tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
From the authors
Authors: M. Cazzola, V. Brusasco, F. J. Martinez
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

We thank D. Stanescu for his interest in our paper [1] and for giving us the opportunity to clarify an important methodological issue.First of all, we would like it to be remembered that our document was intended for use in designing clinical trials on pharmacological treatments of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The point we wanted to make clear is that, because of the well known potential errors inherent to dilution methods and body plethysmography [2-4], they should not be used interchangeably within a clinical trial.We are aware that keeping the panting frequency below 1 Hz helps reduce overestimation of lung volumes measured by body plethysmography in the presence of airflow obstruction [5,6], but this has to be confirmed in very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it may not be easily feasible in large multicentre clinical trials.Notwithstanding, we agree that, whenever possible, the plethysmographic method should be adopted, not only because it is less time consuming, but also because it allows assessment of repeatability of measurements within sessions and, thus, better quality control.
Sexual Activity and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Rudi G. J. Westendorp
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —In the article on sexual activity and triggering of MI by Dr Muller and colleagues,1the data were gathered with an intruiging study design—the case-crossover method.2The quintessence of the technique is that risk es  Time Between Sexual Activity and Onset of Myocardial Infarction, h  Relationship between induction time of onset of myocardial infarction and sexual activity. Data are from Muller et al1and are presented as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals using a log scale. timates are derived from self-reported sexual activities preceding MI compared with the usual activity during the previous year. In contrast to an ordinary case-control study, there is no doubt on the choice of the control group because it consists of the patients themselves.  After having read the article, one might question one's own sexual activities and conclude that coitus directly preceding a life-threatening illness would certainly be remembered. On the
HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 subfractions, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. A prospective population study in eastern Finnish men.
Authors: J T Salonen, R Salonen, K Seppänen, R Rauramaa, J Tuomilehto
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND We investigated the association of cholesterol concentrations in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 with the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 1,799 randomly selected men 42, 48, 54, or 60 years old. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline examinations in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were done during 1984-1987. In Cox multivariate survival models adjusted for age and examination year, serum HDL cholesterol of less than 1.09 mmol/l (42 mg/dl) was associated with a 3.3-fold risk of acute myocardial infarction (95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.7-6.4), serum HDL2, cholesterol of less than 0.65 mmol/l (25 mg/dl) was associated with a 4.0-fold risk of acute myocardial infarction (95% CI, 1.9-8.3), and serum HDL3 cholesterol of less than 0.40 mmol/l (15 mg/dl) was associated with a 2.0-fold (95% CI, 1.1-4.0) risk of acute myocardial infarction. Adjustments for obesity, ischemic heart disease, other cardiovascular disease, maximal oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations reduced the excess risks associated with serum HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol in the lowest quartiles by 52%, 48%, and 41%, respectively. Additional adjustments for alcohol consumption, cigarettes smoked daily, smoking years, and leisure time energy expenditure reduced these excess risks associated with low HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol levels by another 26%, 24% and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that both total HDL and HDL2 levels have inverse associations with the risk of acute myocardial infarction and may thus be protective factors in ischemic heart disease, whereas the role of HDL3 remains equivocal.
Increased frequency of in vivo hprt gene-mutated T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic sclerosis.
Authors: P P Sfikakis, J Tesar, S Theocharis, G L Klipple, G C Tsokos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

