tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of transfusion. National self-sufficiency in blood and blood products.
Authors: H. H. Gunson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Red cells Platelets White cells Plasma Plasma for clinical use: Plasma products after Fresh frozen plasma fractionation: Cryoprecipitate Coagulation factors VIII and Cryoprecipitate depleted IX plasma Normal immunoglobulins for Single donor plasma intramuscular and intravenous use Specific immunoglobulins Anti-D, anti-hepatitis B, antitetanus, anti-varicella zoster, anti-rabies Albumin solutionsMain cellular components and plasma products that can be isolated from a donation of whole blood Immunoglobulin products.
Neurofuzzy Modeling to Determine Recurrence Risk Following Radical Cystectomy for Nonmetastatic Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: James W.F. Catto, Maysam F. Abbod, Derek A. Linkens, Stéphane Larré, Derek J. Rosario, Freddie C. Hamdy
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Bladder cancer recurrence occurs in 40% of patients following radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND). Although recurrence can be reduced with adjuvant chemotherapy, the toxicity and low response rates of this treatment restrict its use to patients at highest risk. We developed a neurofuzzy model (NFM) to predict disease recurrence following RC and PLND in patients who are not usually administered adjuvant chemotherapy. Experimental Design: The study comprised 1,034 patients treated with RC and PLND for bladder urothelial carcinoma. Four hundred twenty-five patients were excluded due to lymph node metastases and/or administration of chemotherapy. For the remaining 609 patients, we obtained complete clinicopathologic data relating to their tumor. We trained, tested, and validated two NFMs that predicted risk (Classifier) and timing (Predictor) of post-RC recurrence. We measured the accuracy of our model at various postoperative time points. Results: Cancer recurrence occurred in 172 (28%) patients. With a median follow-up of 72.7 months, our Classifier NFM identified recurrence with an accuracy of 0.84 (concordance index 0.92, sensitivity 0.81, and specificity 0.85) and an excellent calibration. This was better than two predictive nomograms (0.72 and 0.74 accuracies). The Predictor NFMs identified the timing of tumor recurrence with a median error of 8.15 months. Conclusions: We have developed an accurate and well-calibrated model to identify disease recurrence following RC and PLND in patients with nonmetastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma. It seems superior to other available predictive methods and could be used to identify patients who would potentially benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Effectiveness of flushing on reducing lead and copper levels in school drinking water.
Authors: E A Murphy
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Samples from drinking water fountains in 50 schools in New Jersey were collected at specific times during a typical school day and analyzed for lead, copper, pH, alkalinity, and hardness. First-draw lead and copper levels (medians 0.010 mg/l and 0.26 mg/l, respectively) decreased significantly after 10 min of flushing in the morning (medians 0.005 mg/l lead and 0.068 mg/l copper), but levels increased significantly by lunchtime (medians 0.007 mg/l lead and 0.12 mg/l copper) after normal use of fountains in the morning by students. Corrosive water, as defined by the aggressive index, contained significantly higher levels of lead and copper (medians 0.012 mg/l and 0.605 mg/l, respectively) than noncorrosive water (medians 0.005 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l, respectively).
Human squamous cell lung cancers express increased epidermal growth factor receptors.
Authors: F J Hendler, B W Ozanne
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes the growth of cultured benign and malignant cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the amount of EGF receptor is elevated in squamous cell carcinoma cells in tissue culture when compared with normal epidermal cells. This study demonstrates that elevated levels of EGF receptor are detected in biopsy specimens of human squamous cell carcinomas of the lung with a murine monoclonal antibody, EGF-R1, which binds specifically to the receptor. The increased receptor ranged from 2.5- to 5-fold that of normal skin. These findings have been observed in 11 of 11 squamous carcinomas and two of two epidermoid head and neck cancers. Seven of eight adenocarcinomas, two of two small cell, and four of eight undifferentiated lung cancers had negligible amounts of EGF receptor. The EGF receptor antibody did not bind significantly to normal lung tissues and 35 nonepidermoid tumors. Therefore, EGF receptor may be an excellent marker for epidermoid malignancies.
Acute Renal Failure -- Some Progress?
