tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of leucine on amino acid and glucose metabolism in humans
Authors: K.Sreekumaran Nair, Dwight E. Matthews, Stephen L. Welle, Theodore Braiman
Journal: Metabolism (1992)

Leucine has been reported to be an important regulator of protein metabolism. We investigated the effect of intravenous infusion of l-leucine versus saline on amino acid metabolism in eight healthy human subjects. Plasma concentrations of amino acids were measured and protein turnover was estimated using l-(1-13C)lysine and l-(3,3,3-2H3)leucine as tracers. Glucose kinetics were measured using d-(6,6-2H2)glucose as a tracer. Leucine infusion increased the plasma leucine concentration from 103 ± 8 to 377 ± 35 μmol/L (P < .01). Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids, including threonine, methionine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were significantly decreased by leucine infusion. Leucine infusion did not change lysine flux significantly (108 ± 4 during saline v 101 ± 4 μmol/kg/h−1 during leucine infusion), but decreased lysine oxidation (13.2 ± 0.9 v 10.7 ± 1 μmol/kg/h, P < .05) and endogenous leucine flux (from 128 ± 4 to 113 ± 7 μmol/kg/h, P < .05) when plasma (2H3) ketoisocaproate (KIC) was used for calculation. During leucine infusion, the (2H3) KIC to (2H3) leucine plasma enrichment ratio increased from 0.76 ± 0.02 to 0.88 ± 0.01 (P < .001), while estimation of leucine flux using plasma (2H3) leucine showed no change in endogenous leucine flux. Leucine infusion decreased hepatic glucose production and metabolic clearance of glucose, but did not change plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, or free fatty acids. We conclude that leucine spares glucose and lysine catabolism and decreases plasma concentrations of essential amino acids. This study also demonstrated that the ratio of plasma KIC enrichment to leucine enrichment does not remain constant in all study conditions.
Combined Liposome-Mediated Cytosine Deaminase Gene Therapy with Radiation in Killing Rectal Cancer Cells and Xenografts in Athymic Mice
Authors: Shiyong Li, Bo Yu, Ping An, Gang Chen, Wenping Lu, Huiyun Cai, Wenhua Guo, Fuyi Zuo
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the antitumor efficacy of combination of cytosine deaminase (CD) suicide gene therapy with radiation and to grope for new therapeutic strategy for local recurrent rectal cancer. Experimental Design: HR-8348 cell line of human rectal cancer was used to assess efficiency of transfection with plasmid pEGFP-N1 and PXJ41-CD. The cells were exposed to radiation followed by liposome-mediated transfection. Cell inhibition assay was done with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Antitumor efficacy of combined liposome-mediated CD suicide gene therapy with radiation was determined by treatment of nude mice bearing HR-8348 cancer cell xenograft. Results: The efficiency of liposome-mediated CD gene transfection can be improved by radiation. With radiation at 2, 4, 6, and 8 Gy, the efficiency of liposome-mediated transfection increased from 21.3% to 62.2%, 78.0%, 83.2%, and 87.8%, respectively. CD expression was enhanced as well. Cancer cell inhibition experiment showed that combined liposome-mediated CD gene therapy with radiation had much stronger antitumor effect. With HR-8348 tumor xenograft model, suppression of tumor xenograft was observed. Compared with control group, tumor volume was inhibited by 81.5%, 48.5%, and 37.4%, respectively, in the combined CD/5-fluorocytosine with radiation group, CD/5-fluorocytosine group, and radiation group and the wet weight of tumor was decreased by 80%, 41.7%, and 37.7%, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that combination of liposome-mediated CD gene therapy with radiation is a safer and efficient anticancer method. Its therapeutic efficacy may meet clinical treatment on local recurrent rectal cancer.
817-1 Comparative change in the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients undergoing biventricular defibrillator implantation using transvenous coronary sinus versus epicardial left ventricular leads
Authors: Mandeep Bhargava, William Belden, David Burkhardt, Yaariv Khaykin, George Joseph, Atul Verma, Jennifer Cummings, Nassir Marrouche, David O Martin, Robert Schweikert, Walid I Saliba, Patrick M McCarthy, Bruce L Wilkoff, Patrick J Tchou
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Points from letters: Hazards of psycho-active drugs
Authors: E H Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (1975)

