tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Informing Troops of Investigational Drugs, Devices
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE MILITARY—if circumstances call for unusual treatment or protection of US troops—might order use of a clearly safe and potentially efficacious investigational drug or device, a congressional committee says. But, it adds, "under no circumstances should the Department of Defense fail to inform individuals about the known short-term and longterm risks prior to administration." In fact, says the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs (in a report issued shortly before the new 104th Congress' first session), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should deny any Defense Department request for a blanket waiver to use investigational drugs without informed consent in time of war or threat of war. Such a waiver, the sincereorganized committee emphasizes, "should be sought only on a case-bycase basis." Senator John D. (Jay) Rockefeller IV (D, WVa), chair of the committee when the report was written, directed his staff to undertake the investigation because, he alleges, "there is
Human lung mononuclear cells induce nitric oxide synthase in murine airway epithelial cells in vitro: role of TNFalpha and IL-1beta.
Authors: R A Robbins, J H Sisson, D R Springall, K J Nelson, J A Taylor, N A Mason, J M Polak, R G Townley
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas released by the airway epithelium, but the mechanism regulating NO release is unclear. We hypothesized that lung mononuclear cell release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1) would induce epithelial cells to release NO. Lung mononuclear cells were obtained from seven normal volunteers by bronchoalveolar lavage and cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 24 h. The mononuclear cell culture-conditioned media (M-CM) were then applied to cultures of the murine lung epithelial cell line, LA-4. Nitrite and nitrite + nitrate concentrations were 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 11.8 +/- 2.4 microM in the M-CM. Culturing LA-4 cells line with the M-CM (1:10 dilution) resulted in a marked and time-dependent increase in nitrite or nitrite + nitrate compared with LA-4 cells cultured in media alone (2.4 +/- 0.5 versus 0.9 +/- 0.1 microm and 16.6 +/- 0.6 versus 11.8 +/- 2.4 microM after 24 h). Antibodies to TNF and/or IL-1 significantly reduced the nitrite or nitrite + nitrate concentrations and the concentrations of TNF and IL-1 in the M-CM correlated with nitrite concentrations in the LA-4 culture supernatant fluids (r2 = 0.848 and 0.956). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA examined by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis revealed a marked elevation in the cells cultured with the M-CM which was significantly reduced by TNF and IL-1 antibodies. These data demonstrate that mononuclear cells can stimulate LA-4 cells to express iNOS by releasing TNF and IL-1.
STATE SUPPRESSION OF INEBRIETY AND CURE OF INEBRIATES.
Authors: O. EVERTS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Much attention has been given in this country and elsewhere, within the last fifty years, to the subjects of inebriety and the cure of inebriates. Many schemes for the suppression of inebriety and the cure, or reformation, of drunkards have been suggested, adopted and tested experimentally with—notwithstanding much good accomplished —unsatisfactory results. These schemes have consisted mostly of so-called temperance societies, on becoming members of which persons pledged themselves by signature, or oath, to totally abstain from intoxicating drinks; political party organizations, seeking by legislation to prohibit the manufacture or sale of intoxicants within the State; public and private asylums for inebriates; and last, if not least, innumerable gold-cures and other quack pretensions for the regeneration of drunkards. Promising as some of these schemes were in their inception, that they have all failed to accomplish the desired end is not now a mystery to the more observing and thoughtful.
Environment &amp; economics. Partners in progress.
Authors: R Clay
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

ENVIRONMENT & El I rogressWhen 25 high-level represen- tatives from industry and govern- ment, as well as environmental, labor, and civil rights organizations, first sat down together in Washington in the fall of 1993, the event might have been compared to the lion sitting down with the lamb.Often adversaries over the years, these diverse and critical sectors of American society had been assigned the joint challenge of helping to craft realistic U.S. policies that simultaneously encourage economic growth, create jobs, and protect the environment.These leaders are members of the President's Council on Sustainable Development (PCSD), established in June
Abstract 712: Prevention of Acute Heart Failure in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice by Systemic Administration of Pseudotype rAAV- micro-Dystrophin In Vivo
Authors: DeWayne Townsend, Michael J Blankinship, James M Allen, Jeffrey S Chamberlain, Joseph M Metzger
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a debilitating and fatal disease characterized by both skeletal muscle pathology and cardiomyopathy. DMD results from deletions of the cytoskeletal ...
Hemispheric laterality and an evolutionary perspective
Authors: John L. Bradshaw
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1981)

