tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acid secretion in H pylori associated enlarged fold gastritis Reply
Authors: I L P BEALES;
Journal: Gut (2000)

Editor,—I was interested to read the elegant report of Murayama et al ((1999) Gut 45:653–661; [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]) demonstrating increased inflammation and abnormal parietal cell morphology and function in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated giant fold gastritis. However, the authors raise several points which deserve further comment. The authors suggest that mediators of the inflammatory response may be important in inhibiting acid secretion and cite interleukin 1β (IL-1β) as the most important agent. It would be unwise not to consider other mediators. It is clear that IL-1β has a variety of acid inhibitory actions; inhibiting gastric acid secretion when given both parenterally1 and intracerebrally,2 as well as having direct reversible inhibitory actions against both parietal cells3 and ECL cells.4 Thus locally produced IL-1β may certainly be an important mediator of hypochlorhydria, indeed the same authors have previously shown that IL-1β production in giant fold gastritis was negatively correlated with acid secretion.5 The authors have also demonstrated increased hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production in giant fold gastritis,5 and although suggested to have a role in the fold enlargement, studies in canine parietal cells have shown potent acid inhibitory actions of HGF.6 Considerable data are available demonstrating that tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a important proinflammatory cytokine which is increased in H pylori gastritis; however, although there are no data specific to giant fold gastritis, it would be surprising … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLife%2Bsciences%26rft.stitle%253DLife%2BSci%26rft.aulast%253DRobert%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D48%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D123%26rft.epage%253D134%26rft.atitle%253DInterleukin-1%2Bis%2Bcytoprotective%252C%2Bantisecretory%252C%2Bstimulates%2BPGE2%2Bsynthesis%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bstomach%252C%2Band%2Bretards%2Bgastric%2Bemptying.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0024-3205%252891%252990405-Z%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1825231%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/0024-3205(91)90405-Z&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=1825231&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F47%2F2%2F313.2.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1991EM58000004&link_type=ISI
Absence of Elastica from Inner Half of Aorta
Authors: H. EDWARD MACMAHON, WILLIAM J. CHAMBERS
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Multiple dissecting aneurysms were found in the course of an autopsy on a 52-year-old male patient who had expired suddenly as a result of a massive pericardial tamponade. Two of these aneurysms involved the aorta. The others involved muscular arteries, namely, the superior mesenteric and the splenic. In the case of the aorta, there was an absence of elastica from the entire inner half of the media, leaving the fabric of the outer half intact. The course of dissection in the case of each aneurysm lay along the line of demarcation separating the inner from the outer half of the media. This very unusual pattern, showing an absence of elastic lamina in the inner half of the media, differs remarkably from the changes that are commonly seen in dissecting aneurysms of this large elastic artery. Neither the etiology nor pathogenesis of this defect is known. The recognition that such a disease exists is only the first step toward its solution.
Assessing drug safety
Authors: Nicholas Moore
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Electronic data protection: procedures need drastic improvementEditor-Gulena et al are correct to challenge overzealous interpretation of data protection law in their questionnaire survey of patients' and visitors' views about having their names displayed in hospital. 1Measures taken by doctors to safeguard patient confidentiality, especially electronic records, are, however, severely deficient and fuel the concerns of those entrusted to police data security.We invited 32 surgical trainees to complete a questionnaire regarding their Data Protection Act registration and electronic data confidentiality practices.Of 29 responders, 26 trainees regularly computerised and stored patients' data.One person was registered with the Data Protection Act.Only three of 14 desktops, eight of 19 laptops, and three of 14 handheld computers forced a password logon.Sixteen of 29 trainees used the same password for all machines, and 25 of 27 passwords were less than eight characters long.All desktops, 16 of 19 laptops, and five of 14 handhelds were routinely connected to the internet, and half of these had not had their online security settings adjusted.Of 29 trainees, 28 did not encrypt their sensitive data files.Ten trainees had sent patients' data unencrypted over the internet, using a non-secure server.Electronic data confidentiality practices among surgical trainees are unsafe, and this is unlikely to be confined to our study population.A breach in confidentiality would have widespread implications for public trust.][4] Existing passwords should be improved, and biometric logon systems (fingerprint scanning) considered.Files containing sensitive data should be routinely encrypted.Magnetic and solid state computer storage devices (including hard disks, floppy disks, CD Roms, DVD Roms, and memory sticks) should undergo routine physical or electronic data shredding after their final use. 5 We are implementing medical information technology security training for this particu-lar group of doctors and would urge others to initiate similar programmes before a serious breach occurs.
