tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sanitation on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kathrin Ziegelbauer, Benjamin Speich, Daniel Mäusezahl, Robert Bos, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Background In countries of high endemicity of the soil-transmitted helminth parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm, preventive chemotherapy (i.e., repeated administration of anthelmintic drugs to at-risk populations) is the main strategy to control morbidity. However, rapid reinfection of humans occurs after successful deworming, and therefore effective preventive measures are required to achieve public health goals with optimal efficiency and sustainability. Methods and Findings We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of sanitation (i.e., access and use of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and feces) on infection with soil-transmitted helminths. PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and the World Health Organization Library Database were searched without language restrictions and year of publication (search performed until December 31, 2010). Bibliographies of identified articles were hand-searched. All types of studies reporting data on sanitation availability (i.e., having access at own household or living in close proximity to sanitation facility), or usage, and soil-transmitted helminth infections at the individual level were considered. Reported odds ratios (ORs) of the protective effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infections were extracted from the papers or calculated from reported numbers. The quality of published studies was assessed with a panel of criteria developed by the authors. Random effects meta-analyses were used to account for observed heterogeneity. Thirty-six publications, consisting of 39 datasets, met our inclusion criteria. Availability of sanitation facilities was associated with significant protection against infection with soil-transmitted helminths (OR = 0.46 to 0.58). Regarding the use of sanitation, ORs of 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–1.02), 0.63 (95% CI 0.37–1.05), and 0.78 (95% CI 0.60–1.00) were determined for T. trichiura, hookworm, and A. lumbricoides, respectively. The overall ORs, combining sanitation availability and use, were 0.51 (95% CI 0.44–0.61) for the three soil-transmitted helminths combined, 0.54 (95% CI 0.43–0.69) for A. lumbricoides, 0.58 (95% CI 0.45–0.75) for T. trichiura, and 0.60 (95% CI 0.48–0.75) for hookworm. Conclusions Despite a number of limitations (e.g., most studies used a cross-sectional design and were of low quality, with potential biases and considerable heterogeneity), our results reveal that sanitation is associated with a reduced risk of transmission of helminthiases to humans. Access to improved sanitation should be prioritized alongside preventive chemotherapy and health education to achieve a durable reduction of the burden of helminthiases. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Screening for type 2 diabetes.
Authors: M M Engelgau, K M Narayan, W H Herman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

Definitive studies of the effectiveness of screening for type 2 diabetes are currently not available. RCTs would be the best means to assess effectiveness, but several barriers prevent these studies from being conducted. Prospective observational studies may characterize some of the benefits of screening by creating screened and unscreened groups for comparison. The availability of better data systems and health services research techniques will facilitate such comparisons. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the results of such studies is extremely problematic. Several screening tests have been evaluated. Risk assessment questionnaires have generally performed poorly as stand-alone tests. Screening with biochemical tests performs better. Venous and capillary glucose measurements may perform more favorably than urinary glucose or HbA(1c) measurements, and measuring postprandial glucose levels may have advantages over measuring fasting levels. However, performance of all screening tests is dependent on the cutoff point selected. Unfortunately, there are no well-defined and validated cutoff points to define positive tests. A two-stage screening test strategy may assist with a more efficient use of resources, although such approaches have not been rigorously tested. The optimal interval for screening is unknown. Even though periodic, targeted, and opportunistic screening within the existing health care system seems to offer the greatest yield and likelihood of appropriate follow-up and treatment, much of the reported experience with screening appears to be episodic poorly targeted community screening outside of the existing health care system. Statistical models have helped to answer some of the key questions concerning areas in which there is lack of empirical data. Current models need to be refined with new clinical and epidemiological information, such as the UKPDS results (200). In addition, future models need to include better information on the natural history of the preclinical phase of diabetes. Data from ongoing clinical trials of screening and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, such as the Diabetes Prevention Program, may eventually offer more direct evidence for early detection and treatment of asymptomatic hyperglycemia (201). It will be important to use comprehensive cardiovascular disease modules that assess the conjoint influence of glucose and cardiovascular risk factor reduction, information on QOL, and refined economic evaluations using common outcome measures (cost per life-year or QALY gained) (11,178,202-204). Such studies should consider all of the costs associated with a comprehensive screening program, including, at a minimum, the direct costs of screening, diagnostic testing, and care for patients with diabetes detected through screening. Finally, combinations of screening tests and different screening intervals should be evaluated within economic studies to allow selection of the optimal approach within the financial and resource limitations of the health care system.
The Other Résumé
Authors: Michael A. Cotton
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

