tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alterations in Endogenous Nitric Oxide Production After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Lambs With Normal and Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Authors: D. M. McMullan, J. M. Bekker, A. J. Parry, M. J. Johengen, A. Kon, R. S. Heidersbach, S. M. Black, J. R. Fineman
Journal: Circulation (2000)

After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), altered vascular reactivity is a major source of complications, particularly for children with increased pulmonary blood flow. Although changes in agonist-induced NO activity are well described after CPB, potential changes in basal NO production and their role in post-CPB pulmonary hypertension remain unclear. By using aortopulmonary vascular graft placement in the fetal lamb (shunt lambs), we established a unique model of pulmonary hypertension that mimics congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow. The objective of the present study was to investigate potential alterations in endogenous NO production after CPB in lambs with normal and increased pulmonary blood flow.Vascular pressures and blood flows were monitored in 1-month-old lambs (n=7) with increased pulmonary blood flow and 6 age-matched control lambs. After shunt closure, hypothermic CPB (25 degrees C) was performed for 2 hours. The hemodynamic variables were monitored for 4 hours after CPB. Before, during, and after CPB, peripheral lung biopsies were performed to determine tissue NO, nitrite, nitrate, and cGMP concentrations; total NO synthase (NOS) activity; and endothelial NOS protein levels. Hypothermic CPB increased both mean pulmonary arterial pressure and left pulmonary vascular resistance (P:<0.05). The increase in pulmonary arterial pressure induced in shunt lambs was greater than that induced in control lambs (P:<0.05). Four hours after CPB, tissue concentrations of NO, nitrite, nitrate, and cGMP were decreased to approximately 70% of pre-CPB levels in both control and shunt lambs (P:<0.05). Total NOS activity and endothelial NOS protein levels were unchanged.Modest decreases in basal NO production, the inability to increase NO production, or both may play a role in the altered pulmonary vascular reactivity after CPB. The decrease in NO is independent of gene expression. However, other mechanisms for this decrease, such as substrate or cofactor availability, warrant further study.
Increasing Prevalence of NIDDM in the Pacific Island Population of Western Samoa Over a 13-Year Period
Authors: Veronica R Collins, Gary K Dowse, Palanitina M Toelupe, Tofaeono T Imo, Faalii L Aloaina, Raymond A Spark, Paul Z Zimmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE A survey of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in the Pacific island population of Western Samoa in 1978 (n = 1,206) documented a relatively high prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity. A follow- up survey was performed in 1991 (n = 1,776) to assess changes in NCD prevalence and risk factor distribution over 13 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In both surveys, the same representative villages from one urban and two rural areas were studied, and the survey procedure included an oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and physical activity assessment (1991 only). RESULTS The age-standardized prevalence of NIDDM in 1991 was 9.5 and 13.4% in Apia (urban) for men and women, respectively. In Poutasi (rural), 5.3% of men and 5.6% of women had NIDDM, and in Tuasivi (rural) the prevalence was 7.0 and 7.5% for men and women, respectively. Age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip circumference ratio, physical inactivity, and family history of diabetes all showed independent association with NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance. Living in Apia (compared with Poutasi) was also associated with NIDDM. Between 1978 and 1991, the age-standardized prevalence of NIDDM in Apia increased from 8.1 to 9.5% in men and 8.2 to 13.4% in women. In Poutasi, a dramatic increase occurred in prevalence from 0.1 to 5.3% in men, but little change in women was noted (5.4 to 5.6%). In Tuasivi, the increases were 2.3 to 7.0% in men and 4.4 to 7.5% in women. In combined survey areas, increases were observed in the agestandardized prevalence of obesity and mean levels of total cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, and uric acid between surveys as well as a reduction in the prevalence of smoking. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study using standardized methods to show a dramatic increase in the prevalence of NIDDM in a developing Pacific island population, and it indicates the importance of maintaining and expanding preventive programs for NIDDM and related lifestyle diseases in these populations.
Arrow plots show results of meta-analyses of surrogate and clinical outcomes
Authors: R. Badgett, F. Dong, K. Aung
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Boussageon and colleagues conclude that relying on surrogate end points for treating people with type 2 diabetes is a fallacy.1 Forest plots in meta-analyses do not, however, show well the relation between a surrogate outcome such as a biomarker and a clinical …
Biocomposites: Silicon Micro‐ and Nanofabrication for Medicine (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5/2013)
Authors: Daniel Fine, Alessandro Grattoni, Randy Goodall, Shyam S. Bansal, Ciro Chiappini, Sharath Hosali, Anne L. van de Ven, Srimeenkashi Srinivasan, Xuewu Liu, Biana Godin, Louis Brousseau, Iman K. Yazdi, Joseph Fernandez‐Moure, Ennio Tasciotti, Hung‐Jen Wu, Ye Hu, Steve Klemm, Mauro Ferrari
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Silicon micro- and nanofabrication are used to create innovative biomedical technologies and provide a suitable means to support rapid clinical translation. The review on page 632 by Alessandro Grattoni and co-workers covers a broad spectrum of silicon nanosystems ranging from diagnostics to therapeutics.
Cyclosporin and chronic pancreatitis: a supermodel?
Authors: M L STEER
Journal: Gut (1999)

