tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication
Authors: K A Yonkers, J C Kando, J O Cole, S Blumenthal
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1992)

This review explores the theoretical background for and empirical evidence supporting gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic medications.The authors reviewed all English-language articles on this topic that involved original research using human subjects.Limited evidence suggests that young women seem to respond better to and require lower doses of antipsychotic agents and benzodiazepines than young men. The administration of exogenous hormones interacts with medications, changing plasma levels and possibly conferring greater risks for toxicity. Young women may have an enhanced response to nontricyclic antidepressants.Too little basic and clinical research has been conducted on sex differences in therapeutic effects and side effects of psychopharmacological treatments. Addressing these differences as well as similarities will lead to safer and more effective treatment for all patients.A review of the English-language literature on original research with human subjects concerning sex differences in pharmacokinetics and psychotropic agents was attempted. With respect to absorption and bioavailability, women may secrete less gastric acid, and progesterone in the luteal phase slowed gastric emptying. Drugs with high affinity for adipose tissue (diazepam) would be distributed more in females with a lower ratio of lean body mass to adipose tissue. Yet, over time half-life may be prolonged with higher serum levels in patients with less lean body mass. The 1st-pass metabolism of drugs and later extensive metabolizing for systemic circulation are carried out in the liver. The menstrual cycle also affects gastric motility as dilution via fluid retention results in lower plasma levels. Estrogen may reduce monoamine oxidase activity and progesterone may increase it. Women taking oral contraceptives and diazepam during menstruation become relatively intoxicated. With respect to antipsychotic agents higher fluphenazine levels were found in women, and they required 1/2 the dose of fluspiriline as men. Women improved more after pimozide and chlorpromazine treatment than men. The incidence of severe tardive dyskinesia was higher in postmenopausal women possibly attributable to estrogen loss. Oral contraceptives reduced the clearance of benzodiazepines resulting in slower peak levels of diazepam while being off pills led to impairment of cognitive and psychomotor tasks. Temazepam and oxazepam also cleared more slowly in women. Among antidepressant agents MAO inhibitors produced better results in women than did tricyclic antidepressants. Lithium-induced hypothyroidism predominates in women as does thyroid disease, and possibly rapid-cycling bipolar illness is also linked to this condition.
Antibiotic resistance pattern and visual outcome in experimentally-induced Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in a rabbit model21The authors have no proprietary interest in any of the products used in this study.22This study contributes to A. S. Hoepfner’s dissertation.
Authors: Herminia Miño de Kaspar, Angela S Hoepfner, Michael Engelbert, Martin Thiel, Christopher N Ta, Martina Mette, Markus Schulze-Schwering, Thomas Grasbon, Begoña Sesma-Vea, Juan M Casas, Rafael Iturralde-Goñi, Volker Klauss, Anselm Kampik
Journal: Ophthalmology (2001)
Tuberculosis screening program using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test and chest computed tomography for healthcare workers accidentally exposed to patients with tuberculosis
Authors: Takashi Hirama, Koichi Hagiwara, Minoru Kanazawa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Health-care associated transmission of TB is a serious issue. Health care workers (HCWs) have been reported to show high incidences of TB. Periodical screenings and as-needed screenings for HCWs are important. We integrated chest CTs and the QFT-G test in our TB screening program for HCWs. First, contacts were tested using the QFT-G test. Second, the HCWs positive for the QFT-G test were investigated by CT and classified as having TB disease, LTBI, or old TB. Finally, the HCWs with TB disease were treated with a multi-drug regimen, while HCWs with LTBI were treated with INH monotherapy.  Between April 2005 and April 2010, 11 patients who had not been diagnosed with TB disease were found to have TB disease during hospitalization. A total of 512 close contacts and high-risk contacts were identified, who underwent the TB screening program. Out of them, 34 (6.64%) showed positive result for the QFT-G test, whereas 478 (93.36%) showed negative results. Of the 34 QFT-G positive HCWs, 4 had CT findings compatible with TB disease and received multi-drug treatment. The chest CT for 24 showed no findings suggestive of TB disease; these HCWs received INH for 6 months. All HCWs who received treatment completed their regimens without any adverse effects. The TB screening program integrating CT and the QFT-G test was safe and feasible ( J Hosp Infect  in press).
