tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Outlook for survivors of childhood in sub-Saharan Africa: adult mortality in Tanzania
Authors: H. M Kitange, H. Machibya, J. Black, D. M Mtasiwa, G. Masuki, D. Whiting, N. Unwin, C. Moshiro, P. M Klima, M. Lewanga, K. Alberti, D. G McLarty
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To measure age and sex specific mortality in adults (15-59 years) in one urban and two rural areas of Tanzania. <b>Design</b>: Reporting of all deaths occurring between 1 June 1992 and 31 May 1995. <b>Setting</b>: Eight branches in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania9s largest city), 59 villages in Morogoro rural district (a poor rural area), and 47 villages in Hai district (a more prosperous rural area). <b>Subjects</b>: 40304 adults in Dar es Salaam, 69964 in Hai, 50465 in Morogoro rural. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Mortality and probability of death between 15 and 59 years of age (45Q15). <b>Results</b>: During the three year observation period a total of 4929 deaths were recorded in adults aged 15-59 years in all areas. Crude mortalities ranged from 6.1/1000/year for women in Hai to 15.9/1000/year for men in Morogoro rural. Age specific mortalities were up to 43 times higher than rates in England and Wales. Rates were higher in men at all ages in the two rural areas except in the age group 25 to 29 years in Hai and 20 to 34 years in Morogoro rural. In Dar es Salaam rates in men were higher only in the 40 to 59 year age group. The probability of death before age 60 of a 15 year old man (45Q15) was 47% in Dar es Salaam, 37% in Hai, and 58% in Morogoro; for women these figures were 45%, 26%, and 48%, respectively. (The average 45Q15s for men and women in established market economies are 15% and 7%, respectively.) <b>Conclusion</b>: Survivors of childhood in Tanzania continue to show high rates of mortality throughout adult life. As the health of adults is essential for the wellbeing of young and old there is an urgent need to develop policies that deal with the causes of adult mortality. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Adult mortality is currently being measured in one urban and two rural areas of Tanzania Survivors of childhood continue to experience high mortality throughout adult life Mortality was generally higher in men but was higher in women aged 15 to 39 years in Dar es Salaam and in women aged 25 to 29 in the two rural areas While childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa remains a major problem, mortality in young adults may now be equally serious in many areas in the region and deserving of increased attention by the policy makers
Pathology of Experimental Haemarthrosis
Authors: S. Roy, F. N. Ghadially
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1966)

the early changes which occur in this condition and the mechanism by which blood is removed from the synovial cavity are not well understood.Key (1929) studied the manner in which blood is removed from the knee of the rabbit after a single injection of blood into the joint cavity.He found that most of the red blood cells escaped by passing between the synovial cells but none was phagocytosed by them.
Abstract 17265: The Relationship Between Subclinical Coronary Artery Atheroscelrosis and Brain Ischemic White Matter Disease in Healthy Individuals from High Risk Families
Authors: Paul A Nyquist, Brian G Kral, Dhananjay Vaidya, Lisa R Yanek, Taryn F Moy, Elliot K Fishman, Lewis C Becker, Diane M Becker
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Ischemic white matter disease (IWMD) is associated with incident stroke. Similarly subclinical coronary artery disease is associated with incident coronary artery disease (CAD) events. Although, atherogenesis in both vascular beds likely shares common mechanisms, the extent to which subclinical CAD is associated with preclinical IWMD in a young to middle-aged healthy asymptomatic high risk population with a family history of premature CAD remains unknown. Methods: We screened 405 apparently healthy participants in Genetic Study of Atherosclerotic Risk (GeneSTAR) (mean age 51.6 ± 10.6 years, 60% female, 36% African American) for CAD risk factors, and for the presence of calcified and noncalcified coronary plaque using dual-source 256 multi-detector cardiac CT angiography. The presence of IWMD was assessed by 3 Tesla brain MRI and the ischemic white-matter volume to brain volume (WVBV) ratio was calculated using direct measurements. A multivariate linear regression analysis predicting WVBV was performed for the presence of CAD, adjusting for age, sex, race, traditional CAD risk factors, and intrafamilial correlations using a generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results: Subclinical CAD was highly prevalent (43.0%). Individuals with coronary plaque had a higher ratio of WVBV (median 0.11, interquartile range [0.04 to 0.33]) as compared to those without coronary plaque (median 0.05 [0.01 to 0.14], p&lt;0.001). In the fully adjusted analysis, the presence of subclinical CAD was a significant predictor of WVBV (p=0.05), as was age (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: This is the first study to show a strong association of subclinical CAD and occult ischemic white mater disease in healthy high-risk young to middle aged individuals, independent of traditional CAD risk factors, including age. The findings support the premise of shared causal pathways in the two vascular beds in families at increased risk for both CAD and stroke.