Authors: John H. Turney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Acute renal failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The annual incidence of severe acute renal failure in the United Kingdom is about 180 per million,1 but substantial renal impairment may occur in up to 5 percent of patients undergoing major surgery. Because its management is so complex, acute renal failure has a high monetary cost, and because the mortality rate is over 90 percent in some groups of patients, the cost per survivor may be astronomical. The continuing challenge, therefore, is to prevent acute renal failure and, failing that, to develop therapeutic strategies to promote the recovery . . .
Evolution of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and CDK-Activating Kinases (CAKs): Differential Conservation of CAKs in Yeast and Metazoa
Authors: Ji Liu, Edward T. Kipreos
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) function as central regulators of both the cell cycle and transcription. CDK activation depends on phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). Different CAKs have been identified in budding yeast, fission yeast, and metazoans. All known CAKs belong to the extended CDK family. The sole budding yeast CAK, CAK1, and one of the two CAKs in fission yeast, csk1, have diverged considerably from other CDKs. Cell cycle regulatory components have been largely conserved in eukaryotes; however, orthologs of neither CAK1 nor csk1 have been identified in other species to date. To determine the evolutionary relationships of yeast and metazoan CAKs, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of the extended CDK family in budding yeast, fission yeast, humans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We observed that there were 10 clades for CDK-related genes, of which seven appeared ancestral, containing both yeast and metazoan genes. The four clades that contain CDKs that regulate transcription by phosphorylating the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II generally have only a single orthologous gene in each species of yeast and metazoans. In contrast, the ancestral cell cycle CDK (analogous to budding yeast CDC28) gave rise to a number of genes in metazoans, as did the ancestor of budding yeast PHO85. One ancestral clade is unique in that there are fission yeast and metazoan members, but there is no budding yeast ortholog, suggesting that it was lost subsequent to evolutionary divergence. Interestingly, CAK1 and csk1 branch together with high bootstrap support values. We used both the relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) method in combination with the S-F method of sampling reduced character sets and gamma-corrected distance methods to confirm that the CAK1/csk1 association was not an artifact of long-branch attraction. This result suggests that CAK1 and csk1 are orthologs and that a central aspect of CAK regulation has been conserved in budding and fission yeast. Although there are metazoan CDK-family members for which we could not define ancestral lineage, our analysis failed to identify metazoan CAK1/csk1 orthologs, suggesting that if the CAK1/csk1 gene existed in the metazoan ancestor, it has not been conserved.
Comparison of fiberglass‐based histamine assay with a conventional automated fluorometric histamine assay, case history, skin prick test, and specific serum IgE in patients with milk and egg allergic reactions
Authors: J. Kleine‐Tebbe, S. Werfel, D. Roedsgaard, H. Nolte, P. S. Skov, U. Wahn, G. Kunkel
Journal: Allergy (1993)

A microfiberglass‐based histamine assay (HR M ) was compared with an automated flourometric histamine assay (HR A ). Twenty‐four with and 24 without a case history (CH) of milk and/or egg allergy were tested by HR M and HR A , skin prick test (SPT), and specific serum IgE (RAST). Six different concentrations of milk, egg, and anti‐IgE to stimulate washed leukocytes (250 μ for HR A and whole blood samples (25 μ for HR M ) in parallel. When we compared scores representing basophil senditivity, correlation coefficients (r s ) were positive (r( anti‐IgE ))=0.88, r( egg ) = 0.95, r( milk ) = 0.88, P&lt; 0.001), but no significant correlation were found after found after exclusion of the negatives in both tests. In some individual dose‐response curves, the scores obtained by HR M were shifted to higher allergen and anti‐IgE concentrations. A high degree of concordance was found in positive and negative responses between the two: anti‐IgE 91%, egg 92%, milk 86%. Finally, we found a good concordance between, on one other, CH, SPT, and RAST (HR M vs. CH/SPT/RAST) 92/82/82%; milk 89/74/67%. We conclude that HR M is in good qualitative, but poor quantitative, agreement with the autoanalyzer‐based fluorometric histamine assay.