OBJECTIVE--Activated T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc); such cells rapidly divide in vivo and are thus theoretically subject to random mutation more frequently than resting cells. To study whether SSc is associated with rapidly expanding T cell clones the frequency was determined of in vivo mutated T cells (MF) at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene in the peripheral blood from patients with SSc. Specific clinical or serological associations were also investigated. METHODS--Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 healthy individuals and 20 patients with SSc were cultured using an hprt clonal assay; mutated and wild T cell clones were established to assess individual values of T cell MF. T cell clones were further expanded in vitro and their phenotype was determined by standard immunofluorescence technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for simultaneous measurements of plasma levels of soluble Interleukin-2 receptors (s-IL-2R) and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1). RESULT--Mean (SD) value of T cell MF in patients with SSc was 2.5-fold higher than the normal mean (SD) value [10.6 (6.6) x 10(-6) v [4.4 (2.8) x 10(-6), p = 0.0007]. Eleven of 20 patients with SSc (55%) had T cell MF values greater than two SD above the normal mean value. The majority (84%) of mutated T cells had a helper/inducer, memory phenotype while 12% were cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. There was no association between T cell MF and the extent of skin involvement or the duration of Raynaud9s phenomenon. High individual T cell MF values were not related to a possible concurrent immune overactivity as assessed by plasma levels of s-IL-2R and s-ICAM-1. Patients with long standing skin disease, however, had almost double T cell MF values than patients with early skin disease [(13.6 (7.4)) x 10(-6) v (7.5 (4.3)) x 10(-6), p = 0.03], suggesting that increased T cell MF in SSc may reflect an ongoing process of chronic in vivo T cell proliferation and/or prolonged survival. CONCLUSION--Increased in vivo T cell mutation in patients with SSc suggests that excessive division and/or survival of T cell clones contribute to the pathology in SSc; this approach can be used in further investigations to identify the stimulus that is triggering T cell activation in this disease.
Infarct size-reducing effect of nicorandil is mediated by the KATP channel but not by its nitrate-like properties in dogs
Authors: T Mizumura
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Objectives: We wished to determine whether the cardioprotective effect of nicorandil to reduce infarct size is blocked by glibenclamide, a selective KATP channel antagonist, or methylene blue, a nitric oxide (NO)/guanylate cyclase inhibitor, in dogs. The second aim was to determine if glyceryl trinitrate produces a cardioprotective effect in the same model and to test if this effect is blocked by methylene blue and not by glibenclamide. We also determined whether adenosine release from the ischemic-reperfused area is an accurate index of ischemic severity in the presence of these drugs. Methods: Barbiturate-anesthetized dogs were subjected to 60 min of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. In the first three groups, either nicorandil (100 μg/kg bolus + 10 μg/kg/min), glyceryl trinitrate (10 μg/kg bolus + 1 μg/kg/min) or an equivalent volume of saline was given intravenously 15 min before LAD occlusion and continued to the time of reperfusion. In the next three groups, glibenclamide (0.3 mg/kg) was administered 15 min before drug infusion. In the final three groups, methylene blue (80 μM) was given intracoronarily 5 min before nicorandil or glyceryl trinitrate and continued until 15 min following reperfusion. Coronary venous blood samples were collected at various times during ischemia and following reperfusion and the concentration of adenosine measured. Results: Nicorandil produced a marked reduction in infarct size expressed as a percent of the area at risk (NC group, 12.2 ± 3.2% vs. Control group, 25.7 ± 4.1%, P < 0.05) and this effect was completely abolished by pretreatment with glibenclamide. However, intracoronary administration of methylene blue did not block the cardioprotective effect of nicorandil. On the other hand, glyceryl trinitrate also produced a significant reduction in infarct size (GTN group, 13.0 ± 3.1%) and this effect was reversed by methylene blue but not by glibenclamide. Adenosine concentrations in coronary venous blood were significantly reduced after reperfusion in the groups with small infarctions as compared with the Control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that at equieffective cardioprotective doses the infarct size-reducing effect of nicorandil in dogs is mediated via opening of myocardial KATP channels and that the cardioprotective effect of glyceryl trinitrate is most likely to be mediated via activation of guanylate cyclase at a site yet to be determined.
Potential of Albiglutide, a Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Julio Rosenstock, Jane Reusch, Mark Bush, Fred Yang, Murray Stewart
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of incremental doses of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, administered with three dosing schedules in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise or metformin monotherapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this randomized multicenter double-blind parallel-group study, 356 type 2 diabetic subjects with similar mean baseline characteristics (age 54 years, diabetes duration 4.9 years, BMI 32.1 kg/m2, A1C 8.0%) received subcutaneous placebo or albiglutide (weekly [4, 15, or 30 mg], biweekly [15, 30, or 50 mg], or monthly [50 or 100 mg]) or exenatide twice daily as an open-label active reference (per labeling in metformin subjects only) over 16 weeks followed by an 11-week washout period. The main outcome measure was change from baseline A1C of albiglutide groups versus placebo at week 16. RESULTS Dose-dependent reductions in A1C were observed within all albiglutide schedules. Mean A1C was similarly reduced from baseline by albiglutide 30 mg weekly, 50 mg biweekly (every 2 weeks), and 100 mg monthly (−0.87, −0.79, and −0.87%, respectively) versus placebo (−0.17%, P &amp;lt; 0.004) and exenatide (−0.54%). Weight loss (−1.1 to −1.7 kg) was observed with these three albiglutide doses with no significant between-group effects. The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events in subjects receiving albiglutide 30 mg weekly was less than that observed for the highest biweekly and monthly doses of albiglutide or exenatide. CONCLUSIONS Weekly albiglutide administration significantly improved glycemic control and elicited weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients, with a favorable safety and tolerability profile.
Elevation of Creatine Phosphokinase in Young Men After Recreational Exercise
Authors: Mark A. LaPorta, Harry W. Linde, David L. Bruce, Edward J. Fitzsimons
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Twenty healthy male volunteers were divided into four groups for a period of recreational physical exercise. Standard blood chemistry determinations were made before exercise and on the two subsequent days. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), SGOT, and lactic dehydrogenase levels were transiently elevated, but the change was considered significant only in the CPK level after certain types of exercise. Persons having these determinations performed should be questioned about recent physical exertion in the event of abnormal laboratory results.
PRESUMPTIVE TEST FOR THE ETIOLOGIC FACTOR IN BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING
Authors: VICTOR BURKE
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The causes of food poisoning may be roughly classi fied into four groups as regards diagnosis: (1) bacterial toxins; (2) organisms of the paratyphoidenteritidis group; (3) ptomains and naturally poisonous foods, such as the toadstools, and (4) chemical poisons, consisting mainly of the poisonous metals.  These groups vary in their resistance to heat, oxidizing agents, disinfectants, acids and antitoxins. They also vary in the severity of the disease, time of appearance, and nature of the symptoms produced. By utilizing these differences it is possible in many cases, when the suspected food is available, to make a more rapid and accurate diagnosis than when one depends solely on the clinical symptoms exhibited by the patient.  The present article is the result of an attempt to develop a rapid test for the etiologic factor in bacterial food poisoning, of such a practical nature as to be readily applied by the practicing physician
Mechanism of cAMP-dependent modulation of cardiac sodium channel current kinetics.
Authors: K Ono, H A Fozzard, D A Hanck
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

