tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Female genital mutilation in Britain
Authors: J A Black, G D Debelle
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Much has been written about female genital mutilation in Africa, but little attention has been paid to its existence in Britain.Though it has been illegal in this country since 1985, it is practised secretly or children are sent abroad to have the operation.From the social worker's point of view it is technically a form of child abuse which poses special problems.Black and Debelle review the historical background of female genital mutilation and describe its medical complications.Gallard discusses the problem in France, and Walder considers why such mutilation still continues in Britain.This article is concerned with female genital mutilation in Britain.The term is preferable to female circum- cision, which is inaccurate and implies a minor opera- tion equivalent to male circumcision.In many cultures the operation entails an extensive mutilation, with pro- found social, sexual, and medical consequences. Historical backgroundIt is uncertain when female genital mutilation was first practised, but it certainly preceded the founding ofboth Christianity and Islam.There is no basis for the belief that the procedure was advocated or approved by Mohammed nor is it in any way part of the Islamic faith.Though the operation is largely confined to Muslims, it is also performed in certain Christian communities in Africa.Female genital mutilation is practised in various forms in over 20 African countries and also in Oman, the Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates and by some Muslims in Malaysia and Indonesia'; it is not practised in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, or Saudi Arabia.
Outcomes of 48 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Patients Treated with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation at a Single Center Between 1981 and 2007
Authors: N.C. Patel, J. Chinen, H.M. Rosenblatt, I.C. Hanson, R.A. Krance, M.E. Paul, S.L. Abramson, L.M. Noroski, C.M. Davis, B.S. Brown
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Six years' audit of laboratory workload and rates of referral for colposcopy in a cervical screening programme in three districts.
Authors: A E Raffle, B Alden, E F Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1990)

To determine laboratory workload and rates of referral for colposcopy in a three district cervical screening programme during 1983-9 to assess the feasibility of accommodating call up of all women at risk, recall at three year intervals (now five year intervals), and investigation of women with all degrees of abnormality.Analysis of computerised screening histories dating back to 1977 of women screened in the Avon cervical screening programme.Three district health authorities covering the population of Bristol and Weston-super-Mare, comprising 800,000 people, of whom 250,000 were female residents aged 20 to 64.196,977 Women aged 20 to 64 screened in cervical screening programme since 1983.Laboratory workload devoted to follow up of women with abnormalities increased sharply between 1987-8 and 1988-9, with increases of 54% (from 2075 to 3196) in the number of smears for follow up of severe dyskaryosis and invasive cancer, 40% (from 1925 to 2695) for mild and moderate dyskaryosis, and 49% (from 1793 to 2677) for borderline change. The increases were partly explained by the introduction in April 1988 of protocols for follow up and investigation based on guidance in an intercollegiate working party report. The proportion of women with mild and moderate dyskaryosis who were recommended for referral for colposcopy increased steadily from 9.9% in 1983-4 to 79.9% in 1988-9, and for borderline change the proportions were 3.5% and 13.6% respectively. Of all women tested in 1988-9, referral for colposcopy was recommended in 3%.The increase in laboratory follow up work identified, if it continued, could result in half of existing laboratory capacity in Avon being devoted to follow up work by 1993, with little prospect of maintaining call, recall, and quality control. Investigation of all women with minor cytological abnormalities is neither justifiable nor sustainable and will undermine the benefits of screening by increasing the rate of false positive results and the financial costs.
Variations in Cataract Extraction Rates in Medicare Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Settings
Authors: Caroline Lubick Goldzweig
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To compare rates of cataract extraction in 2 prepaid health settings and in traditional fee-for-service (FFS) settings.A cross-sectional analysis using 1993 health maintenance organization (HMO) Medicare claims and encounter files, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) 5% Medicare Part B provider/supplier file, and the HCFA October 1992 100% Medicare population file.Southern California Medicare FFS settings and the staff-model and independent practice association (IPA) plans of a large California HMO.1993 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. The study included 43387 staff-model HMO enrollees, 19050 IPA enrollees, and 47 150 FFS beneficiaries (a 5% sample of all Southern California FFS beneficiaries).Age and risk-factor adjusted rates of cataract extraction per 1000 beneficiary-years.After controlling for age, sex, and diabetes mellitus status, FFS beneficiaries were twice as likely to undergo cataract extraction as were prepaid beneficiaries (P<.01). Female FFS beneficiaries were nearly twice as likely to undergo the procedure as were male FFS beneficiaries (P<.001); there were no extraction rate differences by sex in the prepaid settings.Because of the potential implications for vision care in the elderly, the significantly different rates of cataract extraction in FFS and prepaid settings warrant further clinical investigation to determine whether there is overuse in FFS vs underuse in prepaid settings. Such investigations must assess the appropriateness of cataract surgery by evaluating its use relative to clinical need.
Hyperchloremic Acidosis During the Recovery Phase of Diabetic Ketosis
Authors: MAN S. OH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

