tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Children With Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection
Authors: Wendy Chavkin
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I wonder if Simonds et al<sup>1</sup>have considered the ramifications of recommending that potentially HIV-infected infants be identified after birth. In New York, this position has led to a legislative proposal to retroactively unblind the anonymous newborn heelstick serosurvey. This would effectively make pregnant women the only category of people to be HIV tested without informed consent, other than federal prisoners. The debate about this issue would change if we had a cure for AIDS. Even then, the treatment would have to be available to those who could benefit. As the current tuberculosis epidemic illustrates, medications do not suffice to control a disease. Moreover, we currently have treatments only for specific opportunistic infections, some of which are experimental. As the sophisticated, expensive technology used to distinguish the truly infected 15% to 30% of neonates from those with passively acquired antibodies is not available everywhere, many uninfected
Health of London during the Six Months terminating March 29, 1851
Authors: J. Webster
Journal: BMJ (1851)

persons have died in the metropolis during the six months extending from September 30, 1850, to March 29, 1851.Throughout the first quarter, embraced in the following report, the health of London has been, unquestionably, more favourable than during the three paraUlel months of 1849.The total deaths in October, Novem- ber.and December of 1850 were 12,544; whereas, throughout the same period of the preceding year, they amounted to 12,877; thus making a diminution of 333 in favour of the latter period.With refer- ence, however, to January, February, and March of the current season, the result has proved quite otherwise; as it appears that 15,410 persons died in London during that period, which number, if compared with the 13,219 deaths reported in the similar quarter of last year, gives an increase of 2,191, or 16-57 per cent.This excess of deaths, it seems important to mention, was chiefly confined to the last four weeks of the above period; when the total number of fatal cases recorded amounted to 5,478; whereas, during the parallel period ending March 30, 1850, they only reached to 4,035; thus making an augmentation of 1,443 deaths in the similar four weeks of the current year.Pursuing the plan adopted in my former reports, I now proceed to offer some general remarks on the principal diseases which exhibited either a diminution, an increase, or an uniform rate of mortality, during the six months comprised in the present communication.From the facts brought forward to illustrate the sanatory condition of our enor- mous metropolitan population, readers may form their own opinions, altogether irrespective of my conclusions from the same prenises.DISEASES WHICH HAVE LATELY 'EXHIBITED A DIMINISHED RATE o0 MORTALITY.During the last six months, the disease which manifested the most marked diminution in its rate of mortality was cholera, only thirty fatal cases having been recorded, instead of 502 reported during the parallel two quarterq of 1849-1850.It is also interesting to mention, that not mo!e than seven examples of this disease were met with in the whol.; of London during the three first months of the current year.Diarrhoea and dysentery, like cholera, have also prevailed less vio- lently in London during the past six months, than in the same months of 1849 and 1850.From the first complaint, 539 deaths occurred instead of 689 in the former period; whilst there were only 71 fatal cases of dysentery, in contradistinction to 122, similarly compared.Measles and scarlatina, likewise, have each exhibited a dimi'nished on 22 July
Sox17 promotes tumor angiogenesis and destabilizes tumor vessels in mice
Authors: Hanseul Yang, Sungsu Lee, Seungjoo Lee, Kangsan Kim, Yeseul Yang, Jeong Hoon Kim, Ralf H. Adams, James M. Wells, Sean J. Morrison, Gou Young Koh, Injune Kim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Little is known about the transcriptional regulation of tumor angiogenesis, and tumor ECs (tECs) remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied the expression pattern of the transcription factor Sox17 in the vasculature of murine and human tumors and investigated the function of Sox17 during tumor angiogenesis using Sox17 genetic mouse models. Sox17 was specifically expressed in tECs in a heterogeneous pattern; in particular, strong Sox17 expression distinguished tECs with high VEGFR2 expression. Whereas overexpression of Sox17 in tECs promoted tumor angiogenesis and vascular abnormalities, Sox17 deletion in tECs reduced tumor angiogenesis and normalized tumor vessels, inhibiting tumor growth. Tumor vessel normalization by Sox17 deletion was long lasting, improved anticancer drug delivery into tumors, and inhibited tumor metastasis. Sox17 promoted endothelial sprouting behavior and upregulated VEGFR2 expression in a cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, Sox17 increased the percentage of tumor-associated CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells within tumors. The vascular effects of Sox17 persisted throughout tumor growth. Interestingly, Sox17 expression specific to tECs was also observed in highly vascularized human glioblastoma samples. Our findings establish Sox17 as a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression.
abandoning the diagnosis will endanger severely depressed children
Authors: Quentin Spender
Journal: BMJ (2004)

