tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diversity in reasoning and rationality: Metacognitive and developmental considerations
Authors: David Moshman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Tasks in the adult reasoning literature are designed so that heuristic processing leads one astray and adequate rule-based processing requires explicit knowledge about applicable logical and quasi-logical norms. Other research, however, indicates that appropriate rule-based inferences can be automatic. Individual differences in rationality are largely due to differences in developmental progress toward metacognitive understanding of both heuristic and rule-based inferences.
Clinical Endocrinology for Practitioners and Students (Ed. 3)
Authors: Lawrence C. Parish
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Endocrinology is a broad field; its scope is so wide that the overlap with the other specialties is often considerable. Consequently, the writing of a textbook on endocrinology becomes a problem of determining the amount and type of information to be included. Obviously, a complete work on the subject is too complex for the practitioner, not to mention many of the workers in the numerous subfields of endocrinology. The author presented what he considers to be the essentials for clinical practice. Some may take issue with the topics included. Space is devoted to the bizarre chromosomal defects resulting in Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes, yet very little attention is paid to ACTH therapy. Others will argue that it was the author's prerogative to select only those subjects in which he was particularly interested. Chapters are devoted to obesity, the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands; to sexual development, the testes,
The Protein ATG16L1 Suppresses Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by the Intracellular Sensors Nod1 and Nod2 in an Autophagy-Independent Manner
Authors: Matthew T. Sorbara, Lisa K. Ellison, Mahendrasingh Ramjeet, Leonardo H. Travassos, Nicola L. Jones, Stephen E. Girardin, Dana J. Philpott
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Tolerance induction by megadose hematopoietic progenitor cells: expansion of veto cells by short-term culture of purified human CD34+ cells
Authors: Hilit Gur, Rita Krauthgamer, Alain Berrebi, Tirza Klein, Arnon Nagler, Antonio Tabilio, Massimo F. Martelli, Yair Reisner
Journal: Blood (2002)
P183 Endobronchial Ultrasound And Tuberculosis: Beware The Non-caseating Granuloma
Authors: J. Murray, A. Repossi, S. Ismail, A. Bhowmik, G. Bothamley
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is now the standard of care for investigating intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy. Although well validated in malignancy and sarcoidosis, the literature for intra-thoracic tuberculous lymphadenitis is limited. Previous work from neighbouring London boroughs reported a sensitivity (histology or microbiology consistent with tuberculosis (TB)) for TB of 94% with positive TB culture in 47% of 156 patients <h3>Methods</h3> We examined retrospectively all EBUS-TBNA procedures performed at a London district general hospital between April 2010 and January 2014. Patients were referred to our EBUS service from our own hospital and two local centres. All patients were assessed clinically prior to the procedure and underwent a CT scan. Bronchoscopy reporting software was used to identify all EBUS procedures. Patient notes, clinic letters, electronic patient records and the London TB Register (LTBR) were used to obtain clinical information then matched with pathological and microbiological results. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. <h3>Results</h3> 363 patients were included. The overall sample yield (either lymph node or tumour identified) was 94%. 63 cases of tuberculosis were identified and EBUS-TBNA had been diagnostic in 57 (90%). Pathological findings were consistent with TB in 84% of cases and culture was positive in 62%. Culture identified 5 cases of drug resistance. Where caseating granulomas were identified, 18/25 cases were culture positive and 15/23 where non-caseating granulomas were identified (p = 0.76). In addition, where necrotic material was obtained 3/5 samples were culture positive and where reactive lymph nodes were identified 4/9 samples were culture positive. <h3>Conclusion</h3> EBUS-TBNA is a useful tool in the investigation of intra-thoracic tuberculous lymphadenitis. We show the possibility of achieving higher culture positivity from that reported in the literature. It highlights the importance of the TB culture for definitive diagnosis and detecting drug resistance. It is important to examine these findings in the context of appropriate clinical information and investigations.
