tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Intensive Insulin Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Edmond A. Ryan, Sharleen Imes, Clarissa Wallace
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetes is associated with defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. Hyperglycemia may aggravate these defects, a feature known as glucose toxicity. Previous studies have shown that acute correction of hyperglycemia in subjects with long-standing type 2 diabetes gives only short-term improvement in glycemic control after discontinuation of insulin. The current study attempts to identify any characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose &amp;gt;11.0 mmol/l) who would have a long-term benefit, in terms of glycemic control, from a brief course of insulin therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 16 subjects (52 ± 2 years old [range 36–64], BMI 30.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes had a 2–3 week course of intensive insulin therapy that was then discontinued. RESULTS—Fasting glucose fell from 13.3 ± 0.7 to 7.0 ± 0.4 mmol/l, and this improvement was maintained at the 1-year follow-up (6.7 ± 0.3 mmol/l). The insulin area under the curve for the posttreatment oral glucose tolerance test also improved (8,251 ± 1,880 before therapy, 18,404 ± 4,040 directly after insulin therapy, and 42,368 ± 8,517 pmol · min at the 1-year follow-up). At 1 year, seven of the subjects maintained good glycemic control on diet therapy alone, eight required oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) therapy, and one required insulin therapy. The distinguishing features of those who did not require OHA or insulin therapy were that they required less insulin during the active insulin therapy phase (0.37 ± 0.05 vs. 0.73 ± 0.07 units · kg−1 · day−1) and were able to attain a lower fasting serum glucose at the end of the period of insulin therapy (5.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.7 ± 0.4 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS—These results demonstrate that in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with elevated fasting glucose levels, a 2- to 3-week course of intensive insulin therapy can successfully lay a foundation for prolonged good glycemic control. The ease with which normoglycemia is achieved on insulin may predict those patients who can later succeed in controlling glucose levels with attention to diet alone.
Presentation and pattern of symptoms in 382 patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia in Iran
Authors: G. Toogeh, R. Sharifian, M. Lak, R. Safaee, A. Artoni, F. Peyvandi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by prolonged bleeding time with normal platelet count and morphology. It is caused by the quantitative or qualitative deficiency of the platelet glycoprotein IIb–IIIa. In 382 Iranian patients with GT diagnosed at a single center during the period 1969–2001, consanguinity between parents was 86.6%, in accord with the high frequency of intrafamilial marriages in Iran. Almost all patients had had abnormal mucocutaneous bleeding (epistaxis and gum bleeding); at follow‐up, 4/5 of the patients had been transfused at least once to control hemorrhagic episodes. As expected, almost all the patients had a normal platelet count while the leukocyte count was increased in 19.3%. Among women, an unexpected low rate of pregnancies was observed. Am. J. Hematol. 77:198–199, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Management of Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Bruce M. Van Horn
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am a 47-year-old man with a total cholesterol level of 228 mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level of 58 mg/dL, and a triglyceride level of 86 mg/dL. If I used the figures of Hoeg et al<sup>1</sup>to do my calculations, my low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level would be 152.8 mg/dL, which would place me in a moderate-risk category. However, using the LDL cholesterol HDL cholesterol ratio and the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (2.63 and 3.8, respectively), my risk category would be between that of Boston marathon runners and average women without coronary heart disease. You will note that using the formula of Hoeg et al, as triglyceride levels increase the calculated LDL cholesterol level decreases. This makes no sense to me; it might imply that increased triglyceride levels are associated with decreased coronary risk. In addition, why do these authors not use the total
Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on the staphylococcal cell wall downregulate superantigen-induced T cell activation and prevent toxic shock syndrome
Authors: Thu A Chau, Michelle L McCully, William Brintnell, Gary An, Katherine J Kasper, Enrique D Vinés, Paul Kubes, S M Mansour Haeryfar, John K McCormick, Ewa Cairns, David E Heinrichs, Joaquín Madrenas
Journal: Nature Medicine (2009)
Response of Lymphoepithelial Parotid Cysts to Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Donald E. Craven
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Surgical resection has been the usual therapy for HIV-infected patients with lymphoepithelial parotid cysts.To study antiretroviral therapy for lymphoepithelial parotid cysts.Case series.HIV outpatient clinics.HIV-infected patients with lymphoepithelial parotid cysts.Antiretroviral therapy.Change in size of the parotid cyst, CD4 lymphocyte count, and HIV viral load.Nine HIV-infected adults presented with chronic, large parotid cysts, eight of which were bilateral. In at least seven patients, the cysts were the initial sign of HIV infection. In six patients, the cysts resolved completely with combination antiretroviral therapy. Four of these patients also received prednisone. Three patients who did not comply with antiretroviral therapy had partial responses followed by relapses.Parotid cysts are an unrecognized sign of early HIV infection. These cysts respond to combination antiretroviral therapy, with or without corticosteroids. Surgical resection should be reserved for patients in whom medical therapy has failed or those who refuse or are poorly compliant with medical therapy.
