tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) in Four U.S. Wheat-Producing States: A Hypothesis-Generating Study
Authors: Dina M. Schreinemachers
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

In this ecologic study I examined ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mortality in rural agricultural counties of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, in association with environmental exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides, using wheat acreage as a surrogate exposure. I collected data on agricultural land use and 1979-1998 mortality from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites, respectively. Counties were grouped based on percentage of land area dedicated to wheat farming. Poisson relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), comparing high- and medium- with low-wheat counties, were obtained for IHD, the subcategories acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary atherosclerosis (CAS), and diabetes, adjusting for sex, age, mortality cohort, and poverty index. Mortality from IHD was modestly increased (RR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12). Analyses of its two major forms were more revealing. Compared with low-wheat counties, mortality in high-wheat counties from AMI increased (RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14-1.26), and mortality from CAS decreased (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96). Mortality from AMI was more pronounced for those < 65 years of age (RR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.22-1.39). Mortality from type 2 diabetes increased (RR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24). These results suggest that the underlying cause of mortality from AMI and type 2 diabetes increased and the underlying cause of mortality from CAS decreased in counties where a large proportion of the land area is dedicated to spring and durum wheat farming. Firm conclusions on causal inference cannot be reached until more definitive studies have been conducted.
Sarcopaenia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: M. C Steiner
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Lower limb muscle strength may be a predictor of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Human beings are designed to move. Despite changes in modern lifestyles that have led to a reduction in habitual physical activity in the developed world, this remains an important human biological function. The skeletal muscles, forming one of the largest tissue compartments of the body, are dedicated to this end. The ability to move in the form of athletic performance peaks in the third and fourth decades of life and then progressively declines. Skeletal muscle mass declines by around 30% by the seventh and eighth decades and further losses of up to 50% may occur by the ninth decade and above.1 This age-related loss of muscle mass has been termed “sarcopaenia”, of Greek origin, meaning “poverty of the flesh”. Sarcopaenia and the loss of muscle strength that is associated with it have important health consequences. Muscle mass and strength are independent predictors of mortality and disability in the elderly,2 and are important aetiological factors in falls in frail older people.3 Some loss of muscle mass and strength is almost universal in older people, but varies widely between individuals, particularly in relation to habitual levels of physical activity. The prevalence of “pathological” sarcopaenia in older people is uncertain. Using a cutoff for muscle mass (measured by dual-energy x ray absorption) of two standard deviations below the mean for young healthy adults (analogous to the T score for bone mineral density), a recent study suggested the prevalence to be 13–24% in 60–70-year-olds and over 50% in older people aged ⩾80 years.4

