tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal Modulation of the Innate Immune System Is Proinflammatory in the Prehypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, a Genetic Model of Essential Hypertension
Authors: Sailesh C. Harwani, Mark W. Chapleau, Kevin L. Legge, Zuhair K. Ballas, François M. Abboud
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Rationale: Inflammation and autonomic dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Cholinergic stimulation suppresses innate immune responses. Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces hypertension and is associated with proinflammatory immune responses. Objective: Our goal was to define the innate immune response in a model of genetic hypertension and the influences of cholinergic stimulation and Ang II. Methods and Results: Studies were conducted on 4- to 5-week-old prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched normotensive control, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Isolated splenocytes were preexposed to nicotine or Ang II before Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Culture supernatants were tested for cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-10, and IL-6). TLR-mediated cytokine responses were most pronounced with TLR7/8 and TLR9 activation and similar between WKY rats and SHRs. Nicotine and Ang II enhanced this TLR-mediated IL-6 response in prehypertensive SHR splenocytes. In contrast, nicotine suppressed the TLR-mediated IL-6 response in WKY rats, whereas Ang II had no effect. In vivo, nicotine enhanced plasma levels of TLR7/8-mediated IL-6 and IL-1β responses in prehypertensive SHRs but suppressed these responses in WKY rats. Flow cytometry revealed an increase in a CD161+ innate immune cell population, which was enhanced by nicotine in the prehypertensive SHR spleen but not in WKY. Conclusions: There is a pronounced anti-inflammatory nicotinic/cholinergic modulation of the innate immune system in WKY rats, which is reversed in prehypertensive SHRs. The results support the novel concept that neurohormonal regulation of the innate immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension and provide putative molecular targets for treatment of hypertension.
Spontaneous regression of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin
Authors: I. YANGUAS, J.J. GODAY, M. GONZÁLEZ‐GÜEMES, J.M. OLEAGA, M. LOZANO, R. SOLOETA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Journal Article Spontaneous regression of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin Get access I. YANGUAS, I. YANGUAS Departments of Dermatology, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.J. GODAY, J.J. GODAY Departments of Dermatology, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. GONZÁLEZ‐GÜEMES, M. GONZÁLEZ‐GÜEMES Departments of Dermatology, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.M. OLEAGA, J.M. OLEAGA Departments of Dermatology, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. LOZANO, M. LOZANO Pathology, Hospital Santiago Apōstol, C/ Olaguibel 29, 01004 Vitoria, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. SOLOETA R. SOLOETA Departments of Dermatology, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 137, Issue 2, 1 August 1997, Pages 296–298, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18251927.x Published: 01 August 1997
Apoptosis Signaling Pathway in T Cells Is Composed of ICE/Ced-3 Family Proteases and MAP Kinase Kinase 6b
Authors: Shuang Huang, Yong Jiang, Zhuangjie Li, Eisuke Nishida, Patricia Mathias, Shengcai Lin, Richard J Ulevitch, Glen R Nemerow, Jiahuai Han
Journal: Immunity (1997)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme labeled with [3H]captopril. Tissue localizations and changes in different models of hypertension in the rat.
Authors: S K Wilson, D R Lynch, S H Snyder
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

In vitro autoradiography with [3H]captopril was used to localize and quantitate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in various tissues in two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) hypertension, one-kidney, one-clip (1K-1C) hypertension, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension, and a normotensive control group. There were no significant differences in mean systolic blood pressure among the hypertensive groups. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was highest in the 2K-1C group (6.20 +/- 2.17 ng/ml per h), intermediate in the 1K-1C group (2.19 +/- 0.62 ng/ml per h) and control group (3.20 +/- 0.53 ng/ml per h), and lowest in the DOCA-salt group (0.07 +/- 0.06 ng/ml per h). In the lungs, aorta, mesenteric arteries, and adrenal medulla, ACE labeling was highest in the 2K-1C group, intermediate in the 1K-1C and control groups, and lowest in the DOCA-salt group. ACE levels in these tissues correlated positively with PRA. In the kidney, anterior pituitary, testis, and choroid plexus of the brain, ACE levels correlated negatively with PRA, with lowest ACE levels in the 2K-1C group and highest levels in the DOCA-salt group. In the epididymis, posterior pituitary, and other regions of the brain, ACE levels did not differ significantly among the groups.
Cilostazol Reduces Angiographic Restenosis After Endovascular Therapy for Femoropopliteal Lesions in the Sufficient Treatment of Peripheral Intervention by Cilostazol Study
Authors: Osamu Iida, Hiroyoshi Yokoi, Yoshimitsu Soga, Naoto Inoue, Kenji Suzuki, Yoshiaki Yokoi, Daizo Kawasaki, Kan Zen, Kazushi Urasawa, Yoshiaki Shintani, Akira Miyamoto, Keisuke Hirano, Yusuke Miyashita, Taketsugu Tsuchiya, Norihiko Shinozaki, Masato Nakamura, Takaaki Isshiki, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, Shinsuke Nanto
Journal: Circulation (2013)

