tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Taxation is fairest way to fund NHS Primary care will get more R&amp;D NHS salaried doctors given go ahead GMSC will represent "part 1" doctors Dealing with violent patients
Authors: Linda Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1997)

# Taxation is fairest way to fund NHS {#article-title-2}

General taxation remains the fairest and most efficient way of financing the NHS, and is the method which the public prefers, according to the NHS Confederation.

In its evidence to the government's comprehensive spending review the confederation says that the next best alternative would be to make greater use of national insurance contributions. The organisation has ruled out patients being charged for GP visits or hospital hotel charges. It points out that charges have never raised more than a small proportion of funds and would have a deterrent effect on people's health.

The report says that Britain could spend more on health and obtain increased benefits—for example, more rapid access to services and improved quality of life. It recommends an annual real increase of 3%. The confederation says that despite the 1.37% real increase in funding in England for 1997–8 (including the net £239m one off addition), the 1.66% real increase for next year will be substantially eroded to meet current year pressures.

The report calls for a capital injection to tackle the …
Statistics Notes: Some examples of regression towards the mean
Authors: J M Bland, D G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

We have previously shown that regression towards the mean occurs whenever we select an extreme group based on one variable and then measure another variable for that group (4 June, p 1499).1 The second group mean will be closer to the mean for all subjects than is the first, and the weaker the correlation between the two variables the bigger the effect will be. Regression towards the mean happens in many types of study. The study of heredity1 is just one. Once one becomes aware of the regression effect it seems to be everywhere. The following are just a few examples.

Treatment to reduce high levels of a measurement - In clinical practice there are many measurements, such as weight, serum cholesterol concentration, or blood pressure, for which particularly high or low values are signs of underlying disease or risk factors for disease. People with extreme values of the measurement, such as high blood pressure, may be treated to bring their values closer to the mean. If they are measured again we will observe that the mean of the extreme group is now closer to the mean of the whole population - that is, it …
Abstract 1131: PARP1 is required for Adhesion Molecule Expression in Atherogenesis
Authors: Tobias Lukowicz von, Paul O Hassa, Christine Lohmann, Jan Borén, Vincent Braunersreuther, François Mach, Bernhard Odermatt, Monika Gersbach, Giovanni G Camici, Felix C Tanner, Michael O Hottiger, Thomas F Luescher, Christian M Matter
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Objective - Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from the interaction between modified lipoproteins, activated endothelial cells, macrophages, T-cells, and elements of the arterial wall. However, the key mediators linking recruitment of inflammatory cells to atherogenesis remain poorly defined. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a nuclear enzyme that plays a role in acute inflammatory responses of cells and organs. Methods and Results - After 12 weeks of high-cholesterol diet, plaque formation in male apolipoprotein E- deficient mice was decreased by chronic inhibition of enzymatic PARP activity or genetic deletion of PARP1 by 46 or 51 %, respectively ( P &lt; 0.05, n ≥ 9). Pharmacological PARP inhibition using PJ34 or PARP 1 deletion reduced PARP activity and diminished expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), P-, and E-selectin (see Figure ). Furthermore, chronic PARP inhibition reduced plaque macrophage (CD68) and T-cell infiltration (CD3), increased fibrous cap thickness, and decreased necrotic core size and cell death ( P &lt; 0.05, n ≥ 6). Conclusions - Our data provide pharmacologic and genetic evidence that endogenous PARP1 is required for the development of atherosclerosis in vivo by increasing adhesion molecules due to endothelial activation, enhancing inflammation, and inducing features of plaque vulnerability. Thus, inhibition of PARP1 may represent a promising novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
Proteomic analysis of colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in experimental animal model
Authors: Marie Yeo, Hee Jin Park, Dong-Kyu Kim, Young Mi Na, Jae Youn Cheong, Kwang Jae Lee, Young-ki Paik, Sung Won Cho
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

