tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Salsalate on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Allison B. Goldfine
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Salsalate, a nonacetylated prodrug of salicylate, has been shown to decrease blood glucose concentration in small studies. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of salsalate at different doses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: Parallel randomized trial with computer-generated randomization and centralized allocation. Patients and investigators, including those assessing outcomes and performing analyses, were masked to group assignment. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00392678) Setting: 3 private practices and 14 universities in the United States. Patients: Persons aged 18 to 75 years with fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 12.5 mmol/L or less (≤225 mg/dL) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 7.0% to 9.5% treated by diet, exercise, and oral medication at stable doses for at least 8 weeks. Intervention: After a 4-week, single-masked run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or salsalate in dosages of 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 g/d for 14 weeks (27 patients each) in addition to their current therapy. Measurements: Change in HbA1c was the primary outcome. Adverse effects and changes in measures of coronary risk and renal function were secondary outcomes. Results: Higher proportions of patients in the 3 salsalate treatment groups experienced decreases in HbA1c levels of 0.5% or more from baseline (P = 0.009). Mean HbA1c changes were −0.36% (P = 0.02) at 3.0 g/d, −0.34% (P = 0.02) at 3.5 g/d, and −0.49% (P = 0.001) at 4.0 g/d compared with placebo. Other markers of glycemic control also improved in the 3 salsalate groups, as did circulating triglyceride and adiponectin concentrations. Mild hypoglycemia was more common with salsalate; documented events occurred only in patients taking sulfonylureas. Urine albumin concentrations increased in all salsalate groups compared with placebo. The drug was otherwise well tolerated. Limitation: The number of patients studied and the trial duration were insufficient to warrant recommending the use of salsalate for type 2 diabetes at this time. Conclusion: Salsalate lowers HbA1c levels and improves other markers of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and may therefore provide a new avenue for treatment. Renal and cardiac safety of the drug require further evaluation. Primary Funding Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:AG) and thrombomodulin (TM) levels in adult thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndromes (TTP/HUS) and bone marrow transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (BMT-TM)
Authors: Z. R. Zeigler, C. S. Rosenfeld, D. F. Andrews, J. Nemunaitis, J. M. Raymond, R. K. Shadduck, R. E. Kramer, J. F. Gryn, P. B. Rintels, E. C. Besa, J. N. George
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

Endothelial damage is thought to be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndromes (TTP/HUS). The present studies measured two markers of endothelial cell stimulation and/or activation [von Willebrand Factor (vWF:Ag) and thrombomodulin (TM)] in patients with TTP/HUS disorders and compared them to controls. The patient groups consisted of adults with TTP/HUS, with (n = 13) and without (n = 14) peak Cr levels >2.0 mg/dl. Additionally, 52 patients with Bone Marrow Transplant-associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy (BMT-TM) following allogeneic BMT were evaluated. Both vWF:Ag and TM were elevated in all patient groups compared to controls. TTP/HUS patients with peak Cr >2.0 mg/dl had higher TM levels (P < 0.001) than did those with peak Cr levels below 2 mg/dl. However, thrombomodulin/ creatinine (TM/Cr) ratios did not differ in these two groups nor did they differ from controls. BMT-TM pts had higher vWF:Ag levels and higher TM/Cr ratios than controls and TTP/ HUS, P < 0.001. The median TM/Cr ratio in BMT-TM was 91 (range = 34-229) compared to 38 (range = 29-50) in controls, P < 0.001 and 38 (range = 6 to 156) in TTP/HUS, P < 0.001. Additionally both TM (P < 0.001) and TM/Cr (P < 0.02) were higher in patients with Grades 3 and 4 BMT-TM compared to those with Grade 2 BMT-TM. These results suggest that endothelial cell activation occurs in TTP/HUS and BMT-TM. Since TM/Cr ratios were higher in BMT-TM compared to TTP/HUS, these findings suggest that the mechanism of elevated TM in BMT-TM cannot be explained solely by altered renal excretion. Taken together, these findings strongly indicate a role of endothelial cell damage in BMT-TM.
Three quarters of money to eradicate polio have been raised
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

More than $4bn (£2.6bn; €3.1bn) has been raised for the six year plan to wipe polio from the world map, $1.5bn short of the $5.5bn needed.

