tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lung Function in Patients with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Authors: June K. Marthin, Nadia Petersen, Lene T. Skovgaard, Kim G. Nielsen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Early diagnosis and treatment is considered important to prevent lung damage in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).Few studies have addressed long-term evolution of lung function after PCD diagnosis. We investigated whether long-term lung function was dependent on age or level of lung function at PCD diagnosis.An observational, single-center, cross-sectional, and three-decade longitudinal study of FEV(1) and FVC related to age at diagnosis until current age was performed. Linear regression was used to describe the relation between first measured lung function values and age at diagnosis across the cohort. Courses of lung function after diagnosis and the according slopes were used to group patients into increasing, stable, or decreasing courses. Additionally, slopes from courses of 10 years of follow-up were related to age at diagnosis and initial level of lung function, respectively, using linear regression.Seventy-four children and adults with PCD were observed for median 9.5 (range, 1.5-30.2) years during which 2,937 lung function measurements were performed. First measured FEV(1) was less than 80% of predicted in one-third of preschool-diagnosed children. During observation, 34% of patients lost more than 10 percentage points, 57% were stable, and 10% improved more than 10 percentage points in FEV(1). Courses of lung function after diagnosis were related to neither age at diagnosis nor initial level.Our study strongly suggests that PCD is a disease of serious threat to lung function already at preschool age, and with a high degree of variation in courses of lung function after diagnosis that was not linked to either age or level of lung function at diagnosis. Early diagnosis did not protect against decline in lung function.
Airway responsiveness to leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene E4 (LTE4) and histamine in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects
Authors: PE Christie, M Schmitz-Schumann, BW Spur, TH Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

We wanted to determine whether the airway response to inhaled leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is similar to inhaled leukotriene E4 (LTE4) in aspirin-sensitive asthma and, therefore, determined airway responsiveness to histamine, LTC4 and LTE4 in seven aspirin-sensitive subjects and 13 control asthmatic subjects, who were tolerant of aspirin. The concentration of inhaled lysine-aspirin which produced a 15% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (PC15) was determined in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. The dose of histamine, LTC4 and LTE4 which produced a 35% fall in specific airways conductance (PD35sGaw) was determined by linear interpolation from the log dose response curve. There was no correlation between the PC15 for lysine-aspirin and the airway reactivity to inhaled LTC4 or LTE4. There was no difference in airway response to histamine and LTC4 between any of the groups of asthmatic subjects. There was a rank order of potency LTC4 > LTE4 > histamine in both groups, with LTC4 approximately 1,000 fold more potent than histamine in both groups. Aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects were significantly more responsive to LTE4 (p = 0.02) than aspirin-tolerant asthmatic subjects. The relative responsiveness of LTE4 to histamine (PD35 histamine/PD35 LTE4) was significantly greater in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects compared to aspirin-tolerant asthmatic subjects (p = 0.05). There was no difference in relative responsiveness of LTC4 to histamine between aspirin-sensitive or aspirin-tolerant asthmatic subjects. We conclude that the airways of aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects demonstrate a selective hyperresponsiveness to LTE4, which is not observed for LTC4.
Not all that wheezes is asthma: A case report of diffuse tracheobronchomalacia in an adult
Authors: Numbere Numbere, Ajikumar Kavidasan, Milan Bhattacharya, Rabinder Randhawa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Diffuse tracheobronchomalacia (DTBM), a separate entity to localised tracheobronchomalacia, refers to a disorder of the entire trachea and main bronchi where there is increased compliance of large airway cartilage leading to airway collapse in expiration.

We report a rare case of DTBM in a patient with brittle asthma and demonstrate the importance of recognising this as a disorder that can present in adults with airways disease.

CASE REPORT

A 43 year old lady presented to clinic with a history of lifelong asthma that had become difficult to control over the preceding two decades despite maximal treatment including long-term steroids.

CT imaging showed a crescentic trachea and slit-like main bronchi suggesting dynamic airways collapse.

![Figure][1] 



DTBM was confirmed on bronchoscopy.

