tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing pediatric pneumonia under low-resource conditions: The predictive value and reporting reproducibility of chest x-rays
Authors: Vishwanath Gowraiah, Saud Shabibi, Claire Gowdy, Aradhana Awasthi, Rashmi Kapoor, Anilkumar Verma, Shally Awasthi, Michael Seear
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background:   To meet child mortality targets, it is necessary to improve diagnosis and management of pneumonia. Although CXRs are used as a reference gold standard, their predictive value and reporting reproducibility have never been studied under low-resource conditions.   Methods:   As part of a larger study of pneumonia in India, we enrolled 502 children below 5 yrs, who met WHO criteria for pneumonia. Patients underwent a detailed examination, saturation and CXR. We selected a sub-group of 133 who had digitized radiographs. ER physician and consultant interpreted films as: normal, minor or major patches, hyperinflation, lobar change, pleural effusion. All children were reviewed 4 days later by a pediatrician and given one of four clinical diagnoses: pneumonia, wheezy disease, mixed and non-respiratory. Films were later reviewed by 2 consultant radiologists.   Results:   The 10% of X rays showing pleural effusions had good reporter agreement and reliably predicted pneumonia and disease severity. For all other CXR findings (90%), there was no correlation between X ray category and clinical diagnosis, or with disease severity (defined by hospital admission). There was also poor agreement between X ray interpretations made by ER physician, pediatrician and radiologist (all kappa    Conclusions:   With the exception of pleural effusions, CXR findings, interpreted by a radiologist, had no power to predict clinical diagnosis, made by a pediatrician or disease severity. Clinical value of CXRs was further reduced by poor inter-observer agreement. When studying tachypneic children under low-resource conditions, CXRs have less clinical value than is commonly assumed.
Growth inhibition of colon cancer cells by auraptene is not correlated with the modulation of beta-catenin-TCF signaling
Authors: Yoshinobu Hirose, Zheng Qiao, Akira Murakami, Hajime Ohigashi, Takuji Tanaka, Hideki Mori
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

1384   Auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin, AUR), a coumarin derivative compound isolated from the peel of certain citrus fruits, has been shown to inhibit chemically-induced carcinogenesis of rodent models in various organs including colon. However, the mechanisms by which AUR exerts antitumor activity are not well defined. In our recent study, AUR was shown to supress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cell lines. To explore the mechanisms in detail, we investigated the effects of AUR on beta-catenin-TCF activity as well as cell cycle progression and expression levels of beta-catenin target genes such as c-myc in human colorectal cancer cells, caco-2 and DLD-1. Our data showed that treatment of AUR (75microM) for 48h inhibited cell growth with G2/M arrest in both caco-2 and DLD-1. In caco-2, beta-catenin/TCF activity was suppressed by AUR treatment. In contrast, AUR enhanced beta-catenin/TCF activity in DLD-1 in the same experimental condition. Unexpectedly, the modulation of beta-catenin/TCF activity by AUR was inversely correlated with c-myc expression levels in these cell lines. Our results indicate that AUR induces growth inhibition in caco-2 and DLD-1 cells in a different mechanism, which may be independent on modulation of beta-catenin-TCF signaling.
Psychiatric Referrals within the Hospital – the Communication Process
Authors: I Leonard, C Babbs, F Creed
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1990)

