tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influence of vasopressin and angiotensin on baroreflexes in the dog.
Authors: A W Cowley, D Merrill, J Osborn, B J Barber
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

Cardiovascular responses to step-changes of carotid sinus pressure were evaluated at normal and elevated levels of plasma arginine vasopressin in anesthetized neurohypophysectomized dogs (n = 12). Arginine vasopressin influenced autonomic function in two ways: first, maximum carotid reflex gain increased; second, cardiac output was decreased. The enhancement of reflex strength was observed only in response to decreases of intrasinus pressure below the equilibrium point (pressures of between 60 and 105 mm Hg). Aortic pressure rose twice as high for a given decrease of intrasinus pressure, elevations of total peripheral resistance responses were triple those observed at normal plasma arginine vasopressin. In this way, arginine vasopressin more than doubled the ability of the carotid reflexes to return a drop in arterial pressure to normal. Arginine vasopressin enhancement of reflex gain was not observed with elevations of intrasinus pressures above the equilibrium point. Elevation of aortic pressure expected from the vasoconstrictor actions of infused arginine vasopressin were buffered by associated reductions in cardiac output. Vagally mediated bradycardia was consistently observed with elevated arginine vasopressin, but the reflex response of heart rate to step-changes of intrasinus pressure was unchanged. Time control studies in five neurohypophysectomized dogs indicated no significant change in carotid reflex response over the 3- to 4-hour protocol. Comparison of reflex responses in anephric dogs (n = 8) at low and elevated levels of angiotensin II indicated that this vasoactive peptide did not significantly alter reflex responsiveness. We conclude that arginine vasopressin enhances the ability of the carotid reflexes to normalize decreases of arterial pressure, but buffers a rise in pressure from its own vasoactive properties by initiating a fall of cardiac output.
Liver Function after Long-term Progestational Treatment with and Without Oestrogen
Authors: G. Linthorst
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Liver function tests were done once on each of 52 18-48 year old women 26 of whom had been taking Orgametril 23 had taken Lyndiol and 2 who had taken Lyndiol-2.5 for periods of 14-43 months.  Orgametril was given in a daily dose of 5 mg.  Lyndiol and Lyndiol-2.5 were usually given cyclically on Days 5-24 of the cycles.  Tests done were total serum bilirubin serum alkaline phosphatase thymol turbidity serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).  Results of these tests were all within normal limits except in 2 questionable instances.  In 1 woman treated with Orgametril for 31 months for endometriosis a slight increase in alkaline phosphatase was found.  Other findings in her case were normal.  In the other patient who had taken Lyndiol-2.5 for 18 months for menorrhagia the thymol turbidity test was slightly above normal.  Her other tests were normal.  No patient had any clinical sign of liver disease during treatment.  No indication of hepatic dysfunction was found.
Genetic linkage of the cytolytic T lymphocyte repertoire and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes.
Authors: L A Sherman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

The specificity repertoire of H-2Kb-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been examined in B10.D2,BALB/c, and the allotype congenic line CB-20. Comparing their expression of recurrent specificities that serve as markers for the repertoire of each strain indicates that the CTL repertoire of B10.D2 (Ighb) and BALB/c (Igha) differ extensively. In contrast, the repertoires expressed by B10.D2 and CB-20 (Ighb) are essentially identical with respect to their expression of the same recurrent specificities. Taken together with results previously obtained, it is concluded that both major histocompatibility complex and Igh-linked genes affect the CTL specificity repertoire.
A reliable cure for Helicobacter pylori infection?
Authors: D Y Graham
Journal: Gut (1995)

Personal viewpointA reliable cure for Helicobacter pylori infection?There are significant benefits to be gained by treating Helicobacter pylori infection, particularly in patients with peptic ulcer disease.Once a physician makes a decision to begin treatment, he/she immediately wants to know how.I am often asked which drugs and drug combinations are effective, how to draw conclusions from the treatment trials, and which protocols are best.One common question is 'How many drugs and for how many days'?While I do not believe that either 'how many' or 'how long' are important and they may not even be relevant, the answers are certainly controversial.The goal of treatment is simple, to cure the infection and not 'eradicate the patient'.Large multicentre clinical trials comparing treatments are virtually non- existent.The current recommendations are often based upon summary data put together by opinion leaders based upon information obtained from small clinical trials often published only in abstract form.We now have a number of regimens that will reliably cure most H pylori infections.Initially, we proposed that the clinicians use an 80% rule - that is, they would only choose treatments that had a success rate of at least 80%.1 Now, it seems we can move forward to a 90% rule.Terminology of treatments and results of therapy Anti-Hpylori treatments are called monotherapy, dual ther- apy, triple therapy, quadruple therapy, etc, based on the number of drugs given.We have come to recognise that the goals of anti-ulcer therapy include healing the ulcer and
IL-6 Controls Leukemic Multipotent Progenitor Cell Fate and Contributes to Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Development
Authors: Damien Reynaud, Eric Pietras, Keegan Barry-Holson, Alain Mir, Mikhail Binnewies, Marion Jeanne, Olga Sala-Torra, Jerald P. Radich, Emmanuelle Passegué
Journal: Cancer Cell (2011)
<sup>31</sup> P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging of Regions of Remodeled Myocardium in the Infarcted Rat Heart
Authors: Jan Friedrich, Carl S. Apstein, Joanne S. Ingwall
Journal: Circulation (1995)