The announcement that $4.035bn had been raised was made at the Global Vaccine Summit in Abu Dhabi where governments, philanthropists, and civil society made pledges to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, which earlier this month unveiled its plan to eradicate polio from the world by 2018.1

The biggest donation—$1.8bn—came from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, with other important donors including the UK government, which pledged $457m, and the Islamic Development Bank pledging $227m.

Bill Gates, who has said that eradicating polio is his top priority, told the summit …
The Use of Goat's Milk.
Authors: Wm. Thornton Parker
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Groveland, Mass., Aug. 10, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I should be greatly indebted to any of your readers who would write to me concerning any experience they may have had in the use of goat's milk in the treatment of wasting diseases. I should also be very glad to receive at the same time professional opinion concerning goat blood serum, as to its antitoxic effect in the treatment of tuberculosis, diphtheria, etc. Respectfully,
Kidney Preservation for Transportation
Authors: Lionel C. J. Hartley, Geoffrey M. Collins, Gordon J. A. Clunie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Flush perfusion with a solution similar in composition to intracellular fluid (solution C3) was performed before ice storage of 29 consecutive human-cadaver renal allografts. Twenty-four kidneys functioned immediately without need for dialysis. Two underwent severe rejection, requiring early nephrectomy. The remaining three kidneys, of which two were stored for more than 12 hours, suffered a period of postoperative acute renal failure requiring dialysis for as long as three weeks, but all three kidneys eventually achieved satisfactory function. For storage periods of as long as 12 hours, these results are comparable to those achieved with continuous flow perfusion, and superior to those reported for ice storage after perfusion with conventional solutions.
The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior, was not even defined in the 1963 edition of Webster's Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Now it has become a serious field of scientific investigation, the subject of several very popular books, and an area of vigorous controversy. Few people would object to scientists observing that birds sing to identify and protect their courting or nesting areas and that different species develop their characteristic songs in different ways. In some, the song is transmitted by heredity, in others the young birds must learn the song by hearing their elders. But when somebody uses such observations to make claims about human behavior—that man has an inborn drive to defend his territory or that a desire to attack other men is or is not inborn—controversy begins. In recent years, popular books by Konrad Lorenz, Desmond Morris, and Robert Ardrey have all presented the viewpoint that man is
Mitochondria Are Required for Antigen-Specific T Cell Activation through Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling
Authors: Laura A. Sena, Sha Li, Amit Jairaman, Murali Prakriya, Teresa Ezponda, David A. Hildeman, Chyung-Ru Wang, Paul T. Schumacker, Jonathan D. Licht, Harris Perlman, Paul J. Bryce, Navdeep S. Chandel
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Abstract 5684: Sustained gene silencing by liposomal siRNA incorporated mesoporous silicon particles
Authors: Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo, Haifa Shen, Xiaoyong Deng, Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana, Jason Sakamoto, Hee-Dong Han, Anil K. Sood, Mauro Ferrari, Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology has rapidly become an attractive revolutionary tool in silencing gene expression and holds potential as a therapeutic strategy in cancer and other diseases. However, for siRNA-based therapeutics to become a reality, an efficient method for in vivo systemic delivery is needed. Here, we demonstrate effective and sustained delivery of siRNA using mesoporous silicon particles (MSP). We first developed a novel variant of multistage MSP by tuning the size and shape properties, which can load dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) nanoliposomes containing siRNA. To test this concept, we targeted EphA2 oncoprotein, which is highly overexpressed in most cancers such as breast, lung, pancreas and ovarian carcinoma. MSP incorporated with EphA2 siRNA-DOPC (MSP-siEphA2-DOPC) resulted in effective gene silencing for up to 15 days after single i.v. injection into mice bearing either SKOV3ip1 or HeyA8.MDR ovarian tumors in the peritoneal cavity. In addition, with a single injection of MSP-siEphA2-DOPC given every 15 days during 6 weeks of treatment, there was significant reduction (83%, P** 0.0032, 64%, P* 0.028, 36%, P, ns 0.0032) of tumor weight and number of nodules in a dose dependent manner (15,10 and 5 µg/mice) respectively compared with control groups. Furthermore, when we administrated MSP-siEphA2-DOPC in combination with either paclitaxel or docetaxel, we observed 87% and 91% tumor reduction compared to the control group respectively. Taken together, MSP-siEphA2-DOPC provides a new approach for sustained release of siRNA into disease sites without repetition of injection. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5684. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5684
