tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Rate of Protein Evolution in Serotonin Genes
Authors: A. M. Andres, C. de Hemptinne, J. Bertranpetit
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter crucial for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and brain function. It is also involved in several aspects of behavior and associated with a variety of personality disorders in humans. Its dual role as a crucial element in vital physiological functions (strictly evolutionary conserved) and in traits that differ substantially across species makes the evolution of serotonin function particularly interesting. We studied the evolution of serotonin function through the identification of the selective forces shaping the evolution of genes in its functional pathway in primates and rodents. Serotonin genes are highly conserved and show no signals of positive selection, suggesting functional constraint as the main force driving their evolution. They show, nevertheless, considerable differences in constraint between primates and rodents, with some genes showing dramatic differences between the 2 groups. These genes most likely represent cases of functional divergence between primates and rodents and point out to the relevance of using closely related species in gene-based evolutionary studies to avoid the effect of unrecognized functional differences between distant species. Within each group (rodents or primates), genes also show heterogeneity in evolution. Genes from the same gene family (with structure and function alike) tend to evolve at a similar rate, but this is not always the case. A few serotonin genes show substantial differences in constraint with the rest of members of their family, suggesting the presence of important and unrecognized functional differences among the genes, which may be involved in species-specific evolution.
Altered Expression of the Retinoblastoma Gene Product: Prognostic Indicator in Bladder Cancer
Authors: C. Cordon-Cardo, D. Wartinger, D. Petrylak, G. Dalbagni, W. R. Fair, Z. Fuks, V. E. Reuter
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Background: It jhas been reported that 50–70% of patieints with bladder cancer experience recurrence after initial sucessful treatment and about 10%-20% of these patients die of the disease. Despite precise pathologic staging and grading, we are unable to predict clinical outcome in all patients. The retinoblastoma-susceptility (RB) gene, a prototype of tumour suppressor genes, has recently been associated with development and/or progression of bladder cancer, as well as sarcoma and small-cell lung cancer. In transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, we have observed altered expression of the Rb gene product—a nuclear phosphoprotien thought to function as a cell cycle regulator. Purpose: The aim of this study was to invetigable the hypothesis that altered patterns of Rb expression correlate with prognosis in bladder cancer. Methods: Expression of the RB gene was evaluated in specimens from 48 primary bladder tumours obtained by cystectomy or transurethral resection. Rb protein expression was correlated with diseases outcome in these patients. Rb expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, using the mouse monoclonal antibody Rb-RMG3–245 on frozen tissue sec tions. Computerized image analysis was used to quantity the level of Rb Protein in individual tumour cells. Results; The overall 5-yars disease free survival was 66% with a median follow-up of 42 months. Normal levels of Rb protein expression were found in 34 patients (Rb-positive group). A spectrum of altered patterns of expression from undetectable levels to heterogeneous expression, however, was observed in 14 patients (altered Rb group). Of the 38 patients with muscle-invasive tumors, 13 were categorized as having altered expression of Rb protein. Only one of 10 patients with superficial carcinomas had altered expression of Rb protein. The 5-year survival was significantly decreased in patients with altered Rb protein compared with the survival in patients with positive Rb expression (P<.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that tumors exhibiting decreased expression of the RB gene-coded product (Rb protein) had a more aggressive biological behavior than those that expressed the Rb pro tein in the majority of their tumor cells. Implications: This study demonstrates that altered patterns of Rb protein expression may be an important prognostic variable in patients presenting with invasive bladder cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1251–1256, 1992]
THE INHIBITION OF STREPTOCOCCAL DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE BY RABBIT AND HUMAN ANTISERA
Authors: Maclyn McCarty
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949)

