tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Environment and the skin
Authors: Raymond R. Suskind
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

The skin is an important interface between man and his environment; it is an important portal of entry for hazardous agents and a vulnerable target tissue as well. It is a uniquely accessible model system for detecting hazards and for studying mechanisms of a wide variety of biologic funcitons. Environmental causes of skin reactions comprise a vast array of physical, chemical and biological agents. To appreciate the role of the skin as an interface with man's environment, it is necessary to understand the multiple adaptive mechanisms, and the defenses of the skin against the environmental stresses. The skin is endowed with a versatile group of defenses against penetration, fluid loss from the body, thermal stress, solar radiation, physical trauma and microbial agents. Patterns of adverse response range in quality and intensity from uncomplicated itching to metastatic neoplasia. Environmental problems comprise a large segment of disabling skin disease. Although critical epidemiologic data is limited, cutaneous illnesses comprise a significant segment of occupational disease. This represents a significant loss in productivity and a major cause of disability. The most serious research needs include the development of surveillance systems for identifying skin hazards and determining frequency of environmental skin disease; the development of new models for studying cutaneous penetration; the elucidation of the mechanisms of nonallergic inflammatory reactions (primary irritation) and of the accommodation phenomenon; the development of more sensitive models for predicting adverse responses to marginal irritants; the utilization of modern skills of immunobiology and immunochemistry to elucidate mechanisms of allergic responses; the launching of epidemiologic studies to determine the long term effects of PCBs and associated compounds such as dioxins; and the expansion of research in the mechanisms of skin cancer in relation to susceptibility, genetic and metabolic considerations, ultraviolet light, and phototoxic agents.
Reversal of Iron Deficiency Anemia after<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Eradication in Patients with Asymptomatic Gastritis
Authors: Bruno Annibale, Massimo Marignani, Bruno Monarca, Giorgio Antonelli, Adriana Marcheggiano, Gina Martino, Franco Mandelli, Renzo Caprilli, Gianfranco Delle Fave
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia worldwide. Recent studies have suggested an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency. Objective: To investigate the effects of eradicating H. pylori with combination antibiotic therapy on iron deficiency anemia in patients with H. pylori-associated gastritis. Design: Case series. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 30 patients with a long history of iron deficiency anemia in whom H. pylori-associated gastritis was the only pathologic gastrointestinal finding detected. Intervention: Eradication therapy with two antibiotics and discontinuation of iron replacement therapy. Measurements: Complete blood count, ferritin levels, and gastroscopy with biopsy to evaluate H. pylori status. Results: At 6 months, 75% of patients had recovered from anemia (P < 0.001), ferritin values increased from 5.7 ± 0.7 µg/L to 24.5 ± 5.2 µg/L (95% CI, 8.85 to 29.97). After 12 months, 91.7% of patients had recovered from anemia. Conclusions: Cure of H. pylori infection is associated with reversal of iron dependence and recovery from iron deficiency anemia.
Shared Genetic Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease
Authors: Robert M. Plenge
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Some families seem to be afflicted with more than their fair share of chronic illness — and sometimes more than one. Why does a particular disease develop in some members of a given family, whereas other members fall victim to apparently unrelated conditions? A simple model is that exposure to environmental risk factors in a genetically susceptible host leads to disease. A particular combination of genetic and environmental risk factors (together with chance and bad luck) leads to one disease, and another combination of factors leads to a different disease. Because members of the same family have exposure to many . . .
Diabetes and Hearing Impairment in the United States: Audiometric Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004
Authors: Kathleen E. Bainbridge, Howard J. Hoffman, Catherine C. Cowie
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Diabetes might affect the vasculature and neural system of the inner ear, leading to hearing impairment. Objective: To determine whether hearing impairment is more prevalent among U.S. adults with diabetes. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Participants: 5140 noninstitutionalized adults age 20 to 69 years who had audiometric testing. Measurements: Hearing impairment was assessed from the pure tone average of thresholds over low or mid-frequencies (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) and high frequencies (3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) and was defined as mild or greater severity (pure tone average >25 decibels hearing level [dB HL]) and moderate or greater severity (pure tone average >40 dB HL). Results: Hearing impairment was more prevalent among adults with diabetes. Age-adjusted prevalence of low- or mid-frequency hearing impairment of mild or greater severity in the worse ear was 21.3% (95% CI, 15.0% to 27.5%) among 399 adults with diabetes compared with 9.4% (CI, 8.2% to 10.5%) among 4741 adults without diabetes. Similarly, age-adjusted prevalence of high-frequency hearing impairment of mild or greater severity in the worse ear was 54.1% (CI, 45.9% to 62.3%) among those with diabetes compared with 32.0% (CI, 30.5% to 33.5%) among those without diabetes. The association between diabetes and hearing impairment was independent of known risk factors for hearing impairment, such as noise exposure, ototoxic medication use, and smoking (adjusted odds ratios for low- or mid-frequency and high-frequency hearing impairment were 1.82 [CI, 1.27 to 2.60] and 2.16 [CI, 1.47 to 3.18], respectively). Limitations: The diagnosis of diabetes was based on self-report. The investigators could not distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Noise exposure was based on participant recall. Conclusion: Hearing impairment is common in adults with diabetes, and diabetes seems to be an independent risk factor for the condition.
