tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Limiting prescribable NHS drugs
Authors: I. Oswald
Journal: BMJ (1984)

of many young coloured people born and educated in the United Kingdom that discrimination exists within the medical schools.Other questions arise.Do these figures indicate a variation in the number of applications to individual schools or are they a consequence of unofficial policy that reflects racial discrimination based on name itself?Do medical schools try to reflect the racial mix of the community they serve in their intake?What percentage of applicants are successful and how do they compare for academic achievement both before and after admission ?Only the schools themselves can enlighten us, since the Universities Central Council for Admissions has been unable to provide the information.3If Dr McManus and Professor Richards hope to scrutinise the fairness of the selection process then they should ensure that such information is made available, at least for their own school.
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts cardiovascular events in hypertension: A LIFE substudy
Authors: Michael H. Olsen, Kristian Wachtell, Christian Tuxen, Eigil Fossum, Lia E. Bang, Christian Hall, Hans Ibsen, Jens Rokkedal, Richard B. Devereux, Per Hildebrandt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Initial U.S. experience with membrane-covered stents in the treatment of saphenous vein graft lesions: Roll-in phase of the BARRICADE trial
Authors: Bassam Roukoz, Heidar Arjomand, Satish Surabhi, Andrey Espinoza, Gregg W. Stone, Donald S. Baim, Daniel McCormick, Sheldon Goldberg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Inexcitable right ventricle and bilateral bundle branch block in Uhl's disease.
Authors: S Bharati, D A Ciraulo, M Bilitch, K M Rosen, M Lev
Journal: Circulation (1978)

A 29-year-old female with Uhl's anomaly developed complete atrioventricular (A-V) block. His bundle studies revealed block distal to the His bundle recording site with narrow QRS complexes. Right ventricular capture could not be obtained and despite successful left ventricular epicardial pacing, the patient died. Autopsy revealed absence of myocardium in most areas of the right ventricle and the right side of the ventricular septum with a normal tricuspid valve. Conduction system examination revelaed total destruction of both bundle branches. This is the first case where bilateral bundle branch block is shown to be present in Uhl's anomaly. Narrow QRS complexes probably reflected the absence of right ventricular forces.
Athletic footwear affects balance in men.
Authors: S Robbins, E Waked, G J Gouw, J McClaran
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1994)

Stable equilibrium during locomotion is required for both superior performance of sports and prevention of injuries from falls. A recent report indicated that currently available athletic footwear impairs stability in older men. Since this discovery, if confirmed, seems important to both competitive athletes and the physically active general public, we performed an experiment using similar methods on a younger population. We tested the hypothesis that midsole thickness is negatively, and hardness positively related to dynamic equilibrium, in 17 healthy adult men (mean(s.d.) age 33(11.13) years) via a balance beam method. Subjects walked along a 9-m long beam at 0.5 m s-1 once barefoot and six times wearing identical pairs of experimental shoes which differed only in midsole hardness and thickness which spanned the respective ranges currently available in footwear. Falls from the beam (balance failures) were quantified. Balance failures varied significantly in relation to midsole hardness and thickness, and there was a strong trend toward interaction of these variables (P = 0.09). Midsole hardness was positively related to stability, and midsole thickness was negatively related, which confirms the previous report. Hence, shoes with thick-soft soles, similar to modern athletic footwear and 'walking shoes', destabilize men, and shoes with thin-hard soles provide superior stability. The pair with the poorest stability (A 15-thick; 12.34 balance failures per 100 m) produced 217% more balance failures than those associated with the best stability (A 50-thin; 3.89 balance failures per 100 m). Since most types of athletic footwear and many other shoes incorporate midsoles with hardness and thickness associated with poor stability, we conclude that both athletic performance and public safety could be enhanced through stability optimized footwear.
Clinical studies involving probiotics
Authors: Fred H. Degnan
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

Researchers from a diverse array of scientific disciplines have focused and continue to focus on opportunities and areas for responsible clinical research involving the possible beneficial health effects of "probiotics." Investigators and researchers should be aware that not all clinical research involving probiotics reasonably falls within the requirements of the "investigational new drug" (IND) rubric administered and enforced by the US Food and Drug Administration. In determining whether an IND application is required before a clinical study may lawfully commence, investigators and researchers as well as institutional review boards should consider the regulatory classification, e.g., "drug," "new drug," "food," "food additive," "dietary supplement," etc. that applies to the substance under investigation. A potential probiotic product can fall along a continuum of regulatory classifications, each having implications on the nature and degree of regulatory requirements for clinical research and, ultimately, for claim substantiation and market access.
THE QUESTION OF SENSITIZATION OF JOINTS WITH NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Homer F. Swift, Ralph H. Boots
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

