tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bronchoalveolar lavage in allergic granulomatosis and angiitis
Authors: B Wallaert, P Gosset, L Prin, F Bart, CH Marquette, AB Tonnel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

Pulmonary involvement occurs in approximatively half of patients with allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (AGA). We studied bronchoalveolar cells from six patients with histologically proven AGA and compared our results with those obtained from four patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), nine nonsmoking patients with bronchial asthma and blood eosinophilia, and 10 healthy nonsmokers. Pulmonary infiltrates were present in 5 out of 6 AGA patients. None of these patients was receiving corticosteroids at the time of entry to the study. Pulmonary function tests were normal in two cases, and demonstrated on obstructive ventilatory disorder with hypoxaemia in four cases. Total cell yield did not differ between AGA patients (22.4 +/- 4.9 x 10(4) cells.ml-1), asthmatics (9.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(4) cells.ml-1) and controls (11.3 +/- 1.5 x 10(4) cells.ml-1), whereas it was dramatically increased in patients with CEP (186.4 +/- 26.3 x 10(4) cells.ml-1). All six AGA patients demonstrated an increased percentage of alveolar eosinophils (mean: 31.1 +/- 9.9%; range 6-66%). In two patients evaluation of alveolar eosinophil subpopulations showed a low percentage (27 and 36%) of hypodense cells, when compared to the high levels (> 80%) found in CEP. No significant correlation could be established between bronchoalveolar (BAL) results and clinical data, pulmonary function abnormalities, or biological results. Sequential evaluation of alveolitis in two AGA patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy demonstrated persistent alveolar eosinophilia, despite disappearance of clinical, radiological and biological abnormalities. Our data demonstrate that eosinophils are present in the alveolar spaces of patients with AGA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Short-term effects of surfactant administration on regional lung function in a model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rabbit
Authors: Sam Bayat, Gergely Albu, Liisa Porra, Iliona Malaspinas, Camille Doras, Ferenc Peták, Walid Habre
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Goals:  We asessed the changes in regional lung function following instillation of surfactant in VILI induced by whole lung lavage followed by mechanical ventilation.   Methods:  Regional specific ventilation (sV9), was measured using K-edge subtraction synchrotron CT imaging during xenon washin, in 8 anaesthetized, paralyzed, New-Zealand White rabbits. Lung regions were classified as poorly-aerated (PA), normally aerated (NA) or hyperinflated (HI) based on regional density. A functional category was defined within each class, based on sV9 distribution (High, Normal, Low). Airway resistance (Raw), respiratory tissue damping (G) and elastance (H) were measured by forced oscillation technique (FOT) at low frequencies before and after lavage (100 ml/kg), immediately and 30 minutes after intratracheal instillation of 70 mg/kg of surfactant.   Results:  Surfactant improved Raw, G and H (pl0.05, each) compared to lavage and significantly increased poorly aerated regions with high sV9 (pl0.001). This was partly due to a reduction in atelectasis (pl0.001), but also to decreased aeration in previously normally-aerated regions with high sV9 (p=0.013) (Figure).   Conclusions:  Although surfactant treatment improved central airway and tissue mechanics and atelectasis in this model of lung injury, it deteriorated regional lung function in regions where local aeration was normal prior to administration.
Value of Fetoscopy in Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Charles H Rodeck
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1980)

A technique of fetoscopy and fetoscopic blood sampling is described that makes maximum use of ultrasound scanning. A particle size analyser is also an integral part of the procedure. The results are based on 170 fetoscopies, 85 of which were performed for diagnostic reasons. The anterior placenta is rarely a cause of failure and in many instances makes fetal blood sampling easier. Pure fetal blood is obtainable from the umbilical cord insertion in 95% of cases sampled after 18 weeks' gestation. Fetal mortality may be as low as 3% and long-term adverse sequelae have not yet been discovered.
Sexual activity and risk of HIV infection among patients with schizophrenia
Authors: F Cournos, J R Guido, S Coomaraswamy, H Meyer-Bahlburg, R Sugden, E Horwath
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1994)