DISCUSSION

DTBM is diagnosed via dynamic CT or bronchoscopy and is defined by 50% or more reduction in airway diameter in expiration. Adult DTBM can be asymptomatic or cause cough, recurrent infections and wheeze.

The cause of acquired DTBM in the absence of intrinsic cartilage defects, is unclear but chronic airway inflammation is thought to play a role.

In severe cases, treatment options include nocturnal CPAP and Y-stent insertion. This lady declined potential stenting deeming risks greater than the potential benefits.

This case shows the importance of CT scans in assessing patients with difficult asthma in secondary care and how easily missed DTBM can be.

 [1]: pending:yes
Corynebacterium parvum-Induced Radiosensitivity and Cycling Changes of Hematopoietic Spleen Colony-Forming Units2
Authors: Y. Maruyama, C. Magura, J. Feola
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Corynebacterium parvum-Induced Radiosensitivity and Cycling Changes of Hematopoietic Spleen Colony-Forming Units Get access Y. Maruyama, M.D., Y. Maruyama, M.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. Magura, B.S., C. Magura, B.S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Feola, Ph.D. J. Feola, Ph.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 59, Issue 1, July 1977, Pages 173–177, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/59.1.173 Published: 01 July 1977 Article history Received: 05 October 1976 Accepted: 25 January 1977 Published: 01 July 1977
TH17 cells promote microbial killing and innate immune sensing of DNA via interleukin 26
Authors: Stephan Meller, Jeremy Di Domizio, Kui S Voo, Heike C Friedrich, Georgios Chamilos, Dipyaman Ganguly, Curdin Conrad, Josh Gregorio, Didier Le Roy, Thierry Roger, John E Ladbury, Bernhard Homey, Stanley Watowich, Robert L Modlin, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis, Yong-Jun Liu, Stefan T Arold, Michel Gilliet
Journal: Nature Immunology (2015)
Fine Structure of a Transplantable Reticulum Cell Sarcoma. I. Light and Electron Microscopy of Viable and Necrotic Tumor Cells&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Morris A. Weinberger, William G. Banfield
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1965)

A contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the hamster was studied by light and electron microscopy. There were two basic cell types, principal tumor cells (95%) and macrophage (5%). The cytoplasmic ribosomes of the principal cell were predominantly free in clumps and corresponded to ribosomes described in poorly differentiated cells. Dense bodies consistent with lysosomes were associated with the Golgi. The macrophage suggested a non-neoplastic cell probably derived from tumor stroma. Three types of mitochondrial alteration were discussed: mitochondrial pallor, ruptured mitochondrial membrane, and dense matrix degeneration. By light microscopy, necrosis was divided into four groups: necrobiosis, septal, dermal-epidermal, and thrombotic. Necrobiotic cells were observed early as uniformly distributed, solitary, rounded cells lying within the phagocytic vacuole of macrophages. Their markedly increased light and electron density led to their designation as “dark cells.” It was suggested that necrobiosis be considered as a possible interpretation of dark cells observed in electron microscope studies. Septal, dermal-epidermal, and thrombotic necroses were examples of coagulative necrosis and were qualitatively different from necrobiosis. The fine structure of the cells of coagulative necrosis indicated three cell types designated A, B, and C. The end stage of phagocytized necrotic cells was a cell skeleton rich in dense membranous structures in a state of disarray or arranged as myelin figures. Mechanisms to explain their genesis were discussed.
Hepatomas Induced by Aflatoxin in the Sockeye Salmon &lt;italic&gt;(Oncorhynchus nerka)&lt;/italic&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: J. H. Wales, R. O. Sinnhuber
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