Teacher Response to School Mental Health Programs
Authors: EMILY MUMFORD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Interviews and field observations in seven secondary schools revealed patterned responses to the introduction of psychiatric services in the schools. Three types of response appear to be related to teachers' conceptions of their professional role; they are described here as the teacher-guide, the teacher-authority, and the teacher-friend. Each responds in his own way to psychiatric intervention and each may support or subvert the work of a psychiatrist in predictable ways.
Rheumatic fever: changes in its incidence and presentation.
Authors: T Vyse
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Rheumatic fever: changes in its incidence and presentation Tests for streptococcal antigens needed in young people with polyarthritis When a young patient presents with polyarthritis the differential diagnosis includes rheumatic fever.Our case shows clinical features that have occurred in several outbreaks and that suggest that the incidence and presentation of rheumatic fever may be changing.
Fractures of the Apophyses in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Francis M. Howard
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Fractures of the apophyses are unusual. The first report we found of a fracture of the ischial tuberosity in the American literature was in 1912 by J.M. Berry,<sup>1</sup>and the largest reported series was by Martin and Pipkin<sup>2</sup>who reviewed 20 cases of avulsion of the ischial tuberosity to which they added eight cases of their own. They concluded that avulsion fractures of the ischial apophyses were best treated by open reduction or excision. C. Roger Sullivan<sup>3</sup>contended that the best treatment for these fractures was bed rest until the pain subsided. Because of the direct disparity of these views, a case study was undertaken to review fractures of the apophyses, the muscle forces causing these avulsions, and the methods of treatment available. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> This 15-year-old white male fell to the floor while jumping in a volleyball game and felt sudden pain in
Influence of Tidal Volume on Alveolar Recruitment
Authors: JEAN-CHRISTOPHE RICHARD, SALVATORE M. MAGGIORE, BJORN JONSON, JORDI MANCEBO, FRANCOIS LEMAIRE, LAURENT BROCHARD
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Both reduction in tidal volume (VT) and alveolar recruitment may be important to limit ventilator-associated lung injury during mechanical ventilation of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of this study was to assess the risk of alveolar derecruitment associated with VT reduction from 10 to 6 ml/kg. Whether this VT-related derecruitment could be reversed, either by a recruitment maneuver or by an increase in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level, was also investigated. Fifteen patients with ARDS were successively ventilated using conventional VT (CVT = 10 +/- 1 ml/kg) and low VT (LVT = 6 +/- 1 ml/ kg); total PEEP (PEEPtot) was individually set at the lower inflection point (Plip) of the pressure-volume curve (PEEPtot = 11 +/- 4 cm H(2)O). Pressure-volume curves were recorded from zero PEEP (ZEEP) and from PEEP, and recruited volume (Vrec) was calculated as the volume difference between the two curves for a given pressure. Despite a similar PEEPtot, Vrec was significantly lower with LVT than with CVT, indicating low VT-induced alveolar derecruitment. Reduction in VT was associated with a reduced Sa(O(2)). In 10 patients, Vrec was also measured before and after a recruitment maneuver (two sustained inflations at 45 cm H(2)O), and after an increase in PEEP (by 4 cm H(2)O). Low VT-induced derecruitment was reversed by a recruitment maneuver and by increasing PEEP. We conclude that a reduction in VT could be responsible for alveolar derecruitment, which may be transiently reversed by a reexpansion maneuver or prevented by a PEEP increase above Plip.
Translocation of Lippes loop (the missing loop).
Authors: S. S. Ratnam, J. C. Yin
Journal: BMJ (1968)