TCT-72 PCI Lesion Morphology According to Chronic Statin Use: An ADAPT-DES IVUS Substudy
Authors: Cristiano F. Souza, Gary S. Mintz, Bernhard Witzenbichler, D. Christopher Metzger, Michael Rinaldi, Ernest L. Mazzaferri, Peter L. Duffy, Giora Weisz, Thomas Stuckey, Bruce R. Brodie, Ke Xu, Gregg W. Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN PATIENTS WITH SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Authors: Doina E. Tanasescu, Angas W. Hamer, Jay W. Marks, William J. Mandel, Mary E. Chappel, David E. Brown, Dennis R. Chapman, Alan D. Waxman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Tanasescu, Doina E.; Hamer, Angas W.; Marks, Jay W.; Mandel, William J.; Chappel, Mary E.; Brown, David E.; Chapman, Dennis R.; Waxman, Alan D. Author Information
Projected Impact of Implementing the Results of the Diabetes Prevention Program in the U.S. Population
Authors: Sharon H. Saydah, Danita Byrd-Holt, Maureen I. Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

To determine the feasibility of using either fasting plasma glucose or HbA(1c) to identify individuals in the U.S. population who meet the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) criteria for intervention, defined as BMI >/=24 kg/m(2), fasting plasma glucose level 96-125 mg/dl, and 2-h glucose level 140-199 mg/dl in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Analysis of a representative sample of U.S. adults aged 40-74 years with no medical history of diabetes for whom data on height, weight, fasting plasma glucose, HbA(1c), and 2-h plasma glucose during an OGTT were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for fasting glucose and HbA(1c) were determined.Using BMI <24 kg/m(2) as an initial criterion eliminated 27.2% of U.S. adults from further testing. Of the remaining group, 41.1% did not have to be considered for an OGTT because their fasting glucose level was below or above 96-125 mg/dl. Overall, 10.6% of adults aged 40-74 years without medical history of diabetes met the DPP eligibility criteria for intervention. Among individuals with BMI >/=24 kg/m(2) and fasting glucose level 96-125 mg/dl, applying a fasting plasma glucose cutoff of >/=105 mg/dl excluded 62.5% of this group and resulted in 56.0% of those with 2-h glucose level 140-199 mg/dl in this group being identified, with a specificity of 72.0% and a PPV of 17.1%. Similar values were obtained for an HbA(1c) cutoff value of >/=5.5%.Using data on BMI and setting cutoff values for fasting glucose and HbA(1c) would greatly reduce the number of individuals who would need to undergo an OGTT while achieving adequate sensitivity, specificity, and PPV.