Hepatomas were induced in the sockeye salmon by a diet containing 12 parts per billion aflatoxin B1 and 50 parts per million cyclo-propenoid fatty acids. This is the first published record of diet-induced hepatoma in any species of Pacific salmon.
Abstract P093: Psychological Stress is Associated with Increases in Weight and Waist Circumference over Time: Longitudinal Data from the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Rebecca Cooper-McCann, Colby Ayers, Michelle Albert, James de Lemos, Ian Neeland, Michael McClurkin, Eric Shropshire, Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background: Psychological stress (stress) is associated with cardiovascular events, but the impact of stress on changes in adiposity as a measure of cardio-metabolic risk is unknown. Methods and Results: We examined the relationship between self-reported psychological stress level at baseline and change in weight and waist circumference (WC) over a median 7-year interval in the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic, population-based sample of Dallas County residents aged 18-65 (N = 1603; whites = 615; blacks = 754; Hispanics = 234). Participants answered a questionnaire and underwent measurement of weight, height and WC at baseline and follow-up visits between 2000 and 2009. Stress levels were determined by self-report using a five-point scale, with responses categorized as low (1-2), moderate (3) and high (4-5) stress levels. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the association between baseline stress category and weight/WC change over time. At baseline, 24% of participants reported low stress, 49% moderate, and 27% high stress. No significant differences were observed in weight, BMI or WC at baseline between stress groups. Compared to participants reporting high stress, those with low stress were older (45 vs. 43 yrs), more likely to be male (54% vs. 37%) and be of black race (55% vs. 34%) [p&lt;0.01 for all]. In unadjusted modeling, those in the high stress group gained more weight and had greater WC increase compared to the low stress group (Table). After adjusting for age, sex, baseline adiposity, race, education and income, the high stress group still had greater weight gain compared to the low stress group. Conclusions: Higher levels of self-reported stress are associated with adverse changes in adiposity among DHS participants. These results suggest that interventions targeting psychological stress may lessen the impact of obesity on subsequent cardio-metabolic risk.
Vasomotor activity of the aorta in rats with experimental COPD
Authors: Vera Nevzorova, Natalya Zaharchuk, Tatyana Brodskay, Elena Gonchar, Irina Agafonova
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the endotelium-dependent and endotelium-independent reactions of the aorta reproduced in vivo COPD model. The COPD model was reproduced by chronic smoking in rats within 6 months according to H.Zheng protocol (2009). The experimental group consisted of six male Wistar rats. The control group breathed only clean air. Assessment of the endothelial vasomotor reactions were carried out in 6 months after the experiment start and in 2 months after smoking cessation. Acetylcholine and nitroglycerin were injected in the rats body to assess endothelium-dependent (EDVD) and endothelium-independent (EIDVD) vasodilation, N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) to assess endothelium-dependent constriction (EDVC). Using magnetic resonance imaging the degree of the aorta diameter change in the tomograms before and after drug administration was evaluated. It was found that COPD model has insufficient EDVD and EIDVD (6,6 ± 0,76% and 3,7 ± 0,02% at a rate of 10 and 15% respectively). The test with L-NMMA showed the abnormal vasodilation in contrast to the control group which set the expected EDVC. In 2 months after smoking cessation in the acetylcholine test vasodilation was even less significant decreasing from 6,6 ± 0,76% to 3,07 ± 1,25%, while EIDVD was paradoxical leading to the vasoconstriction (p
Needle aspiration techniques in preoperative selection of patients with thyroid nodules: a long-term study.
Authors: A Carpi, E Ferrari, M G Toni, A Sagripanti, A Nicolini, G Di Coscio
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE Long-term evaluation of the combination of two needle aspiration techniques (NAT) (fine-needle aspiration [FNA] and aspiration needle biopsy [ANB]) in performing an efficient preoperative selection of palpable thyroid nodules. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight years of extensive use of surgery for the detection of thyroid cancer was compared with 12 years of preoperative selection of by NAT. RESULTS A total of 1,140 operations were performed from 1972 to 1979, and 35 malignant nodules were discovered (3.1%). Five thousand four hundred three patients were examined by NAT from 1980 to 1992; 483 (9%) underwent surgery and 158 malignant nodules were excised. The number of malignant nodules identified by NAT was 166 (eight were not excised) (3.1% of the total population examined). The principal clinical and pathologic features were similar in both groups. ANB yielded a definite benign diagnosis in 88 patients with inadequate FNA findings, it correctly identified four malignant nodules diagnosed as benign by FNA, it showed a macrofollicular component in 115 nodules diagnosed by FNA as microfollicular nodules, and it significantly changed the predictive value of 79 suspicions FNA diagnoses. CONCLUSION Introduction of NAT reduced the number of operations for palpable thyroid nodules from 143 to 40 per year and increased from four to 13 the number of malignant nodules excised without any change in the overall incidence of malignant nodules. The combination of ANB to FNA significantly contributed to the high and efficient preoperative patient selection, principally by reducing the number of indeterminate or suspicious, as well as false-negative, preoperative FNA diagnoses.
Influence of family's smoking on their children in high school
Authors: Hiroshi Odajima, Yuko Amimoto, Youko Murakami
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: Smoking is important as one of the aggravation factors of respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma. The smoking rate in Japan is maintaining the still high value. Although it is presumed that the start of smoking is before 20 years old, the actual condition is not necessarily clear. To grasp the actual condition of smoking in high school students is important for this age is the points to be the time for remission or adult asthma.  Aim: The aim of this study is to clarify the reality of the smoking in high school students from the view point of the influence of family smoking.  Subjects and methods: In 2009, four high schools in Japan were asked to complete a questionnaire to students. Questionnaire is anonymous and, as information about individuals, was asked to fill in only the age and gender. 1815(827 male, 988 female) were obtained from a valid answerer.  Results: 1, who currently has asthma symptoms, history of asthma was decreased in the order of the person who has smoking mother, father, others.  2, Children had a higher prevalence of smoking and from younger age when father and mother is smoker, especially father had been smoking.  3, when mother has been smoking children at the time of the first buy at a convenience store.  4, Current smoking rate of children is high when the parents have been smoking.  5, if mother has been smoking, children of high school students do not intend to try to stop smoking.  6, if there are smokers in the family, 15% of children obtain the cigarettes from their families. Conclusion: The influence of family smokers is not only the deleterious effects on health but also making their children to be smokers. The parents should stop the smoking for their children.
Smoking reduces klotho expression
Authors: Mehul S. Patel, Anna V. Donaldson, Sonya G. Jackson, Brian J. Bolognese, Joseph P. Foley, Patricia L Podolin, Piet L.B. Bruijnzeel, Nicholas S. Hopkinson, William D.-C. Man, Paul R. Kemp, Michael I. Polkey
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction  Klotho (KL) is expressed as a hormone and a transmembrane protein. Mice low in KL develop sarcopenia and emphysema. Limited data exists in smokers, who may develop a similar phenotype.  Aims  1) To compare serum KL levels (sKL) before and after attempted smoking cessation; 2) to evaluate the effect of smoking on muscle KL in an animal model.  Methods  We measured sKL in 13 smokers before and after attempted smoking cessation, 7 patients with COPD were studied 1 week apart as controls. Judged by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) 8 patients quit. Gastrocnemius KL (mKL) was measured in mice exposed to 77 weeks of either smoke or sham air. KL levels were log transformed. Differences were assessed by t-test, relationships by Pearson’s and response to cessation by Wilcoxon.  Results  In successful quitters sKL rose from 2.80 (0.19) to 3.02 (0.14) pg/ml; p=0.04 but did not change in those continuing to smoke (p=0.81). There was no change in sKL measured 1 week apart in controls (p=0.84). Comparing the differences between repeat measurements in controls to those attempting smoking cessation, those successful in smoking cessation had a greater rise on repeat assessment (0.22 (0.25) v 0.00 (0.05) pg/ml; p=0.04), but those unsuccessful did not; p=0.34. Smoke-exposed mice (n=19) had lower mKL than the sham air group (n=9); p=0.001.  Conclusions  Muscle KL is reduced by smoking in mice. Successful smoking cessation is associated with a rise in sKL, while unsuccessful quit attempts yield an intermediate picture. We have shown that fat free mass improves with smoking cessation [Hopkinson, Resp Res 2007 (8):25], however, ongoing smoking abstinence is difficult. It is therefore of interest that smoking induces KL suppression, which may explain phenotypic features in COPD.
Abnormal Plasminogen
Authors: Nobuo Aoki, Masaaki Moroi, Yoichi Sakata, Nobuhiko Yoshida, Michio Matsuda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