We have studied 35 patients to find the occurrence of hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketoacidosis. At admission the patients had typical normochloremic acidosis, with increased anion gap exactly balancing decreased serum bicarbonate. In contrast, in 18 patients with phenformin-induced lactic acidosis, the increase in anion gap at admission was much greater than the decrease in bicarbonate. The difference between lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis may be explained by a slower rate of excretion of lactate than of ketone anions. After the patients with ketoacidosis were treated, the acidosis became predominantly hyperchloremic with normal anion gap. Failure to normalize serum bicarbonate is attributed to excretion of ketone anions in the urine.
Phase 1 trial of IL-15 trans presentation blockade using humanized Mik-Beta-1 mAb in patients with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Thomas A. Waldmann, Kevin C. Conlon, Donn M. Stewart, TatYana A. Worthy, John E. Janik, Thomas A. Fleisher, Paul S. Albert, William D. Figg, Shawn D. Spencer, Mark Raffeld, Jean R. Decker, Carolyn K. Goldman, Bonita R. Bryant, Michael N. Petrus, Stephen P. Creekmore, John C. Morris
Journal: Blood (2012)
Hemoglobinopathy case finding by pulse oximetry
Authors: Cristin M. Bruns, Lyn A. Thet, Robert D. Woodson, John Schultz, K. Mae Hla
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract Pulse oximetry is a widely used, noninvasive instrument for monitoring oxygen saturation. Its use, however, is limited in the setting of dyshemoglobinemias. We report a case of hemoglobin Rothschild in an Asian patient diagnosed as a result of routine pulse oximetry. This case reiterates the limitations of pulse oximetry in patients with dyshemoglobinemias, while introducing its use as a case‐finding tool for such conditions. Am. J. Hematol. 74:142–143, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
733 INCREASED OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE IN THE LIVERS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS: COMPARISON OF HEPATITIS C AND B VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: N. Fujita, R. Sugimoto, J. Tanaka, T. Beppu, H. Tanaka, M. Takeo, N. Yamamoto, M. Iwasa, Y. Kobayashi, K. Shiraki, S. Watanabe, Y. T a k e i
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
On the Prevalence and Distribution of Fever in Dublin
Authors: T. W. Grimshaw
Journal: BMJ (1871)