It was impossible to demonstrate a condition of specific joint sensitization to non-hemolytic streptococci by first injecting the joints of rabbits with small doses of killed non-hemolytic streptococci, or with extracts of these organisms, and subsequently inoculating the rabbits intravenously with homologous living bacteria. Joints so treated were no more liable to involvement than were other untreated joints of the same animals.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Induce Developmental Neurotoxicity in a Human <i>in Vitro</i> Model: Evidence for Endocrine Disruption
Authors: Timm Schreiber, Kathrin Gassmann, Christine Götz, Ulrike Hübenthal, Michaela Moors, Guido Krause, Hans F. Merk, Ngoc-Ha Nguyen, Thomas S. Scanlan, Josef Abel, Christine R. Rose, Ellen Fritsche
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, which are found in rising concentrations in human tissues. They are of concern for human health because animal studies have shown that they possess the potential to be developmentally neurotoxic.Because there is little knowledge of the effects of PBDEs on human brain cells, we investigated their toxic potential for human neural development in vitro. Moreover, we studied the involvement of thyroid hormone (TH) disruption in the effects caused by PBDEs.We used the two PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 (0.1-10 microM), which are most prominent in human tissues. As a model of neural development, we employed primary fetal human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), which are cultured as neurospheres and mimic basic processes of brain development in vitro: proliferation, migration, and differentiation.PBDEs do not disturb hNPC proliferation but decrease migration distance of hNPCs. Moreover, they cause a reduction of differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes. Simultaneous exposure with the TH receptor (THR) agonist triiodothyronine rescues these effects on migration and differentiation, whereas the THR antagonist NH-3 does not exert an additive effect.PBDEs disturb development of hNPCs in vitro via endocrine disruption of cellular TH signaling at concentrations that might be of relevance for human exposure.
Effect of 1995 pill scare on rates of venous thromboembolism among women taking combined oral contraceptives: analysis of General Practice Research Database
Authors: R D T Farmer
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To compare the incidence of venous thromboembolism among women taking combined oral contraceptives before and after the October 1995 pill scare. <b>Design:</b> Analysis of General Practice Research Database. <b>Setting:</b> United Kingdom, January 1993 to December 1998. <b>Subjects:</b> Women aged 15–49 taking combined oral contraceptives. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Incidence of venous thromboembolism. <b>Results:</b> Use of so called "third generation" combined oral contraceptives fell from 53% during January 1993 to October 1995 to 14% during November 1995 to December 1998. There was no significant change in the incidence of venous thromboembolism between the two periods after age was adjusted for (incidence ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.39). <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings are not compatible with the assertion that third generation oral contraceptives are associated with a twofold increase in risk of venous thromboembolism compared with older progestogens.
The Ingleby Lectures on Perforation of Gastric Ulcer: Delivered at Mason College, Birmingham
Authors: G. Barling
Journal: BMJ (1895)

<h3>Background</h3> Timely diagnosis of the serious skin cancer melanoma can improve patient outcomes. Clinical guidelines suggest that GPs use checklists, such as the 7-point checklist (7PCL), to assess pigmented lesions. In 2016, the 7PCL was disseminated by EMIS as an electronic clinical decision support (eCDS) tool. <h3>Aim</h3> To understand GP and patient perspectives on the implementation and usefulness of the eCDS. <h3>Design &amp; setting</h3> Semi-structured interviews with GPs and patients were undertaken. The interviews took place in four general practices in the south east of England following consultations using the eCDS for suspicious pigmented lesions. <h3>Method</h3> Data were collected from semi-structured face-to-face interviews with GPs and from telephone interviews with patients. They were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) underpinned the analysis using thematic approaches. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 14 interviews with GPs and 14 interviews with patients were undertaken. Most GPs reported that, as the eCDS was embedded in the medical record, it was useful, easy to use, time-efficient, and could facilitate patient–GP communication. They were less clear that it could meet policy or patient needs to improve early diagnosis, and some felt that it could lead to unnecessary referrals. Few felt that it had been sufficiently implemented at practice level. More felt confident with their own management of moles, and that the eCDS could be most useful for borderline decision-making. No patients were aware that the eCDS had been used during their consultation. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Successful implementation of a new tool, such as eCDS for melanoma, requires GPs to perceive its value and understand how it can best be integrated into clinical practice. Disseminating a tool without such explanations is unlikely to promote its adoption into routine practice.
Genome-wide association studies of 14 agronomic traits in rice landraces
Authors: Xuehui Huang, Xinghua Wei, Tao Sang, Qiang Zhao, Qi Feng, Yan Zhao, Canyang Li, Chuanrang Zhu, Tingting Lu, Zhiwu Zhang, Meng Li, Danlin Fan, Yunli Guo, Ahong Wang, Lu Wang, Liuwei Deng, Wenjun Li, Yiqi Lu, Qijun Weng, Kunyan Liu, Tao Huang, Taoying Zhou, Yufeng Jing, Wei Li, Zhang Lin, Edward S Buckler, Qian Qian, Qi-Fa Zhang, Jiayang Li, Bin Han
Journal: Nature Genetics (2010)
The Hospice Supportive Care Program: a New "Transition-less" Model of Palliative Care for Patients With Incurable Prostate Cancer
Authors: K. J. PIENTA, P. S. ESPER, H. NAIK, J. PARZUCHOWSKI, J. BELLEFLEUR, M. L. HUBER
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