The clinical course of a patient with a myocardial infarction (MI) depends largely on the ability of the noninfarcted region to remodel and compensate for the loss of the infarcted region. Previous studies have shown that the remaining viable myocardium remodels morphologically, functionally, and biochemically. The purpose of this study was to define the regional distribution of the biochemical remodeling that occurs after MI in rat hearts by use of a technique that could be applied noninvasively to human subjects.Infarcts of the left ventricular apex and anterolateral wall were induced by occluding a coronary artery. Eight to 10 weeks after infarction, one-dimensional chemical shift imaging (CSI) was used to obtain 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of eight 2.5-mm-thick cross-sectional slices along the long axis (from base to apex) of isolated buffer-perfused rat hearts. Regional ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) contents were compared in remodeled versus normal (sham) myocardium. Spin-echo 1H MR images identified the mass of each slice, allowing calculations of metabolite amount per unit myocardium in each slice. 1H MR images identify the hypertrophy of remodeled myocardium but do not discriminate between scar and viable tissue. In contrast, 31P CSI does distinguish viable tissue. Compared with shams, there was less 31P signal in the slices distal to the occlusion containing mainly scar tissue and increased signal intensity in slices proximal to the occlusion because of myocyte hypertrophy. The ATP signal intensity changed in direct proportion to the viable tissue mass in the slice, suggesting that the amount of ATP per unit mass in viable remodeled myocardium is the same as that of the shams. In contrast, the amount of PCr per unit mass in remodeled myocardium decreased. This decrease is uniform across the slices, correlates with infarct size, and parallels a similar decrease in tissue creatine content.31P CSI of post-MI hearts shows that (1) PCr decreases uniformly (ie, independent of the distance from the scar) in the noninfarcted remodeled myocardium, and its amount inversely correlates with infarct size; and (2) the ATP signal provides a profile of viable myocardium and is a biochemical marker of morphological remodeling and hypertrophy that has occurred in noninfarcted regions. Thus, 31P CSI provides both a marker that tissue injury has occurred (decreased PCr) and a marker of the extent of remodeling in response to injury (ATP distribution) in a single set of noninvasive measurements.
Cigarette Smoking Associated With Delayed Conception
Authors: Donna Day Baird
Journal: JAMA (1985)

We conducted an epidemiologic study to test the hypothesis that women who smoke have reduced fertility. Data on smoking history and number of noncontracepting cycles until conception were collected from 678 pregnant women. Thirty-eight percent of nonsmokers conceived in their first cycle compared with 28% of smokers. Smokers were 3.4 times more likely to have taken greater than a year to conceive compared with nonsmokers. After adjusting for potential confounding variables by Cox proportional hazards regression, fertility of smokers was estimated to be 72% of the fertility of nonsmokers. Heavy smokers experienced lower fertility than did light smokers (57% and 75% of the pregnancy rate of nonsmokers, respectively). Fertility was not affected by the husband's smoking. These data provide evidence that reduced fertility should be added to the growing list of reproductive hazards of cigarette smoking. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:2979-2983)
Cholangiocarcinoma cells secrete soluble factors that activate Jak/STAT signal transduction and promote MDSC expansion
Authors: Jennifer Yang, Kaitlin Keenan, Thomas Mace, Matthew Ferren, Tanios Bekaii-Saab, James Fuchs, Eric Schwartz, Chenglong Li, Jiayuh Lin Pui-Kai Li, Gregory Lesinski
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a universally lethal disease that responds poorly to chemo- and immunotherapy. Patients with CC typically display elevated systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and systemic expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Interestingly, both of these
Lenalidomide can be safely combined with R-CHOP (R2CHOP) in the initial chemotherapy for aggressive B-cell lymphomas: phase I study
Authors: G S Nowakowski, B LaPlant, T M Habermann, C E Rivera, W R Macon, D J Inwards, I N Micallef, P B Johnston, L F Porrata, S M Ansell, R R Klebig, C B Reeder, T E Witzig
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
MEASUREMENT OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY USING RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE. II. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE*
Authors: Mindel C. Sheps, Rita J. Nickerson, Yves M. Dagenais, Jurgen Steinke, Donald B. Martin, Albert F. Renold
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