Hair through the female life cycle
Authors: A.G. Messenger
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2011)

At a population level female scalp hair growth shows features of regression with chronological ageing, although there is wide interindividual variation in timing and degree. The subjective assessment of hair loss is classically determined by hair density but it is apparent that other factors contribute to the clinical picture. Changes can occur in hair cycling, hair density, hair diameter and pigmentation, and possibly in structural qualities of the hair fibre. These changes are most pronounced in female pattern hair loss. Although conventionally considered as the female counterpart of male androgenetic alopecia the evidence that female pattern hair loss is androgen dependent is less clear cut than in men and it probably has a multifactorial basis. The emerging evidence implicating environmental factors is of particular interest as, unlike genes, such factors may be amenable to intervention. The clinical signs in women complaining of hair loss may be variable. In evaluating the patient complaining of hair loss, while true pathology must always be considered, the clinician needs to be aware of how age affects hair growth. These changes form the focus of this article.
Abstract 12888: Tissue Characterization of Coronary Plaque in Patients With Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Shinji Hayano, Hideki Ishii, Satoshi Ichimiya, Masaaki Kanashiro, Junji Watanabe, Daiji Yoshikawa, Tatsuaki Matsubara, Toyoaki Murohara
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: It is well known that chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS) facilitates to assess the tissue char...
Kinetics of Cyclophosphamide Damage—Sublethal Damage Repair and Cell-Cycle-Related Sensitivity&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: W. D. DeWys, N. Kight
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1969)

Cell death after cyclophosphamide treatment has previously been considered to follow first-order kinetics in relation to drug concentration. Two exceptions to this relation, namely, accumulation and repair of sublethal damage from low doses and cell-cycle-dependent variations in sensitivity, were studied with leukemia L1210 in vivo. Dose response (single injection of drug) and dose fractionation (two injections of drug) were studied; a quantitative ascites collection was used to measure the outgrowth of surviving cells. A shoulder region in the dose-response curve suggests that sublethal damage could be accumulated. Dose-fractionation studies suggest that this sublethal damage could be repaired between 3 and 12 hours after the initial dose. A concavity in the exponential portion of the dose-response curve and changes in the slope of response in dose-fractionation studies suggest that sensitivity to cyclophosphamide is cell-cycle-dependent. These observations may be of value in planning optimal exploitation of the antineoplastic effects of this drug.
AGE OF ONSET OF EPILEPSY
Authors: HARRY A. PASKIND, MEYER BROWN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1939)

Descriptions of epilepsy in the literature have been written mainly by men working in institutions who had access only to institutionalized patients. Consequently, reports on epilepsy are based almost exclusively on deteriorated, incarcerated patients. Since most writers had no opportunity of observing non-deteriorated, extramural patients with epilepsy these were not included in their studies. Their inclusion, however, is important because there are good reasons for believing that deteriorated patients constitute only a small part of the number of persons with epilepsy. In this study the age of onset of 368 adult non-deteriorated patients with epilepsy was determined and compared with similar data for institutional deteriorated patients. The trends observed were as follows: 1. Fewer non-deteriorated patients have the onset before five years of age. 2. Fewer non-deteriorated patients have the onset before 10 years of age. 3. More non-deteriorated patients have the onset after 20 years of age. 4. More non-deteriorated patients have the onset after 40 years of age. It is concluded that deteriorated patients with epilepsy differ from the non-deteriorated ones in that there is a tendency to later onset in the non-deteriorated patients.
