tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mandatory Screening for HIV Antibody
Authors: Olav Henry Alvig
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The authors from The Hastings Center<sup>1</sup>put great emphasis on individual freedom, but ignore the public's right to be protected from the consequences of communicable disease. They would limit screening for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because "even such an ostensibly limited intervention [as screening] can have dramatic and deleterious consequences for individuals," and the results ought not to be considered when applying for health or life insurance so as to avoid economic burden to the public of providing health care benefits to those affected. This exquisite rationale is never applied to persons with diabetes, hypertension, cancer, or alcoholism when those poor individuals are denied employment or insurance. Mandatory screening of such individuals as applicants for marriage licenses should not be required, as marriage is central to an individual's freedom, say the authors. Why is AIDS different from syphilis, for which testing is required to protect
PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION
Authors: F. S. Robscheit-Robbins, L. L. Miller, G. H. Whipple
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

Given healthy dogs fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein. Reserve stores of blood protein-building materials are measurably depleted and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for weeks or months depending upon the intake of food proteins or amino acid mixtures. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and various poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. Under these conditions (double depletion) standard growth mixtures of essential amino acids are tested to show the response in blood protein output and urinary nitrogen balance. As a part of each tabulated experiment one of the essential amino acids is deleted from the complete growth mixture to compare such response with that of the whole mixture. Methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tryptophane when singly eliminated from the complete amino acid mixture do effect a sharp rise in urinary nitrogen. This loss of urinary nitrogen is corrected when the individual amino acid is replaced in the mixture. Histidine, lysine, and valine have a moderate influence upon urinary nitrogen balance toward nitrogen conservation. Leucine, isoleucine, and arginine have minimal or no effect upon urinary nitrogen balance when these individual amino acids are deleted from the complete growth mixture of amino acids during 3 to 4 week periods. Tryptophane and to a less extent phenylalanine and threonine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a conspicuous preponderance of plasma protein output over the hemoglobin output (Table 4). Arginine, lysine, and histidine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a large preponderance of hemoglobin output. Various amino acid mixtures under these conditions may give a positive urinary nitrogen balance and a liberal output of blood proteins but there is always weight loss, however we may choose to explain this loss. These experiments touch on the complex problems of parenteral nutrition, experimental and clinical.
Dr(a-) polymorphism of decay accelerating factor. Biochemical, functional, and molecular characterization and production of allele-specific transfectants.
Authors: D M Lublin, E S Thompson, A M Green, C Levene, M J Telen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The Dra antigen belongs to the Cromer-related blood group system, a series of antigens on decay accelerating factor (DAF), a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that protects host cells from complement-mediated damage. We studied the rare inherited Dr(a-) phenotype to ascertain the associated biochemical and functional changes in DAF and to characterize the basis for this polymorphism. Radioimmunoassay assay and flow cytometric analysis of Dr(a-) erythrocytes demonstrated 40% of normal surface expression of DAF but normal levels of several other glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, distinguishing this phenotype from that of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Western blots confirmed this reduced DAF expression and indicated a slightly faster mobility of the molecule on SDS-PAGE. Despite the reduced DAF expression, Dr(a-) erythrocytes functioned normally in the complement lysis sensitivity assay. Utilization of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify mononuclear cell genomic DNA from three unrelated Dr(a-) individuals demonstrated that a point mutation underlies the Dr(a-) phenotype: a C to T change in nucleotide 649 resulting in a serine165 to leucine change. This defines the Drb allele of DAF, which can be distinguished from Dra by a Taq I restriction fragment length polymorphism. We created transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing either the Dra or the Drb allelic form of DAF. These allele-specific transfectants were tested by inhibition of hemagglutination or flow cytometry and confirmed the specificity of anti-Dra alloantisera. The allele-specific transfectants could form the basis of a new serological approach to immunohematology.
STUDIES OF PROTOPORPHYRIN: IV. A COMPARISON OF THE ERYTHROCYTE PROTOPORPHYRIN CONCENTRATION WITH THE RETICULOCYTE PERCENTAGE UNDER EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL CONDITIONS 1
Authors: C. J. Watson, Moisés Grinstein, Violet Hawkinson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1944)