The RhoGEF GEF-H1 Is Required for Oncogenic RAS Signaling via KSR-1
Authors: Jane Cullis, David Meiri, Maria Jose Sandi, Nikolina Radulovich, Oliver A. Kent, Mauricio Medrano, Daphna Mokady, Josee Normand, Jose Larose, Richard Marcotte, Christopher B. Marshall, Mitsuhiko Ikura, Troy Ketela, Jason Moffat, Benjamin G. Neel, Anne-Claude Gingras, Ming-Sound Tsao, Robert Rottapel
Journal: Cancer Cell (2014)
Breast cancer metastasis to the colon
Authors: D. Alves de Lima, L. Alberti
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers afflicting women and the second leading cause of cancer death [1]. About 60 % of patients have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Diagnosis at an early stage increases survival rates. However, even after a long disease-free interval, long-term survivors risk developing metastatic tumors. Common sites of metastasis for breast cancer are bones, lungs, the central nervous system, and the liver; gastrointestinal involvement is rare [2] [3] [4] [5]. There have been a few reports of colonic metastasis of breast cancer, mostly in patients with disseminated disease. Tohfe et al. [1], Law et al. [2], and Kilgore et al. [3] described one case each, and Michalopoulos et al. [4] reported two cases of breast cancer metastasis to the colon. We report a case of colonic metastasis from breast cancer 7 years after mastectomy and chemotherapy.
Expectations and Outcomes in Geriatric Patients With Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders Undergoing Emergency Surgical Management of Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Paul J. Speicher, Sandhya A. Lagoo-Deenadayalan, Anthony N. Galanos, Theodore N. Pappas, John E. Scarborough
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

To describe the outcomes and the expected postoperative course for patients with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders (DNR patients) who undergo emergency surgical management of bowel obstruction.We retrospectively identified all patients who underwent emergency surgical management of intestinal obstruction and who were classified previously as DNR using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Participant Use Data File for 2005 through 2009. We constructed a forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression model to determine predictors of postoperative mortality. We used propensity score analysis to determine the effect of DNR status on postoperative outcomes.Institutions participating in the NSQIP.All patients entered in the NSQIP database.Thirty-day postoperative mortality and complication rates.We identified 242 patients who met the study criteria. Mean age was 80.9 years. Thirty-day mortality was 29.8%, with 47.1% of patients experiencing a postoperative complication. The presence of a postoperative complication was an independent predictor of postoperative mortality. Comparison of matched cohorts revealed a significantly higher postoperative mortality in DNR patients even after adjusting for comorbidities and overall complication rate.Outcomes are poor after emergency surgical intervention for bowel obstruction in elderly DNR patients, with high postoperative complication and mortality rates. The presence of a DNR order is an independent risk factor for postoperative mortality. Patients, their families, and their physicians must be counseled on surgical expectations preoperatively and made aware of the significantly higher risks involved when a DNR order exists in the setting of emergency surgical management of bowel obstruction.
Increased atherosclerotic plaque burden after intravascular radiation in an atherosclerotic rabbit model
Authors: Laurent Leborgne, Jana Fournadjiev, Rajbabu Pakala, Deena Weber, Hamid Yazdi, Edouard F. Cheneau, David Hellinga, Renu Virmani, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Reductions in tumor RNA integrity associated with clinical response to epirubicin/docetaxel chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
Authors: AM Parissenti, JW Chapman, HJ Kahn, B Guo, L Han, P O'Brien, MP Clemons, R Jong, R Dent, B Fitzgerald, KI Pritchard, LE Shepherd, ME Trudeau
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6068 Background: Optimal doses and dosing intervals for neoadjuvant anthracycline/taxane chemotherapy are poorly studied. Moreover, biomarkers for measuring response to such combination regimens are unknown. This study investigated these issues in sequential phase I/II cohorts of women with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer treated with epirubicin and docetaxel with pegfilgrastim support at 3- or 2-weekly intervals in association with the NCIC-CTG MA.22 clinical trial.