tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Arthur L. Burnett
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer is a known potential complication of the surgery. Because prostate cancer is diagnosed today more frequently than in the past and because the diagnosis is made in increasingly younger men, there is an urgent need to develop effective interventions that preserve erectile function after surgery. In this presentation, a 51-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent a bilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, after which he lost natural erectile function for approximately 9 months. The case highlights the fact that following surgery in which the nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy technique is used, between 60% to 85% of men eventually recover erectile function. This constitutes a dramatic improvement over an earlier era, when postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction was the nearly universal rule. The case also emphasizes that despite expert application of the nerve-sparing prostatectomy technique, early recovery of natural erectile function is uncommon. Many patients experience erectile dysfunction for as long as 2 years after the procedure, requiring the use of erectile aids for sexual activity during this period until natural erections recover. Corrective, cause-specific advances such as neuromodulatory therapy offer valuable adjuncts to this surgery.
DIFFERENCES IN THE MUSCLE ONSET TIMING BETWEEN LANDING POSTURES DECIDED BEFORE AND DURING JUMP-LANDING
Authors: R Sasaki, U Yukio, F Eri
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Backgraound Jump-landing is a well-studied movement that causes sports injuries. Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the onset timing of the muscles during jump-landing among landing postures decided before and during landing. Design Experimental study. Setting Youth sports. Participants 8 healthy female college students volunteered. Interventions Jump-landing was performed from a 40 cm height box with both legs or a single leg. The landing posture was decided before or during landing. The onset timing of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semmembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF) was determined using the electromyography (EMG). The onset timing of muscle was identified as the first point that exceeded the mean baseline +3SD of the EMG amplitude. The baseline was set as the EMG amplitude at 100 ms after toe-off from the box. The landing duration was normalized in 100%. Main outcome measurements A deley of the onset timing of muscles may be risk factor of injury during jump-landing when the landing posture is decided late. Results The onset timing for both legs where the posture was decided before landing was 83.8±15.5%, 82.2±13.4%, 76.8±10.1%, 77.6±6.6% for the VM, VL, SM, BF, respectively; no significant defferences were noted among the muscles. During single-leg landing, values were 74.3±19.1%, 73.4±15.6%, 71.2±11.9%, 72.4±6.9%, respectively; the values significantly deffered for the VM and VL between movements with both legs and single leg (P&lt;.05). No significant differences between cases where the landing posture was decided before and during landing. Conclusions The onset timing of muscles did not significantly differ according to the time at which the landing posture was decided. However, muscle activities were only assessed during successful trials, and a significant difference may be noted if failed trials are included.
Nature and pressure dependence of damage induced by distension of human saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: G. D ANGELINI, S. L PASSANI, I. M BRECKENRIDGE, A. C NEWBY
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1987)

Surgical preparation of human saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting involving distension and storage in iso-osmotic sodium chloride solution reduced tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (mean(SEM)) concentration from 280(20) nmol·g−1 wet wt (n=25) to 140(30) nmol·g−1 wet wt (n=12) and the adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ATP:ADP) concentration ratio from 2.4(0.1) to 1.2(0.2). Since removal of endothelium from freshly isolated vein did not affect ATP concentration or ATP:ADP ratio, these changes quantified medial damage. Distension of the vein at a pressure of 150 mmHg caused no change in ATP concentration or ATP:ADP ratio, but these values were reduced progressively by distension at 300 mmHg and 600 mmHg. Damage was not reversed but was exacerbated by subsequent incubation of the distended vein in blood. Distension of the vein at 600 mmHg caused release of tissue lactate dehydrogenase. The data show that acute medial damage can result from distension of the vein but that this does not occur at pressure equivalent to normal arterial pressure. Distension induced medial damage is unlikely to be rapidly reversible.
Analysis of air contrast barium enema, computed tomographic colonography, and colonoscopy: prospective comparison
Authors: DC Rockey, E Paulson, D Niedzwiecki, W Davis, HB Bosworth, L Sanders, J Yee, J Henderson, P Hatten, S Burdick, A Sanyal, DT Rubin, M Sterling, G Akerkar, MS Bhutani, K Binmoeller, J Garvie, EJ Bini, K McQuaid, WL Foster, WM Thompson, A Dachman, R Halvorsen
Journal: The Lancet (2005)
Cell surface expression of fMet-Leu-Phe receptors on human neutrophils. Correlation to changes in the cytosolic free Ca2+ level and action of phorbol myristate acetate.
Authors: T Andersson, C Dahlgren, P D Lew, O Stendahl
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

