tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HLA-DQB1 polymorphism determines incidence, onset, and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in transgenic mice. Implications in human rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: D S Bradley, G H Nabozny, S Cheng, P Zhou, M M Griffiths, H S Luthra, C S David
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Certain HLA-DR alleles have been associated with predisposition to human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is also evidence that certain HLA-DQ alleles may also be important in determining susceptibility to RA. We have previously demonstrated that mice transgenic for HLA-DQ8, a DQ allele associated with susceptibility to RA, develop severe arthritis after type II collagen immunization. To investigate the influence of polymorphic difference at the DQ loci on susceptibility to arthritis, we generated mice transgenic for HLA-DQ6, an allele associated with a nonsusceptible haplotype. The DQ6 mice were found to be resistant to collagen-induced arthritis. We also assessed the combined effect of an RA-susceptible and an RA nonassociated DQ allele by producing double-transgenic mice expressing DQ6 and DQ8 molecules, representing the more prevalent condition found in humans where heterozygosity at the DQ allele is common. The double-transgenic mice developed moderate CIA when immunized with CII when compared with the severe arthritis observed in DQ8 transgenic mice, much like RA patients bearing both susceptible and nonsusceptible HLA haplotypes. These studies support a role for HLA-DQ polymorphism in human RA.
Focusing In, Broadening Our Reach
Authors: W. K. Alfred Yung, C. David James
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2007)

In this, our second issue as editors of Neuro-Oncology, we have begun to implement some of the changes we referred to in our January 2007 editorial. Notably, we have compiled our first special focus issue. The special focus is on pediatric neuro-oncology, and the papers published in this issue reflect a wide spectrum of current research in the field. These five papers cover a broad array of tumor types, from astrocytic tumors to gliomas and medulloblastomas, and also address a range of investigative questions, from molecular pathogenesis to the clinical use of advanced cytotoxic agents.

This initial effort to aggregate current thinking on a specific topic provides a glimpse of what we hope Neuro-Oncology will achieve in the long term: in-depth analyses of some of the most important questions confronting the neuro-oncology community. This is no simple task, given our diverse, multidisciplinary readership. However, by identifying and publishing papers that look at specific subdisciplines in neuro-oncology, we hope to build a databank of state-of-the-art knowledge to serve as a resource for the many members of our community active in specific areas.

This pediatric focus issue also includes abstracts from the Twelfth International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology (ISPNO), held June 6–9, 2006, in Nara, Japan. In this meeting, ISPNO uniquely contributes to the field by inviting parents and other caregivers to speak about their personal experiences involving the children afflicted with these cancers, which serves to remind all of us of the very real consequences of our work.
RELATION OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY TO THE PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS IN RABBITS
Authors: Peter K. Olitsky, Perrin H. Long
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. By means of cataphoresis vaccine virus can be obtained from suspensions of tissue which are inactive by the usual tests of animal inoculation. 2. Active virus can be obtained by cataphoresis from the tissues of rabbits long recovered from the effects of cutaneous vaccination. 3. Evidence is brought forward which suggests that immunity in a virus disease, such as vaccinia, may be linked with the persistence in the body of living virus.