October, p 25) is not alone.At the inception of the NHS in 1948 I was an assistant in general practice and lived above the surgery in a traffic-congested area.At that time I managed my rounds quite easily on a bicycle.Unfortunately both your clientele and your colleagues come to regard you as an outsider, which adds to your emotional burden.The car becomes your
PROGRESS IN PUBLIC HEALTH WORK
Authors: GUY L. KIEFER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The science of medicine has advanced more rapidly than any of its sister sciences. It is equally true that the science of hygiene has made more rapid strides forward than any of the other branches of medicine. Bacteriology and sanitary engineering have had much to do with the great progress of public health work. Most of the advancement has taken place in the past twenty-five years and its pace has quickened constantly during that period. Practical public health work, particularly as applied to municipalities, has undergone such a change that even to one intimately associated with it, the change is almost incredible. Let us take as a theme the analysis of the organization of a public health department and its work as it existed twelve years ago in comparison with the same organization and work to-day. In 1901, on July 1, the board of health of a city at that
PINWORM INFECTION IN A FAMILY
Authors: Victor Mayer
Journal: JAMA (1941)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Relative to my article entitled "Acute Appendicitis and Pinworm Infection Occurring Concomittantly in the Same Family" (The Journal, Sept. 21, 1940, p. 1009), I have obtained more information concerning this family during a visit to the Warren General Hospital in Warren, Pa. The mother, listed as Mrs. T. in the article, was admitted to the Warren General Hospital on April 2, 1941 with the complaint of pain in the lower part of the abdomen, more particularly in the right lower quadrant. There was no associated diarrhea or vomiting. Because of persistence of pain, an appendectomy was performed on April 4, and a slightly injected appendix, with its tip bound down, was found and removed. When the appendix was opened, actively motile pinworms were found present. The blood counts taken preoperatively showed 2 per cent eosinophils. The postoperative course was uneventful.
Fighting biological warfare
Authors: S. Pullinger
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Humanity's battle against disease is a constantly evolving struggle. Throughout history bacteria and viruses have attacked people, animals, and plants, often with devastating effect. As if this were not challenge enough, we now face the prospect of disease being deliberately applied for military or terrorist purposes through biological warfare. The way of countering such threats is through international law and painstakingly negotiated treaties and verification mechanisms.1 An important piece of protection in the battle against biological weapons is currently being negotiated in Geneva.

The widely held assumption that the use of agents such as anthrax, plague, and smallpox has only a limited utility in war is false: disease has already been turned into a weapon. The former Soviet Union, for example, undertook an extensive biological weapons programme, arming some of its ballistic missiles with anthrax and targeting them at Western cities. After the Gulf war United Nations inspectors uncovered a well advanced programme in Iraq, involving aircraft …
Inflammatory cytokines epigenetically regulate rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation by suppressing HDAC5 expression
Authors: Chiara Angiolilli, Aleksander M Grabiec, Bradley S Ferguson, Caroline Ospelt, Beatriz Malvar Fernandez, Inge E van Es, Lisa G M van Baarsen, Steffen Gay, Timothy A McKinsey, Paul P Tak, Dominique L Baeten, Kris A Reedquist
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Lumbosacral transitional vertebra can result in an anomalous number of lumbar vertebrae associated with wrong level treatment. The primary aim of this study was to characterize discrepancies between reported referring levels and levels from MRI reports with treated levels. The secondary aim was to analyze interobserver variability between a pain physician and a radiologist when determining levels and classifying lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. <h3>Methods</h3> Between February 2016 and October 2019, a retrospective case series of prospectively collected data of the affected levels mentioned in referrals, MRI reports and treated levels was performed. The counting process, level determination, classification of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and a secondary control were carried out by independent researchers using a standard methodology. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 2443 referrals, 143 patients had an anomalous number of lumbar vertebrae; of these, 114 were included for analysis. The vertebral level noted in the patient's file, in the referral, and the reported level of treatment differed in 40% of these cases. The vertebral level between the MRI reports and treatment differed in 46% of cases. The interobserver reliability (radiologist vs pain physician) for classifying a transitional vertebra was fair ((κ=0.40) and was substantial (κ=0.70) when counting the vertebrae. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In the presence of lumbar spine anomalies, we report a high prevalence of discrepancies between referral levels and MRI pathological findings with treatment levels. Further research is needed to better understand clinical implications.
Translocation of gliadin into HLA-DR antigen containing lysosomes in coeliac disease enterocytes.
Authors: K P Zimmer, C Poremba, P Weber, P J Ciclitira, E Harms
Journal: Gut (1995)

Coeliac disease is triggered by ingestion of wheat gliadin and is probably immune mediated. There is evidence by light microscopy that expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is increased in the small intestinal epithelium of patients with untreated coeliac disease and that gliadin can be taken up by small intestinal enterocytes. The pathway by which gliadin is transported to class II MHC proteins has not been demonstrated. Using an immunogold technique and thin frozen sections of jejunal biopsy specimens, gliadin, HLA-DR antigens, and IgA were localised at an ultrastructural level in the jejunal epithelium of patients with both untreated and treated coeliac disease and controls. Cathepsin D was used as a marker for late endosomes or lysosomes. The results show that gliadin is translocated into vacuoles positive for HLA-DR antigens as well as cathepsin D in jejunal enterocytes of patients with untreated coeliac disease. Secretory IgA may have a role in this translocation of gliadin, which is a specific event that occurred only in jejunal enterocytes from patients with untreated coeliac disease but not in a patient maintained on a gluten free diet or in controls. These results support a central role for epithelial cells of the human intestinal mucosa in the transport of gliadin to an HLA-DR positive compartment which precedes antigen presentation of gliadin to antigen sensitive T lymphocytes.
Watchdog warns government over inaccurate data on road casualties
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A report on the UK Department for Transport’s road safety strategy has called on the government to improve the use of data on serious injuries and deaths arising from road traffic collisions.