This study sought to determine the frequency and types of sexual behavior among patients with schizophrenia and to assess the behavior with respect to risk of HIV infection.Ninety-five inpatients and outpatients with a research diagnosis of schizophrenia underwent a series of face-to-face interviews to determine their sexual activity and correlate it with demographic characteristics, psychopathology, and medication side effects.Forty-four percent of the patients had been sexually active in the preceding 6 months, and 62% of these had had multiple partners. Sexual activity was associated with greater general psychopathology. Having multiple sexual partners was associated with younger age, a lower level of functioning, the presence of delusions, and more positive symptoms. Of the sexually active patients, 12% reported at least one partner who was HIV positive or injected drugs, or both, and 50% had exchanged sex for money or goods. Ten percent of the patients had engaged in homosexual activity in the preceding 6 months and 22% during their lifetime; the frequency was similar among men and women. Consistent condom use was uncommon.A substantial proportion of schizophrenic patients had recent histories of sexual abstinence, but an almost equal number were sexually active. Sexual activity was usually accompanied by behavior related to HIV risk. Sexual activity and having multiple partners were associated with certain measures of more severe illness. Younger patients were more likely to have multiple partners but were also more likely to use condoms. There is a need for aggressive prevention strategies with this population.
Comparison of assessment methods with chest X-ray for postthoracotomy atelectasis
Authors: Parastou Kordestani Moghadam, Fatemeh Mohammadipoor
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction: The most common and major pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery is atelectasis. Chest radiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of postoperative atelectasis that we are faced with restrictions (e.g. pain due positioning, high levels of radiation exposure, ...). Thus, this study was aimed to compare chest radiography (as gold standard) and predictor variables such as temperature, O2 saturation, pulse rate, lung sounds, respiratory rate, respiratory rhythm, in assessing postoperative atelectasis in patients undergoing thoracic surgery, admited in selected hospital in Khoramabad Iran.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study 40 patients were selected with purposeful sampling. Chest X-ray was performed before and 48 hours after (Portable) surgery and the predictor variables were assessed too. Contingency coefficient test was used to investigate the relationship between predictor variables and results of chest radiography.

Result: Based on chest X-ray results, 47.5 percent of patients were developed atelectasis. Of all predictor factors only lung sounds had the significant association with occurrence of postoperative atelectasis (value 0.652, p<0.001).

Conclusion: According to the easy and safe use of lung sounds auscultation, it is recommended that nurses and doctors can evaluate patients at risk of postoperative atelectasis with this technique and don't waiting for result of chest radiography.
Interpatient variability in analgesic response to codeine and hydrocodone in sickle cell disease
Authors: R. E. Molokie, S. S. Shord, L. H. Cavallari, K. R. Pawlak
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

8184 Background: Codeine (C) or hydrocodone (HC) are commonly used to manage acute pain crises in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, these medications often fail to provide adequate pain relief, resulting in the need for alternative analgesics. Therefore, this study examined the characteristics associated with inadequate analgesic response to C and HC in patients with SCD. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for 61 patients with SCD and a SS genotype who were prescribed either C- or HC-containing medications to manage an acute pain crisis and had no evidence of severe renal or hepatic dysfunction. Demographics, clinical characteristics and the number of ER visits/hospital admissions for an acute pain crisis in which alternative analgesic therapy was administered, were recorded for the previous 12 months. Results: There was substantial interpatient variability in the number of visits/admissions for an acute pain crisis in the past year: mean (stdev) = 3.7 ± 11. We found no significant differences in demographics or clinical characteristics between patients who were above (n=11) and below (n=50) the mean number of visits/admissions, as shown in the table. However, there was a trend toward increased hydroxyurea use among patients above the mean number of visits/admissions (p=0.07). Conclusions: We found substantial interpatient variability in analgesic response to C and HC in patients with SCD, which could not be explained by demographic or clinical characteristics. These data suggest that other factors, such as cytochrome P450 2D6 or mu opioid receptor genotype, may contribute to the interpatient variability in C and HC response in patients with SCD. We are currently conducting a prospective study to determine the correlation between analgesic response, cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype, and morphine concentrations following codeine administration. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The use of respiratory functional imaging to get better understanding of lung resection surgery
Authors: Wim Vos, Cedric Van Holsbeke, Annelies Janssens, Samir Vinchurkar, Jan De Backer, Wim D'hondt, Wilfried De Backer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Aim   The aim of the present study was to get a better understanding of the impact of lung resection surgery (LRS) on the respiratory function using respiratory functional imaging (RFI).   Method   7 patients underwent either a single (5/7) or double lobectomy (1/7), or a full pneumectomy (1/7). All patients underwent lung function tests and CT based RFI providing imaged Raw (iRaw), airway volume (iVaw) and internal flow distribution before and after surgery.   Result   LRS causes deformation of the airways (see figure), a significant drop in FEV1 (p=0.02), TCO (p=0.02) and VA (p=0.02) and an increase in Raw (p=0.03). RFI shows decreased airway volume (iVaw,p=0.02) and increased resistance (iRaw,p=0.02). Changes in both iVaw and iRaw did correlate with changes in FEV1 (p=0.007 and p=0.02). If iVaw, iRaw and lobar flow were recalculated after virtual resection, these data did correlate well with the observed postoperative data (R²=0.8,p   Conclusion   RFI does provide insights in the influence of LRS on the postoperative airway volumes, resistances and internal flow redistribution and can be used to predict post-operative lung mechanics.
Agonist anti-GITR antibody induces CD8 T cell-mediated tumor rejection
Authors: A. D. Cohen, A. Diab, M. A. Perales, F. Duan, R. Jenq, G. Rizzuto, D. Hirschorn-Cymmerman, T. Merghoub, J. D. Wolchok, A. N. Houghton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

