tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, and Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Saul Malozowski, L. Ann Tanner, Diane Wysowski, G. Alexander Fleming
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

To the Editor: The Food and Drug Administration, after receiving 6 reports of benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) in patients treated with recombinant growth hormone, actively identified an additional 17 affected patients in the United States or abroad. Benign intracranial hypertension was also reported in three patients with resistance to growth hormone who were treated with insulin-like growth factor I, the primary mediator of the actions of growth hormone. The 23 cases -- 22 in children and 1 in an adult -- associated with growth hormone treatment occurred between 1986 and 1993. Among the children, seven had growth hormone deficiency, . . .
Fatal fat embolism after minor trauma.
Authors: A M Lessells
Journal: BMJ (1981)

A week later atrial fibrillation reappeared and her blood calcium concentra- tion had risen to 2-7 mmol/l (10-8 mg/100 ml).Frusemide 20 mg and 500 ml physiological saline were administered intravenously.Carotid massage was performed without success.Repeated doses of frusemide 20 mg and 5 mg verapamil (injected slowly) were given intravenously.Nine minutes later her cardiac rhythm converted to sinus rhythm.Serum calcium concentration was 2-55 mmol/l (10-2 mg/100 ml).She was advised to stop taking the supplementary calcium and calciferol.
Integrative Activity of the Brain: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Sidney Ochs
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Dr. Konorski, a leader in Polish neurophysiology, previously wrote a well-received book synthesizing Pavlovian concepts with the kind of neurophysiology represented by Sherrington and his school. In this newer work, account is taken of more recent discoveries in brain neurophysiology, and this has been related to the newer advances made in experimental psychology. Konorski has chosen not to restrict himself to objective behavior but uses introspection as a datum. A central concept is that of the "gnostic unit," eg, a pencil, an apple, a face. These gnostic units in the different sensory analyzers are not elaborated from sense-datum elements, eg, edges, corners, or more complex shapes of a visual input; but these apparently simpler elements require additional neuronal mechanisms for their isolation from primitive gnostic units. In addition to sensory excitation, gnostic units can be activated internally by associational mechanisms apart from a sensory input, as in a dream or
Considering the roles of affect and culture in the enactment and enjoyment of cruelty
Authors: Spee Kosloff, Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Research on aggression and terror management theory suggests shortcomings in Nell's analysis of cruelty. Hostile aggression and exposure to aggressive cues are not inherently reinforcing, though they may be enjoyed if construed within a meaningful cultural framework. Terror management research suggests that human cruelty stems from the desire to defend one's cultural worldview and to participate in a heroic triumph over evil.
A well‐tolerated grass pollen‐specific allergy vaccine containing a novel adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, reduces allergic symptoms after only four preseasonal injections
Authors: K. J. Drachenberg, A. W. Wheeler, P. Stuebner, F. Horak
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: We present data showing that a Th1‐inducing adjuvant can reduce the number of injections required for allergy vaccination. Allergy vaccination is the only treatment for type 1 hypersensitivity that can alter the underlying disease process. A switch of specific T‐cell activity from Th2&gt;Th1 to Th1&gt;Th2 is believed to be an important change seen after long‐term vaccination therapy. An immunologic adjuvant that enhances such a switch could be used to reduce the number of injections required. This would improve compliance with the treatment and provide pharmacoeconomic advantages. Such an adjuvant is 3‐deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL® adjuvant, Corixa). Methods: A multicentre, placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind clinical study was performed with a new standardized allergy vaccine comprising a tyrosine‐adsorbed glutaraldehyde‐modified grass pollen extract containing MPL® adjuvant. Four subcutaneous injections of the active product were given preseasonally to 81 grass pollen‐sensitive subjects, and 60 received placebo injections (tyrosine alone). Diary cards were used to record symptoms and medication taken during approximately 30 days of the grass pollen season. Results: There was a statistical advantage in favour of the active treatment for nasal ( P =0.016) and ocular ( P =0.003) symptoms and combined symptom and medication scores ( P =0.013). Titrated skin prick testing revealed a significant reduction of skin sensitivity in the active group compared to placebo ( P =0.04). Grass‐pollen‐specific IgG antibody was raised by active treatment ( P &lt;0.01). A rise in IgE antibody was seen in the placebo group during the season ( P &lt;0.01). The first year's treatment rise of IgE was not seen in the active group, and no rise occurred during the pollen season. More local adverse events were seen in the active group. There was no difference in generalized adverse events. Conclusions: A new, well‐tolerated allergy vaccine, incorporating a Th1‐inducing adjuvant, MPL®, was efficacious and after only four preseasonal injections produced antibody changes normally associated with long injection schedules. This may encourage wider application of allergy vaccination. The vaccine is now available in a number of countries as Pollinex Quattro®.