RUPTURED OVARIAN CYST WITH SERUM RASH
Authors: John P. Kennedy
Journal: JAMA (1925)

A married woman, aged 25, was taken suddenly ill, at 11 a. m., with severe pain in the epigastrium. The pain was constant and radiated to the upper part of the back between the shoulder blades. Three hypodermic injections of morphin and chloroform were required for its relief. At 11:30 the leukocyte count was 16,000. At 2: 30 it was 20,000. During the day the patient vomited three times, and in the afternoon she had a chill. She began to complain of pain in the right shoulder and soreness all over the body except in the hands and feet. By late afternoon, she had an eruption about the neck, upper part of the chest, and shoulders. The morning of the second day, she had a dull pain in the epigastrium and general soreness over the abdomen. At 9:30 a. m. on the second day the leukocyte count had reached 34,000.
Proximity to Traffic, Inflammation, and Immune Function among Women in the Seattle, Washington, Area
Authors: Lori A. Williams, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Timothy Larson, Mark H. Wener, Brent Wood, Peter T. Campbell, John D. Potter, Anne McTiernan, Anneclaire J. De Roos
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Traffic-related air pollution has been associated with adverse health outcomes, and the immune system may be a biologic mediator of health effects.We analyzed associations between living near major roads and immune status as measured by five immune assays. We hypothesized that living near a freeway, arterial, or truck route would be associated with increased inflammation and decreased immune function.We used a geographic information system (GIS) to determine residential proximity to major roads among 115 postmenopausal, overweight women in the greater Seattle, Washington (USA), area whose immunity was assessed at the baseline visit of an exercise intervention trial. We evaluated three inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and interleukin-6) and two functional assays of cellular immunity [natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and T-lymphocyte proliferation].Women living within 150 m of arterial roads had 21% lower NK cytotoxicity compared with women who lived farther from an arterial [mean cytotoxicity, 19.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 15.6-23.5%; vs. mean cytotoxicity, 24.8%; 95% CI, 22.0-27.5%], after adjustment for both individual-level and census tract-level demographic characteristics. This association was limited to women who reported exercising near traffic. Fewer women lived near freeways and truck routes. Markers of inflammation and lymphocyte proliferation did not consistently differ according to proximity to major roads.If the observed association between residential proximity to traffic and decreased NK cytotoxicity is confirmed in other populations, our results may have implications for local land use policy.
RENAL FAILURE CASTS
Authors: THOMAS ADDIS
Journal: JAMA (1925)

During the course of a not yet completed quantitative study of the formed elements of the urine, notes have been kept in regard to the occasional occurrence of a certain type of cast whose most distinctive characteristic is a quite unusual breadth. This feature is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, in which both these casts and ordinary hyaline casts are shown under the same magnification.  There are three distinct varieties of these broad casts, but they seem to be only different forms of the degeneration of a single type, since every stage of gradation from one variety to the other is often found in the same urine. The first variety, and the one from which the other two apparently develop, is a cellular cast in which even the nuclei of the cells can sometimes be distinguished. These cells are mononuclear, though occasionally two round or oval nuclei are seen
Hypothesis: Breast Cancer Regression under Oestrogen Therapy
Authors: B. A. Stoll
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Recent reports have thrown doubt on both of the major mechanisms which have been suggested for the regression of breast cancer under high-dosage oestrogen therapy—a direct effect on binding sites and an indirect inhibition of prolactin release. A searching review on the clinical response of 407 patients with advanced breast cancer treated by oestrogen therapy under my direction showed certain anomalies, including age determined tumour inhibition and stimulation, dose dependence of tumour inhibition and stimulation, differential site sensitivity, and tumour regression with oestrogen withdrawal. The hypothesis usually postulated to explain these anomalies is that the tumour may in the same individual be composed of multiple genetically distinct clones of cells. It is suggested instead that the effect of high-dosage oestrogen therapy in breast cancer may depend critically on the absolute and relative concentrations of prolactin and oestrogen actively available at the tumour. On this basis the clinical manifestation of tumour stimulation in response to oestrogen administration suggests that the oestrogen concentration at the target is inadequate. Differences in site sensitivity in the same patient may depend on tumoral factors such as the level of oestradiol and prolactin binding receptors in the tissue.