ASIATIC CHOLERA, ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT.
Authors: CHARLES S. BRADDOCK
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The following observations concerning the prevention and treatment of this dreaded and terrible disease are founded on practical experience and clinical work of Dr. H. Adamson, late inspector general of hospitals, and myself, in fighting this fatal disorder. There are few physicians outside of a limited number in India or Japan who have had the opportunity which we have enjoyed of studying this disease at close quarters for many years and in an enormous number of cases. As a result of our experience we have learned that prophylaxis is sure and certain if proper measures are adopted and enforced. When we can control the food and water supply and secure reasonable sanitary conditions, wonderful results as to prevention are obtained. In my opinion, we need not fear a world epidemic of Asiatic cholera so long as we have competent medical men on guard to enforce quarantine regulations and to insist
Syndecan-2 Affects the Basal and Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Armelle Orosco, Olivia Fromigué, Céline Bazille, Natacha Entz-Werle, Pierre Levillain, Pierre J. Marie, Dominique Modrowski
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans controlling cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. We previously showed that syndecan-2 is involved in the control of apoptosis in cultured osteosarcoma cells. These data led us to the hypothesis that syndecan-2 may play a role in the apoptotic signaling in bone tumors. We immunohistochemically analyzed tissue sections from biopsies from 21 patients with well-characterized osteosarcoma. These tissues expressed low levels of syndecan-2 compared with osteoblasts and osteocytes in normal bone. Cultured human osteosarcoma cells also produced lower mRNA levels of syndecan-2 than normal osteoblastic cells. Moreover, the presence of syndecan-2 correlated with spontaneous apoptosis in osteosarcoma tissues as assessed by detection of DNA fragmentation in situ. Overexpression of syndecan-2 resulted in decreased number of migrating and invading U2OS osteosarcoma cells in Matrigel. In addition, overexpression of syndecan-2 sensitized human osteosarcoma cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, increasing the response to methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Consistently, knockdown of the proteoglycan using stable transfection with a plasmid coding small interfering RNA resulted in inhibition of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Analysis of syndecan-2 expression both in biopsies and in corresponding postchemotherapy-resected tumors, as well as in cells treated with methotrexate or doxorubicin, showed that the cytotoxic action of chemotherapy can be associated with an increase in syndecan-2. These results provide support for a tumor-suppressor function for syndecan-2 and suggest that dysregulation of apoptosis may be related to abnormal syndecan-2 expression or induction in osteosarcoma. Moreover, our data identify syndecan-2 as a new factor mediating the antioncogenic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. [Cancer Res 2007;67(8):3708–14]
Milia en plaque arising in discoid lupus erythematosus
Authors: I. Boehm, G. Schupp, R. Bauer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Journal Article Milia en plaque arising in discoid lupus erythematosus Get access I. Boehm, I. Boehm Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, D‐53105 Bonn, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. Schupp, G. Schupp Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, D‐53105 Bonn, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Bauer R. Bauer Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, D‐53105 Bonn, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 137, Issue 4, 1 October 1997, Pages 649–651, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03807.x Published: 01 October 1997
Mechanisms of Head and Spine Trauma
Authors: John E. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Trauma to the head and spine is a major economic and societal problem in today's industrialized world. Despite intensive efforts to treat the acute and long-term sequelae of these injuries, and despite a large body of laboratory and clinical investigations, the overall rates of mortality and morbidity remain formidable and the economic losses stupendous. It therefore becomes obvious that the major thrust in solving a problem of this magnitude should be in the direction of prevention. What steps can be taken in this direction? Education in the ways to avoid the causative factors is one obvious measure. A second is devising practicable means of protecting the vulnerable structures involved, particularly the brain and spinal cord. It is this latter objective to which this volume is directed. The editors and authors have combined their resources to cull the world literature, adding to it their own investigations into how external forces are
Trichostatin A increases SMN expression and survival in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Amy M. Avila, Barrington G. Burnett, Addis A. Taye, Francesca Gabanella, Melanie A. Knight, Parvana Hartenstein, Ziga Cizman, Nicholas A. Di Prospero, Livio Pellizzoni, Kenneth H. Fischbeck, Charlotte J. Sumner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