Abstract 1572: The role of MIF signaling in melanoma progression
Authors: Camila S. Oliveira, Xu Guang Yan, Peter Hersey, Xu Dong Zhang, Rick F. Thorne
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Melanoma is the most life-threatening form of skin cancer and although highly curable at the early stages, metastatic melanoma is incurable. One of the early events in melanoma progression is the activation of ERK and Akt signalling pathways, involved in proliferation, migration and survival. The causes of such kinase activation include mutations in BRAF, N-RAS and PTEN. Besides gene mutation, it has been shown that autocrine production of growth factors can also contribute to ERK and Akt activation in melanoma. As both pathways are believed to contribute to the chemotherapeutic resistance of melanoma cells, an effective treatment should target both ERK and Akt cascades. One potentially attractive target is the cytokine MIF (migration inhibition factor), since MIF can activate both the ERK and the Akt pathways. Targeting of MIF signalling in tumours producing autocrine MIF is already showing promise in prostate, breast and bladder cancers and although limited, some in vitro evidence suggests that MIF is an autocrine factor involved in the growth and invasion of melanoma cells. We have now extended these findings in an immunohistological study showing the universal in vivo expression of MIF in melanoma with increasing expression levels associated with metastatic tumours. MIF signalling can act through both CXCR4 and CD74/CD44 receptors, the latter molecule acting as a co-receptor. Examination of a panel of 20 melanoma cell lines showed 20/20 to express MIF and CD44 with 7/20 also co-expressing CD74. Only 6/20 cell lines showed heterogenous expression of CXCR4. Inhibition of MIF expression using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown decreased the proliferation and cell migration in a number of melanoma cell lines, an effect attributed to effects on cell cycle with a reduction of the number of cells entering S phase. Conversely, addition of exogenous MIF was shown to increase ERK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest a role for MIF in melanoma progression. Future work will aim to determining the molecular nature of the receptors driving MIF signalling in melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1572.
MEDICAL ETHICS AND MEDICAL JOURNALS.
Authors: P. MAXWELL FOSHAY
Journal: JAMA (1900)

To most of us the average paper concerning our intraprofessional relations is somewhat tiresome. In many quarters the dignity of medical ethics has been most loudly preached by those lacking experience in its practice. It is little to be wondered at, therefore, that the subject is not a popular medical society topic. Despite this acknowledged fact, I have determined to present some desultory thoughts concerning a subject that seems to me to be so important to the welfare of medicine as to deserve most earnest consideration. Duty may not be shirked because it is unpleasant. Physicians are to-day face to face with many vital questions that can not be indolently ignored. Sapping professional honor to its very vitals is the matter of the giving of commissions for referred cases by the specialist to the general practitioner, involving as it does the points as to whether medicine is a profession or
Abstract 300: Regulation of androgen receptor transactivity and mTOR-S6 kinase pathway by Rheb in prostate cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Takashi Kobayashi, Takahiro Inoue, Yosuke Shimizu, Naoki Terada, Toshinari Yamasaki, Eijiro Nakamura, Yoshinobu Toda, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, Toshiyuki Kamoto, Osamu Ogawa
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Ras homolog-enriched in brain (Rheb), a small GTP-binding protein, is associated with prostate carcinogenesis through activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This study aimed to elucidate whether Rheb promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells and can act as a potent therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Rheb mRNA and protein expression was higher in more aggressive, androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU145 and C4-2, compared with the less aggressive LNCaP. Rheb expression was higher in human prostate cancer tissues than in benign prostatic epithelia. Forced expression of Rheb in LNCaP cells accelerated proliferation without enhancing androgen receptor transactivity. Attenuation of Rheb expression or treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin decreased proliferation of PC3 and DU145 cells, with a decrease in the activated form of p70S6 kinase, one of the main targets of mTOR. Rheb potentiates proliferation of prostate cancer cells and inhibition of Rheb or mTOR can lead to suppressed proliferation of aggressive prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Rheb and the mTOR pathway are therefore probable targets for suppressing prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 300.
Combined therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous prostacyclin in an infant with alveolar-capillary dysplasia.
Authors: T A Parker, D D Ivy, J P Kinsella, F Torielli, S Z Ruyle, E H Thilo, S H Abman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality with limited effective treatment options. We present the first case of a neonate with PPHN treated concurrently with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and intravenous prostacyclin (PGI2). He ultimately was diagnosed with alveolar-capillary dysplasia, a rare and fatal cause of pulmonary hypertension. However, his partial response to treatment demonstrates a possible role for combined therapy with iNO and PGI2 in infants with severe PPHN.
