tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DISEASES OF RAILWAY MEN CAUSED BY THEIR OCCUPATION.
Authors: J. F. PRITCHARD
Journal: JAMA (1897)

All occupations nearly, affect the human economy in some peculiar manner. Where there arises a strain of the physical system we find diseases affecting the muscles, joints, bones, etc., and when the strain is mental the nervous system is found involved. These facts are so common that they are truisms and need no demonstration. We would expect to find among railroad men a complication of diseases from the very nature of the occupation. There is no doubt of intense mental strain at times, and the general muscular system is subject to a degree of fatigue almost past endurance, which must produce its effect; but I find upon investigation that but little attention has been paid to the subject, and my only hope now is to direct your attention in this direction in order, if possible, to reach some clear conclusion regarding the effect of occupation on railway men, and its
Tumor-Targeted Interferon-α Delivery by Tie2-Expressing Monocytes Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Michele De Palma, Roberta Mazzieri, Letterio S. Politi, Ferdinando Pucci, Erika Zonari, Giovanni Sitia, Stefania Mazzoleni, Davide Moi, Mary Anna Venneri, Stefano Indraccolo, Andrea Falini, Luca G. Guidotti, Rossella Galli, Luigi Naldini
Journal: Cancer Cell (2008)
Severe metabolic alkalosis: a case report
Authors: J. Webb
Journal: BMJ (1981)

hepatitis B virus, disordered tryptophan meta- bolism:' has been claimed to play a role in Indian childhood cirrhosis.We found no evidence for this in our patients and we know of no other workers who have corroborated the findings of Sur and Bhatti.:IIt may well be that the disease encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders with certain clinical and histological features in common.Residence outside the Indian subcontinent, as in our patients, may modify these features.It is now clear that the diagnosis of Indian childhood cirrhosis should be considered in any infant or child-whatever the age-of appropriate racial origin who presents with chronic liver disease.Definitive treatment is lacking and we agree that a trial of penicillamine is urgently required in a disease with such a miserable prognosis.
Future Research on Disclosure of Medical Errors
Authors: Jonathan R. Cohen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Letters21 September 2004Future Research on Disclosure of Medical ErrorsJonathan R. Cohen, JD, PhDJonathan R. Cohen, JD, PhDFrom University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7625.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:When we consider the fine study by Mazor and colleagues on disclosure of medical errors (1) and the thoughtful accompanying editorial by Frenkel and Liebman (2), it is important to keep in mind what we do not know. Not unlike much of the research in this area, Mazor and colleagues' empirical study is hypothetical: Participants are asked to imagine how they would respond to receiving or not receiving an apology in hypothetical cases of injury. The results of such research showing, inter alia, limited effects of full disclosure on a patient's decision to seek legal advice are ...References1. Mazor KM, Simon SR, Yood RA, Martinson BC, Gunter MJ, Reed GW, et al . Health plan members' views about disclosure of medical errors. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:409-18. [PMID: 15023706] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Frenkel DN, Liebman CB. Words that heal [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:482-3. [PMID: 15023715] LinkGoogle Scholar3. Colo Rev Stat §13.25 (2003). Google Scholar4. Cohen JR. Toward candor after medical error: the first apology law. Harvard Health Policy Review. 2004;5:21-4. Google Scholar5. Cohen JR. Apology and organizations: exploring an example from medical practice. Fordham Urban Law Journal. 2000;27:1447-82. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Jonathan R. Cohen, JD, PhDAffiliations: From University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7625. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoHealth Plan Members' Views about Disclosure of Medical Errors Kathleen M. Mazor , Steven R. Simon , Robert A. Yood , Brian C. Martinson , Margaret J. Gunter , George W. Reed , and Jerry H. Gurwitz Words That Heal Douglas N. Frenkel and Carol B. Liebman Metrics Cited byAn exploration of the implementation of open disclosure of adverse events in the UK: a scoping review and qualitative explorationRationing in the intensive care unitWhich medical error to disclose to patients and by whom? Public preference and perceptions of norm and current practiceNarrative Review: Do State Laws Make It Easier to Say “I'm Sorry?”William M. McDonnell, MD, JD and Elisabeth Guenther, MD, MPHMedical errors – a hospital in Nepal searches for answers 21 September 2004Volume 141, Issue 6Page: 481KeywordsDisclosureEmotionsExerciseForecastingPostural controlSerious adverse events ePublished: 21 September 2004 Issue Published: 21 September 2004 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2004 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Deaths trigger fresh controversy over vitamin A programme in India
Authors: G. Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Indian doctors have renewed their accusation that international agencies are needlessly promoting the administration of vitamin A across India to all children aged below 5 years.

Paediatricians and nutritionists launched a barrage of criticism after 14 children died and thousands fell ill last week in the north eastern state of Assam following a vitamin A campaign supported by Unicef. Health officials are investigating the deaths and illness amid suspicions that health workers might have given overdoses to children during the state-wide campaign to deliver vitamin A to three million children aged 1 to 5 years.