The inherited motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutation of the telomeric survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene with retention of the centromeric SMN2 gene. We sought to establish whether the potent and specific hydroxamic acid class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors activates SMN2 gene expression in vivo and modulates the SMA disease phenotype when delivered after disease onset. Single intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg/kg trichostatin A (TSA) in nontransgenic and SMA model mice resulted in increased levels of acetylated H3 and H4 histones and modest increases in SMN gene expression. Repeated daily doses of TSA caused increases in both SMN2-derived transcript and SMN protein levels in neural tissues and muscle, which were associated with an improvement in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly. When TSA was delivered daily beginning on P5, after the onset of weight loss and motor deficit, there was improved survival, attenuated weight loss, and enhanced motor behavior. Pathological analysis showed increased myofiber size and number and increased anterior horn cell size. These results indicate that the hydroxamic acid class of HDAC inhibitors activates SMN2 gene expression in vivo and has an ameliorating effect on the SMA disease phenotype when administered after disease onset.
Mortality and Exposure Response among 14,458 Electrical Capacitor Manufacturing Workers Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Authors: Mary M. Prince, Avima M. Ruder, Misty J. Hein, Martha A. Waters, Elizabeth A. Whelan, Nancy Nilsen, Elizabeth M. Ward, Teresa M. Schnorr, Patricia A. Laber, Karen E. Davis-King
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

BackgroundWe expanded an existing cohort of workers (n = 2,588) considered highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at two capacitor manufacturing plants to include all workers with at least 90 days of potential PCB exposure during 1939–1977 (n = 14,458). Causes of death of a priori interest included liver and rectal cancers, previously reported for the original cohort, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), melanoma, and breast, brain, intestine, stomach, and prostate cancers, based on other studies.MethodsWe ascertained vital status of the workers through 1998, and cumulative PCB exposure was estimated using a new job exposure matrix. Analyses employed standardized mortality ratios (SMRs; U.S., state, and county referents) and Poisson regression modeling.ResultsMortality from NHL, melanoma, and rectal, breast, and brain cancers were neither in excess nor associated with cumulative exposure. Mortality was not elevated for liver cancer [21 deaths; SMR 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55–1.36], but increased with cumulative exposure (trend p-value = 0.071). Among men, stomach cancer mortality was elevated (24 deaths; SMR 1.53; 95% CI, 0.98–2.28) and increased with cumulative exposure (trend p-value = 0.039). Among women, intestinal cancer mortality was elevated (67 deaths; SMR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.66), especially in higher cumulative exposure categories, but without a clear trend. Prostate cancer mortality, which was not elevated (34 deaths; SMR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.72–1.45), increased with cumulative exposure (trend p-value = 0.0001).ConclusionsThis study corroborates previous studies showing increased liver cancer mortality, but we cannot clearly associate rectal, stomach, and intestinal cancers with PCB exposure. This is the first PCB cohort showing a strong exposure–response relationship for prostate cancer mortality.
Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Authors: Joseph B. Jeromfe
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This latest revision of a standard textbook of pharmaceutical chemistry, having a record of extensive use in England and parts of the Commonwealth, was necessitated by the 1958 revision of the British Pharmacopeia. It is an impressive work. The material is divided into three parts: Part 1 deals with physical and chemical methods used in determining the purity of pharmaceutical substances; part 2, with inorganic pharmaceuticals; and part 3, with organic pharmaceuticals. The book attempts to be inclusive and features condensed presentations of analytical methods used in the British Pharmacopeia as well as of such varied concepts as nuclear structure and reactions, atomic structure and types of chemical bonds, molecular weight determinations, and optical isomerism. In spite of the inclusion of some relatively simple and basic chemistry, this does not appear to be a suitable text for instruction in pharmaceutical chemistry for students who are not already well grounded in
Case 17-1971
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Betty U. McNeely, Gordon S. Myers, Robert E. Scully
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Presentation of CaseA 68-year-old woman was transferred from another hospital because of the abrupt onset of numbness of the leg.Three years before admission she began to experience exertional dyspnea with an intermittent cough. Five months before entry swelling of the legs and abdomen developed; a physician prescribed furosemide, with transient benefit. Six days before admission she entered another hospital because of persistent edema. The urinalysis, blood count, fasting glucose and electrolytes were reported to be normal; the urea nitrogen rose from 28 to 61 mg, the creatinine from 1.6 to 4.7 mg, and the bilirubin from 1.8 to . . .
Study suggests smokers are still misled by labelling of cigarette packs
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

New research among UK adults and children shows that the use of words such as “smooth” on cigarette packs and lighter coloured packaging misleads people into thinking cigarettes are less harmful than other brands, suggesting that current regulations may be inadequate.