Abstract 2066: Does Mitral Regurgitation Regress After Aortic Valve Replacement For Aortic Stenosis ? A Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Philippe Unger, Danièle Plein, Bernard Cosyns, Guy Van Camp, Olivier Xhaët, Valérie Henrard, Patrizio Lancellotti
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is common in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis (AS). Whether its severity may decrease after AVR remains controversial. Previous studies were mainly retrospective and the degree of MR was assessed at best semi-quantitatively. This study sought to prospectively and quantitatively assess how AVR may affect MR severity. Methods: Patients with AS scheduled for isolated AVR and presenting holosystolic MR which was not considered for replacement or repair were included. Previous mitral valve surgery; severe aortic regurgitation and poor acoustic windows were excluded. Thirty-five patients (mean age 77±7 years) were studied before (median 1, range 1– 41 days) and after AVR (median 7, range 4 –19 days). All patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic examination; MR was assessed by Doppler echocardiography using color flow mapping of the regurgitant jet and the PISA method. No patient had prolapsed or flail mitral leaflet as mechanism of MR. Results: Preoperative maximal and mean transaortic pressure gradients and aortic valve area were 74±26 mmHg, 44±16 mmHg, and 0.57±0.18 cm 2 , respectively. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction increased from 49±16 % to 55±15 % after AVR (p&lt;0.001). LV end-diastolic volume decreased from 91±32 ml to 77±30 ml (p&lt;0.001).The ratio of MR jet to left atrial area decreased from 30±16% to 20±14% (p&lt;0.001). MR effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) and regurgitant volume decreased from 10±5 mm 2 to 8±6 mm 2 (p=0.015) and from 19±10 ml to 11±9 ml (p&lt;0.0001). The decrease in ERO and in regurgitant volume was similar in patients with preserved or depressed LV ejection fraction (≤45 %) (2±3 vs 3±6 mm 2 and 7±9 vs 8±7 ml; p=NS, respectively). Conclusions: AVR is associated with an early postoperative reduction of the quantified degree of MR. This mainly results from a decrease in regurgitant volume and only modestly from a reduction in ERO, emphasizing the contributing role of the decrease in driving pressure accross the mitral regurgitant orifice.
Class 1 integrons in ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli strains from two Dutch hospitals
Authors: M.J. Mooij, I. Schouten, G. Vos, A. Van Belkum, C.M.J.E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, P.H.M. Savelkoul, C. Schultsz
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2005)
Are there nontrivial constraints on colour categorization?
Authors: B. A. C. Saunders, J. van Brakel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

In this target article the following hypotheses are discussed: (1) Colour is autonomous: a perceptuolinguistic and behavioural universal. (2) It is completely described by three independent attributes: hue, brightness, and saturation: (3) Phenomenologically and psychophysically there are four unique hues: red, green, blue, and yellow; (4) The unique hues are underpinned by two opponent psychophysical and/or neuronal channels: red/green, blue/yellow. The relevant literature is reviewed. We conclude: (i) Psychophysics and neurophysiology fail to set nontrivial constraints on colour categorization. (ii) Linguistic evidence provides no grounds for the universality of basic colour categories. (iii) Neither the opponent hues red/green, blue/yellow nor hue, brightness, and saturation are intrinsic to a universal concept of colour. (iv) Colour is not autonomous.
