tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Short Textbook of Surgery
Authors: M. Michael Eisenberg
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The little textbook of surgery is apparently here to stay; this one is near the top of the list in quality of presentation, comprehensiveness, accuracy, and timeliness. The usual criticism of the abbreviated text centers around the relative superficiality of its treatment of very complex subjects. If, however, one accepts this limitation in the short work and confines the use of such studies to introductory purposes, they may have some merit. The authors emphasize, quite rightly, that a book such as this should be looked upon "rather as a key to open the door." It is recommended therefore, that for wider reading, consultation of original sources is of the utmost importance. A judicious bibliography for this purpose is included at the termination of each section. For the American reader, one facet of this text must evoke mixed emotions; the book is British in origin and the epidemiologic data and references
Adolescent Pregnancy and Sexual Abuse
Authors: M. Joycelyn Elders
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Up to 60% of pregnant teens in the US have histories of child sexual abuse.  The pregnancy may be a direct result of an episode of abuse or may be linked to common sequelae of child sexual abuse including young age at initiation of sexual intercourse failure to use contraception prostitution physically assaultive relationships and abuse of drugs and alcohol.  Women with histories of sexual abuse are significantly more likely than their nonabused peers to experience suicidal ideation during pregnancy and deliver a preterm low-birth-weight infant.  Research indicates that the majority of sexually active adolescents under 15 years of age are coerced to have intercourse.  Boyfriends who are 5-10 years older than their girlfriend have been found to be responsible for over half of teen pregnancies.  Concerns about the role of predatory adult men in teenage childbearing have led to calls for rigorous enforcement of statutory rape laws.  However such a strategy may deter sexually active and pregnant teens from seeking medical care or social services for fear of having to reveal the age and identity of their partners.  Preferable would be training of health care professionals to recognize and support adolescent girls who are experiencing nonvoluntary sex and subsequently at risk for unplanned pregnancy.  A thorough sexual history including sensitively framed questions about child sex abuse should be obtained from all sexually active adolescents.  With support and counseling pregnant teens with a history of abuse who elect to continue the pregnancy have an opportunity to learn to protect themselves and their future children from further abuse.
Achilles Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture Due to Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Authors: Kent A. Huston
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

To the Editor: Tendinitis and tendon rupture are unusual and unexpected side effects of drugs1,2. An 85-year-old man had been treated for polymyalgia rheumatica with prednisone. His condition impro...
Liddle disease caused by a missense mutation of beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel gene.
Authors: H Tamura, L Schild, N Enomoto, N Matsui, F Marumo, B C Rossier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Mutations in beta or gamma subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) have been found to cause a hereditary form of human hypertension, Liddle syndrome. Most of the mutations reported are either nonsense mutations or frame shift mutations which would truncate the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of the beta or gamma subunits of the channel, suggesting that these domains are important for the normal regulation of this channel. We sequenced ENaC in a family with Liddle syndrome and found a missense mutation in beta subunit which predicts substitution of Tyr by His at codon 618, 2 bp downstream from a missense mutation (P616L) that has been reported recently. Presence of this mutation correlates with the clinical manifestations (hypertension, hypokalemia, suppressed aldosterone secretion) in this kindred. Functional expression studies in the Xenopus oocytes revealed constitutive activation of the Y618H mutant indistinguishable from that observed for the deletion mutant (R564stop) identified in the original pedigree of Liddle. Our data suggest that the region between Pro616 and Tyr618 is critically important for regulation of ENaC activity.
Circadian periodicity of tryptophan metabolism
Authors: Morton I. Rapoport, William R. Beisel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Rhythmicity of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway has been demonstrated in man. Normal subjects given 3 g of tryptophan at 0900 hours excreted almost three times the quantity of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid than did subjects given the same dose at 2100 hours. Other metabolites of the kynurenine pathway varied in the same fashion but with lesser magnitude. In contrast, indican, a tryptophan metabolite not in the kynurenine pathway, varied inversely with the other metabolites measured. The data suggest that the liver enzyme tryptophan pyrrolase has a circadian rhythm in man similar to that already described in mice in a previous study. Tryptophan tolerance tests in the future should be controlled relative to time of amino acid administration.
STUDIES OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM (RES). II. CHANGES IN THE PHAGOCYTIC CAPACITY OF THE RES IN PATIENTS WITH CERTAIN INFECTIONS*
Authors: Henry N. Wagner, Masahiro Iio, Richard B. Hornick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1963)

