tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2492: Clenbuterol, Unlike Other B <sub>2</sub> -Adrenoceptor Agonists, Predominantly Activates the G <sub>i</sub> Protein in Isolated Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Urszula Siedlecka, Monica Arora, Joon Lee, Mark A Stagg, Gopal Soppa, Sian E Harding, Magdi H Yacoub, Cesare M Terracciano
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Clenbuterol (CLEN), a β 2 -adrenoceptor (AR) agonist, has been employed in combination with other pharmacological agents and LVADs to treat patients with severe heart failure (HF). Chronic administration of CLEN increases expression of Ca regulatory proteins in isolated cardiac myocytes and improves their contractility. However, the acute effects of CLEN on myocyte contractility compared to other β 2 -AR agonists and the signalling pathway of CLEN remain undefined. Here we compared the acute effects of CLEN to two other β 2 -AR agonists, fenoterol (FEN) and salbutamol (SAL). Isolated rat ventricular myocytes were superfused with β 2 AR agonists and sarcomere shortening was measured. CLEN produced a negative inotropism (30 μM: 65.3 ± 9.7% of control, n=9; p&lt;0.05; 100 μM: 37.9 ± 8.0%, n=9; p&lt;0.01) whereas FEN showed a positive inotropic response (30 μM: 184.8 ± 19.1% of control, n=9; p&lt;0.01; 100 μM: 198.1 ± 20.5%, n=9; p&lt;0.01). SAL had no significant effect. Selective β 1 AR blockade with 300 nM CGP 20712A did not affect CLEN’s action on sarcomere shortening but significantly reduced the contractile response to FEN and SAL (p&lt;0.05). Additional blockade of β 2 AR-Gs with 50 nM ICI 118,551 unveiled a negative inotropic response to FEN (100 μM: 61.5 ± 7.3% of control, n=7; p&lt;0.001) and SAL (100 μM: 67.4 ± 3.6% of control, n=7; p&lt;0.01) and did not alter the response to CLEN. Incubation with 2 μg/ml pertussis toxin (PTX) almost abolished the negative inotropic effects of CLEN: 30 μM (PTX: 95.1 ± 4.9%, n=6 vs control: 73.9 ± 5.5%, n=7; p&lt;0.05) and 100 μM (PTX: 96.2 ± 9.6%, n=6 vs control: 21.7 ± 5.5%, n=7; p&lt;0.001), suggesting the involvement of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein (G i ). In addition, overexpression of G i by adenoviral (AdV) transfection for 48 hrs induced a stronger negative inotropic effect upon application of CLEN compared with control cultured cells (AdV-Gi: clen 30 μM: 36.8 ± 8.3% of control, n=9; p&lt;0.01; 100 μM: 19.7 ± 6.5%, n=9; p&lt;0.01). In summary, CLEN significantly depresses contractility of ventricular myocytes, an effect not seen with FEN or SAL. CLEN predominantly acts through G i and the consequent downstream signaling pathways activation may explain the beneficial effects observed during administration of CLEN in patients treated with LVADs.
The Lasker Awards at 70
Authors: Claire Pomeroy
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract P4-04-16: Obesity-associated systemic interleukin-6 promotes pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell prostaglandin E2 production
Authors: Laura W Bowers, Andrew J Brenner, Stephen D Hursting, Rajeshwar R Tekmal, Linda A deGraffenried
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Introduction: Obesity is associated with a worse breast cancer prognosis, particularly in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive, postmenopausal patients. Resistance to aromatase inhibitor treatment may be one mechanism mediating this effect, as obese patients have a lower response rate to this class of drugs and higher breast tissue aromatase expression. We hypothesized that obesity-associated circulating factors promote breast cancer cell cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, resulting in an elevation in pre-adipocyte aromatase expression that enhances breast cancer cell estrogen receptor activity and proliferation. Methods: We utilized an in vitro model of the obese patient’s tumor microenvironment in which cultured MCF-7 breast cancer cells and pre-adipocytes were exposed to pooled serum from obese (OB; BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) or normal weight (N; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) postmenopausal women. Results: Exposure to OB versus N patient sera significantly increased MCF-7 cell COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. This was coupled with 89% greater pre-adipocyte aromatase expression following culture in conditioned media (CM) from MCF-7 cells exposed to OB versus N patient sera, a difference nullified by treatment of the MCF-7 cells with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib during CM generation. Previous analysis of the sera revealed significantly higher interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in the OB versus N patient samples. Depletion of IL-6 from the sera resulted in neutralization of the difference between OB and N CM-stimulated aromatase expression. N CM generated with the addition of IL-6 treatment at the time of N patient sera exposure also induced pre-adipocyte aromatase expression that was statistically equivalent to the OB CM condition. Finally, CM from pre-adipocyte/MCF-7 cell co-cultures exposed to OB patient sera stimulated greater MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell ERα activity and proliferation in comparison to N. Conclusions: This study indicates that obesity-associated systemic IL-6 indirectly enhances pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell PGE2 production, thereby promoting greater cancer cell ERα activity and proliferation. Investigation regarding the efficacy of a COX-2 inhibitor/aromatase inhibitor combination therapy in the obese postmenopausal patient population is warranted. Citation Format: Laura W Bowers, Andrew J Brenner, Stephen D Hursting, Rajeshwar R Tekmal, Linda A deGraffenried. Obesity-associated systemic interleukin-6 promotes pre-adipocyte aromatase expression via increased breast cancer cell prostaglandin E2 production [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-04-16.