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) induced by chemotherapy: Experience from the French PH network and literature review
Authors: Sven Günther, Marie-Camille Chaumais, Peter Dorfmüller, Xavier Jaïs, Laurent Savale, Elise Artaud-Macari, Frédéric Perros, Silvia Cohen-Kaminsky, Olivier Sitbon, Marc Humbert, Gérald Simmoneau, David Montani
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction: Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is classified as a distinct subgroup of PAH regarding to the current classification of PH. Different hypothesis are discussed to favor the development of PVOD. PVOD has been associated to various chemotherapeutical regimens, to radiotherapy and after bone marrow transplantation (BMT).  Methods: Search in the French Registry for terms ‘PVOD’ and ‘chemotherapy’, ‘PVOD’ and ‘radiotherapy’ and ‘PVOD’ and ‘bone marrow transplantation’ as well as literature review in medline. Articles were reviewed regarding to clinical, hemodynamical, radiological and histological characteristics.  Results: We identified three cases of suspicion of developed PVOD after started chemotherapy in the setting of anal cancer (n=2) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (n=1). In the literature, we identified 28 cases of developed PVOD in the setting of malignancy after started chemotherapy. Developed PVOD was reported after commencement of chemo- and/or radiotherapy in the context of different forms of malignancy including leukemia (n=10), lymphoma (n=8), cerebral cancer (n=4), different etiologies of lung cancer (n=3), cervical carcinoma (n=3). Nearly two third of all patients underwent histological examination, either by lung biopsy or autopsy. Chemotherapeutic agents which were often identified in this setting were cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cisplatin and metotrexate.  Discussion: We identified chemotherapeutical agents in the literature which are susceptible in the development of PVOD. Alkylating agents are often reported. Further studies are mandatory to determinate if these agents play a key role in the development of PVOD.
Infant respiratory infections and later respiratory hospitalisation in childhood
Authors: Hannah C. Moore, Graham L. Hall, Nicholas de Klerk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) cause significant morbidity in infancy. We sought to quantify the relationship between ARI and development of respiratory morbidity in early childhood. Population-based longitudinal hospitalisation data were linked to perinatal, birth and death records for 145,580 Western Australian children from 1997 to 2002. We conducted Cox regression with sensitivity analyses to quantify the risk of recurrent ARI in infancy for respiratory hospitalisation after the age of 3 years. ARI in infancy was significantly related to respiratory hospitalisation before (hazard ratio (HR) 3.5, 95% CI 3.1-3.8) and after (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.6-3.4) adjusting for known risk factors including maternal smoking during pregnancy, season of birth, delivery mode and gestational age. We noted a dose response with the number and length of infant ARI hospitalisations and increasing risk with no effect modification by gestational age. Results were similar when later respiratory hospitalisations were restricted to asthma hospitalisations only. Recurrent hospitalisations for ARI in infancy significantly increase the risk of respiratory morbidity and asthma requiring hospitalisation after the age of 3 years in a dose-response fashion. The increase in relative risk is not modified by gestational age. Efforts to reduce the occurrence of infant ARI are likely to have significant public health benefits.
Biosynthesis of the Enkephalins and Enkephalin-Containing Polypeptides
Authors: R V Lewis, A S Stern
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1983)

The biochemical characterization of the enkephalins and the enkephalin-containing polypeptides and their biosynthesis has reached an advanced state. From the structural data showing great similarities between human and beef proenkephalin there is strong evidence for physiological roles for some of the extended enkephalins and for at least two of the ECPs. If, like the different hormones contained within proopiocortin, the different ECPs in proenkephalin perform different coordinate functions, their cosecretion with the catecholamines from the adrenal gland suggests that these functions play a role in the response to stress. It appears that proenkephalin represents another multi-hormone precursor, like proopiocortin, that is processed by proteolysis to yield a variety of peptides active in both the endocrine and nervous systems. The research effort must now turn toward resolving the nature of the physiologic functions these peptides perform.
