tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Authors' reply to Southall
Authors: S. Kiguli, S. O. Akech, G. Mtove, R. O. Opoka, C. Engoru, P. Olupot-Olupot, R. Nyeko, J. Evans, J. Crawley, N. Prevatt, H. Reyburn, M. Levin, E. C. George, A. South, A. G. Babiker, D. M. Gibb, K. Maitland
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Southall made several points about our recent article.1 2

He suggests that “lethal hyperchloraemia” secondary to use of normal saline in FEAST (for boluses or maintenance) resulted in excess mortality. However, he did not comment on the key finding of the trial—that the increased 48 hour mortality was identical in both normal saline bolus (10.6%) and albumin bolus (10.6%) arms compared with the no bolus control group (7.3%).3 Harm was shown for every age group, in every condition, at each …
Improving Our Diet — Still a Long Way to Go
Authors: Shiriki Kumanyika
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Apart from occasional failures of our sanitation and food-protection systems, common sense tells us that common foods or nutrients as such cannot be lethal and, furthermore, that the effect of any given food on health must be minimal because of the vast array of foods consumed from even the most modest of kitchens. Nonetheless, dietary factors are strongly implicated as causes of chronic diseases precisely because they are common, subtle, and persistent over long periods of time. Exposure to agents such as radiation may have more dramatic effects than diet, but such hazards can be identified, isolated, and contained or . . .
Increased and more consistent tidal volumes during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in newborn infants.
Authors: G Bernstein, G P Heldt, F L Mannino
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We compared expiratory tidal and minute ventilation during conventional and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV and SIMV) in 30 infants with respiratory failure. Identical ventilator settings were used during each mode in each infant. Tidal volumes of ventilator breaths were smaller during IMV than during SIMV (6.2 +/- 1.8 versus 7.4 +/- 1.9 ml/kg; p < 0.01). The coefficient of variation of tidal volumes was higher during IMV than SIMV for both ventilator (25 +/- 12% versus 15 +/- 8%) and spontaneous breaths (39 +/- 15% versus 24 +/- 10%, p < 0.001). Minute ventilation, however, was the same during both modes. During IMV, one infant breathed synchronously and two were phase-locked in asynchrony with the ventilator. The infants with a mixed interaction on IMV (27 of 30) had tidal volumes that depended on the phase of spontaneous breathing at the time of onset of each ventilator breath. Tidal volumes of IMV breaths that began during the first half of spontaneous expiration had the smallest tidal volumes (5.4 +/- 1.8 ml/kg, p < 0.01), followed by those that began during the last half of inspiration (6.4 +/- 1.8 ml/kg, p < 0.01). Thus, the synchrony produced by SIMV allowed the ventilator to deliver larger and more consistent tidal volumes than during IMV.
A Virologic Study of Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Albert D. Carilli, Robert S. Gohd, William Gordon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

FORMAL recognition of chronic bronchitis as a distinct clinical entity has been relatively recent in this country. Simply defined, it is an inflammatory condition of the bronchi and bronchioles accompanied by hypersecretion and hypertrophy of bronchial mucous glands that results in chronic productive cough of varying severity.1 Of the several factors implicated in the etiology and course of chronic bronchitis considerable evidence has accumulated that infection has a dominant role.2 3 4 5 6 The severity, frequency and duration of infection correlates well with the progressive deterioration of the patient.7 In general, the patient with chronic bronchitis is unhampered in his usual activities . . .