It remains unclear whether cilostazol, which has been shown to improve the clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal lesions, also reduces angiographic restenosis.The Sufficient Treatment of Peripheral Intervention by Cilostazol (STOP-IC) study investigated whether cilostazol reduces the 12-month angiographic restenosis rate after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with provisional nitinol stenting for femoropopliteal lesions. Two hundred patients with femoropopliteal lesions treated from March 2009 to April 2011 at 13 cardiovascular centers were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive oral aspirin with or without cilostazol. The primary end point was 12-month angiographic restenosis rate. Secondary end points were the restenosis rate on duplex ultrasound, the rate of major adverse cardiac events, and target lesion event-free survival. Researchers evaluated all follow-up data and assessed the end points in a blinded fashion. The mean lesion length and reference vessel diameter at the treated segment were 128±86 mm and 5.4±1.4 mm, respectively. The frequency of stent used was similar between groups (88% versus 90% in the cilostazol and noncilostazol group, respectively, P=0.82). During the 12-month follow-up period, 11 patients died and 152 patients (80%) had evaluable angiographic data at 12 months. The angiographic restenosis rate at 12 months was 20% (15/75) in the cilostazol group versus 49% (38/77) in the noncilostazol group (P=0.0001) by intention-to-treat analysis. The cilostazol group also had a significantly higher event-free survival at 12 months (83% versus 71%, P=0.02), although cardiovascular event rates were similar in both groups.Cilostazol reduced angiographic restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with provisional nitinol stenting for femoropopliteal lesions.URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00912756; and URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp. Unique identifier: UMIN000002091.
HLA B27 and Arthritis
Authors: L. G. CLELAND
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1977HLA B27 and ArthritisL. G. CLELAND, M.B., B.S., F.R.A.C.P.L. G. CLELAND, M.B., B.S., F.R.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-496_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Esdaile, Dwosh, Urowitz, Smythe, and Falk (1) have reported in this journal a similar frequency of HLA B27 in patients with seronegative rheumatiod arthritis and a control population. They infer that this is discrepant with our findings of HLA B27 in 22 and 73 patients with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (2) but fail to comment on our predominantly male group of patients with B27, frequent subcalcaneal erosions, and absence of symmetrical upper limb joint involvement. An indistinguishable group of patients, small in number, where disorders are labelled "incomplete Reiter's syndrome," is separately considered in the Toronto group's report...References1. ESDAILE J, DWOSH I, UROWITZ M, SMYTHE H, and FALK J: HLA B27 in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis. Ann Intern Med 86:699-702, 1977 LinkGoogle Scholar2. CLELAND L, HAY J, and MILAZZO S: Ther relation of HL-A27 to disease pattern in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (abstract). Scand J Rheumatol 4(Suppl 8):30-20, 1975 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: L. G. CLELAND, M.B., B.S., F.R.A.C.P.Affiliations: Rheumatic Disease Unit Department of Medicine The University of Alberta Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byRheumatology and Joint Diseases 1 October 1977Volume 87, Issue 4Page: 496-496KeywordsArthritisHuman leukocyte antigenReactive arthritisRheumatoid arthritis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Complicating Treatment with Natalizumab and Interferon Beta-1a for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: B.K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Kenneth L. Tyler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 46-year-old woman with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis died from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) after having received 37 doses of natalizumab (300 mg every four weeks) as part of a clinical trial of natalizumab and interferon beta-1a. PML was diagnosed on the basis of the finding of JC viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid on polymerase-chain-reaction assay and was confirmed at autopsy. Nearly every tissue section from bilateral cerebral hemispheres contained either macroscopic or microscopic PML lesions. There was extensive tissue destruction and cavitation in the left frontoparietal area, large numbers of bizarre astrocytes, and inclusion-bearing oligodendrocytes, which were positive for JC virus DNA on in situ hybridization.