Gout, not induced by diuretics? A case-control study from primary care
Authors: H J E M Janssens
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

It is taken for granted that diuretics may induce gout, but there is a general lack of evidence on this topic.To determine the incidence of gout in patients who use diuretics, taking into account concurrent hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.A case-control study was designed. From a primary care population all patients with a first gout registration (59 men, 11 women; mean (SD) age 55.1 (13.5)) were identified as cases. To relate the occurrence of gout to diuretic use a matched reference series of three controls for each case was compiled. Conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of gout, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), in subjects with and without diuretic treatment, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Additional stratification analyses were made, particularly in the subjects not using diuretics.The IRRs of gout in subjects with v those without diuretic treatment, hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial infarction were 2.8 (95% CI 1.2 to 6.6), 2.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.6), 20.9 (95% CI 2.5 to 173.8), and 1.9 (95% CI 0.7 to 4.7), respectively. After adjustment, the IRR of gout for diuretic use dropped to 0.6 (95% CI 0.2 to 2.0), while the IRRs of gout for hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial infarction were still >1. This was also the case for subjects with hypertension or myocardial infarction, who had not used diuretics.The results suggest that diuretics do not actually increase the risk of gout. Cardiovascular indications for treatment may have confounded previous inferences.
Association of β<sub>2</sub>-Adrenoreceptor Variants with Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
Authors: MATTHIAS ULBRECHT, MARKUS THOMAS HERGETH, MATTHIAS WJST, JOACHIM HEINRICH, HEIKE BICKEBÖLLER, HEINZ-ERICH WICHMANN, ELISABETH HELENE WEISS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Because of its involvement in the regulation of airway tone, the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor is considered a candidate for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) associated with asthma. This notion is supported by several reports that have implicated the chromosomal region 5q31-q33 harboring the gene for the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor in the genetics of asthma and related phenotypes. We performed a population-based association study focusing on BHR as a qualitative trait and omitting other asthma-related phenotypes. From a German population sample of 1,150 individuals we extracted all 152 bronchohyperreactive probands, who were compared with 295 bronchonormoreactive control subjects. All individuals were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor gene resulting in variants at the amino acid positions 16, 27, and 164. The genotyping protocol used allowed the determination of haplotypes of these polymorphisms. Whereas no individual polymorphism was associated with BHR, the Gly16/Gln27/Th164 haplotype was significantly underrepresented in the case group indicating a protective effect of this haplotype with regard to BHR. Upon reanalysis by sex a significant association persisted only for female probands.
Recurrent Polyneuropathy with Pregnancy and Oral Contraceptives
Authors: R. Calderón-González, N. González-Cantu, H. Rizzi-Hernandez
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

RECURRENT symmetrical polyneuropathy is rare, and known to occur in various disorders.1 This is a report on a patient with recurrent symmetrical polyneuropathy with every pregnancy and while she was taking oral contraceptives.Case ReportA 26-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital on April 11, 1967, complaining of numbness of the hands and feet, and progressive weakness of all limbs. Similar difficulties had occurred on 3 difFerent occasions. In 1959, during the last trimester of her 1st pregnancy, she complained of numbness and tingling of the hands and feet, and a few weeks later, she gradually became quadriplegic and . . .