tributed to the lower relative mortality observed for women with cancers diagnosed before rather than after the age of 50 years, which we assume to be artifactual and mainly due to small numbers.Since only 64 000 of the 212 000 women included in the study groups of all randomized trials were younger than 50 years of age at randomization (2), the statistical power of further analyses in this subset is likely to remain inadequate.Although the current United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research randomized trial of screening younger women is large, we would urge that other investigators set up similar studies so that unequivocal conclusions can be reached.We still consider that the best available scientific judgments indicate that mammographic screening provides undisputed benefit for women screened at age 50 years and older, but not in younger women, in whom the question of screening should in the meantime remain a research issue, albeit an extremely important one.The rising detection rates with age observed in the recent review of the 1993-1994 results of the U.K. screening program, during which time 1.2 million women were screened, adds pragmatic support to this view (3).Since resources are finite, they should surely be devoted to optimizing strategies for the women 50 years of age or older while supporting additional randomized trials of efficacy of screening in younger women.
50. Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Transfer of Single Chain Fv 425:sTRAIL Fusion Protein Induces Target Cell Restricted Apoptosis in EGFR- Positive Tumor Cells and a Potent Bystander Effect
Authors: Hidde J. Haisma, Marike Dijkstra, Edwin Bremer, Wijnand Helfrich
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)
Imported seabass as a source of mercury exposure: a Wisconsin case study.
Authors: L M Knobeloch, M Ziarnik, H A Anderson, V N Dodson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The Wisconsin Division of Health investigated mercury exposure in a 40-year-old man, his 42-year-old wife, and their 2.5-year-old son. At the time of our investigation, these individuals had blood mercury levels ranging from 37 to 58 micrograms/L (normal < 5 micrograms/L) and hair samples from the adults contained 10-12 micrograms mercury/g dry weight. A personal interview and home inspection failed to identify any occupational or household sources of mercury exposure. The family's diet included three to four fish meals per week. The fish was purchased from a local market and included Lake Superior whitefish, Lake Superior trout, farm-raised trout and salmon, and imported seabass. Analysis of these fish found that only one species, the imported seabass, contained significant mercury levels. Two samples of the seabass obtained from the vendor on different days contained mercury concentrations of 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg. Based on consumption estimates, the average daily mercury intakes for these individuals ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 micrograms/kg body weight. Six months after the family stopped consuming the seabass, blood mercury levels in this man and woman were 5 and 3 micrograms/L, respectively. Analysis of sequential blood samples confirmed that mercury elimination followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of approximately 60 days.
Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure
Authors: Ivan C. Smith, Bonnie L. Carson, Thomas L. Ferguson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