Abstract 3452: The Common Variant Rs9939609 In The FTO Gene Is Associated With Myocardial Infarction In Two Large German Populations (German Family MI Study And KORA-B)
Authors: Jeanette Erdmann, Anika Götz, Petra Bruse, Anja Medack, Wolfgang Lieb, Marcus Fischer, Andrea Baessler, Klaus Stark, Christian Hengstenberg, Andreas Ziegler, Heribert Schunkert
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Very recently, a genome-wide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes identified a common variant in the FTO gene that predisposes to diabetes through an effect on body mass index (BMI). The A allele of rs9939609 (frequency 39%) was associated with increased BMI with a median per-allele change of ~0.36 kg/m2. Obesity (BMI &gt;30) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially for myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to identify the role of rs9939609 in two large German MI populations with markedly different ascertainment strategies. Two different MI populations were studied. The first case group (Cases A) consists of 762 MI patients ascertained by a strong family history of MI. The second case group (Cases B) included 589 patients suffering from sporadic (non familial) MI from the German KORA register (KORA-B). The control group (Controls) consisted of participants of the WHO MONICA survey in Germany (n=1,644). The genotypes were either extracted from data of a genome wide scan using the 500K Affymetrix Gene Chip Array (Cases A and Controls) or by Taqman assay (Cases B). First, there was a non-significant trend towards higher BMI in carriers of the TA or AA genotype of rs9939609 in all populations under study (table 1 ). Second, rs9939609 was associated with MI in both MI populations (table 2 ). Our data suggest that rs9939609 within the FTO gene is related to the risk for MI in these two large German MI study samples. The function of FTO is mostly unknown. Hence, the mechanisms underlying the association between the FTO gene product and energy balance as well as the risks of diabetes and MI are unknown and require additional investigation. Table 1 Table 2
Anthony Dominic Abdullah Shaukat Hussain Ansari Roland Barnes Jonathan Joseph Bolger Douglas Victor Vaughan Bowen-Jones Mary Forbes Brownlie Edgar Austin Peter Croydon John Lewis Francis Herbert Frood William Stevenson Hamilton Alexander Fordyce Johnstone John Wingrave Landells
Authors: K. Ball, M T Hyder, D. L Hamblen, D. Radstone, I. Manifold, A. Bowen-Jones, M E Moore, P. Robinson, J A Gibson, G B White, D J Lane, M. Whittet, J F Smith
Journal: BMJ (1999)
The functional insufficiency of human CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>high</sup> T‐regulatory cells in allergic asthma is subjected to TNF‐α modulation
Authors: Y.‐L. Lin, C.‐C. Shieh, J.‐Y. Wang
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: Natural CD4 + CD25 high Foxp3 + regulatory T (nTreg) cells are important in maintaining immunologic tolerance, but their role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma is unclear. We studied the function of nTreg cells in allergic asthmatic children and assessed the factors which may relate to the functional insufficiency of nTreg cells. Methods: The percentage of CD4 + CD25 high Treg cells, the expression of Foxp3, and the cell‐induced suppressive activity of nTreg cells isolated from nonatopic controls, allergic asthmatics, and allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT)‐treated asthmatic patients were studied. Results: Although the percentage of nTreg in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was increased, the expression of Foxp3 and its cell‐induced suppressive activity were significantly lower in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)‐sensitive asthmatic children when compared to nonatopic controls. In contrast, the expression of Foxp3 and the functional activity of nTreg cells were reversed in allergic asthmatics who received AIT. The addition of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α directly downregulated Foxp3 expression and abrogated the cell‐induced suppressive function of Treg cells. The anti‐TNF‐α reagent, etanercept, restored the functional activity and Foxp3 expression of CD4 + CD25 high Treg derived from allergic asthmatics. Conclusions: The functional insufficiency of nTreg cells in patients with allergic asthma may be related to the enhanced production of TNF‐α and its effect on the Foxp3 expression. These results may explain, in part, the effectiveness of anti‐TNF‐α therapy in the treatment of allergic asthma.