Estradiol increases rat aorta endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) activity without changes in endothelial NO synthase gene expression: possible role of decreased endothelium-derived superoxide anion production
Authors: M.A Barbacanne, J Rami, J.B Michel, J.P Souchard, M Philippe, J.P Besombes, F Bayard, J.F Arnal
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objectives: Estradiol is known to exert a protective effect against atherosclerosis, but the mechanism(s) whereby this protection is mediated is/are unclear. However, estradiol-treated castrated animals exhibit increased activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), which could contribute to vasculoprotection. In the present work, we investigated the molecular mechanism(s) of the enhancement of EDRF activity in the thoracic aorta of oophorectomized female rats given 17β-estradiol (E2, 2 or 40 μg/kg/day) compared to those given a placebo. Methods and Results: The abundance in the thoracic aorta of NO synthase I, II and III mRNA (using RT-PCR) and of NO synthase I, II and III immunoreactive protein (using Western blotting) was unaltered by E2. NO synthase activity (based on arginine/citrulline conversion) in thoracic aorta homogenates did not differ significantly among the three groups, suggesting that NO production was not enhanced by E2. In contrast, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence of aorta from the E2 group was decreased compared to that of the placebo group. Desendothelialization and exogenously added superoxide dismutase suggested that this difference was due to a decrease in extracellular endothelium-derived production of superoxide anion (O2−⋅). Experiments in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells confirmed a decreased extracellular production of O2−⋅ in response to ethinylestradiol (1 nM) using both lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and ESR spectroscopy. Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence revealed that ethinylestradiol-treated cultured endothelial cells generated less peroxynitrite (the byproduct of NO⋅ and O2−⋅ interaction) than control cells. Conclusion: Estradiol increases rat aorta EDRF activity in the absence of changes in endothelial NO synthase gene expression. The decreased endothelium-derived generation of O2−⋅ in response to estrogens could account for enhanced EDRF–NO bioactivity and decreased peroxynitrite release. All of these effects could contribute to the vascular protective properties of estrogens.
Ether and Chloroform.
Authors: D. H. Galloway
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Chicago, Dec. 24, 1896. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —An article in theJournalof December 19, by Dr. W. S. Caldwell, has been of great interest to me for several reasons. One reason is I do not agree with the conclusions drawn; but I am not prepared to combat them with statistics and cases and I will not take up the gauntlet on that score. In one place, however, Dr. Caldwell says "anesthetics are most skillfully given in large hospitals." I do not believe this statement is true. Anesthetics are usually (in hospitals) given by the junior interne during his first three months' service; though he may become quite skillful before his service in that department is over, yet for the greater part of that time he must be considered unskilled. Unfortunately, as a rule, he is given no instruction whatever and must get his skill by the hardest kind of
THE PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION OF DRUGSITS RELATION TO THEIR THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS.
Authors: MAURICE VEJUX-TYRODE
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The relation between the pharmacologic action of drugs and their therapeutic indications can best be shown after we have made a brief sketch of their history. From the earliest times to the present the use of drugs has been mainly derived from past experience. A system in which their use is based on past experiences which have not been carefully observed or controlled, as has been the case up to within a very few years, is called empirical therapeutics. A system in which the use of drugs is deduced from past experiences, which have been carefully controlled by scientific methods, is called rational therapeutics. In the old days of Babylon when there were no physicians, the sick were exposed on the public ways so that they might converse with passers-by who perchance might have had the same ailment and who possibly could suggest a remedy. A similar custom
THE PERSONAL EQUATION AMONG TRAINMEN OF EQUAL OR GREATER IMPORTANCE THAN VISUAL POWER OR COLOR SENSE.