A patient who suffered a recurring thrombosis over the last 15 yr has been investigated. The only abnormality found in this patient was a significantly depressed level of plasminogen activity in plasma. In spite of the depressed plasminogen activity, the patient was found to have a normal level of plasminogen antigen concentration. It was calculated that the activity per milligram of plasminogen of the patient was approximately one-half the values of normal subjects. The same discrepancy between biological activity and antigen concentration was found in the other members of the kindred. A niece was found to have practically no plasminogen activity but possessed a normal concentration of plasminogen antigen. Both her parents were found to have approximately half the normal plasminogen activity and normal antigen levels. These studies suggested that the molecular abnormality was inherited as an autosomal characteristic, and the family members who had half the normal levels of activity with normal plasminogen antigen were heterozygotes whereas the one with practically no plasminogen activity was homozygote. Subsequent studies showed that the pattern of gel electrofocusing of purified plasminogen of the heterozygotes consisted of 10 normal bands and 10 additional abnormal bands, each of which had a slightly higher isoelectric point than each corresponding normal component. This indicates that plasminogen of the heterozygote is a mixture of normal and abnormal molecules in an approximately equal amount, which was substantiated by active site titration of purified plasminogen preparations obtained from the propositus and a normal individual. The gel electrofocusing pattern of the homozygote consisted of abnormal bands only. The defect is a hereditary abnormality of plasminogen.
The protease-antiprotease battle in the cystic fibrosis lung
Authors: Ian M Balfour-Lynn
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1999)