3058 Background: Signaling through GITR (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor) can abrogate the suppressive effects of CD4+foxp3+ regulatory T cells and co-stimulate activated effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that in vivo GITR ligation using the agonist anti-GITR mAb DTA-1 augments concomitant immunity and immunity generated by active immunization with self- tumor antigens. In the present study, we assessed the activity of anti-GITR mAb used alone, focusing on the effects of GITR ligation on CD8+ T cells during tumor growth. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were injected intradermally with B16 melanoma and received 1mg of DTA-1 or control rat IgG intraperitoneally on various days after tumor injection. In some experiments, naïve, CFSE-labeled pmel-1 CD8+ transgenic T cells (specific for the melanoma antigen gp100 25–33 epitope) were transferred into naïve recipients 1 day prior to B16 inoculation. Results: DTA-1 treatment on days 0 and 4 led to tumor rejection in 20–30% and 50–60% of mice, respectively, compared with rejection in 0–5% of mice treated with control IgG (p&lt;0.05 for both). Treatment at day 7 or later had no significant impact on tumor-free survival. The importance of CD8+ T cells in mediating DTA-1-induced tumor immunity was demonstrated by 4 findings: 1) in untreated mice, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes significantly upregulated GITR expression during tumor growth; 2) DTA-1-treated mice had greater CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors than IgG-treated mice; 3) depletion of CD8+ cells completely abrogated the tumor protection provided by DTA-1; and 4) tumor-specific CD8+ cells proliferated more extensively, became more activated, and exhibited greater effector function following DTA-1 administration compared with control IgG. This was most dramatically seen within the tumor (compared with spleen or draining lymph node), suggesting that a major mechanism of tumor immunity induced by anti-GITR mAb may be overcoming impaired CD8+ T cell function within the tumor microenvironment. Conclusions: Ligating GITR using an agonist mAb can by itself augment tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses and induce rejection of an aggressive, poorly immunogenic tumor. This strategy merits further consideration as an immune-modulating therapy for cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Primary androgen deprivation therapy in localized disease: Predictors of definitive treatment
Authors: J. Kawakami, J. E. Cowan, E. P. Elkin, J. Duchane, P. R. Carroll
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