In our previous communication (1), we have presented data indicating that the phagocytic ca- pacity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) can be determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of various doses of radioisotopically labeled aggregated albumin particles from the circulation.Since our results followed the mathe- matical model suggested first by Michaelis and Menten in their studies of enzyme-substrate sys- tems (2), it was possible to postulate that the rate of removal of small amounts of particulate matter from the blood is determined chiefly by the fre- quency of collision of the particles with RE cells.This concept is also consistent with the known de- pendence of the clearance rate of trace quantities of particles on the blood flow to the principal RES-containing organs, chiefly the liver and spleen (3).As the number of particles increases, how- ever, the collision frequency is no longer a factor in the reaction velocity, the latter being governed only by the rate of the reaction of the particles with the RE cells.This is evidenced by the fact that progressively larger doses do not increase the rate of removal of the particles to a significant degree.The details of the method and the analytical procedure are discussed in the previous paper (1).The purpose of this communication is to describe the effects of certain infections, namely, pneumococcal pneumonia, typhoid fever, sandfly fever, and tularemia, on the phagocytic capacity of the reticuloendothelial system in man.
COMPARING UTILIZATION OF TIMI RISK INDEX VERSUS KILLIP CLASS AT PRESENTATION IN DETERMINING THE NEED OF ADMISSION TO CORONARY CARE UNIT FOR ACUTE ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENT AFTER SUCCESSFUL PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: SINGLE CENTRE STUDY
Authors: Vern Hsen Tan, Chong Hiok Tan, Jeremy Chow, Kok Soon Tan, Jayaram Lingamanaicker, Victor Lim, Khim Leng Tong, Gerard Leong, Hwa Wooi Gan, Sea Hing Ong, Yew Seong Goh, Colin Yeo, Yiong Huak Chan, Ping Ping Goh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Sarcolemmal hydraulic conductivity of guinea-pig and rat ventricular myocytes
Authors: Toshitsugu Ogura, Hiroyuki Matsuda, Sunao Imanishi, Toshishige Shibamoto
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Osmotic gradient-induced volume change and sarcolemmal water permeability of cardiac myocytes were evaluated to characterize the mechanism of water flux across the plasma membranes.Cell surface dimensions were measured from isolated guinea-pig and rat ventricular myocytes by digital videomicroscopy, and membrane hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) was obtained by analyzing the time course of cell swelling and shrinkage in response to osmotic gradients.Superfusion with anisosmotic solution (0.5-4 times normal osmolality) caused a rapid (<3 min to steady states) and reversible myocyte swelling or shrinkage. L(p) was approximately 1.9 x 10(-10) l N(-1) s(-1) for guinea-pig myocytes and approximately 1.7 x 10(-10) l N(-1) s(-1) for rat myocytes at 35 degrees C. Arrhenius activation energy (E(a)), a measure of the energy barrier to water flux, was approximately 3.7 (guinea-pig) and approximately 3.6 kcal mol(-1) (rat) between 11 and 35 degrees C; these values are equivalent to E(a) of self-diffusion of water in bulk solution ( approximately 4 kcal mol(-1)). Treatment with 0.1 mM Hg(2+), a sulfhydryl-oxidizing reagent that blocks membrane water channels, reduced L(p) by approximately 80%, and the sulfhydryl-reducing reagent dithiothreitol (10 mM) antagonized the inhibitory action of Hg(2+). Inhibition of the volume-sensitive cation (30 microM Gd3+) and anion (1 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) channels and Na+-K+ pump (10 microM ouabain) modified the size of osmotic swelling but had little effect on L(p).Although the observed L(p) is relatively small in magnitude, the low E(a) and the sulfhydryl reagent-induced modification of L(p) are characteristic of channel-mediated water transport. These data suggest that water flux across the sarcolemma of guinea-pig and rat heart cells occurs through parallel pathways, i.e., the majority passing through water channels and the remainder penetrating the lipid bilayers.
Hypopituitarism After External Irradiation
Authors: N. A. Samaan, M. M. Bakdash, J. B. Caderao, A. Cangir, R. H. Jesse, A. J. Ballantyne
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Endocrine complications after radiotherapy for tumors of the head and neck are thought to be relatively rare. The availability of synthetic hypothalamic hormones for clinical investigations and the radioimmunoassay of hormones have enabled us to study function of the hypothalamic pituitary axis in 15 patients who had radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer. Fourteen had evidence of endocrine deficiency. Twelve patients had evidence of hypothalamic dysfunction, 7 developed primary pituitary hormone deficiencies, and 3 developed primary hypothyroidism. These results indicate that [1] secondary hypopituitarism due to a hypothalamic lesion after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer may be more common than suspected in the past; [2] primary hypopituitarism after irradiation of extracranial tumors can occur; and [3] primary hypothyroidism may result from irradiation of regional neck nodes.
Inactive time spent on call could be excluded from 48 hour week
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Pan-European legislation to introduce a maximum 48 hour working week moved a step closer this week after EU employment ministers reached a political agreement in Luxembourg.