More than half of adults and young people taking part in the study reported that cigarette brands labelled as “smooth” were less harmful to health than “regular” varieties, with, for example, 54% of children considering that the Mayfair Smooth brand of cigarettes was less harmful than Mayfair King Size ( European Journal of Public Health , doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp122).

Regulations requiring the use of plain packaging—including removing colours from cigarette packs—and preventing the use of words such as “smooth,” “gold,” and …
PATIENT AWARENESS OF SUSTAINED COMMITMENT TO CLOPIDOGREL USE AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR TREATMENT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA
Authors: M. Fuad Jan, Harold Elias, Naoyo Mori, Hina Mahboob, Anjan Gupta, Tanvir Bajwa, Suhail Allaqaband
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Abstract 1084: Naturally occurring variants of human α9 nicotinic receptor differentially affect bronchial cell proliferation and transformation
Authors: Anna Chikova, Sergei Grando
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Isolation of polyadenilated mRNA from human immortalized bronchial epithelial cell line BEP2D revealed the presence of multiple isoforms of RNA coded by the CHRNA9 gene for α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). BEP2D cells were homozygous for the rs10009228 polymorphism encoding for N442S amino-acid substitution, and also contained mRNA coding for several truncated isoforms of α9 protein. To elucidate the biologic significance of the naturally occurring variants of α9 nAChR, we compared the biologic effects of overexpression of full-length α9 N442 and S442 proteins, and the truncated α9 variant occurring due to a loss of the exon 4 sequence that causes frame shift and early termination of the translation. These as well as control vector were overexpressed in the BEP2D cells that were used in the assays of proliferation rate, spontaneous vs. tobacco nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced cellular transformation, and tumorigenicity in cell culture and mice. Overexpression of the S442 variant significantly increased cellular proliferation, and spontaneous and NNK-induced transformation. The N442 variant significantly decreased cellular transformation, without affecting proliferation rate. Overexpression of the truncated α9 significantly decreased proliferation and suppressed cellular transformation. These results suggested that α9 nAChR plays important roles in regulation of bronchial cell growth by endogenous acetylcholine and exogenous nicotine and susceptibility to NNK-induced carcinogenic transformation. The biologic activities of α9 nAChR may be regulated at the splicing level, and genetic polymorphisms in CHRNA9 affecting protein levels, amino-acid sequence and RNA splicing may influence the risk for lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1084. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1084
AUTOSEROTHERAPY IN SEROFIBRINOUS PLEURISY
Authors: MAURICE FISHBERG
Journal: JAMA (1913)

At the International Medical Congress in Rome in 1894 Dr. V. Gilbert stated that since 1891 he had treated tuberculous pleurisy with effusion by the subcutaneous injection of a small amount of the fluid withdrawn from the pleural cavity with an aspirating syringe. He found that within a few days after this injection, which he called "autoserotherapy," the serofibrinous exudate in the pleura disappears and the patient recovers. This method of treatment has been rather slow in gaining recognition, and was almost forgotten. During recent years, however, there have been reports from various clinics in Europe tending to show that there is great value in autoserotherapy, and its general adoption by the profession has been strongly urged. The animal experiments recently performed by Georg Eisner<sup>1</sup>Show quite conclusively that there is a scientific basis for this mode of treatment, and that in experimental pleurisy autoserotherapy is of great
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF TWO PHENOTHIAZINE COMPOUNDS PROMAZINE AND MEPAZINE
Authors: L. H. RUDY, H. E. HIMWICH, D. C. TASHER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1957)

We found promazine and mepazine to be of value in the treatment of psychotic patients with acute and chronic symptomatology. In the acute patients both promazine and mepazine yielded social recoveries as well as lesser degrees of improvement. One patient in 15 remained unchanged with promazine as did 2 in 10 with mepazine. Of the chronic patients 50% of those on mepazine revealed various grades of improvement, while 71% exhibited similar improvements with promazine. The best type of marked improvement was shown in 3 patients (6%) with mepazine, 7 (l3%) with promazine, and 9 (24%) with chlorpromazine. Side-reactions with mepazine were constipation, dizzines, dry mouth, and dermatitis. In some instances the use of promazine was associated with constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, and Parkinsonian tremor. Two patients exhibited grand mal seizures. In general, for the chronic patients, the dosage employed with promazine was greater than that used with mepazine.