tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cruelty and the psychology of history
Authors: Victor Nell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

This response deals with seven of the major challenges the commentators have raised to the target article. First, I show that the historical-anecdotal method I have followed has its roots in sociology, and that there is a strong case for the development of a “psychology of history.” Next, the observational data suggesting that intentional cruelty cannot be restricted to humans is rebutted on the grounds that cruelty requires not only an intention to inflict pain, but to do so because that pain would cause the victim to suffer – which requires a theory of mind. Third, in the light of the commentaries, I recognise that not only predation but also intraspecific aggression contributes to the development of cruelty. Fourth, I contrast nativists and environmentalists, the former regarding cruelty as a universal human capacity and the latter holding the view that cruelty is acquired through social learning, and argue that there is an otherworldly quality to the environmentalist view. I then show (the fifth challenge) that the target article does generate testable hypotheses. Sixth is a consideration of the implications of the target article for the re-admission of the concept of evil to the psychological lexicon; and seventh, a consideration of the commentaries which note that the cultivation of compassion is a tool for the prevention of cruelty. The last section of the response replies to questions of detail and rebuts some misrepresentations of my argument.
SilverPlatter Primary Web Site
Authors: David A. Lacher
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Medical Writings15 December 1998SilverPlatter Primary Web SiteDavid A. Lacher, MD and Jerome A. Osheroff, MDDavid A. Lacher, MDAmerican College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author and Jerome A. Osheroff, MDAmerican College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-12-199812150-00046 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SilverPlatter Primary Web Site; Newton, MA: SilverPlatter Education; 1998. Advertiser-supported free access to online lecture with continuing medical education quiz for category 1 credit. Available at http://ccc.silverplatter.com. Information phone 800-521-0574.Field of medicine: General internal medicine.Format: World Wide Web site.System requirements: Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.01 or Netscape 3.0 or higher. The site is optimized for Windows 95 or NT or Macintosh system 7.0 or higher. It also requires a 28.8K modem and Macromedia Shockwave plug-in software, which can be downloaded at no cost from a link on the SilverPlatter Web site.Audience: General internal medicine practitioners or other ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 December 1998Volume 129, Issue 12Page: 1084-1085KeywordsDatabasesDermatologyForecastingHypertensionInternetLyme diseaseMedical educationPrimary care physiciansSports and exercise medicineTreatment guidelines ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 December 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Nature of the Inotropic Action of Angiotensin on Ventricular Myocardium
Authors: JAN KOCH-WESER
Journal: Circulation Research (1965)

The effect of changes in various chemical and physical factors on the positive inotropic action of angiotensin was studied in isolated papillary muscles of kittens. Pretreatment of the animals with reserpine did not diminish the positive inotropic effect of angiotensin. Concentrations of nethalide which strongly antagonize the response of the papillary muscle to levarterenol or tyramine had no effect on the inotropic concentration-effect curve for angiotensin. It is concluded that angiotensin does not release significant amounts of cate-cholamines from the cardiac stores and that its inotropic action on ventricular myocardium does not result from stimulation of adrenergic β-receptors. Increases in external calcium concentration, decreases in sodium concentration, and shortening of the interval between contractions diminish both the absolute and the relative inotropic effect of angiotensin. All these maneuvers and angiotensin itself raise myocardial contractility by increasing the degree of activation of the contractile element. Cooling of papillary muscles does not decrease the absolute inotropic effect of the drug. Angiotensin and increases in external calcium concentration affect the mechanical properties of papillary muscles in a similar fashion. Angiotensin may raise contractility by augmenting the entry of Ca ++ into the myocardial fiber.
Dietary unsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: higher levels of postprandial lipoprotein on a linoleic acid-rich sunflower oil diet compared with an oleic acid-rich olive oil diet.
Authors: C Madigan, M Ryan, D Owens, P Collins, G H Tomkin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of a polyunsaturated fat diet compared with an isocaloric Mediterranean-style monounsaturated fat diet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a randomized 2-week crossover study on either a high-polyunsaturated or a high-monounsaturated fat diet in 11 well-controlled diabetic men. Blood was taken fasting and for up to 8 h after a high fat meal. Lipoproteins were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Apolipoprotein (apo) B48 and apo B100 were separated by PAGE. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher on the linoleic acid diet compared with the oleic acid diet (P &amp;lt; 0.01 and P &amp;lt; 0.002, respectively). Plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were also significantly higher on the linoleic acid diet (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Likewise, fasting chylomicron apo B48 and apo B100 (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and postprandial chylomicron and VLDL apo B48 and B100 (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were also higher on the linoleic acid diet. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, in type 2 diabetes, an oleic acid-rich Mediterranean-type diet versus a linoleic acid-enriched diet may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis by decreasing the number of chylomicron remnant particles.
Hypertensive sodium-proton exchanger phenotype persists in immortalized lymphoblasts from essential hypertensive patients. A cell culture model for human hypertension.
Authors: D Rosskopf, E Frömter, W Siffert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