Authors: ROBERT TILLEY
Journal: JAMA (1897)

After having one day examined a few locomotive engineers for visual power and the color sense in particular, I felt considerably dissatisfied and asked myself the question, what is the object of these examinations? The answer came immediately: To avoid accidents by the elimination of men with visual defects. Another question presented itself: But is this—the condition of the color sense and the visual power relative to form—all that can afford us information relative to the aptitude of the individual to perceive quickly and respond with judgment? Emphatically, no. There is another phenomenon, or rather several phenomena, the observation of which would add much greater certainty to our work and more personal satisfaction in its contemplation. These several phenomena consist of the time taken for the sensation to be carried from the retina through the optic nerve to the cortical substance of the brain; the time taken for comparison and
Tampon Characteristics and Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: D. B. Petitti, A. Reingold
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In 1986, we reported the results of a retrospective study of the incidence of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in men and women aged 15 to 34 years who were members of the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program for the period from 1972 to 1983.<sup>1</sup>We have continued to monitor TSS using medical record review and here report information on the incidence of TSS in 1984 and 1985 for this population. Our previous publication<sup>1</sup>gave details of our study methods, which remained unchanged for the more recent study period. Definite TSS cases were illnesses that met the Centers for Disease Control case definition,<sup>2</sup>except that desquamation was not required and orthostatic hypotension was not considered sufficient evidence of decreased blood pressure. Possible TSS cases were illnesses that met these cri teria, but involved two instead of three organ systems. In the current analysis,
The Diagnosis of Congenital Subaortic Stenosis
Authors: BERNARD L. BROFMAN, HAROLD FEIL
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Optically recorded subclavian pulse curves obtained with a simple cup-tambour system give graphic evidence of aortic valve mobility. Differentiation between congenital subaortic stenosis and aortic stenosis was aided by the demonstration in the former of a sharp incisura accompanied by a good aortic second sound; these two features were lacking or rudimentary in the latter. Despite marked auscultatory findings, there is usually little hemodynamic impairment in subaortic stenosis.
Treatment of haemophilia and related disorders in Britain and Northern Ireland during 1976-80: report on behalf of the directors of haemophilia centres in the United Kingdom.
Authors: C R Rizza, R J Spooner
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A five year survey of the treatment of patients in the United Kingdom suffering from haemophilia and related disorders was carried out on behalf of the directors of haemophilia centres. The survey showed an increase in the number of patients receiving treatment from the centres, a substantial increase in the total amount of therapeutic materials used, and an increase in the average amount of factor VIII or factor IX used yearly per patient. Home treatment became established for severely affected patients and accounted for roughly half of the total amount of material used. Study of the acquisition of factor VIII or factor IX antibodies (inhibitors) in patients with haemophilia A or haemophilia B showed no increase in antibodies during the survey period, despite the increased use of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates. The occurrence of acute hepatitis in treated patients was also studied and no increased incidence was observed. A near normal median expectation of life in patients with severe haemophilia A was found.
Effects of Metiamide on Gastric Acid Hypersecretion, Steatorrhea and Bone-Marrow Function in a Patient with Systemic Mastocytosis
Authors: Edward J. Feldman, Jon I. Isenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Systemic mastocytosis is associated with excessive production of histamine, which would be expected to result in gastric acid hypersecretion.1 However, acid hypersecretion is rarely observed in these patients.2 The patient described below, who had systemic mastocytosis, steatorrhea and diarrhea, marked gastric acid hypersecretion with low duodenal pH and increased levels of blood and urine histamine, was treated with the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide, which abolished the acid hypersecretion but failed to alter the steatorrhea or diarrhea. After seven weeks of metiamide therapy acute fatal agranulocytosis developed.Case ReportIn August, 1975, a 55-year-old man with systemic mastocytosis was evaluated . . .
RICHTER'S HERNIA: REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: Gale E. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1934)

In 1778 Richter described a "small rupture" in which only a portion of the intestinal wall was incarcerated, and recognized this as being different from the similar appearing Meckel's diverticulum hernia, which was described by Littre in 1700. In 1899 Fowler<sup>1</sup>reported two cases of his own and found ninety-four references in the literature. Between Fowler's paper and one by Rhodes in 1928 there were forty-five additional references, many of which turned out to be Littre's hernia. Two cases were reported in 1929 by Bissel<sup>2</sup>and one in 1930 by Orr.<sup>3</sup>Cattell<sup>4</sup>in 1933 reported two additional cases and also gave an excellent summary of the literature. He also states that but fourteen operations for this particular type of hernia were reported between 1899 and 1933. Richter's hernia is described<sup>5</sup>as "a catching of a portion of the circumference of the bowel, usually a portion
Mortality From Pulmonary Embolism-Reply
Authors: S. Edwards Dismuke
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In Reply.—  I think this is a valid hypothesis, and earlier mobility probably played a role in the declining mortality rate from PE. Data to support the hypothesis are unfortunately scarce. Limited information suggests that hospital stay declined from almost 11 days in 1970 to almost nine days in 1980. Length-of-stay data for surgical patients were too variable to detect a similar trend. I am told that an increased emphasis was placed on earlier patient mobilization during the early years of the study.