In the preceding paper (1), a biological assay method was proposed which utilized the increased production of CO2 from glucose in response to minute quantities of insulin by epididymal adipose tissue of rats.Since the quality of an assay method is best revealed by its performance over a period of time, the present report will present the results obtained during 25 months when this assay procedure was applied to insulin solutions and was tested on more complex material such as human blood serum.The quantitative evaluation of the data was carried out to a large extent independently from the actual performance of the assays, although consultations between the statistical and the biological teams occurred at irregular intervals of a few months. MATERIALS AND METHODSBlood sera.Blood samples were collected by venipuncture and allowed to clot at room temperature for 1 to 2 hours.After centrifugation at room temperature, the sera were separated and immediately frozen after remov- ing a small sample for glucose determination.The sam- ples were then kept frozen until the evening preceding the assay when they were transferred to a cold room kept at 40 C. When repeated determinations were to be carried out on the same serum sample, aliquots were frozen sepa- rately in order to avoid repeated thawing and freezing.Assay design.The technical details of the assay pro- cedure have been described in the preceding paper (1).In a routine assay of unknowns, the standard insulin solu-
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Jean-Louis Virelizier, Roy Postlethwaite, Geoffrey C. Schild, Anthony C. Allison
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Using immunodiffusion methods it has been shown that purified hemagglutinin (HA) extracted from two related strains of influenza A viruses (A/PR8/34 and A/FM1/47) have two distinct antigenic determinants, or groups of determinants. One determinant is cross-reactive while the other is strain-specific. Antisera raised in normal mice against HA were shown to contain two populations of antibody molecules, each directed against one of the determinants. Immunization of thymus-deprived (TXBM) mice showed a strong thymus dependence of antibody formation to HA. However, the thymus dependence of antibody formation against the cross-reactive determinant could be overcome by repeated inoculations of HA in TXBM mice, indicating a different handling of two portions of the same molecule by the immunological system. Strong, secondary-type responses to the strain-specific determinant were observed in primed thymus-deprived mice after reconstitution with virgin thymus cells, showing that specific immunological memory was elicited by this determinant despite the absence of detectable antibody secretion. These findings are interpreted as examples of immunological recognition and memory mediated by B lymphocytes and discussed in terms of mechanisms of T and B lymphocyte co-operation. It is suggested that the helper effect of T lymphocytes is exerted at a late stage in the differentiation of specific populations of B cells into antibody-secreting cells.
Examining the Living Genome in Health and Disease With DNA Microarrays
Authors: Maximilian Diehn, Ash A. Alizadeh, Patrick O. Brown
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Within a year we will know virtually the entire sequence of the human genome—the genetic instructions that specify the molecular components, the design, and the operating software for the human body. This knowledge will transform medicine, giving us the means to see and to understand human anatomy, specialization, physiology, and pathophysiology in molecular detail. The genomes of more than 30 frequently studied organisms, including many human pathogens, have already been fully sequenced, and almost half of the sequence of the human genome is currently available in fragmentary form in public databases (NCBI GeneMap at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap). Not only will this new knowledge open a molecular window on a largely unexplored world of human biology, but it will also provide a way to see and to understand the molecular scripts that guide normal physiology and development and their alterations in disease. Here we focus on the use of DNA microarrays, or DNA chips as microscopes, to observe the physiology of the living genome.
OBSERVATIONS ON BRAIN ATROPHY WITH AND WITHOUT WIDENING OF SULCI
Authors: A. E. TAFT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1917)

Six brains were chosen for this study from a group of 582, without regard to clinical or post-mortem findings. Three of these cases show much thinning of the corpus callosum, without widening of the sulci. The other three cases show considerable widening of the sulci, without notable thinning of the corpus callosum. All of these cases were clinically those of dementia. Two of the cases with widening of the sulci were subject to convulsions at some time. All of these cases showed a considerable degree of atheromatous degeneration of the basal cerebral vessels. Two of the cases in the group without widening of the sulci showed small cysts of softening on the base of the brain. The group without widening of the sulci, but with thinning of the corpus callosum, together with a moderate degree of enlargement of the lateral ventricles, has an average brain weight lower than the group with widened sulci. This group with the lower brain weight averages a greater age also.
Regulation of the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex*
Authors: GERALD J. PEPE, EUGENE D. ALBRECHT
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1990)

