tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Consciousness survey of junior-high school handball instructors regarding anterior cruciate ligament injuries in japan
Authors: J Nakase, K Kitaoka, K Goshima, R Takahashi, H Tsuchiya
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Recently, prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has gained attention. However, there has not been any report on a consciousness survey of sports instructors regarding ACL injuries in Japan. Objective The purpose of the present study was to conduct a consciousness survey regarding ACL injuries of instructors who coached junior-high school handball team and to ascertain their current knowledge or awareness. Participants The subjects of the survey were instructors who coached teams that participated in the national junior-high school handball championships in Japan (the subjects were 102 coaches (69 males and 33 females) from 70 teams). Methods The questions were the following: (1) Do you know what an ACL injury is? (2) Have you had players with ACL injuries? (3) Do you know the mechanisms of ACL injury? (4) Do you know about the training programs for ACL injury prevention? In addition, the instructors coaching experience in handball was surveyed. Results The instructors had a mean of approximately 10 years of coaching experience, and 89.2% of the instructors knew about ACL injuries, 49% knew the mechanisms of ACL injury, and 13.7% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. The percentage of instructors who had players with ACL injuries was 27.5%. Conclusion Puberty has been reported to be a suitable time to introduce programs for ACL injury prevention. Although most handball instructors who coached in the Japanese national championships knew what an ACL injury is, only 14% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. As sports medicine physicians, we can help reduce the incidence of ACL injuries through lectures to educate instructors about the mechanisms of ACL injury and training methods for ACL injury prevention.
The perils of being a doctor in Baghdad
Authors: Nabil Al-Khalisi
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Violence had a great impact on me when I was a student. I graduated from Baghdad Medical College in 2007, and the period of my study spanned Saddam Hussein’s era, the 2003 war, and the beginning of the civil conflict that persists today. During these difficult years I had to minimise my attendance at lectures, especially the theory ones; I only attended practical sessions. From time to time I witnessed a killing on my way to college. The experiences made me feel stressed and confused: everything around me was falling apart while I was trying hard to keep my medical education running smoothly. I was full of doubt and wondered whether the process of learning was worth it amid such chaos and terror.

After graduation I was really looking forward to working as a doctor. It was time for me to help my society through practising my noble profession. Yet I did not realise that medical practice in Iraq is not only about patients and treatment, it is also about surviving to tell the tale.

Being a graduate …
Suppression of adaptive immune responses during primary SIV infection of sabaeus African green monkeys delays partial containment of viremia but does not induce disease
Authors: Roland C. Zahn, Melisa D. Rett, Ming Li, Haili Tang, Birgit Korioth-Schmitz, Harikrishnan Balachandran, Robert White, Sarah Pryputniewicz, Norman L. Letvin, Amitinder Kaur, David C. Montefiori, Angela Carville, Vanessa M. Hirsch, Jonathan S. Allan, Jörn E. Schmitz
Journal: Blood (2010)
Role of Circulating Osteogenic Progenitor Cells in Calcific Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Mario Gössl, Sundeep Khosla, Xin Zhang, Nara Higano, Kyra L. Jordan, Darrell Loeffler, Maurice Enriquez-Sarano, Ryan J. Lennon, Lilach O. Lerman, Amir Lerman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Statins Impair Antitumor Effects of Rituximab by Inducing Conformational Changes of CD20
Authors: Magdalena Winiarska, Jacek Bil, Ewa Wilczek, Grzegorz M Wilczynski, Malgorzata Lekka, Patrick J Engelberts, Wendy J. M Mackus, Elzbieta Gorska, Lukasz Bojarski, Tomasz Stoklosa, Dominika Nowis, Zuzanna Kurzaj, Marcin Makowski, Eliza Glodkowska, Tadeusz Issat, Piotr Mrowka, Witold Lasek, Anna Dabrowska-Iwanicka, Grzegorz W Basak, Maria Wasik, Krzysztof Warzocha, Maciej Sinski, Zbigniew Gaciong, Marek Jakobisiak, Paul W. H. I Parren, Jakub Golab
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Background Rituximab is used in the treatment of CD20+ B cell lymphomas and other B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Its clinical efficacy might be further improved by combinations with other drugs such as statins that inhibit cholesterol synthesis and show promising antilymphoma effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of statins on rituximab-induced killing of B cell lymphomas. Methods and Findings Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was assessed by MTT and Alamar blue assays as well as trypan blue staining, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was assessed by a 51Cr release assay. Statins were found to significantly decrease rituximab-mediated CDC and ADCC of B cell lymphoma cells. Incubation of B cell lymphoma cells with statins decreased CD20 immunostaining in flow cytometry studies but did not affect total cellular levels of CD20 as measured with RT-PCR and Western blotting. Similar effects are exerted by other cholesterol-depleting agents (methyl-β-cyclodextrin and berberine), but not filipin III, indicating that the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol and not lipid rafts is required for rituximab-mediated CDC. Immunofluorescence microscopy using double staining with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against a conformational epitope and a linear cytoplasmic epitope revealed that CD20 is present in the plasma membrane in comparable amounts in control and statin-treated cells. Atomic force microscopy and limited proteolysis indicated that statins, through cholesterol depletion, induce conformational changes in CD20 that result in impaired binding of anti-CD20 mAb. An in vivo reduction of cholesterol induced by short-term treatment of five patients with hypercholesterolemia with atorvastatin resulted in reduced anti-CD20 binding to freshly isolated B cells. Conclusions Statins were shown to interfere with both detection of CD20 and antilymphoma activity of rituximab. These studies have significant clinical implications, as impaired binding of mAbs to conformational epitopes of CD20 elicited by statins could delay diagnosis, postpone effective treatment, or impair anti-lymphoma activity of rituximab.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update
Authors: Véronique L. Roger, Alan S. Go, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Robert J. Adams, Jarett D. Berry, Todd M. Brown, Mercedes R. Carnethon, Shifan Dai, Giovanni de Simone, Earl S. Ford, Caroline S. Fox, Heather J. Fullerton, Cathleen Gillespie, Kurt J. Greenlund, Susan M. Hailpern, John A. Heit, P. Michael Ho, Virginia J. Howard, Brett M. Kissela, Steven J. Kittner, Daniel T. Lackland, Judith H. Lichtman, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Diane M. Makuc, Gregory M. Marcus, Ariane Marelli, David B. Matchar, Mary M. McDermott, James B. Meigs, Claudia S. Moy, Dariush Mozaffarian, Michael E. Mussolino, Graham Nichol, Nina P. Paynter, Wayne D. Rosamond, Paul D. Sorlie, Randall S. Stafford, Tanya N. Turan, Melanie B. Turner, Nathan D. Wong, Judith Wylie-Rosett
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Each year, the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update.The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease morbidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document.Indeed, since 1999, the Statistical Update has been cited more than 8700 times in the literature (including citations of all annual versions).In 2009 alone, the various Statistical Updates were cited ≈1600 times (data from ISI Web of Science).In recent years, the Statistical Update has undergone some major changes with the addition of new chapters and major updates across multiple areas.For this year's edition, the Statistics Committee, which produces the document for the AHA, updated all of the current chapters with the most recent nationally representative data and inclusion of relevant articles from the literature over the past year and added a new chapter detailing how family history and genetics play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.Also, the 2011 Statistical Update is a major source for monitoring both cardiovascular health and disease in the population, with a focus on progress toward achievement of the AHA's 2020 Impact Goals.Below are a few highlights from this year's Update.• The 2007 overall death rate from CVD (International Classification of Diseases 10, I00-I99) was 251.2 per 100 000.The rates were 294.0 per 100 000 for white males, 405.
Bilirubin Rash in the Newborn
Authors: Frank Giunta
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  Since the use of phototherapy at the Providence Lying-In Hospital for the prevention of hyperbilirubinemia, it has been noted that a rash is occasionally seen in those moderately or severely jaundiced infants whose bilirubin level drops appreciably after exposure to lights.  It is a discrete macular rash, 1 to 3 mm in size, bluish-red in color which blanches on pressure. The rash is distinguishable from the prickly heat and irritation rashes which are usually blotchy, raised, or papular (Figure).  When the rash is seen, one can predict that the serum bilirubin valuse is leveling off or dropping. The rash usually reaches a peak intensity in 18 to 24 hours and gradually disappears after that time as the rate of drop in bilirubin level decreases.  The nature of the rash is not known. It may be due to a rapid pooling of pigment or breakdown products resulting from
Further evidence linking urolithiasis and blood coagulation: Urinary prothrombin fragment 1 is present in stone matrix
Authors: Alan M.F. Stapleton, Caroline J. Dawson, Phulwinder K. Grover, Art Hohmann, Raffaela Comacchio, Vicki Boswarva, Yulu Tang, Rosemary L. Ryall
Journal: Kidney International (1996)
IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5: evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis
Authors: Ferenc A. Scheeren, Sean A. Diehl, Laura A. Smit, Tim Beaumont, Marianne Naspetti, Richard J. Bende, Bianca Blom, Kennosuke Karube, Koichi Ohshima, Carel J. M. van Noesel, Hergen Spits
Journal: Blood (2008)
912-43 Sick Sinus Syndrome. A Cardiac or a Neurocardiogenic Disorder?
Authors: Kostas A. Gatzoulis, loannis I. Mamarelis, Theodoros D. Apostolopoulos, Lambros L. Sioros, John H. Gialafos, Pavlos K. Toutouzas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Cyclin D1, p16, and retinoblastoma gene regulate mitogenic signaling of endothelin in rat mesangial cells
Authors: Yoshio Terada, Seiji Inoshita, Osamu Nakashima, Takehisa Yamada, Mimi Tamamori, Hiroshi Ito, Sei Sasaki, Fumiaki Marumo
Journal: Kidney International (1998)
A Consideration of Childbirth Programs
Authors: Herbert Thoms, William C. Billings
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IN spite of the claims of some magazine writers, the idea of preparing expectant mothers for childbirth is not new. The present emphasis on preparation programs is a matter of evolution, not revolution. As early as 1773 Charles White, of Manchester, in his book, The Management of Pregnant and Lying-in Women, gave specific directions for supervision during pregnancy, for aiding the woman in labor and for making her comfortable afterward by letting fresh air and sunshine into her room and making it cheerful. Early in this century, when systematic prenatal care was being established generally, J. W. Ballantyne, of . . .
Interactions between thromboxane A2, thromboxane/prostaglandin (TP) receptors, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization
Authors: David C. Ellinsworth, Nilima Shukla, Ingrid Fleming, Jamie Y. Jeremy
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Endothelium-dependent smooth muscle hyperpolarization (EDH) increasingly predominates over endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) as a participant in vasodilation as vessel size decreases. Its underlying nature is highly variable between vessel types, species, disease states, and exact experimental conditions, and is variably mediated by one or more transferable endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and/or the electrotonic spread of endothelial hyperpolarization into the media via gap junctions. Although generally regarded (and studied) as a mechanism that is independent of NO and prostanoids, evidence has emerged that the endothelium-derived contracting factor and prostanoid thromboxane A2 can modulate several signalling components central to EDH, and therefore potentially curtail vasodilation through mechanisms that are distinct from those putatively involved in direct smooth muscle contraction. Notably, vascular production of thromboxane A2 is elevated in a number of cardiovascular disease states that promote endothelial dysfunction. This review will therefore discuss the mechanisms through which thromboxane A2 interacts with and modulates EDH, and will also consider the implications of such cross-talk in vasodilator control in health and disease.
THE PROPHYLACTIC USE OF ARSPHENAMIN
Authors: Adolph Rostenberg
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Ordinarily, when we speak of prophylactic measures against a syphilitic infection, we mean the application of a 10 per cent. calomel ointment or similar chemical agents that have proved to be very efficacious, but only when employed within about eight hours after cohabitation. According to investigations by Brown and Pearce at the Rockefeller Institute, who have studied the dissemination of spirochetes in rabbits, it has been shown that these were present in regional lymph nodes in less than forty-eight hours after their inoculation. This fact would tend to show that the use of external prophylactic agents, even when used within a few hours, might be too late to prevent a general infection, which has been known to have occurred in spite of the use of these prophylactics in quite a number of instances. Michel and Goodman<sup>1</sup>advocate the use of arsphenamin in cases in which one of the persons
Serum Phospholipids
Authors: LOUIS E. SCHAEFER, DAVID ADLERSBERG, ARTHUR G. STEINBERG
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Serum phospholipid levels were determined in 1,067 healthy persons aged 2 to 77 years. Phospholipid levels increased with age but in a different way for each of the sexes. The age-sex changes of serum phospholipids were similar to those observed for serum cholesterol. Correlation coefficients in members of 156 families indicated that the genetic factor is of importance in determining the serum phospholipid level in health. Because of the age-sex variations of serum phospholipid and serum cholesterol levels, no single arbitrary line can be drawn between normal and abnormally elevated levels of these 2 serum lipid fractions.
Drug company drops case after EMA agrees to redactions in some documents to be published
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

AbbVie, one of two US drug companies that took legal action against the European Medicines Agency to try to stop it releasing previously secret clinical trial data, has dropped its lawsuits after agreeing that the documents may be disclosed with redactions to protect commercially sensitive information.

The London based drug regulator began a transparency initiative in 2010, resolving to disclose, on request, clinical study reports on drugs that had gone through the approval process. The policy saw it release nearly two million pages of data without legal challenge, but the process …
Depolymerized Hyaluronan Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, a Negative Regulator of Developmental Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transformation
Authors: Laurel S. Rodgers, Sofia Lalani, Katharine M. Hardy, Xueyu Xiang, Derrick Broka, Parker B. Antin, Todd D. Camenisch
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

Cardiac malformations constitute the most common birth defects, of which heart septal and valve defects are the most frequent forms diagnosed in infancy. These cardiac structures arise from the endocardial cushions through dynamic interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (cardiac jelly). Targeted deletion of the hyaluronan synthase-2 (Has2) gene in mice results in an absence of hyaluronan (HA), cardiac jelly, and endocardial cushions, a loss of vascular integrity, and death at embryonic day 9.5. Despite the requirements for Has2 and its product, HA, in the developing heart, little is known about the normal processing and removal of HA during development. Cell culture studies show that HA obtains new bioactivity after depolymerization into small oligosaccharides. We previously showed reduction in Has2 expression and diminished presence of HA at later stages of heart development as tissue remodeling formed the leaflets of the cardiac valves. Here we show that small oligosaccharide forms of HA (o-HA) act antagonistically to developmental epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), which is required to generate the progenitor cells that populate the endocardial cushions. We further show that o-HA induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which acts as a negative regulator of EMT. This is the first report illustrating a functional link between oligosaccharide HA and VEGF. Collectively, our data indicate that following endocardial cell EMT, native HA is likely processed to o-HA, which stimulates VEGF activity to attenuate cardiac developmental EMT.
A Practical Nasal Filter
Authors: Edgar R. Hargett
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  A 5-cm square of thin, porous polyethylene sheet can be cut to size, a thin strip of adhesive attached to the inner edge, and applied to the upper lip just below the nostrils. This hypoallergic material can be obtained in any department store at the notion counter. It is approximately 3 mm thick, and will filter out particles 1/60,000 cm or larger. A new one can be used as often as desired, as the cost is about 1 cent per filter. It can be used at all times and in all places that the patient feels it helps, and is comfortable even during sleep. The valvular action allows free expiration, and a snug fit moves into place on inspiration. It can also be used over the stoma of laryngectomies and after tracheotomy. The material is commonly called art foam. The photographs show its application.
