tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Premature Mortality Among Adults With Schizophrenia in the United States
Authors: Mark Olfson, Tobias Gerhard, Cecilia Huang, Stephen Crystal, T. Scott Stroup
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2015)

Although adults with schizophrenia have a significantly increased risk of premature mortality, sample size limitations of previous research have hindered the identification of the underlying causes.To describe overall and cause-specific mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for adults with schizophrenia compared with the US general population.We identified a national retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients with schizophrenia 20 to 64 years old in the Medicaid program (January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2007). The cohort included 1,138,853 individuals, 4,807,121 years of follow-up, and 74,003 deaths, of which 65,553 had a known cause.Mortality ratios for the schizophrenia cohort standardized to the general population with respect to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region were estimated for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Mortality rates per 100,000 person-years and the mean years of potential life lost per death were also determined. Death record information was obtained from the National Death Index.Adults with schizophrenia were more than 3.5 times (all-cause SMR, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.7-3.7) as likely to die in the follow-up period as were adults in the general population. Cardiovascular disease had the highest mortality rate (403.2 per 100,000 person-years) and an SMR of 3.6 (95% CI, 3.5-3.6). Among 6 selected cancers, lung cancer had the highest mortality rate (74.8 per 100,000 person-years) and an SMR of 2.4 (95% CI, 2.4-2.5). Particularly elevated SMRs were observed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9.9; 95% CI, 9.6-10.2) and influenza and pneumonia (7.0; 95% CI, 6.7-7.4). Accidental deaths (119.7 per 100,000 person-years) accounted for more than twice as many deaths as suicide (52.0 per 100,000 person-years). Nonsuicidal substance-induced death, mostly from alcohol or other drugs, was also a leading cause of death (95.2 per 100,000 person-years).In a US national cohort of adults with schizophrenia, excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases implicate modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including especially tobacco use. Excess deaths directly attributable to alcohol or other drugs highlight threats posed by substance abuse. More aggressive identification and management of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as reducing tobacco use and substance abuse, should be leading priorities in the medical care of adults with schizophrenia.
Effect of β-Irradiation on 3-Methylcholanthrene Induction of Brain Tumors in Mice
Authors: T. I. Mandybur
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

Journal Article Effect of β-Irradiation on 3-Methylcholanthrene Induction of Brain Tumors in Mice Get access T. I. Mandybur, M.D. T. I. Mandybur, M.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 53, Issue 2, August 1974, Pages 399–406, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/53.2.399 Published: 01 August 1974 Article history Received: 08 August 1973 Revision received: 15 April 1974 Accepted: 18 April 1974 Published: 01 August 1974
Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up
Authors: B K Luntz, C S Widom
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1994)

the authors' goal in this study was to examine the extent to which having been abused and/or neglected in childhood raises a person's risk for having an adult DSM-III-R diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.Children who had experienced substantiated child abuse and/or neglect from 1967 to 1971 in a Midwestern metropolitan county area were matched on the basis of age, race, sex, and approximate family social class with a group of nonabused and nonneglected children and followed prospectively into young adulthood. Subjects were located and participated in a 2-hour interview consisting of a series of structured and semistructured questions, rating scales, and a psychiatric assessment using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Interviews were completed with 699 young adult subjects (416 abused and/or neglected and 283 comparison subjects).Childhood victimization was a significant predictor of the number of lifetime symptoms of antisocial personality disorder and of a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, despite the fact that controls for demographic characteristics and arrest history were introduced.These findings suggest the importance of inquiring about a patient's childhood history of abuse and/or neglect when antisocial symptoms are evident. In addition to speculation about a possible saturation model for the consequences of childhood victimization, these findings also reinforce a multiple causation model of antisocial personality disorder.
Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the novel mecC gene in Denmark corroborates a zoonotic reservoir with transmission to humans
Authors: A. Petersen, M. Stegger, O. Heltberg, J. Christensen, A. Zeuthen, L.K. Knudsen, T. Urth, M. Sorum, L. Schouls, J. Larsen, R. Skov, A.R. Larsen
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012)
Serious arterial thromboembolic events (sATE) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with bevacizumab (BV): Results from the BRiTE registry
Authors: M. M. Sugrue, J. Yi, D. Purdie, W. Dong, A. Grothey, M. Kozloff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