The presence of protoporphyrin in human erythrocytes was first noted by H. van den Bergh and co-workers (1, 2).Grotepass (3) isolated this porphyrin and identified it as protoporphyrn 9, corresponding to aetioporphyrin III; in other words, the same protoporphyrin as that in the hemoglobin molecule.The significance of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin is not yet clear.Watson and Clarke (4) described evidence in- dicating that much of it is contained in the reticulocytes.This was likewise the conclusion of de Langen and Grotepass (5).In Watson and Clarke's study (4), it was shown that upon centrifuging various samples of blood, the protoporphyrin was regularly found in the upper, or reticulocyte-rich, strata.It was also observed that samples of red cells composed entirely of reticulocytes, as obtained from rabbits with acute phenylhydrazine poisoning, were especially rich in protoporphyrin.At that time, a satisfactory method for quantitative determination of the erythrocyte protoporphyrin was not available and consequently, the question of correlation of the amount of porphyrin with the reticulocyte per- centage, in various clinical and experimental con- ditions, could not be investigated.In a series of papers appearing between 1933 and 1940, Seggel and others (6 to 10) described evidence indicat- ing that the erythrocyte protoporphyrin resides in "fluorescytes," i.e., red blood cells exhibiting red fluorescence in ultraviolet light.Simultane- ous reticulocyte and fluorescyte curves, as ob- tained in Seggel's studies, were not parallel.Thus, in cases of pernicious anemia which were followed through the reticulocyte response to liver extract therapy, the fluorescytes increased
Signal-averaged electrocardiography improves patient characterization in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aids localization of a disease gene to chromosome 2p in a linkage analysis study
Authors: Neal D. Epstein, Mark Leppert, Henry J. Lin, Ray White, Jean Marc Lalouel, Arthur Nienhuis, Lameh Fananapazir
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
US societies to defy ban on editing articles from embargoed countries
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A group of American scientific societies is planning to defy a recent US government ruling that has prevented their journals from publishing work by scientists from Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, and Sudan, all countries subject to US trade embargoes.

Historically, US trade embargoes have regulated the transfer of goods but not of information, as law makers believed that a free exchange of ideas would encourage democratic development in the targeted countries. Trade legislation has normally specified journal articles and other written material as exempt from regulation.

But last September the US Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control, which administers trade embargoes, announced that any …
Gastric hyperalgesia and changes in voltage gated sodium channel function in the rat
Authors: G F Gebhart, K Bielefeldt, N Ozaki
Journal: Gut (2002)

Potential peripheral mechanisms that might contribute to the development of visceral hypersensitivity and ultimately to the altered sensations that characterise functional gastrointestinal disorders were examined by developing experimental models of gastric hyperalgesia. A direct link between alteration in behaviour and potential mechanisms of increased excitability of the gastric afferent innervation was found.
Hyperoxaluria with hyperglycoluria not due to alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase defect: A novel type of primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Karel J. Van Acker, François J. Eyskens, Marc F. Espeel, Ronald J.A. Wanders, Conny Dekker, Ingrid O. Kerckaert, Frank Roels
Journal: Kidney International (1996)
Gastroenteritis with Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Babies
Authors: H. Stein, J. Beck, A. Solomon, A. Schmaman
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Eleven premature babies developed necrotizing enterocolitis in an epidemic of gastroenteritis and salmonella infection. This occurred in one of two premature baby wards over a period of 10 weeks. All affected babies had severe gastroenteritis and six had salmonella infection. No cases of necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in the unaffected ward during the same period. All other possible factors which might have predisposed to necrotizing enterocolitis occurred with equal frequency in both wards. There seems little doubt that infection was the significant factor in the pathogenesis.
Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy and Peritonitis
Authors: ALI OTO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1983Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy and PeritonitisALI OTO, M.D., AHMET OKTAY, M.D., TÜMAY SÖZEN, M.D.ALI OTO, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, AHMET OKTAY, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, TÜMAY SÖZEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-2-282_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Methylprednisolone pulse therapy for various immune-mediated disorders has been thought to be safe because of the absence of serious side effects. However, several authors have noted adverse effects including fatal arrythmias, life-threatening infections, and sudden death (1-4).We report another serious side effect that could be attributed to high-dose intravenously administered methylprednisolone pulses: acute noninfectious peritonitis. A 31-year-old woman had had rheumatoid arthritis for 6 years. She had been given high doses of acetylsalicylic acid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and D-penicillamine without adequate response. She was considered to be refractory to the current therapy and was given intravenous...References1 GARRETPAULUS RH. Complications of intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:1977. Google Scholar2 STUBBSMORELL SR. Intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate: adverse reactions reported in association with immunosuppressive therapy. Transplant Proc. 1973;5:1145-6. MedlineGoogle Scholar3 BOCANEGRACASTENADAESPINOZAVASEYGERMAIN TMLFB. Sudden death after methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:122. LinkGoogle Scholar4 MOSESMELORNICKNICKEY RAW. Fatal arrhythmia after pulse methylprednisolone therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:781-2. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ALI OTO, M.D.; AHMET OKTAY, M.D.; TÜMAY SÖZEN, M.D.Affiliations: University of Hacettepe School of Medicine Ankara, Turkey PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe Adverse Drug Reaction in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An OverviewCorticosteroid pulse therapy in active rheumatoid arthritis 1 August 1983Volume 99, Issue 2Page: 282-282KeywordsArrhythmiaDrugsHeart ratePeritonitisRheumatoid arthritis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
Immunoglobulin Specificity of the Microagglutination Test for the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium
Authors: CAROL E. FARSHY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Differences in results of microagglutination tests for the Legionnaires' disease bacterium on untreated sera and sera treated with 2-mercaptoethanol suggest that, like other agglutination tests, the microagglutination test is heavily dependent on the presence of IgM antibody.
Intermittent disconjugate gaze: A novel finding in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Jerome Schartman, Joel Weinstein
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