Unicef had replaced the traditional 2 millilitre spoons with 5 millilitre …
Analogue Computer for Research on Learning
Authors: W. K. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1958)

TRANQUILLIZING DRUGS gBiu'JoTIS 967 greatest interest to know the precise site and mode of action of meprobamate.When low doses are administered to monkeys, electroencephalographic changes (of a type asso- ciated with decreased activity) are found only in a number of thalamic nuclei (Hendley et al., 1957).This is DO proof that the thalamus is the only or even the fundamental struc- ture through which meprobamate exerts its clinical action, but it shows that the pattern of activity of this drug is different from, and less diffuse than, that of other tranquillizers, and that the thalamus plays some important part in its effects.
Acute and persistent effects of a 46-kilometre wilderness trail run at altitude: cardiovascular autonomic modulation and baroreflexes
Authors: L Bernardi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

To test the hypothesis that prolonged physical exercise induces long-lasting effects on blood pressure and heart rate we studied 17 endurance runners before and after the 1995 Sandia Wilderness Crossing Research Run (46 km of rocky trails, average altitude 2500 m).We evaluated the response of the cardiovascular system to sympathetic stimulation by orthostatism and to sympathetic and parasympathetic carotid baroreceptor stimulations by sinusoidal neck suction at different frequencies (sympathetic activity on blood pressure by low-frequency stimulation, parasympathetic activity on RR interval by high-frequency stimulation). We used power spectral analysis of beat-to-beat RR interval, systolic and diastolic non-invasive blood pressure, in order to quantify the respiratory fluctuations (depending on vagal activity on the RR interval) and the slower non-respiratory fluctuations, depending on sympathetic activity on the blood pressure. Recordings were performed 24 h before, and 30 min, 24 h and 48 h after the run.Thirty minutes after the race we found reduced blood pressure, signs of relative sympathetic predominance (increased RR interval low-frequency/high-frequency ratio from 0.65 +/- 0.15 to 1.63 +/- 0.37, P < 0.05), reduced effect of parasympathetic baroreceptor stimulation (decrease in RR interval high-frequency neck-suction synchronous oscillations, from 5.33 +/- 0.34 to 3.55 +/- 0.37 ln-ms2, P < 0.005), unchanged blood pressure responses to sympathetic stimulations; 24 h after the race, the response to parasympathetic stimulation was increased (to 6.44 +/- 0.32 ln-ms2, P < 0.0005) compared to baseline (24 h before the race), whereas sympathetic stimulation by neck suction had no longer an effect on blood pressure.The acute effects of prolonged exertion are associated with a relative increase in sympathetic activity. Twenty-four hours after this race an increased sensitivity to vagal and reduced sensitivity to sympathetic baroreflex stimulation was found. In this field study at altitude we found long-lasting effects on cardiovascular autonomic modulation after physical exertion.
Interactions between a general practitioner and representatives of drug companies.
Authors: B O'Mahony
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Nearly all general practitioners meet representatives of drug companies.' The drug industry spent an estimated £5000 per general practitioner promoting its products in the United Kingdom in 1985.2 Drug representatives are a crucial element in the promotion of products, and expenditure on representatives accounts for over 500/o of promotional budgets.' Information is available on the frequency and duration of meetings between general practitioners and drug companies' representatives.' I describe my meetings with representatives during one year, including the samples, gifts, and literature given to me.
Real-Time PCR: an Effective Tool for Measuring Transduction Efficiency in Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
Authors: Anthony D. Villella, Jing Yao, Robert R. Getty, Beth E. Juliar, Constantin Yiannoutsos, Jennifer R. Hartwell, Shanbao Cai, Mohammed A. Sadat, Kenneth Cornetta, David A. Williams, Karen E. Pollok
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Accurate measurement of gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor cells is an essential prerequisite for assessing the utility of gene therapy approaches designed to correct hematologic defects. We developed a reliable method to measure transduction efficiency at the level of the progenitor cell with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of individual progenitor-derived colonies. We hypothesized that this method would demonstrate better sensitivity and specificity than are currently achievable with conventional PCR. An oncoretroviral vector containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein was used to transduce human CD34+ cells derived from bone marrow or granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood. Progenitor assays were set up and colonies plucked after visualization by fluorescence microscopy. By analyzing microscopically identified fluorescent samples and nontransduced samples, we calculated an overall sensitivity and specificity of 90.2 and 95.0%, respectively. Real-time PCR had higher specificity and sensitivity than conventional PCR as analyzed by generalized linear models (P = 0.002 and P = 0.019, respectively). In conclusion, we found real-time PCR to have superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional PCR in determining transduction efficiency of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Grants: How to Find Out About Them and What to Do Next
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