Hyperdynamic Circulation and Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Xiaozhang Jiang, Sathanur R. Srinivasan, Elaine Urbina, Gerald S. Berenson
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Hyperdynamic circulation has been reported to be associated with adverse levels of insulin, blood pressure, adiposity, and lipoproteins in the adult population. Whether this putatively insulin-mediated association also occurs in early life is not known. This aspect was examined in 2229 children and adolescents 8 to 17 years old living in Bogalusa, La. Methods and Results Individuals were categorized as hyperdynamic (pulse pressure and heart rate in the upper quartile of the race-sex-age distribution), intermediate, and hypodynamic (pulse pressure and heart rate in the bottom quartile). Systolic blood pressure was significantly greater with a hyperdynamic circulation in both sexes ( P &lt;.0001), and several measures of obesity were greater with a hyperdynamic circulation. Hyperdynamic circulation was associated with statistically significant increases in triglyceride ( P &lt;.05) and fasting insulin ( P &lt;.01) in boys independently of age, race, and obesity. A decreasing trend with HDL cholesterol ( P =.06) was also observed in boys. A significant association with total cholesterol ( P &lt;.05) was observed only in girls. In the analysis stratified by percent body fat, many of these features still occurred in obese individuals (top quartile) but not in lean individuals (bottom quartile). Further, when a subset of this cohort (n=1074) was followed over a 3-year period, the above trend persisted significantly in boys. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that a hyperdynamic state as defined is associated with increased insulin levels and an adverse cardiovascular risk in early life.
Raised intraocular pressure-time for a think on referral procedure?
Authors: J G Howie, J L Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Severe headache and disturbed liver function during treatment with zimelidineZimelidine is effective in the treatment of depression.'Both zimelidine and its pharmacologically active metabolite norzimelidine act by inhibiting the re-uptake of 5-hydroxytriptamine by neurones.2In comparison with tricyclic antidepressant drugs zimelidine is fairly free of side effects.'We report two cases in which adverse effects developed during a clinical trial of the drug. Case reportsCase 1-A 34-year-old woman was prescribed zimelidine 200 mg per day for depression of three months' duration.Two weeks later she was admitted to hospital complaining of severe frontal headache and photophobia.The headache had gradually increased over three days, was exacerbated by movement and coughing, and was associated with muscular aches, vomiting, and shivering.The patient was afebrile and full systematic examination showed no abnormality.Lumbar puncture yielded normal cerebrospinal fluid.Results of liver function tests (previously normal) were disturbed, with enzyme activities of: aspartate aminotransferase 56 IU/1; alanine aminotransferase 193 IU/I; and y-glutamyltransferase 173 IU/1.Bilirubin concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were normal.Zimelidine was withdrawn.The headaches and photophobia subsided over the next week and liver enzyme activities fell progressively to normal over 10 days.All other investigations gave normal results.Case 2-A 44-year-old man presented with one month's history of anxiety and depression.Previous history included gastric surgery seven years earlier and outpatient investigation of headache after head injury (no organic cause found) five years earlier.Two weeks after being prescribed zimelidine 200 mg per day he was admitted to hospital complaining of headache, which had gradually increased in severity over the preceding week.It was worsened by coughing and head movement and was associated with photophobia and muscular aches.He was afebrile and full systematic examination gave normal results, except for a candida throat infection.Lumbar puncture produced normal cerebrospinal fluid at a pressure of 320 mm of cerebrospinal fluid.Liver function tests (previously normal) showed: aspartate aminotransferase 131 IU/1; alanine aminotransferase 333 IU/1; y-glutamyltransferase 140 IU/l; and alkaline phosphatase 210 IU/1.Bilirubin concentration was normal.Zimelidine was withdrawn.The next day his temperature rose to 38-4'C, but thereafter he remained afebrile.He was treated with paracetamol and oral nystatin only.The headache and photophobia settled over 48 hours.Hepatic enzyme activities fell steadily and were completely normal one month later.Results of other investigations were normal.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy with a 2.8 mm Fiberscope
Authors: G. Gandini, F. Cesarani, E. Juliani, D. Regge, L Bonardi, S. Recchia, G. Verme
Journal: Endoscopy (1988)

