tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THERAPEUTIC (TERTIAN) MALARIA
Authors: Walter L. Bruetsch
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1932)

1. The immediate tissue reaction of the body to the malaria plasmodium consists in a stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial apparatus (system of histiocytes), leading to a new formation of macrophagic tissue in various organs. Both the specific endothelia of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; and the histiocytes of the connective tissue take part in the stimulation. 2. In therapeutic malaria the blood histiocytes are mainly derivatives of the specific endothelium. To a minor degree common capillary endothelium is engaged in the formation of intravascular endothelial phagocytes. This has been established for the endothelium of the capillaries of the brain cortex and for the endothelial cells of the capillary venules of certain connective tissues. 3. By means of the supravital technique, it has been found that the intravascular macrophagic phagocytes are clasmatocytes in the sense of Sabin, Doan, and Cunningham. 4. The capillary endothelial cells, although they show signs of stimulation, do not become phagocytic while they retain their anatomical position in the vessel wall. 5. Besides involving the histiocytes there is an activation of the undifferentiated embryonic mesenchymal cells. 6. The fibroblast, the mesothelial cell, and the histiocyte are distinct types of cells. While both the fibroblast and the mesothelial cell are also capable of stimulation, they still can be distinguished from the active histiocyte in malaria-infected tissue. 7. In the nervous system the macrophagic response has been greatest in the leptomeninges. In the arachnoid the malaria-stimulated histiocyte stands out distinctly from the less active arachnoidal lining cell. 8. In the adventitial sheaths of the vessels of the brain cortex the mesodermal phagocytes are only slightly stimulated. About middlesized and large cortical vessels a small increase in the number of macrophages has been found. In the perivascular spaces of the large vessels in the white matter, and in the striatum, and in the pons, stimulated histiocytes are more numerous. The small mesodermal elements along the capillaries of the brain cortex have not been seen to be activated. 9. The microglia, as a whole, does not take part in the general reaction of the reticulo-endothelial system. 10. Therapeutic malaria produces an activation of the mesodermal tissue in which the stimulation of the histiocytes and the activation of the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are outstanding features.
Public health, civil liberties, and tuberculosis
Authors: R. Coker
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Drug resistant tuberculosis is a global health threat. Perhaps because of the size and urgency of the threat and the fact that vulnerable populations are most affected by the disease, some control programmes include coercion. The responses to this threat reflect how society views those on the margins, who are vulnerable—perhaps homeless, stateless, or psychologically disturbed. When treatment compliance is required for public health reasons (to prevent the development of drug resistant strains) how society encourages compliance reflects as much on society itself as it does on the irresponsible, poorly compliant individual.

A tension has always existed between the protection of individual civil liberties and the protection of public health. In the liberal era of the 1960s and 1970s somewhat draconian approaches to the mentally ill, for example, were questioned. Legislation was amended to put individual patients at the centre, to emphasise their rights, and to provide them with greater legal protection. Detention of the mentally ill became dependent on a determination of the threat they posed to themselves or others. Historically a similar …
Eczema and Dental Disease
Authors: A. A. Gomes
Journal: BMJ (1926)