beta-Adrenergic modulation is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of ion channel function. Only recently, however, have beta-adrenergic effects on cardiac Na+ channel activity been recognized, and some diversity of effects has been reported in different preparations. We report studies of protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation effects on cardiac Na+ current using the macropatch on-cell mode voltage-clamp technique to maintain cytoplasmic composition intact. During the first 5 minutes after addition of 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cAMP to the bath, the midpoints of both voltage-dependent availability and conductance shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction an average of -7.5 +/- 2.8 mV (n = 31). Moreover, these effects were not species specific; similar results were obtained in canine, rabbit, and guinea pig myocytes, and a similar shift occurred after exposure to 5 microM isoproterenol. Maximum conductance did not change, nor did single-channel conductance. The shifts of conductance and voltage-dependent availability that were induced by protein phosphorylation were distinct from and independent of the slow background shift in kinetics. We measured the background shift to be less than 0.3 mV/min and to be restricted to the channels within the patch. Pretreatment of cells with a blocker of protein kinase, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide (H-89), prevented the effect of 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cAMP while not affecting the background shift in kinetics. Although clearly not the result of addition of a negatively charged phosphate to the inside face of the channel, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation affects the voltage-dependent kinetics, as expected, by an electrostatic interaction with the voltage sensor.
THE NEW PHARMACOPŒIA.Read in the Section on Materia Medica and Pharmacy, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: JOSEPH P. REMINGTON
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The wide-spread interest in the last revision of the United States Pharmacopœia, both in this country and abroad, and the fact that theAmerican Medical Associationand the American Pharmaceutical Association are especially represented in the Decennial Convention for revising the book, seem to be good reasons for the presentation in this Section of certain information regarding the work which may be of especial interest to physicians. The Convention which met in Washington on May 7, 1890, was by far the largest and most representative body ever assembled for the purpose of revising a National work of this character. All incorporated universities, medical and pharmaceutic colleges, medical and pharmaceutic State Associations and bodies connected with both professions with the United States Army, Navy and Marine· Hospital Service sent delegates to prove the interest which existed in providing a representative and authoritative guide for the selection and preparation of the armamentarium
Pocket 4 in the HLA‐DRB1 antigen‐binding groove: an association with atopy
Authors: M. J. Torres‐galván, J. Quiralte, C. Blanco, R. Castillo, T. Carrillo, P. Pérez‐aciego, F. Sánchez‐garcía
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Background: Many studies have attempted to identify an association between HLA genes and atopy, given the role of HLA molecules in the regulation of the immune response. In the case of house‐dust mites, it is difficult to find an association with a particular HLA allele, due to the complexity of the allergen. The objective was to investigate whether HLA‐DRB1 functional groups are better correlated with the atopic disease in our population than DRB1 alleles. Methods: The method was reanalysis of the HLA‐DRB1 data of a previous case/control study. Results: The “Dr” group was found to be associated with the atopic disease in our population. Conclusions: Grouping HLA‐DRB1 alleles into functional categories may assist in the search for predictive factors in relation to atopic disease.
The impact of sodium chloride and volume depletion in the chronic kidney disease of congenital chloride diarrhea
Authors: Satu Wedenoja, Timo Örmälä, Ulla B. Berg, Stella F. Edström Halling, Hannu Jalanko, Riitta Karikoski, Juha Kere, Christer Holmberg, Pia Höglund
Journal: Kidney International (2008)
Bone Scan Appearance Supportive of Schnitzler's Syndrome: Report of Two New Cases
Authors: B Singh, S Ezziddin, E Rabe, H J. Biersack, H Ahmadzadefar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Schnitzler's syndrome is often characterized by bone pain, chronic nonpruritic urticaria, intermittent fever, and monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgM) gammopathy. In this study, we present 2 cases supportive of Schnitzler's syndrome, in which clinical features and laboratory results were suggestive of the diagnosis. Although arthralgia is one of the major symptoms, patients are rarely referred for bone scintigraphy. We present contributing bone scan findings for diagnosis of this syndrome. The scintigraphic appearance in these 2 patients demonstrated increased concentration of the radioactive tracer in the femora, tibiae, shoulder joints, elbow joints, ankle joints, and the metatarsals and correlated with the regions of symptomatic bone pain. The pattern of the bone scintigraphy in correlation with the clinical history and laboratory investigations are supportive of the final diagnosis.
Renal Survival After Renal Vein Ligation
Authors: Eduardo Gonzalez
Journal: JAMA (1967)