4136 Introduction: BV prolongs overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) when added to 1 st - or 2 nd -line chemotherapy (CT) in mCRC. Though serious toxicities specific to BV are uncommon, a retrospective pooled analysis of 5 randomized trials showed an association of arterial thromboembolic events (ATEs) with BV use (3.8% vs 1.7% with CT alone), with age ≥65 and prior history (Hx) of ATE identified as associated risk factors (Skillings, JCO 2005). The BRiTE mCRC registry evaluated BV-associated serious adverse events (SAEs), including ATEs presenting as SAEs (sATE), in a general practice setting. Methods: Pts and methods have been described (Hedrick ASCO 2006). Hx of sATE, timing of prior sATE relative to starting BV, and anti-platelet agent (anti-plt) use were summarized. Definition of sATE included myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral vascular accident (CVA), transient ischemic attack (TIA), and peripheral arterial disease. Incidence rate of sATE was expressed as events per pt-yr of follow-up. Fisher’s exact test and multiple logistic regression was used to assess the univariate and multivariate associations. Results: Median follow- up was 17.5 mo. Of 1953 evaluable pts, 45.9% (n=896) were ≥65, 18.0% (n=352) had Hx of sATE, and 11.2% (n=219) received anti-plt. A total of 38 sATE [CVA (n=14), MI (n=11), sudden cardiac death (n=1), TIA (n=7), and other (n=5)] were reported in 34 (1.7%) pts. Median time to sATE was 3.6 mo. The calculated sATE rate was 2.2/100 pt-yr overall and 4.7/100 pt-yr in pts with prior sATE. Table 1 summarizes the results of univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: In this series of BV-treated pts, the incidence of sATE associated with BV use was comparable with the rate of analogous events reported in previous controlled trials of BV in mCRC. In this series, prior history of sATE and ECOG PS were found to be associated with sATE risk in multivariate analyses. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
Zebrafish genomics: From mutants to genes
Authors: John H. Postlethwait, William S. Talbot
Journal: Trends in Genetics (1997)

Exquisite embryonic lethal mutations have been isolated in hundreds of genes necessary for zebrafish development. Analysis of this resource promises to enhance our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of vertebrate development. This review discusses the state of the zebrafish genome project and the genetic trickery that can expedite molecular isolation of genes disrupted by these mutations.
Clustering of multiplex-qPCR data for the detection of respiratory viruses in acute bronchiolitis
Authors: Spyridon Megremis, Håvard Ove Skjerven, Karin C. Lødrup Carlsen, Kai-Håkon Carlsen, Nikos Papadopoulos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background   Vira-specific qPCR of clinical samples challenges the interpretation in terms of potential co-infection versus co-detection of vira. We explore the use of K-means clustering to identify similar viral load profiles for subsequent analyses of potential clinical relevance.   Method   RNA was isolated from 363 nasopharynx aspirates (Bronchiolitis ALL-SE Study) and samples were quantified for Flu A, Flu B, RSV A/B, MPV, AdV, CoV, HRV-HEV, HBoV and PIV (Magicplex TM  RV Panel Real-time Test).   Results   Viral load was expressed as threshold cycles. Sample distribution can be seen in figure 1.  After normalization with internal controls (ΔCt), virus-positive samples were clustered using K-means supervised clustering (SPSS). This identified 3 clusters with various cluster centers for each virus. Clusters with lower ΔCt centers are high viral copy clusters while clusters with higher ΔCt centers are low viral copy clusters (figure 2).   Conclusion   Varying levels of virus copies are present in clinical samples; these can be robustly clustered into high, medium and low viral loads. These clusters may provide a basis for analyzing clinical relevance of the virus.
Serum level of vitamin D3 before and after treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Young-Jae Cho, Hyo-Jeong Lim, Jong Sun Park, Ho Il Yoon, Choon-Taek Lee, Junghan Song, Jae Ho Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Vitamin D3 is known to have potent immunomodulatory effect and it has been suggested that the low serum level of vitamin D3 increases the risk of tuberculosis.

Serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25HD3) were measured in 168 drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) before and about 6 months after the treatment by using high performance liquid chromatography, and were compared with those of 197 healthy normal controls (HNC). Deficiency of vitamin D was defined by the serum level below 15 ng/mL of 25HD3. The sputum AFB smear grade was quantified from 1 to 4 according to ATS criteria. Heavy AFB smear was defined as 3 and 4 grades.

The mean level of 25HD3 in PTB before treatment was significantly low compared with HNC (18.7 ± 8.33 vs. 13.13 ± 8.6 pg/mL, p< 0.05). The mean level of 25HD3 in PTB after treatment was also significantly low compared with HNC, but did not show difference compared with the level before treatment. The numbers of vitamin D deficiency before treatment were significantly higher in the PTB compared with HNC, and the numbers did not show significant change after treatment. The numbers of heavy AFB smear were also significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency patients in the PTB (p< 0.05).