We read with interest the letter by Al-Osaimi et al.1 Several points deserve clarification. The authors describe a motility disorder characterized by fluctuating exotropia that is "not typically present at all times." Mitochondrial myopathies are characterized by a progressive, non-fluctuating ophthalmoplegia.2, 3 Furthermore, the ophthalmoplegia in mitochondrial dysfunction is usually fairly conjugate. That is, it has approximately equal amounts of misalignment in different fields of gaze. Additionally, isolated weakness of the bilateral medial rectus muscles has not to our knowledge been described in patients with mitochondrial disorders affecting the extraocular muscles. The motility disorder as described in Fig. 11 could represent bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegias (INO). INO is associated with demyelinating or ischemic disease of the brainstem nuclei,4 as well as with metabolic toxicities and disorders including Wernicke encephalopathy5 and hepatic encephalopathy.6 INO is characterized by impaired adduction of one or both eyes with divergent misalignment, often with adduction lag that may fluctuate with patching.7 We question whether any other evidence of Wernicke encephalopathy was seen in the patient population. The differential of fluctuating extraocular dysmotility also includes ocular myasthenia, a motility disorder characterized by fatigable dysmotility due to a pathologic antibody against the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction. Myasthenia may often be associated with other autoimmune diseases, rarely with autoimmune hepatitis.8 In summary, we question the authors' association of NASH with mitochondrial dysfunction based on their description of a motility disorder that is, if it is accurately described, not characteristic of the mitochondrial myopathies. Jerome Schartman*, Joel Weinstein*, * Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
Ginseng-Induced Diuretic Resistance
Authors: Bryan N. Becker
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —Germanium, an ingredient in many ginseng preparations and over-the-counter nutritional supplements, has been associated with chronic renal failure. 1-3 To date, germanium-related acute adverse renal effects have not been reported. We describe a patient who became refractory to diuretics while ingesting germanium-containing ginseng. The patient's diuretic responsiveness improved after discontinuing these compounds.  Report of a Case.  —A 63-year-old man with membranous glomerulonephritis treated with furosemide and cyclosporine 4 was hospitalized because of edema and hypertension. He had started taking daily nutritional supplements, including 10 to 12 tablets of a germanium-containing ginseng preparation (Uncle Hsu's Korean ginseng), about 10 days earlier. At admission, he weighed 87.3 kg (194 lb), far more than his usual weight of 74.5 kg (164 lb). His blood pressure was 186/100 mm Hg, and serum creatinine was 115 μmol/L (1.3 mg/dL). We administered 240 mg of furosemide intraveneously (IV) every 8 hours, and ultrasound
The Nature of Lumbago
Authors: N. B. Eastwood
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>Objective</h3> To elucidate the difference between choroidal thickness (CT) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal subjects and to compare the CT measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> This cross-sectional observational study included 25 eyes of 17 POAG subjects (cases) and 31 eyes of 20 normal subjects (controls). All the patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, enhanced depth imaging, SD-OCT and SS-OCT. In both controls and cases, the CT was measured in seven predetermined points in macular and peripapillary area and were compared. <h3>Results</h3> Choroid was significantly thicker on SS-OCT compared with SD-OCT in peripapillary and macular area in both cases and controls, except for inferior peripapillary in controls. The CT was not different from glaucoma and controls in peripapillary or macular area on SD-OCT (p&gt;0.05), however, the CT was significantly thicker in glaucoma compared with controls in peripapillary area on SS-OCT (p&lt;0.05) except inferior peripapillary (p=0.13). There was good intraobserver (±20 µm) and interobserver (±55 µm and ±45 µm) agreement on both SD-OCT and SS-OCT respectively. On SD-OCT, choroid was thinnest at the temporal peripapillary and thickest at subfoveal location in controls. In POAG, choroid was thinnest at inferior peripapillary region and thickest (500 µm) nasal to the fovea. On SS-OCT, choroid was thinnest at inferior peripapillary and thickest at the temporal peripapillary area in both cases and controls. <h3>Conclusion</h3> CT measurements on SS-OCT were higher than the SD-OCT measurements possibly due to better delineation of the sclerochoroidal junction on SS-OCT. CT was significantly thicker in glaucoma subjects compared with controls in peripapillary area on SS-OCT but not in macular area.
Should influenza immunisation be mandatory for healthcare workers? Yes
Authors: C. M Helms, P. M Polgreen
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Charles Helms</b> and <b>Philip Polgreen</b> believe that mandatory immunisation is necessary to achieve good uptake, but <b>David Isaacs</b> and <b>Julie Leask</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2140) argue that it infringes autonomy and could backfire
HCV and the hepatic lipid pathway as a potential treatment target
Authors: Margaret F. Bassendine, David A. Sheridan, Daniel J. Felmlee, Simon H. Bridge, Geoffrey L Toms, R. Dermot G. Neely
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