IN bringing forward the following remarks at the present time, I am performing an unpleasant duty; unpleasant, because I have to show not only that fever is more prevalent in Dublin than it had been during the past few years, and that it is on the increase, but that the form of fever considered by sanitarians as the most preventable is the one most increased; that fever is widely spread through Dublin; and that the conditions which favour the spread and production of fever, and with it all forms of zymotic disease, are so rife in our city, that we cannot expect any permanent diminution in fever without some great change in our present sanitary system.It has been my intention for some time to arrange and map out certain information which I have been collect- ing with regard to the distribution of fever in Dublin, with especial re- ference to those cases admitted into Cork Street Fever Hospital.I did not intend to make these observations public until after the close of the hospital year in March next; but certain circumstances have re- cently occurred which have induced me to hurry on these observations, and to add to them some remarks on the prevalence of fever in Dublin.
Operating Characteristics of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men With an Initial PSA Level of 3.0 ng/mL or Lower
Authors: Ian M. Thompson, Donna Pauler Ankerst, Chen Chi, M. Scott Lucia, Phyllis J. Goodman, John J. Crowley, Howard L. Parnes, Charles A. Coltman
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Three fourths of US men older than 50 years have been screened with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer.To estimate the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for PSA.Calculation of PSA ROC curves in the placebo group of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, a randomized, prospective study conducted from 1993 to 2003 at 221 US centers. Participants were 18 882 healthy men aged 55 years or older without prostate cancer and with PSA levels less than or equal to 3.0 ng/mL and normal digital rectal examination results, followed up for 7 years with annual PSA measurement and digital rectal examination. If PSA level exceeded 4.0 ng/mL or rectal examination result was abnormal, a prostate biopsy was recommended. After 7 years of study participation, an end-of-study prostate biopsy was recommended in all cancer-free men.Operating characteristics of PSA for prostate cancer detection, including sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve.Of 8575 men in the placebo group with at least 1 PSA measurement and digital rectal examination in the same year, 5587 (65.2%) had had at least 1 biopsy; of these, 1225 (21.9%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Of 1213 cancers with Gleason grade recorded, 250 (20.6%) were Gleason grade 7 or greater and 57 (4.7%) were Gleason grade 8 or greater. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for PSA to discriminate any prostate cancer vs no cancer, Gleason grade 7 or greater cancer vs no or lower-grade cancer, and Gleason grade 8 or greater cancer vs no or lower-grade cancer were 0.678 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.666-0.689), 0.782 (95% CI, 0.748-0.816), and 0.827 (95% CI, 0.761-0.893), respectively (all P values <.001 for AUC vs 50%). For detecting any prostate cancer, PSA cutoff values of 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, and 4.1 ng/mL yielded sensitivities of 83.4%, 52.6%, 32.2%, and 20.5%, and specificities of 38.9%, 72.5%, 86.7%, and 93.8%, respectively. Age-stratified analyses showed slightly better performance of PSA in men younger than 70 years vs those 70 years or older with AUC values of 0.699 (SD, 0.013) vs 0.663 (SD, 0.013) (P = .03).There is no cutpoint of PSA with simultaneous high sensitivity and high specificity for monitoring healthy men for prostate cancer, but rather a continuum of prostate cancer risk at all values of PSA.
17 -Estradiol inhibits proliferation and migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells: similar effects in cells from postmenopausal females and in males
Authors: D. Dai-Do, E. Espinosa, G. Liu, T. J. Rabelink, F. Julmy, Z. Yang, F. Mahler, T. F. Luscher
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Cardiovascular disease is rare in premenopausal women, but increases after the menopause when hormone replacement therapy reduces coronary events. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration occur in atherosclerosis, restenosis and venous graft disease. We studied the effects of 17 beta-estradiol on SMC proliferation and migration.SMC were cultured from saphenous veins of postmenopausal women and age-matched men. Cell growth was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting. Migration of SMC was assessed in 4-well chambers. SMC were seeded in one corner and PDGF-BB in filter paper glued onto the opposite wall.PDGF-BB (5 ng/ml for 24 h) similarly stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation in female (511 +/- 57%; n = 8) and male (528 +/- 62%; n = 12) SMC. This was reduced by 17 beta-estradiol (10(-8)-10(-6) M; female 313 +/- 52%; male 337 +/- 54%; P < 0.05). PDGF-BB increased the number of SMC (P < 0.0001 at 10 days) obtained from females (153 +/- 3%; n = 5) and males (150 +/- 4%; n = 5), which was inhibited by 17 beta-estradiol (10(-6) M; female 134 +/- 7%; male 128 +/- 5%; P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained with basic fibroblast growth factor. In contrast to 17 beta-estradiol, another steroid (dexamethasone) had no effects on 3H-thymidine incorporation in these cells stimulated with PDGF-BB, PDGF-BB (0.01-1 ng) stimulated SMC migration (P < 0.05) which was inhibited by 17 beta-estradiol (10(-10)-10(-6) M; n = 5; P < 0.005).17 beta-Estradiol inhibits growth-factor-induced SMC proliferation and migration regardless of gender. These effects of 17 beta-estradiol may contribute to its cardiovascular protective properties in postmenopausal women during replacement therapy.
Choking on mitochondria
Authors: Richard Robinson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

In patients with asthma, airway smooth muscle cells make too many mitochondria, say Trian et al. on page 3173. Instead of easing breathing, these mitochondrial masses trigger cell division, leading to a choking build-up of smooth muscle cells.