This two part study examined the written communication between psychiatrists and other hospital doctors. In the first part a set of sample letters from a psychiatrist, who had seen a ward referral, was sent to 110 physicians and surgeons. Nearly half expressed a preference for a psychiatrist's letter that was one page long with main points underlined. Clarity of psychiatric diagnosis and opinion and clear treatment/follow-up arrangements were the key items of content. In the second part 100 consecutive referral letters and their replies were assessed; 20% of referral letters did not express the precise reason why psychiatric opinion was sought and many of the psychiatrists’ replies did not describe adequately the follow-up arrangements and prognosis. In general the psychiatrist found the referral letters short and lacking in information whereas referring doctors found the brief replies from the psychiatrists preferable because the brief letters contained the key items mentioned in the first part of the study. In addition to these recommendations regarding written communications, this study emphasizes the need for personal discussion between psychiatrists and other hospital doctors; nearly half the doctors in the first part of the study thought this would be essential for good management of the patient.
Mortality and distribution of income
Authors: S. Senn, R. G Wilkinson, G. C Sutton, H. Gravelle
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Hydatid disease - a serious parasitic disease of humans, which is endemic to the Central Asian republics, including Uzbekistan. The number of operations performed per year now exceeds 1.5 thousand. On the data of the literature the relapse of hydatid disease after surgical treatment does not tend to decrease and changes from 4% up to 48%. In the department of surgery of lungs and mediastinum from 1975 to 2015yy there were 3054 patients with hydatid disease of lungs. From 2945 operated patients concerning the various forms of hydatid disease of lungs relapse of disease from 1 to 7 years we observed in 193 (6,31%) patients. Men - 119 (61,6%), women - 74 (38,4%). The age of the patients varied from 9 to 74 years. From 155 patients (80,3%) undergone operations, not operated 38 (19,7%) - the reason was disseminated process, wide distribution of hydatid cysts. 140 (72,5%) patients were performed organsaving operation, 15 (7,8%) patients underwent resections. In the postoperative period albendazole was administered in a doze 10-12 mg/kg/day, quantity of courses depended on the form of a defeat. Using preventive chemotherapy realistically reduces the risk of the development of the relapse of hydatid disease, hereunder, rescuing patient from the repeated operations and possible complications. The following picture shows relapsed multiplural hydatid disease of lungs.
Evaluation of vitamin D in bronchial asthma and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on asthma severity and control: A randomised control trial
Authors: Balakrishnan Menon, Gaki Nima, Vikas Dogra, Ankit Mittal, Charanjeet Kaur, Upasana Mittal
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background  Vitamin D is increasingly being linked to asthma. Higher Vitamin D levels are associated with decreased airway hyperresponsiveness and decreased inflammatory markers. Low levels of vitamin D may be associated with poor asthma control and increased severity.  Aims  To evaluate Vitamin D levels in asthma and the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on severity and control of asthma.  Methods  Forty two subjects of asthma were recruited. The Asthma Control Test (ACT) score was calculated. Vitamin D was estimated by enhanced chemiluminiscence method. Subjects were randomly assigned to the Study group and Control group. The study group received standard therapy along with oral vitamin D (1000 IU) for 8 weeks. Control group received standard medications only. ACT scores and Vitamin D levels were reassessed at the end of study.  Results  The mean Vitamin D in study group was 18.16 ± 5.32ng/ml which improved to 27.16 ± 7.61ng/ml after supplementation. The value in control group was 18.79 ± 6.07 at the start and 19.14 ± 5.81 at end of study. The difference was highly significant (p  The mean ACT score in study group was 16.62 ± 3.18 which improved to 22.08 ± 1.17 after treatment. The difference was highly significant (p  Conclusion  Vitamin D levels were low in patients of asthma. There was highly significant improvement in asthma control and severity after supplementation with Vitamin D.
Dose Response of Saccharin in Induction of Urinary Bladder Hyperplasias in Fischer 344 Rats Pretreated With &lt;italic&gt;N&lt;/italic&gt;-Butyl-&lt;italic&gt;N&lt;/italic&gt;-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Keisuke Nakanishi, Akihiro Hagiwara, Michiko Shibata, Katsumi Imaida, Masae Tatematsu, Nobuyuki Ito
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