Significant advances in our understanding of the regulation of fetal adrenal growth, differentiation, and steroidogenesis have been made in the past several years. In vitro studies employing molecular biological techniques have demonstrated that the placenta and several fetal tissues synthesize growth factors and/or oncogene-related products, which have the capacity to modulate growth and maturation of the fetal adrenal. Moreover, there is evidence that the fetal adrenal itself produces IGF-I and IGF-II and that the mRNAs for these growth factors are responsive to ACTH and perhaps other peptides originating in the fetal pituitary and/or the placenta. Most fascinating are the studies demonstrating that growth factors may also regulate the pattern of steroidogenesis elicited by the fetal adrenal. For example, TGF beta modulates binding, internalization, and degradation of LDL-cholesterol in adult adrenals while IGF-I increases fetal adrenal steroidogenesis by mechanisms that do not involve induction of P-450scc or enhanced metabolism of LDL. These studies, coupled with the observation that activation of protein kinase C by EGF or bFGF can block ACTH and/or other cAMP-induced increases in the activity of P-450(17 alpha), provide new insight into the subcellular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of fetal adrenal function. However, in vivo investigations must be aggressively pursued because the latter provide a major and perhaps exclusive means to elucidate the complex and multiple mechanisms that are apparently operative in utero in the regulation of fetal adrenal development. Moreover, in vivo studies remain the only valid means to delineate whether the factors that have been shown to modulate fetal adrenal function in vitro are indeed operable in vivo. Thus, in vivo investigations have shown that a multifactorial regulation of the fetal adrenal exists in utero in which PRL and perhaps other peptides as well as ACTH selectively stimulate fetal adrenal androgen production. Moreover, in vivo studies have demonstrated that a feedback mechanism operates in utero whereby estrogen produced in the placenta from androgen precursors of fetal adrenal origin feeds back to modulate the responsivity of the fetal adrenal to tropic peptides perhaps by regulating peptide binding to cell membrane receptors and/or other mechanisms. Evidence has also been provided from in vivo studies to support the concept that the placenta via metabolism of maternal cortisol and cortisone regulates fetal pituitary production of ACTH by modulating the extent to which maternal cortisol arrives at the fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
EXTRACAPSULAR FIXATION OF THE MOVABLE KIDNEY
Authors: CHARLES A. L. REED
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The word extracapsular is used in the title of this paper to imply fixation of the kidney by a method entirely external to the tunica fibrosa as distinguished from any method that implies either invasion of that tunic or surgical injury to the kidney itself.  The further significance of the term as it is here used may be made clear by a brief description of the essential features of the operative procedure that I have employed for the last several years—indeed, since 1904— for the anchorage of the pathologically movable kidney,1as follows:  TECHNIC OF EXTRACAPSULAR NEPHROPEXY  1. The patient is placed in the classical position on the well side with a firm pad, preferably pneumatic, under the same side. The equally classic incision about 1 cm. below the costal margin and about 10 cm. in extent is made obliquely downward and forward. This dissection is carried through the
Pathology of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: William P. Coleman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Malignant melanoma is increasing in incidence in the United States and has become a subject of intense interest among dermatologists, pathologists, and surgeons. Not suprisingly, the output of new information about this lethal form of skin cancer has also increased at a feverish rate.<i>Pathology of Malignant Melanoma</i>, edited by A. Bernard Ackerman, represents an attempt to consolidate current theories on the pathogenesis, clinical behavior, histopathology, and treatment of malignant melanoma. Fifty-eight authors, representing most of the leading minds on pigmented tumors, have contributed material to this monograph. Despite the title, there is extensive coverage of the clinical and surgical aspects of melanoma in addition to numerous chapters on pathogenesis and histopathology. The photographs are especially clear, with wonderful color plates of many clinical lesions. The chapters "Premalignant Melanocytic Dysplasia," "Acquired Melanocytic Nevi and Melanoma," and "Acral Lentiginous Melanoma" were especially enjoyable. I have several problems with this book. First,
Bedside Diagnostic Examination
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1982)

When a book has gone through four editions (the first in 1965) and has been translated into French, German, Italian, and Spanish, surely it merits physicians' attention. Although few physicians join the ranks of master diagnosticians, the DeGowins, by their writing, have attained that goal. Their book affords pleasure to read and study and belongs on an aspiring diagnostician's reference shelf. The 1981 edition of<i>Bedside Diagnostic Examination</i>shows two important changes from the third edition. While the left page running heads have been retained as an orienting device (eg, "The Eyes/Cornea"), right page running heads have been added and indicate the three diagnostic modes: symptoms and signs, disease patterns, and laboratory data (a welcome newcomer). Otherwise, the book is divided into ten chapters, of which the first three cover "Diagnostic Reasoning," "The Medical History," and "Methods in the Physical Examination." In many respects, these are the most valuable of