Eicosapentanoic acid inhibits hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced injury by attenuating upregulation of MMP-1 in adult rat myocytes
Authors: H Chen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R) is associated with upregulation of metalloproteinases (MMPs). Upregulation of MMPs is associated with cell injury. Previous studies have shown that fish oil can protect myocardium from injury induced by H-R. This study was designed to examine the effect of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), one of the major components in fish oil, on the modulation of MMP-1 expression in response to H-R in cultured adult rat myocytes.Myocytes isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were cultured with or without EPA or arachidonic acid (AA) (10 and 50 microM) and exposed to 24 h of hypoxia followed by 3 h of reoxygenation (H-R). H-R resulted in myocyte injury (measured on LDH release), increase in p38MAPK phosphorylation (Western analysis), augmentation of lipid peroxidation, and upregulation of MMP-1 activity (zymography) and expression (RT-PCR and Western analysis) (all P<0.01 vs. control, n=5). Pretreatment of myocytes with EPA, but not AA, resulted in a reduction in LDH release, and attenuation of p38MAPK phosphorylation and MMP-1 activity and expression in response to H-R (all P<0.05 vs. H-R alone). Pretreatment of myocytes with EPA also reduced lipid peroxidation in myocytes exposed to H-R (P<0.05 vs. H-R alone). A high concentration of EPA (50 microM) was more potent than the lower concentration of EPA (10 microM).These observations suggest that EPA attenuates an increase in MMP-1 following H-R, which may be a basis of protection of myocytes from the adverse effects of H-R. p38MAPK phosphorylation may be an important signaling event in this process.
The chemistry of chromium and some resulting analytical problems.
Authors: S I Shupack
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Chromium, named for its many-colored compounds, exists in the oxidation states of -2 to +6 inclusively. The compounds exhibit a wide range of geometries including square planar, tetrahedral, octahedral, and various distorted geometries. Chromium is found in nature principally as the chromite ore FeCr2O4 in which chromium is in the +3 state. The existence of a particular oxidation state is dependent on many factors including pH, redox potentials, and kinetics. Thermodynamically, +3 and +2 are the most stable states, while the +3 and +6 oxidation states are the most common ones found in aqueous solution. Kinetically, chromium +3 is substitutionally inert: for water exchange k(sec-1) = 2.5 x 10(-6), due to the presence of the half-filled d(t2g)3.4A2g state. On the other hand, protonation/deprotonation is quite rapid. Polymerization is very slow but is promoted at higher pHs; acid cleavage of the protonated oligomers is also quite slow. Chromium +6 as the chromate ion is strongly oxidizing at low pHs and less so in basic solution. The chromate ion does form some polyacids and polyanions. These factors must be considered in analyzing samples for total chromium and for the amounts of each oxidation state.
Magnitude and impact of after hours treatment delay in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: The CADILLAC Trial
Authors: H. Mehrdad Sadeghi, Cindy L. Grines, Roxana Mehran, Harish R. Chandra, Martin Fahy, David A. Cox, Eulogio Garcia, James E. Tcheng, John J. Griffin, Giulio Guagliumi, Thomas D. Stuckey, Mark Turco, John D. Carroll, Barry D. Rutherford, Gregg W. Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Analysis of 1,400 Cases of Acute Injury to the Head
Authors: G. F. Rowbotham, I. N. Maciver, J. Dickson, M. E. Bousfield
Journal: BMJ (1954)

Between the years 1941 and 1951 2,000 cases of acute injury to the head were admitted to the General Hos- pital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and were treated in the department of neurological surgery.Of these, 1,544 were aged 13 and over (1,281 male, 263 female), and 456 were children up to the age of 12.The death rate
A salutary lesson
Authors: Jean P Fisher
Journal: BMJ (2006)

I had finished examining the little boy, and I thought the consultation was over when the patient's mother began to talk about the doctor whom she had consulted earlier about her abdominal pain. She complained that the doctor had not taken the time to examine her.

I didn't know what to say. According to the General Medical Council, when a patient complains about the care given by another healthcare professional, I have two (delicately balanced) duties: I must not undermine the patient's trust in those treating him or her by making unfounded criticisms of colleagues, but, at the same time, …
Autopsy, Necropsy, Necroscopy.