The authors describe their initial experience with a 2.8 mm (8.5F) fiberscope. The instrument, used to refine interventional radiology maneuvers of the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts, caused no additional discomfort to the 18 patients treated. The fiberscope permitted differentiation between different causes of biliary stenosis in the few cases where doubt persisted after percutaneous cholangiography. Brushing was also performed wherever necessary. The color, and thus the composition, of bile duct stones could also be determined. This has helped us to plan the therapy with methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) in patients with cholesterol stones. Compared with traditional fiberscopes (diameter of 5mm or more) the new instrument is easier to use, and allows more peripheral ducts to be reached, but is expensive and has a smaller field of view and fewer possibilities for therapeutic applications.
Membrane Oxygenator-Dialyzer for the Newborn
Authors: Geoffrey Chamberlain
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Preliminary work with an extracorporeal gas-exchanging dialyzing circuit using a membrane oxygenator principle gave promising results with animals and fetal humans. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis could be corrected, and the system might be considered as an addition to, and not a substitution for, current therapeutic methods in the management of respiratory distress syndrome.
A SERIES OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL AFFECTIONS TREATED BY ARTIFICIAL AUTOINOCULATIONACCORDING TO WRIGHT'S THEORY OF OPSONINS.
Authors: A. P. OHLMACHER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

