tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Absorption of calcium measured by intubation and perfusion of the intact human small intestine
Authors: Ronald H. Wensel, Clayton Rich, Arthur C. Brown, Wade Volwiler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Absorption of calcium was measured by direct intubation and perfusion of the small intestine in 10 volunteer normal adult subjects, two adults with celiac-sprue, and one with a parathyroid adenoma. A total of 60 studies were completed using one of two different levels, duodenojejunum or ileum. Solutions containing stable calcium, radiocalcium(47), and a nonabsorbable dilution-concentration marker, polyethylene glycol, were infused at a uniform rate via the proximal lumen of a triple-lumen polyvinyl tube. The mixed intraluminal contents were continuously sampled by siphonage from two distal sites, 10 and 60 cm below the point of infusion. Unidirectional flux rates, lumen to blood and blood to lumen, and net absorption of calcium for the 50 cm segment of small intestine between the two collection sites were calculated from the measured changes in concentration of stable calcium, calcium-47, and polyethylene glycol.Flux of calcium from lumen to blood in the duodenojejunum of normal subjects was appreciable even when the concentration of calcium in the perfusate was below that of extracellular fluid and, as the intraluminal concentration of calcium was increased through a range of 0.5-3.5 mumoles/ml, was positively correlated, ranging from 1.9 to 7.0 mumoles/min per 50 cm. Repeated studies of individual subjects demonstrated a consistent pattern of absorptive efficiency in each, but significant variability from person to person. Flux from lumen to blood in the ileal segment occurred at a much lower rate than that found in the proximal intestine, and there was not a significant dependence upon intraluminal calcium concentration. The opposite flux, from blood to lumen, was low both in the duodenojejunum and ileum (average 0.76 mumoles/min per 50 cm) and was independent of the intraluminal calcium concentration. Unidirectional flux, lumen to blood, from the duodenojejunum was not altered by parathyroid extract administered at the time of the infusion, but was accelerated in the subject with a parathyroid adenoma and markedly reduced in the two subjects with celiac-sprue.
Unexpected Necessities — Inside Charity Hospital
Authors: Ruth Berggren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

The skyscraper housing the oldest continuously operating hospital in the country, New Orleans' Charity Hospital, was erected in 1936, to replace a centuries-old complex that had grown rapidly to keep pace with the health needs of impoverished southern Louisiana. In August 2005, shattered windows notwithstanding, this 20th-century Charity endured Hurricane Katrina's winds and survived. On Sunday, August 28, I was assigned as teaching physician for the infectious diseases unit on the ninth floor of the hospital. There were 18 patients in the unit, of whom 4 had active tuberculosis and 13 had opportunistic infections related to HIV infection and AIDS. . . .
Vascular and metabolic effects of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine. Concentration-effect study in dogs.
Authors: P Hjemdahl, E Belfrage, M Daleskog
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Vascular and metabolic effects of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine have been studied in relation to the plasma concentration of these amines in dogs. Intravenous infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 nmol x kg-1 x min-1) raised the plasma concentration of the infused amine by 2.5 , 13, and 63 nM from resting levels of 2.4 and 3.6 nM, respectively. Blood flow to isolated adipose tissue; skeletal muscle preparations; and plasma levels of glycerol, glucose, and cyclic AMP were measured. Epinephrine and norepinephrine displayed a distinct selectivity with regard to both vascular and metabolic effects. Epinephrine caused significant vasoconstriction in adipose tissue already at a plasma concentration of 5 nM, whereas no significant effect was seen on skeletal muscle vascular resistance. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, caused significant vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle at 5 nM but had no vasoconstrictor effect in adipose tissue. Epinephrine was more potent than norepinephrine in increasing plasma cyclic AMP and glucose, whereas the converse was true for plasma glycerol. Epinephrine had significant effects on plasma cyclic AMP at 5 nM and on plasma glucose and glycerol at 15 nM. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, had significant effects on plasma glycerol at 5 nM, plasma cyclic AMP at 15 nM and plasma glucose only at 65 nM. It is suggested that these response patterns are related to a preferential action of epinephrine on beta 2-adrenoceptors and a preferential action of norepinephrine on beta 1-adrenoceptors. Our results support the view that both epinephrine and norepinephrine may act as circulating hormones, because vascular and metabolic effects of both amines were seen at plasma concentrations encountered during various kinds of stress in animals and man.
Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Recurrence and Survival among Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer.
Authors: M. Kwan, L. Kushi, E. Weltzien, A. Castillo, B. Caan
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: To describe alcohol consumption and examine its association with breast cancer recurrence and mortality in the Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) study, a prospective cohort study of early-stage breast cancer survivors.Methods: Patients included 1897 participants diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2000 and recruited primarily from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Cancer Registry. Alcohol consumption (beer, wine, and liquor) was assessed at cohort entry using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 349 breast cancer recurrences and 332 overall deaths were ascertained after an average follow-up of 5.93 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results: A total of 958 women (51%) were considered drinkers (&amp;gt;0.5 g of alcohol per day), and the majority drank wine (90%), followed by liquor (43%), and beer (36%). Drinking ≥6 g/day of alcohol compared to minimal or no drinking (≤0.5 g/day) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence (HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.82) and death (HR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.28). The increased risk of recurrence appeared to be greater among postmenopausal (P for trend = .03) and overweight or obese women (P for trend = .03). No associations were observed for risk of overall mortality and alcohol use.Conclusions: Consuming 3 to 4 alcoholic drinks or more per week might be related to an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence, particularly among postmenopausal and heavier women, regardless of other prognostic factors. While additional prospective studies are needed, these observations suggest that after a breast cancer diagnosis, women should consider limiting their consumption of alcohol. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 17.
Nitropyrene: DNA binding and adduct formation in respiratory tissues.
Authors: M A Jackson, L C King, L M Ball, S Ghayourmanesh, A M Jeffrey, J Lewtas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

Binding of 1-nitro (14C)pyrene (NP) or its metabolites to cellular DNA and protein in cultures of rabbit alveolar macrophages, lung tissue, and tracheal tissue was examined. DNA binding in tracheal tissue (136 +/- 18.3 pmole NP/mg DNA) was four to five times the levels measured in either lung tissue (38 +/- 9.4 pmole NP/mg DNA) or macrophages (26 +/- 7.5 pmole NP/mg DNA). Adduct analysis of DNA isolated from lung tissue incubated with 1-nitro[H3]pyrene in vitro resulted in the identification of 2 to 5% of the NP adducts as C8-deoxyguanosine 1-aminopyrene. NP was also bound to cellular protein in tracheal tissue and lung tissue, and at a lower level in macrophages. Cocultivation of the macrophages with lung and tracheal tissue decreased the DNA binding in tracheal tissue by 45%. Following intratracheal instillation of diesel particles (5 mg) vapor-coated with 14C-NP (380 ppm, 0.085 muCi/mg) particles into rats, 5-8% of the radioactivity remained in the lungs after 20 hr. Most of the diesel particles were also deposited in the lung. Examination of DNA and protein binding in this tissue showed 5 to 12% of the pulmonary 14C bound to protein and no detectable levels of 14C bound to DNA.
Selective Attention in Schizophrenia: Sparing and Loss of Executive Control
Authors: Daniel H. Mathalon, Theda Heinks, Judith M. Ford
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: Auditory selective attention involves top-down modulation of sensory processing to selectively filter relevant from irrelevant information. Patients with schizophrenia have deficits in auditory selective attention, but whether these attention deficits are evident at the earliest stages of auditory processing or emerge later in the processing stream is unknown. METHOD: Event-related potentials were used to assess the integrity and time course of auditory attention in schizophrenia during a cross-modal selective attention task. A random sequence of equiprobable loud and soft speech sounds and bright and dim checkerboard patterns occurred every 800 to 1200 msec. A button press was required in response to soft speech sounds in the auditory attention task and to dim checkerboards in the visual attention task. Event-related potentials were recorded from 15 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS: As early as 50 msec, both patients and comparison subjects showed evidence of cross-modal selective attention. These attention effects were sustained until 300 msec in comparison subjects but were no longer evident in patients by 100 msec. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenia patients implemented an early attentional filter but failed to sustain selective attention later in the processing stream. This suggests that initially intact executive control of auditory attention cannot be sustained in schizophrenia, perhaps implicating dysfunction in frontotemporal pathways.