THERE IS a widely held belief that sudden occlusion of a main renal vein invariably results in renal infarction and loss of the kidney. However, because of a rich collateral circulation, the left kidney may continue to function after renal vein ligation. This was first pointed out by Erlik et al<sup>1,2</sup>and has been borne out by a patient recently studied by us. A review of the anatomy of the inferior vena cava and the renal veins as well as a review of the literature has shown that, under certain circumstances, renal survival can be expected after left main renal vein ligation. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> The patient (MSH-266140), a 49-year-old white man, was admitted to the Mount Sinai Hospital on Nov 26, 1964, with severe, sustained hypertension of four months' duration. His blood pressure was approximately 250/140 mm Hg and it was poorly controlled with antihypertensive medications. In
Enhanced translocation of particles from lungs by jaggery.
Authors: A P Sahu, A K Saxena
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Because industrial workers in dusty or smoky environments seemed to experience no discomfort if they consumed the sugar cane product jaggery, experimental studies were undertaken to observe the effects of jaggery on dust-exposed rats. Rats with and without a single intratracheal instillation of coal dust (50 mg/rat) were orally gavaged with jaggery (0.5 g/rat, 5 days/week for 90 days). The enhanced translocation of coal particles from lungs to tracheobronchial lymph nodes was observed in jaggery-treated rats. Moreover, the jaggery reduced the coal-induced histological lesions and hydroxyproline contents of lungs. The lesions induced in omental tissue and regional lymph nodes by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg each of coal and silica dust were modified by jaggery (0.5 g/rat, 5 days/week for 30 days). These findings along with the preventive action of jaggery on smoke-induced lung lesions suggest the potential of jaggery as protective agent for workers in dusty and smoky environments.
Re: Thomas Jefferson-Reply
Authors: Hilda Slive
Journal: JAMA (1977)

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Successful use of Oral Diazoxide in the Treatment of Severe Toxaemia of Pregnancy
Authors: J. E. F. Pohl, H. Thurston, D. Davis, M. Y. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Treatment with oral diazoxide for periods of 4 to 10 weeks in hospital allowed adequate control of hypertension with continuation of fetal growth in four patients with severe toxaemia. Two were insulin-dependent diabetics and one of these suffered from renal failure. In all patients albuminuria diminished markedly, while the fluid retention was controlled with frusemide. Three pregnancies were successfully terminated by lower segment caesarean section and in the remaining case vaginal delivery resulted in the birth of a healthy baby. Control of blood sugars presented no problems in the diabetic patients. Only minimal adjustments of insulin dosage were required. One of the non-diabetic patients developed mild hyperglycaemia which responded to tolbutamide. The babies, ranging in age from 5 to 12 months, have continued to thrive.
US state rejects federal funding for abstinence only sex education
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The liberal northeastern state of Maine has decided not to accept federal funding for school sex education because the federal programme requires teachers to promote abstinence until marriage and mutual faithfulness afterwards rather than provide comprehensive sex education. California and Pennsylvania have also rejected funding for abstinence only sex education.

The American Civil Liberties Union has launched a national campaign to urge officials in 18 states to reject abstinence until marriage education. It said many abstinence only programmes contained inaccurate information.

Maine turned down $165 000 (£93 000; €137 000), nearly a third of its “family …