Aorticopulmonary Septal Defect Coexisting with Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: RAJENDRA TANDON, CYRO LUIZ DA SILVA, JAMES H. MOLLER, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Three cases, in each of which an aorticopulmonary septal defect (AP window) coexisted with a ventricular septal defect, are described. In two the ventricular septal defect was of the usual variety, and in one it was part of the tetralogy of Fallot. The patients presented as examples of congestive cardiac failure with a large left-to-right shunt in infancy. Aortography was the most reliable method for identification of the AP window when a ventricular septal defect was associated. Associated features included a right aortic arch with mirror image branching in the first case and tetralogy of Fallot with muscular subaortic stenosis in the third case. In the case with the tetralogy of Fallot, the effects of pulmonary stenosis were masked by the left-to-right shunt through the AP window.
933 LIVER X RECEPTOR b CONTROLS HEPATIC EXPRESSION OF AQUAPORIN-1 AND AQUAPORIN-4 AND A GENDER-SPECIFIC, CAVEOLIN-DEPENDENT CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF AQUAPORIN-4
Authors: C. Gabbi, H.-J. Kim, N. Sweed, M. Warner, J.-A. Gustafsson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
3D-CAM: Derivation and Validation of a 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM-Defined Delirium
Authors: Edward R. Marcantonio, Long H. Ngo, Margaret O'Connor, Richard N. Jones, Paul K. Crane, Eran D. Metzger, Sharon K. Inouye
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a Supplement. Background: Delirium is common, leads to other adverse outcomes, and is costly. However, it often remains unrecognized in most clinical settings. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is the most widely used diagnostic algorithm, and operationalizing its features would be a substantial advance for clinical care. Objective: To derive the 3D-CAM, a new 3-minute diagnostic assessment for CAM-defined delirium, and validate it against a clinical reference standard. Design: Derivation and validation study. Setting: 4 general medicine units in an academic medical center. Participants: 201 inpatients aged 75 years or older. Measurements: 20 items that best operationalized the 4 CAM diagnostic features were identified to create the 3D-CAM. For prospective validation, 3D-CAM assessments were administered by trained research assistants. Clinicians independently did an extensive assessment, including patient and family interviews and medical record reviews. These data were considered by an expert panel to determine the presence or absence of delirium and dementia (reference standard). The 3D-CAM delirium diagnosis was compared with the reference standard in all patients and subgroups with and without dementia. Results: The 201 participants in the prospective validation study had a mean age of 84 years, and 28% had dementia. The expert panel identified 21% with delirium, 88% of whom had hypoactive or normal psychomotor features. Median administration time for the 3D-CAM was 3 minutes (interquartile range, 2 to 5 minutes), sensitivity was 95% (95% CI, 84% to 99%), and specificity was 94% (CI, 90% to 97%). The 3D-CAM did well in patients with dementia (sensitivity, 96% [CI, 82% to 100%]; specificity, 86% [CI, 67% to 96%]) and without dementia (sensitivity, 93% [CI, 66% to 100%]; specificity, 96% [CI, 91% to 99%]). Limitation: Limited to single-center, cross-sectional, and medical patients only. Conclusion: The 3D-CAM operationalizes the CAM algorithm using a 3-minute structured assessment with high sensitivity and specificity relative to a reference standard and could be an important tool for improving recognition of delirium. Primary Funding Source: National Institute on Aging.