Atherosclerosis has been described as a liver disease of the heart [1]. The liver is the central regulatory organ of lipid pathways but since dyslipidaemias are major contributors to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes rather than liver disease, research in this area has not been a major focus for hepatologists. Virus-host interaction is a continuous co-evolutionary process [2] involving the host immune system and viral escape mechanisms [3]. One of the strategies HCV has adopted to escape immune clearance and establish persistent infection is to make use of hepatic lipid pathways. This review aims to: • update the hepatologist on lipid metabolism • review the evidence that HCV exploits hepatic lipid pathways to its advantage • discuss approaches to targeting host lipid pathways as adjunctive therapy.
Trial of glucose versus fat emulsion in preparation of amphotericin for use in HIV infected patients with candidiasis.
Authors: P. Y. Chavanet, I. Garry, N. Charlier, D. Caillot, J. P. Kisterman, M. D'Athis, H. Portier
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVES--To compare the tolerance, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin deoxycholate (Fungizone) prepared in a parenteral fat emulsion (Intralipid 20%) or glucose in HIV patients with candidiasis. DESIGN--Non-blind randomised controlled trial. SETTING--University hospital; tertiary clinical care. PATIENTS--22 HIV positive patients with oral candidiasis. INTERVENTIONS--Amphotericin 1 mg/kg/day given on four consecutive days as a one hour infusion dissolved in either 5% glucose (amphotericin-glucose) or parenteral fat emulsion at a final concentration of 2 g/l fat emulsion (amphotericin-fat emulsion). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Clinical tolerance (fever, chills, sweats, nausea, arterial pressure, and pulse rate); biological tolerance (serum creatinine, electrolyte, and magnesium values); clinical score of candidiasis; and serum concentrations of amphotericin. RESULTS--11 patients were enrolled in each group. All the amphotericin-fat emulsion infusions were given without serious problem whereas four amphotericin-glucose infusions were stopped because of renal impairment (n = 3) or severe chills (n = 2), or both. For patients completing the amphotericin-glucose treatment creatine concentration increased by 42 mumol/l; four of seven patients had at least one creatinine value &gt; or = 133 mumol/l versus one of 11 receiving amphotericin-fat emulsion. Magnesium concentration fell significantly with amphotericin-glucose but not with amphotericin-fat emulsion. Clinical side effects were noted in 36/38 infusions with amphotericin-glucose but 10/44 with amphotericin-fat emulsion. Oral candidiasis score was reduced similarly in both groups. Serum amphotericin concentrations were significantly lower and the volume of distribution of the drug higher after infusion of amphotericin-fat emulsion than after amphotericin-glucose. CONCLUSIONS--Clinical and renal toxicity of amphotericin are reduced when the drug is prepared in fat emulsion. Preparation is simple and cost effective. Its efficacy is similar to that of conventional amphotericin.
An Analysis of the Composition of the Inflammatory Infiltrate in Autoimmune and Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Luis Montano, Fernando Aranguibel, Margarita Boffill, Alison H. Goodall, George Janossy, Howard C. Thomas
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

The composition of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in the liver was studied in patients with autoimmune and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced liver disease. The ratio of inducer to cytotoxic/suppressor cells was greater in patients with lupoid chronic active liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and HBeAb positive HBV-induced chronic active liver disease than in patients with HBeAg positive HBV-induced chronic hepatitis. In patients with chronic HBV-induced (HBeAb positive) liver disease, this ratio was greater in the periportal/portal area than in the lobule. These data are consistent with a relative deficiency of the cytotoxic/suppressor population of T cells in autoimmune liver diseases and possibly in HBeAb positive HBV-induced chronic active liver disease. In the latter patients, different ratios in the periportal and centrilobular zones suggest different mechanisms for periportal and lobular hepatitis.