Chronic dosing effects of propranolol in asthma
Authors: Philip Short, William Anderson, Peter Williamson, Brian Lipworth
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Objectives  Unblinded studies have shown improvements in airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) with chronic nadolol in steroid naive asthmatics. To assess the effects of chronic non selective beta-blockade as add on to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthmatics.  Methods  A double-blind randomised placebo controlled crossover trial of propranolol in mild-to-moderate asthmatics receiving ICS was performed. Participants underwent a six to eight week dose titration of propranolol or placebo as tolerated to a maximum of 80mg per day. Tiotropium was given for the first four to six weeks of each treatment period. Primary outcome was methacholine challenge. Secondary outcomes included histamine challenge, pulmonary function, mini-asthma quality of life questionnaire (mini-AQLQ) and asthma control questionnaire (ACQ).  Results  18 patients completed: mean (SEM); age 36 (4), FEV1% 93 (2), ICS ug/day 440 (66). No significant difference was observed in methacholine or histamine challenge following exposure to propranolol versus placebo. For methacholine challenge the doubling dilution difference (DDD) was 0·04 (95%CI -0·56 - 0·63), p=0·89. Salbutamol recovery at 20mins post histamine challenge was partially attenuated by propranolol vs placebo, FEV1% mean difference: 5.28 (95%CI 2.54-8.01), p=0.001. Post chronic beta-blockade there was a small worsening in FEV1 % predicted of 2·4% (95%CI -0·1 - 4·8), p=0·055. No difference was found for ACQ or mini-AQLQ.  Conclusions  This is the first placebo controlled study to assess the effects of chronic non selective beta-blockade in asthma, showing no significant effect of propranolol compared to placebo on either methacholine or histamine AHR and no change in ACQ or AQLQ.
The Dependence of Tumor Formation on the Degree of Caloric Restriction
Authors: Albert Tannenbaum
Journal: Cancer Research (1945)

In previous publications (4, 5) it has been reported that caloric restriction of the diet causes an inhibition of tumor formation in the mouse. This effect occurred whether the restriction was obtained by decreasing only the carbohydrate component of the diet (so-called caloric restriction per se) or by feeding smaller amounts of the ad libitum ration (all components restricted proportionately). In our laboratory, the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction has been demonstrated for spontaneous mammary and lung tumors and for induced epithelioma and sarcoma. Since caloric restriction affected these four different types in a similar manner it was pointed out that some general influence must be involved: Earlier McCay and his associates (2) had indicated that tumors of the rat are similarly inhibited. Other workers have extended the observations on mammary tumors (8, 9), and the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction has been dernonstrated also for induced and spontaneous leukemias (3, 9). In all this work the control group was compared with a restricted group whose caloric intake was approximately 60 per cent or less of the ad libitum intake. This level of restriction was chosen by us because of practical considerations; it is approximately the level below which, with ordinary care, it is difficult to maintain a group of mice so that they live at least the average life span. In fact, as has been shown in previous work (4, 5), mice restricted at such a level actually live longer on the average than even those control mice that do not develop tumors. For some years we.have been carrying on a series of experiments in which more than one restricted group was ernployed; here the restricted groups differed in the degree of restriction. The first of these experiments (graded restriction of the ration) was reported in an earlier publication (4, page 339). In the present ex-
Phase I study of paclitaxel in combination with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in metastatic breast cancer patients.