Rabbit antisera against partially purified streptococcal desoxyribonuclease inhibit the action of the enzyme on its substrate. The activity of pancreatic desoxyribonuclease is not affected by these antisera. Similarly antibody against pancreatic nuclease does not inhibit the streptococcal enzyme. Certain patients develop inhibitory antibody to streptococcal desoxyribonuclease following streptococcal infections, occasionally in very high titer, although the proportion of patients showing an antibody response appears to be lower than in the case of streptokinase and streptolysin O. The pattern of antibody response to desoxyribonuclease has been compared to that of streptokinase and streptolysin O in a group of ninety patients from an epidemic of scarlet fever.
Out-of-Hospital CPR-Reply
Authors: Bela B. Hackman
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —Timely provision of prehospital emergency cardiac care results in optimal rates of survival from cardiac arrest. 1 If prehospital ACLS fails to achieve return of spontaneous circulation, repeating these efforts in a hospital offers little or no benefit. Given the costs and risks of rapid transport, policies that mandate this practice should be abandoned. 2   Any decision to terminate ACLS in the field must be authorized by an on-line EMS physician. We agree with Dr Jolly that in-service training must also be provided to help paramedics deal with the family's grief. Several EMS services already have policies that permit termination of unsuccessful ACLS in the field. 3 They have not reported significant problems.  If our guidelines had been followed, the circumstances Dr Lipkis describes would not have led to the premature termination of efforts to save her father. We believe that every patient who sustains a cardiac arrest
Scene in Print: Our Image in Boston
Authors: ROBERT WESTPHAL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 July 1972Scene in Print: Our Image in BostonROBERT WESTPHAL, M.D.ROBERT WESTPHAL, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-77-1-154_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptDr. _____ _____, Associate Professor of Medicine, has been elected a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, a 56-year-old international medical specialty society dedicated to upgrading medical care, teaching and research through strident standards of membership. . . .Tufts Health Science Review 2:69, 1971 (Ann Intern Med76:987-990, 1972), I detected a minor error in the bar graph that compares whole blood and packed RBCs. The bar illustrating the amount of albumin in RBCs is transposed with the bar showing globulin in whole blood. The albumin in a unit of RBCs should be 4 grams and the globulin... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1972Volume 77, Issue 1Page: 154-155KeywordsAlbuminsBloodGlobulins Issue Published: 1 July 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Mosaic inactivation of the serum response factor gene in the myocardium induces focal lesions and heart failure
Authors: Guillaume Gary‐Bobo, Ara Parlakian, Brigitte Escoubet, Claudio Areias Franco, Sophie Clément, Patrick Bruneval, David Tuil, Dominique Daegelen, Denise Paulin, Zhenlin Li, Mathias Mericskay
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
THE DEATH OF JOHN SHELL
Authors: I. L. Nascher
Journal: JAMA (1922)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Fakes die hard, especially a fake which a veracious press is interested in keeping alive. I exposed the John Shell "the oldest man in the world" fake, in a magazine article, in the New York<i>Sun</i>two years ago. I showed then, through the census records, that Shell was less than 100. According to these records, which I obtained through the courtesy of Hon. S. L. Rogers, director of the census, Shell's age in 1860 was given as 37. In 1870 his age was 48. In 1880, 58; in 1890, 67. In 1900 his age was 78, his birthday being given as May, 1822. I visited him in November, 1919. At that time I tried to verify the age, and saw his oldest son, his great-grandson, his father-in-law, who was his nearest neighbor and knew him for more than fifty years, his lawyer of thirty years ago,
The Structure of Cognition: Attentional Episodes in Mind and Brain
Authors: John Duncan
Journal: Neuron (2013)