The National Audit Office’s report into government measures to reduce the number of pedestrians and cyclists injured and killed on the roads highlights the overall fall in the number of deaths in these two groups since the mid-1990s but says that the number of cyclists killed between 2004 and 2007 rose by 11%.

In 2007 more than 30 000 pedestrians and 16 000 cyclists …
Laryngopyocele
Authors: William Beautyman, Gerald L. Hatdak, Morris Taylor
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

A LARYNGOCELE or diverticulum of the larynx may be regarded as a dilatation of the saccule of the ventricle.1 Most laryngoceles are congenital and are analogous to the air sacs present in certain monkeys, but in some cases the dilatation seems to be acquired as the result of repeated forcible expirations such as occur in those playing wind instruments. Laryngoceles are termed internal if they lie deep to the thyrohyoid membrane and external or combined if they pass through the thyrohyoid membrane (or, as is probably more common, between the thyrohyoid membrane and the inferior constrictor muscle) to present as . . .
Tissue engineering for skin: An update
Authors: William H. Eaglstein, Vincent Falanga
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)

For use in the United States, the phrase "tissue engineering" originated in a 1987 National Science Foundation bioengineering panel meeting in Washington, DC. 1 Nerem RM Tissue engineering in the USA [review]. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1992; 30: CE8-CE12 Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar They defined tissue engineering very broadly as "the application of the principles and methods of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve function." However, the essence of tissue engineering is the use of living cells together with natural or synthetic extracellular components. Currently, skin products made of (1) only extracellular matrix materials, (2) mainly cells, or (3) a combination of cells and matrices, have all been referred to astissue-engineered skin (Table I). Products that contain living cells, or use living cells to synthesize parts of the product, draw heavily on the technologies of tissue and cell culture, including cryogenics. Tissue-engineered skin was first developed for treating burns and, indeed, most of the products listed in Table I are already marketed for the treatment of burns. Table ITissue-engineered skin products Product name/Company Materials Apligraf/Organogenesis E -Living human neonatal foreskin-derived keratinocytes D -Living human neonatal foreskin-derived dermal fibroblasts andbovine tendon-derived collagen plus the fibroblast-producedmatrix and growth factors N -Available in Canada for venous ulcers; pivotal trials completedfor venous ulcer AlloDerm/Life Sciences D -Decellularized human allogenic processed dermis N -Available in US for full-thickness burns Biobrane (temporary wound dressing)/ Dow Hickam E -Silicone membrane D -Nylon fabric bonded with porcine-derived collagen peptides Dermagraft /Advanced Tissue Sciences D -Living human neonatal foreskin-derived dermal fibroblasts andthe collagen and other matrix and growth factors they produce;initially grown on a bioabsorbable polyglactin mesh N -Available in Canada for diabetic ulcers; pivotal trials completedfor diabetic ulcers Dermagraft TC/Advanced Tissue Sciences E - Silicone membrane D - Nylon mesh with non-viable cultured foreskin-derived human dermal fibroblasts and their products N -Available in US for temporary covering in burns Epicel ASAProgram/Genzyme Tissue Repair E -Living cultured self-derived (autologous) keratinocytes attachedto petrolatum gauze backing N - Available for burns Integra Artificial Skin/Integra Life Sciences E - Polysiloxane (silicone) D - Bovine tendon collagen and shark glycosaminoglycan N - Available in US for burns D, Dermis-like component; E, epidermis-like component; N, notes. Open table in a new tab D, Dermis-like component; E, epidermis-like component; N, notes.
Abstract 446: Protein kinase Ciota is a new prognostic factor in gastric cancer
Authors: Hideya Kashihara
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Protein kinase Ciota (PKCiota) have been reported to be an important effector of oncogenic K-ras. Furthermore, PKCiota is correlated with tumor angiogenesis. The role of PKCiota in gastric cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of PKCiota in human gastric cancer. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy were enrolled. The expression of PKCiota mRNA was determined in clinicopathological factors. Next, the patients were divided into two groups: the PKCiota high expression group (n = 14) and low expression group (n = 14). 5-year survival rate, ERK mRNA, which was the gene of downstream K-ras, and VEGF mRNA were compared between the two groups. The prognostic factors were investigated by multivariate analysis. Results: High expressions of PKCiota mRNA were observed in undifferentiation, deeper tumor invasion (MP≤), advanced stage (Stage III, IV) and peritoneal dissemination (+). The 5-year survival rate in the PKCiota high expression group were lower than that in the PKCiota low expression group. The multivariate analysis revealed that high expression of PKCiota mRNA was an independent prognostic factor. The expressions of ERK mRNA and VEGF mRNA in the PKCiota high expression group were higher than that in the PKCiota low expression group. Conclusion: Our results indicate that PKCiota was correlated with tumor progression and angiogenesis. PKCiota may be a new prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 446. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-446