It is somewhat surprising, in view of the remarkable character of the results which have been obtained, that an appreciation of the full value of Sir A. E. Wright's theory and practice is not widely disseminated among the medical profession of the United States. Rarely, indeed, in these days of easy publicity, does a scientist effect an accomplishment of far-reaching humanitarian importance without its immediate and extensive proclamation throughout the civilized world. In fact, such proclamation, especially of discoveries in the healing art, is too often premature and over-colored, with the result that disappointment and pessimism are aroused and progress impeded. With Professor Wright, however, the situation is quite the opposite. He has for four or five years patiently worked along a new line in experimental medicine, has evolved an attractive working hypothesis, the application of which has performed veritable miracles in the cure of certain diseases, and all of
Mucoadhesive curcumin nanospheres: Biological activity, adhesion to stomach mucosa and release of curcumin into the circulation
Authors: Natthakitta Suwannateep, Wijit Banlunara, Supason P. Wanichwecharungruang, Khajeelak Chiablaem, Kriengsak Lirdprapamongkol, Jisnuson Svasti
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Prescribing behaviour in clinical practice: patients' expectations and doctors' perceptions of patients' expectations a questionnaire study
Authors: J. Cockburn, S. Pit
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To examine the effect of patients9 expectations for medication and doctors9 perceptions of patients9 expectations on prescribing when patients present with new conditions. <b>Design:</b> Questionnaire study of practitioners and patients. <b>Setting:</b> General practice in Newcastle, Australia. <b>Subjects:</b> 22 non-randomly selected general practitioners and 336 of their patients with a newly diagnosed medical condition. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Prescription of medication and expectation of it. <b>Results:</b> Medication was prescribed for 169 (50%) patients. After controlling for the presenting condition, patients who expected medication were nearly three times more likely to receive medication (odds ratio=2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 6.3). When the general practitioner thought the patient expected medication the patient was 10 times more likely to receive it (odds ratio=10.1, 5.3 to 19.6). A significant association existed between patients9 expectation and doctors9 perception of patients9 expectation (χ<sup>2</sup>=52.0, df=4, P=0.001). For all categories of patient expectation, however, patients were more likely to receive medication when the practitioner judged the patient to want medication than when the practitioner ascribed no expectation to the patient. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although patients brought expectations to the consultation regarding medication, the doctors9 opinions about their expectations were the strongest determinants of prescribing. <h3>Key messages</h3> This study showed that patients who expected medications were three times more likely to be prescribed medicines for new conditions If the general practitioner thought that the patient expected medication, patients were ten times more likely to be prescribed medication Although patients brought expectations to the consultation regarding medication, it was the doctors9 opinions about patients9 expectations that were the strongest determinants of prescribing With the increasing promotion of rational prescribing, practitioners need to be aware of these influences on prescribing
Role of a Digital Computer in a Diagnostic Center
Authors: James K. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The digital computer is now used in diagnostic centers for the analysis of medical signals. In one location, a health-department clinic, routine electrocardiograms and spirograms are sent daily by telephone to the central computer facility. The computer analysis is returned by teletype to the clinic. In another setting, the computer is used to interpret ECGs obtained in a mass screening project. A third use of the computer involves obtaining ECGs in the patient's home, with transmission individually by telephone. In each situation, the computer allows delegation of a routine task from man to machine.
Urodynamic findings in chronic retention of urine and their relevance to results of surgery.
Authors: P H Abrams, M Dunn, N George
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Fifty-five consecutive male patients aged 18-77 with chronic retention of urine were investigated urodynamically. All were shown to have obstructed micturition. Inflow cystometry defined two groups, one with high-pressure and one with low-pressure filling. Recent-onset enuresis and upper-tract dilatation as seen on radiography were significantly associated with high-pressure bladder filling. Postoperative studies showed that patients with high-pressure filling on preoperative cystometryhad a better response to outflow-tract surgery. The poor response of the patients with low-pressure filling was due to a high incidence of inadequate detrusor contraction leading to persistent residual urine. Thus urodynamic studies may be used to indicate which patients are likely to benefit from prostatectomy and, after the operation, whether the obstruction has been relieved.
Multiple Pulmonary Infarctions Caused by Bone-Marrow Emboli
Authors: S. Rogel, E. Rosenmann, E. A. Rachmilewitz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

THOUGH occlusion of pulmonary arteries by particles of bone marrow was described long ago by Maximow1 and Lubarsch2 its clinical significance has been stressed only recently.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In most of the reported cases there was a history of trauma, fracture, minor surgical intervention or external cardiac massage, any of which may have caused the release of bone-marrow emboli into the circulation. Bone marrow in the pulmonary arteries was usually an incidental finding, and its presence in the heart was described in but a single instance. In only a few cases were these emboli related to the patient's death. Pulmonary infarctions were . . .
A Retreat in the Tobacco War
Authors: John Slade
Journal: JAMA (1992)