RB-01 * A PRECLINICAL MODEL OF TRANSIENT EARLY-DELAYED RADIATION EFFECTS FOLLOWING WHOLE BRAIN IRRADIATION IN THE ADULT RAT
Authors: R. J. Brown, B. J. Jun, J. Blanchard, A. Beighley, K. Iwamoto, N. Harris, S. Bluml, W. H. McBride
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: Whole brain radiotherapy is a common for metastatic brain cancer. While it prolongs survival, it causes transient early-delayed cognitive deficits termed “beamo” brain. We describe a dose-escalation study that demonstrates a potential preclinical animal model of this clinical phenomenon. METHODS: 3-month old Fisher rats were given a single fraction of 0, 10, 20, or 30G Gray (Gy) whole brain irradiation. The open-field exploration task and the elevated plus maze were performed at 4 months post-irradiation. Declarative memory was tested by novel object recognition at 4- and 7-months post-irradiation. Magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and spectroscopy (MRS), was obtained at baseline, 4-, and 7-months post-irradiation in controls, 20Gy and 30Gy groups. RESULTS: At 4 months post-irradiation, no differences were found between the groups in either the open-field exploration or the elevated plus maze. There was no difference in novel object recognition between 10Gy and sham controls at 4 months post-irradiation. However, both 20Gy (p = 0.02) and 30Gy (p < 0.02) animals demonstrated memory deficits at this early time-point compared to controls. At 7 months post-irradiation, the 20Gy group performed similar to controls and 10Gy; however, the 30Gy animals (p = 0.01) persisted in their memory impairment. MRS demonstrated increased choline in the corpus callosum in 20Gy (p = 0.08) and in 30Gy (p = 0.01) at 4 months, but normalized by 7 months in all groups. Fractional anisotropy was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of 20Gy (p = 0.02) and 30Gy (p = 0.0002) animals by 7 months, but not before. CONCLUSION: 3-month old rats given 20Gy single whole brain radiation demonstrated transient cognitive impairment similar to that observed in adult patients receiving whole brain irradiation for metastatic disease and may correlate with increased levels of choline in the hippocampus. This may be a promising model in which to test potential therapies for “beamo” brain.
Heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of cap a 1, a thaumatin-like protein and major allergen from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Heidemarie Cornelia Fuchs, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Birgit Wagner, Monika Krebitz, Otto Scheiner, Heimo Breiteneder
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Therapeutics
Authors: George Pickering
Journal: JAMA (1979)

WHEN I was a clinical student, my teachers, with few exceptions, believed that medicine was an art and could never be a science. Since then science and the scientific method have belatedly invaded medicine. It is perhaps opportune to consider the meaning of science and the meaning of art in relation to that branch of medicine that lends itself best to the scientific method: therapeutics. <h3>The Practical</h3> Therapeutics is essentially practical. It seeks to alter the patient's way of life or the structure or chemical composition of his body so that he will live longer, more productively, or more happily. In so ancient a profession as medicine, it is natural that a code of practice has been built up and is constantly changing. This code is based partly on knowledge and partly on belief. Medicine, like theology, cannot tolerate ignorance. If it does not know the answer, it must invent
Book: Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill
Authors: J. J Schlesselman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Lara V Marks Yale University Press, £20, pp 372 ISBN 0 300 08943 0 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>, ![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> The double entendre in the title of this book hints provocatively at its author's purpose—to chronicle the development, marketing, benefit risk analysis, acceptance, and rejection of the oral contraceptive pill, and to highlight the significant role of women in all of these events. The story is set brilliantly in the context of ever changing social and scientific milieus, which often gave rise to controversy, some of which continues to this day. America led the world … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Ideas in Modern Biology