Role of phermones and kairmones for insect suppression systems and their possible health and environmental impacts.
Authors: E F Knipling
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Insects produce pheromones as a chemical communication system to facilitate reproduction. These highly active chemical attractants have been synthesized for some of the most important insect pests, including the boll weevil, gypsy moth, codling moth, tobacco budworm, European corn borer, and several bark beetles. While none of the synthetic sex attractants have yet been developed for use in insect control, they offer opportunities for the future both as control agents and to greatly improved insect detection. Investigations are underway on insect trapping systems employing the phermones and on air permeation techniques to disrupt insect reproduction. The pheromones are generally highly species-specific and are not likely to pose hazards to nontarget organisms in the environment. Toxicological studies indicate that they are low in toxicity to mammals, birds, and fish, but adequate toxicological data are necessary before they can be registered for use in insect control. Another new class of compounds called kaironomes has been discovered. These chemicals are involved in the detection of hosts or prey by insect parasites and predators. Kairomones may prove useful in manipulating natural or released biological agents for more effective biological control of insect pests. No information is yet available on the toxicology of these chemicals.
The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Score and Risk of Perioperative Infection-Reply
Authors: Donald A. Goldmann
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We thank Dr Rozner for his comments but disagree with his claim that the ASA score "has never been correlated with any risk for infection." By using data from more than 84 000 operations performed at 44 US hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a risk index that is a significantly better predictor of a surgical patient's risk of acquiring a surgical wound infection (SWI) than the traditional wound classification system of categorizing wounds as clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty-infected.<sup>1</sup>For each surgical procedure a risk index score ranging from 0 to 3 was used to represent the number of risk factors present among the following: (1) whether the patient had an ASA preoperative assessment score of 3, 4, or 5; (2) an operation classified as contaminated or dirty-infected; and (3) an operation lasting over
Diagnosis and Management of Adults with Pharyngitis: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Joan M. Neuner, Mary Beth Hamel, Russell S. Phillips, Kira Bona, Mark D. Aronson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Rheumatic fever has become uncommon in the United States while rapid diagnostic test technology for streptococcal antigens has improved. However, little is known about the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of various strategies for managing pharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS) in U.S. adults.To examine the cost-effectiveness of several diagnostic and management strategies for patients with suspected GAS pharyngitis.Cost-effectiveness analysis.Published literature, including systematic reviews where possible. When costs were not available in the literature, we estimated them from our institution and Medicare charges.Adults in the general U.S. population.1 year.Societal.Five strategies for the management of adult patients with pharyngitis: 1) observation without testing or treatment, 2) empirical treatment with penicillin, 3) throat culture using a two-plate selective culture technique, 4) optical immunoassay (OIA) followed by culture to confirm negative OIA test results, or 5) OIA alone.Cost per lost quality-adjusted life-days (converted to life-years where appropriate) and incremental cost-effectiveness.Empirical treatment was the least effective strategy at a GAS pharyngitis prevalence of 10% (resulting in 0.41 lost quality-adjusted life-day). Although the other four strategies had similar effectiveness (all resulted in about 0.27 lost quality-adjusted life-day), culture was the least expensive strategy.Results were sensitive to the prevalence of GAS pharyngitis: OIA followed by culture was most effective when GAS pharyngitis prevalence was greater than 20%. Observation was least expensive when prevalence was less than 6%, and empirical treatment was least expensive when prevalence was greater than 71%. The effectiveness of strategies was also very sensitive to the probability of anaphylaxis: When the probability of anaphylaxis was about half the baseline probability, OIA/culture was most effective; when the probability was 1.6 times that of baseline, observation was most effective. Only at an OIA cost less than half of baseline did the OIA alone strategy become less expensive than culture. Results were not sensitive to other variations in probabilities or costs of diagnosis or treatment of GAS pharyngitis.Observation, culture, and two rapid antigen test strategies for diagnostic testing and treatment of suspected GAS pharyngitis in adults have very similar effectiveness and costs, although culture is the least expensive and most effective strategy when the GAS pharyngitis prevalence is 10%. Empirical treatment was not the most effective or least expensive strategy at any prevalence of GAS pharyngitis in adults, although it may be reasonable for individual patients at very high risk for GAS pharyngitis as assessed by a clinical decision rule.