Denenberg rightly stresses the importance of studying ethologically meaningful species-specific behavior in animals, and makes the interesting distinction between lateralization at an individual and at a population level. However, in the case of man, I believe Denenberg is wrong in arguing that lateralization in the individual increases with maturation. The overall evidence nowadays tends very much to the contrary. Moreover, with respect to a population, why should it become lateralized? If there is indeed an advantage for the individual in hemispheric specialization, why should the direction of such specialization be so consistent across a majority of individuals, whether human or, as Denenberg points out, other members of the phylum? Is there an evolutionary advantage in most animals' sharing the same direction, or is it a necessary consequence of some other preexisting, more fundamental anatomical, biochemical, or physical property of the organism and its constituents? If the former, why are not all members of the species, rather than just a majority, lateralized in the same direction? (Or, to put it another way, what is the evolutionary advantage to the species or individual of dimorphism, of retaining a minority who polarize in the opposite direction?) If the latter - i.e., if lateralization is a necessary consequence of some prior state - then there should not be any dimorphism, exceptions, or minority members, unless they are somehow disadvantaged in consequence. Indeed, there is some evidence of a cognitive deficit in sinistrals, though it is disputed (see Bradshaw 1980 for review), and others have even suggested that the species as a whole may benefit in some way from such an uneven dimorphism (Levy 1974), but what evidence is there for such propositions with respect to rats, apes, monkeys, or chicks? This is an issue that should be addressed in any general model that includes laterality in animals. [See Corhallis &amp; Morgan: “On the Biological Basis of Human Laterality” BBS 1(2) 1978.]
Fresh pair of eyes may speed up cancer diagnosis
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Researchers have found that symptoms of bowel cancer tended to be identified slightly more quickly when patients consulted an unknown doctor rather than their usual GP.1

The study, published in the British Journal of General Practice , included data for 2000 to 2009 from the General Practice Research Database. The study included around 18 500 patients with breast, bowel, or lung cancer whose relevant cancer symptoms or signs were identified up to 12 months before the eventual diagnosis.

Having the same doctor in …
Prevention of an increase in plasma cortisol during hypoglycemia preserves subsequent counterregulatory responses.
Authors: S N Davis, C Shavers, B Davis, F Costa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