Studies were made on the dose response of saccharin in the induction of bladder lesions. Inbred F344 rats of both sexes were pretreated with 100 ppm N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in the drinking water for 4 weeks. Sodium saccharin was given at 50,000, 10,000, 2,000, and 400 ppm in the diet for 32 weeks after BBN administration, and surviving rats were killed at the end of week 36 of the experiment. No increase in incidence of papilloma or cancer was noted in either sex at any dose of saccharin after BBN as compared to levels induced by BBN alone. The incidences of two types of hyperplasia and average number of papillary or nodular hyperplasias per 10 cm of basement membrane were significantly increased in the group receiving 50,000 ppm saccharin as compared to the group given BBN only. None of the incidences or numbers of these lesions were significantly different in any of the other saccharin-treated groups when compared to the group treated with BBN alone except for the incidences of two types of hyperplasias in the female rats dosed with 10,000 ppm saccharin. Dose-response curves showed enhanced hyperplastic responses in both sexes given 2,000--50,000 ppm saccharin. Administration of various doses of saccharin without BBN did not cause any changes in the urinary bladders of rats of either sex. These results show that saccharin enhances the induction of early-stage bladder lesions and that the biologic response demonstrates a dose-response effect.
Long-Term Serial Transplantation of 30 Different Human Renal Cell Carcinomas Into NMRI (&lt;italic&gt;nu/nu&lt;/italic&gt;) Mice: Flow Cytometric, Histologic, and Growth Studies&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: H Baisch, U Otto, G Klöppel
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1986)

Thirty human renal cell carcinomas were transplanted into NMRI (nu/nu) mice. The take rate from surgical specimens was 100%, and all tumors were established as permanent transplantable tumor lines. The xenotransplants were followed up to around passages 10-50. In addition to histology and volume growth the DNA indices (DI), proportion of tumor cells, and fractions of cells in the phases of the cycle were measured by flow cytometry. All 30 tumors retained their primary histologic structure and cellular morphology throughout all passages. The DI, as ascertained by the DNA content per cell of G1-phase tumor cells divided by the DNA content per cell of normal diploid G1-phase cells, remained the same as those in the original tumors in 21 of 27 xenotransplants. Three original lymph nodes or metastases were not available for flow cytometry. During passage, 4 of 30 tumors changed their DI. In 2 of these cases the tumor doubling time (td), the proportion of tumor cells versus the proportion of host cells, and the fractions of cells in the cell cycle phases changed simultaneously. All other tumor lines were stable in td, DI, proportion of tumor cells, and fractions of cells in the phases during serial transplantation. However, the measure of parameters varied considerably between individual tumors of every passage. Tumor growth rate was generally related to the prognosis of the patients from whom the tumor was derived.
Applications of Nanotechnology in the Management of Cancer
Authors: Zaynab Jawad, Fang Xie, Long R. Jiao
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2015)

What Is the Innovation?Nanotechnology refers to the applications of science at the nanoscale between 1 and 100 nm.To put it into context, if you have printed this article, 1 nm is 1/100 000 of the thickness of the sheet of paper you are holding.The ability to produce and investigate materials at this scale has provided applications in most scientific fields including engineering, chemistry, and materials science.The concept was first described by physicist Richard Feynman in a talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at the California Institute of Technology in 1959.He envisioned the creation of objects so small that they could be controlled at the cellular level.Over the last few years, there have been a surge of applications arising from nanotechnology for therapeutic and diagnostic use in cancer.For imaging, administering magnetic nanoparticles increased the sensitivity and specificity of MRI for the detection of lymph node metastases from 65% and 75% to 93% and 96%, respectively, in 75
Phase II study of docetaxel for advanced or metastatic platinum-refractory non-small-cell lung cancer.
Authors: F V Fossella, J S Lee, D M Shin, M Calayag, M Huber, R Perez-Soler, W K Murphy, S Lippman, S Benner, B Glisson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1995)

