tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identification of Drugs On Prescription Labels
Authors: Leon Horowitz
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I am one physician who requests that all his prescriptions be labeled. Perhaps, since I deal with children, I feel that the parents have the right to know what medication they are giving and, when they call me at night, it is much more helpful for them to give me the name of the medicine rather than "the red liquid," or "the green pill." Many pharmacists disregard my direction to label the medication, although it is printed in large letters in an enclosed box at the very top of the area reserved for the prescription. This is in large part due to the fact that the paper the pharmacist uses for prescription directions has been getting smaller and smaller. There is frequently no room left for the name of the medicine. We must educate patients to expect the name of the medicine on the label, so that
1320 IL28B POLYMORPHISMS AND IP-10 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE PRESENTATION AND SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE IN RECENT HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: S. Bernhardt, J. Aberle, M. Strasser, M. Gschwantler, A. Maieron, A. Kreil, K. Rutter, A.F. Stättermayer, C. Datz, T.-M. Scherzer, P. Steindl-Munda, H. Holzmann, P. Ferenci, H. Hofer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99m teboroxime during adenosine-induced coronary hyperemia: Correlation with thallium-201 imaging
Authors: Abdulmassih S. Iskandrian, Jaekyeong Heo, Thach Nguyen, Sally Beer, Virginia Cave, David Cassel, Basil B. Iskandrian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)
Interobserver Agreement in Clinical Grading of Vitreous Haze Using Alternative Grading Scales
Authors: Dana M. Hornbeak, Abhishek Payal, Maxwell Pistilli, Jyotirmay Biswas, Sudha K. Ganesh, Vishali Gupta, Sivakumar R. Rathinam, Janet L. Davis, John H. Kempen
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
A Method of Skin Grafting under Septic Conditions
Authors: P. Bousfield
Journal: BMJ (1917)

SKIN GRAFTING.;[ M3OALJOUWAL -857 of gas by AM. p10inoyi Cast., the presumnptioln is that tlle liquLiid contained tlhree sugars-glucose, levtlose, and nmaltose.The explaniation is found iu the fact tllat M. boilcanica Cast.ferments witlh production of gas glucose only; A1t.kirusie Cast., glucose and levtulose; M. 1inlO?yi Cast., glucose, levulose, and maltose.There are, lhowever, in certain circuimstances some sources of error, but with these, as well as the precautions for avoiding tlhem, and witlh the wlhole stubject of tlle pre- sence of more than one redutcing substance, we propose dealing in a future paper.Alqlication of the Method to the Dctcetion of Ccrtain Non-reducing Substances.The metlhod, using certain species of fungi aud bacteria, may be applied to assisting in tlle detection of certain otlher substances-saccharose, inosite, dextrin, etc.To help in tlle identification of saccharose, for instance, make a 1 per cent.peptone water solution of the substanice to be examined, and inoculate two of the tubes of the solution with two germs (bacteria or mlonilias or sacchlaroinyces) identical in all their biochemical reactions except on saccharose; for instance, inoculate No. 1 withl B. coli Esch.and No. 2 with B. pseudocoli Cast.If after forty-eiglht hours' incubation at 37°C.No. 1 slhows absence of gas, wllile gas is presenit in No. 2, tlle sugar is saccharose.Witlh tllis subject also we propose dealing more fully in a futtire paper.
Send for Kochi
Authors: Christiane Rehwagen
Journal: BMJ (2006)

WHO is hoping that Arata Kochi , the new director of its global malaria programme, will inject new life into the scheme. As he approaches his first anniversary in the job, Christiane Rehwagen asks him how things are progressing 

In 2005 the malaria programme run by the World Health Organization reached a low point. The programme was being criticised by scientists, who accused its organisers of not following their own policies and not clearly defining treatment guidelines. Furthermore, member states were getting the impression that their money was being unwisely spent on WHO's malaria efforts.

So Lee Jong-wook, the former director general of WHO who died in May, sent for Arata Kochi, who had previously run WHO's programme to eradicate tuberculosis. He persuaded Kochi to give up his advisory post at the United Nations in New York and take up a new position as head of WHO's global malaria programme.

Now, after 10 months in his new job, Kochi says: “We are finally coming close to developing clear strategies on how to implement the three main interventions to fight malaria, and we are progressing towards making them public.” The three mainstays of the programme are drug treatment, coupled with the use of bed nets treated with insecticide and indoor spraying with insecticide.