A72  We previously reported loss of transgelin in colon carcinogenesis of animal model using by proteomic study. However, the specific mechanistic link between down-regulation of the protein and colon carcinogenesis in human has not been integrated into molecular understanding. We therefore evaluated expression of transgelin in colon tissues derived from 15 normal, 15 adenoma, and 31 adenocarcinoma patients by immunohistochemical staining. Presence of transgelin expression was significantly correlated with histopathological grade (p=0.015), tumor site (p=0.045) and differentiation grade (p=0.015), respectively. While transgelin was expressed in 13 of 15 (86.6%) normal colon tissues, its expression remarkably attenuated in adenocarcinoma by 14 of 31 (45.1%). Poorly differentiated tumors showed more down-expression of transgelin compared to well-differentiated tumors and tumors raised in colon than rectum showed loss of the protein. To test effect of transgelin on tumorigenecity of colon cancer cells, we established colon cancer cell line stably expressed transgelin and tested tumorigenecity in SCID mice. The result showed that colon cancer cell lines expressed strongly transgelin significantly delayed tumor growth in xenograft model of SCID mice. Our results suggest that loss of transgelin could be a candidate for biomarker of colon cancer and up-regulation of this protein attenuated colon carcinogenesis.
Depression in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: A R Koreen, S G Siris, M Chakos, J Alvir, D Mayerhoff, J Lieberman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