A conversation with Stephen O’Rahilly
Authors: Ushma S. Neill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Professor Stephen O’Rahilly’s research has led to an increased understanding of the genetic causes of human obesity and insulin resistance. Using modern biochemical approaches and classical clinical observation in humans with profound metabolic disorders, O’Rahilly (Figure ​(Figure1),1), from the Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge, has shown that a person’s appetite and feeding behavior can be linked to specific genes. His work has challenged long-held dogmas and led to new treatment avenues. The full interview, with many more stories about how you can learn more from reading Chekhov than medical school and why he has stayed in Cambridge all these years, can be seen on the JCI website at http://www.jci.org/kiosk/cgm.
HUNGARIAN REFUGEES: LIFE EXPERIENCES AND FEATURES INFLUENCING PARTICIPATION IN THE REVOLUTION AND SUBSEQUENT FLIGHT
Authors: LAWRENCE E. HINKLE, FRANCIS D. KANE, WILLIAM N. CHRISTENSON, HAROLD G. WOLFF
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

The effect that our informants' experiences during the past 15 years have had upon their mental health has become a focus of our concern. Their performance upon the projective tests was such that, were they people drawn from an American middle-class background, one would have expected that a great many of them would be very seriously ill, and that some would have to be placed in mental hospitals. On the other hand, on clinical examination their overt symptoms of psychological illness were, in general, of no great severity, not disabling, and not greatly out of keeping with their present situations. Judged by their history of past performance, and by their ability to survive and not break down in situations of extreme adversity–loss of fortune, loss of social status, loss of family members, rape, torture, imprisonment, concentration camps, and prolonged insecurity and frustration–they were people of outstanding adaptive capacity; for a great many other people, in similar situations, died or disintegrated. The body of our evidence suggests that unconscious processes may be notably influenced by intense and prolonged adult experiences. It likewise suggests that the interpretation of performance on projective tests must be carefully evaluated in terms of the cultural and social background, and the recent, as well as remote, life experiences of the person tested.
Short-term effects of naloxone hemodynamics and baroreflex function in conscious dogs with pacing-induced congestive heart failure
Authors: Yoshihiro Himura, Chang-Seng Liang, Naoaki Imai, Joseph M. Delehanty, Paul D. Woolf, William B. Hood
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of naloxone on systemic hemodynamics and reflex function in dogs with congestive heart failure induced by rapid pacing.We have shown previously that naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, improves cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, systolic performance and the baroreflex function in conscious dogs with chronic right-sided congestive heart failure. However, whether endogenous opioids also play a role n mediating the reduction of myocardial and baroreflex function in animals with left heart failure remains controversial.We administered naloxone (1 mg/kg body weight) and normal saline solution to 15 dogs with pacing-induced congestive heart failure (225 beats/min for 8 weeks) and 11 control dogs. In addition to systemic hemodynamic measurements, the slope of pressure-area relation obtained from echocardiography with intravenous bolus injection of phenylephrine was taken as a load-independent index of myocardial contractility. Baroreflex function was estimated by the slope of the regression line relating systolic aortic pressure and RR interval.Plasma beta-endorphin levels were elevated in dogs with congestive heart failure. Naloxone administration increased heart rate, mean aortic pressure, first derivative of left ventricular pressure, cardiac output and myocardial contractility in pacing-induced congestive heart failure. These changes correlated significantly with basal plasma beta-endorphin levels and were accompanied by increases in plasma beta-endorphin and catecholamines after naloxone administration. However, unlike the hemodynamic and cardiac effects of naloxone, baroreflex function did not change after naloxone in dogs with congestive heart failure.The increase in basal plasma beta-endorphin suggests that the endogenous opiate system is activated in left-sided congestive heart failure. Because naloxone improves the systemic hemodynamics and myocardial contractile function under this condition, the endogenous opioids appear to play an important role in mediating the myocardial depression that occurs in heart failure. However, the endogenous opiate system has no apparent effect on the regulation of baroreflex control in heart failure induced by rapid pacing.