The regulatory interaction of EVI1 with the TCL1A oncogene impacts cell survival and clinical outcome in CLL
Authors: E Vasyutina, J M Boucas, J Bloehdorn, C Aszyk, G Crispatzu, M Stiefelhagen, A Breuer, P Mayer, C Lengerke, H Döhner, D Beutner, A Rosenwald, S Stilgenbauer, M Hallek, A Benner, M Herling
Journal: Leukemia (2015)
Questioning the concept of stem cell plasticity: Tissue-committed early muscle, liver and neural cells reside in the bone marrow and can be isolated by chemotactic gradients to SDF-1, HGF or LIF and mobilized into peripheral blood during tissue/organ injury
Authors: Magdalena Kucia, Janina Ratajczak, Ryan Reca, Anna Janowska-Wieczorek, Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

2790  We recently demonstrated that bone marrow (BM) contains a population of CXCR4- positive cells that express mRNA for various markers for skeletal muscle (Myf-5, Myo-D), heart muscle (Nkx2.5/Csx, GAR-4), neural (GFAP, nestin) and liver (CK19, fetoprotein) early tissue-committed stem/progenitor cells which could be isolated from BM by an SDF-1 chemotactic gradient (Leukemia, 2003, online and in press). As a follow-up to this study we report here that these cells i) respond to HGF/SF and LIF gradients as well as SDF-1, ii) are enriched in populations of BM-derived CD45-negative non-adherent cells from “lymph-gating”, iii) are highest in number in BM from young (1–2 month-old) mice and rapidly decrease in 1-year-old animals, and iv) are released from BM during tissue injury (e.g., after partial body irradiation). Further, since SDF-1, HGF/SF and LIF are simultaneously upregulated in damaged tissues, circulating early tissue-committed CXCR4+ c-Met+ LIF-R+ cells could be chemoattracted to the damaged organs and play a role in their regeneration. Hence, these data further support our view of the BM being not only a home for hematopoietic stem cells but also a “hideout” for already differentiated non-hematopoietic CD45-negative and CXCR4+ c-Met+ LIF-R+ tissue-committed stem/progenitor cells. These cells, following SDF-1, HGF/SF and LIF gradients, could be mobilized into peripheral blood and subsequently take part in organ/tissue regeneration. Moreover, since the concentration of these cells is highest in young animals, this may help to explain why the regeneration process becomes less efficient with advancing age. Finally, these findings further support our perspective of the BM as a “hideout” of tissue-committed progenitor cells (Stem Cells 2003;12:363) and we strongly suggest that the implications of this are considered before experimental evidence is interpreted as indicating transdifferentiation/plasticity of non-embryonic stem cells. #
Loss of Nerve: A Molecular Approach to Better Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: M J Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 15086: Mean Platelet Volume is an Independent Predictor of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Future Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ravi Prasad Avati Nanjundappa, Gautam Kumar, Danny Eapen, Pankaj Manocha, Riyaz Patel, Salman Sher, Suliman Alradawi, Ibrahim Kassas, Heval Mohamed Kelli, Aliy M Ahmed, Emir Veledar, Maziar Zafari, Viola Vaccarino, Habib Samady, Arshed Quyyumi
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) is a readily available estimate of platelet size in circulating blood and may be a marker of cardiovascular (CV) risk. We hypothesized that elevated MPV is a ...