Because findings regarding the prognostic significance of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia and their effect on the course and treatment of schizophrenia have been limited by the effects of previous treatment, retrospective evaluations, and differing definitions and criteria, the authors sought to determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of depressive symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia.Thirty-nine men and 31 women experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia were evaluated with behavioral and extra-pyramidal symptom scales before treatment (baseline), biweekly during acute treatment, and then monthly. Extracted scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and a "syndromal" definition of depression based on Research Diagnostic Criteria were obtained. Patients were followed prospectively for up to 5 years and received open standardized treatment.The prevalence of depressive symptoms at baseline ranged from 75% (patients who met extracted Hamilton and/or syndromal criteria) to 22% (patients who met both criteria). Of 808 psychotic ratings given to the 70 patients over a 5-year follow-up period, 210 (26%) were concurrently rated as depressed; of the 1,754 nonpsychotic ratings, only 70 (4%) were concurrently rated as depressed. Of the 210 depressive symptoms that occurred concurrently with psychosis, 206 (98%) resolved as the psychosis remitted. Depressive symptoms were prodromal to a psychotic relapse in only two (7%) of 27 patients who relapsed. Depressive symptoms correlated more with positive and negative symptoms than with extrapyramidal symptoms.These findings suggest that depressive symptoms in patients experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia may represent a core part of the acute illness or may occur as a subjective reaction to the experience of psychotic decompensation. Since most of the depressive symptoms resolved as the psychosis remitted, antidepressant therapy should be limited to patients in whom the depression persists.
Abstract 3550: Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation and Tissue Doppler Imaging Derived Index of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure, E/E’, are Independent Predictors of Clinical Outcome in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Hiroyuki Okura, Kazuya Iwata, Tomoichiro Kubo, Koichiro Asawa, Haruyuki Taguchi, Iku Toda, Junichi Yoshikawa, Kiyoshi Yoshida
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background: Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) has been shown to predict prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic impact of ...
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Down's syndrome is highly responsive to chemotherapy: experience on Pediatric Oncology Group AML Study 8498 [see comments]
Authors: Y Ravindranath, E Abella, JP Krischer, J Wiley, S Inoue, M Harris, A Chauvenet, CS Alvarado, R Dubowy, AK Ritchey
Journal: Blood (1992)
Abstract 12750: Atrial Tissue MicroRNAs 411-5p, 21-5p, 409-3p and 320a Are Associated With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Menhel Kinno, Nada Esa, Raghava S Velagaleti, Amir Y Shaikh, Honghuang Lin, Kahraman Tanriverdi, Divakar Mandapati, Stanley Tam, Okike N Okike, John F Keaney, J. Kevin Donahue, Jane E Freedman, David D McManus
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small RNAs that play a role in regulating cardiac remodeling and have been implicated in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. However, few studies have examined the association of atrial miR expression to AF. Hypothesis: Changes in miR expression (estimated as fold-difference in the delta cycle threshold compared to global mean) in human atria can be associated with AF. Methods: Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were divided into 2 groups: those with history of AF (n=19) and those with no history of AF who stayed in sinus rhythm post-operatively (n=12). Atrial tissue samples were obtained from the right atrium in all but one (left atrium). Based on pilot data and prior literature, the expression of 82 miRs was assessed using high-throughput quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We used logistic regression adjusting for age and sex to detect the associations between levels of atrial miRs and AF. Results: The mean age of the sample was 65 years (±13) and 71% were men. A history of coronary artery disease and heart failure was present in 42% and 36%, respectively. Among AF subjects, the age- and sex- adjusted odds ratios for the expression of miRs 411-5p, 21-5p, 409-3p and 320a were 0.08 (p= 0.02), 0.20 (p=0.02), 0.13 (p= 0.04) and 0.04 (p=0.048), respectively, compared to no AF. The fold-difference in atrial expression of miRs 411-5p, 21-5p, 409-3p and 320a were -0.567, -0.588, -0.375 and -0.427, respectively, in those with AF compared to no AF. Conclusion: In our study, the atrial expression of miRs 411, 21, 409 and 320 was lower in AF patients compared to those with no AF. Notably, these miRs regulate genes involved in atrial fibrosis, apoptosis, and ion channel function. Our findings further implicate miRs as important mediators of pathological atrial remodeling and suggest their usefulness as biomarkers in detecting AF.
Abstract 18735: Impact of Pulmonary Disease on Clinical Outcomes With Atrial Fibrillation Treatment Strategies: Is Amiodarone Contraindicated?
Authors: Sanjeev Saksena, April Slee, Tina Liu, Ankush Verma, Snehal Rathod
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: Specific co-morbidiities may identify atrial fibrillation (AF) subpopulations that may impact on clinical outcomes in AF and application of individual treatment strategies. Methods: We ...
Effects of AMG 145 on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Clapton S. Dias, Adam J. Shaywitz, Scott M. Wasserman, Brian P. Smith, Bing Gao, Dina S. Stolman, Caroline P. Crispino, Karen V. Smirnakis, Maurice G. Emery, Alexander Colbert, John P. Gibbs, Marc W. Retter, Blaire P. Cooke, Stephen T. Uy, Mark Matson, Evan A. Stein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Abstract P4-11-25: Reappraisal of conventional risk stratification for local recurrence based on clinical outcomes in 285 resected phyllodes tumors of the breast
Authors: Cha Kyong Yom, Wonshik Han, Sung-Won Kim, So Yeon Park, In-Ae Park, Dong-Young Noh
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Background A second resection has been recommended, to ensure a surgical margin of ≥ 1cm for the effective treatment of PTB, but the outcomes of an extensive series of cases casts this clinical approach in doubt. Objective To identify the local recurrence risk factors of phyllodes tumor of the breast (PTB) and determine future optimal surgical treatment according to verified risks. Methods All cases given a diagnosis of PTB and resected between 1989 and 2008 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinicopathologic data and clinical outcomes were analyzed and stratified according to the risks for local recurrence (LR). Results All 285 cases occurred and 200 (70.2%) categorized as benign, 51 (17.9%) as borderline, and 34 (11.9) as malignant. Median follow-up was 6.7 years and during follow-up, there were 20 LRs. All benign PTBs recurred as benign PTB lesions. Mitosis (p = 0.007) and tumor size (p = 0.029) were independent prognostic factors for LR in multivariate analysis. Neither margin status (p = 0.773) nor type of surgery (p = 0.922) had any significance for LR. [table 1] Local relapse-free survival by Cox-regressionSubgroup of patientsNo recurrence(%)Recurrence(%)UnivariateMultivariateHRpHRpMitosis0.0250.0071∼4/10HPF170(96.0)7(4.0)5∼9/10HPF33(84.6)6(15.4)4.2590.0094.2970.014≥10/10HPF15(88.2)2(11.8)3.4610.12212.2110.007Size0.0350.029≤2cm75(98.7)1(1.3)2cm&amp;lt; and ≤5cm136(89.5)16(10.5)8.5990.0375.6300.010&amp;gt;5cm51(98.1)1(1.9)1.5640.7520.3600.519Operation0.9570.922WLE229(93.1)17(6.9)VABS23(92.0)2(8.0)1.2470.7691.3960.814Mastectomy13(92.9)1(7.1)1.0550.9591.4720.744Margin0.8460.773Clear200(93.5)14(6.5)Close/Involvement39(92.9)3(7.1)1.1321.253 In the risk stratification for LR, PTBs sized 2 - 5cm with ≥ 10 mitoses / 10 HPF had the highest LR rate (60%) compared with all other groups (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions Only PTB with 2 - 5 cm and frequent mitoses, is it recommended to follow to ascertain a wide excision and clear margin of 1 cm, it necessary by means of a 2nd surgery could be considered to avoid the risk of LR in this distinct group. Citation Format: Cha Kyong Yom, Wonshik Han, Sung-Won Kim, So Yeon Park, In-Ae Park, Dong-Young Noh. Reappraisal of conventional risk stratification for local recurrence based on clinical outcomes in 285 resected phyllodes tumors of the breast [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-11-25.
Abstract 10983: Pioglitazone Attenuates Inflammatory Atrial Fibrosis and Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation Induced by Pressure Overload in Rats
Authors: Naohiko Takahashi, Osamu Kume, Yasushi Teshima, Kunio Yufu, Mikiko Nakagawa, Masahide Hara, Hironobu Yoshimatsu, Tetsunori Saikawa
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: We tested the hypothesis that atrial fibrosis and increased vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) evoked by pressure overload could be attenuated by pioglitazone, a peroxisome proli...
Contributions of risk-factor research to developmental psychopathology
Authors: Alan E. Kazdin, Helena Chmura Kraemer, Ronald C. Kessler, David J. Kupfer, David R. Offord
Journal: Clinical Psychology Review (1997)