TMeDicAL JoUEN was passed butt-end first down the ureter into the bladder and the other end into the upper major calyx.The upper end of the tireter was split for half an inch on its outer surface and by means of stitches carried from it through the intrarenal pelvis and out through the kidney substance, so that the margins of the tube were approximated roughly to the frayed walls of the pelvis.
560. GNE Gene Replacement in Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy
Authors: Phillip B. Maples, Daniel Darvish, Gregory Nemunaitis, Esther Chang, Julie Ogden, John Nemunaitis
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is an adult onset neuromuscular disorder currently without treatment options. The disease has been recently found to be associated with mutations in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, which is the rate limiting bi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps of sialic acid biosynthesis (Huizing, Hermos et al. 2002). Sialic acid (Sia) is the negatively charged terminal carbohydrate on a variety of N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins, and mediates numerous cell-cell and protein-protein interactions. Reduced GNE activity in HIBM impairs Sia production, consequently leading to decreased sialylation of a variety of glycoproteins, including a critical muscle protein, alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Altered glycosylation levels observed in HIBM are likely associated with less active membrane potential, and hypo-excitable myofilament function, causing hyporeflexia early in disease course. Preliminary studies demonstrate that replacement of the GNE gene in a GNE gene mutated cell line (Lec3) rescues UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase activity and cell surface polysialic acid (PSA) activity. Our hypothesis is that replacement of GNE function through liposomal particle-GNE gene delivery may result in increased myofiber Sia production and subsequent improved muscle function. We are using both the normal and sialuria forms of GNE cDNA togenerate expression vectors. These liposomal particle vectors will be tested in the Lec3 and other cell lines to demonstrate production of GNE mRNA and protein and restoration of GNE enzymatic function. Data will be shown demonstrating the development of expression vectors and their function in cell lines. In addition, mouse GNE:p.M712T knock in mice (GNE null mice do not develop beyond embryonic day 7–10) have been developed to test the GNE vectors physiological effects. We are next studying the effects of different delivery routes, dosages, physiological responses and the duration of effects in these mouse mutants. Our intention is to develop a gene therapy GNE vehicle, which can be repeatedly administered to patients (via compassionate IND) without provoking nullifying immune responses while achieving therapeutically significant numbers of transfected cells. Updated results will be presented.
Hydroxyindole-Producing Tumors of the Pancreas
Authors: ARTHUR S. PATCHEFSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Four patients had pancreatic tumors and elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Three tumors were histologically identical to carcinoid or islet cell tumors; the other was anaplastic and suggested oat cell carcinoma. Two patients had severe diarrhea, and one had blotchy cyanosis of the extremities. A third showed hyperchlorhydria. A left upper quadrant systolic bruit was heard in the three patients with the better-differentiated tumors; these three patients have survived 2 to 6 years after the onset of symptoms, two with proved metastasis. The patient with the anaplastic tumor died 13 months after onset of the disease. Embryological and clinical evidences are reviewed that indicate the close interrelationship of the argentaffin system and pancreatic islets. It is suggested that the pancreaticislets are the source of serotonin-producing pancreatic neoplasms, and the term carcinoid-islet cell tumor (23) is proposed for these lesions. It is also proposed that the oat cell tumor originates from the pancreatic islets.
Left Anterior Hemiblock Obscuring the Diagnosis of Right Bundle Branch Block
Authors: MAURICIO B. ROSENBAUM, JACOBO YESURÓN, JULIO O. LÁZZARI, MARCELO V. ELIZARI
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Three cases in which left anterior hemiblock (LAH) obscured the diagnosis of right bundle branch block (RBBB) are reported. The RBBB was incomplete in one case and complete or of high degree in the other two. The LAH was intermittent in two cases. In the three cases, the LAH abolished not only the S waves in leads I and aVL, but also the terminal R wave in Vl. The possibility that RBBB, complete or incomplete, can be totally missed in the presence of LAH may imply a significant clinical danger, because some of the well known diagnostic and prognostic connotations of this association of conduction disturbances may then be overlooked. However, if the QRS interval is excessively wide or more than expected for pure LAH, the concealed or hidden RBBB can be suspected. It can be readily uncovered if additional unipolar high and right sided chest leads are recorded. The vectorcardiogram can also be helpful, if the possibility of concealed RBBB is kept in mind.
An integrative model for recurrence in ovarian cancer
Authors: Alexandros Laios, Sharon A O'Toole, Richard Flavin, Cara Martin, Martina Ring, Noreen Gleeson, Tom D'Arcy, Eamonn PJ McGuinness, Orla Sheils, Brian L Sheppard, John J O' Leary
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2008)