UBRITNS titre subsequently fell.In Case 1 a titre of 1.: 80 was noted at 61 days, and this had fallen to 1:20 at 114 days.In Case 2 the test was not made until a year had elapsed, by which time the titre of 1: 20 obtained was reported as consistent with a past infection.In Case 4 the complement-fixation test was still negative at 23 days, shortly after which time she defaulted.However, this could well have become positive later.During the period during which these cases were encountered a further patient with severe unequivocal vulvar herpes was seen.She was a 21-year-old woman who also developed a high fever of 103.40 F. (39.7°C.), drowsiness, and headache; a lumbar puncture was required to exclude complicating encephalitis.Four months later there was a recurrence of the herpes on her vulva.In this case repeated complement-fixation reactions for herpes simplex were negative at 1, 2, 5, 12, and 21 days from first attendance.
Formaldehyde poisoning. Rapid metabolism to formic acid
Authors: J. T. Eells
Journal: JAMA (1981)

THERE has been a great deal of current interest in the toxicity of formaldehyde, and most of the recent concern has centered on the release of formaldehyde into the environment from urea-formaldehyde foam used in insulation products.<sup>1</sup>However, systemic formaldehyde intoxication has not been adequately characterized, and the few reports that exist on human intoxication represent descriptive and pathologic evaluations.<sup>2,3</sup>There is little information available on the extent of formaldehyde absorption in mammals, and to our knowledge, there are no data in the literature concerning its conversion to formic acid and carbon dioxide in humans. We report a case involving the ingestion by one person of 120 mL of formaldehyde solution. Methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid levels in the blood of the patient are reported following the ingestion of formaldehyde solution. The levels of these substances were monitored for 20 hours after admission of the patient to the hospital.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated by Osteotomy of the Spine
Authors: F. W. Stuart, G. K. Rose
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Early ankylosing spondylitis is now so well recognized that the " question-mark" spine characteristic of the untreated late disease will not be common.It is unlikely, therefore, that any one surgeon can acquire an extensive experience of the operative treatment of this type of case.The following case is recorded as an addition to the general experience.
Diabetes, Health Insurance, and Health-Care Reform
Authors: William H Herman, Erik J Dasbach
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

In this issue of Diabetes Care (p. 585–591), Harris, Cowie, and Eastman analyze results from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey, and they describe health insurance coverage for U.S. adults ≥18 years of age. Of all people with diabetes, 13.5% of those 18–64 years of age and 1.2% of those ≥65 years of age report having no health insurance. The former is a national tragedy. The latter clearly reflects a success of Medicare. Before Medicare's enactment in 1965, 44% of the elderly in the U.S. had no hospital insurance (1). Although the authors do not comment on people with diabetes who are &amp;lt;18 years of age, the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on Child Health fou d that 17% of U.S. children and adolescents were not covered by a health insurance plan (2). As has been described by others, the authors found only small differences in rates of coverage between people with and without diabetes (3). They did, however, describe important differences in types of coverage. People with diabetes who were 18–64 years of age were more likely than those without diabetes to report coverage through Medicaid and Medicare, and were less likely to report having private insurance. having some other type of health insurance.
THE PLACE OF PATHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY.
Authors: EDWIN O. JORDAN
Journal: JAMA (1907)

It is a well-known historical fact that the origin of the natural sciences and in particular that of the biologic sciences is closely connected with the study of medicine. Physics, chemistry, zoology and botany were not only first cultivated mainly by physicians and students of medicine, but their special problems were also in the beginning largely the outgrowths of questions that plagued the minds of those who practiced the art of healing. As time went on these sciences did not remain exclusively attached to medicine and the medical schools, but became associated with other branches of learning. The history of education shows that universities, throughout their development, have been almost continuously enriched with new subjects for study and scientific investigation derived from the activity of medical thought and practice. Singularly enough, the universities, and more strangely still, the first born of the natural sciences, have not always shown themselves hospitable
Blind oral intubation in the deeply unconscious patient.
Authors: K. Easton
Journal: BMJ (1968)