Figure 1

Smooth muscle cells from patients with asthma have increased numbers of mitochondria (arrows).




Many chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are characterized by an increased mass of smooth muscle in the bronchi, which causes the airways to constrict. Although bronchial dilators ease acute asthma attacks, they have no effect on the muscle build-up.

In patients with asthma, these muscle cells were known to divide excessively, but what prompted this cell division was unclear. Trian et al. now show that an overdose of calcium influx triggers the expression of mitochondria-building transcription factors in the cells.

The resulting construction of new mitochondria—and subsequent burst in ATP production—gave the cells the energy boost needed for proliferation. This pathway was specific to patients with asthma, as mitochondria numbers and activity were not increased in cells from patients with COPD. Smooth muscle cell proliferation in COPD patients, by contrast, was driven by anaerobic glycolysis.

Calcium channel blockers, which have been shown to relieve asthma attacks and block tumor cell proliferation, might thus also reverse the smooth muscle cell accumulation that perpetuates chronic disease.
A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MELLARIL
Authors: SOL SHERMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

A clinical evaluation of Mellaril in 74 chronic psychotics has shown it to be an effective and well tolerated tranquilizer. Its ability to control or modify major emotional disorders with little or no clouding of consciousness or extrapyramidal stimulation is its greatest forte in comparing it with other phenothiazines.
ERRORS IN CARDIAC VOLUME CALCULATIONS DUE TO CHANGES IN BLOOD AND SPLEEN RADIOACTIVITY WITH EXERCISE
Authors: M Sandler, M Kronenberg, M Forman, O Wolfe, J Clanton, P Horton, D Bauman, L Partain
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Sandler, M; Kronenberg, M; Forman, M; Wolfe, O; Clanton, J; Horton, P; Bauman, D; Partain, L Author Information
Immunostimulatory DNA‐based therapeutics for experimental and clinical allergy
Authors: A. A. Horner, K. Takabaysahi, J. M. Zubeldia, E. Raz
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Although allergen immunotherapy (IT) has been shown to modulate allergic hypersensitivities, its efficacy is limited. Recently, in various models of experimental allergy, a number of reagents which we have termed immunostimulatory DNA‐based therapeutics have proven highly effective in both the prevention and reversal of Th2 mediated hypersensitivity states. These include immunization with gene vaccines, allergen mixed with immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS‐ODN), and physical allergen: ISS‐conjugates (AIC), and immunomodulation with ISS‐ODN alone. Results from our laboratory have shown that immunostimulatory DNA‐based therapeutics may be effective for the reversal of allergic hypersensitivity states in humans and several clinical trials have already been initiated. This review will focus on our laboratory's experience with immunostimulatory DNA‐based therapeutics in various murine models of allergy and their potential utility in the treatment of allergic patients.
Renal transplantation and leucocyte migration.
Authors: W J Dempster
Journal: BMJ (1969)