Predictors of Occult Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Patients with Headache and Dizziness
Authors: Paul S. Heckerling, Jerrold B. Leikin, Andrew Maturen, James T. Perkins
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Headache and dizziness occur at carboxyhemoglobin levels of greater than 10%. We studied 89 patients with headache or dizziness for evidence of carbon monoxide exposure. The mean carboxyhemoglobin level was 2.87%. Number of cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.471; p less than 0.00002), use of gas kitchen stoves for heating purposes (r = 0.252, p less than 0.02), problems with the home heating system (r = 0.278, p less than 0.01), and cohabitants with concurrent headache or dizziness (r = 0.427, p less than 0.01) correlated with carboxyhemoglobin levels. Multiple regression analysis identified number of cigarettes smoked daily, use of stoves for heat, and concurrently symptomatic cohabitants as significant predictors of carboxyhemoglobin level (F = 13.939 [3, 85]; p less than 0.01). Obtaining carboxyhemoglobin levels from patients who used stoves for heat or had similarly affected cohabitants identified 4 of 4 patients with levels greater than 10% (sensitivity, 100%) and excluded 47 of 85 patients with lower levels (specificity, 55.3%). The 4 patients with carboxyhemoglobin levels in excess of 10% may represent occult carbon monoxide poisoning in this population.
Delayed Coronary Endothelial Protection 24 Hours After Preconditioning
Authors: Nathalie Kaeffer, Vincent Richard, Christian Thuillez
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Preconditioning (PC) induces delayed protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whether a similar late protective effect exists in coronary endothelial cells is not known. Thus, we assessed whether PC also induces late protection against endothelial injury after I/R and the potential role of reactive oxygen species as triggers for late PC in this setting.Rats were subjected to sham surgery or to PC with 1 cycle of 2 minutes I/5 minutes R and 2 cycles of 5 minutes I/5 minutes R in the absence or presence of the free radical scavenger N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG). Twenty-four hours later, rats were subjected to 20 minutes I/60 minutes R in the absence or presence of MPG. At the end of R, coronary segments (diameter, 200 to 300 microm) were removed distal to the site of occlusion and mounted in wire myographs. I/R reduced the relaxations to acetylcholine (maximal relaxations: sham, 72+/-6%; I/R, 31+/-6%), and this impairment was prevented by MPG (64+/-7%). PC improved the response to acetylcholine (48+/-6%), but this beneficial effect was abolished by MPG (23+/-5%).PC induces late protection against reperfusion-induced coronary endothelial injury. Moreover, in addition to being mediators of endothelial injury during reperfusion after prolonged ischemia, reactive oxygen species produced during PC also protect the coronary endothelium from reperfusion injury 24 hours later.
Foundation trust governors need training to take over oversight role from Monitor
Authors: N. Timmins
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A major training task is in prospect if the governors of foundation trusts are to be up to the job of keeping their institutions in business, senior health figures are warning.

Under one of the less discussed elements of Andrew Lansley’s plans for the NHS in England, all NHS hospitals are meant to become foundation trusts by 2015, operating as freestanding businesses. Unlike now, however, they will no longer be subject to day to day oversight by Monitor, the regulator of foundation trusts. Instead they and their governors will be responsible for their own fate.