Cognition is organized in a structured series of attentional episodes, allowing complex problems to be addressed through solution of simpler subproblems. A "multiple-demand" (MD) system of frontal and parietal cortex is active in many different kinds of tasks, and using data from neuroimaging, electrophysiology, neuropsychology, and cognitive studies of intelligence, I propose a core role for MD regions in assembly of the attentional episode. Monkey and human data show dynamic neural coding of attended information across multiple MD regions, with rapid communication within and between regions. Neuropsychological and imaging data link MD function to fluid intelligence, explaining some but not all "executive" deficits after frontal lobe lesions. Cognitive studies link fluid intelligence to goal neglect, and the problem of dividing complex task requirements into focused parts. Like the innate releasing mechanism of ethology, I suggest that construction of the attentional episode provides a core organizational principle for complex, adaptive cognition.
On Affirmative Action
Authors: Herbert W. Nickens
Journal: JAMA (1996)

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION is under increasing attack, particularly so since the 1994 off-year elections produced a much more conservative Congress. Affirmative action describes a broad spectrum of activities ranging from aggressive advertising of opportunities at one end, to outright quotas and set-asides at the other. Moreover, affirmative action programs targeted to help women are different from those targeted to help racial and ethnic minorities, and those designed to remedy inequities in education differ from those addressing occupational opportunities or the awarding of contracts. While the affirmative action debate is intense, it remains remarkably ill defined, acting like a societal Rorschach upon which a wide spectrum of individuals can project their fears, grievances, and frustrations. As a "wedge issue," affirmative action has been welded selectively to activities yielding preferences for minorities, ignoring preferences for women, for small businesses, for veterans, and (in college admissions) for the children of alumni and athletes. While
TCT-223 Clinical Outcome of Left Main Stenting With or Without Aorto-Ostial Coverage: Data from ASAN-MAIN Registry
Authors: Hyo In Choi, Se Hun Kang, Byeong Joo Bae, Min Su Kim, HEE SOON PARK, Sang Soo Cheon, Jung-Min Ahn, Jae Hyung Roh, Pil Hyung Lee, Jung-Min Ahn, Mineok Chang, Hyun Woo Park, Sung-Han Yoon, Jong-Young Lee, Duk-Woo Park, Soo-Jin Kang, Seung-Whan Lee, Young-Hak Kim, Cheol Whan Lee, Seong-Wook Park, Seung-Jung Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Endoscopic-Radiological Findings in Metastatic Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: U. Hoerder, N. Heyder, J.F. Riemann
Journal: Endoscopy (1983)