As a family therapist, I applaud Timimi's broadly systemic approach to childhood unhappiness.1 In my experience, young people aged 14-16 are most likely to present to clinicians with depression, and he is right to emphasise the sociocultural roots of their unhappiness. However, I am concerned at the underemphasis on possible consequences of depression, such as school failure, social withdrawal, antisocial behaviour, substance misuse, family disharmony, and suicide, which are more than just potential …
Intravenous immunoglobulin for infectious diseases: back to the pre-antibiotic and passive prophylaxis era?
Authors: Jagadeesh Bayry, Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes, Michel D Kazatchkine, Srini V Kaveri
Journal: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2004)

The dramatic increase in both the number of novel infectious agents and resistance to antimicrobial drugs has incited the need for adjunct therapies in the war against infectious diseases. Exciting recent studies have demonstrated the use of antibodies in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) against infections. By virtue of the diverse repertoire of immunoglobulins that possess a wide spectrum of antibacterial and antiviral specificities, IVIg provides antimicrobial efficacy independently of pathogen resistance and represents a promising alternative strategy for the treatment of diseases for which a specific therapy is not yet available.
A CASE OF ACUTE DILATATION OF THE STOMACH OCCURRING IN THE COURSE OF AN OPERATION FOR DUODENAL ULCER
Authors: W. G. Richardson
Journal: BMJ (1913)

ACUTE DILATATION OF STOMACH.aiid injected morplhine lhypoclermiiicallv.Oxyg,eniwas also administered, anid ether injected lhypodermically. (Gor'don adcministered 30 grainis of potassituin bromide and 15 graius of cliloral hlydrate, but as this had no effect hie then gave chlorofornm, whiclh gave relief for a short time.'Numerous authorities recommiiiielnd gastric lavage, but tllis
Primary chemotherapy in surgically resectable breast cancer
Authors: G. Bonadonna, P. Valagussa, R. Zucali, B. Salvadori
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1995)

We have reviewed the current status of primary chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer in view of the possibility that it may improve on results of present adjuvant drug therapies. The observed kinetic acceleration of micrometastases following noncurative surgical excision in animal studies represents strong biologic evidence supporting primary chemotherapy. From a clinical perspective, primary chemotherapy has consistently reduced the frequency of mastectomy in women with tumors initially considered too large for breast-conserving surgery. From studies of various drug combinations, it appears that the incidence of pathologic complete remission usually remains less than 10 percent. Based on results from the Milan study, it appears that the degree of tumor response is a marker of treatment outcome, at least for the first five years. A higher complete-remission rate could be expected by combining doxorubicin with paclitaxel, as has already been observed in the treatment of clinically disseminated breast cancer. In spite of the logical and scientific rationale, the available data do not as yet provide sufficient evidence to indicate a clear superiority of primary chemotherapy over adjuvant chemotherapy. The real question to answer through prospective, randomized trials is not whether the shift from adjuvant to neoadjuvant chemotherapy will result in a superior outcome, but rather how to properly integrate effective primary and adjuvant drug regimens to maximize tumor cell kill. This strategy should be further tested in patients at high risk for occult axillary adenopathy and/or distant micrometastases (i.e., tumor size larger than 2 to 3 cm). However, a more-refined risk assessment approach (e.g., using tumor grade or proliferative index) will clearly be needed. The new treatment approach may also allow for a wider use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy to obtain the primary diagnosis of cancer, a more uniform adoption of breast-conserving surgery, and use of response to chemotherapy as a marker of treatment outcome.
The Power of Unbiased Observation
Authors: Zenonas Danilevicius
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Robert Buckhout<sup>1</sup>has written a well-thought-out assessment of the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and the degree to which it is influenced by emotional, character-linked, or fantasy-spurred factors. Buckhout says that although testimonies are frequently challenged, they are assumed to be more reliable than other kinds of evidence. Numerous experiments show, however, that eyewitness testimony is remarkably subject to error. Mistaken identity has sent people to prison, the gallows, and torture, and mistaken facts have sent many a patient to the mortuary. The article is worth reading for every law enforcement officer, lawyer, and physician. Eyewitness testimony is based on the recollection of simple facts as they occurred, how they looked, and how they were fixed in the memory of the person reporting them. It is based on the quality of recollection and the quantity of correct data. All this invariably has to do with the power of observation, which
The Heimlich Maneuver and Drowning-Reply
Authors: James P. Orlowski
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I am disappointed in Dr Patrick's Letter and his innuendos of omitted references and case details. Dr Patrick's own article appears in a nonindexed journal and is referred to in<i>JAMA</i>'s 1986 "Standards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care" as an anecdotal report.<sup>1</sup>Likewise, the "article" that Dr Patrick attributes to me in the<i>Annals of Emergency Medicine</i>is not an article, but a letter to the editor.<sup>2</sup>It is of interest that Dr Heimlich's reply to this letter acknowledged the risk of vomiting and aspiration from use of subdiaphragmatic pressure but stated that the "evacuation of stomach contents is warranted because distention of the stomach elevates the diaphragm, thus restricting respiration."<sup>3</sup> None of Dr Patrick's references support efforts at removing water from the airway before mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Dr Patrick's own anecdotal story was of a 2-year-old child who had been
Carcinoma of Male Breast in Association with the Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: A. W. Jackson, S. Muldal, C. H. Ockey, P. J. O'Connor
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Carcinoma of the male breast is a comparatively rare form of malignantdisease, representing about 0.2% of all male cancer.Among 11,543 cases of carcinoma of the breast seen at the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute, Manchester, between 1945 and 1959, 110 (0.95%) were in males.Other records seem to show precisely the same proportion, suggesting a similar aetiological background for breast cancer in the two sexes.Although in males there is a relation between gynaecomastia and some endocrine and hepatic disorders, no such relation has been established or noted in cancers of the male breast.Cancer of the male breast has been observed, however, in response to therapeutic oestrogen, usually administered for prostatic carcinoma (Liebegott, 1948; McClure and Higgins, 1951 Graves and Harris, 1952; Jakobsen, 1952).Since carcinoma of the male breast appears rather late in life, in.view of the greater likelihood of adiposity at this age associated gynae- comastia may be difficult to recognize.
The Value of Counterpressure Autoscopy for Direct Laryngoscopic Diagnosis
Authors: B. Minnigerode
Journal: Endoscopy (1974)