DETECTION OF HEART DISEASE IN A MASS CHEST X-RAY SURVEY FOR TUBERCULOSIS CASE-FINDING
Authors: D PORTE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1952)

Article1 February 1952DETECTION OF HEART DISEASE IN A MASS CHEST X-RAY SURVEY FOR TUBERCULOSIS CASE-FINDINGDANIEL PORTE, M.D., F.A.C.P.DANIEL PORTE, M.D., F.A.C.P.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-36-2-603 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe value of early diagnosis of heart disease is well recognized. When cardiac conditions are detected in the earliest possible stages, the course of the disease may be arrested or retarded and the patient permitted to live a useful life within the limits of his capacity. Unfortunately, our present diagnostic aids are not sufficiently sensitive to reveal all latent abnormalities which may later lead to acute or chronic heart disease. Therefore, negative findings from cardiac examination cannot be considered a guarantee of absence of heart disease. However, positive findings are of great value in revealing the need for a therapeutic...Bibliography1. Flancher LH: Case finding in Iowa, Am. Rev. Tuberc. 57: 375, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. MathisenMorrisWilson AKWGB: Value of miniature radiography in the detection of heart disease, Am. Heart J. 39: 505, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. MacleanRogen AA: Mass miniature radiography in the detection of heart disease, Brit. Heart J. 9: 264, 1949. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Jamaica, New York*Received for publication May 29, 1951. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDie Kreislauforgane im Thoraxbild der ErwerbsbevölkerungA review and study of cardiovascular disease screening with the miniature chest X-rayDifferences between respondents and nonrespondents in a morbidity survey involving clinical examination 1 February 1952Volume 36, Issue 2_Part_2Page: 603-606KeywordsCardiovascular therapyElectrocardiographyHealth surveysHeart diseasesThorax Issue Published: 1 February 1952 PDF downloadLoading ...
Renal Function in Respiratory Failure
Authors: N M Simon, F Del Greco
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism (rs1042522) Is Associated with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Salvador Pastor-Idoate, Irene Rodriguez-Hernández, Jimena Rojas, Itziar Fernández, María Teresa García-Gutierrez, Jose María Ruiz-Moreno, Amandio Rocha-Sousa, Yashin Ramkissoon, Steven Harsum, Robert E. MacLaren, David Charteris, Jan van Meurs, Rogelio González-Sarmiento, Jose Carlos Pastor
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease11Reprint requests to: Linda Lewis, 575 Anton Blvd, Suite 900, Costa Mesa, CA 92626.
Authors: Kenneth Sall, Onex Dara Stevenson, Thomas K Mundorf, Brenda L Reis
Journal: Ophthalmology (2000)
Abstract 19471: Holodiastolic Flow Reversal at the Descending Aorta is Neither Sensitive Nor Specific for Significant Aortic Regurgitation: a Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Matthew A Harris, Mark A Fogel, Daniel W Kim, Timothy S Kim, Julian D Rose, Marc S Keller, Gregory L Fu, Kevin K Whitehead
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction: Holodiastolic flow reversal (HDR) measured at the descending aorta (DAO) has been used as a surrogate marker to identify significant aortic regurgitation using echocardiography.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this study is to determine if the presence of HDR correlates with the aortic valve regurgitant fraction (AVRF).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 167 CMR studies (64% male, 36% female) from January 2011 to May 2012 where velocity mapping was acquired at both the aortic valve and the DAO at the level of the diaphragm. Patients with coarctation of the aorta or single ventricle physiology were excluded from the study. Descending aortic velocity maps were checked for baseline offset using a static reference region. HDR was defined as flow reversal throughout diastole both before and after baseline correction. Significant aortic regurgitation was defined as an AVRF >10%.

Results: There were 145 patients (mean patient age was 14.1 ± 9.5 yrs) with an AVRF 20% (Group C) (Figure 1). Though the AVRF was significantly higher for HDR versus non-HDR pts (8.5 ± 14.2 vs 3.8 ± 6.6%, p=0.04), HDR was present in 32 Group A pts (22%). In comparison, 4 Group B pts (57%), and 7 Group C pts (47%) had HDR. Of the 64 Group A pts with either Tetralogy of Fallot (48) or Transposition (16), 15 pts (23%) had HDR. The sensitivity of HDR to predict the combined Groups B & C

was 0.5, and the specificity for Group A was 0.78.

Conclusions: DAO HDR is neither a very sensitive nor specific finding for predicting significant aortic regurgitation. HDR in the absence of significant aortic regurgitation appears to be a relatively common finding, especially in patients with repaired conotruncal anomalies. HDR should be interpreted with caution when evaluating aortic insufficiency, and likely has no role in the pediatric and young adult population or in patients after repair of conotruncal anomalies.

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Mary Elise believes
Authors: Richard Donze
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal