tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Metastatic spinal cord compression secondary to lung cancer.
Authors: F Bach, N Agerlin, J B Sørensen, T B Rasmussen, P Dombernowsky, P S Sørensen, H H Hansen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1992)

Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a disabling complication to cancer, the optimal treatment for which is not settled. An analysis was performed for all patients with MSCC secondary to lung cancer in East Denmark from 1979 to 1988.The total series included 102 cases with small-cell carcinoma (SCLC; 40%), adenocarcinoma (ACL; 26%), squamous cell carcinoma (SQLC; 18%) and large-cell carcinoma (LCC; 9%). Symptoms, clinical presentations, and therapeutic results are described.The outcome of treatment depended fundamentally on the patient's neurologic condition at the time of the diagnosis. All patients with SCLC who were able to walk at the time of MSCC remained ambulatory, whereas 15% of the nonambulatory SCLC patients regained walking ability. In non-SCLC, 95% of patients continued to be able to walk, whereas 22% regained the ability to walk. No major differences in the immediate outcome of treatment between the various histologic types of lung cancer and the different treatment modalities were observed; however, 82% of the patients with non-SCLC benefited from treatment with laminectomy followed by radiotherapy (RT) compared with either laminectomy (47%) or RT (39%) alone (P = .03, chi 2 test). The group of patients who were treated with laminectomy followed by RT had a better survival (median value, 3.5; range, 0 to 132 months) than patients who were treated with either laminectomy (median value, 1.5; range, 0 to 32 months) or RT (median value, 1; range, 0 to 59 months) alone (P = .03, log-rank test). No significant difference was observed in survival between the various histologic types of lung cancer (P = .18, log-rank test).Despite a short survival, early diagnosis and immediate treatment is crucial because it may preserve the gait function in 97% of lung cancer patients who develop malignant spinal cord compression.
The managment of postoperative complications in childhood pulmonary hydatid cysts
Authors: Göktürk Findik, Seray Hazer, Koray Aydogdu, Gürhan Öz, Nurettin Karaoglanoglu, Sadi Kaya
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: Hydatid disease in children has previously been discussed many times in the literature. However, management of postoperative complications has been rarely discussed. In this study, the complications of our cases are evaluated and discussed.  Material- methods: Ninety-seven patients under 16 years of age with hydatid cysts who were operated on between January 2001 and January 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were followed up with examination and chest X-ray after surgery. The complications occurred in the first 48 hours after surgery are considered as early complications, and the complications between 48 hours- 30 days are considered as late complications.  Results: 61 male and 36 female pediatric hydatid disease patients with a mean age of 10.31 were operated on. Postoperative first 48 hours, atelectasis was observed in 17 cases (17.5%) and bronchoscopy was performed for these patients. After 48 hours, pneumonia occurred in one patient and he was treated with antibiotics. Prolonged air leak was observed in 4 patients (4.1%) and they were treated with continued tube thoracostomy. 2 patients with prolonged air leak were hyperventilated with positive pressure under general anesthesia. Wound infection was seen in 2 patients. Regular wound dressing and antibiotic treatment were performed for these cases. Empyema was occurred in 2 patients. In these cases antibiotics were given and tube thoracostomy was continued.  Conclusion: Atelectasis, which is the most common postoperative complication, should immediately be treated. It should be kept in mind that early treatment of atelectasis prevents the development of greater complications in children.
Homogenization of geographical variants at the nontranscribed spacer of rDNA in Drosophila mercatorum.
Authors: S M Williams, R DeSalle, C Strobeck
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1985)