Transabdominal chorionic villus biopsy in second and third trimesters of pregnancy to determine fetal karyotype.
Authors: L. Pijpers, M. G. Jahoda, A. Reuss, J. W. Wladimiroff, E. S. Sachs
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Transabdominal chorionic villus biopsy is an established method of obtaining material for analysing fetal chromosomes in the first trimester of pregnancy but has not been widely used for karyotyping in the second and third trimesters, when rapid results are required. The technique was evaluated in two groups of patients, comprising 106 at risk of having a fetus with chromosomal anomalies (105) or X linked disease (one) studied between 13 and 22 weeks (median 15 weeks) of gestation (group 1) and 21 with abnormal fetal findings on ultrasonography studied between 13 and 38 weeks (median 27 weeks) (group 2). Chorionic tissue was collected at the first attempt in 109 patients and at the second attempt in a further 17 independent of the position of the placenta. In one case from group 1 sufficient material for analysis could not be obtained. Seven abnormal karyotypes (six in group 1 and one in group 2) were diagnosed. Karyotyping was unsuccessful in two cases in group 1 (at 17 and 18 weeks9 gestation) and in two in group 2 (at 29 and 38 weeks9 gestation). Follow up of group 1 four weeks after sampling showed no signs of adverse fetal development apart from one unexplained intrauterine fetal death. The findings suggest that chorionic sampling is a safe and valuable additional technique for the late detection of chromosomal defects.
Delivering Bad News
Authors: Larrie W. Greenberg
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Ptacek and Ms Eberhardt<sup>1</sup>stimulated 2 discussion points worthy of mention, one on process and the other on content. The process comment is that reviewing the literature on any topic can be more difficult than meets the eye, especially when trying to capture all that has been published on that topic. In the reported study, the authors chose what seemed to be an appropriate descriptor with which to search the MEDLINE database; however, some of this literature is categorized under headings such as communication or counseling skills, death, criticalincident—stress debriefing process, and crisis intervention. In addition, other databases, such as PsycLIT, can be valuable resources on these types of topics. Although teaching how to give bad news was not the focus of this review, taking the information from the journal to the patient is the critical step. Another recent article<sup>2</sup>outlines
Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Thyroid-Vein Blood of Patients Without Abnormalities of Calcium Metabolism
Authors: PETER M. SHIMKIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Five patients without disorders known to influence calcium metabolism were considered euparathyroid by standard laboratory tests and normal peripheral radioimmunoactive plasma parathyroid hormone levels. All five had higher concentrations of parathyroid hormone in the drainage from both sides of the thyroid venous bed, ranging from 1.9 to 20 times the peripheral concentration. Hyperplastic parathyroid glands cause similar bilateral local increases in concentration. In known cases of hyperparathyroidism bilateral thyroid venous hormone increases indicate hyperplasia. In equivocal cases with normal peripheral parathyroid hormone levels, however, such localized increases indicate the need for further investigation to ensure the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.
Endoscopic Laser Therapy for Band Penetration of the Gastric Wall after Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity
Authors: O. C. Lunde
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