It is well recognized that long-standing inflammation damages the lungs in children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), and it is no coincidence that most CF deaths are due to respiratory failure. The lung inflammation is primarily due to the host response to chronic bacterial infection, particularly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which calls into question the whole concept of colonization, with its implication of bacteria residing harmlessly in the body. However, it has also been suggested that inflammation may actually precede microbial infection in the CF lung, an idea based on the fact that significant inflammation has been detected in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) samples in which microbes (bacteria, viruses or fungi) were not isolatedl2. It is possible that in the young patients studied the infection had been eradicated but that the resultant inflammation simply persisted3. In older children, however, it is unlikely that the pathogenic bacteria are ever eradicated. In addition, using more sensitive molecular techniques for identifying bacteria, it may be that infection is going unrecognized when standard culture methods are employed4. More recently, it has been suggested that inflammation may be an integral part of the CF defect. Accumulation of faulty CFTR (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) protein in the cell endoplasmic reticulum may result in production of proinflammatory cytokines following activation of the transcription factor NFKB5. In conclusion, it seems most likely that the majority of lung inflammation is in fact secondary to recurrent bacterial or viral infections, but that there is a contribution from endogenous factors, and possibly even a reaction to the abnormal mucus lining the epithelium. It is still unexplained why the production of interleukin-10, an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, is reduced in CF epithelial cells67.
US physicians' group releases guidelines for "high value" cancer screening
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

To promote the adoption of “high value” cancer screening practices the American College of Physicians (ACP) has published a set of screening guidelines for breast, cervical, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancer.

The guidelines, drawn up by the ACP’s High Value Care Task Force, define high value strategies as those that “provide a degree of benefits that clearly justifies the harms and costs incurred,” while those of low value are strategies that provide limited or no benefits to justify the potential harms and costs.1

“Considering screening through the lens of value could change discussions between clinicians and patients,” the task force said. “Rather than assuming that all screening is high value, clinicians might start a conversation with the understanding that it always involves trade-offs between benefits versus harms and costs and …
Resistance class 1 integron in clinical methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in southern China, 2001–2006
Authors: Z. Xu, L. Li, M.E. Shirtliff, B.M. Peters, B. Li, Y. Peng, M.J. Alam, S. Yamasaki, L. Shi
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2010)