Authors: D. S. Lamb
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Washington, D. C., March 26, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —On page 571 of theJournalis a paragraph in regard to the words autopsy, necropsy and necrotomy, as used to express the act of making a postmortem examination. The objection to the word autopsy is very properly stated, since it does not express the idea intended to be conveyed. As the word necrotomy simply means the cutting of a dead body, it also lacks in explicitness. But the word necropsy is a sort of corruption of necroscopy, which means (from νεκρός, a dead body, and σκοπέω, to examine) just what it says, and is therefore the word to use. It has the advantage of stating in one word what otherwise requires at least three. The objection to the use of the word autopsy in this connection has led many writers to use simply the words postmortem examination, as in the
Promotion of Prescription Drugs to Consumers
Authors: Meredith B. Rosenthal, Ernst R. Berndt, Julie M. Donohue, Richard G. Frank, Arnold M. Epstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Spending on prescription drugs is the fastest growing component of the health care budget. There is public concern about the possibility that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs will result in inappropriate prescribing and higher costs of care. Guidelines issued in 1997 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding advertising to consumers through electronic media are considered by some to be responsible for unleashing a flood of direct-to-consumer advertising.
Trends in the hospital care of acute childhood asthma 1970-8: a regional study.
Authors: H R Anderson, P Bailey, S West
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In the South-west Thames Region over the period 1970-8 the number of admissions for asthma in children aged 5-14 years increased from 256 to 684, an increase of 167%. Factors associated with this trend were investigated by an analysis of routine hospital statistics and examination of case notes for 1970 and 1978 from every hospital in the region. The trend was caused partly by an increase in readmission rates. There was a more than fivefold increase in self-referrals; these patients had less severe asthma on admission and a higher readmission rate than patients referred by general practitioners. Drug management before and after admission changed considerably over the nine years, as did hospital investigations. Overall, there was little change in the level of severity on admission. The increase in admissions was not associated with a reduction in deaths from asthma in the region and occurred in spite of major advances in the drug control of asthma; this indicates an inadequacy of ambulatory care. The shift in the balance of care towards the hospital and the increasing adoption of a primary care function by the hospital indicate a need for hospitals and general practice to agree jointly on management policies for acute asthma.
ON THE RELATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS TO VENOM HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Joseph C. Turner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Removal of the white cells and platelets from suspensions of red cells usually produces substantial reduction in the hemolytic activity of venoms. Guinea pig red cells constitute a notable exception and may be lysed by a direct action of venom. White blood cells and platelets appear to contribute to hemolysis by serving as sources of phosphatides for the formation of lysophosphatides. No correlation could be found between phospholipase activity and direct hemolytic activity of venoms. A recently described method (8) of paper chromatographic separation of phospholipides has been used successfully in part of the work.
SHOULD ANTI-ARRHYTHMICS BE HELD PRIOR TO ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION?
Authors: Jonathan W. Dukes, Karuna Chilukuri, Daniel Scherr, Joseph E. Marine, Ronald D. Berger, Saman Nazarian, Alan Cheng, David Spragg, Hugh Calkins, Charles A. Henrikson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Neuroblastoma: a clinical challenge and biologic puzzle
Authors: K. K. Matthay
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1995)

Neuroblastoma is the third most common malignancy in childhood and accounts for at least 15 percent of cancer-related deaths in children. The varied clinical behavior of this disease, ranging from spontaneous regression in some to progression while under aggressive therapy in others, has been associated with various biologic differences, providing insight into pathophysiology and possibilities for more specific treatments. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of neuroblastoma.
THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION ON ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN UNTREATED HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: C. THOMOPOULOS, K. TSIOUFIS, N. SOLDATOS, G. GIAMARELOS, C. DENDRINOS, M. SELIMA, A. KASIAKOGIAS, E. STEFANADI, D. TOUSOULIS, C. STEFANADIS
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Itraconazole Prevents Invasive Fungal Infections in Neutropenic Patients Treated for Hematologic Malignancies: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of 3,597 Patients
Authors: Axel Glasmacher, Archibald Prentice, Marcus Gorschlüter, Steffen Engelhart, Corinna Hahn, Benjamin Djulbegovic, Ingo G.H. Schmidt-Wolf
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis has not yet been convincingly proven in numerous trials of various antifungals. New evidence and the anti-Aspergillus efficacy of itraconazole prompted a new look at the data for the prevention of invasive fungal infections.Randomized, controlled studies with itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies were identified from electronic databases and hand searching.Thirteen randomized trials included 3,597 patients who were assessable for invasive fungal infections. Itraconazole reduced the incidence of invasive fungal infection (mean relative risk reduction, 40% +/- 13%; P =.002), the incidence of invasive yeast infections (mean, 53% +/- 19%; P =.004) and the mortality from invasive fungal infections (mean, 35% +/- 17%; P =.04) significantly. The incidence of invasive Aspergillus infections was only reduced in trials using the itraconazole cyclodextrine solution (mean, 48% +/- 21%; P =.02) and not itraconazole capsules (mean, 75% +/- 73% increase; P =.3). The overall mortality was not changed. Adverse effects were rare, hypokalemia was noted in three studies, and a higher rate of drug discontinuation was found in trials that compared itraconazole cyclodextrine solution to a control without cyclodextrine. The effect of prophylaxis was clearly associated with a higher bioavailable dose of itraconazole.Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole effectively prevents proven invasive fungal infections and-shown for the first time for antifungal prophylaxis-reduces mortality from these infections and the rate of invasive Aspergillus infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Adequate doses of the oral cyclodextrine solution (at least 400 mg/d) or i.v. formulations (200 mg/d) of itraconazole are necessary for these effects.
Abstract of Remarks on the Antipyretic Treatment of Typhoid Fever
Authors: W. Cayley
Journal: BMJ (1884)

Background/Aim: Cardiac papillary fibroelastomas (CPF) are benign tumors, frequently asymptomatic, characterized by a mobile pedunculated mass that arises from the endocardium. When CPF is located in the left ventricle, it may protrude into the left ventricular outflow tract and affect hemodynamics. They are highly thrombogenic, and can also cause some life-threatening events such as cerebral and peripheral embolization. Case Report: We herein report a case of a 74-year-old female admitted to our center with palpitations and dyspnea on exertion. Her past medical history revealed that she had had a transient ischemic attack 7 months before presentation. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intracardiac mass anchored in the anteroapical interventricular septum without interference with aortic or mitral valve functionality. Surgical resection of the left ventricular mass was performed through the left apical ventriculotomy approach. Histopathological examination of the tumor was suggestive of papillary fibroelastoma. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged home on the eighth postoperative day, with no recurrence at 6 months. Conclusion: Although left ventricular papillary fibroelastomas are benign tumors, they carry a high risk for embolic complications and therefore surgery should be proposed, the transapical approach being a safe and effective method.
Collateral bronchopulmonary circulation after spontaneous recanalisation of pulmonary thromboemboli in the dog
Authors: J. Jandik, E. Rehulova, J. Endrys, H. D. Geest
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

Study objective – The aim was to study the fate of enlarged bronchial arteries after resolution of experimental pulmonary embolism. Design – Embolisation of the pulmonary arteries of both lungs was performed with intravenous gelfoam. Pulmonary pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance were measured 1 h, 40 d and 80 d after embolisation. Pulmonary angiography and aortography were performed at the same time to evaluate the pulmonary emboli and the collateral bronchopulmonary circulation. Aortography and gross pathological and histological examination of the lungs was performed after 80 d. Experimental material – 15 adult mongrel dogs of either sex were studied, weight 22-25 kg. Nine dogs were embolised and there were six controls. Measurements and main results – All animals survived until 80 d. There was a rise (p<0.001) in mean pulmonary artery pressure and arteriolar resistance 1 h after embolisation. Pulmonary artery pressures and resistances were still raised 40 d after embolisation but had returned to normal after 80 d. Pulmonary arteriography at 1 h confirmed massive thromboembolism. After 40 d antegrade pulmonary blood flow was almost completely restored, and the thromboemboli had largely disappeared. Pulmonary angiograms were completely normal after 80 d. Aortography after 40 d showed a well developed collateral bronchopulmonary circulation, most pronounced in the lower lobes, which persisted unchanged until 80 d. Aortography and gross pathological and histological examination at necropsy confirmed the presence of hypertrophic well developed bronchial arteries to both lower lobes and to a lesser extent to the middle and upper lobes, with only a few organised and recanalised thrombi in segmental arteries of both lower lobes. Conclusions – Our data show a temporal dissociation between the resolution of pulmonary thromboemboli in the present model and the eventual regression of developed bronchopulmonary collateral vessels. The mechanism of this dissociation could not be elucidated.
