed hopes, many scientists were surprised to learn in 2009 that the RV144 clinical trial conducted in Thailand showed a modest 31% protection.

“What we now have is clues to why …