The aim of this study was to determine whether preventing increases in plasma cortisol during antecedent hypoglycemia preserves autonomic nervous system counterregulatory responses during subsequent hypoglycemia. Experiments were carried out on 15 (8 male/7 female) healthy, overnight-fasted subjects and 8 (4 male/4 female) age- and weight-matched patients with primary adrenocortical failure. 5 d before a study, patients had their usual glucocorticoid therapy replaced with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of cortisol programmed to produce normal daily circadian levels. Both groups underwent identical 2-d experiments. On day 1, insulin was infused at a rate of 1.5 mU/kg per min, and 2-h clamped hypoglycemia (53+/-2 mg/dl) was obtained during the morning and afternoon. The next morning, subjects underwent an additional 2-h hypoglycemic (53+/-2 mg/ dl) hyperinsulinemic clamp. In controls, day 2 steady state epinephrine, norepinephrine, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, growth hormone, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were significantly blunted (P < 0.01) compared with day 1 hypoglycemia. In marked contrast, when increases of plasma cortisol were prevented in the patient group, day 2 neuroendocrine, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, hypoglycemic symptoms, and metabolic counterregulatory responses were equivalent with day 1 results. We conclude that (a) prevention of increases of cortisol during antecedent hypoglycemia preserves many critical autonomic nervous system counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia; (b) hypoglycemia-induced increases in plasma cortisol levels are a major mechanism responsible for causing subsequent hypoglycemic counterregulatory failure; and (c) our results suggest that other mechanisms, apart from cortisol, do not play a major role in causing hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure.
Concurrent protein C deficiency and lupus anticoagulants
Authors: Robert L. Harrison, Jack B. Alperin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Abstract An inherited deficiency of protein C, a recognized hypercoagulable state, may cause a clinically significant deep venous thrombosis. Only some persons with a deficiency of protein C experience thrombosis, and almost always the thrombotic event occurs in the venous circulation. Warfarin‐induced skin necrosis, a rare event observed in some patients soon after treatment with warfarin is begun, is believed to be another manifestation of this deficiency. We describe a young woman whose basal functional and antigenic levels of protein C were about 45% and who experienced both deep venous thrombosis and warfarin‐induced skin necrosis in a clinically severe course. Evidence for lupus anticoagulants was present, with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time that was corrected when lysed platelets were added, prolonged Russell's viper venom time, anticardiolipin antibodies, and other laboratory evidence. Lupus anticoagulants are associated also with a significant incidence of thrombosis, including arterial thrombosis, and this patient developed concurrently arterial thrombosis. The combined effects of protein C deficiency and lupus anticoagulants, exacerbated by other potentially thrombogenic conditions, are believed responsible for the severe thrombotic events experienced by this patient. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal Bisphenol A Exposure and Early Childhood Behavior
Authors: Joe M. Braun, Kimberly Yolton, Kim N. Dietrich, Richard Hornung, Xiaoyun Ye, Antonia M. Calafat, Bruce P. Lanphear
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) increases offspring aggression and diminishes differences in sexually dimorphic behaviors in rodents.We examined the association between prenatal BPA exposure and behavior in 2-year-old children.We used data from 249 mothers and their children in Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). Maternal urine was collected around 16 and 26 weeks of gestation and at birth. BPA concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Child behavior was assessed at 2 years of age using the second edition of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). The association between prenatal BPA concentrations and BASC-2 scores was analyzed using linear regression.Median BPA concentrations were 1.8 (16 weeks), 1.7 (26 weeks), and 1.3 (birth) ng/mL. Mean (+/- SD) BASC-2 externalizing and internalizing scores were 47.6 +/- 7.8 and 44.8 +/- 7.0, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, log(10)-transformed mean prenatal BPA concentrations were associated with externalizing scores, but only among females [beta = 6.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-12.0]. Compared with 26-week and birth concentrations, BPA concentrations collected around 16 weeks were more strongly associated with externalizing scores among all children (beta = 2.9; 95% CI, 0.2-5.7), and this association was stronger in females than in males. Among all children, measurements collected at <or= 16 weeks showed a stronger association (beta = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.5-8.6) with externalizing scores than did measurements taken at 17-21 weeks (beta = 0.6; 95% CI, -2.9 to 4.1).These results suggest that prenatal BPA exposure may be associated with externalizing behaviors in 2-year-old children, especially among female children.
Hypokalemia After Resuscitation
Authors: Terry M. Maher
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The recent article by Thompson and Cobb in the Dec 3, 1982, issue ofThe Journaldescribing the frequent observation of hypokalemia ([K + ] ≤3.6 mEq/L) following resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation was most interesting. The authors were probably correct in their assumption that the observed decrement in serum potassium concentration was too rapid to be attributable to renal or gastrointestinal losses. Presumably, transcellular shift of potassium from the extracellular to intracellular compartment occurred during the administration of sodium bicarbonate. The authors state the resultant hypokalemia did not occur in the classic manner in that hypokalemia was not confined to the alkalotic patients but was also observed in patients with normal or decreased systemic pH.  The elegant study of Fraley and Adler 1 in 1977 clearly demonstrates that exogenous bicarbonate administration can induce a significant reduction in serum potassium concentration independent of systemic pH. Although the Fraley and Adler
Prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with thromboxane A2-receptor blockade. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Coronary Artery Restenosis Prevention on Repeated Thromboxane-Antagonism Study (CARPORT).
Authors: P W Serruys, W Rutsch, G R Heyndrickx, N Danchin, E G Mast, W Wijns, B J Rensing, J Vos, J Stibbe
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND GR32191B is a novel thromboxane A2-receptor antagonist with potent antiagregational and antivasoconstrictive properties. We have conducted a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to study its usefulness in restenosis prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients received either GR32191B (80 mg orally before angioplasty and 80 mg/day orally for 6 months) or 250 mg i.v. aspirin before angioplasty and placebo for 6 months. Coronary angiograms before angioplasty, after angioplasty, and at 6-month follow-up were quantitatively analyzed. Angioplasty was attempted in 697 patients. For efficacy analysis, quantitative angiography at follow-up was available in 522 compliant patients (261 in each group). Baseline clinical and angiographic parameters did not differ between the two treatment groups. The mean difference in coronary diameter between postangioplasty and follow-up angiogram (primary end point) was -0.31 +/- 0.54 mm in the control group and -0.31 +/- 0.55 mm in the GR32191B group. Clinical events during 6-month follow-up, analyzed on intention-to-treat basis, were ranked according to the highest category on a scale ranging from death (control, six; GR32191B, four) to nonfatal infarction (control, 22; GR32191B, 18), bypass grafting (control, 19; GR32191B, 22) and repeat angioplasty (control, 52; GR32191B, 48). No significant difference in ranking was detected. Six months after angioplasty, 75% of patients in the GR32191B group and 72% of patients in the control group were symptom free. CONCLUSIONS Long-term thromboxane A2-receptor blockade with GR32191B does not prevent restenosis and does not favorably influence the clinical course after angioplasty.
Detection of human papillomaviruses and eccrine ducts in palmoplantar epidermoid cysts
Authors: K. EGAWA, Y. HONDA, Y. INABA, T. ONO, E-M. VILLIERS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Although epidermoid cysts of the palms and soles have long been assumed to develop following implantation of an epidermal fragment as a result of a penetrating injury, the pathogenic mechanism is still controversial, and the discovery of a more common aetiological agent is awaited. Clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular biological studies were performed on 119 epidermoid cysts of palmoplantar location, in order to examine the role of the eccrine ducts, and human papillomavirus (HPV), in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Characteristic histological features were found, including intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies (ICB: in 14 cases, 12%) in the cyst wall, vacuolar structures (V: in 28 cases, 24%), or parakeratotic nuclei (P: in 85 cases, 71%) within the keratinous mass in the cyst cavity. Ductal structures suggesting eccrine ducts (E: in 63 cases, 53%) were also found in the cyst wall or in the cyst cavity. Either ductal structures or carcinoembryonic antigen expression (66 cases, 55%) were noted in a total of 73 cases (61%). Papillomavirus common antigens were detected in 36 cases (30%) showing one or more of the three distinct histological features, i.e. ICB, V and P. Subsequently, hybridization experiments to detect HPV DNA were performed in 47 cases, revealing an association between cysts showing ICB or V and the presence of HPV 60 DNA sequences. On the basis of our results, we propose that epidermoid cysts in the palmoplantar regions may develop from eccrine ducts, and that HPV and injury may play a role in their pathogenesis.
Screening for Scoliosis
Authors: Robert B. Winter
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In May 1993, two articles were published in<i>JAMA</i>concerning school screening for scoliosis.<sup>1,2</sup>These came from the US Public Health Service with no author listed. The concluding statement was, "There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening of adolescents for idiopathic scoliosis." The Scoliosis Research Society, founded in 1966 for research and education about scoliosis and other spinal deformities, has strongly supported the concept of school screening for all types of spinal deformities. We therefore disagree strongly with the position statement of the US Public Health Service quoted above. There is sufficient evidence to recommend for routine school screening for scoliosis. There are now two highly accurate, highly significant studies demonstrating that bracing can have a positive effect on the natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The first, a study of 1020 brace-treated adolescent idiopathic patients by Lonstein and Winter.<sup>3</sup>These
The Right Kind of Paternalism
Authors: Peter M. Marzuk
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