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength is a particular problem in many chronic diseases affecting older people, particularly diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where exercise intolerance …
Intercellular nanovesicle-mediated microRNA transfer: A mechanism of environmental modulation of hepatocellular cancer cell growth
Authors: Takayuki Kogure, Wen Lang Lin, Irene K. Yan, Chiara Braconi, Tushar Patel
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a propensity for multifocality, growth by local spread, and dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways. These features may be determined by the tumoral microenvironment. The potential of tumor cells to modulate HCC growth and behavior by secreted proteins has been extensively studied. In contrast, the potential for genetic modulation is poorly understood. We investigated the role and involvement of tumor-derived nanovesicles capable of altering gene expression and characterized their ability to modulate cell signaling and biological effects in other cells. We show that HCC cells can produce nanovesicles and exosomes that differ in both RNA and protein content from their cells of origin. These can be taken up and internalized by other cells and can transmit a functional transgene. The microRNA (miRNA) content of these exosomes was examined, and a subset highly enriched within exosomes was identified. A combinatorial approach to identify potential targets identified transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1) as the most likely candidate pathway that could be modulated by these miRNAs. Loss of TAK1 has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis and is a biologically plausible target for intercellular modulation. We show that HCC cell-derived exosomes can modulate TAK1 expression and associated signaling and enhance transformed cell growth in recipient cells.Exosome-mediated miRNA transfer is an important mechanism of intercellular communication in HCC cells. These observations identify a unique intercellular mechanism that could potentially contribute to local spread, intrahepatic metastases, or multifocal growth in HCC.
Graduate Medical Education in the United States, 1984-1985
Authors: Anne E. Crowley
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> This annual report on graduate medical education in the United States contains data on number of residency programs by specialty and by region, number of positions offered, number of trainees by specialty and by region, number of foreign medical graduates in each specialty and in each state, and information on the ethnic background and citizenship of trainees. This year's report also includes the results of a two-year Special Survey of programs that accept medical school graduates who have had no previous graduate medical training, ie, programs that offer "postgraduate year-1" (PGY-1) positions. There is information on the institutions and agencies that sponsor graduate medical training programs. Four new subspecialties have been added to the list of accredited programs. In 1984, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), through the Residency Review Committees, accredited programs for hematology (pathology), neonatal-perinatal medicine, vascular surgery, and programs that combine training in general
A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of a Gluten-Free Diet on Glycemic Control and Weight Gain in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease
Authors: Rakesh Amin, Nuala Murphy, Julie Edge, Marion L. Ahmed, Carlo L. Acerini, David B. Dunger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—To describe the longitudinal growth characteristics and glycemic control in type 1 diabetic children diagnosed with celiac disease and started on a gluten-free diet (GFD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data on growth and glycemic control for 11 case subjects diagnosed with celiac disease (cd+ group) and started on a GFD were collected prospectively, and two control subjects without celiac disease matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes (cd− group) were selected for comparison. RESULTS—In the period between diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and start of a GFD in the cd+ compared with the cd− group, BMI standard deviation score (SDS) was lower (–0.2 vs. 0.7, P = 0.015), as was HbA1c (8.9 vs. 9.8%, P = 0.002). In a regression model the cd+ group had lower BMI SDS (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and lower HbA1c (P = 0.04), independent of other variables. On a GFD, BMI SDS increased by 12 months in the cd+ group and then was no different than the cd− group (1.1 vs. 1.0, P = 0.11), whereas HbA1c improved further within case subjects compared with pre-GFD (8.9 vs. 8.3%, P = 0.002). On a GFD, case subjects in contrast to control subjects showed no deterioration in HbA1c during the years of puberty (8.3 vs. 10.0%, P = 0.022) CONCLUSIONS—In children with type 1 diabetes, untreated celiac disease resulted in lower BMI SDS and lower HbA1c. Recovery of BMI SDS with a GFD was associated with further improvement in HbA1c as compared with pre-GFD, with no expected deterioration in glycemic control during puberty. These apparent clinical benefits need confirming by larger studies.
Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth
Authors: Claude H. Organ
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Prior publications on the legendary Charles Drew have concentrated on his role as a black martyr and premier figure of the postwar civil rights movement, with most failing to capture the person and personality of this unique individual.<i>Charles Richard Drew: The</i><i>Man and the Myth</i>, by Professor Wynes of the University of Georgia, addresses these aspects of Drew's life. In 13 carefully written and researched chapters, Wynes gives the reader a better understanding of Drew the surgeon, educator, investigator, and humanist. The author has skillfully obtained information from the Drew papers at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (Howard University), and interviews with the Drew family and with personal and professional associates at four universities. Charles Drew has justifiably emerged as the Dean of black surgeons in the 20th century. His formal surgical and basic science training established him as a teacher whose all-consuming interest was the training of young Negro
Concurrent RhGM‐CSF does not offset myelosuppression from intensive chemotherapy: Randomized placebo‐controlled study in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Stan Calderwood, Françoise Romeyer, Victor Blanchette, Helen Chan, John Doyle, Mark Greenberg, Adonis Lorenzana, David Malkin, Fred Saunders, Sheila Weitzman, Alvin Zipursky, Melvin H. Freedman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract To determine whether recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rhGM‐CSF) can offset the myelosuppressive effects of intensive chemotherapy, we carried out a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial in which 40 patients with acute lympho‐blastic leukemia (ALL) were randomized into two groups of 20 each. One group received rhGM‐CSF (5.5 μg/kg SC) coadministered with chemotherapy and the other, placebo coadministered with chemotherapy from day 5 to day 11 and from day 19 to day 25 of the 28‐day intensification phase of our institutional high‐risk protocol for childhood ALL. The results indicate that, at the dose and schedule used, rhGM‐CSF did not prevent neutrope‐nia or shorten the number of days required to complete this phase of therapy. In addition, the treated and placebo groups showed no significant difference in absolute neutrophil counts, number of days with neutropenia, number of days with fever, number of days spent in hospital, or number of days on antibiotics during the 28‐day study period. There was also no difference between the two groups in the number, type, or severity of Infectious episodes. Two of 20 patients in the treatment group have relapsed, whereas none of the patients in the placebo group has yet relapsed (follow‐up: 3–37 months), but these events were not statistically significant We conclude that treatment with rhGM‐CSF at the dose and schedule employed is not clinically beneficial. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ministry of Touch — Reflections on Disaster Work after the Haitian Earthquake
Authors: Annekathryn Goodman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Dr. Annekathryn Goodman traveled with a U.S. national disaster team to Haiti, where they set up a mobile tent hospital on the sites of a devastated school and a nearby adolescent clinic. On the second day, she began what she came to call “touch rounds.”
Cranial diabetes insipidus after upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: L S P Wickramasinghe, B I Chazan, A R Mandal, P H Baylis, I. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1988)