Kochi's previous record in the tuberculosis programme …
Interleukin 1 stimulates fibroblasts to synthesize granulocyte-macrophage and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. Mechanism for the hematopoietic response to inflammation.
Authors: K Kaushansky, N Lin, J W Adamson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

IL-1 is a family of polypeptides which play a critical role in the inflammatory response. Characteristics of this response include an enhanced release of bone marrow neutrophils, activation of circulating and tissue-phase phagocytes, and enhanced production of neutrophils and monocytes. We have sought to understand the hematopoietic response to acute and chronic inflammatory states on a cellular and molecular level. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are glycoproteins involved in the production and activation of neutrophils and monocytes in vitro and in vivo. We have found that quiescent dermal fibroblasts constitutively release granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), and macrophage CSF in culture, and that picomolar concentrations of the inflammatory mediator IL-1 stimulate by at least fivefold the transcription and release of GM-CSF and G-CSF. These findings establish the role of IL-1 in the hematopoietic response to inflammation through the stimulation of the production and release of GM-CSF and G-CSF.
Pressure events surrounding oesophageal acid reflux episodes and acid clearance in ambulant healthy volunteers.
Authors: C P Barham, D C Gotley, R Miller, A Mills, D Alderson
Journal: Gut (1993)

Previous studies of the mechanisms that precipitate acid reflux episodes and acid clearance have used unphysiological, short term hospital based data. A new 24 hour pH and motility recording system combined with computerised data analysis have been used to study naturally occurring acid reflux episodes in healthy ambulant volunteers. A variety of events that produced recognisable transdiaphragmatic pressure patterns were associated with acid reflux episodes (particularly belching). Peristaltic waves were the predominant contractions leading to oesophageal acid clearance and were the commonest contraction type during reflux episodes. Peristaltic wave parameters (amplitude, velocity, frequency, and percentage proportion) varied during different periods of the 24 hour recording. This study has produced new information about 24 hour oesophageal function and naturally occurring acid reflux which will provide a basis for comparison with patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
People and planet: from vicious cycle to virtuous circle
Authors: D. Pencheon
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Overpopulation, poverty, and environmental degradation share common solutions

An expanding population with increasing per capita consumption levels presents a perfect storm for human health and wellbeing. The Royal Society’s recent report People and Planet 1 summarises the effects that population size, human consumption, and poverty are having on the global systems that support life and make life worth living. The purpose of the report is to stimulate constructive debate and collaborative action while there is still time.

The world’s population reached 7 billion in 2011. Developing countries will be building the equivalent of a city of a million people every five days from now until 2050.1 The impact of a growing population is determined by a combination of its size, its structure, its movement, and its behaviour. The global population is bigger, more urban, and consumes more—especially of natural non-renewable resources—than ever before. The waste from this consumption is equally threatening; although we know much about the burning of fossil fuel—“the biggest global health threat of the 21st century”2—we know little about the health effects of the countless new chemicals we synthesise.

The Royal …
Scintigraphic Gallbladder Visualization With Gangrenous Acalculous Cholecystitis
Authors: Christopher Ananian, Andrew Dunn, Vazrik Mansourian, Vicente J. Caride
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy evaluates the biliary clearance of Tc-99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid agents (Tc-99m IDA) and has a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. False-negative studies are extremely rare. We describe an apparently normal nonmorphine-augmented hepatobiliary study in gangrenous acalculous cholecystitis. Based on clinical findings, computed tomography, and ultrasound demonstration of a dilated gallbladder, a cholecystectomy was performed. Pathologic examination of the gallbladder revealed acute gangrenous cholecystitis with culture positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Rare presentation of a common illness
Authors: M M Hegde
Journal: Gut (2005)