The practice of medicine has entered a new phase of patient "consumerism" and has, fortunately, emerged from the days of strict physician paternalism. This welcome trend places new emphasis on the role of patients in decision making and the right of patients to refuse various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. However, the argument that such a trend is without drawbacks fails to consider that a patient's emotional response to his illness may compromise his decision-making ability. In today's litigious environment, physicians are reluctant to persuade (let alone coerce) patients to undergo procedures they refuse. In many cases a physician presents a . . .
Response to penicillamine of lead concentrations in CSF and blood in patients with motor neurone disease.
Authors: A O House, R J Abbott, D L Davidson, I T Ferguson, J A Lenman
Journal: BMJ (1978)

valproate binds to a macromolecule, producing an immunogenic structure.The antibody is directed against platelets because of their membrane fatty acids, which are chemically and configuratively similar to those of valproate.We suggest that all patients whose valproate assay exceeds the recommended concentration have regular platelet counts performed.
Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase Is a Useful Target For Treating Nasal Obstruction In Guinea Pigs With Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Daisuke Kajiwara, Hiroki Aoyagi, Kazuhiko Shigeno, Katsunao Tanaka, Eiji Sasaki, Teruhiro Utsugi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
XI. Medicine Seeks to Be 'Scientific'
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In the previous essay, I suggested 1886 as a convenient vantage point from which we can readily examine the progress of medical science. That date serves as a meeting point of two diverse currents. One of them, which waxed greatly, I identify as "science"—in quotation marks because the meaning of the term is by no means agreed upon, at present. The other current, which waned in the last two decades of the century, has no simple or widely accepted name. I would identify it by the cumbersome title, the "old-fashioned medical practice" and for convenience refer to it as the "art of medicine," a term that is even less clear than "science." Today the meanings of "art" and "science" may be fuzzy, but a century ago they seemed quite obvious. And a century ago the distinction between them had considerable significance, as well as clarity. A textbook of 1883,<i>A</i>
TCT-264 Relation between peak high sensitivity CRP levels before coronary angiography and culprit lesion morphology in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome -An optical coherence tomography study–
Authors: Kenichiro Saka, Kiyoshi Hibi, Nobuhiko Maejima, Kozo Okada, Yasushi Matsuzawa, Masaaki Konishi, Noriaki Iwahashi, Mitsuaki Endo, Kengo Tsukahara, Masami Kosuge, Toshiaki Ebina, Satoshi Umemura, Kazuo Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)