Risk-factor research refers to the study of antecedent conditions and subsequent outcomes and the ways in which these are interrelated. The research encompasses a broad range of questions and research strategies. The paper discusses the characteristics and contributions of risk-factor research in the context of developmental psychopathology. The ways in which causal paths are conceptualized, the capacity to integrate multiple influences, and applications that can be derived from the findings are discussed. The progression of research is illustrated in relation to key concepts (correlate, risk factor, marker, causal risk factor) that reflect varied levels of understanding antecedent-outcome relations. The identification of causal relations, progressions, and paths over the course of development and the interplay of theory, research, and application are illustrated and discussed.
Abstract 1586: Accuracy of Prehospital Electrocardiograms Interpreted by Paramedics in Olmsted County: The Mayo Clinic Prehospital Electrocardiogram Program
Authors: Henry H Ting, Lucas A Myers, Christine M Bjerke, Ryan J Lennon, Jeffery L Schultz, David M Nestler, Malcolm R Bell, Charanjit S Rihal, Bernard J Gersh, David R Holmes, Roger D White
Journal: Circulation (2009)
Decitabine and Sorafenib Therapy in Patients with FLT3-ITD Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is Associated with High Response Rates—a Single Institute Experience
Authors: Monica Reddy Muppidi, Elizabeth A. Griffiths, James E. Thompson, Laurie A Ford, Craig W Freyer, Meir Wetzler, Eunice S. Wang
Journal: Blood (2014)
Bivalirudin and Clopidogrel With and Without Eptifibatide for Elective Stenting: Effects on Platelet Function, Thrombelastographic Indexes, and Their Relation to Periprocedural Infarction
Authors: Paul A. Gurbel, Kevin P. Bliden, Jorge F. Saucedo, Thomas A. Suarez, Joseph DiChiara, Mark J. Antonino, Elisabeth Mahla, Anand Singla, William R. Herzog, Ashwani K. Bassi, Thomas A. Hennebry, Tania B. Gesheff, Udaya S. Tantry
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Intravenous nitroglycerin therapy to limit myocardial infarct size, expansion, and complications. Effect of timing, dosage, and infarct location.
Authors: B I Jugdutt, J W Warnica
Journal: Circulation (1988)