rDNA nontranscribed spacer (NTS) lengths of Drosophila mercatorum have been measured in individuals from several geographic regions. Individuals from the different geographic subpopulations share some length fragments but are in general distinct. The length differences, both within and between individuals, arise from different copy numbers of a 250-bp repeating unit that is localized to one part of the NTS. In addition to the length differences caused by the 250-bp repeat, there is a Y chromosome (male)-specific length variant elsewhere in the NTS that is approximately 70 bp shorter than the NTS fragment from the X chromosome. Sexual dimorphism seems to be present in all Drosophila. Also, D. mercatorum has fewer NTS length variants per individual than does D. melanogaster while possessing comparable levels of restriction-site polymorphism. The mechanisms that may cause this pattern of variation are selection, gene conversion, and unequal recombination.
CRMP5 Controls Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation and Survival through Notch-Dependent Signaling
Authors: Aubin Moutal, Jérôme Honnorat, Patrick Massoma, Pauline Désormeaux, Caroline Bertrand, Céline Malleval, Chantal Watrin, Naura Chounlamountri, Marie-Eve Mayeur, Roger Besançon, Nicolas Naudet, Léa Magadoux, Rajesh Khanna, François Ducray, David Meyronet, Nicole Thomasset
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5) belongs to a family of five cytosolic proteins that play a major role in nervous system development. This protein was first described in cancer-induced autoimmune processes, causing neurodegenerative disorders (paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes). CRMP5 expression has been reported to serve as a biomarker for high-grade lung neuroendocrine carcinomas; however, its functional roles have not been examined in any setting of cancer pathophysiology. In this study, we report two different CRMP5 expression patterns observed in human glioblastoma (GBM) biopsies that establish connections between CRMP5 expression, Notch receptor signaling, and GBM cell proliferation. We demonstrated that elevated CRMP5 promotes Notch receptor expression and Akt activation in human tumor cell lines, GBM stem cells, and primary tumor biopsies. We have shown that the high CRMP5 and Notch expression in GBM xenograft is related to stem cells. This suggests that high CRMP5 expression pattern in GBM biopsies encompasses a subset of stem cells. Mechanistically, CRMP5 functioned by hijacking Notch receptors from Itch-dependent lysosomal degradation. Our findings suggest that CRMP5 serves as a major mediator of Notch signaling and Akt activation by controlling the degradation of the Notch receptor, with implications for defining a biomarker signature in GBM that correlates with and may predict patient survival.
Obstructive sleep apnoea: A new indication for pulmonary rehabilitation?
Authors: Deborah J. Carrington, Claire M. Nolan, Peter Dickel, Samantha S.C. Kon, Jane L. Canavan, Sarah E. Jones, Elliot W. Bone, Amy L. Clark, Samantha A. Natanek, William D.-C. Man
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background 

Functional limitation is commonly reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), even in the absence of co-existing respiratory disease. Exercise training may improve aerobic fitness and sleep variables such as daytime sleepiness and sleep quality (Iftikhar et al 2013). The aim of the study was to identify the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on exercise capacity, dyspnoea and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in functionally limited patients with OSA.

Methods 

23 patients with OSA, functional limitation (MRC dyspnoea score: 2-5), no known co-existing respiratory disease, normal chest radiograph and spirometry (FEV1 >70%predicted; FEV1/FVC ratio >0.7) completed an 8-week outpatient PR programme. Exercise capacity was determined by change in incremental shuttle walk (ISW); breathlessness and HRQoL by change in Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) domains.

Results 

Baseline characteristics (mean (SD) or median (25th, 75th centiles)): 20 male; age 62 (12) years; MRC 3 (1); FEV1 80 (75, 89)%; FVC: 83 (14)%; BMI 37 (6)kg/m2; fat free mass (FFM) 71 (13)kg; ISW 342 (253)m; Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) dyspnoea 14.6 (5.9); fatigue 11.2 (4.2); emotion 28.4 (10.9); mastery 20.3 (6.1); total 74.4 (23.4). Although there were no changes in weight or FFM, there were significant improvements in ISW and all CRQ-domains (Table 1).