An enhancement of sodium-proton exchange activity is a frequently observed ion transport abnormality in essential hypertension. The cellular basis for this has not yet been elucidated. Due to the lack of a specific cell culture system it has been impossible to distinguish between intrinsic cellular abnormalities and influences exerted by the hypertensive neurohumoral milieu. Using Epstein-Barr virus we have immortalized lymphocytes from controls and from patients with essential hypertension that exhibited enhanced sodium-proton exchanger activity. Sodium-proton exchanger activity was determined in cells loaded with the fluorescent cytosolic pH indicator 2'7'-biscarboxyethyl-5,6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethylester (BCECF) after pretreatment with 250 nM of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 10 min. Cell lines from hypertensive patients displayed higher Vmax values of sodium-proton exchange than those from normotensive controls (129.6 +/- 30.0 vs. 77.1 +/- 13.2 mmol H+/min.; P < 0.001). Hill coefficients for H+ were distinctly lower in hypertension compared to normotension (1.12 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.14; P < 0.0001). The enhanced antiporter activity in cell lines from hypertensive patients was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in steady-state NHE-1 mRNA transcript levels, which argues against overexpression of antiporter protein in hypertension. The cells from hypertensive patients with high sodium-proton exchange activity proliferated distinctly faster than those from normotensive controls. These human cell lines represent a novel model to study the mutual interaction between sodium-proton exchange and cell proliferation, and may provide insights into the alterations in ion transport observed in a group of patients with essential hypertension.
Nontreatment of Hip Fractures in Senile Patients
Authors: Leonard J. Lyon
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Five elderly patients with hip fractures were deemed unsuited for surgical repair because of severe organic mental syndromes. All survived the postfracture period without the morbidity of decubitus ulcers and pulmonary complications, or the pain, mental anguish, and expense of hospitalization and surgery. Surgical repair of a hip fracture is not necessarily a mandatory or life-saving procedure. For patients unlikely to walk again, nonoperative management is a reasonable alternative—provided good nursing care is available. (<i>JAMA</i>238:1175-1176, 1977)
Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Heng Du, Lan Guo, Fang Fang, Doris Chen, Alexander A Sosunov, Guy M McKhann, Yilin Yan, Chunyu Wang, Hong Zhang, Jeffery D Molkentin, Frank J Gunn-Moore, Jean Paul Vonsattel, Ottavio Arancio, John Xi Chen, Shi Du Yan
Journal: Nature Medicine (2008)
Acute Barbitone and Bromide Poisoning with Unusual Features
Authors: J. D. P. Graham
Journal: BMJ (1958)