PURPOSE We conducted a phase II study to determine the response to and toxicity of docetaxel (Taxotere; Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Collegeville, PA) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer refractory to prior platinum-containing chemotherapy (PCC) regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients with stage IIIb or IV platinum-refractory non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with 100 mg/m2 of docetaxel intravenously over 1 hour every 3 weeks. The responses of 42 of 44 patients were assessable. Most patients had a Zubrod performance status of 1; the predominant histologic type was adenocarcinoma (61%), and 91% of patients had stage IV disease. RESULTS Nine of 42 assessable patients (21%) achieved a partial response to treatment. The median response duration (from response to progression) was 17 weeks, and the projected median survival duration of all patients is 42 weeks (51 weeks for adenocarcinoma and 22 weeks for nonadenocarcinoma). Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 85% of patients and was associated with fever that required intravenous antibiotics in 16% of patients (3% of cycles). Other acute side effects included easily treated hypersensitivity reactions and dermatitis. Cumulative side effects included fluid retention and neuropathy. CONCLUSION Docetaxel administered at 100 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks has notable activity against platinum-refractory non-small-cell lung cancer, with a 21% major response rate. Primary side effects were neutropenia, hypersensitivity, and fluid retention.
Effect of oral acyclovir after penetrating keratoplasty for herpetic keratitis
Authors: Jeroen van Rooij, Wilhelmina J Rijneveld, Lies Remeijer, Henny J.M Völker-Dieben, Catrien A Eggink, Annette J.M Geerards, Paul G.H Mulder, Peter Doornenbal, W.Houdijn Beekhuis
Journal: Ophthalmology (2003)
Outcome of non-invasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in the elderly
Authors: Dragos Bumbacea, Nicoleta Filip, Claudia Valcu, Diana Radu, Daniela Caciuloiu, Irina Ispas, Diana Ligia Ionita, Cornelia Elena Tudose
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Aim : To evaluate the outcome of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in older patients.

Methods : Consecutive patients presenting at the emergency room of a general hospital in 2012-2013 with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure and treated in the respiratory ward with NIV through an oronasal or full facial mask. Outcomes were compared in older (≥ 70 years old) vs younger patients.

Results : 63 patients were included, 28 being 70 years old or older (OLD, age range 70-92) and 35 younger (YOU, age range 28-69). There was a non-significant tendency versus more women (61% vs 40%) and worse previous performance status score (2.8±1.0 vs 2.2±1.3) in older group. Initial blood gases results were similar, as were those after 4-6 hours of NIV and at discharge (see table, p>0.05 for all comparisons between groups), with significant improvements in PaCO2 and pH in both groups. There were no major differences in cause of respiratory failure (COPD exacerbation in 17/28 and 23/35 respectively), outcome of NIV (5 failures in each group) length of stay (7.9±5.4 vs 7.7±6.7) and in-hospital death (5 in each group) (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Analysis using a cut-off of 65 yo (39 OLD vs 24 YOU patients) did yield similar results.

Conclusion : In this population non-invasive ventilation in a respiratory ward proved to be similarly efficient in older people than in younger ones.

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A randomized double-blind study of gallium nitrate compared with etidronate for acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia.
Authors: R P Warrell, W K Murphy, P Schulman, P J O'Dwyer, G Heller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1991)