See article on page 269 

Most patients with acute pancreatitis develop their disease in association with either biliary tract stones or abuse of ethanol, whereas chronic pancreatitis is most commonly the result of prolonged ethanol abuse. Attempts to study the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these inflammatory conditions have been hampered by the relative inaccessibility of the pancreas to study in humans, as well as the difficulty in identifying appropriate patients during the earliest stages of their disease.

Over the past two decades, several models of acute pancreatitis induced in laboratory animals have been developed.1-3 Use of these models has permitted the performance of studies that have advanced our understanding of the early cellular events that underlie the development of acute pancreatitis.4 Unfortunately, similar progress in the area of chronic pancreatitis has not been made, mainly because no good models of that disease have been developed.

The hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis are the combined presence …
Angiomatous Lymphoid Hamartoma in the Retroperitoneum
Authors: ANDREW MALLORY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

A 58-year-old man with retroperitoneal angiomatous lymphoid hamartoma presented with neurologic involvement of the lower extremities. Of the three reported cases of this tumor in the retroperitonium, this is the first with these neurologic features. The literature is reviewed.
Altered Nuclear Transfer in Stem-Cell Research — A Flawed Proposal
Authors: Douglas A. Melton, George Q. Daley, Charles G. Jennings
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The study of human embryonic stem cells is a matter of intense public debate, primarily because derivation of such cells requires the destruction of human blastocysts, a procedure that some find morally objectionable. William Hurlbut, M.D., of Stanford University and a member of the President's Council on Bioethics has recently proposed to the council an alternative way to derive embryonic stem cells that, he argues, circumvents this objection.1 The chair of the council, Leon Kass, M.D., Ph.D., favors Hurlbut's proposal.2 We believe that it is flawed.Hurlbut's proposal is based on the observation that mouse embryos carrying a mutation in . . .
Obama names public health expert Thomas Frieden to head CDC
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2009)

President Barack Obama has named Thomas Frieden, an expert in international public health and infectious diseases, to head the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The appointment, announced on Friday 15 May, does not need Senate approval, and Dr Frieden will join the CDC in Atlanta early next month.

President Obama praised Dr Frieden for his efforts to reduce the prevalence of smoking, increase screening for cancer, reduce numbers of deaths from AIDS, and implement electronic medical records.

He said, “America relies on a strong public health system, and the work at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is critical to our mission to preserve and protect the health and safety of our citizens.”

Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association (APHA), called the appointment …
Migraine and risk of haemorrhagic stroke in women: prospective cohort study
Authors: T. Kurth, C. S. Kase, M. Schurks, C. Tzourio, J. E. Buring
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objectives</b> To examine the association between migraine and migraine aura status with risk of haemorrhagic stroke. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Women’s Health Study, United States. <b>Participants</b> 27 860 women aged ≥45 who were free from stroke or other major disease at baseline and had provided information on self reported migraine, aura status, and lipid values. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Time to first haemorrhagic stroke and subtypes of haemorrhagic stroke. <b>Results</b> At baseline, 5130 (18%) women reported any history of migraine; of the 3612 with active migraine (migraine in the previous year), 1435 (40%) described having aura. During a mean of 13.6 years of follow-up, 85 haemorrhagic strokes were confirmed after review of medical records. Compared with women without a history of migraine, there was no increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke in those who reported any history of migraine (adjusted hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.71, P=0.93). In contrast, risk was increased in women with active migraine with aura (2.25, 1.11 to 4.54, P=0.024). The age adjusted increased risk was stronger for intracerebral haemorrhage (2.78, 1.09 to 7.07, P=0.032) and for fatal events (3.56, 1.23 to 10.31, P=0.02). Four additional haemorrhagic stroke events were attributable to migraine with aura per 10 000 women per year. Women who reported active migraine without aura had no increased risk for haemorrhagic stroke. <b>Conclusion</b> Migraine with aura might, in addition to ischaemic events, also be a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. The relatively low number of events and attributable risk should caution against definitive conclusions and call for further confirmation of these observations.
Accurate volume determination in the isolated ejecting canine left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Authors: L W Eaton, W L Maughan, A A Shoukas, J L Weiss
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Two-dimensional echocardiography can provide serial cross-sectional images of the left ventricular cavity. We examined whether such serial images from steady-state ejecting hearts would allow three-dimensional reconstruction and accurate volume estimation without major geometric assumptions. Cross-circulated, paced dog hearts were suspended in a blood-filled tank. Serial cross-sectional images were taken at 3-mm intervals along the vertical axis. Left ventricular cavity and muscle areas of each image were planimetered with a light-pen system and summated for volume: total volume = sigma (areas x 3 mm). Direct left ventricular volume was measured through the cardiac cycle with a volumetric chamber connected to a balloon in the ejecting left ventricle. In six hearts, 67 separate direct volume measurements (range 9.5--54.7 ml) from various points in the cardiac cycle were compared with the simultaneous echo volume measurements. By least squares linear regression, echo volume = 1.01 (direct volume) - 0.44 ml; r = 0.972, SEE = 2.93 ml. Provided accurate cross-sectional localization is available, these studies suggest that extremely accurate steady-state left ventricular volume can be determined noninvasively in the ejecting heart from multiple cross-sectional images.
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the product controlled by a gene in the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex.
Authors: M Kanno, S Kobayashi, T Tokuhisa, I Takei, N Shinohara, M Taniguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The B cell hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (E10, D7, F4, H6, and D4) were established by the fusion of P3U1 or NS-1 murine myeloma cell lines and spleen cells of B10.A(5R) mice hyperimmunized with mitomycin C-treated B10.A(3R) spleen and thymus cells. Two types of monoclonal antibodies specific for the products controlled by a gene in the I-Jb subregion of the H-2 complex were characterized: one specific for the private type of I-Jb determinant, the other recognizing the cross-reactive determinant between the I-Jb and I-Jd products. By using these monoclonal reagents, the I-J-encoded product on the antigen-specific suppressor T cells was found to be expressed on their soluble suppressor factors. Furthermore, the I-Jb products were successfully detected not only on the T cell hybridoma with suppressor activity specific for keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), but also on KLH-primed suppressor T cells enriched by antigen-coated petri dishes and concanavalin A-induced thymocyte blasts of C57BL/6 mice by complement-dependent cytotoxic assays and membrane fluorescence techniques.
Bristol doctors found guilty of serious professional misconduct
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The fallout from the Bristol heart surgery case, which ended last week with findings of serious professional misconduct against three doctors, continued this week when six consultants from Bristol Royal Infirmary hit back at suggestions that “doctors at Bristol” were to blame for the tragedy.

The consultants' statement came in response to comments from the Department of Health, the Royal College of Surgeons, and senior NHS local managers blaming Bristol doctors for failure to act over high death rates in paediatric cardiac surgery.