We have studied how cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) changes and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) exposure affects ligand-independent cell surface expression of fMet-Leu-Phe receptors on human neutrophils. Mere incubation primed neutrophils to double their binding of fMet-Leu-Phe. This spontaneous increase of peptide binding was unaffected by changes in the extracellular calcium concentration. However, depression of the [Ca2+]i totally abolished the increased binding of fMet-Leu-Phe. Scatchard-Plot analysis revealed that the observed increase of peptide binding was due to an increased number of receptors. Normalization of the [Ca2+]i in cells where it was initially depressed resulted in a slow but progressive increase in fMet-Leu-Phe binding. The rate of receptor recruitment could be enhanced by rapidly increasing the [Ca2+]i by addition of ionomycin. Addition of PMA to cells with near maximal receptor expression led to a marked reduction of fMet-Leu-Phe binding without affecting [Ca2+]i. These observations suggest the existence of a dual regulatory mechanism for up- and down-regulation of fMet-Leu-Phe receptors on the cell surface of human neutrophils.
Aldosterone Receptor Antagonism Induces Reverse Remodeling When Added to Angiotensin Receptor Blockade in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Anna K.Y. Chan, John E. Sanderson, Tian Wang, Wynnie Lam, Gabriel Yip, Mei Wang, Yat-Yin Lam, Yan Zhang, Leata Yeung, Eugene B. Wu, Wilson W.M. Chan, John T.H. Wong, Nina So, Cheuk-Man Yu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
Muir's Textbook of Pathology
Authors: Nelson R. Niles
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Would a lower price for textbooks result if fewer were published? There appears an oversupply although most volumes are good. The objectives are changing and probably need examining more than formerly. The ninth edition of Muir, like its predecessors, is up-to-date, comprehensive, well-illustrated, on good paper, well-written, and of nearly handy size. It is also thoroughly standard and therefore a little dull.  A student's decision about textbooks may be crucial if they involve his major sources of information in subjects as important as pathology. Such a book as Muir has different attractions for different individuals, depending on motivation, habit, intelligence, experience, curriculum, and probably other, less obvious factors. If instructors and laboratory material filled the gaps, this could be the ideal choice. However, it probably does not fit so with most American systems.  This book lists no specific references but only comprehensive reviews, albeit good ones, numbering three to ten
Repressor of GATA regulates TH2-driven allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Kiyoshi Hirahara, Masakatsu Yamashita, Chiaki Iwamura, Kenta Shinoda, Akihiro Hasegawa, Hirohisa Yoshizawa, Haruhiko Koseki, Fumitake Gejyo, Toshinori Nakayama
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
P26 The UK paediatric sleep videoconferencing circuit: from idea to reality!
Authors: D. S. Urquhart, D. Kilner
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Paediatric sleep medicine is an expanding area of clinical practice. A recent report1 highlighted the heterogeneity in both service provision and training between UK paediatric sleep centres. It was felt that a forum for regular peer review and discussion of cases, as well as “hot topics” in paediatric sleep was lacking, and to this end a UK paediatric sleep videoconferencing (VC) network was proposed. The Australasian and Pacific paediatric sleep centres (Australia, New Zealand and Singapore) have been conversing monthly using a VC network since 2001, and our group was modelled on their experience. <h3>Aims</h3> We aimed to set up a multicentre sleep VC network of all interested parties working in the field of UK paediatric sleep medicine. <h3>Methods</h3> We canvassed all interested nurses, nurse specialists, respiratory/sleep physiologists, EEG technicians, and paediatricians working in the field of paediatric sleep medicine and its9 related disciplines via group emails using the mailing list of the British Paediatric Respiratory Society, and by posting information on the British Sleep Society website and in its9 December 2009 newsletter. International videoconferencing is facilitated via the NHS Grampian tele-medicine bridge, based in Aberdeen. <h3>Results</h3> To date, a total of 75 individuals, representing 31 UK and four overseas centres have expressed an interest in the network and make up our mailing list. An initial test conference was held in February 2010 between Edinburgh and Great Ormond Street Hospitals, since when a total of 6 meetings at 3-monthly intervals have been held. The meetings have each hosted a median (range) of 9 (5–16) centres participating, with 21 paediatric sleep centres taking part in at least 1 meeting. Topics covered have included: A workshop on technical and scoring issues. Case discussions of central and obstructive sleep disorders, behavioural sleep problems, as well as difficult to manage respiratory failure. Research presentations. Feedback from international sleep conferences. Presentations on aspects of quality assurance and sleep database management. <h3>Summary</h3> The paediatric sleep videoconference is a forum which has allowed peer review and discussion of scoring rules, technical issues, and difficult cases within the field of paediatric sleep medicine. Furthermore, it has proved an opportunity to present research or research proposals to like-minded doctors, nurses and scientists.
A NEW INSTRUMENT IN SPLANCHNIC ANESTHESIA
Authors: Joseph Burke
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In performing splanchnic anesthesia of Braun according to the Finsterer method, I found in one case some difficulty after locating the point for injection; the needle engaged the rubber covering of the finger and had to be withdrawn, the glove removed, and an attempt made again to locate the spot with the bare finger. In order to avoid this break in surgical technic, that is, to apply the splanchnic anesthesia without removal of the rubber glove, I had an instrument made which facilitates the introduction of the needle for the diffusion of the anaesthetic solution into the retroperitoneal space in which the splanchnics lie. The instrument consists of a grooved director, on one end of which is fastened a three-quarter pliable metal ring. This ring with director is placed over the tip of the finger used to locate the point at which the needle is to be introduced into the
Microbes and Minie Balls: An Annotated Bibliography of Civil War Medicine
Authors: Joseph Francis
Journal: JAMA (1994)