Governors are elected by the “membership” of foundation trusts; the members, in turn, are drawn from patients, staff, and members of the public who have a connection with the hospital. The governors appoint the chair and non-executive directors of foundation trust boards.

David Bennett, the interim chief executive of Monitor, said that it supports …
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and Early Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Christopher P. Crum, Hans Ikenberg, Ralph M. Richart, Lutz Gissman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Flat warts (condylomata) of the uterine cervix are sometimes cytologically atypical and have abnormal mitotic figures; they are thought to be possible precursors of cancer of the cervix. Flat warts are caused by any of a number of types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), one of which (HPV 16) has been previously associated with invasive cancer of the cervix. To determine whether HPV 16 is also associated with flat warts with abnormal mitoses, we analyzed 23 flat warts by DNA-hybridization techniques for the presence of HPV 16 and other HPV types, and correlated the results with the histology. Of 10 lesions with abnormal mitotic figures, 7 contained HPV 16, and 1 contained another type of HPV. Of 13 lesions without abnormal mitotic figures, only 1 contained HPV 16, and 7 contained other types of HPV. We conclude that the presence of HPV 16 correlates with the presence of abnormal mitotic figures in flat warts of the cervix, and that this type of flat wart is a precursor of invasive cancer of the cervix.
Points from Letters: Neck Traction for Cervical Spondylosis
Authors: J. H. Davidson
Journal: BMJ (1966)

MEBRITCISH 1425 therefore more expensive, than one would require if housing oneself privately.Now that the Review Body have said that the Health Department and the representa- tives of the profession should negotiate a system of charges based on the abolition of the lodging charge for compulsory resident medical staff (paragraph 138 (a) ), what hap- pens to the married houseman or registrar who is a compulsory resident in hospital married accommodation ?Will his rent fall by the appropriate amount or will he con- tinue to pay the lodging charge, not only for himself but also for his dependants ?Will our representatives negotiate a system where- by we have a right of appeal against rent increases ?Will our representatives ensure that resident married housemen receive a fair and just deal in view of the Review Body's report about the abolition of lodging charges ?-I am, etc.,
Mice Defective in Two Apoptosis Pathways in the Myeloid Lineage Develop Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
Authors: David Traver, Koichi Akashi, Irving L. Weissman, Eric Lagasse
Journal: Immunity (1998)

Fas-deficient (Fas lpr/lpr) mice constitutively expressing Bcl-2 in myeloid cells by the hMRP8 promoter often develop a fatal disease analogous to human acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML-M2). Hematopoietic cells from leukemic Fas lpr/lpr hMRP8bcl-2 animals form clonogenic blast colonies in vitro and can transfer disease to wild-type mice. In vitro ligation of Fas on Fas+/+ hMRP8bcl-2 marrow cells depletes approximately 50% of myeloid progenitor activity, demonstrating that Bcl-2 can only partially block Fas-mediated death signals in myelomonocytic progenitors. In addition, Fas lpr/lpr marrow contains greatly increased numbers of myeloid colony-forming cells as compared to Fas+/+ controls. Taken together, these data suggest that Fas has a novel role in the regulation of myelopoiesis and that Fas may act as a tumor suppressor to control leukemogenic transformation in myeloid progenitor cells.