A Model of the Kinetics of Insulin in Man
Authors: Robert S. Sherwin, Karl J. Kramer, Jordan D. Tobin, Paul A. Insel, John E. Liljenquist, Mones Berman, Reubin Andres
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The design of the present study of the kinetics of insulin in man combines experimental features which obviate two of the major problems in previous insulin studies. (a) The use of radioiodinated insulin as a tracer has been shown to be inappropriate since its metabolism differs markedly from that of the native hormone. Therefore porcine insulin was administered by procedures which raised insulin levels in arterial plasma into the upper physiologic range. Hypoglycemia was prevented by adjusting the rate of an intravenous infusion of glucose in order to control the blood glucose concentration (the glucose-clamp technique). (b) Estimation of a single biological half-time of insulin after pulse injection of the hormone has been shown to be inappropriate since plasma insulin disappearance curves are multiexponential. Therefore the SAAM 25 computer program was used in order to define the parameters of a three compartment insulin model. The combined insulin mass of the three compartments (expressed as plasma equivalent volume) is equal to inulin space (15.7% body wt). Compartment 1 is apparently the plasma space (4.5%). The other two compartments are extra-vascular; compartment 2 is small (1.7%) and equilibrates rapidly with plasma, and compartment 3 is large (9.5%) and equilibrates slowly with plasma. The SAAM 25 program can simulate the buildup and decay of insulin in compartments 2 and 3 which cannot be assayed directly. Insulin in compartment 3 was found to correlate remarkably with the time-course of the servo-controlled glucose infusion. Under conditions of a steady-state arterial glucose level, glucose infusion is a measure of glucose utilization. We conclude that compartment 3 insulin (rather than plasma insulin) is a more direct determinant of glucose utilization. We suggest that the combined use of glucose-clamp and kinetic-modeling techniques should aid in the delineation of pathophysiologic states affecting glucose and insulin metabolism.
Influence of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Function
Authors: C. H. KAO, R. S. JIANG, S. J. WANG, S. H. YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Nasal mucociliary clearance functions were measured in 46 healthy Chinese adult subjects (21 women and 25 men; age range, 27 to 75 years). A single droplet of Tc-99m MAA was placed on the floor of the nasal meatus about 1 cm behind the mucocutaneous junction, and its course was followed with a gamma camera. The nasal mucociliary clearance function was presented as the velocity (mm/minute) of nasal mucociliary transport of the Tc-99m MAA droplet. The results showed the velocity to be 4.42 \pm 2.12 mm/minute (4.61 \pm 2.37 mm/minute in the right nostril; 4.24 \pm 1.83 mm/minute in the left nostril). When the patients were grouped according to age or gender the velocity was 4.8 \pm 1.9 mm/minute (right nostril), 4.4 \pm 1.9 mm/minute (left nostril) in the older subjects (60 years and older), and 4.4 \pm 2.7 mm/ minute (right nostril), 4.1 \pm 1.8 mm/minute (left nostril). In the younger subjects (59 years old and younger) (P > 0.05) the velocity was 5.0 \pm 2.7 mm/minute (right nostril), 4.3 \pm 1.8 mm/minute (left nostril) in men and 4.1 \pm 2.0 mm/minute (right nostril), 4.2 \pm 2.0 mm/minute (left nostril), in women (P > 0.05). The authors concluded that the influence of age or gender on healthy Chinese adults is not apparent. In addition, the velocity of flow in Chinese adults is slower than those in other previously reported ethnic studies.
GASTROPEXY: ITS RESULTS AND INDICATIONS
Authors: Thorkild Rovsing
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In 1912, in the Section on Surgery, I read a paper on "Gastrocoloptosis: Its Pathologic Significance and Its Surgical Treatment" (The Journal, Aug. 3, 1912, p. 334). Having described the symptoms by the "virginal" and the "maternal" types of gastrocoloptosis, I drew attention to the fact that the majority of these cases did not reach the surgeon, because medical men, confounding cause with effect, enroll them under hysteria and neurasthenia, because they consider the gastric and intestinal symptoms to be the outcome of a nervous degenerative disposition; while, in reality, all the nervous symptoms are a result of ptosis and constipation. These patients walk in vain from physician to physician, from treatment to treatment, without finding relief. Small wonder that they become more and more nervous and finally give one the impression of being, above all, neuropathic individuals. As the result of an extensive personal experience, I
High-current stimuli to the spared epicardium of a large infarct induce ventricular tachycardia.