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Accrual has been completed for the 3-weekly regimen (maximum tolerated dose: epirubicin 105 mg/m2, taxotere 75 mg/m2), and continues for the phase II portion of the 2-weekly regimen. Six core biopsies were obtained from 50 patients pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine baseline levels of ER, PR, HER2 and Topo II expressed as % positive stain. Tumour RNA integrity (RIN) and tumor extent were measured pre-, mid- and post-treatment by capillary electrophoresis and light microscopy after haematoxylin/eosin staining, respectively. Associations between maximum and average RIN at the three time points and tumour extent, clinical response, pathologic complete response, or baseline levels of ER, PR, HER2 and Topo II were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients after data transformation to improve symmetry and stabilize variances. The association between both RIN and tumour extent, and baseline drug dose was assessed using a 1-way ANOVA.&amp;#x2028; Results: Low mid-treatment maximum RIN was associated with high drug dose level (p=0.05) and eventual pathologic complete response (p=0.01). Post-treatment, low maximum and average RIN were found to be associated with low tumor extent (p=0.004 and p=0.01, respectively). As well, low average RIN was significantly associated with clinical complete response post-treatment (p=0.01). As expected, post-treatment low tumor extent was significantly associated with pathologic complete response (p=0.01). High pre-treatment Topo II levels were also significantly associated with high RIN (p = 0.03). No association was observed between RIN and HER2, ER or PR.&amp;#x2028; Discussion: The association of RIN with tumour extent, pathologic complete response, clinical response, a known risk factor (Topo II), and drug dose suggests that the RIN may represent an important new biomarker for measuring response to anthracycline/taxane combinations (and possible other chemotherapy regimens) in breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6068.
Triggering of specific Toll-like receptors and proinflammatory cytokines breaks allergen-specific T-cell tolerance in human tonsils and peripheral blood
Authors: Umut Can Kücüksezer, Oscar Palomares, Beate Rückert, Tuomas Jartti, Tuomo Puhakka, Andreas Nandy, Bilun Gemicioğlu, Heinz B. Fahrner, Andreas Jung, Günnur Deniz, Cezmi A. Akdis, Mübeccel Akdis
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Simulations Show that Neither Population Expansion nor Population Stationarity in a West African Population Can Be Rejected
Authors: E. Eller, H. C. Harpending
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

In their paper "Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample," Graven et al. (1995) provide a comprehensive comparison of mtDNA RFLP and control region sequence data from a West African sample and show that these two types of genetic data yield congruent results.However, we believe that one aspect of their paper deserves further scrutiny.Graven et al. maintain that "the distribution of nucleotide differences between pairs of haplotypes . . .does not show the bell shape typical of populations having passed through an important demographic expansion . . .but is irregular and presents several peaks, as commonly observed in a sample drawn from a population at equilibrium."However, they provide no statistical support for their suggestion.We performed simulations of stationary and expanded populations as described in Harpending et al. (1993) and found that while stationarity cannot be rejected, as Graven et al. suggest, neither can models incorporating demographic expansions.Either case has interesting implications for human demographic history, which we discuss later.We simulated populations with varying sizes and degrees of expansion in order to investigate values of raggedness expected for each model.Values of final 0, where 9 = 2N,p,.. ranged from 1 to 300.Smaller final 8s did not fit the data at all, and therefore we provide no simulation results for 8 < 1.If we use the Harpending et al. (1993) mutation rate u = 8.6 X 10e5 per year for 751 sites in the mtDNA control region and assume a generation time of 25 years, the mutation rate p. equals 2.9 X 10m6 mutations per site per generation and the values of final 9 correspond to final effective population sizes of 170,000 to 52,000,OOO females.It is important to note that these population sizes should not represent the population size of the Mandenkalu per se but a wider, West African population united by gene flow.Our simulations are of a time scale of tens of millennia, while ethnic groups form and reform on a time scale of centuries.Degree of expansion ranged from 1, or no expansion (i.e., the population is stationary), to lOO,OOO-fold.Thus, for example, when a model of l,OOO-fold expan-
Psychiatric disorder and gynaecological symptoms in middle aged women:: Authors' reply
Authors: D. Gath, S. Iles, A. Day
Journal: BMJ (1987)

highly variable.This surely also applies to bone accretion.In a remote complex of villages in western Transvaal, where all families are fairly poor and subsist on a similar frugal, near veg- etarian diet, we found considerable differences between children, aged 10-12 years", not only in cortical indices of metacarpal but also in haemo- globin, serum cholesterol, and albumin concentra- tions and transit time.Such variability could not be explained by differences in diet.It would seem that the determinants of bone mass are not understood fully and that bone mass is susceptible to little modification, whether in reach- ing maximal accretion or during subsequent loss with age.