Metastatic obstructive jaundice usually results from an occlusion of the common hepatic or bile duct. More rarely, the underlying cause is a disseminated intrahepatic infiltration that has led to the occlusion of the bile canaliculi. The endoscopic-radiological examination techniques usually permit a reliable differentiation between neoplasms originating primarily in the biliary tract, and ductal occlusions caused by metastatic disease. In addition to this, both ERC and PTC permit the placement of an internal or external biliary drain during one and the same procedure. ERC represents a highly suitable method for the follow-up monitoring or documentation of the therapeutic effect of biliary drainage, radiotherapy and/or polychemotherapy. With the aid of regular follow-up examinations, recurrent disease can be detected early on, and appropriately treated.
Surgery of the Pancreas
Authors: Robert E. Hermann
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This is a comprehensive textbook devoted to the multiple problems of one organ, the pancreas. It is edited and predominantly written by one surgeon, John R. Brooks, MD, an experienced gastrointestinal surgeon who has been interested in pancreatic disease for many years, with contributions by 26 colleagues who have written additional chapters. The book is well written and should appeal to all general surgeons in practice who deal with pancreatic diseases. It will additionally serve as an excellent reference text for surgical residents in training, gastroenterologists, internists, and medical students. The book is logically constructed with an excellent historical section tracing studies on and knowledge of the pancreas, from its earliest known mention in 300 BC up to the 1980s. The anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of the pancreas are all well covered in clear chapters. Radiographic and other diagnostic studies are well presented with excellent angiograms, computed tomographic
Holy Man: Father Damien of Molokai
Authors: E. DORINDA LOEFFEL
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The stigma of leprosy with its connotations of uncleanliness, repulsive deformity, and moral impurity has led to isolation of disease victims since biblical times. The 40-year leprosy epidemic in Hawaii starting in the 1860s was no exception, with a politically powerful board of health in Honolulu enforcing strict life-long exile on the remote island of Molokai. The grim colony at Kalawao, with a peak population of about 1,200 patients, was a shabby settlement stocked only with bare necessities, where suffering and death were commonplace amidst a self-indulgent life of moral turpitude and fatalistic resignation. What kind of healthy man would voluntarily join such a prison and then refuse to leave it? This book attempts to answer the question by probing the character of Father Damien De Veuster, a Belgian priest of the Sacred Heart congregation, who joined the leper colony as missionary in 1873 and died of leprosy in 1889.
Can Cranberry Supplementation Benefit Adults With Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Belinda K. Chambers, Mary Ellen Camire
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Cranberries ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) are a rich source of phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and other flavonoids that may decrease lipid oxidation and protein glycosylation (1). Anthocyanins inhibit aldose reductase in vitro (2). Red wine anthocyanins improved urine and serum glucose levels and free radical control in streptozotocin-injected rats (3). Daily consumption of 200 ml chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpa ) juice for 3 months lowered fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid levels in people who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for 6–17 years (4). Cranberry juice may decrease the …
Virus-Induced Hyperlipoproteinemias
Authors: MUHARREM Gokcen
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  The studies of Nichols et al (236:1948, 1976) have shed further light on the dietary aspect of hyperlipidemia problem.  We would like to call the attention of researchers and practicing physicians to a curious, newly recognized phenomenon in experimental animals: virus-induced hyperlipoproteinemias. 1,2 Our studies involving the use of human malignant melanoma isolate virus, SV-40 type, showed that this virus could produce severe hyperlipidemia (type IV) in hamsters. 1 Other investigators 2 observed hyperlipemia induction by the arborvirus group in chicken embryos.  We feel that these observations might have some importance in understanding the mechanism of acute hyperlipemia phenomenon leading to thromboembolic syndrome in man. One of us (M.G.) has repeatedly observed transient type IV hyperlipoproteinemias during viral upper respiratory tract infections, particularly in patients with coronary artery disease. Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that the death rates were 50% higher from coronary artery disease during the winter
Latex allergy diagnosis: <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> standardization of a natural rubber latex extract
Authors: K. Turjanmaa, T. Palosuo, H. Alenius, F. Leynadier, J.‐E. Autegarden, C. André, H. Sicard, M. Hrabina, T. X. Tran
Journal: Allergy (1997)

For the diagnosis of IgE-mediated (immediate) hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex (NRL), skin prick testing with extracts of latex gloves has been widely used, but such extracts are difficult to standardize. The present study aimed to produce on an industrial scale an NRL extract from freshly collected NRL and to evaluate, calibrate, and standardize the extract by both in vivo and in vitro testing. The source material, latex of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis (clone RRIM 600), was frozen immediately after collection in Malaysia and shipped in dry ice to Stallergènes SA, France. Protein and allergen profiles were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting, isoelectric focusing (IEF), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). Allergen quantification was effected by RAST inhibition. The capacity of the preparation to elicit immediate hypersensitivity reactions in vivo was measured by skin prick testing in 46 latex-allergic patients and 76 nonallergic control subjects. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot profiles of the extract and an NRL standard (E8) provided by the US Food and Drug Administration were almost identical, disclosing several distinct IgE-binding proteins with apparent molecular weights of 14, 20, 27, 30, and 45 kDa, conforming to reported molecular weights of several significant NRL allergens. An arbitrary index of reactivity (IR) of 100 was assigned to the extract at 1:200 dilution (w/v), having a protein content of 22 micrograms/ml. Skin prick testing of latex-allergic patients and controls using the extract at 100 IR revealed 93% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% negative predictive value, and 96% positive predictive value. In conclusion, a skin prick test reagent for diagnosis of type I NRL allergy was successfully standardized. The reagent was demonstrated to contain most, if not all, of the currently known clinically significant NRL allergens, and it showed high sensitivity and specificity.
Educational Programs in US Medical Schools, 1995-1996
Authors: Barbara Barzansky
Journal: JAMA (1996)