Authors: Charles W. Bodemer
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This volume, reporting a symposium of the 1963 International Congress of Zoology, outlines well many contemporary ideas in biology and illustrates the increasing unity of the biological, physical, and behavioral sciences.  Eighteen essays, written by specialists, fall into six different categories, ranging from genetic continuity to behavior. Thus, the opening articles define modern ideas of the duplication and recombination of genes and gene action. These chapters provide a base for the succeeding series, dedicated to the modern understanding of cell structure and function. Careful reading of these articles will provide considerable insight into the relation of ultrastructural elements and the synthetic and energetic activities of cells. Ample electronmicrographs of good quality aid the reader in achieving such insight.  Next described, in fine detail and clarity, are the prevailing ideas regarding those critical events in embryogenesis defined as cellular differentiation and cellular interactions during development. Mid-20th-century ideas of evolution and phylogeny
Key role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in the triggering of liver regeneration
Authors: Nicolas Moniaux, Jamila Faivre
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

<h2>COMMENTARY ON:</h2> <b>Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration. Ding BS, Nolan DJ, Butler JM, James D, Babazadeh AO, Rosenwaks Z, Mittal V, Kobayashi H, Shido K, Lyden D, Sato TN, Rabbany SY, Rafii S. Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):310–5. Copyright (2010). Abstract reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: [Nature].</b> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068842. <b>Abstract:</b> During embryogenesis, endothelial cells induce organogenesis before the development of circulation. These findings suggest that endothelial cells not only form passive conduits to deliver nutrients and oxygen, but also establish an instructive vascular niche, which through elaboration of paracrine trophogens stimulates organ regeneration, in a manner similar to endothelial-cell-derived angiocrine factors that support hematopoiesis. However, the precise mechanism by which tissue-specific subsets of endothelial cells promote organogenesis in adults is unknown. Here we demonstrate that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) constitute a unique population of phenotypically and functionally defined VEGFR3(+)CD34(−)VEGFR2(+)VE-cadherin(+)FactorVIII(+)CD45(−) endothelial cells, which through the release of angiocrine trophogens initiate and sustain liver regeneration induced by 70% partial hepatectomy. After partial hepatectomy, residual liver vasculature remains intact without experiencing hypoxia or structural damage, which allows the study of physiological liver regeneration. Using this model, we show that inducible genetic ablation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in the LSECs impairs the initial burst of hepatocyte proliferation (days 1–3 after partial hepatectomy) and subsequent reconstitution of the hepatovascular mass (days 4–8 after partial hepatectomy) by inhibiting upregulation of the endothelial-cell-specific transcription factor Id1. Accordingly, Id1-deficient mice also manifest defects throughout liver regeneration, owing to diminished expression of LSEC-derived angiocrine factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt2. Notably, in in vitro co-cultures, VEGFR2-Id1 activation in LSECs stimulates hepatocyte proliferation. Indeed, intrasplenic transplantation of Id1(+/+) or Id1(−/−) LSECs transduced with Wnt2 and HGF (Id1(−/−)Wnt2(+)HGF(+) LSECs) re-establishes an inductive vascular niche in the liver sinusoids of the Id1(−/−) mice, initiating and restoring hepatovascular regeneration. Therefore, in the early phases of physiological liver regeneration, VEGFR2-Id1-mediated inductive angiogenesis in LSECs through release of angiocrine factors Wnt2 and HGF provokes hepatic proliferation. Subsequently, VEGFR2-Id1-dependent proliferative angiogenesis reconstitutes liver mass. Therapeutic co-transplantation of inductive VEGFR2(+)Id1(+)Wnt2(+)HGF(+) LSECs with hepatocytes provides an effective strategy to achieve durable liver regeneration.