These results strongly suggest that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of tuberculosis, and is related with more severe form of PTB.
Non-invasive ventilation in the management of acute respiratory failure in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Alessandra Concas, Laura Battistella, Chiara Mastrotto, Giovanna Arcaro, Luciana Paladini, Federico Gallan, Maria Rita Marchi, Andrea Vianello
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background : This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the efficacy of NIV in preventing endotracheal intubation (ETI) and reducing mortality rates in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) who develop Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF). Patients'clinical and laboratory characteristics that can be considered risk factors for NIV failure were also analyzed.

Methods : Design: A retrospective analysis of short-term outcomes in 18 IPF patients receiving NIV for ARF. Setting: a 4 bed Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU) in a university hospital.Patients and intervention: Eighteen IPF patients who received NIV between January 1, 2005 and April 30, 2013. Outcome measures: The need for ETI despite NIV treatment and the mortality rate during their RICU stay. The length of the patients' stay in the RICU was also evaluated.

Results : NIV was successful in 8 patients and unsuccessful in 10 who required ETI. All the patients in the NIV failure group died within 20.2+/-15.3 days of intubation. The NIV success group patients spent fewer days in the RICU (11.6+/-4.5 vs 24.6+/-13.7; p=0.0146). NIV failure was correlated to the plasma NT-proBNP level at RICU admission (p=0.0326) with an odds ratio (OR) of 12.2 (95% CI, 1.2 to infinity) in patients with abnormally high NT-proBNP levels (>900 pg/ml).

Conclusions : Use of NIV has been found to be associated with clinical benefits in selected IPF patients,preventing the need for intubation and reducing the rate of complications/death. Elevated plasma NT-proBNP levels at the time of admission to an ICU is a simple, clinical marker of poor NIV outcome.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS IN POST-TRAUMATIC EPILEPSY
Authors: HERBERT JASPER, WILDER PENFIELD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

Electroencephalograms of 86 cases of post-traumatic epilepsy were analysed with particular reference to the localization of abnormal electrical discharge. Pre-operative and post-operative studies were made on 32 of these patients on whom operation had been carried out for the surgical removal of an epileptogenic lesion. 1. Definite electrographic evidence for localization of major epileptiform discharge to a relatively restricted area of one hemisphere was obtained in 90 per cent of the cases. A relatively superficial focus was found in one area without significant complication by abnormality elsewhere in 69 per cent of the cases. 2. A combination of random slow waves with random spikes or sharp waves was found to be characteristic of superficial cortical epileptogenic lesions of the cerebral cortex. This is interpreted as representing a local condition of metabolic disturbance, a product of which causes neuronal hyperirritability. These two types of electrographic abnormality are also observed in patient...
Blind Pan-Esophageal Brush Cytology
Authors: H. Aste, S. Saccomanno, F. Munizzi
Journal: Endoscopy (1984)

A non-endoscopic abrasive panesophageal method of detecting malignant cells is described. This method showed a high specificity and an acceptable sensitivity as compared with endoscopic abrasive guided cytology, and is suitable for screening patients at risk of developing esophageal malignancy, and in the follow-up of patients who have undergone radical surgery.
Intention to Undergo Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy in Women at Increased Risk of Developing Hereditary Breast Cancer
Authors: Bettina Meiser, Phyllis Butow, Michael Friedlander, Vivienne Schnieden, Michael Gattas, Judy Kirk, Graeme Suthers, Eric Haan, Katherine Tucker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

PURPOSE: To assess intention to undergo prophylactic bilateral mastectomy and psychologic determinants in unaffected women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred thirty-three women who were awaiting their initial appointments for risk assessment, advice about surveillance, and prophylactic options at one of 14 familial cancer clinics participated in a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of women would consider and 47% would not consider a prophylactic mastectomy, should genetic testing identify a mutation in a breast cancer–predisposing gene, whereas 34% were unsure and 1% had already undergone a prophylactic mastectomy. In a bivariate analysis, women at a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer had the highest proportion of subjects reporting that they would consider a prophylactic mastectomy (25%), compared with women at high risk (16%) (χ 2 = 7.79; P = .051). In multivariate analyses, consideration of prophylactic mastectomy strongly correlated with high levels of breast cancer anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 17.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.35 to 69.71; P = .0001) and overestimation of one’s breast cancer risk (OR = 3.01; 95% CI, 1.43 to 6.32; P = .0036), whereas there was no association with objective breast cancer risk (P = .60). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of women at increased risk of developing hereditary breast cancer would consider prophylactic mastectomy. Although prophylactic mastectomy may be appropriate in women at high risk of developing breast cancer, it is perhaps less so in those who have a moderately increased risk. Such moderate-risk women are likely to benefit from interventions aimed at reducing breast cancer anxiety and correcting exaggerated breast cancer risk perceptions.
The effect of the different methanolic extracts of nigella sativa on tracheal responsiveness of guinea-pigs
Authors: Rana Keyhanmanesh, Horeyeh Bagban, Mohammad Reza Alipour, Fariba Mirzaei Bavil, Mehdy Ahmady, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi Sadatloo
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