Introduction: Endoluminal gastroplication (EndoCinch; Bard) has been introduced as an endoscopic treatment option in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) patients with promising short term results.However, little is known about the long term efficacy of endoscopic suturing.The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively the long term outcome after EndoCinch.Patients and methods: A total of 70 patients treated with EndoCinch at a single referral centre were studied prospectively.All patients were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire regarding their symptoms and medication prior to and 18 months after EndoCinch.In addition, follow up included endoscopy, 24 hour pH monitoring, and oesophageal manometry.Results: The procedure was well tolerated without major short or long term complications.Eighteen months after EndoCinch, 56/70 patients (80%) were considered treatment failures as their heartburn symptoms did not improve or proton pump inhibitor medication exceeded 50% of the initial dose.Endoscopy showed all sutures in situ in 12/70 (17%) patients while no remaining sutures could be detected in 18/70 (26%).In 54 and 50 patients examined, respectively, no significant changes in 24 hour pH monitoring (median pH ,4/24 hours, 9.1% v 8.5%; p = 0.82) or lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure (7.7 v 10.3 mm Hg; p = 0.051) were observed while median LOS length slightly increased (3.0 to 3.2 cm; p,0.05).Conclusion: Endoscopic gastroplication (EndoCinch) is a safe and minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for GORD with reasonable short term results.In contrast, long term outcome is disappointing, probably due to suture loss in the majority of patients.Therefore, technical improvements to ensure suture durability are mandatory before endoscopic suturing can evolve as a therapeutic option for GORD treatment.www.gutjnl.com
The Most Serious Pathogen
Authors: Charles E. Saunders
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In an urban emergency department, the night holds few surprises. That one's battered sensitivities beget a weathered and leathery emotionality is an old story. Nevertheless, occasional events do evoke extremes of compassion and human understanding. Such was the case one night at 3 AM with the appearance of a tiny 2-week-old infant. The poor creature thus far had survived prematurity, hydrocephalus, and the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, having finally been discharged home several days earlier. His mother awoke for his 2:30 AM feeding to find him in a pool of blood, with a large, gaping scalp wound adjacent to the shunt suture line. Although the child seemed to be in no distress, a 10-cm area of his head had been laid bare to the periosteum, denuded of scalp with an odd scalloping of the wound margins. Our queries into his home setting aroused uneasy suspicions. The child slept not
Melanoma Metastasis to the Testis Demonstrated With FDG PET/CT
Authors: Li-Jun Weng, Heiko Schöder
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Malignant melanoma can occur throughout the human body but testicular metastases are rare. We report on an 82-year-old man with stage IV cutaneous melanoma (Breslow thickness of 11 mm and Clark's level V) in the right upper arm. Combined FDG-PET/CT demonstrated widespread metastases involving subcutaneous tissue, muscles, lymph nodes, bones, pleura, lung, liver, and the right testis (SUV 12.6). After resection of the primary, the patient is now receiving systemic chemotherapy. PET is valuable in staging and management of patients with melanoma; PET/CT fusion clearly localizes lesions with abnormal FDG uptake and has improved accuracy over PET alone.
Rypins' Medical Licensure Examinations: Topical Summaries and Questions
Authors: Walter S. Wiggins
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This is the ninth edition of a text compiled first in 1933 by the late Harold Rypins, M.D., former secretary of the New York State Board of Medical Examiners. The present edition and the previous 4 were compiled under the editorial direction of Walter L. Bierring, M.D., who has exerted leadership in medical licensure for many years. The book presents a well-organized and current summary of each of the major basic science and clinical disciplines. The summaries have been prepared by persons of acknowledged stature. In each instance the summaries are followed by questions designed to assist the reader to evaluate his knowledge of the discipline reviewed. The text has served traditionally to help students prepare for medical licensure examinations. It should fulfill this purpose admirably and also serve as a valuable review source for busy practitioners.
Letter: Experience gained in vocational training in obstetrics.
Authors: P O'Flanagan, A Meakin
Journal: BMJ (1975)

but the effect on glucose metabolismn of severe intoxication has not been reported.In rodents glucose appears to enhance the toxic effects of fenfluramine, which suggests that it is unlikely to have a therapeutic role in severe intoxication in humans.Although appetite suppressants cost the NHS over £2m in 1973, their efficacy in the long term remains somewhat dubious.Their dangers, however, even when in- dividually wrapped, continue to be demon- strated.
OESTRIN AND PROGESTIN IN SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA
Authors: S. M. Davidson
Journal: BMJ (1936)

In 1933 Kaufmann1 2 described his treatment of forty cases of amenorrhoea, in all of which three normal periods 'had followed injections of oestrin and progestin. The technique he adopted was to give 250,000 international units of oestrin every three days for five doses, followed by three days' rest, and then thirty-five rabbit units of progestin distributed over five consecutive days, the total amount of oestrin for a course of treatment being one and a quarter million international units, or 50,000 rat units. If too much bestrin was used Kaufmann found that cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium resulted, this con dition being analogous to that found in metropathia haemorrhagica, but it required the administration of over five million international units before this happened. A rat unit is equivalent to five mouse units and to twenty five international units, and is described as the minimum quantity of ketahydroxy-oestrin required to produce a cell picture of oestrus in the vaginal smear of ovariectomized fats ; 50,000 international units are equivalent to 1 mg. of the dihydro-oestrin ; and 26.7 mg. of the crystalline benzoate are needed to produce a single period. The dihydro-oestrin is five times the strength of the ketohydroxyroestrin.
Alosetron for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: M. Lievre
Journal: BMJ (2002)