In the U.S., the chief source of new osmium is copper refining, where this metal is produced as a byproduct. Probably less than 10% of the osmium in the original copper ore is recovered, and 1000-3000 oz troy of osmium is lost each year to the environment as the toxic, volatile tetroxide from copper smelters. In 1971, about 2000 oz troy of osmium was domestically refined, most of which was from secondary sources. An additional 4169 oz troy of osmium was toll-refined. Major uses for osmium tetroxide identified are for catalysis, especially in steroid synthesis, and for tissue staining. Minor uses of osmium metal are for electrical contacts and for imparting hardness to alloys for mechanical pivots, etc. Unreclaimed osmium tetroxide that reaches wastewater streams is probably rapidly reduced by organic matter to nontoxic osmium dioxide or osmium metal, which would settle out in the sediment of the water course. Waste osmium metal, itself innocuous and chemically resistant, would be oxidized to the toxic tetroxide if incinerated. Because of the small amounts used and their wide dispersal, the amounts of osmium tetroxide in wastewater and air should pose no hazard to man or the environment. The chief acute toxic effects of osmium tetroxide are well known and include eye and respiratory-tract damage. Few data are available that provide information on possible effects of nonacute exposure resulting from environmental contamination by osmium. However, workers continually exposed to osmium tetroxide vapors (refiners and histologists) and rheumatoid arthritis patients who have received intra-articular injections of osmic acid solutions have shown no apparent damage from exposure to low levels of osmium.
ANTIGENICITY OF RAT COLLAGEN
Authors: Sidney Rothbard, Robert F. Watson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Rabbit serum or globulin, containing antibody to rat collagen, injected intravenously or intracardially into normal or adjuvant-prepared rats becomes fixed in the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and, to a slight extent, of the tubules. When examined by ultraviolet light, this antibody can be identified in tissue sections by the yellow-green fluorescence occurring where the rabbit globulin, associated with the fixed collagen antibody, has reacted with fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit globulin from ducks. The reaction of the antibody to rat collagen with its antigen in the kidney is a primary factor in the production of the renal glomerular injury which occurs in rats prepared with adjuvant. Adjacent control sections failed to fluoresce when pretreated with unlabeled anti-rabbit globulin or when treated with heterologous conjugated anti-duck globulin from rabbits. The antibody to rat collagen remains in the kidney as long as 92 days and has been detected as early as 45 minutes after injection. When normal rabbit serum, rabbit anti-fish collagen serum, or rabbit anti-rat collagen serum absorbed with rat collagen was substituted for the rabbit anti-rat collagen serum, fixed antibody could not be demonstrated by fluorescence; but absorption of the anti-rat collagen serum with fish collagen did not affect the antibody fixation. This series of immunologic tests indicates that the anti-collagen serum reacts with its homologous antigen, presumably collagen, in the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and tubules, and that specific antibody can be used to identify collagen in other tissues of the animal body.
Compensation and drug trials
Authors: A D W Massam
Journal: BMJ (1983)

infarction but with raised titres of Coxsackie virus, and I have been impressed with the prevalence of normal arteriograms in this group, which is relatively young and pre- dominantly female.Is it possible that some of the patients with normal arteriograms, dis- cussed by Dr Fox, have never had coronary occlusion at all ?
NHS starts uploading clinical data to central computer
Authors: Michael Cross
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The long delayed uploading of clinical information on to a central computer system for the NHS in England began this week. Extracts from the records of 14 500 patients from two GP practices in Bolton, Lancashire, will be made available to other local health services in the national care records system unless patients exercise one of two levels of opt-out, the NHS agency Connecting for Health has announced.

Officials said the upload, originally due to start in 2004, would proceed cautiously and be subject to independent evaluation. “We are not pushing the pace. …
Cord blood
Authors: L. G. Hansen, A. Host, S. Halken, A. Holmskov, S. Husby, L. B. Lassen, K. Storm, O. Østerballe
Journal: Allergy (1992)

Screening of total IgE in 2814 cord blood samples was analysed by Phadebas IgE PRIST in 2 1‐year birth cohorts (1983‐1984 and 1985–1986) in Denmark (n =1189+ 1625). 48.6% of the sera contained less IgE than the detection limit 0.1 kU/1. Cord blood IgE values &gt; 0.5 kU/1 were regarded as elevated. 13.2% of the sera contained at least 0.5 kU/1 of IgE, with a significant preponderance in boys. Geometric mean cord blood IgE was 0.13 kU/1 and 0.12 kU/1, respectively. Geometric mean cord blood IgE was significantly higher in boys. A significant seasonal variation with lowest IgE values in the autumn was found. No correlation between cord blood IgE and birth weight or gestational age was demonstrated. Only few newborns had cord blood igA values &gt; 0.014 g/l, calculated as geometric mean cord blood IgA + 2 SD among children with no detectable cord blood IgE, indicating infrequent contamination with maternal blood. Clinical aspects Using a simple cord blood sampling method and a sensitive IgE analysis., Phadebas IgE P rist , reproducible results of cord blood IgE in 2 unselected series of newborns were obtained. Cord blood IgA determination is recommended in all infants with cord blood IgE ≥ 1.0 kU/1 in order to exclude contamination with maternal blood.
Transference Phenomena in Medical Practice: Being Whom the Patient Needs
Authors: William M. Zinn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Transference is a process in which individuals displace patterns of behavior that originate through interaction with significant figures in childhood onto other persons in their current lives. It is a powerful determinant of patient behavior in medical encounters. Transference can affect the kind of physician-patient relationship a patient seeks and his or her response to interventions prescribed by physicians. The relationship is also strongly affected by the physician's own transference or countertransference. Rather than approach every patient in a uniform way, tailoring the approach to fit the relationship needs of the individual patient is advocated. Such tailoring would affect whether the physician is collaborative or prescriptive, how much personal information he or she shares, and how close or distant he or she is. Transference issues can also affect level of somatization and patient adherence to medical regimens. We discuss other problems with transference, such as the seductive patient and gift giving. By paying attention to the transference needs of patients, physicians can enhance the therapeutic alliance in which patients optimally participate in fulfilling their medical needs.