Chronic Exercise Reduces Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Rabbits With Pacing-Induced Heart Failure
Authors: Jun-Li Liu, Scott Irvine, Ian A. Reid, Kaushik P. Patel, Irving H. Zucker
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Chronic exercise (EX) improves the quality of life and increases the survival of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Because sympathetic nerve activity is elevated in the CHF state, it is possible that EX is beneficial in this disease due to a decrease in sympathetic outflow. Methods and Results —We evaluated arterial baroreflex function and resting renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in EX normal and CHF rabbits before and after angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor blockade. Four groups of rabbits were studied: a normal non-EX group, a normal EX group, a CHF non-EX group, and a CHF EX group. EX lowered resting RSNA in rabbits with CHF but not in normal rabbits. In addition, EX increased arterial baroreflex sensitivity in the CHF group (heart rate slope: CHF 1.7±0.3 bpm/mm Hg, EX CHF 4.9±0.3 bpm/mm Hg; P &lt;0.01; RSNA slope: CHF 2.2±0.2%max/mm Hg, EX CHF 5.7±0.4%max/mm Hg; P &lt;0.01. AT 1 receptor blockade enhanced baroreflex sensitivity in the non-EX CHF rabbits but had no effect in EX CHF rabbits. Concomitant with this effect, EX lowered the elevated plasma angiotensin II concentration in the CHF group. A significant positive correlation was observed between sympathetic nerve activity and plasma angiotensin II. Conclusions —-These data strongly suggest that EX reduces the sympathoexcitatory state in the setting of CHF. Enhanced arterial baroreflex sensitivity may contribute to this reduction. In addition, EX lowers plasma angiotensin II concentration in CHF. These data further suggest that the lowering of angiotensin II may contribute to the decrease in sympathetic nerve activity after EX in the CHF state.
Association of Diltiazem Therapy With Increased Insulin Resistance in a Patient With Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Neville Grant
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Antidysrhythmic calcium antagonists such as diltiazem hydrochloride are widely employed to treat vasospastic angina pectoris and arrhythmia. These drugs suppress the beta-cell secretory response via blockade of calcium channels<sup>1</sup>and may be responsible for the reported variable effects on glucose metabolism in nondiabetics and patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.<sup>2</sup>However, there are no reports of any diabetogenic effect in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 38-year-old woman with a 29-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, pretibial edema, cardiac arrhythmia, and severe angina pectoris. Kidney and liver functions were normal, with a creatinine level of 0.9 to 1.1 mg/dL (79 to 97 μmol/L) (normal range, 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dL [62 to 106 μmol/L]) over the period of observation. She was treated with quinidine (constant dose throughout observation), nitroglycerin as needed, and diltiazem (Figure).
SPECT BRAIN PERFUSION IMAGING(BPI) IN MILD TRUMATIC BRAIN INJURY(TBI)WITHOUT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (LOC)
Authors: H. M. Abdel-Dayem, H. H. Abujudeh, S. Atay, S. Aleksic, W. S. Omar, S. Y. Naddaf, M. Kumar, J. Q. Luo, J. Masdeu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Abdel-Dayem, H. M.; Abujudeh, H. H.; Atay, S.; Aleksic, S.; Omar, W. S.; Naddaf, S. Y.; Kumar, M.; Luo, J. Q.; Masdeu, J. Author Information