For all persons interested in grants, there can be no book that is useful or even interesting because of the great diversity of philosophy, programs, persons, and procedures concerned with the subject. This book is a short overview of all granting agencies, and a "how to do it" lesson for persons who are not familiar with the formal grant request. The author of this concise and pleasantly readable book knows her trades, both as a writer and as a grants assistant for a New York university. As regards getting approval of your grant request, she discusses the importance of inside information and personal influence, as well as of the proper application sent in on time. The budget must be justified, and the awkward ideas concealed cleverly. Grantsmanship is a craft, with its own trivial elitist chic and its own valuable traditions, many of which are reviewed in this book. Novice
Abstract 1730: Transient PI3K inhibition induces apoptosis and overcomes HGF-mediated resistance to EGFR-TKIs in <i>EGFR</i> mutant lung cancer
Authors: Seiji Yano, Ivan S. Donev, Wei Wang, Qi Li, Shinji Takeuchi, Tadaaki Yamada
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, show favorable response to EGFR mutant lung cancer. However, the responders acquire resistance almost without exception. We recently reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces EGFR-TKI resistance by activating MET which restores downstream MAPK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signaling. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of PI3K, a downstream molecule of both EGFR and MET, could overcome HGF-mediated EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells, PC-9 and HCC827. Experimental Design: We explored therapeutic effect of a class I PI3K inhibitor PI-103 on HGF-induced EGFR-TKI resistance in vitro and in vivo. Results: Unlike gefitinib or erlotinib, continuous exposure with PI-103 inhibited proliferation of PC-9 and HCC827 cells, even in the presence of HGF. On the other hand, in gefitinib-resistant xenograft model using PC-9 cells mixed with HGF high producing fibroblasts, PI-103 monotherapy did not inhibit tumor growth. However, PI-103 combined with gefitinib successfully regressed gefitinib-resistant tumor. In vitro experiments considering short half life of PI-103 reveal that transient exposure of PI-103 combined with gefitinib caused sustained inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation, resulting in induction of tumor cell apoptosis even in the presence of HGF. Conclusions: These results indicate that transient blockade of PI3K-Akt pathway by PI-103 and gefitinib could overcome HGF-mediated resistance to EGFR-TKIs by inducing apoptosis, further suggesting usefulness of double blockade of PI3K-Akt signaling at upstream (EGFR) and downstream (PI3K) for more successful treatment of EGFR mutant lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1730. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1730
Chris Brasher (d. age 74) and Sports Medicine
Authors: Dan Tunstall Pedoe
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Chris Brasher, pacemaker for the first four minute mile, Olympic gold for the steeplechase in 1956, innovative sports journalist, BBC executive, founder of the London Marathon, successful mountain boot designer and sports shoe retailer, environmentalist, latterly race horse owner, and, above all, enthusiast. Brasher’s recent death has revealed even to his friends new facets to a multi-talented man. This included an interest …
The "Missing" Patient
Authors: D. J. Muller
Journal: BMJ (1962)

and a build-up of primitive cells in the submucosa.The final result is ulceration of the entire intestinal tract including the colon.I do not think other antimetabolites have been much studied along these lines.Professor HARRISON: This case would in fact be unique in world history if it were so; it would have produced a carcinoma in a human being in under two months !Professor MCMICHAEL: Well, I am glad to have that possibility excluded.We do not like to see damage from our therapeutic efforts.
Selection of strongly immunogenic "tum-" variants from tumors at high frequency using 5-azacytidine.
Authors: P Frost, R G Liteplo, T P Donaghue, R S Kerbel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