Treatment Strategies, Patterns of Drug Use and Treatment Discontinuation in Men with LUTS Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: The Triumph Project
Authors: K.M.C. Verhamme, J.P. Dieleman, G.S. Bleumink, J.L.H.R. Bosch, B.H.Ch. Stricker, M.C.J.M. Sturkenboom
Journal: European Urology (2003)
Bilateral Bundle-Branch Block
Authors: LEONARD D. SCHLOFF, LAWRENCE ADLER, EPHRAIM DONOSO, CHARLES K. FRIEDBERG
Journal: Circulation (1967)

The electrocardiograms and salient clinical features of seven patients with electrocardiographic evidence of various types of bilateral bundle-branch block (BBBB) have been presented. When the complexes change in form and the P-R interval varies, the mechanisms are usually best interpreted by using the concepts of first degree, second degree, and third degree bundle-branch block with or without block in the higher conduction system. The etiology of BBBB in many cases is idiopathic fibrosis of both bundles. The diagnosis of BBBB by ECG is important because of its relation to the subsequent development of complete heart block or Adams-Stokes syndrome, or both. In this series five of seven patients with BBBB had Adams-Stokes syndrome and three of seven had complete heart block.
BMA says inadequate sanitation is a global crisis
Authors: Peter Mozynski
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Lack of adequate sanitation is a global crisis that is undermining all development efforts—and particularly efforts to reduce the number of children who die before their fifth birthday. That is the message from the BMA, which has dubbed sanitation “the silent emergency.”

It was described as “the last taboo of international development” and “the missing link in international health” at a briefing held this week.

BMA chairman Hamish Meldrum said: “In developing countries, thousands of children are dying every day due to lack of adequate sanitation and basic hygiene. Governments must take action now on …
Contact Dermatitis to Neomycin Sulfate
Authors: James J. Leyden
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The prevalence of contact allergic dermatitis and nonallergic irritant reactions to neomycin sulfate was determined in a large group of young adults who had a noteworthy exposure to topical antibiotics. Only two subjects (0.09%) had contact allergy proved by closed patch testing, while 20 (0.9%) had nonallergic irritant reactions to 20% neomycin sulfate and 17 (0.78%) had nonallergic reactions to one of the hydrophilic ointment bases. In a separate population of 653 children referred for diagnostic patch testing, only one subject had contact allergy to neomycin. All three subjects who had reactions had a history of repeated use of neomycin on chronically damaged skin. These results support the conclusion that intermittent use of neomycin on minor cuts and wounds is not associated with an excessive rate of sensitization. (<i>JAMA</i>242:1276-1278, 1979)
THE TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS DEFORMANS.