News p 561 Education and debate p 592 

On 9 February 2000 alosetron (marketed as Lotronex by GlaxoSmithKline), a type 3 serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a benig though unpleasant disorder that affects one in five adults in the industrialised world.1 By November 2000, the FDA had received 49 reports of ischaemic colitis and 21 of severe constipation related to the drug, resulting in 44 admissions to hospital, 10 surgical interventions, and 3 deaths.2 The drug was withdrawn from the market by its sponsor. Severe adverse events continued to be reported for some time, with a final total of 84 instances of ischaemic colitis, 113 of severe constipation, 143 admissions to hospital, and 7 deaths.3

On 7 June 2002, however, the FDA issued a supplemental new drug application that permits marketing of alosetron through a prescribing programme for treating women with irritable bowel syndrome whose main symptom is severe diarrhoea (5% of patients). Doctors will have to sign an attestation of qualification and acceptance of …
National Cancer Institute Begins Revamp of Clinical Trials Cooperative Program
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2011)

WITH TIGHTER DEADLINES FOR the launch of new trials, new technology to increase transparency and streamline data management, and plans to consolidate the number of groups in its Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has moved swiftly to implement some of the changes recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in April 2010. But questions remain about whether recommended funding increases and other changes will occur.
The rise of reality science
Authors: Deborah Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Over the coming year a batch of programmes featuring human experiments will hit television screens across the UK. Best described as a rendezvous between reality television and scientific experimentation, they are set to follow in the footsteps of such controversial programmes as Cheating in Athens (review BMJ 2004;329: 207) and Torture:The Guantanamo Handbook (review BMJ 2005;330: 543).

Science programmes, just like all other television genres, follow trends. The new formats have come a long way since the highbrow traditional documentaries featuring “talking heads” that, judging by BBC Horizon 's message board (www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/index.shtml), many scientists remember nostalgically.

While informative, the older formats often had limited appeal and failed to generate a major debate outside a select audience. Hamish Mykura, head of history, science, and religion at the UK's Channel 4, says that the ultimate aim of broadcasting is to reach a broad audience. “What you set out to do is bring people to a programme, who wouldn't normally be interested in that area. It's important to deliver what is often a detailed, complex scientific topic in an interesting way and when television works best, that's exactly what it does. To say that programmes that are entertaining and informative can't communicate credible science is to completely misunderstand the way that television works,” he says.

A prime example is Jamie's School Dinners (review BMJ 2005;330: 678). Lobbyists and scientists featured …
Involvement of fertilization antigen (FA-1) in involuntary immunoinfertility in humans.
Authors: R K Naz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Sera from immunoinfertile patients (n = 32) and fertile controls (n = 20) were analyzed for cross-reaction with a purified and characterized sperm-specific glycoprotein, the fertilization antigen (FA-1), employing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The immunoinfertile sera demonstrated a strong reaction with FA-1 when compared with fertile control sera. There was no correlation between the reaction of sera with FA-1 and the titers obtained through the sperm agglutination technique and the sperm immobilization technique. Immunoinfertile sera showed binding with the protein bands in the regions corresponding to FA-1 on Western blots involving sodium deoxycholate-solubilized human sperm. Antigens isolated with immunoaffinity chromatography involving immunoinfertile sera also demonstrated antigen bands corresponding to FA-1 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the seven immunoinfertile couples, three that had antibodies to FA-1 in the male as well as female partners demonstrated a block of fertilization (IVF) due to antibodies bound on the sperm surface. The anti-FA-1 antibody activity was detected in serum as well as in follicular fluid and seminal plasma. Immunoinfertile sera that showed an inhibition of human sperm penetration of zona-free hamster ova showed a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in penetration rates after absorption with FA-1. These results indicate that sera from immunoinfertile patients had antibodies reacting with FA-1, and these antibodies are involved in the fertilization process.
The cellular response to hypoxia: tuning the system with microRNAs
Authors: Joseph Loscalzo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Adaptation to hypoxia is an essential cellular response controlled by the oxygen-sensitive master transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 expression is also controlled by specific microRNAs and, in turn, controls the expression of other microRNAs, which fine-tune adaptation to low oxygen tension. In this issue of the JCI, Ghosh and colleagues identify a unique microRNA in hypoxic endothelial cells, miR424, that promotes HIF-1 stabilization and angiogenesis. The actions of this microRNA are considered in the context of the complex interactions that act to ensure optimal endothelial adaptation to this critical environmental condition.
The emergence of drug resistant HIV variants at virological failure of HAART combinations containing efavirenz, tenofovir and lamivudine or emtricitabine within the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort
Authors: Naomi Bulteel, Loveleen Bansi-Matharu, Duncan Churchill, David Dunn, David Bibby, Teresa Hill, Caroline Sabin, Mark Nelson
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)