On March 30, 1992, Surgeon General Antonia Novello declared war on the tobacco industry. Speaking at the Eighth World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Buenos Aires, Argentina, she spoke passionately about the need for waging war against this cynical, deceitful industry to protect the next generation from becoming addicted to nicotine and to help those currently addicted free themselves of the nation's leading killer. As she spoke, however, the nation's leading tobacco-control program, run by the California Department of Health Services (DHS), was in retreat. The California program, funded by a spending formula contained in a 1989, voter-initiated increase in the cigarette tax (Proposition 99),<sup>1</sup>has been credited with substantially accelerating the reduction in tobacco use there.<sup>2</sup>The smoking rate in California declined by 17% between 1987 and 1990, a decrease substantially greater than that seen elsewhere in the country. This singular achievement translates into an important
Serum Cholesterol and Colon Cancer
Authors: Abraham M. Y. Nomura
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In commenting on the negative correlation between serum cholesterol and colon cancer reported by the Framingham group (1981; 245:247), Albert B. Lowenfels, MD, asked if there is any relation between gallstones, serum cholesterol, and colon cancer (1981;246:213). In our prospective study of 8,006 examined men, we also observed that subjects with a low serum cholesterol level had an increased risk for colon cancer.<sup>1</sup>However, the 189 subjects in our study who subsequently had a cholecystectomy after examination did not have low serum cholesterol levels before their operative procedure. Their age-adjusted mean level was 218.4 mg/dL, compared with 218.3 mg/dL for the rest of the study population. There were too few incident cases (only three) of colon cancer occurring among the 121 subjects who had had cholecystectomy before examination for any meaningful analysis at this time. Dr Lowenfels mentioned the possibility that some persons with a low serum
Effects of bone ingrowth on the strength and non-invasive assessment of a coralline hydroxyapatite material
Authors: R.B. Martin, M.W. Chapman, B.E. Holmes, D.J. Sartoris, E.C. Shors, J.E. Gordon, D.O. Heitter, N.A. Sharkey, A.G. Zissimos
Journal: Biomaterials (1989)
Oesophageal dissection after thrombolytic treatment for myocardial infarction.
Authors: F Jishi, C E Sissons, E J Silverstone, J F Coakley, F Fraser
Journal: Thorax (1992)

A 62 year old woman admitted with a history suggesting acute myocardial infarction had thrombolytic treatment with anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex, which resulted in submucosal haemorrhage in the oesophagus; this caused dissection of the wall of the oesophagus and complete dysphagia. The haematoma resolved spontaneously, leaving behind a diverticulum, with reduced peristalsis and delayed emptying but no obstruction.
EDUCATION IN ROENTGENOLOGY
Authors: PRESTON M. HICKEY
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Advancement in roentgenology as a branch of medical science devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of disease depends, first of all, on the fitness of the roentgenologist adequately to handle the problems presented to him, and, secondly, on the appreciation of the services which roentgenology can offer to the general medical profession and also to the laity. Its progress therefore depends on the training of the roentgenologist and the education of the medical profession. The foundation for this must of necessity be laid during the formative period of the medical student. It is a problem that primarily concerns the medical college during the period when the student is beginning his study of medicine, but it is also intimately concerned with the premedical courses. Professional societies, both local and national, fulfil a very useful place in their presentation of many of the newer developments in this science, but they cannot replace
Giant-Cell Tumors of Bone
Authors: Ernest M. Daland, Carlton R. Haines
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IN 1920 Dr. E. A. Codman, of Boston, organized the Registry of Bone Sarcoma. A committee consisting of Dr. Codman, Dr. Ewing and Dr. Bloodgood studied a large number of cases of bone tumors, and from them they separated a group of benign giant-cell tumors. Up to that time many limbs had been amputated on the supposition that a giant-cell tumor was a malignant condition. With its benignity thus well established Dr. Codman§ laid down certain general principles deduced from his study:The expansion and progress of these tumors is due to their pulsation, not to the malignant quality of . . .
Changes to the regulation of drug prices in the UK
Authors: J. Collier
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Now the prices paid should reflect a medicine’s clinical value

On 11 December 2008 the Department of Health and the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry jointly published details of an agreement they had reached after nine months’ negotiation for the pricing of brand name drugs sold to the NHS.1 The new terms, which came into effect on 1 January 2009 and will run for five years, are the latest in a continually evolving Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme.

Under the framework of this scheme, which was originally known as the Voluntary Price Regulation Scheme, government and industry have been negotiating “voluntary and non-contractual” terms for drug pricing since 1956, and the previous set of terms—which started in 2005—was due to run until 2010. However, in 2007 a market report from the Office of Fair Trading argued that the scheme was outdated, perverse, and not fit for purpose, and demanded that it be reformed.2 The government unilaterally withdrew from the 2005-10 scheme in February 2008 despite resistance from the drug industry.3 To what extent does the current scheme allay the Office of Fair Trading’s criticisms?

Much has been reformed …