The Civil War was a time of medical as well as political crisis for the young American republic. Armies of both North and South faced as much peril from measles, malaria, and dysentery as from bullet or bayonet. New warfare technology—typified by the Springfield rifle and its bone-shattering, conical bullet, the minie ball, used with obsolete Napoleonic tactics—produced carnage on a scale previously unseen. Physicians, often poorly schooled and less respected than practitioners in competing sects like homeopathy, confronted the challenges of "microbes and minie balls" without the scientific underpinnings that we take for granted. What scientific theory was accepted—such as the belief in heroic doses of toxic medicines—often was detrimental to patients. "The Civil War gave new impetus to public health... " Recognizing the growing interest in Civil War history and the need for further research on its medical aspects, Dr Freemon, a practicing academic neurologist and Civil War historian,
Dietary habits and mortality in 11 000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up
Authors: T. J A Key, M. Thorogood, P. N Appleby, M. L Burr
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the association of dietary habits with mortality in a cohort of vegetarians and other health conscious people. <b>Design</b>: Observational study. <b>Setting</b>: United Kingdom. <b>Subjects</b>: 4336 men and 6435 women recruited through health food shops, vegetarian societies, and magazines. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Mortality ratios for vegetarianism and for daily versus less than daily consumption of wholemeal bread, bran cereals, nuts or dried fruit, fresh fruit, and raw salad in relation to all cause mortality and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. <b>Results</b>: 2064 (19%) subjects smoked, 4627 (43%) were vegetarian, 6699 (62%) ate wholemeal bread daily, 2948 (27%) ate bran cereals daily, 4091 (38%) ate nuts or dried fruit daily, 8304 (77%) ate fresh fruit daily, and 4105 (38%) ate raw salad daily. After a mean of 16.8 years follow up there were 1343 deaths before age 80. Overall the cohort had a mortality about half that of the general population. Within the cohort, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with significantly reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease (rate ratio adjusted for smoking 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97)), cerebrovascular disease (0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)), and for all causes combined (0.79 (0.70 to 0.90)). <b>Conclusions</b>: In this cohort of health conscious individuals, daily consumption of fresh fruit is associated with a reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all causes combined. <h3>Key messages</h3> This study examined dietary factors associated with mortality among 11 000 health conscious people followed for an average of 17 years. After smoking was adjusted for, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with a 24% reduction in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, a 32% reduction in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, and a 21% reduction in all cause mortality compared with less frequent consumption.
Childhood drowning is a global concern
Authors: R. A Brenner
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Papers p 1070 

Drowning is a significant cause of childhood death in many parts of the world. It is estimated that in 1998 almost half a million deaths worldwide were caused by drowning, 57% of which were among children aged up to 14 years.1 A recent Unicef report found that, in 26 of the world's richest nations, injuries were the leading cause of death among children. Drowning was the second leading cause of injury related death, exceeded only by deaths due to road traffic crashes.2 Drowning is also unique in that case fatality rates are as high as 50% and medical care makes little difference in outcomes for victims brought to the emergency department without spontaneous respiration.