The agreement would enable the United Kingdom to retain its opt-out, allowing employees to work more than the legal maximum. But this will only operate under some conditions to prevent employers abusing the flexibility.

More controversially for the medical profession and key emergency personnel, the ministers agreed to split on-call time at an individual’s place of employment into two categories. “Active” time at work would …
Severe and Fatal Phenobarbitone Eruptions
Authors: I. B. Sneddon, A. W. D. Leishman
Journal: BMJ (1952)

With the world-wide increasing consumption of pheno barbitone it is comforting, though perhaps surprising, that reports of dangerous reaction to this drug have been so few. Nevertheless it has been estimated that between 1 and 3 % of patients taking phenobarbitone develop skin reactions. Recently it has been brought home to us that such skin reactions, far from being innocent, may unex pectedly lead to a dangerous illness and death. We are therefore prompted to report our experience, since we do not believe we have been alone in underestimating the consequences of a phenobarbitone eruption. In the past 18 months we have seen, at one hospital, four severe cases of phenobarbitone eruption ; two of these ended fatally, and a third, equally severe, was saved only by the use of A.C.T.H. Though few similar cases have been reported, this experience suggests that the con dition is not a rarity, and it may well be that on a number of occasions the association of this severe illness with phenobarbitone has escaped notice. Since the first report by Chavany and Vannier (1929) of a fatality from skin eruption due to phenobarbitone, 14 fatal cases have been published by Brunsting (1932), Millard (1933), Poole and Wehger (1934), Heckmann (193?), Scarlett and MacNab (1935), Sweitzer and Laymon (1937), Wile and Benson (1940), Winer and Baer (1941), and Sexton et al. (1941), and one severe but non-fatal case by Winton (1946). In general the clinical description of these cases has conformed closely to our own.
Bleeding jejunal lymphangioma diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy
Authors: S.-J. Hsu, Y.-T. Chang, M.-C. Chang, S.-C. Yu, J.-C. Lee, C.-T. Shun, J.-M. Wong
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding poses a diagnostic challenge to the physician. When examination of the colon and the upper gastrointestinal tract reveals no definite bleeding source, the small bowel becomes the focus of investigation. The small bowel is difficult to investigate endoscopically because of its extraordinary length, but the recent advent of double-balloon enteroscopy has made it possible to examine this section of the gastrointestinal tract thoroughly, which should increase the diagnostic yield [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. We present here the first reported case of a jejunal lymphangioma diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy.
THE SURGERY OF THE URETERS: A CLINICAL, LITERARY AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH.Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association June 8, 1893.
Authors: WELLER VAN HOOK
Journal: JAMA (1893)

(Concluded from page 916). <i>The Writer's Plastic Methods for Making a Vesical Diverticulum</i>.—When the ureter has been injured in intra-abdominal operations in such a way that the duct can not be there implanted into the bladder, or when morbid processes are found to have brought about the same result, I would recommend strongly the following procedure: 1. Implant the ureter upon the skin of the abdomen in the median line as near the bladder as possible. Close the abdominal walls as usual, except for the presence of the ureter. Fig. 3.—Cadaver lying on the left side. Incision made to expose the ureter, which is seen upon the hook at the right. 2. When the patient has fully recovered from the primary operation, open the structures composing the abdominal wall between the ureter and the pubes down to the peritoneum and bladder. The peritoneum must not be opened. The bladder may
Ipecac Syrup in Antiemetic Ingestion
Authors: Mark E. Thoman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The use of ipecac syrup as an emetic where an antiemetic has been ingested is just as effective as ipecac syrup given for the ingestion of other drugs. Though well known for over 300 years, the therapeutic use of ipecac syrup as an emetic has waxed and waned in its acceptability through the years. Moreover, the use of ipecac in the case of antiemetic ingestion has received variable authoritative opinions ranging from contraindicated<sup>1</sup>to generally recommended.<sup>2,3</sup> Until recently, it was thought that ipecac, though a fairly effective emetic, was of little value in the case of accidental ingestion of poison because of its slow onset of action.<sup>4,5</sup>Also, the traditional stomach pump was felt to be considerably more efficient over pharmacologically induced emesis. However, recent literature shows that more investigation has been afforded this drug, resulting in more effective evaluations. In 1958, Dr. Franklin Arnold et al<sup>6</sup>administered sodium salicylate to a series of dogs.
Government is setting aside £42m for water fluoridation
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The government is to set aside £42m (€56m; $82m) for health authorities in England that choose to add fluoride to drinking water, the health secretary, Alan Johnson, told parliament last week.