View this table:

Table 1: Changes following PR





Discussion

PR may be of benefit to patients with OSA in terms of improving exercise capacity, dyspnoea and HRQOL.
Role of viruses, alone and in association with bacteria, in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Authors: Elisa Mincholé, Sergio Fandos, Ana Lasierra, Ana Lilian Simon, Maria Angeles Ruiz, Cruz Villuendas, Elena Forcén, Salvador Bello
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

We performed a prospective, observational study of etiology of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted in our hospital, including bacteria, viruses and mixed bacteria/virus cases. From 228 patients, we carried out a complete microbiological searching, including sputa, urinary antigens, hemocultures, paired serologies, as well as viral immunofluorescence, and two PCR for respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal washes.  At least one etiological agent was identified in 155 patients (67.98%). Fifty seven (36.7%) were typical bacterial CAP, 57 viral (or atypical bacterial) (36.7%) and 41 (26.4%) mixed (virus and bacterial). (Table 1)   Conclusions:   Viruses are very common agents in hospitalized adults with CAP, being present in more than half of the cases of well-known etiology, and in one out of three patients they were found as unique pathogen.  If we search, we can also identify mixed bacterial-viral CAP as a common cause of CAP. Adenovirus and Rhinovirus were the most prevalent viral agents in mixed pneumonias.  Streptococcus pneumoniae, alone or in association with virus, was the most prevalent agent, and one out of two pneumococcal CAP was associated with at least one virus. Viruses can have an important role in pathogenesis of pneumococcal CAP.  Searching virus should be considered in the study of hospitalized CAP.
Thrombopoietin potentiates collagen receptor signaling in platelets through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–dependent pathway
Authors: Jean-max Pasquet, Barbara S. Gross, Marie-Pierre Gratacap, Lynn Quek, Sophie Pasquet, Bernard Payrastre, Gijsbert van Willigen, Joanne C. Mountford, Steve P. Watson
Journal: Blood (2000)
Tumor Development in Organ Transplants Obtained From Carcinogen-Exposed Rats&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: T Yarita, P Nettesheim
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

F344 rats were exposed intragastrically to two different dose levels of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) resulting in a cumulative dose of either 225 or 450 mg/kg body weight. Tumor development was followed either in situ in the NHMI-exposed animals or in tracheas and esophagi from NHMI-exposed donors after these organs were grafted to isogeneic recipients. Tumor responses in situ and in organ grafts were compared. The results showed that the process of carcinogenesis is not disrupted by the transplantation procedure. The carcinogen dose-response relationship observed in situ was also seen in the transplanted organs. At the high carcinogen dose, the tumor incidence was 100% in situ and transplanted esophagi and 20% in tracheas in situ compared to 25% in tracheal transplants. At the low dose, the tumor incidence was 36% in the esophagi in situ compared to 100% in transplanted esophagi, which suggests a greater sensitivity of the transplant system to detect the carcinogenicity of NHMI. The proportion of carcinomas to papillomas was markedly higher in transplanted esophagi. The tracheal tumor response at both NHMI dose levels showed the same trend but was too low to allow any firm conclusions.
Results of a vaccination campaign against human papillomavirus in the province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy, March-December 2008
Authors: J Lugarini, F Maddalo
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2009)