The combination of the counter-pressure-autoscopy in local anaesthesia by Brünings with the microlaryngoscopy by Kleinsasser heightens the diagnostic useful value of both methods of investigation. Instrumental and methodic conditions are described as well as the technical performance of the procedure. By decreasing the removal pressure at the same time the microlaryngoscopic counterpressure method is excellently tolerated by all patients.
Pancreatic cystic lymphangioma in a 6-year-old girl, diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) fine needle aspiration
Authors: L. Barresi, I. Tarantino, G. Curcio, F. Mocciaro, P. Catalano, M. Spada, M. Traina
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

Pancreatic cystic lesions are challenging clinically because they represent a spectrum of different lesions, ranging from benign to malignant. At times, the final diagnosis is made only at surgery. We report a final diagnosis of a pancreatic cystic lymphangioma, made using endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in a young girl, with cytological examination and measurement of the level of triglycerides in the intracystic fluid.
Proposal for a clinical-dermoscopic classification of scalp naevi
Authors: I. Zalaudek, K. Schmid, A. Niederkorn, R. Fink-Puches, E. Richtig, I. Wolf, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Background Recent research suggests that scalp naevi differ with respect to their epidemiology, patient characteristics and morphological patterns, but currently a classification of scalp naevi is lacking. Objectives To investigate the prevalence, together with clinical and dermoscopic features, of scalp naevi detected in persons attending a skin cancer screening programme, and to elaborate a classification of scalp naevi based on their most common morphological patterns. Methods Participants were recruited during the melanoma prevention programme ‘sun watch’ of Austrian Cancer Aid in Styria. Each participant received a clinical and dermoscopic total-body skin examination including the scalp. For each participant, demographics and clinical characteristics including number of scalp naevi were recorded. Clinical and dermoscopic photographs of at least one scalp naevus per participant were taken and evaluated for specific clinical and dermoscopic features. Results In total 867 subjects, including 119 participants (13·7%) with scalp naevi, participated in the study. Compared with those without scalp naevi, subjects with scalp naevi were significantly younger, were more often men and more often exhibited congenital naevi on the body (P < 0·01 for all). Analysis of the clinical and dermoscopic variability of scalp naevi allowed for a proposal to classify scalp naevi into six main groups, namely common, papillomatous, eclipse, congenital, blue and atypical naevus. Conclusions Scalp naevi can be classified into six morphological groups; scalp lesions deviating from these six main patterns should be carefully managed to rule out melanoma.
Interaction of ethinyloestradiol with ascorbic acid.
Authors: C Kay
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Interaction of ethinyloestradiol with ascorbic acid SIR,-The short report by Dr D J Back and others (9 May, p 1516) is admirably conservative of your editorial space but tantalisingly incomplete.If the toxic effects of the enhancement of ethinyloestradiol plasma concentration by ascorbic acid rise in parallel with the therapeutic activity, then the net benefit is nil.Furthermore, the authors have not discussed whether there is any similar interaction with the progestogen component.The balance of oestrogenic and progestogenic activity of the combined oral contraceptives is important in relation to efficacy and probably to the incidence of adverse effects on the circulatory system.'
Medicinal Uses of Marijuana