of small bowel showed several serosal granulomas containing fragments of refractile plastic, which were also identified as polypropylene.Granulomas containing identical polypropylene material were also present in the hepatic capsule.Starch granules, possibly derived from glove powder, were found in the granulomas at both sites.No granulomas were found in sections from other organs.
Welcome the governance inspectors
Authors: M. Mensah
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Recently I audited patient consent forms, and to my surprise the findings were genuinely interesting. I discovered the consent form, a legal document to protect patient and doctor, was often poorly completed. Details of the benefits and risks of procedures were minimal, absent, or completely illegible; nearly half failed to specify the type of anaesthesia or sedation used. Most worryingly, however, was that 3% of patients consented to …
285 A META-ANALYSIS OF TRIALS COMPARING ENDOSCOPIC LIGATION WITH DRUG THERAPY COMBINING β-BLOCKERS AND ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE TO PREVENT VARICEAL REBLEEDING
Authors: V. Hernandez-Gea, A. Colomo, C. Aracil, I. Guich, J. Gordillo, C. Alvarez-Urrutia, I. Ordas, C. Guarner, C. Villanueva, J. Balanzo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Analysis of the ability of the new needs adjustment formula to improve the setting of weighted capitation prescribing budgets in English general practice
Authors: D. L Baines
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Editorial by Majeed General practice p 284

In April 1991 prescribing budgets were introduced into English general practice as part of the fundholding and indicative prescribing schemes.1 The schemes were designed to control the growth in public expenditure on drugs and to reduce the variation in prescribing costs that existed between general practitioners in different parts of the country. Initially, practice level prescribing budgets were set on a historical cost basis. This approach was criticised, however, for being inequitable and for possibly rewarding high cost, inefficient practices with more funds.2 In response, a move to budgets set on a weighted capitation basis was recommended as a means of promoting equity while ensuring that funding levels reflected the needs of patients locally.

The identification of several limitations of the weighted capitation formula that was used to help set prescribing budgets in England from 1993–4 onwards led to a debate about the desirability of using such an approach. Majeed argued that variations in general practice prescribing costs were too large to be explained in this way.3 He suggested that the rigid, inflexible application of weighted capitation formulas to help set practice level prescribing budgets should be avoided. In a similar vein, Majeed and Head argued that weighted capitation formulas were very crude tools for determining general practice prescribing budgets and should be used only as a guide to allocations.4 Greenhalgh concluded that such formulas should not be used as substitutes for factors such as reflection or negotiation during the budget setting process.5 Maxwell, Howie, and Pryde reported that the formula used to help set practice level budgets failed to take account of factors such as patients' values, beliefs, and expectations.6 Finally, Smith argued that the formula did not reflect all patient related variations in costs, random …
Detection and comparison of DNA adducts after in vitro and in vivo diesel emission exposures.
Authors: J Gallagher, M George, M Kohan, C Thompson, T Shank, J Lewtas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Development of methods to evaluate certain classes of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) detected in complex mixtures to which humans are exposed would greatly improve the diagnostic potential of 32P-postlabeling analysis. Identification of DNA adduct patterns or specific exposure-related marker adducts would strengthen associations between observed DNA adducts and exposures to different environmental pollutants (e.g., kerosene, cigarette smoke, coke oven, and diesel). We have compared diesel-modified DNA adduct patterns in various in vitro and in vivo rodent model systems and compared them to DNA reactive oxidative and reductive metabolites of 1-nitropyrene. The formation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (nitrated PAH) DNA adducts, derived from the metabolism of diesel extract constituents, was enhanced relative to other PAH-derived DNA adducts via xanthine oxidase-catalyzed nitroreduction. These adducts were detectable only by the butanol extraction version of the postlabeling analysis. Five major DNA adducts were detected in human lymphocytes treated in vitro with diesel extract. A major adduct detected in human lymphocytes treated in vitro with diesel extract comigrated with a major adduct detected in lymphocyte DNA treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) alone. Other adducts that co-migrated with the major BaP-derived adducts were detected in skin and lung DNA isolated from rodents topically treated with (50 mg) diesel extract and the major adduct detected in calf thymus DNA treated with rat liver S9 and diesel particle extract. Postlabeling of lung DNA isolated from rodents exposed via lung inhalation for 24 months to diesel combustion emissions resulted in the formation of a major nuclease-P1-sensitive DNA adduct that did not co-migrate with the major BaP-diol epoxide adduct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
330 MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS AND RESPONSE TO ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT
Authors: R. Moenne-Loccoz, C. Rajafinjatovo, S. Fafi-Kremer, F. Habersetzer, A. Ananna, M. Doffoël, T. Baumert, J.-P. Gut, F. Stoll-Keller, E. Schvoerer, M. Lambotin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
585 Major changes in portal blood flow and low grade steatosis as new pronostic factors in corticosteroid treated patients with alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: C. Duvoux, F. Maille, C. Radier, F. Roudot-Thoraval, M.C. Anglade, J. Tran-Van-Nhieu, I. Rosa, S. Hospitel, I. Abd-Alsamad, V. Sitruk, M. Ziol, O. Seror, H. Blondon, D. Dhumeaux, J.P. Richardet
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Observations on Changing Hemodynamics in Tricuspid Atresia Without Associated Transposition of the Great Vessels
Authors: MARIAN E. GALLAHER, DONALD C. FYLER
Journal: Circulation (1967)