Results Gene expression profiling distinguishes primary and recurrent ovarian cancersA flow chart of our study design is shown in Figure 1.To identify potentially important mediators of recurrence in the most frequent histological pattern of ovarian cancer,
The Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease in Asymptomatic Patients
Authors: Irmin Sternlieb, I. Herbert Scheinberg
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The authors established the diagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD, Wilson's disease) in eight out of nine asymptomatic subjects suspected of being destined to develop the disease because of the finding of decreased serum ceruloplasmin concentration. Deficiency or absence of ceruloplasmin (less than 20 mg/ 100 ml of serum) is a necessary condition, and elevation of hepatic copper concentration above 100 μg/gm of dry weight is a sufficient condition, for a diagnosis of HLD in asymptomatic persons. The finding of nonspecific histologic changes in the livers of the eight subjects serves to confirm the presence of the disease. If the diagnosis is made, prompt adoption of an "anticopper" therapeutic regimen is recommended.
Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Larry W. Figgs
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In the study of breast cancer and the<i>N</i>-acetyltransferase genetic polymorphism by Dr Ambrosone and colleagues,<sup>1</sup>risk of breast cancer was increased among cigarette smokers with the slow acetylator genotype. It was hypothesized that the persons with the slow acetylator genotype were less able to detoxify the carcinogenic aromatic amines found in cigarette smoke. Aromatic amines are well-established bladder carcinogens,<sup>2</sup>but have not previously been linked to breast cancer in humans. We evaluated the possibility that aromatic amines may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer by studying women who were occupationally exposed to aromatic amines at a dye factory in Moscow.<sup>3</sup>The factory produced β-naphthylamine from 1930 to 1951 and benzidine from 1930 to 1988, with a lapse during World War II. Other dye production chemicals, such as sulfurous and diazo-combinations, and intermediates were also produced. A total of 2172 women who
Chemotherapy for Advanced Thymoma
Authors: Patrick J. Loehrer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