The study by Sibert et al in this week's journal (p 1070) identified a significant decline in the incidence of childhood drowning in the United Kingdom between 1988-89 and 1998-99.3 A strength of the study was the use …
Endotoxin levels measured by a chromogenic assay in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Alan B. Lumsden, Michael J. Henderson, Michael H. Kutner
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Endotoxin concentrations were measured in the portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood of two groups of patients with cirrhosis using a limulus-based chromogenic assay. The high sensitivity of chromogenic detection allowed measurement of endotoxin as low as 10 to 15 pg per ml, an order of magnitude greater than previously possible by gelation studies. Group 1 consisted of 56 patients with cirrhosis undergoing angiographic evaluation. In this group, there was wide variability in hepatic venous concentration [ 73 ± 110 pg per ml (mean ± S.D.)] and peripheral venous concentration [31 ± 58 pg per ml]. However, paired t test showed peripheral venous concentration was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) lower than hepatic venous concentration. Neither hepatic or peripheral venous endotoxin levels correlated significantly with a variety of clinical, biochemical or radiological parameters. Group 2 consisted of 21 patients with cirrhosis undergoing shunt surgery. Endotoxin levels again showed a wide range, with portal venous concentration (142 ± 167 pg per ml) and simultaneous peripheral venous concentration (82 ± 150 pg per ml). Paired t test in this group showed a significant (p &lt; 0.001) portal to peripheral venous gradient. This study showed the feasibility of measuring endotoxin in plasma to low concentrations by a chromogenic assay technique. It supports the concept of relatively high levels of endotoxin in the portal circulation. In the presence of liver disease, systemic endotoxemia occurs, which is augmented by stressful situations.
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF CERTAIN BACTERIA: When Living in Association or Artificially Mixed, and when Living Separately
Authors: A. Castellani
Journal: BMJ (1925)

,-'EIArJUNL employed in this peiriod, it may reasonably be assumed that the result should be attributed to the blood injections Case 2.-A male patient, aged 53, with chronic eczema of the hands and forearms, existing from early childhood.Almost every recognized application had been used, with never more than tem- porary success.It was suggested.to the practitioiner in charge of the case that he should' try the effect of a series of whole-blood injections.Rapid improvement followed, the patient in describing the result stating that his hands, which h-ad been severely affected, became " like velvet."Case 3.-This case was also an example of eczema inivolving the face, with considerable oodema.The condition had existed on and off for one year, and when seen a severe and acuite phase had been in progress duling three mnontlhs.Various methods of treat- ment, such as dieting and local applications, had been employed without success.Following a series of whole-blood injections the eruption completely cleared up.'BLOGREXICAL CHARACTERS OFCL?RTAIN-MACTZRIA
Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Antigen/Heat Shock Protein Complexes Results in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation via Two Distinct Processing Pathways
Authors: Flora Castellino, Philip E. Boucher, Katrin Eichelberg, Mark Mayhew, James E. Rothman, Alan N. Houghton, Ronald N. Germain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from tumors or virally infected cells can stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Although this antigenicity is known to arise from HSP-associated peptides presented to the immune system by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, the cell biology underlying this presentation process remains poorly understood. Here we show that HSP 70 binds to the surface of antigen presenting cells by a mechanism with the characteristics of a saturable receptor system. After this membrane interaction, processing and MHC class I presentation of the HSP-associated antigen can occur via either a cytosolic (transporter associated with antigen processing [TAP] and proteasome–dependent) or an endosomal (TAP and proteasome–independent) route, with the preferred pathway determined by the sequence context of the optimal antigenic peptide within the HSP-associated material. These findings not only characterize two highly efficient, specific pathways leading to the conversion of HSP-associated antigens into ligands for CD8+ T cells, they also imply the existence of a mechanism for receptor-facilitated transmembrane transport of HSP or HSP-associated ligands from the plasma membrane or lumen of endosomes into the cytosol.
Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: C Gasche
Journal: Gut (2004)

Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the most common disorders in the world. Also, one third of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients suffer from recurrent anaemia. Anaemia has significant impact on the quality of life of affected patients. Chronic fatigue, a frequent IBD symptom itself, is commonly caused by anaemia and may debilitate patients as much as abdominal pain or diarrhoea. Common therapeutic targets are the mechanisms behind anaemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency. It is our experience that virtually all patients with IBD associated anaemia can be successfully treated with a combination of iron sucrose and erythropoietin, which then may positively affect the misled immune response in IBD.