Hypercalcemia is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Gallium nitrate and the bisphosphonate, etidronate, are new agents that have recently become available for treatment of this disorder. To directly compare therapeutic effectiveness, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of gallium nitrate compared with etidronate for acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate was administered by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion at a dose of 200 mg/m2/d. Etidronate was administered as a 4-hour IV infusion at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. Both drugs were given daily for 5 consecutive days. Eligible patients had persistent moderate-to-severe hypercalcemia (total serum calcium [corrected for serum albumin] greater than or equal to 12.0 mg/dL) after 2 days of hospitalization and IV hydration. Seventy-one patients were randomized and treated. Twenty-eight of 34 patients (82%) who received gallium nitrate achieved normocalcemia compared with 16 of 37 patients (43%) who received etidronate (P less than .001). Patients who received etidronate required significantly greater amounts of IV fluids (P = .04) and more hypocalcemic drug treatment (P less than .05) during the poststudy period than patients who received gallium nitrate. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly longer median duration of normocalcemia for patients treated with gallium nitrate (8 days v 0 days, P = .0005). A significantly higher proportion of patients treated with gallium nitrate developed asymptomatic hypophosphatemia compared with patients treated with etidronate (97% v 43%, P less than .001). We conclude that gallium nitrate is highly effective and superior to etidronate for acute control of moderate-to-severe cancer-related hypercalcemia.
Randomized phase II trial comparing different doses of the bisphosphonate ibandronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Authors: M Pecherstorfer, Z Herrmann, J J Body, C Manegold, M Degardin, M R Clemens, B Thürlimann, M Tubiana-Hulin, E U Steinhauer, M van Eijkeren, H J Huss, D Thiébaud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE To evaluate the hypocalcemic effect and safety of three different doses of the bisphosphonate ibandronate in tumor-associated hypercalcemia, and to identify factors predicting response. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred seventy-four cancer patients with a serum calcium level greater than 2.7 mmol/L (10.8 mg/dL) were enrolled onto the trial. If hypercalcemia persisted after fluid repletion, patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 0.6 mg, 1.1 mg, and 2.0 mg of ibandronate. Response, defined as restoration of normocalcemia, was evaluated by an intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS One hundred seventy-three (99%) patients were assessable for toxicity and 151 (87%) for efficacy. The administration of 0.6 mg (group A), 1.1 mg (group B), or 2.0 mg (group C) of ibandronate led to response rates of 44%, 52%, and 67%, respectively. Significantly more patients in group C responded than in group A (P = .0276). Of the various parameters examined, only the initial serum calcium level (P &lt; .0001; odds ratio, 0.083) and the dose of ibandronate (P = .0162; odds ratio, 2.094) correlated with response. One hundred ninety-five adverse events (AEs) were reported, 99 classified as serious and 96 as nonserious. Three serious and sixteen nonserious AEs were considered related to ibandronate treatment. The three serious AEs were one case with thrombocytopenia, one with nausea, and one with fever. CONCLUSION Ibandronate therapy led to a dose-dependent reduction in serum calcium levels. The response to ibandronate treatment correlated negatively with the initial serum calcium level and positively with the dose administered. A dose of 2 mg was necessary to achieve a response rate comparable to that in previous studies with the bisphosphonates pamidronate and clodronate. Because the incidence of drug-associated AEs was low, a dose escalation of ibandronate can be recommended for further clinical trials.
Bronchiolitis to Asthma
Authors: Anne Marie Singh, Paul E. Moore, James E. Gern, Robert F. Lemanske, Tina V. Hartert
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Viral infections are important causes of asthma exacerbations in children, and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), are a leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis are at significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. To date, studies addressing the incidence of asthma after bronchiolitis severe enough to warrant hospitalization have focused almost exclusively on RSV, but a number of recent studies suggest that other respiratory pathogens, including RV, may contribute as well. It is not known whether viral bronchiolitis directly contributes to asthma causation or simply identifies infants at risk for subsequent wheezing, as from an atopic predisposition or preexisting abnormal lung function. Alternatively, the properties of the infecting virus may be important. Thus, many possible determinants exist that may contribute to the severity of bronchiolitis and the subsequent development of asthma. One such determinant is the potential involvement of genetic susceptibility loci to asthma after viral bronchiolitis, a critical area that is just beginning to be evaluated. By clarifying the roles of both host- (genetic) and virus- (environment) specific factors that contribute to the frequency and severity of viral LRTI, it may be possible to determine if severe LRTIs cause asthma, or if asthma susceptibility predisposes patients to severe LRTI in response to viral infection. Characterizing these relationships offers the potential of identifying at-risk hosts in whom preventing or delaying infection could alter the phenotypic expression of asthma.
Surgical Procedures in Patients at Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: R Wakeman, C D Johnson, C Wastell
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1990)

We have studied the outcome of 140 general surgical procedures in 112 patients known or suspected to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus. Forty patients had antibodies to HIV. A wide range of surgical procedures was performed, with an overall complication rate of 5.7%. Wound infection, wound haematoma and one unexplained pyrexia were the only complications seen. Some anorectal wounds in patients with HIV antibodies were noted to heal extremely slowly, but the aggressive anorectal sepsis reported by others was not seen. The postoperative course after general surgical procedures was unremarkable in patients with HIV antibodies, and in those suspected of HIV infection, but because anorectal wounds were found to heal slowly, we recommend that anorectal surgery be conservative in patients with HIV antibodies.