Authors: Janet D. Lapey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 December 1997Medicinal Uses of MarijuanaJanet D. Lapey, MDJanet D. Lapey, MDConcerned Citizens for Drug Safety; Hanover, MA 02339Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-12-199712150-00034 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The well-documented review of medicinal potential of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana by Voth and Schwartz [1] is timely because the well-funded drug legalization lobby, which includes physicians, is actively trying to duplicate the California and Arizona marijuana initiatives in many other states. Voth and Schwartz's surveys show that only a small percentage of oncologists would recommend marijuana as medicine. Moreover, no evidence suggests that even this small number of physicians have the necessary information on which to base their opinion. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approval of drugs as medicine is based on well-controlled scientific studies, not ...References1. Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:791-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Concerned Citizens for Drug Safety; Hanover, MA 02339 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 December 1997Volume 127, Issue 12Page: 1134-1135KeywordsDrug administrationDrugsFood and Drug AdministrationMarijuana Issue Published: 15 December 1997 CopyrightCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
First MRI-Safe Pacemaker Receives Conditional Approval From FDA
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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RETINOSCOPY AS A CRUCIAL TEST IN MEASURING ERRORS OF REFRACTION.Read in the Section on Ophthalmology, at the Forty-flfth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco. June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: B. ALEX. RANDALL
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Except in the early-demonstrated value of retinoscopy in the recognition of conical cornea, as set forth by Bowman, the claims for the method seemed decidedly exaggerated by Cuignet and other early advocates; and my study of it (as practiced with the concave mirror) affording no prospect of large usefulness, I dropped it'almost entirely. In the spring of 1884, however, I began to employ the plane mirror in the test, and have ever since held it to be the most delicate objective test in measuring the refraction and its anomalies. Believing it to be unequalled in certain respects by any other procedure, I desire here to define the limits within which I particularly value it; and this the more, as I believe I differ from the general practice.  In my routine examination of a patient, retinoscopy follows the subjective tests for far and near of the vision and muscle balance. In
Prostate cancer: to screen or not to screen?
Authors: F H Schroder
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Cancer of the prostate is a common and important health problem.In 1978-82 in the European Community, with some geographical variations, the incidence amounted to 55 per 100 000, mortality 22 6 per 100 000, cumulative lifetime risk up to the age of 74 years 3.90/o, and cumulative mortality 1 2%.Of all cancers diagnosed in men, 13% are carcinomas of the prostate and 8-6% of all deaths due to cancer are caused by this disease.This amounts to 84889 new cases and 35 084 deaths a year.'Moreover, the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing faster than can be attributed simply to the increasing age of the population.One response to these statistics has been increasing demands for screening programmes.Is early detection possible and would early treatment help?About 50-60% of all cases of prostate cancer in the European Community present with obvious metastases or are locally too advanced for potentially curative management.Of those cancers that seem to be limited to the prostate clinically, 25-35% will have lymph node metastases.'Of the remainder, another 25-35% will be too advanced for curative treatment and will turn out to be unresectable if surgery is attempted.3Those patients who present with metastatic disease and are treated with maximal endocrine treatment will have a median survival of 36 months.4On the other hand, patients with locally confined but palpable disease who are treated by either radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy will show five year survival rates of 75-85% and will enjoy a life expectancy comparable to that of an aged matched male population.'Against this background, therefore, it seems we should try to detect prostate cancer early and to reduce mortality by aggressive early management.This simplistic view is, however, untenable.In two large and representative necropsy studies the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer over all ages was