4625 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been shown to be effective in advanced forms of prostate cancer as it is generally androgen sensitive. ADT is being used for patients with clinically localized disease as monotherapy although this is considered investigational by many. Our goal was to describe patients undergoing ADT as therapy for localized disease and factors that lead to subsequent definitive treatment. Methods: Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Endeavor (CaPSURE™), a disease registry of men with prostate cancer, was screened to find patients treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy (PADT) between 1989 and 2002 for clinically localized prostate cancer (T3a or less without nodal or metastatic disease). Exclusion criteria included the use of any other therapy within 9 months of starting PADT. Data analysis was done with chi square tests. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: PADT patients comprised 14.1% of all patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (993/7045). PADT patients were older, had more comorbidities and higher risk disease as compared to patients undergoing other primary therapy. At five years after PADT began 67.3% of patients were still on PADT alone. 146 patients (19%) died from all causes (22 from prostate cancer). 103 patients (10.4%) had received a definitive second treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, or cryotherapy) with a median of 415 days to second treatment. Predictors for second definitive treatment include lower age, less education, insurance status and prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. Patients over 75 years old were less than half as likely to undergo second treatment than those under 75 years of age (p=0.0327). Conclusions: PADT appears to be used more in patients who are older with more comorbidities. This may be justifiable as only 4.1% of patients died within 5 years from prostate cancer in this group, while 12.5% died from other causes. 10.4% of patients initially treated with PADT continue onto definitive second therapy. Patients who are younger or possess private insurance are more likely to undergo a more definitive treatment. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration TAP Imetrikus, Merck AstraZeneca, Pfizer National Cancer Institute, TAP
Abstract 2984: Non-pulsatile Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Patients Show Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation in Response to Upright Tilt
Authors: Dominik Ridder, David W Markham, Qi Fu, Eric Pacini, Paul Bhella, Nicole Minniefield, Liseth F Metzemaekers, Melyn M Galbreath, Dean Palmer, Shigeki Shibata, Rong Zhang, Brian T Bethea, Dan M Meyer, Parag C Patel, Mark H Drazner, Benjamin D Levine
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Introduction: The importance of pulsatile blood flow in cerebral autoregulation is unknown. We hypothesized that pulsatility is crucial in this process. To test this hypothesis we studied cerebral ...
Progression to Traditional Cigarette Smoking After Electronic Cigarette Use Among US Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Brian A. Primack, Samir Soneji, Michael Stoolmiller, Michael J. Fine, James D. Sargent
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may help smokers reduce the use of traditional combustible cigarettes. However, adolescents and young adults who have never smoked traditional cigarettes are now using e-cigarettes, and these individuals may be at risk for subsequent progression to traditional cigarette smoking.To determine whether baseline use of e-cigarettes among nonsmoking and nonsusceptible adolescents and young adults is associated with subsequent progression along an established trajectory to traditional cigarette smoking.In this longitudinal cohort study, a national US sample of 694 participants aged 16 to 26 years who were never cigarette smokers and were attitudinally nonsusceptible to smoking cigarettes completed baseline surveys from October 1, 2012, to May 1, 2014, regarding smoking in 2012-2013. They were reassessed 1 year later. Analysis was conducted from July 1, 2014, to March 1, 2015. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between baseline e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking, controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, maternal educational level, sensation-seeking tendency, parental cigarette smoking, and cigarette smoking among friends. Sensitivity analyses were performed, with varying approaches to missing data and recanting.Use of e-cigarettes at baseline.Progression to cigarette smoking, defined using 3 specific states along a trajectory: nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers, and smokers. Individuals who could not rule out smoking in the future were defined as susceptible.Among the 694 respondents, 374 (53.9%) were female and 531 (76.5%) were non-Hispanic white. At baseline, 16 participants (2.3%) used e-cigarettes. Over the 1-year follow-up, 11 of 16 e-cigarette users and 128 of 678 of those who had not used e-cigarettes (18.9%) progressed toward cigarette smoking. In the primary fully adjusted models, baseline e-cigarette use was independently associated with progression to smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 8.3; 95% CI, 1.2-58.6) and to susceptibility among nonsmokers (AOR, 8.5; 95% CI, 1.3-57.2). Sensitivity analyses showed consistent results in the level of significance and slightly larger magnitude of AORs.In this national sample of US adolescents and young adults, use of e-cigarettes at baseline was associated with progression to traditional cigarette smoking. These findings support regulations to limit sales and decrease the appeal of e-cigarettes to adolescents and young adults.
Nogo-B regulates endothelial sphingolipid homeostasis to control vascular function and blood pressure
Authors: Anna Cantalupo, Yi Zhang, Milankumar Kothiya, Sylvain Galvani, Hideru Obinata, Mariarosaria Bucci, Frank J Giordano, Xian-Cheng Jiang, Timothy Hla, Annarita Di Lorenzo
Journal: Nature Medicine (2015)
Primary endobronchial actinomycosis
Authors: C Miracco, M Marino, R Lio, M Cornetti, P Luzi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1988)

A male farmer referred for fever, cough and haemoptysis, presented, at bronchoscopic examination, a large mass occluding the middle lobe bronchus. No lung involvement was visible on chest X-ray. Histological examination showed an actinomycotic granule in the bronchial submucosa. The histological findings indicate that aspiration of contaminated material from the upper alimentary tract may have caused the disease.
Is inspiratory capacity (IC) better correlated with functional exercise capacity than FEV1 in COPD patients
Authors: Hang Siang Wong, Hwee Lee Ng, Corrine Bee Lay Kang
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction

In COPD, resting residual volume is increased and IC is decreased as a result of air trapping and hyperinflation. IC decreases further with activity and may correlate more strongly to exercise capacity than measures of airflow (FEV1). 6 minute walk test (6MWT) is an objective measurement of functional exercise capacity.

Objectives

The objectives were to examine the correlation between IC and exercise capacity using 6MWT (and FEV1 and exercise capacity) in COPD patients and to compare the correlation between IC and exercise capacity with FEV1 and exercise capacity in COPD patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective study. All COPD patients undergoing both 6MWT and spirometry and lung volumes in CGH from 1/1/2008 till 9/11/2011 were included.

Results

144 subjects were included. Mean age (years) was 69.12(±8.93). 138/144(96.5%) were male. Mean FEV1 (L) was 1.33(±0.57). There was statistically significant correlation between FEV1 and 6MWT distance (simple linear regression coefficient, r=28.99, p=0.021, 95% confidence interval 4.42 to 53.57). After adjusting for cardiovascular disease, the correlation was still statistically significant(r=29.00, p=0.021, 95% CI 4.36 to 53.63). There was statistically significant correlation between IC and 6MWT distance(r=38.81, p=0.003, 95% CI 13.08 to 64.53). After adjusting for cardiovascular disease, correlation was still statistically significant(r=39.09, p=0.003, 95% CI 13.22 to 64.96).

Conclusion

IC is better correlated with 6MWT distance (functional exercise capacity)(p=0.003) than FEV1(0.021) in COPD patients. Thus, we concluded from this study that IC is a better predictor of exercise capacity than FEV1 in COPD patients.