On Being a Doctor16 October 2001The Other RésuméMichael A. Cotton, MDMichael A. Cotton, MDDr. Cotton: Hickory, NC 28601Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-8_Part_1-200110160-00015 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Clearing away the kids' educational CDs from my desktop, I settled down in front of the computer. Well into my second year of residency in internal medicine, I figured it was time to update my résumé. Just a month before, my wife and I had struggled with the question of whether I should pursue a fellowship in critical care. I had obtained an application and even filled it out, but family considerations supervened. We both agreed that it would be better to leave training behind and begin my career rather than to prolong our current lifestyle with yet another educational ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Dr. Cotton: Hickory, NC 28601Corresponding Author: Michael A. Cotton, MD, 1005 15th Avenue NW, Hickory, NC 28601. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoThe Other Résumé David P. Steensma Metrics Cited byThe Other RésuméDavid P. Steensma, MD 16 October 2001Volume 135, Issue 8_Part_1Page: 633KeywordsChildrenComputersContinuing medical educationCritical careFellowshipsMeatPatientsPregnancyResidency ePublished: 16 October 2001 Issue Published: 16 October 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Hair fibre production by human hair follicles in whole-organ culture
Authors: C.S. HARMON, T.D. NEVINS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

We have used both pulse-chase radiolabelling and morphometric techniques to investigate the ability of whole-organ cultures of human hair follicles to synthesize hair fibre. Anagen hair follicles were obtained from human facial skin by microdissection. Follicles were pulse-labelled with 3H-leucine, and radioactivity in alkali-soluble protein (ASP) and alkali-insoluble hair fibre protein (HFP) fractions was determined by differential extraction. There was a slow decline in ASP radioactivity over 7 days of culture, with a half-life of 4 days. In contrast, leucine incorporation into HFP increased linearly from day 1 to day 5, following an initial delay of 17 h. Morphometric analysis revealed that hair follicles and hair fibres grew at the same rate (0.25 mm/day) for 4 days in culture, after which the rate of hair follicle growth declined progressively, whereas fibre growth continued at the initial rate for a further 3 days. Concurrent with the onset of the decline in follicle growth, the base of the hair fibre began to descend towards the follicle base, until hair fibre occupied almost the full length of the hair follicle at day 15. The decline in follicle growth was preceded by a decline in the rate of follicular 3H-thymidine incorporation, with a delay of approximately 1 day. Overall, these data demonstrate that human hair follicles in whole-organ culture are capable of the production of hair fibre, and suggest that cessation of hair growth in vitro results from depletion of the pool of differentiated follicular keratinocytes. secondary to a loss of matrix cell proliferative activity.
Crash Crashes Stockbroker
Authors: Janet S. Richmond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> National events touch all our lives in different ways. One event caused a delay in diagnosis as an emergency department staff assumed that the physical illness of a patient was a psychological response to the events of the day. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 32-year-old female stockbroker was brought by rescue to an emergency department when she "stopped talking" at 4 PM on the day of the October 1987 stock market crash. Paramedics had found her to have good skin color and eyes reactive and equal to light. She was lethargic, but oriented and arousable. At the emergency department her vital signs remained stable, with the exception of a slightly increased respiration of 18/min (blood pressure, 116/72 mm Hg; pulse rate, 64 beats per minute; and temperature, 98°F). She was not diaphoretic. She did not respond to verbal stimuli. Psychiatric consultation was requested to evaluate the patient
Avoidance of False-Negative Blood Culture Results by Rapid Detection of Pneumococcal Antigen
Authors: Gerald W. Fischer
Journal: JAMA (1984)

False-negative blood culture results may occur in children with pneumococcal bacteremia due to bacterial autolysis. We describe four patients with pneumococcal bacteremia whose aerobic blood cultures showed partial or complete autolysis of the pneumococci. Pneumococcal antigen, however, was rapidly detected in media from the blood culture bottles, using an agglutination assay. Processing of the media before analysis was necessary to prevent nonspecific agglutination and to allow the detection of a specific reaction. It is important that physicians and laboratory personnel be aware that pneumococci may rapidly autolyze during incubation, yielding false-negative culture results. Antigen detection methods may provide rapid and specific identification of the etiologic agent.
How reliable is transesophageal echocardiographically-detected aortic atherosclerosis to predict coronary artery disease in patients with valvular heart disease?
Authors: Olivier Dibon, Christine Selton-Suty, Alain Grentzinger, Michaël Angioï, Joseph Ancortina, Luc Feldmann, Yves Juillière, François Cherrier, Nicolas Danchin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Suprofen-Related Nephrotoxicity
Authors: DENISE HART
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