Highly immunogenic "tum-" (non-tumorigenic in normal syngeneic hosts) clonal variants can be selected from a variety of poorly immunogenic and highly tumorigenic mouse cell lines at very high frequencies (e.g., greater than 80%) after treatment in vitro with chemical mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). We herein demonstrate that the same result can be obtained with the poorly mutagenic cytidine analogue, 5-azacytidine, a strong DNA hypomethylating agent. 5-Azacytidine and EMS were equally and comparably effective, or ineffective, in inducing tum- variants from three different highly tumorigenic mouse cell lines. Like mutagen-induced tum- variants, those obtained after 5-azacytidine treatment generated usually strong cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro, and could grow in immunosuppressed (nude mouse) hosts. However, pretreatment of the tumor cell lines with 5-azacytidine did not cause significant increases in mutations at several independent drug-resistant gene loci, whereas EMS did. It is known that treatment of cells with 5-azacytidine can induce transcriptional activation of "silent" genes through a reduction of DNA 5-methylcytosine content, a process that can also be effected by mutagenic DNA alkylating agents such as EMS and MNNG. We therefore hypothesize that an "epigenetic" mechanism (DNA hypomethylation) leading to activation and expression of genes coding for potential tumor antigens is involved in the generation at high frequency of tum- variants after "mutagen" treatment. The implications of these findings to mechanisms of tumor progression and the generation of tumor heterogeneity are discussed.
Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Glucose Homeostasis and Blood Pressure in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Ingrid Toft
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients: 78 persons with untreated hypertension recruited from a population survey. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, 4 g/d, or corn oil placebo, 4 g/d, for 16 weeks. Measurements: An oral glucose tolerance test; assessments of insulin release, glucose disposal, and insulin sensitivity done using the hyperglycemic clamp technique to keep plasma glucose levels at 10 mmol/L for 180 minutes; assessment of insulin sensitivity done using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique (infusing insulin and glucose to keep plasma glucose levels at 5 mmol/L); assessments of lipid levels and blood pressure. Measurements were done before and after intervention. Results: Changes in integrated glucose and insulin response after the oral glucose challenge did not differ between the fish oil and corn oil groups after intervention (−0.6 ± 0.7 compared with −1.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L [P > 0.3] for integrated glucose and 143 ± 76 compared with 169 ± 84 pmol/L [P > 0.3] for insulin response). Changes in first-phase insulin release (34 ± 72 pmol/L in the fish oil group compared with 191 ± 112 pmol/L in the corn oil group [P > 0.3]), second-phase insulin release (179 ± 66 pmol/L compared with 257 ± 122 pmol/L [P > 0.3]), and insulin sensitivity index (−0.03 ± 0.01 compared with −0.01 ± 0.01 [µmol/kg · min ÷ pmol/L]; P > 0.3) were also similar in both groups after treatment. Fish oil lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg more than control (P = 0.04) and lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.0 mm Hg more than control (P = 0.10). After fish oil treatment, triglyceride levels decreased by 0.28 ± 0.08 mmol/L more than control (P = 0.01), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 0.13 ± 0.04 mmol/L more than control (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Fish oil, in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons, does not adversely affect glucose metabolism.
A Guide to Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: BENJAMIN ALEXANDER, STANFORD WESSLER
Journal: Circulation (1961)

The physician who undertakes anticoagulant therapy tampers with one of the most important homeostatic functions of the body. In so doing, he subjects the patient to the calculated hazard of possible hemorrhage balanced against the risks of the thrombosis or embolism that he seeks to prevent or treat. Agents currently employed are heparin and coumarin-type compounds. These two categories of anticoagulants act at different sites of the coagulation mechanism, are administered differently, are metabolized differently, are reversed by different antidotes, and their effects are measured by different tests. Certain facts about which the physician should be adequately informed have been presented regarding the hemostatic mechanism; the physiology and pharmacology of the anticoagulants, especially as they may explain the wide variation in individual response; certain aspects of methodology; and the various practical problems involved in therapeutic management. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of individualization of treatment, careful clinical observation, and frequent reliable laboratory tests as guides to proper therapy.
A major subset of patients with ankylosing spondylitis followed up in tertiary clinical care require anti-tumour necrosis factor biological treatments according to the current guidelines
Authors: M Temel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

This case illustrates the usefulness of a therapeutic trial of colchicine monitored objectively by frequent acute phase protein measurements in patients with undiagnosed periodic fever syndromes.It also raises the possibility that a low threshold for analysing the FMF gene might disclose a wider spectrum of associated disease.
Hypotension and reduced nitric oxide-elicited vasorelaxation in transgenic mice overexpressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
Authors: Y Ohashi, S Kawashima, K i Hirata, T Yamashita, T Ishida, N Inoue, T Sakoda, H Kurihara, Y Yazaki, M Yokoyama
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO), constitutively produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure and vascular tone. We generated transgenic mice overexpressing bovine eNOS in the vascular wall using murine preproendothelin-1 promoter. In transgenic lineages with three to eight transgene copies, bovine eNOS-specific mRNA, protein expression in the particulate fractions, and calcium-dependent NOS activity were confirmed by RNase protection assay, immunoblotting, and L-arginine/citrulline conversion. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that eNOS protein was predominantly localized in the endothelial cells of aorta, heart, and lung. Blood pressure was significantly lower in eNOS-overexpressing mice than in control littermates. In the transgenic aorta, basal NO release (estimated by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine-induced facilitation of the contraction by prostaglandin F2alpha) and basal cGMP levels (measured by enzyme immunoassay) were significantly increased. In contrast, relaxations of transgenic aorta in response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were significantly attenuated, and the reduced vascular reactivity was associated with reduced response of cGMP elevation to these agents as compared with control aortas. Thus, our novel mouse model of chronic eNOS overexpression demonstrates that, in addition to the essential role of eNOS in blood pressure regulation, tonic NO release by eNOS in the endothelium induces the reduced vascular reactivity to NO-mediated vasodilators, providing several insights into the pathogenesis of nitrate tolerance.