A former senior surgeon and medical director at Bristol, James Wisheart, was struck off the medical register by the General Medical Council last week; also struck off was Dr John Roylance, former chief executive of United Bristol Healthcare Trust. A second surgeon, Janardan Dhasmana, was also found guilty of serious professional misconduct but was allowed to remain on the register subject to a three year ban on …
Acute and Delayed Benefits of β-Blockers During Coronary Intervention
Authors: George W. Vetrovec
Journal: Circulation (2000)

he early outcomes after coronary intervention have improved remarkably, particularly in the stent era.Patients previously at risk for acute closure and possibly urgent bypass surgery now go home the next day.The risk of bypass surgery is likewise markedly reduced.Nonetheless, subgroups of patients remain at increased risk for adverse outcomes, both short-term and over subsequent follow-up.Predictors of adverse outcome include slow or no reflow, side branch occlusion, diffuse multivessel disease, and preprocedure thrombotic or unstable lesions, as determined by angiography and clinical history.Furthermore, the risk of embolic complications seems to increase with the use of nonballoon devices.
Review of NHS spending begins
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The disappearance of six pesticides (chlorpyrifos, penconazole, fenarimol, vinclozolin, metalaxyl, and mancozeb), which are widely used in vineyards to control berry moth, powdery mildew, downy mildew, and gray mold, was studied. Grapes were harvested for pesticide analysis at two hours and then at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after phytosanitary treatment. The determination of residues was carried out by GC-ECD for chlorpyrifos, penconazole, fenarimol, and vinclozolin, GC-MSD for metalaxyl, and UV-VIS spectrophotometry for mancozeb (as carbon disulfide). The residue levels immediately after application were 6.91, 0.14, 0.53, 5.82, 0.89, and 0.97 mg/kg, but fell to 0.14, 0.03, 0.06, 0.44, 0.10, and 0.22 mg/kg 28 days after the application for chlorpyrifos, penconazole, fenarimol, vinclozolin, metalaxyl, and mancozeb, respectively. According to the rate constants obtained, the dissipation order was: chlorpyrifos &gt; vinclozolin &gt; fenarimol &gt; metalaxyl &gt; penconazole&gt; mancozeb. The half-life times calculated were 4.4, 6.6, 7.8, 8.3, 12, and 13.5 days, respectively. In the case of vinclozolin, chlorpyrifos, fenarimol, and metalaxyl, the time necessary to reach the concentration of the corresponding maximum residue limit (MRL) was below their designated days to harvest times. The theoretical initial residue levels of penconazole and mancozeb (0.12 and 1.08 mg/kg) were below the MRL established for <i>Vitis vinifera</i> by Spanish legislation.
ERM-Dependent Movement of CD43 Defines a Novel Protein Complex Distal to the Immunological Synapse
Authors: Eric J. Allenspach, Patrick Cullinan, Jiankun Tong, Qizhi Tang, Amanda G. Tesciuba, Judy L. Cannon, Stephenie M. Takahashi, Renell Morgan, Janis K. Burkhardt, Anne I. Sperling
Journal: Immunity (2001)
Four Cases of Tin Poisoning Caused by Tinned Cherries
Authors: A. P. Luff, G. H. Metcalfe
Journal: BMJ (1890)

are hard, and feel like the stem of a clay tobacco pipe; the dis- charge from the fistula is healthy or thick pus.Fistula in Phthisis.-Fistula in phthisis is most common in the male, being rarer in the female; the buttocks are thin, and the ischio-rectal fosem depressed from want of fat; there is an exces-
Postcode lottery persists over weight loss surgery despite NICE guidance
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Surgeons in England and Wales have called for clear rules on which obese patients are eligible for weight loss surgery on the NHS after a survey showed access to operations is “inconsistent, unethical and completely dependent on geographical location.”

The survey of 43 bariatric surgeons practising in England and two in Wales found that while some patients with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 60 are being denied surgery others are being treated in the same hospital with a BMI of 40 or less.

Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published in 2002, and strengthened in 2006, say patients with a BMI of 40 or more should …
ACE Inhibitors Promote Nitric Oxide Accumulation to Modulate Myocardial Oxygen Consumption
Authors: Xiaoping Zhang, Yi-Wu Xie, Alberto Nasjletti, Xiaobin Xu, Michael S. Wolin, Thomas H. Hintze
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background ACE inhibitors potentiate kinin–nitric oxide (NO)–dependent coronary vascular dilation, and NO can modulate myocardial oxygen consumption. Whether ACE inhibitors also affect myocardial O 2 consumption has not been established. Methods and Results Production of nitrite, a metabolite of NO in aqueous solution, in coronary microvessels and O 2 consumption in myocardium were quantified with the use of in vitro tissue preparations, the Greiss reaction, and a Clark-type O 2 electrode. In coronary microvessels, kininogen (the precursor of kinin; 10 μg/mL) and three ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalaprilat, or ramiprilat; 10 −8 mol/L) increased nitrite production from 76±6 to 173±15, 123±12, 125±12, and 153±12 pmol/mg, respectively (all P &lt;.05). In myocardium, kininogen (10 μg/mL) and captopril, enalaprilat, or ramiprilat (10 −4 mol/L) reduced cardiac O 2 consumption by 41±2%, 19±3%, 25±2%, and 35±2%, respectively. The changes in both nitrite release and O 2 consumption in vitro were blocked by N ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester or N ω -nitro- l -arginine, inhibitors of endogenous NO formation. The effects were also blocked by HOE 140, which blocks the bradykinin B 2 -kinin receptor, and serine protease inhibitors, which inhibit local kinin formation. Conclusions Our data indicate that stimulation of local kinin formation by use of a precursor for kinin formation or inhibition of kinin degradation by use of ACE inhibitors increases NO formation and is important in the control of cardiac O 2 consumption. Vasodilation and control of myocardial O 2 consumption by NO may contribute importantly to the therapeutic actions of ACE inhibitors in cardiac disease states.
Systematic pain management reduced agitation in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Calvin Hirsch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Husebo BS, Ballard C, Sandvik R, Nilsen OB, Aarsland D. Efficacy of treating pain to reduce behavioural disturbances in residents of nursing homes with dementia: cluster randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d4065. 21765198
Serial measurement of coronary flow velocity by transthoracic doppler echocardiography: prediction of left ventricular remodeling in reperfused acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Souki Lee, Shinichi Minagoe, Yutaka Otsuji, Hitoshi Toda, Koichi Toyonaga, Masanori Tsurugida, Midori Okamura, Tsuminori Yamashita, Shuichi Hamasaki, Chuwa Tei
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Many cancer networks are failing to improve services
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A high number of cancer networks—the groups set up to lead improvements in cancer services at a local level and to implement England's national cancer plan—are failing in their role, warns a report published this week.

It found major variations in cancer mortality and in levels of access to newer drug treatments in different parts of England.

The report reviewed what had been achieved five years into the NHS cancer plan, a 10 year strategy to provide a comprehensive approach to …
Specific promoter methylation identifies different subgroups of MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia, influences clinical outcome, and provides therapeutic options
Authors: Dominique J. P. M. Stumpel, Pauline Schneider, Eddy H. J. van Roon, Judith M. Boer, Paola de Lorenzo, Maria G. Valsecchi, Renee X. de Menezes, Rob Pieters, Ronald W. Stam
Journal: Blood (2009)
Artery-Expanding Stents Widen Hopes for Patients With Atherosclerosis
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1988)

"IT MAKES GOOD SENSE to try these stents," Ronald E. Vlietstra, MD, said at the annual American Heart Association meeting in Anaheim, Calif. Vlietstra, a consultant in cardiovascular disease and internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, was recommending consideration of the newest idea for maintaining patency in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. A stent is a small stainless steel device—about the size of a spring in the old ballpoint pens—designed to be placed permanently in an artery so that it acts as a supporting framework to keep the walls apart, permitting the blood to circulate without obstruction. Three different types of stents were described at the meeting by investigators who think the devices, still in an early stage of development, may one day be used routinely to prevent the restenosis that occurs within six months in up to 30% of some 200 000 patients with cardiovascular disease who undergo percutaneous