Sexually transmitted diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) are being diagnosed more frequently than others. It is accepted that HPV infection is a necessary cause for all cases of cervical carcinoma and a large number of other anogenital and oral cancers. Two vaccines have been developed and were licensed in 2007, which can prevent infections and pre-cancerous lesions due to HPV. In Italy pre-adolescent age (12 years-old) was identified as the ideal age for vaccination against HPV. In Liguria, the first free HPV vaccination campaign was started on 8 March 2008 in 12 year-old girls. We assessed the adherence to the vaccination during the 2008 campaign as 80.6%, 79.0% and 64.1%, respectively, for the first, second and third dose of vaccine in the target population.
Reproducibility and reliability of parasternal electromyography in patients with COPD and obesity related respiratory failure (ORRF)
Authors: Meera Kamalanathan, Rachel Harding, Laura Swanton, Swapna Mandal, Eui-Sik Suh, John Moxham, Nicholas Hart
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: 2nd intercostal space parasternal electromyography (EMGpara) as a physiological biomarker of neural respiratory drive (NRD) may detect clinical change in patients with COPD and obesity (Murphy et al, Thorax 2011; Steier et al, Thorax 2009). There are limited data demonstrating the reproducibility and interobserver reliability of EMGpara measurements in the stable COPD and ORRF population. We hypothesised that EMGpara would be reproducible between 2 separate occasions in stable patients and that there would be satisfactory interobserver reliability in the analysis of EMGpara. Methods: Patients with COPD and ORRF underwent 10 minutes of EMGpara measurement on two separate occasions, 7 days apart. 1 minute of EMGpara signals was analysed for each trace by an expert and novice. NRD was expressed as EMGpara%max (mean inspiratory EMGpara signal over 1 minute, normalised to a maximum signal measured during a sniff manoeuvre). Inter-occasion and inter-rater reliability were calculated using intra class coefficient (ICC). Results: 14 patients were recruited, 7 COPD & 7 ORRF. COPD group: 71±7 years, 85% male, body mass index (BMI) 31.2±9.1kg/m2. ORRF group: 64±6 years, 71% male, BMI 46.2±5.4kg/m2. In the COPD group (n=7), expert analysis inter-occasion ICC = 0.80; expert-novice inter-rater ICC = 0.94. ORRF group (n=7), expert analysis inter-occasion ICC = 0.763; expert-novice inter-rater ICC = 0.739. Conclusion: NRD measured using EMGpara has acceptable levels of reproducibility and interobserver reliability in stable patients with COPD and ORRF. These data support the clinical usefulness of EMGpara as a non-invasive advanced physiological marker.
Hepatitis B virus in Buenos Aires, Argentina: genotypes, virological characteristics and clinical outcomes
Authors: S.C. Pezzano, C. Torres, H.A. Fainboim, M.B. Bouzas, T. Schroder, S.F. Giuliano, S. Paz, E. Alvarez, R.H. Campos, V.A. Mbayed
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2010)
Friend Virus-Induced Inhibition of Eosinophil Granulocyte Exudation in Mice2
Authors: Michael P. McGarry, Bruce D. Styles, Edwin A. Mirand
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Exudation of eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (E-PMN) in response to tetanus toxoid (TT) was studied in DBA/2HaD mice with erythroleukemia induced by Friend virus (FV). The inhibition of exudation that developed was independent of increased levels of serum corticosteroids and occurred in surgically adrenalectomized mice. Thus it was independent of steroid-induced effects on E-PMN. The accumulation of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (N-PMN) in TT-induced exudates was unaltered. Furthermore, N-PMN exudation in response to other inflammatory stimuli was similarly unimpaired in virus-infected mice, which confirmed the specificity of the inhibition for E-PMN. The virus entity in the FV complex responsible for the effect was not identified. Friend murine leukemia virus, the indigenous helper virus for the defective spleen focus-forming virus, alone, was incapable of inducing the inhibition. It is possible that the lack of participation of E-PMN in TT-induced immune inflammatory exudates in FV-infected mice reflects an unresponsiveness that contributes to the development and progression of leukemia in FV-infected mice.
Can antibiotics prevent acute COPD exacerbation? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Haris Riaz, Tanvir Abir, Madiha Rahman, Anis Rehman, Amin Kapadia, Talha Riaz
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Objective: To determine if antibiotics are efficacious in stable COPD.  Methods:  Pubmed, embase and cochrane database of controlled trials were searched from inception to december 2012. Quality assessment was done as per cochrane collaborations tool.  The extracted data were then computed using STATA software.  We converted the estimates to the common metric of a relative risk, since all studies compared two groups and reported binary outcomes. RRs were pooled and we calculated average RRs across measures within each study and used the average estimate in cross-study meta-analysis.  Results  Of 3912 articles searched, 8 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The overall estimate revealed that antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin) have a significant role in preventing acute exacerbation (Relative Risk = 0.702, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.632 – 0.781, P   The test for heterogeneity was Q= 4.143 on 7 degrees of freedom (p= 0.763).  Conclusion: There is statistical evidence of the superiority of antibiotics in reducing the frequency of acute exacerbation in stable COPD warranting identification of patient groups most likely to benefit.
Training in addiction medicine should be standardised and scaled up
Authors: J Klimas
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Most health systems lack sufficient doctors trained in addiction medicine to reduce the public health consequences of this increasing societal problem, writes J Klimas 