To determine 1) whether the effect of intravenous nitroglycerin (NG) therapy during acute myocardial infarction on creatine kinase infarct size is influenced by infarct location (anterior vs. inferior), timing (therapy less than 4 hours vs. greater than or equal to 4 hours after onset of pain), and dose response (mean blood pressure greater than or equal to 80 mm Hg vs. less than 80 mm Hg during the first 12 hours) and 2) whether NG therapy modifies infarct expansion, 310 patients were randomly allocated to NG (n = 154) and control (n = 156) groups. NG infusion was titrated to lower mean blood pressure by 10% in normotensive and 30% in hypertensive patients, but not below 80 mm Hg, and was maintained for 39 hours. Measurements included clinical variables, creatine kinase infarct size (geq) as well as left ventricular (LV) asynergy, LV ejection fraction, expansion index, and thinning ratio on serial two-dimensional echocardiography. Compared with controls, creatine kinase infarct size was less in the NG group (41 vs. 55 geq, p less than 0.001), in anterior (44 vs. 58 geq, p less than 0.05), and inferior (39 vs. 53 geq, p less than 0.025) NG subgroups, and in early than late NG subgroups (43% vs. 22% decrease). Other indexes of infarct size also improved (p less than or equal to 0.05) with NG compared with controls. Thus, by 10 days, LV asynergy was 40% less, LV ejection fraction was 22% more, and Killip class score was 41% less. A negative effect of mean blood pressure less than 80 mm Hg with NG was reflected in these indexes. In addition, expansion index increased (p less than 0.001) by 31% and thinning ratio decreased (p less than 0.001) by 17% in controls by 10 days but remained unchanged with NG. Infarct-related major complications were less frequent in the NG than the control groups: infarct expansion syndrome (2% vs. 15%, p less than 0.0005), LV thrombus (5% vs. 22%, p less than 0.0005), cardiogenic shock (5% vs. 15%, p less than 0.005), and infarct extension (11% vs. 22%, p less than 0.025). Mortality was less in NG than in control groups in-hospital (14% vs. 26%, p less than 0.01), at 3 months (16% vs. 28%, p less than 0.025) and 12 months (21% vs. 31%, p less than 0.05), but this advantage was only found in the anterior subgroups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of cognitive-behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa
Authors: D M Garner, W Rockert, R Davis, M V Garner, M P Olmsted, M Eagle
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

The authors compared the effectiveness of 4 months (18 sessions) of cognitive-behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia.Sixty patients obtained from clinical referrals to an eating disorders program who met modified DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned to the two conditions. Treatments were delivered in an individual format, on an outpatient basis, by experienced therapists using treatment manuals. The primary outcome measures were self-induced vomiting, binge eating, and attitudes toward body weight and shape, which were assessed by self-report and structured interview.Fifty patients completed treatment, 25 in each condition. Both treatments led to significant improvements in specific eating disorder symptoms and in psychosocial disturbances. Supportive-expressive therapy was just as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing binge eating. Where treatment differences were found, they favored cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was marginally superior in reducing the frequency of self-induced vomiting; 36% of the patients who received cognitive-behavioral therapy and 12% of those who received supportive-expressive therapy abstained from vomiting in the last month of treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was significantly more effective in ameloriating disturbed attitudes toward eating and weight, depression, poor self-esteem, general psychological distress, and certain personality traits.These results moderately favor cognitive-behavioral therapy over supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa, but follow-up is required to determine the durability of outcome with both modalities. The findings must be interpreted with caution since the selected clinical sample in this study may not represent the bulimia nervosa population.
Ambrisentan attenuates lung and heart injury in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Gerry Wagenaar, Yvonne de Visser, El Houari Laghmani, Frans Walther
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The selective endothelin receptor type A antagonist ambrisentan may be a novel therapeutic agent in neonatal chronic lung disease by blocking the adverse effects of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-induced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The cardiopulmonary effects of ambrisentan were studied in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Ambrisentan treatment was investigated in 2 models of experimental BPD: a prophylactic model, in which pups were continuously exposed to hyperoxia and treated daily with either saline or ambrisentan (20 mg/kg body weight/day; injected subcutaneously), and an injury-recovery model, in which pups were exposed to hyperoxia for 9 days, followed by 9 days of recovery in room-air and treatment with ambrisentan was started on day 6 of oxygen exposure and continued during the recovery period. In the prophylactic model treatment with ambrisentan improved survival ( p   p   p   p   p   p