Noninvasive Coronary Angiography by 320-Row Computed Tomography With Lower Radiation Exposure and Maintained Diagnostic Accuracy
Authors: Marc Dewey, Elke Zimmermann, Florian Deissenrieder, Michael Laule, Hans-Peter Dübel, Peter Schlattmann, Fabian Knebel, Wolfgang Rutsch, Bernd Hamm
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Noninvasive coronary angiography with the use of multislice computed tomography (CT) scanners is feasible with high sensitivity and negative predictive value; however, the radiation exposure associated with this technique is rather high. We evaluated coronary angiography using whole-heart 320-row CT, which avoids exposure-intensive overscanning and overranging. Methods and Results— A total of 30 consecutive patients with suspected coronary artery disease referred for clinically indicated conventional coronary angiography (CCA) were included in this prospective intention-to-diagnose study. CT was performed with the use of up to 320 simultaneous detector rows before same-day CCA, which, together with quantitative analysis, served as the reference standard. The per-patient sensitivity and specificity for CT compared with CCA were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72 to 100) and 94% (95% CI, 73 to 100), respectively. Per-vessel versus per-segment sensitivity and specificity were 89% (95% CI, 62 to 98) and 96% (95% CI, 90 to 99) versus 78% (95% CI, 56 to 91) and 98% (95% CI, 96 to 99), respectively. Interobserver agreement between the 2 readers was significantly better for CCA (97% of 121 coronary arteries) than for CT (90%; P =0.04). Percent diameter stenosis determined with the use of CT showed good correlation with CCA ( P &lt;0.001, R =0.81) without significant underestimation or overestimation (−3.1±24.4%; P =0.08). Intraindividual comparison of CT with CCA revealed a significantly smaller effective radiation dose (median, 4.2 versus 8.5 mSv; P &lt;0.05) and amount of contrast agent required (median, 80 versus 111 mL; P &lt;0.001) for 320-row CT. The majority of patients (87%) indicated that they would prefer CT over CCA for future diagnostic imaging ( P &lt;0.001). Conclusions— CT with the use of emerging technology has the potential to significantly reduce the radiation dose and amount of contrast agent required compared with CCA while maintaining high diagnostic accuracy.
Evolutionary History of the Coccolithoviridae
Authors: Michael J. Allen, Declan C. Schroeder, Matthew T. G. Holden, William H. Wilson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

We recently determined the genome sequence of the Coccolithoviridae strain Emiliania huxleyi virus 86 (EhV-86), a giant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) algal virus from the family Phycodnaviridae that infects the marine coccolithophorid E. huxleyi. Here, we determine the phylogenetic relationship between EhV-86 and other large dsDNA viruses. Twenty-five core genes common to nuclear-cytoplasmic large dsDNA virus genomes were identified in the EhV-86 genome; sequence from eight of these genes were used to create a phylogenetic tree in which EhV-86 was placed firmly with the two other members of the Phycodnaviridae. We have also identified a 100-kb region of the EhV-86 genome which appears to have transferred into this genome from an unknown source. Furthermore, the presence of six RNA polymerase subunits (unique among the Phycodnaviridae) suggests both a unique evolutionary history and a unique lifestyle for this intriguing virus.
Few surgeons know cost of devices they implant, survey finds
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Orthopedic attending surgeons correctly estimated the cost of commonly used orthopedic devices only 21% of the time in a survey reported in the current issue of Health Affairs.1 Residents were right only 17% of the time.

The survey was conducted among attending surgeons and residents in the orthopedic departments of seven US academic medical centers: Duke University, Harvard University, the University of Maryland, the Mayo Clinic, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and Washington University in St Louis.

A total of 503 of the 522 physicians invited to participate completed the survey, giving a response rate of 96%. Of those responding 217 were attending physicians and …