Substance use disorders represent a substantial social and public health burden. An estimated 149 million to 271 million people use illicit drugs worldwide,1 and the related physical and psychological morbidity places challenging demands on healthcare systems.2

Addiction science has identified approaches to treat substance use disorders, particularly through early identification and treatment. Most interventions are underused, however.3 4 Adequate diagnosis and treatment by healthcare providers fails partly because of lack of knowledge and accredited training in addiction medicine.5 The public health consequences stemming from high rates of untreated addiction result from a lack of addiction treatment, secondary to a lack of trained physicians. Training doctors better is likely to improve accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment6; it may also help reduce the public health epidemics that can result from improper prescribing, such as the current epidemic of opioid analgesic dependence in the United States.

To this end, new training pathways for diagnosing and treating substance use disorders have begun to emerge internationally.7 The American Board of Addiction Medicine (ABAM) and the ABAM …
NEUROSIS AND ALCOHOL
Authors: JULES H. MASSERMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

Sixteen cats were trained to adapt to situations of increasing complexity; first they opened a box of food, then they were taught to feed only after specific sensory stimuli, and finally they learned to manipulate a switch in various positions to actuate their own feeding signals. When alcohol was administered, these patterns disappeared in the order of decreasing complexity of integration, until only the original, primitive feeding reactions remained. After recovery, the animals were subjected to a severe motivational conflict, and developed inhibitions, phobias, loss of dominance, somatic manifestations of anxiety, and other behavioral abnormalities typical of an experimental neurosis. Alcohol partially disintegrated these complex responses, restored direct goal-behavior and thereby temporarily relieved the neurosis. Ten of the animals, after sufficient experience with this effect, continued to prefer alcohol to non-alcoholic liquids until their neuroses were relieved by various experimental procedures. The significance of these findings with regard to the psychodynamisms and therapy of alcoholic addiction in man is briefly discussed.
Book: Evidence-Based Practice in Primary Care
Authors: T. Fahey
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Ed Leone Ridsdale Harcourt Brace, £17.50, pp 176 ISBN 0 443 05889 X Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Using external evidence to inform clinical decision making is now acknowledged as an important and necessary ingredient of good clinical practice. However, using external evidence depends on formulating an answerable question, finding and appraising evidence, and applying the evidence to the individual patient. Leone Ridsdale is to be congratulated on editing a relevant and accessible book that shows how evidence based medicine … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
A role for atrial natriuretic peptide in endothelin-induced natriuresis.
Authors: K A Munger, M Sugiura, K Takahashi, T Inagami, K F Badr
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1991)

Systemic administration of low-dose endothelin increases urinary sodium excretion rate despite mild to moderate reductions in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rates. The role of atrial natriuretic peptide in endothelin-induced natriuresis was investigated. Administration of 2.50 pmol/min of endothelin to euvolemic rats resulted in increases in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels from 127 +/- 18 to 169 +/- 23 pg/mL. However, a lower dose of endothelin (0.63 pmol/min) or saline did not increase plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide. Mean arterial pressure was unchanged at the lower dose of endothelin and increased only slightly in rats receiving 2.5 pmol/min. To assess functional significance, renal responses to endothelin (2.5 pmol/min) in the absence and presence of a specific anti-rat atrial natriuretic peptide antibody were compared. Equivalent reductions in renal blood flow were observed. Urinary sodium excretion rates increased significantly in non-ANP-antibody-treated rats by 33 +/- 7 and 82 +/- 20% at 10 and 30 min, respectively. Atrial natriuretic peptide antibody blunted markedly endothelin-induced natriuresis: urinary sodium excretion rates changed insignificantly by 18 +/- 10 and 30 +/- 14%, respectively. Thus, endothelin infusion results in increases in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels, which may contribute to endothelin-induced natriuresis, providing evidence for potentially significant interactions between these peptide hormones in the regulation of sodium balance and renal vascular tone.