Impact of hepatitis B and delta virus co-infection on liver disease in Mauritania: A cross sectional study
Authors: Françoise Lunel-Fabiani, Wael Mansour, Abdellahi Ould Amar, Mohamed Aye, Frédéric Le Gal, F- Zahra Fall Malick, Lô Baïdy, Ségolène Brichler, Pascal Veillon, Alexandra Ducancelle, Emmanuel Gordien, Michel Rosenheim
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)
HAZARD OF LABORATORY INFECTION WITH LEPROSY
Authors: H. W. Wade
Journal: JAMA (1949)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the Queries and Minor Notes section,The Journal, March 26, page 893, an inquirer who had pricked himself with a pin used in testing a leprosy patient for skin anesthesia, and who after an interval of twenty minutes had cauterized the site with sulfuric acid, asked whether or not he should take "a course" of one of the sulfones or some other drug as a prophylactic. If the lesion or lesions which had been tested with that pin were bacteriologically negative—by ordinary, standard methods of examination — the inquirer has no real cause for worry. If that examination was being made for the purpose of diagnosis, it follows in all probability that the simpler and more conclusive bacteriologic test had been made and had given negative results. From the practical point of view, there would not be justification for serious worry on behalf of a healthy
Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project
Authors: Milena Sant, Claudia Allemani, Carmen Tereanu, Roberta De Angelis, Riccardo Capocaccia, Otto Visser, Rafael Marcos-Gragera, Marc Maynadié, Arianna Simonetti, Jean-Michel Lutz, Franco Berrino
Journal: Blood (2010)
A METHOD OF CARRYING OUT TWOSTAGE OPERATIONS FOR CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Authors: DONALD C. BALFOUR
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Resection of the stomach in cases of carcinoma offers the patient the only chance for cure. It follows, therefore, that this operation will be performed in advanced stages of the disease until some better method of treatment is found. Usually if resection is indicated it can be carried out as a primary operation, with as much safety as if done in stages. Such safety is chiefly due to the preparation of the patient for operation by (1) the control of obstruction and its effects, (2) gastric lavage, (3) intravenous administration of fluids and nourishment, and (4) transfusions when necessary. Occasionally, however, a fixed mass is encountered in the pyloric end of the stomach, which has extended into the regional lymph nodes and is fixed to the pancreas, possibly actually involving it; the duodenum is inflamed and thick walled, and the patient is in poor condition because of prolonged starvation resulting
Histopathologic and histochemical biomarker responses of Baltic clam, Macoma balthica, to contaminated Sydney Harbour sediment, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Authors: Kok-Leng Tay, Swee Joo Teh, Ken Doe, Ken Lee, Paula Jackman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Sediments in Sydney Harbour, Nova Scotia, are highly contaminated by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals. Histopathologic and histochemical evaluations were made on the Baltic clam, Macoma balthica, exposed to 11 Sydney Harbour sediment samples. Histologic lesions in digestive gland (tubular dilation or atrophy, macrophage aggregates, tubular cell necrosis, and tissue inflammation) and gonads (macrophage aggregates, supporting cell, germ cell, and ovarian cell necroses) were frequently detected in clams exposed to the most contaminated sediments from the harbor. Clams exposed to these contaminated sediments also had the highest acid phosphatase activity. The average scores of tubular dilation or atrophy, ovarian cell necrosis, and the sums of mean digestive gland lesions correlated significantly with sediment PCBs, and the activities of acid phosphatase correlated significantly with sediment heavy metals, PAHs, and PCBs. Among the lesions, digestive gland tubular dilation or atrophy, tubular cell, germ cell, and ovarian cell necroses, and the activity of acid phosphatase are the best sublethal effect indicators in Macoma exposed to Sydney Harbour sediments. Key words: biomarkers, chronic biologic effects, clams, histology, histochemistry, Macoma balthica, marine sediment, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls.