MBICA OHNAL coronary care.The patient with an apparently mild myocardial infarction is at as great a risk of developing fatal ventricular dysrhythmia as the patient with a clinically severe infarct.4In Newcastle the interval between the receipt of the call from the practitioner and the arrival of the coronary care team with the patient (mean 21 minutes) contrasts with the Belfast time (median 10 minutes).The inordinate delay may contribute to the lack of interest of the Newcastle practitioners in the scheme.Dr. Dewar and his colleagues indicate that only 420% of the Newcastle practitioners use the mobile unit and that the number is not increasing.A questionary conducted by one of us (Dr.Zaidi) in March 1969 indicated that 89% of the Belfast practitioners use the mobile scheme.Another important difference between the two schemes is that in Belfast only personnel who have gained experience in the hospital coronary care unit are allowed to go on the mobile team.We agree with Dr. Dewar and his colleagues that it is most important to have adequate inpatient coronary care facilities for reception of patients managed by a mobile unit.It should be stressed, however, that all the available data indicate that at least two-thirds of the deaths from myo- cardial infarction occur outside hospital and that therefore when problems of staffing exist priority should be given to staffing of the mobile unit.-Weare, etc.,
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, RESPONSE TO EXERCISE AND OUTCOMES IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: FINDINGS FROM HEART FAILURE &amp;ndash; A CONTROLLED TRIAL INVESTIGATING OUTCOMES OF EXERCISE TRAINING (HF-ACTION)
Authors: Robert J. Mentz, Phillip Schulte, Dalane Kitzman, Mona Fiuzat, William Kraus, Ileana L. Pi&ntilde;a, Steven Keteyian, Jerome Fleg, Stephen Ellis, David Whellan, Christopher O&apos;Connor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
POST-TRAUHATIC BRAIN LESIONS
Authors: Joachin Hunger, I. Henkes, H. Cordes, H. Hansen, K. Terstegge, H. Eichstadt, R. Felix
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Hunger, Joachin†; Henkes, I.†; Cordes, H.†; Hansen, H.†; Terstegge, K.†; Eichstadt, H.*; Felix, R.* Author Information
Renal Imaging After Partial Renal Irradiation
Authors: ANIL DESAI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

A case is reported of increased Tc-99m-MDP concentration occurring in the kidney of an adult male patient after 4500 rads of external radiation treatment. Other scintigraphic and radiographic findings are presented. Possible mechanisms underlying the abnormal Tc-99m- MDP uptake are discussed, the most likely histopathological changes after radiation are suggested, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
Chromogranin A: Its Role in Endocrine Function and as an Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumor Marker*
Authors: L. J. DEFTOS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1991)

CHROMOGRANIN A (CgA) is a 49 kilodalton protein that is produced exclusively by endocrine and neuroendocrine cells (1–3). CgA was originally discovered in the chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla, hence its name (1–3). The adrenal gland is the main organ source of CgA, where it is the major soluble protein of catecholamine secretory granules (2, 4). Furthermore, CgA is found in a variety of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells and tissues that have electron-dense core secretory granules and is absent in such tissues that do not; however, CgA is not present in exocrine cells (1–5). CgA has also been demonstrated in human neurons and in the central nervous system (1, 5, 6) and is present in submammalian species (7, 8). CgA is costored and cosecreted with the resident hormones of these secretory granules, such as catecholamines and calcitonin (CT) (9, 10). In these other endocrine sites, as in the adrenal medulla and thyroid C cells, CgA is in the same secretory granule as the associated hormones (9–11). The gene for CgA has been localized to chromosome 14 (12). Although the function of CgA is not known, it can serve as a tissue and serum marker for a variety of endocrine cells and tumors (9–15). Thus, the identification of CgA by immunohistology and the measurement of CgA by immunoassay represent new diagnostic tools for the endocrinologist (9, 16).
Entanglement of Swan-Ganz Catheter Around an Intracardiac Structure
Authors: Kenneth V. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  Since its introduction in 1970, the Swan-Ganz catheter has proved extremely useful in the hemodynamic evaluation of cases of shock and myocardial infarction.1Under most circumstances, it can be passed at the bedside (under hemodynamic monitoring alone) with ease. However, some complications of catheter passage have been documented, including ventricular fibrillation,2intracardiac knotting,3,4and atrial arrhythmias.5We describe a previously unreported complication— entanglement of a Swan-Ganz catheter around a papillary muscle to the right ventricle.  Report of a Case.—  A 57-year-old man had a history of hypertension and a cerebrovascular accident eight years prior to admission. On the day of admission he complained of crushing substernal chest pain. His initial ECG showed an acute posterior- and lateral-wall myocardial infarction. He was admitted to the coronary care unit and had an uneventful initial course except for a period of transient atrial fibrillation. Serial enzyme