To determine the efficacy of combination therapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide alone or with radiotherapy for patients with extensive and those with limited unresectable thymoma.Nonrandomized, prospective phase I-II trial.A Cooperative Oncology Group trial involving tertiary medical centers.Twenty of twenty-two patients with measurable, extensive or limited, unresectable thymoma were evaluable for response.Patients were given cisplatin, 50 mg/m2 body surface area, doxorubicin, 50 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2, on day 1, with cycles repeated every 21 days until progression or until the maximally tolerated total doxorubicin dosage (for example, 450 mg/m2) was reached. Intravenous hydration with normal saline was administered during treatment courses. For responding patients with limited disease, 4500 cGy was administered to primary tumors after the second cycle of chemotherapy and before the initiation of the third cycle.Three complete and eleven partial remissions were seen in 20 evaluable patients, for a total response rate of 70% (95% CI, 46% to 88%). The median duration of remission was 13 months with three patients remaining continuously disease free for over 2 years. The median survival time of all eligible patients was 59 months (CI, 22 months to infinity). Four patients developed infections, including listerial and aseptic meningitides, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and cryptococcal pneumonia, that were indicative of a defect in cell-mediated immunity.Combination therapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide frequently produces objective remissions in patients with advanced thymoma. Further experience with this treatment regimen is warranted to clarify potential prognostic factors in patients with unresectable thymoma.
Predicting death from initial disease severity in very low birthweight infants: a method for comparing the performance of neonatal units.
Authors: W Tarnow-Mordi, S Ogston, A R Wilkinson, E Reid, J Gregory, M Saeed, R Wilkie
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVES--To investigate (a) which clinical variables and physiological measures of disease severity best predict death in very low birthweight infants and (b) their use in comparing mortality between two neonatal units. DESIGN--Retrospective study of two cohorts of very low birthweight infants from overlapping time periods who received mechanical ventilation. SETTING--Two neonatal intensive care units (hospitals A and B). SUBJECTS--262 Very low birthweight infants, 130 in hospital A, 132 in hospital B. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Death in hospital. RESULTS--In hospital A the mean level of oxygenation in the first 12 hours of life, whether measured as inspired oxygen requirement (FIO2), arterial/alveolar oxygen (a/AO2) ratio, or alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2), was more closely associated with death than any of four "traditional" risk factors: low birth weight, short gestation, the diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome, and male sex. Mean pH in the first 12 hours was as strongly associated with death as birth weight. Multiple logistic regression models were derived in infants from hospital A using the four traditional risk factors with measures of oxygenation and pH. The validity of each model was then tested in infants from hospital B. The model based on the four traditional risk factors alone predicted death in hospital B with only 31% sensitivity. Adding mean a/AO2 ratio and mean pH increased its sensitivity to 75%, and when mean a/AO2 ratio was replaced by mean FIO2 its sensitivity increased further to 81%. Based on crude mortality rates alone, the odds of death in hospital A versus hospital B were 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.37 to 1.23). After correcting for traditional risk factors and mean FIO2 and mean pH, however, the odds of death in hospital A increased to 3.27 (1.35 to 7.92; p less than 0.01). This increased risk persisted after adjusting for the time difference between each cohort. CONCLUSIONS--Crude comparisons of hospital mortality can be highly misleading. Reliable assessment of neonatal outcome is impossible without correcting for major risk factors, particularly initial disease severity. International agreement on a minimum core dataset of clinical and physiological information could improve neonatal audit and help to identify effective treatments and policies.
Book Review Genomics and Clinical Medicine (Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics. 53.) Edited by Dhavendra Kumar and Sir David Weatherall. 651 pp., illustrated. New York, Oxford University Press, 2008. $175. 978-0-19-518813-4 Translational Research in Genetics and Genomics By Moyra Smith. 220 pp., illustrated. New York, Oxford University Press, 2008. $79.50. 978-0-19-531376-5
Authors: Mark S. Boguski
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)
RECIPROCAL DOWNREGULATION OF SS-1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AND SPHINGOSINE1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTOR
Authors: Alessandro Cannavo, Daniela Liccardo, Giuseppe Rengo, Elisa Di Pietro, Francesca Esposito, Maria Carmen De Angelis, Gennaro Maresca, Roberto Puglia, Dario Leosco, Antonio Rapacciuolo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Not all is patient centred
Authors: K. Patel
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Paternalism is well and truly out. The flavour of the era is patient centredness, even when the patient doesn’t want to make a decision or, worse, leaves it in your hands. “I’ll trust you to do what’s best,” I often hear. Well, that just won’t do in today’s medicine. Except, however, in the world of the multidisciplinary meeting.

What a great idea in theory: professionals from every specialty come together to make decisions in the best interests of patients. But, as usual, the reality differs markedly. Most multidisciplinary meetings go …
Influence of 12-week jogging on body fat and serum lipids.
Authors: A. L. Toriola
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1984)

This study examined the influence of different levels of distance running on percent body fat and serum lipids in untrained male University students (n = 40) with a mean age of 24.1 years. Subjects were assigned randomly to four groups (n = 10) in each group): Group 1 (control), Group 2 (1.6 km joggers), Group 3 (3.2 km joggers) and Group 4 (4.8 km joggers). Subjects in the exercise groups jogged the prescribed distances three times a week for 12 weeks at about 85 percent of maximal heart rate. Percent body fat, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were estimated before and after the training programme. In comparison with control group, exercise groups showed statistically significant (p less than .05) decrease of body fat values (1.6 km joggers 6%; 3.2 km joggers 5.33%; 3.2 km joggers 11%; 4.8 km joggers 9.42%). However, Newman-Keul's post hoc analysis showed a significant (p less than .05) reduction in serum triglyceride only in 3.2 km joggers. This was attributed to the high pre-training level of serum triglyceride in the group. Cholesterol values showed insignificant changes. It was concluded that moderate physical activities of different intensities have lowering effects on body fat and serum lipids.
Serum uric acid (UA) in cachectic and non‐cachectic chronic heart failure (CHF) patients – Relation to peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
Authors: W. Doehner, C.H. Davos, M. Rauchhaus, R. Sharma, A. Bolger, V.G. Florea, S.D. Anker
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
Population Health and Economic Development in the United States
Authors: David M. Mirvis
Journal: JAMA (2008)