We present herein data on US medical education programs and describe how medical schools are adapting to a changing health care environment. The data mainly derive from the 1995-1996 Liaison Committee on Medical Education Medical School Questionnaire, which had a 100% response rate. The data indicate that in the 1995-1996 academic year there were 91 451 full-time faculty members in basic science and clinical departments, a 1.6% increase from 1994-1995. In clinical departments, major increases occurred in emergency medicine (a 10.6% increase in full-time faculty) and family medicine (a 13.5% increase). Applicants for the class entering in 1995 numbered 46 591, an increase of 2.7% from 1994; however, the number of first-time applicants decreased slightly (0.6%). Of the 17 357 applicants accepted, 2179 (12.6%) were members of underrepresented minority groups. Health system changes are affecting medical school clinical affiliations. During the past 2 years, 42 schools saw a merger, acquisition, or closure involving medical school-owned or medical school-affiliated hospitals used for core clinical clerkships. At 15 sites, this change affected the distribution of students across clinical sites. In 1995-1996, 40 medical schools or their universities owned a health maintenance organization or other managed care organization, 93 schools contracted with a managed care organization to provide primary care services, and 96 schools contracted with managed care to provide specialty services. During the past year, 57 schools acquired primary care physician practices, and 70 started primary care clinics in the community.
The Lives of a Cell
Authors: D. Kamerow
Journal: BMJ (2008)

I decided to go to medical school towards the end of my college years in the United States and thus took only the absolute minimum number of premedical science courses. I worried about my lack of scientific preparation. In an attempt to remedy my deficiencies I took out a subscription to the New England Journal of Medicine ( NEJM ) when I began medical school in 1974. What a disappointment. I understood virtually nothing in the august journal, and what I did understand I found uninteresting. Lewis Thomas’s Notes of a Biology Watcher column was the lone, wonderful, exception.

Thomas had begun writing his NEJM columns in 1971. A graduate of Princeton …
Resetting response patterns during sustained ventricular tachycardia: relationship to the excitable gap.
Authors: J M Almendral, N J Stamato, M E Rosenthal, F E Marchlinski, J M Miller, M E Josephson
Journal: Circulation (1986)

We analyzed the resetting response (a noncompensatory pause after electrical stimulation) during 37 hemodynamically tolerated ventricular tachycardias (VTs) induced by programmed electrical stimulation in 32 patients with chronic coronary artery disease. The mean cycle length of VT was 369 +/- 59 msec. Single extrastimuli were delivered at the right ventricular apex during all 37 VTs, and double extrastimuli were delivered at the same site during 23 VTs. The resetting response pattern was considered increasing, decreasing, or flat if the return cycle increased, decreased, or remained constant in response to progressively shorter coupling intervals of the extrastimuli. Ten VTs had an increasing pattern and nine a flat pattern. In 11 VTs the pattern was mixed (flat at longer coupling intervals and increasing at shorter ones), and in the remaining seven the pattern could not be defined. No VT had a decreasing pattern. The mean duration of the resetting interval (range of coupling intervals resulting in resetting) was 66 +/- 45 msec, or 17% of the cycle length of VT. VT with a mixed pattern had longer resetting intervals than VT with an increasing pattern (102 +/- 34 vs 64 +/- 40 msec; p less than .035); however, cycle lengths of VT were similar (370 +/- 58 vs 386 +/- 86, p = NS). An excellent correlation was observed between the shortest return cycles in response to single and double extrastimuli (r = .99), with a mean difference of 5 msec. The cycle length of VT exceeded the return cycle (measured to the QRS onset) during 15 VTs (41%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)