Quantitative evaluation of chronological ageing and photoageing <i>in vivo</i> : studies on skin echogenicity and thickness
Authors: None Gniadecka, None Jemec
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Skin ageing is divided into chronological ageing and photoageing due to the cumulative effects of solar ultraviolet radiation. It is, however, difficult to measure the degree of photoageing and chronological ageing in humans in vivo. Here, we have evaluated the usefulness of ultrasonography for measurement of chronological ageing and photoageing in vivo. Twenty megahertz ultrasonography was performed in 90 individuals (29 men, 61 women, age 18-94) to describe age-related changes in sun-exposed regions with different levels of sun exposure (dorsal and ventral forearm, forehead, ankle) and non-exposed buttock skin. Skin thickness and skin echogenicity in different layers of the dermis were measured in ultrasound images. Additionally, cutaneous photodamage was scored clinically. Age-related changes were dependent on body site as well as layer of the dermis. A progressive, age-related decrease in echogenicity of the upper dermis was found in sun-exposed regions (dorsal forearm, forehead), but not in moderately exposed regions (ventral forearm, ankle). In the buttock an increase in echogenicity was observed. The echogenicity of the lower dermis increased in all examined sites. Skin thickness increased with age in the forehead and buttock, but decreased in the extremity skin. Our findings show that photoageing causes a decrease in echogenicity in the upper dermis. In contrast, chronological ageing is associated with an increase in echogenicity in the lower dermis. Although both increases and decreases in skin thickness were observed in different anatomical regions, there was no general relationship between skin thickness and age. Dermal echogenicity was deemed valuable for in vivo study of chronological ageing and photoageing.
Movement of Inorganic Ions across the Membrane of Striated Muscle
Authors: R. H. ADRIAN
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The unidirectional fluxes of sodium, chloride, and potassium across the membrane of striated muscle cells are described under a number of experimental conditions. The results are compared with the predicted behavior of simple membranes. With the possible exception of chloride, it is concluded that the movements of these ions cannot be described without postulating variable permeabilities or a variable number of `carriers' or `sites' in the membrane.
Recent trends in breast surgery in the United States and United Kingdom.
Authors: E R Greenberg, M Stevens
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Data on breast surgery from national samples of patients discharged from hospital in the United States and in England and Wales were reviewed for the years 1970-80. In the United States the rate of breast surgery increased dramatically in 1974 and 1975, but in Britain it remained constant and well below the level in the United States. In both countries the proportion of radical mastectomies declined and the proportion of less extensive procedures rose. The increase in mastectomy rates in the United States probably resulted from increased public concern about breast cancer and from the promotion of breast screening in the mid-1970s. The costs, morbidity, and early mortality associated with a higher rate of mastectomy are substantial and the advantages unclear.
GENTIAN VIOLET IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS SEPTICEMIA
Authors: DAVID T. SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Churchman<sup>1</sup>has demonstrated that gentian violet will inhibit the growth of most gram-positive bacteria. This fact has been applied to the treatment of infected joints,<sup>2</sup>empyema,<sup>3</sup>open wounds,<sup>4</sup>otitis media,<sup>5</sup>skin infections<sup>6</sup>and other conditions. It has been found<sup>7</sup>that gentian violet in1: 1,000,000 dilution will inhibit the growth of staphylococci. A dilution of 1: 50,000 has no deleterious effect on white blood cells that have been exposed to it for two hours.<sup>8</sup>A 1:20,000 dilution has no effect on growing tissues.<sup>9</sup>We have given 10 mg. per kilogram of body weight intravenously to rabbits (calculated dilution in the body fluids of 1: 70,000), with no effect except instant staining of the mucous membranes and sclerae. The staining later disappeared. We therefore felt justified in injecting gentian violet intravenously into an infant, aged 15 months, suffering from staphylococcus septicemia. This patient
Epidemiology of Skin Diseases in Africa
Authors: J. Marshall
Journal: BMJ (1962)

To the Editor:  A pilot survey on this subject has yielded such interesting material that I am preparing, with the assistance of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, to make a large-scale investigation of the distribution and incidence of skin diseases on the continent of Africa. The ultimate aim is to establish a central office for information and a reference library of literature and photographs.  I wish to approach not only those in scientific and academic institutions, but also anyone who practises or has practised in Africa who could supply information, even if it were only on a limited field of the question. I would welcome the hospitality of your columns to bring this request to their attention. Questionnaires will be sent on request to anyone willing to help.