Molecular genetic support for the rule of dichotomy in type 2 segmental Darier disease
Authors: R. Fölster-Holst, R.G.L. Nellen, J.-M. Jensen, P. Poblete-Gutiérrez, P.M. Steijlen, T. Schwarz, R. Happle, M. Van Geel, J. Frank
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2011)
Abstract 4480: Triggering Mechanisms of Coronary Stent Thrombosis: D <i>ata from the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry</i>
Authors: Bastiaan Zwart, Jochem W van Werkum, Antonius A Heestermans, Johannes C Kelder, A C Zomer, Arnoud W van ‘t Hof, Freek W Verheugt, Jurriën M ten Berg
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background The occurrence of stent thrombosis (ST) is only partially explained by known clinical, angiographic and procedural determinants and little is known about superimposing triggering mechanisms of ST. Given a degree of similarity in pathophysiology between ST and myocardial infarction we sought to examine the role of timing of onset, vigorous physical exertion, emotional stress and infection as potential triggers of ST. Methods Patients ( n =437) with “definite” ST were recruited consecutively in the setting of a large multicenter observational cohort study. Patients were interviewed with well-validated questionnaires to identify one of the following triggers: timing of onset of chest pain for ST performance of vigorous (≥ 6 MET) physical activity in the 2 hours preceding ST, presence of emotional stress (experiencing a serious life event in the 14 days preceding the ST according to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale or feelings of anger in the 24 hours of ST) and presence of a documented active infection at the time of ST. Results A total of 363 patients with “definite” ST (83.1%) were able to supply adequate information. Overall, a significant trigger was identified in 83 patients (22.9%). Analysis of the different categories of ST revealed a higher prevalence of triggers with an increasing time-interval between index PCI and ST. A trigger was present in 8 (6.6%) patients with acute ST, in 40 (28.0%) patients with subacute ST, in 13 (28.3%) patients with late ST and in 22 (42.3%) patients with very late ST. Analysis of circadian variation showed a steep peak incidence of ST in the morning hours from 7–12 hours. Conclusions Triggering mechanisms such as time of the day, physical exertion, emotional stress and infection may play an important role in a considerable number of patients presenting with ST. The prevalence of these triggers are particularly high in patients with late and very late ST.
Fortnightly Review: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: T. Baglin
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Summary points</h3> Disseminated intravascular coagulation is primarily a clinical diagnosis, and laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis and monitor replacement of blood components Tests required are platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and a measure of fibrinogen degradation products Treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation is primarily that of the underlying condition Maintenance of blood volume and tissue perfusion is essential in all cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation Replacement of blood components is indicated if the patient is bleeding or an invasive procedure is required and must be monitored
Specific patterns of CD4-associated immunosenescence in vertically HIV-infected subjects
Authors: G. Méndez-Lagares, L. Díaz, R. Correa-Rocha, J.A. León Leal, S. Ferrando-Martínez, E. Ruiz-Mateos, M.M. Pozo-Balado, M.D. Gurbindo, M.I. de José, M.A. Muñoz-Fernández, M. Leal, Y.M. Pacheco
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012)
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide regulate endothelial tissue factor expression in vivo in the sickle transgenic mouse
Authors: Anna Solovey, Rahn Kollander, Liming Chang Milbauer, Fuad Abdulla, Yingie Chen, Robert J. Kelm, Robert P. Hebbel
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Activation of the coagulation system is a characteristic feature of sickle cell anemia, which also includes clinical thrombosis. The sickle transgenic mouse abnormally expresses tissue factor (TF) on the pulmonary vein endothelium. Knowing that this aberrancy is stimulated by inflammation, we sought to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to regulation of endothelial TF expression in the sickle mouse model. We used the NY1DD sickle mouse, which exhibits a low-TF to high-TF phenotype switch on exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Manipulations of NO biology, such as breathing NO or addition of arginine or L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester) to the diet, caused significant modulations of TF expression. This was also seen in hBERK1 sickle mice, which have a different genetic background and already have high-TF even at ambient air. Study of NY1DD animals bred to overexpress endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; eNOS-Tg) or to have an eNOS knockout state (one eNOS(-/-) animal and several eNOS(+/-) animals) demonstrated that eNOS modulates endothelial TF expression in vivo by down-regulating it. Thus, the biodeficiency of NO characteristic of patients with sickle cell anemia may heighten risk for activation of the coagulation system.
Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study
Authors: M. Egger, B. Hirschel, P. Francioli, P. Sudre, M. Wirz, M. Flepp, M. Rickenbach, R. Malinverni, P. Vernazza, M. Battegay
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To examine trends in disease progression and survival among patients enrolled in the Swiss HIV cohort study during 1988–96 and to assess the influence of new antiretroviral combination therapies. <b>Design:</b> Prospective multicentre study, with follow up visits planned at six monthly intervals. <b>Setting:</b> Seven HIV units at university centres and cantonal hospitals in Switzerland. <b>Patients:</b> 3785 men (mean age 35.0 years) and 1391 women (30.3 years) infected with HIV. 2023 participants had a history of intravenous drug misuse; 1764 were men who had sex with men; 1261 were infected heterosexually; and 164 had other or unknown modes of transmission. 601 participants had had an AIDS defining illness. <b>Results:</b> During more than 15 000 years of follow up, there were 1456 first AIDS defining diagnoses and 1903 deaths. Compared with those enrolled during 1988-90, the risk of progression to a first AIDS diagnosis was reduced by 18% (relative risk 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.93)) among participants enrolled in 1991-2, by 23% (0.77 (0.65 to 0.91)) among those enrolled in 1993-4, and by 73% (0.27 (0.18 to 0.39)) among those enrolled in 1995-6. Mortality was reduced by 19% (0.81 (0.73 to 0.90)), 26% (0.74 (0.63 to 0.87)), and 62% (0.38 (0.25 to 0.97)) respectively. Compared with no antiretroviral treatment, the risk of an initial AIDS diagnosis after CD4 lymphocyte counts fell to &lt;200 cellsx10<sup>6</sup>/l was reduced by 16% (0.84 (0.73 to 0.97)) with monotherapy, 24% (0.76 (0.63 to 0.91)) with dual therapy, and 42% (0.58 (0.37 to 0.92)) with triple therapy. Mortality was reduced by 23% (0.77 (0.68 to 0.88)), 31% (0.69 (0.60 to 0.80)), and 65% (0.35 (0.20 to 0.60)) respectively. <b>Conclusions:</b> The introduction of antiretroviral combination therapies outside the selected patient groups included in clinical trials has led to comparable reductions in disease progression and mortality. <h3>Key messages</h3> The Swiss HIV cohort study is an ongoing prospective study that includes a large proportion of the patients infected with HIV in Switzerland Antiretroviral combination therapy with two nucleoside analogues was introduced in 1995, and triple therapy with protease inhibitors was introduced in 1996 The risk of AIDS and death was substantially lower among patients enrolling in 1995 and 1996 than among those enrolled in earlier years Reductions in disease progression were similar among men and women and among patients from different transmission groups In Switzerland the introduction of antiretroviral combination therapies outside selected patient groups included in clinical trials has led to similar reductions in disease progression
A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia
Authors: M Baron, R Gruen, J D Rainer, J Kane, L Asnis, S Lord
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1985)

Morbidity risks for mental illness were determined in 750 first-degree relatives of chronic schizophrenic and normal control probands. Psychiatric disorders that were more frequent in relatives of schizophrenic probands than in relatives of normal control probands were chronic schizophrenia (5.8% versus 0.6%), schizotypal personality disorder (definite, 14.6% versus 2.1%; probable, 12.1% versus 6.5%), and paranoid personality disorder (7.3% versus 2.3%). The data suggest that schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders are genetically related to schizophrenia. The implications for schizophrenia research are discussed.