Three patients are discussed who, in early infancy, presented with mild cyanosis, cardiac decompensation, failure to thrive, and pulmonary congestion. These manifestations were associated with tricuspid atresia without transposition of the great vessels. The clinical course of these children, who in varying periods of time became progressively more cyanotic, with hearts becoming smaller, and with decreasing pulmonary blood flow, is unique. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies were obtained at each end of the clinical spectrum in all of the children. Although a closing ventricular septal defect is thought to be the cause of the decreasing pulmonary flow, the studies were not conclusive. In all three patients, palliative systemic venous-to-pulmonary arterial anastomosis (Glenn procedure) relieved the symptoms of hypoxia.
Migration of Surgical Sponge Into Small Intestine
Authors: Lockert B. Mason
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The fate of retained foreign bodies after surgical operations is often unrecorded because of an understandable reluctance to publish matters with mediocolegal implications. It is often necessary to consult older publications for the potential behavior of such foreign bodies. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A woman of middle age was admitted to the hospital because of intermittent abdominal pain and recurrent vomiting of four days' duration. On the day of admission the vomitus had become fecal in quality. A pelvic operation had been done through a low midline abdominal incision three or four years previously. The patient stated that there was separation of the wound five or six days after the operation and that a secondary closure had been necessary. At the time of examination there was a broad low midline surgical scar and the abdomen was distended. Peristalsis was high pitched and infrequent. X-ray film of the
Substructural QSAR approaches and topological pharmacophores.
Authors: R Franke, S Huebel, W J Streich
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

For large and diverse data sets, simple QSAR methods based on linear and additive models can no longer be applied. In such cases topological methods using descriptors directly derivable from two-dimensional chemical structures provide a useful alternative. The results of such analyses can be used for lead optimization, to guide biological testing and even aid in the design of novel compounds. Various types of topological descriptors and algorithms are briefly discussed. Which of those is to be selected depends on the objective of the investigation and the properties of the data set. Two new methods, LOGANA and LOCON, are discussed in some more detail. With the help of these methods, substructural patterns (
TREATMENT OF ANASARCA WITH CUPPING-GLASS AND SIPHON
Authors: Kinnosuke Miura
Journal: JAMA (1923)

In certain severe phases of chronic interstitial nephritis, when the water in the skin and cavities of the body is superabundant and when the kidneys are not acting normally, we are obliged to remove this excess of fluid from the surface of the skin by mechanical means. For that purpose several methods are in use, such as the method of incision, the capillary tube of Southey, the elliptic cannula of Curschmann, the bent cannula of Mueller, and the cannula drainage of Fürbringer. The method of Straub and Curschmann, first with a glass funnel and later with an apparatus shaped like a cupping-glass to which is affixed rubber tubing, has not become widely used, comparatively good as it is. The method of drainage by metal tubes is not satisfactory because of the irritation it induces, and the infection and inflammation which sometimes occur; moreover, the quantity of fluid removable is not
Long-Term Survival in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Robert A. Kyle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Despite the use of alkylating agents, patients with multiple myeloma have a median survival period of only two to three years.1 , 2 No series of patients with multiple myeloma surviving for more than 10 years has been reported. This review of such a group was undertaken in an effort to identify the clinical or laboratory features that suggest long-term survival. My colleagues and I found that the response to chemotherapy was the most important factor in recognizing long-term survivors.MethodsThe records of all Mayo Clinic patients given a diagnosis of multiple myeloma between January 1, 1960, and December 31, 1971 . . .