Authors: K M Kavanagh, J S Kabas, D L Rollins, S B Melnick, W M Smith, R E Ideker
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that both ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) may begin as figure-eight reentry: VT with a longer cycle length from spared tissue adjacent to an infarct by programmed stimulation and VF with a shorter cycle length from noninfarcted tissue by a large premature S2 stimulus. These results suggest that the type of tissue or cycle length of the arrhythmia rather than the mode of induction determines whether the figure eight becomes sustained VT or degenerates into VF. Thus, a protocol similar to that by which a VF threshold is determined may induce VT rather than VF when performed in the spared tissue over an infarct. METHODS AND RESULTS In 10 dogs, 4 days after occlusion-reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, 10 S1 stimuli were delivered from a total of 34 right and left ventricular sites outside the infarct. An epicardial S2 stimulus over the infarct was increased in 10-mA steps and introduced in diastole at decreasing cycle lengths of 5 msec until VT or VF was induced. Sustained monomorphic figure-eight VT was induced from 24 S1 sites and VF from nine (p = 0.03). The mean cycle lengths for the initial six arrhythmic cycles was 152 +/- 33 msec for VT and 115 +/- 13 msec for VF (p less than 0.001). Mean transmural infarct extent was 80% in five dogs with only VT, 63% in three dogs with both VT and VF, and 15% in two dogs with only VF. Different morphologies of VT were induced by changing the S1 site, the S2 strength, or the S1S2 coupling interval. In 25 of the 34 arrhythmias, the central part of the initial figure-eight pathway was oriented opposite the S1 activation sequence in that region. CONCLUSIONS A large S2 stimulus over a nontransmural infarct induces VT if the spared myocardium is thin. This study introduces a useful technique for inducing sustained monomorphic VT in which the location and direction of the figure-eight pathway are known a priori and in which different morphologies of sustained VT can be produced by changing the S1 site.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha decreases hepatocyte bile salt uptake and mediates endotoxin-induced cholestasis*1, *2
Authors: J WHITING
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), a cytokine that is produced in a variety of inflammatory diseases associated with cholestasis, is believed to be the primary mediator of the systemic effects of endotoxin. Thus, we have investigated the role of TNF alpha in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced cholestasis in intact animals, and in the uptake of taurocholate by cultured hepatocytes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either intravenous (IV) endotoxin (7.5 mg/kg) or monoclonal anti-TNF alpha antibody followed by endotoxin. Basal bile flow and bile salt excretion were measured for a 2-hour period, after which all animals received an IV bolus of taurocholate (10 mumol/100 g body weight). Endotoxin decreased basal bile flow by 41% and bile salt stimulated bile flow by 38% (n = 12; P < .01). Basal bile salt excretion was decreased 86% after endotoxin administration. Passive immunization with anti-TNF alpha antibody blocked this endotoxin-associated cholestasis. In addition, rat hepatocytes were isolated and cultured in the presence of either endotoxin (10 micrograms/mL) or TNF alpha (100 ng/mL) for 24 hours. These primary hepatocyte cultures exhibited a dose- and time-dependent, noncompetitive, inhibition of taurocholate uptake. We postulate that TNF alpha is an important mediator of the cholestasis of sepsis.
Learning Medicine
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

A tongue-in-cheek, not-so-scientific, but revealing paper in this issue of the Journal 1 documents what many of us have suspected for years: that students are assigned too many books, that they buy fewer books than their teachers think they do, and that they don't read many. If they did read all they were assigned, they would probably have little time for anything else. Missing from this particular description of reading requirements and from many assignments in medical schools across the country is any mention of the value to students of reading journals. Books may be basic, but journals are essential for . . .