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEALTH AND ECOnomic conditions have been known for many years. Richer nations generally have better overall health conditions than do poorer nations and more affluent individuals within a country have, on average, better health than do poorer individuals. Also, less healthy individuals enter the labor market less often, work fewer hours, and earn lower wages, with direct financial consequences to themselves, their families, and the businesses for which they work. An expanded understanding of the relationship between health and macroeconomic performance is that “health is an economic engine.” This concept proposes that better population health leads to economic growth. The World Health Organization has supported this concept to encourage direct international investment in health-promoting services in developing nations as a means to advance economic growth. This concept of health as an economic engine also has important implications for US domestic health policy.
Fingerprints in Patients with Coeliac Disease and their Relatives
Authors: M. Mylotte, B. Egan-Mitchell, P. F. Fottrell, B. McNicholl, C. F. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The incidence of fingerprint pattern abnormality in 53 patients with coeliac disease and 82 of their relatives was not greater than that found in 58 control subjects. This finding contradicts an earlier report that most patients with coeliac disease had abnormal fingerprints.
Conduction of the Cardiac Impulse
Authors: PAUL F. CRANEFIELD, BRIAN F. HOFFMAN
Journal: Circulation Research (1971)

A segment of a bundle of canine Purkinje fibers was encased in agar made up in Tyrode solution containing elevated K + (47 m M ) to depress the excitability of the segment. At a degree of depression producing total block of conduction in each direction through the depressed segment, exciting both ends of the bundle yielded full excitatory responses in the center of the depressed area. These responses arose with a long latency after excitation of the normal ends outside the depressed segment. Summation occurred over a long interval of relative timing of excitation of the ends. When excitation of one end alone produced a response in the center of the depressed segment, that response sometimes could be inhibited by stimulating the other end. In another preparation a branch emerged from the center of the depressed segment. Summation of excitation in the center of the depressed area resulted in conduction of activity out the branch at an interval appropriate to re-excite the entire heart. When one end of the preparation could excite the branch, stimulation of the other end sometimes inhibited excitation of the branch. The results are important as part of the explanation of phenomena associated with re-entrant arrhythmias.
MORTALITY IN ABDOMINAL SURGERY. IS IT TOO HIGH?
Authors: A. H. CORDIER
Journal: JAMA (1899)

In tabulating the below reported cases, with only one death, I do not do so with any other desire than that of one who has long maintained that the mortality in the collective work of many operators is too high, and who would call attention to come of the causes of this high death-rate, and how best to remove them. This high death-rate has always prevailed, but only in the last few years has the responsible and difficult abdominal operation been placed in the hands of so many novices. These operations are being performed by many who are absolutely unprepared with the proper knowledge of the rudiments of correct work. Two or three factors have been instrumental in bringing about the existence of this unfortunate and dangerous class of surgeons. Antiseptic and aseptic technic, while factors in reducing the mortality, will not prevent an uneducated finger from stripping two coats
Evaluation of the Heaf Tuberculin Test
Authors: Arthur B. Robins, Joan N. Daly
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE tuberculin test has recently been given a major A place in the case-finding programs of tuberculosis-control agencies. Its use as a screening method before x-ray examination in groups with a low prevalence of tuberculous infection can result in a reduction not only in x-ray exposure but also in the cost of case finding. The application of the tuberculin test on a mass basis, however, presents several important technical problems.The test must be sensitive, specific and reliable. It should identify almost all the reactors who currently have significant disease, and most of those with an increased likelihood . . .