Abstract B39: Genome structure-based screening identified epigenetically silenced microRNA associated with invasiveness in non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Kousuke Watanabe, Akiteru Goto, Masashi Fukayama, Takahide Nagase, Yutaka Yatomi, Nobuya Ohishi, Daiya Takai, Noriko Emoto, Emi Hamano, Yosuke Amano, Rie Ishikawa, Mitsuhiro Sunohara, Masanori Kawakami, Kentaro Kitano, Jun Nakajima
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract microRNA expression is frequently altered in human cancers. Epigenetic silencing, especially DNA methylation, is one of many mechanisms of microRNA suppression in cancer. To search for epigenetically silenced microRNAs in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we mapped human microRNAs on autosomal chromosomes and selected in silico 55 microRNAs that met one of the following criteria: (i) microRNAs within CpG islands, (ii) microRNAs within 1 kbp downstream of CpG islands, and (iii) microRNAs within gene introns whose promoters have CpG islands. We treated six NSCLC cell lines with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) and determined the expressions of the 55 microRNAs. Fourteen microRNAs (mir-375, mir-196b, mir-126, mir-34b, mir-127, mir-203, mir-148a, mir-181c, mir-30e, mir-449a, mir-340, mir-486, mir-483, mir-139) were decreased in the cancer cell lines and were induced after 5-aza-CdR treatment. Among the 14 microRNAs, seven (mir-126, mir-34b, mir-203, mir-30e, mir-449a, mir-486, mir-139) were frequently suppressed in primary NSCLCs. After a detailed DNA methylation analysis, we found that mir-34b and mir-126 were silenced by DNA methylation. Mir-34b was silenced by the DNA methylation of its own promoter, while mir-126 was silenced by the DNA methylation of its host gene, EGFL7. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 in mir-34b and EGFL7, and H3K27me3 in EGFL7. A significant enrichment of H3K27me3 was observed in lung cancer cell lines with decreased mir-126 expression, suggesting the involvement of a polycomb complex in the regulation of EGFL7 and mir-126. The overexpression of mir-34b and mir-126 by plasmid vectors decreased the expression of c-Met and Crk, respectively. The 5-aza-CdR treatment of lung cancer cell line resulted in increased mir-34b expression and decreased c-Met protein. We next analyzed the DNA methylation status of these microRNAs using 99 primary NSCLCs. Mir-34b and mir-126 were methylated in 41% and 7% of all the cases, respectively. The DNA methylation of mir-34b was not associated with c-Met expression determined by immunohistochemistry, but both mir-34b methylation (p = 0.007) and c-Met expression (p = 0.005) were significantly associated with lymphatic invasion in a multivariate analysis. The DNA methylation of mir-34b can be used as a biomarker for an invasive phenotype of lung cancer.
Analysis of air pollution effects: uncertainties in proceeding to standards.
Authors: S V Dawson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Uncertainties in the collection and assessment of scientific information make ambient air quality standard setting difficult. Uncertainties occur in the estimation of the medical parameters under test due to the inherent random variability encountered in sampling the parameters. The most common method of dealing with random variability is statistical significance testing. The main caution offered in regard to that analysis is to avoid calling a nonsignificant result negative, unless the circumstances are such that the smallest effect which indicates likely harm to health could have been detected with sufficiently high probability. Uncertainties also play a crucial role in evaluating the implications that even statistically significant test results have for human health. A signal-detection model, developed to explain expert performance in evaluating the results of such diagnostic tests as X-rays, is presented as an analogy for the situation facing experts who are evaluating the implications of health data that is being considered for use in setting a standard. If criteria are too strict for accepting data as evidence of harm to health, then it is argued that, as a consequence, the decision process will not have sufficient ability to discriminate against false-negative results. False-negative results are those that incorrectly conclude there is no threat when, in fact, a particular level of pollutant is actually a threat to health.