Authors: A W Tolcher, K H Cowan, M H Noone, A M Denicoff, D R Kohler, B R Goldspiel, C S Barnes, M McCabe, M R Gossard, J Zujewski, J A O'Shaughnessy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE In vitro data suggest that prolonged exposure to paclitaxel enhances breast cancer cytotoxicity. Our objective in this phase I study was to determine the tolerability of paclitaxel administered by 72-hour continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion (CIVI) in combination with high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the ambulatory setting to metastatic breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Paclitaxel was administered over 72 hours by CIVI and cyclophosphamide was given daily by i.v. bolus on days 1, 2, and 3, followed by G-CSF every 21 days. The availability of ambulatory infusion pumps and paclitaxel-compatible tubing permitted outpatient administration. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with metastatic breast cancer who had been previously treated with a median of two prior chemotherapy regimens were entered onto the study. Dose-limiting toxicity of grade 4 neutropenia for longer than 5 days and grade 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in three of five patients treated with paclitaxel 160 mg/m2 CIVI and cyclophosphamide 3,300 mg/m2 followed by G-CSF. The maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was paclitaxel 160 mg/m2 CIVI and cyclophosphamide 2,700 mg/m2 in divided doses with G-CSF. Nonhematologic toxicities were moderate and included diarrhea, mucositis, and arthalgias. Although hemorrhagic cystitis developed in six patients, recurrence was prevented with i.v. and oral mesna, which permitted continued outpatient delivery. One hundred seventy-four cycles were safely administered in the ambulatory setting using infusional pumps and tubing. Objective responses occurred in 23 (one complete and 22 partial) of 42 patients with bidimensionally measurable disease (55%; 95% confidence interval, 38% to 70%), with a response rate of 73% (11 of 15) seen at the highest dose levels. CONCLUSION Paclitaxel by 72-hour CIVI with daily cyclophosphamide followed by G-CSF can be administered safely in the ambulatory setting, has acceptable toxicity, and is an active regimen in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and a calculation of cardiovascular risk
Authors: L. Visscher, M.G.J. Brusse-Keizer, M.M.M. Eijsvogel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Increased cardiovascular risk in OSAS can be attributed to an independent risk of the illness OSAS itself and to the presence of already existing cardiovascular risk factors. For the first time these risk factors were investigated in the Netherlands. This retrospective observational study included all newly referred OSAS patients in 2011 to a Dutch teaching hospital (MST) and addressed the presence of already existing cardiovascular risk factors. According to the Framingham model, overall 10-year cardiovascular risk (CVR) was calculated using the variables age, sex, systolic blood pressure (corrected for treatment), smoking, diabetes and cholesterol levels, with a limit of 30%.  The overall risk of the OSAS population, for developing a cardiovascular accident in the following 10-year period was 16.5%. This calculated CVR differed between mild (10.9%) and moderate (17.0%) (p  Using the Framingham model, the calculated 10-year risk of general cardiovascular disease, in this population, is elevated up to maximal 17.8% in severe OSAS, and is much less than the previous reported 30% CVR (Kiely JL, Eur Respir J 2000). This could be explained by the differences in population, OSAS severity and risk calculation. Since we used the model for overall CVR, instead of adding the results of 2 models; stroke risk and coronary heart disease risk.  In conclusion, overall 10-year cardiovascular risk in a Dutch OSAS population is substantial but lower as reported in earlier studies.
Associations between sensitization to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins and Th2/eosinophilic inflammation and uncontrolled asthma
Authors: Yoshihiro Kanemitsu, Hisako Matsumoto, Yuji Tohda, Takahiro Horiguchi, Hideo Kita, Kazunobu Kuwabara, Keisuke Tomii, Kojiro Otsuka, Masaki Fujimura, Noriyuki Okukra, Katsuyuki Tomita, Akihito Yokoyama, Hiroshi Ohnishi, Yasutaka Nakano, Tetsuya Oguma, Shoichiro Hozawa, Tadao Nagasaki, Isao Ito, Tsuyoshi Oguma, Hideki Inoue, Tomoko Tajiri, Toshiyuki Iwata, Yumi Izuhara, Junya Ono, Kenji Izuhara, Akio Niimi, Michiaki Mishima
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background : Sensitization to  Staphylococcus aureus  enterotoxin (SE) is a known risk factor for asthma susceptibility and severity. However, detailed roles of SE sensitization in asthma, particularly in non-atopic asthma, remain unclear.   Aims : To clarify clinical implications of SE sensitization in patients with asthma.   Methods : In 224 patients with asthma (average age 62.3 years, 171 females) receiving inhaled corticosteroids, specific IgE against SEA or B (SEA/B-IgE) and common aeroallergens were determined. Non-atopic asthma was defined as the absence (   Results : A total of 84 (54%) of atopic patients and 21 (31%) of non-atopic patients were sensitized to SEA/B. Patients who were sensitized to SEA/B showed higher levels of serum total IgE, eosinophil cationic protein and periostin, more frequent sensitization to aeroallergens, and worse asthma control than those without sensitization to SEA/B. Sensitization to SEA/B was marginally associated with the most intensive treatment. In non-atopic patients (n=67), those who were sensitized to SEA/B were significantly older and showed higher levels of serum total IgE and periostin, and a greater annual decline in lung function than non-atopic patients without SEA/B sensitization.   Conclusions : Sensitization to SEA/B contributes to persistent Th2/eosinophilic inflammation and poor disease control in patients with asthma. This sensitization may partly explain Th2 inflammation and greater lung function decline in “intrinsic” asthma.
Is there a stronger graft-versus-leukemia effect using HLA-haploidentical donors compared with HLA-identical siblings?
Authors: O Ringdén, M Labopin, F Ciceri, A Velardi, A Bacigalupo, W Arcese, A Ghavamzadeh, R M Hamladji, C Schmid, A Nagler, M Mohty
Journal: Leukemia (2015)
QUANTITATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC SERUM SICKNESS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Curtis B. Wilson, Frank J. Dixon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

The amounts of BSA (immune complex) deposited in glomeruli of rabbits with acute and chronic serum sickness were determined using radio-labeled BSA and paired-label RSA. In animals with acute serum sickness and severe glomerulonephritis, about 18 microg of I*BSA were present in both kidneys after immune elimination (>99% of the circulating I*BSA). Visible with an immunofluorescent sensitivity of 0.25 microg per g of kidney, the I*BSA became rapidly undetectable and was presumably covered by deposits of circulating host anti-BSA and complement which increased demonstrably. In chronic serum sickness produced by daily injections of a quantity of BSA to balance antibody production, 0.04% of the daily dose of I*BSA was deposited in the glomeruli during the developmental stages of glomerulonephritis. Coincident with the onset of overt proteinuric glomerulonephritis, the daily I*BSA deposition, rate increased to about 0.5% of the daily dose. The half-disappearance rate of I*BSA from the kidney was about 5 days. Administration of huge excesses of BSA caused a fivefold increase in the half-disappearance rate. The accelerated I*BSA disappearance could be correlated with vanishing glomerular immunofluorescent deposits of BSA and immunoglobulin, as well as electron microscopic dense deposits; however, functional improvement of the disease was not observed. The roles of immune complex size, precipitating and nonprecipitating (total ABC) antibodies, and RES function in the development of chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis are discussed.
Late-breaking abstract: Assessing infants with acute bronchiolitis
Authors: Jon Olav Gjengstø Hunderi, Håvard Ove Skjerven, Leif Bjarte Rolfsjord, Bente Kvenshagen, Petter Mowinckel, Kai Håkon Carlsen, Karin C Lødrup Carlsen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background  Acute bronchiolitis is a frequent cause of hospitalisation in infants. Appropriate recognition of disease severity also by parents may reduce unnecessary hospitalisations. In the present study we aimed to investigate the agreement between parents and nurses subjective score and doctor´s partially objective scores of acute bronchiolitis in infants on admission and during hospital stay.  Methods  In the Bronchiolitis ALL-study, SE-Norway(1) 404 infants(0-12, 4.2 months of age were assessed daily from admission. Scores (all 0-10, 10 worst) were completed by doctors(five items) and a four and three item visual analogue scales by nurses and parents, respectively at admission, and daily through the hospital stay. A doctor score ≥4 was required for study inclusion. Comparisons for the present study was conducted for the items; general condition(nurse) and how sick the child was(Parents). Data were analyzed longitudinally using mixed models.  Results  The mean mean length of stay was 80,2 hours. All scored the infant significantly higher on admission compared to the remaining days (p  Conclusion  Parents, nurses and doctor identified all disease improvement during hospital stay, but nurses and doctor scores were in better agreement.  1Skjerven et.al. NEJM 2013;368(24):2286-93