We describe a unique clinical syndrome of flank pain and acute renal failure that is associated with suprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has recently been made available in the United States. In the initial 6 months of the drug's distribution in this country, at least 16 patients developed this syndrome. All 16 had acute flank pain and 13 developed mild reversible renal failure within 12 hours of ingestion of one to three suprofen capsules. This syndrome is unlike other nephrotoxic syndromes related to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The mechanism is not known.
Comment on Retnakaran et al. Liraglutide and the Preservation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Early Type 2 Diabetes: The LIBRA Trial. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3270–3278
Authors: Sabine Arnolds, Peter T. Sawicki
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

Retnakaran et al. (1) claim in their recent article that liraglutide preserves β-cell function in type 2 diabetes. We doubt whether their methodology and results prove that liraglutide independent of its effect on glucose and weight is β-cell protective. In their study, after stopping all antidiabetes medication in the prerandomization phase, glucose control was improved by intensified insulin therapy. However, insulin secretion …
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NOMENCLATURE OF LEPTOSPIRA (SPIROCHÆTA) ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ (INADA AND IDO)
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

The present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. There are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of Spirochaetoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, Leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. The absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella, and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of the organism are other distinguishing features. Unlike all other so called spirochetes the present organism resists the destructive action of 10 per cent saponin. A detailed comparative study of related genera, including Spirochaeta, Saprospira, Cristispira, Spironema, and Treponema, has been given with the view of bringing out more strongly the contrast between them and the new genus. A study has been made to discover whether any differential features exist among the strains of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae derived from the American, Japanese, and European sources, but none has been found. It is hoped that the creation of a new genus may facilitate a more exact morphological description than has hitherto been possible, due to the vague use of the term Spirochaeta which indiscriminately covered at least six large genera of spiral organisms.
ArthroplastyWatch--beyond borders, beyond compliance
Authors: L. Lidgren, A. Alriksson-Schmidt, J. Ranstam
Journal: BMJ (2013)

It is now clear that national regulatory and professional bodies do not pay due attention to unfavourable or negative results regarding specific devices, new surgical techniques, and treatments.1 As a result, action is delayed. Communication of adverse events or product recalls does not travel well across borders. Worse still, it can take months or even years before practising surgeons learn about …
Aldose Reductase Is an Obligatory Mediator of the Late Phase of Ischemic Preconditioning
Authors: Ken Shinmura, Roberto Bolli, Si-Qi Liu, Xian-Liang Tang, Eitaro Kodani, Yu-ting Xuan, Sanjay Srivastava, Aruni Bhatnagar
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Aldose reductase (AR), a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, has been shown to metabolize toxic aldehydes generated by lipid peroxidation, suggesting that it may serve as an antioxidant defense. To investigate its role in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC), conscious rabbits underwent 6 cycles of 4-minute coronary occlusion/4-minute reperfusion. Twenty-four hours later, there was a marked increase in AR protein and activity and in the myocardial content of sorbitol, a unique product of AR catalysis. Pretreatment with N ω -nitro- l -arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor (both given at doses that block late PC in this model), prevented the increase in AR protein 24 hours later, demonstrating that ischemic PC upregulates AR via nitric oxide- and protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathways. The AR-selective inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil prevented AR-mediated accumulation of sorbitol and abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, demonstrating that enhanced AR activity is necessary for this cardioprotective phenomenon to occur. Inhibition of AR did not affect infarct size or the myocardial accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy trans -2-nonenal (HNE) in nonpreconditioned rabbits. The accumulation of HNE was inhibited by late PC, and this effect was abrogated by sorbinil. Taken together, these results establish AR as an essential mediator of late PC. Furthermore, the data suggest that myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is due in part to the generation of lipid peroxidation products and that late PC diminishes this source of injury by upregulating AR.
β-Blockade in Older Patients With Myocardial Infarction-Reply
Authors: Daniel Forman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We fully agree with Dr Belmin that the lag time between clinical research and the generalized application to medical practice is common to all age groups. Belmin also observed that the percentage of patients receiving β-blockers relative to all patients with myocardial infarction without contraindications did not change with age. Still, the absolute number of elderly patients older than 65 years who might benefit from β-blockade (those without contraindications) was actually higher than that of patients younger than 65 years. Moreover, in light of the high morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial infarction in the elderly,<sup>1</sup>the addition of β-blocker therapy may be especially important.
BROMID OF ETHYL IN ADENOTOMY AND TONSILLOTOMY.
Authors: A. R. SOLENBERGER
Journal: JAMA (1903)