In previous studies, the relaxant, anticholinergic (functional antagonism) and antihistaminic effects of Nigella sativa have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. Therefore in the present study, the relaxant effects of 5 different methanolic extracts (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% methanolic fractions) of Nigella sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were examined. The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 g%) in comparison with saline as negative control and four cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) were examined by their relaxant effects on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1) and 10 μM methacholine (group 2, n = 7 for each group). In group 1, all concentrations of 100% methanolic extract showed significant contractile effect on guinea pig tracheal chains (p<0.05 to p<0.01). In group 2, all concentrations of theophylline and methanolic extracts showed significant relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The relaxant effect of different concentrations of al fractions were significantly greater in group 2 compared to group 1 experiments (p<0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the relaxant effects and concentrations for theophylline and all fractions in group2 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). These results showed a potent relaxant effect for 20% methanolic extract and weaker relaxant effect for other fractions from Nigella sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pigs.
Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study
Authors: P. Bergquist, G.K. Crompton
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

We read with interest the article by RABE et al. [1] and the editorial by KIPS and PAUWELS [2] in which the current level of asthma control in Europe, which has fallen far short of the goals for long term asthma management, was discussed.KIPS and PAUWELS [2] point out some important factors as to why asthma management is not successful in Western Europe.Obviously, the implementation of guidelines by doctors and patients has not been successful, and we fully agree that we have to focus on their practical implementation.Asthma management is obviously much more complex than just the prescription of treatment, and it could be described as a triangle of management in which the patient, substance and device are of equal importance.In both the article and the editorial, this type of concept of asthma management is not explored or discussed.Choice of inhaler may not only affect the treatment outcome, but it could also influence the patient9s willingness to start/continue medication in the longterm.An adequate discussion between patient and clinician, with regard to choice of inhaler, should be routine.Recently, a review by COCHRANE et al.[3] emphasized the importance that inhaler choice has, on the outcome of the asthma treatment.These authors stressed that the health care providers should consider patient compliance, inhalation technique and inhaler type when evaluating and prescribing asthma medication.Several studies have shown the difficulties patients are found to experience with the nonbreathactivated pressurized metered-dose inhaler [4,5].In light of the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe study, there is an immediate need to change the perspective from a substance-based approach to one in which the patient, the substance and the inhaler are in focus.Today, when there is little difference between inhaled steroids in low dose, the most important factor governing treatment outcome may well be the choice of inhaler.
Chemotherapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Combination With Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Lee Ratner, Jeannette Lee, Shenghui Tang, David Redden, Fayez Hamzeh, Brian Herndier, David Scadden, Lawrence Kaplan, Richard Ambinder, Alexandra Levine, William Harrington, Louise Grochow, Charles Flexner, Benjamin Tan, David Straus
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2001)

This study investigated the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic interactions resulting from simultaneous combination chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In addition, the effects on viral load, CD4 counts, and opportunistic infections were examined with the use of combination chemotherapy combined with HAART.Sixty-five patients with previously untreated and measurable disease at any stage of HIV-associated NHL of intermediate or high grade were entered onto this study at 17 different centers. The first 40 patients entered onto the study received reduced doses of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, combined with vincristine and prednisone (modified CHOP [mCHOP]), whereas the subsequent 25 patients entered onto the study received full doses of CHOP combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). All patients also received stavudine, lamivudine, and indinavir.The complete response rates were 30% and 48% among patients who received mCHOP and full-dose CHOP combined with HAART, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 25% of patients receiving mCHOP and 12% of those receiving full-dose CHOP combined with G-CSF (25% v 12%). There were similar numbers of patients with grade 3 or 4 hyperbilirubinemia (12% and 17%), constipation and abdominal pain (18% and 17%), and transaminase elevation (48% and 52%) on the modified and full-dose arms of the study, respectively. Doxorubicin clearance and indinavir concentration curves were similar among patients on this study and historical controls, whereas cyclophosphamide clearance was 1.5-fold reduced as compared with control values. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load declined from a median baseline value of 29,000 copies/mL to a median minimum value on therapy of 500 copies/mL.Either modified-dose or full-dose CHOP chemotherapy for HIV-NHL, delivered with HAART, is effective and tolerable.