As surgeon he entered fully into the whole business of the hospital and was parti- cularly active in promoting it as a post- graduate teaching centre.In 1889 he suggested the establishment of a dermato- logical school in London on the lines of the Hospital of St. Louis in Paris, but the pro- posal came to nothing.Tay's association with the hospital began in 1867, when he was appointed clinical clerk on Hutchinson's recommendation.He became assistant surgeon in November 1868 and full surgeon in January 1875.He was still work- ing for the hospital in 1907, the last year for which the minutes appear to have survived.Barclay's connexion with the hospital is first mentioned in November 1844, when he guaranteed the sum of £100 towards its main- tenance.In December the same year he was elected treasurer, a post he continued to hold for over 50 years until his death in 1898.In view of the fact that he was a senior partner in the family banking business, having inherited the whole Barclay interest on his father's death in 1853, Barclay's philanthropic activities were remarkable.Besides these two hospitals he offered many other causes both active support and financial aid.As in the case of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital the Quaker connexion was strong.Both Barclay and Hutchinson were Friends, as were the first two presidents, Samuel Gurney and Samuel Gurney, jun., cousins of
Tic Douloureux and Facial Spasm
Authors: Peter J. Jannetta
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> The letter of Donald B. Douglas, MD, of New York (227: 439, 1974) concerned minimal pressure neuropathy. Dr. Douglas' points about hemifacial spasm are certainly indicative of an irritative lesion of the facial nerve. Over the past eight years, we have found this in 41 operative patients with hemifacial spasm, all but two of whom have been totally relieved of their spasm.<sup>1,2</sup> We have found the same abnormality, compression-distortion of the nerves, in 150 cases of tic douloureux over the past eight years. We have seen five patients with recurrence of pain with this vascular decompression, and more recently, extended the findings to some of the other cranial nerve hyperactivity dysfunction syndromes. The cause is usually vascular, and is due to compression-distortion by a loop of elongated vessel, presumably due to arteriosclerosis, that is irritating the nerve at the root-entry zone, the precise point where
Exacerbation of ischemic dysfunction by angiotensin II in red cell-perfused rabbit hearts. Effects on coronary flow, contractility, and high-energy phosphate metabolism.
Authors: T Mochizuki, F R Eberli, C S Apstein, B H Lorell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

We studied the effects of angiotensin II during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion using red cell-perfused isovolumic rabbit hearts. Under baseline conditions where coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was 100 mm Hg and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was set at 10 mm Hg, 10(-8) M angiotensin II caused a mild increase in LV developed pressure (+12%) and decrease in coronary flow (-8%). Low-flow ischemia was imposed by reducing CPP to 15 mm Hg for 30 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. During ischemia, the angiotensin II group showed a gradual further reduction in coronary flow in association with a greater depression of LV developed pressure and increase in LVEDP relative to the no-drug group. To separate the effect of angiotensin II on coronary flow from a direct myocardial effect, the angiotensin II group was compared with an additional no-drug group with a matched progressive reduction in coronary flow during ischemia. In these groups, the ischemic depression of LV developed pressure, myocardial ATP levels, and lactate production were similar. However, the ischemic rise in LVEDP was greater (42.0 +/- 5.4 vs. 19.9 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, P less than 0.01) and recovery was incomplete in the angiotensin II group. These observations suggest that angiotensin II exerts a direct adverse effect on LV diastolic relaxation during low-flow ischemia and recovery.
Congenital Pigmentation of the Sclerotic
Authors: S. Paget
Journal: BMJ (1887)

made use of to explain away the obvious frequency of the presence of ununitod frattures of the acromion in the dissectin-room, and that this theory, which has been accepted by many Eng writers, i to some extent responsible for the supposed rarity of fracture of this bone.Professor Hamilton would wish as to imagine that such specimens are not ununited fractures, but " merely separations of the epiphysis, the bony union having never been completed."I will not refer further to this theory here, as I have already criticised it fully.It would