<h3>GENERAL STATEMENTS.</h3> I wish to preface this study on bromid of ethyl with a few statements, which, though they apply to the use of any one of the general anesthetics in adenotomy and tonsillotomy, yet they more naturally formulate and have particular application in the use of bromid of ethyl in the operations we wish to consider. They will not only serve the operator as guiding principles, but will foreshadow the general limitations of ethyl bromid in operations on adenoids and diseased tonsils. 1. If an indication is found for the removal of tonsillar or adenoid tissue, a minute differential diagnosis of the pathologic condition is absolutely imperative. Otherwise there can be no scientific remedial disposal made of it. There will be selected an improper method of operation, either in the choice of the most suitable anesthetic or of the instruments best adapted. Not only must the eye make an
THE COLLOIDAL BENZOIN REACTION IN THE CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID: COMPARED WITH OTHER TESTS
Authors: J. A. B. Hicks, J. Pearce
Journal: BMJ (1924)

THE object of this work was to test the colloidal benzoin reaction (C.B.R.) under routine hospital conditionis, com- paring it with the other well known tests carried out simultaneously on the same specimens.The cases (over 200 in number) were chiefly derived from the wards and out-patient departments of the Westminster Hospital and the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases, and we wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the staff of both hospitals.In classifying our results we have used the diagnoses received with the specimen of cerebro-spinial fluid.It must be clearly understood, however, that in maniy cases the diagnosis was admittedly tentative, and, indeed, de- pended on the result of the examination.Thus suchl comments as we may make on the diagnoses are entirely without prejudice.
Intra-articular primatised anti-CD4: efficacy in resistant rheumatoid knees. A study of combined arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and histology
Authors: D J Veale, R J Reece, W Parsons, A Radjenovic, P J O'Connor, C S Orgles, E Berry, J P Ridgway, U Mason, A W Boylston, W Gibbon, P Emery
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> CD4+ T cells sustain the chronic synovial inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SB-210396/CE 9.1 is an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody that has documented efficacy in RA when given intravenously. This study aimed to establish the safety and efficacy of the intra-articular administration of SB-210396/CE 9.1 compared with placebo, examining its mode of action using a combined imaging approach of arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histology. <h3>METHODS</h3> Thirteen RA patients with active, resistant knee synovitis, were randomised to intra-articular injection of placebo (n=3), 0.4 mg (n=3) or 40 mg (n=7) of anti-CD4 after sequential dynamic gadolinium enhanced MRI, followed by same day arthroscopy and synovial membrane biopsy. Imaging and arthroscopic synovial membrane sampling were repeated at six weeks. This study used a unique region of interest (ROI) analysis mapping the MRI area analysed to the specific biopsy site identified arthroscopically, thus providing data for all three modalities at the same synovial membrane site. <h3>RESULTS</h3> 12 patients completed the study (one placebo treated patient refused further MRI). Arthroscopic improvement was observed in 0 of 2 placebo patients but in 10 of 10 patients receiving active drug (&gt;20% in 6 of 10). Improvement in MRI was consistently observed in all patients of the 40 mg group but not in the other two groups. A reduction in SM CD4+ score was noted in the 40 mg group and in the 0.4 mg group. Strong correlations both before and after treatment, were identified between the three imaging modalities. Intra-articular delivery of SB-210396/CE 9.1 was well tolerated. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> SB-210396/CE 9.1 is safe when administered by intra-articular injection. A trend toward efficacy was found by coordinated MRI, arthroscopic, and histological imaging, not seen in the placebo group. The value of ROI analysis was demonstrated.
Phototoxicity
Authors: Dennis P. Valenzeno
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Ignorance of phototoxicity by the general biomedical community constitutes a health hazard. Certain food colorants and dyes proposed for use in angiography produce lethal effects in cells and whole organisms on light exposure but not in the dark. Yet light-relatedness is usually neglected in toxicity studies. We urge that the specific involvement of light be considered whenever the toxicity of a light-absorbing substance is assessed. (<i>JAMA</i>242:453-454, 1979)
733 Interim (week 12) phase 2b virological efficacy and safety results of albumin interferon Alpha-2b combined with ribavirin in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: S. Zeuzem, Y. Benhamou, D. Shouval, V. Bain, S. Pianko, R. Flisiak, M. Grigorescu, V. Rehak, E. Yoshida, K. Kaita, C. Hezode, A.U. Neumann, M. Subramanian, J. McHutchison
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)