957. Accurate Humanized Mouse Models of Friedreich Ataxia
Authors: Joseph P. Sarsero, Timothy P. Holloway, Lingli Li, Panos A. Ioannou
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an autosomal, recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a GAA trinucleotide expansion in the first intron of the Friedreich ataxia gene (FRDA) that causes reduced synthesis of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein likely to be involved in biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters. Frataxin insufficiency leads to increased oxidative stress, progressive loss of large sensory neurons and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Knockout mouse models of FA do not recapitulate accurately the molecular basis of the disease and thus cannot be used to evaluate strategies for overcoming the effects of the GAA expansion. Our strategy is to generate accurate humanised mouse models of FA, which contain the entire human FRDA genomic locus and surrounding regulatory elements and harbors a long GAA expansion as found in FA patients. Such mice will not only manifest the main phenotypic traits or symptoms of a disorder, but also provide the correct underlying molecular cause of the disease as found in patients. A major obstacle in the generation of constructs containing long GAA expansions has been the instability of GAA expansions in bacterial multicopy vectors. By using single copy BAC vectors and optimised bacterial culturing techniques, we have recently successfully cloned and stably maintained GAA expansions containing up to 500 repeats over multiple bacterial subcultures and numerous cell doublings, without any sign of contraction or rearrangements. Using homologous recombination we have introduced a (GAA)500 expansion adjacent to an antibiotic-resistance gene into the first intron of the human FRDA gene present on a fully sequenced BAC clone harboring a 188 kb genomic DNA fragment containing exons 1-5b of the human FRDA gene and surrounding sequences. The modified BAC clone containing the human FRDA gene with a (GAA)500 expansion was used to generate two lines of transgenic mice with low and high transgene copy numbers. This is the longest GAA expansion to be stably maintained in transgenic mice. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that the presence of the introduced (GAA)500 expansion results in decreased FRDA gene expression and in lower levels of frataxin protein. Breeding of the transgenic mice with heterozygous Frda knockout mice demonstrated that the human transgene is able to rescue the embryonic lethality of the homozygous KO mice when the transgene is in hemizygous or homozygous form in both lines. Rescue mice are being assessed by a series of behavioural, neurological and histological tests for phenotypic symptoms of FA. These transgenic mice should not only facilitate analysis of the progressive pathophysiology of FA but also permit the evaluation of potential new therapies specifically targeted to overcoming the molecular effects of the GAA expansion.
Prospective study of bacterial meningitis in North East Thames region, 1991-3, during introduction of Haemophilus influenzae vaccine
Authors: G. Urwin, M. F Yuan, R. A Feldman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To describe the epidemiology of primary bacterial meningitis in the North East Thames region over a three year period before and during the introduction of the vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b. <b>Design</b>: Analysis of information on cases of primary bacterial meningitis identified by microbiology laboratories in the region, with collection of case data by questionnaire. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Annual incidence rates for types of meningitis according to age and ethnic group. <b>Results</b>: The annual incidence rates for the three major causes of bacterial meningitis in the general population were 1.9/100000 for Neisseria meningitidis, 1.6/100000 for Haemophilus influenzae before vaccination, and 1.0/100000 for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Higher rates of H influenzae meningitis were found in Asians compared with white people (3.6/100000 v 1.5/100000, P = 0.01). As a result of the vaccine programme introduced in October 1992 the number of cases of H influenzae meningitis in children under 5 years has fallen by 87%. <b>Conclusions</b>: Bacterial meningitis is a serious problem especially in preschool children. There are differences in the incidence of some causes of bacterial meningitis in different ethnic groups; with H influenzae type b being significantly more common among black and Asian people than among white people. The immunisation programme for H influenzae type b in the North East Thames region has been successful in reducing the incidence of this type of meningitis in Asian and white populations. The numbers were too small to evaluate in the black population.
Rapid expression of fibronectin in the rabbit heart after myocardial infarction with and without reperfusion.
Authors: A A Knowlton, C M Connelly, G M Romo, W Mamuya, C S Apstein, P Brecher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The expression of fibronectin in the repair process after myocardial infarction was studied using two protocols of coronary occlusion in the rabbit: a permanent occlusion or 3 h of occlusion followed by reperfusion (too late for salvage). We found a rapid and progressive increase in cardiac fibronectin expression in the infarcted region of the ventricle. Steady-state mRNA levels for fibronectin increased 13- and 16-fold, respectively, in the permanent and reperfused infarcts 1 d postinfarction. Immunological detection of the protein with a polyclonal antibody against plasma fibronectin showed significant increases of the protein fibronectin in the infarcted myocardium by day 3 in the reperfused group and by day 5 in the permanent coronary occlusion group. Ribonuclease protection assays established the induction of EIIIB containing fibronectin mRNA in both models by day 1 and use of a monoclonal antibody showed an increase in the EIIIA isoform 2 d postinfarction. Increases in steady-state mRNA levels for several collagen types were found in both groups, but these changes occurred after those noted for fibronectin. Thus fibronectin mRNA and protein expression increased rapidly postinfarction suggesting a functional role in the repair process.