It is planning to encourage health authorities to consult locally on the matter. Health authorities have been able to decide whether water supplies have fluoride added since the passage of the Water (Fluoridation) Act 1985. They have been actively encouraged to do so since MPs amended the act in a free vote in 2003. The law demands, however, that authorities first hold consultations with all interested local parties.

Mr Johnson said last week that the government believed that …
Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and of their effectiveness
Authors: A. J M de Craen, P. J Roos, A L. de Vries, J. Kleijnen
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b>: To assess the impact of the colour of a drug9s formulation on its perceived effect and its effectiveness and to examine whether antidepressant drugs available in the Netherlands are different in colour from hypnotic, sedative, and anxiolytic drugs. <b>Design</b>: Systematic review of 12 published studies. Six studies examined the perceived action of different coloured drugs and six the influence of the colour of a drug on its effectiveness. The colours of samples of 49 drugs affecting the central nervous system were assessed using a colour atlas. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Perceived stimulant action versus perceived depressant action of colour of drugs; the trials that assessed the effect of drugs in different colours were done in patients with different diseases and had different outcome measures. <b>Results</b>: The studies on perceived action of coloured drugs showed that red, yellow, and orange are associated with a stimulant effect, while blue and green are related to a tranquillising effect. The trials that assessed the impact of the colour of drugs on their effectiveness showed inconsistent differences between colours. The quality of the methods of these trials was variable. Hypnotic, sedative, and anxiolytic drugs were more likely than antidepressants to be green, blue, or purple. <b>Conclusion</b>: Colours affect the perceived action of a drug and seem to influence the effectiveness of a drug. Moreover, a relation exists between the colouring of drugs that affect the central nervous system and the indications for which they are used. Research contributing to a better understanding of the effect of the colour of drugs is warranted. <h3>Key messages</h3> The colour of a drug seems to influence its effectiveness, but consistent trends are not apparent Hypnotic, sedative, and anxiolytic drugs avail- able in the Netherlands are more likely than antidepressants to be green, blue, or purple Research contributing to a better understanding of the effect of the colour of drugs is warranted
Reduced Airway Distensibility, Fixed Airflow Limitation, and Airway Wall Remodeling in Asthma
Authors: CHRIS WARD, DAVID P. JOHNS, ROS BISH, MIKE PAIS, DAVID W. REID, CORRIE INGRAM, BRYCE FELTIS, E. HAYDN WALTERS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

The airways of individuals with asthma are less distensible than normal and it has been assumed that this may be due to airway remodeling associated with chronic inflammation, although there are currently no available data directly relating these two aspects of asthma. We have therefore carried out a study of the relationship between airway distensibility ( Δ Vd) and subepithelial reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickening as an index of airway remodeling, in a group of patients with relatively mild but symptomatic asthma. Our methods included a cross-sectional study of Δ Vd in patients with mild to moderate atopic asthma, with matched airway biopsy for structural components. We confirmed that Δ Vd was lower in patients with asthma than in normal individuals (19.8 ± 1.1 versus 24.1 ± 1.5; p < 0.05) and that RBM thickness was increased in patients with asthma (9.1 ± 2.2 versus 7.7 ± 1.2 μ m; p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between Δ Vd and RBM thickness in asthma (r = − 0.37, p = 0.03) and positive correlations between percent predicted postbronchodilator large and small airway function (for percent predicted FEV1 versus Δ Vd, r = 0.59, p < 0.001). We conclude that, cross-sectionally, Δ Vd was related to airway remodeling (RBM thickening) and airflow limitation (percent predicted large and small airway function). Our findings support the hypothesis that Δ Vd is a physiologic test that is reflective of airway remodeling.
Probation linked supervised disulfiram in the treatment of habitual drunken offenders: results of a pilot study.
Authors: C Brewer, J Smith
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Sixteen habitual drunken offenders agreed to take disulfiram in liquid form under supervision as a condition of a probation order. They knew that failure to take medication, as with failure to observe any other condition of probation, could result in their being returned to court. Three defaulted but only two of the remainder committed further offences. Nine were entirely successful. At the end of the study the average period of abstinence for the whole group was 30 weeks compared with six weeks during the previous two years. Nine risked drinking alcohol but none suffered any serious consequences or side effects. This technique may be a judicially acceptable and more hopeful alternative to prison for these offenders.
Cervical cytology screening
Authors: A. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1988)

data show that the most striking improvement was a reduction in deaths from cardiogenic shock.This may well have occurred because of poor matching of the placebo and treatment groups.The treatment group were younger and had a lower prevalence of previous ischaemic heart disease than the placebo group.The idea that intravenous magnesium could be beneficial by causing coronary vasodilatation is interesting, but to our knowledge there are no trials in vivo comparing the use of magnesium with intravenous nitrates.