Authors: CLARENCE EDWARD SKINNER
Journal: JAMA (1904)

It is only within a very few years that systematic efforts to evolve an effective management for arthritis deformans have been attempted, largely because it has been only a few years since the affection has been susceptible of anything like a sharp diagnostic differentiation. For this reason text-book literature on its therapeutics is meager and very unsatisfactory when subjected to the test of clinical application. About all that can be gleaned from it is a recommendation to give the patient cod liver oil, iron, or potassium iodid for long periods, to maintain his health in as good condition as possible, and to send him to some hot springs or other health resort. Although its present-day treatment is disappointing on the whole, yet evidence is accumulating which indicates that modern therapy is capable of producing curative results in many cases, and marked amelioration of the
Increased levels of angiopoietins 1 and 2 in sputum supernatant in severe refractory asthma
Authors: E. Tseliou, P. Bakakos, K. Kostikas, G. Hillas, K. Mantzouranis, P. Emmanouil, D. Simoes, M. Alchanatis, S. Papiris, S. Loukides
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Background: Airway and vascular remodeling may play a prominent role in the clinical severity of severe refractory asthma ( SRA ). Angiopoietin‐1 ( A ng‐1) is an essential mediator of angiogenesis by establishing vascular integrity, whereas angiopoietin‐2 ( A ng‐2) acts as its natural inhibitor. Objective: We aimed to determine the levels of angiopoietins in sputum supernatants of patients with SRA and to investigate the possible associations with mediators and cells involved in both the inflammatory and the vascular remodeling processes. Methods: Thirty‐eight patients with SRA , 35 patients with moderate asthma, and 20 healthy subjects were studied. All participants underwent lung function tests, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment and sputum induction for cell count identification and A ng‐1, A ng‐2, VEGF, TGF ‐β1, C ys‐ LT s, MMP ‐2, IL ‐13, ECP, and IL ‐8 measurement in supernatants. Airway vascular permeability ( AVP ) index was also assessed. Results: Ang‐1 (ng/ml) and A ng‐2 (pg/ml) levels were significantly elevated in patients with SRA compared with patients with moderate asthma and control subjects [median, interquartile ranges: 30 (17–39) vs 7.5 (5–11) vs 4.7 (3.8–5.9) respectively, P &lt; 0.001; and 506 (400–700) vs 190 (146–236) vs 96 (89–120) respectively, P &lt; 0.001]. Regression analysis showed a significant positive association between A ng‐2 and AVP index, MMP ‐2, A ng‐1, and VEGF in SRA . A weak association was also observed between A ng‐1 and sputum eosinophils% in SRA . Conclusion: Our results indicate that both angiopoietins levels are higher in SRA compared with moderate asthma and healthy subjects. In SRA , A ng‐2 is associated with mediators involved in both the inflammatory and the vascular remodeling processes.
Surgery for Hearing Loss
Authors: Harold F. Schuknecht, Edward L. Applebaum
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

CONSERVATIVE estimates of the number of persons in the United States with hearing impairment range upward from 3,000,000.1 A large-scale survey of hearing showed that 1 per cent of the population had a severe handicap as evidenced by a loss of 45 decibels or greater, which is of sufficient magnitude to impair hearing for loud speech.2 In the past three decades, surgery and electronic sound amplification (hearing aids) have become practical means for the management of most patients with hearing loss.The innovations that have made surgery effective have been improved knowledge of the complex anatomy and physiology of the . . .
Abstract 3353: Nodal signaling mediates the aggressive, tumorigenic phenotype in breast cancer cells
Authors: Gina Kirsammer, Luigi Strizzi, Alina Gilgur, Naira Margaryan, Dawn Kirschmann, Elisabeth Seftor, Mary JC Hendrix
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The embryonic morphogen Nodal is a potent inducer of EMT and critical mediator of stem cell pluripotency in the developing embryo, but is not expressed in normal adult tissues. Intriguingly, our lab has recently shown that Nodal, a TGF-beta family member, is in fact secreted by melanoma and breast cancer cells and that Nodal expression positively correlates with tumor grade in human patient samples. Our current studies demonstrate a positive role for Nodal in regulating breast cancer cell renewal and aggressiveness. Specifically, short hairpin (shRNA) knockdown of Nodal expression in human breast cancer cell lines diminishes proliferation, invasion and clonogenicity of these cell lines in vitro and dramatically curtails tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model. Additionally, our data suggest that these effects may be caused, in part, by alterations in the expression of adhesion receptors known to function in tumor engraftment and metastasis. Taken together, our data suggest that Nodal signaling may facilitate the acquisition of self-renewal and migratory capabilities in breast cancer cells and represent a novel therapeutic target for disrupting these processes in breast cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3353. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3353