Penetration of the band encircling the stomach after gastric banding for extreme obesity is a well-known complication, which often leads to re-operation. In this report, a case treated successfully by endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy is presented.
When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?
Authors: N J Wald, A K Hackshaw, C D Frost
Journal: BMJ (1999)

One of the most important areas of medical inquiry is the identification of risk factors for specific disorders. Such research is usually aimed at discovering new causes of a disease, but risk factors can also be used as screening tests. The fact that a risk factor must be very strongly associated with a disorder if it is to be a worthwhile screening test is not widely recognised. If this were better understood, fewer risk factors would be proposed unnecessarily as screening tests. Serum cholesterol measurement, for example, would probably never have been considered seriously as a screening test for ischaemic heart disease. Although a high cholesterol concentration is a strong risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in aetiological terms, the association is not sufficiently strong for it to be used as a screening test—in practice, its screening performance is poor.1

In this article we specify the quantitative relation between risk factors and screening tests and show how strongly a risk factor needs to be associated with a disease before it is likely to be a useful screening test. For simplicity, we consider only risk factors with a Gaussian distribution, though the general principles we present can be applied to all frequency distributions.

#### Summary points

To be a worthwhile screening test, a risk factor must be strongly associated with a disorder

The strength of association between a risk factor and a disorder can be quantified by the relative risk or relative odds (odds ratio)

A risk factor can also be considered as a screening test, and its association with the disorder can be quantified as the detection rate for a specified false positive rate

There is a direct numerical equivalence between the relative odds and the detection rate for specified false positive rate that does not depend on the incidence or prevalence …
Deictic codes, embodiment of cognition, and the real world
Authors: Julie Epelboim
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

It is unlikely that Ballard et al.'s embodiment theory has general applicability to cognition because it is based on experiments that neglect the importance of meaning, purpose, and learning in cognitive tasks. Limitations of the theory are illustrated with examples from everyday life and the results of recent experiments using cognitive and visuomotor tasks.
The Need for Special Foods and Sugar Substitutes by Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: John M Talbot, Kenneth D Fisher
Journal: Diabetes Care (1978)

The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as “diet”, “dietetic”, and “diabetic” on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.
Recent developments in asthma management
Authors: Graeme P Currie, Graham S Devereux, Daniel K C Lee, Jon G Ayres
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Asthma is a common chronic heterogeneous condition with several characteristic features (%fig 1). It can present in early childhood as well as in adulthood, and it varies markedly in severity, clinical course, subsequent disability, and response to treatment. In common with other atopic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy, the prevalence of asthma has risen over the past few decades in both developed and developing countries.1 The increasing burden of asthma in primary and secondary care has led to extensive research into its genetics, pathophysiology, and treatment. In this review, we highlight some of the recent developments in the clinical management of asthma and identify key areas in which further research is needed.



Fig 1 
The key components of asthma



We did a comprehensive literature search using Medline, Clinical Evidence, the Cochrane Library, and Embase. We used the following keywords in the search: acute asthma, chronic asthma, leucotriene receptor antagonist, long acting β2 agonist, inhaled corticosteroid, action plans, allergen, diet, magnesium, vitamin, Buteyko, anti-immunoglobulin E, and interleukin. We selected and extracted recent articles from 2000 onwards that we felt to be of relevance or interest to practising clinicians, as well as choosing topics that we were aware of being potentially important. All the authors are respiratory physicians with an interest in airways disease.

### Non-pharmacological management

#### Allergen avoidance

Atopy and asthma are separate conditions with differing genetic and epidemiological associations. Although atopic sensitisation increases the likelihood of asthma, this is not an absolute association. Allergen avoidance is commonly recommended in patients with asthma, especially those who show type 1 hypersensitivity to common aeroallergens.1 2 However, a surprising lack of evidence based data exists to substantiate the effectiveness of this approach. Several major studies have specifically evaluated allergen avoidance and its impact on asthma control. In a double blind randomised placebo …
Cluster mannosides can inhibit mannose receptor-mediated tissue-type plasminogen activator degradation by both rat and human cells.
Authors: F Noorman
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Recently, we developed a series of cluster mannosides that were able to inhibit tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) binding to the isolated mannose receptor. The mannoside with the highest affinity was able to inhibit t-PA clearance by the liver in the rat. To test whether these mannosides would also be efficient inhibitors in humans, we studied the expression of the mannose receptor in the human liver and determined the efficacy of the mannosides to inhibit mannose receptor-mediated t-PA degradation by both rat and human cells. Immunohistochemistry indicates that, like the rat, human liver endothelial cells and human Kupffer cells do express the mannose receptor. The mannosides do inhibit mannose receptor-mediated t-PA binding, association, and degradation by isolated rat liver endothelial cells and t-PA association and degradation by cultured human macrophages at similar concentrations. The cluster mannoside with six mannose residues connected with a backbone of five lysine groups (M6L5) was, like unlabeled t-PA, able to inhibit 125I-t-PA degradation in the nmol/L range, while the mannoside M5L4 inhibited 125I-t-PA degradation in the μmol/L range. The concentrations of mannoside necessary to inhibit 125I-t-PA degradation in vitro were comparable with the concentrations necessary to inhibit mannose receptor-mediated 125I-t-PA clearance in vivo. We conclude that there is no species difference between rat and humans with respect to the distribution of the mannose receptor in the liver and the affinity of the cluster mannosides, establishing the relevance of the inhibition of mannose receptor- mediated t-PA clearance by M6L5 as observed in the rat, for the human situation. (Hepatology 1997 Nov;26(5):1303-10)