If any of these individuals are at present hospital in- patients or arrive in the surgeries or casualty departments, it would be much appreciated if the hospital concerned could notify us as soon as possible (write, or phone ViGilant 6611).We would then arrange either to visit the patients directly, or, alternatively, they could be admitted to Banstead Hospital.
The Quality and Influence of JAMA-Reply
Authors: Eugene Garfield
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —In a recently published study of the world's 75 most "influential," that is, most-cited general and internal medical journals,<sup>1</sup>we provided data on short- and long-term impact based on 1982 data from the<i>Journal Citation Reports</i>volumes of the<i>Science Citation Index</i>. Impact is a measure of the number of citations to the average article published in a recent two-year period. In that respect,<i>JAMA</i>still ranks eighth among the same group of general and internal medical journals. Using another indicator of impact, we also measured the numbers of articles that had received 50 or more citations. This number is affected by the age and size of a journal as well as the journal's impact on researchers. Thus, the safest statement we can make about journal impact scores is that they reflect a journal's influence on research workers. Indeed, a large percentage of citations to biomedical research
Lifetime effects, costs, and cost effectiveness of testing for human papillomavirus to manage low grade cytological abnormalities: results of the NHS pilot studies
Authors: Rosa Legood, Alastair Gray, Jane Wolstenholme, Sue Moss
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To predict the incremental lifetime effects, costs, and cost effectiveness of using human papillomavirus testing to triage women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results for immediate colposcopy. <b>Design</b> Modelling study. <b>Setting</b> Three centres participating in NHS pilot studies, United Kingdom. <b>Population</b> Women aged 25-64 with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results. <b>Interventions</b> Screening using conventional cytology, liquid based cytology, and four strategies with different age cut-off points and follow up times that used combined liquid based cytology and human papillomavirus testing (adjunctive human papillomavirus testing). <b>Results</b> The model predicts that compared with using conventional cytology without testing for human papillomavirus, testing for the virus in conjunction with liquid based cytology for women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results (aged 35 or more) would cost £3735 (euros5528; $6474) per life year saved. Extending adjunctive human papillomavirus testing in combination with liquid based cytology to include women aged between 25 and 34 costs an additional £4233 per life year saved. Human papillomavirus testing is likely to reduce lifetime repeat smears by 52%-86% but increase lifetime colposcopies by 64%-138%. <b>Conclusions</b> Testing for human papillomavirus to manage all women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results is likely to be cost effective. The predicted increase in lifetime colposcopies, however, deserves careful consideration.
Abstract 3041: Focal amplification of chromosome 9p13 is associated with progression risk and activation of multiple oncogenes in oral precancers
Authors: Rebecca M. Towle, Ivy Tsui, Cathie Garnis
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most common form of head and neck cancer, has a dismal five year survival rate of ∼50%. This is largely due to the late stage of diagnosis and high rates of recurrence. A better understanding of the mechanisms driving early oral tumorigenesis is an essential first step towards increasing survival rates, which have not improved in decades. Specifically, by characterizing genetic alterations in early oral premalignant lesions (OPLs), we will better understand mechanisms of disease progression and discover targets for timely therapeutic intervention that could ultimately improve oral cancer outcomes. Methods: Whole genome DNA copy number profiling was undertaken on a rare panel of OPLs with extensive longitudinal data (including known progression status for invasive disease). Recurring alterations were characterized and gene lists were refined using independent tumor-associated gene expression datasets. The functional significance of remaining gene candidates was then assessed using lentiviral shRNA and expression vectors in cell model systems. Results: Analysis of genomic data from OPLs identified four focal recurrent alterations. Three of these alterations were associated with previously identified oncogenes: cMYC, EGFR, and KRAS. The fourth was a novel 2.04 Mbp amplification at chromosome 9p13. Based on our results and publicly available gene expression data, four candidate genes were found in this region: VCP, DCTN3, STOML2, and TLN1. Independent manipulation of each of these genes in cell models revealed changes in oncogenicity (based on changes in rate of proliferation and the degree of anchorage independence), suggesting a critical role in malignant processes associated with cancer progression. Conclusion: We have shown that a recurring, focal 9p13 amplicon in OPLs is associated with progression to invasive oral cancer. Further, our data indicate that this region spans multiple genes with oncogenic potential. Taken together, our results suggest that a single amplification event may dysregulate multiple genes that drive progression to invasive oral cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3041. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3041
Second thyroid neoplasms after prophylactic cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Yves Perel, Guy Leverger, Anne Carrere, Michel Caudry, Erea Noel Garabedian, Sophie Ansoborlo, Pierre Vergnes
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1998)

An understanding of the pathogenesis of second cancers may help in their prevention. We report on two children who were treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with an exclusively cranial prophylactic irradiation (18 Gy) and who presented with a thyroid carcinoma (TC) 12 and 13 years later. From a thorough review of the literature of TC after ALL and of radiation-induced TC, a strong case can be made that these tumors are caused by late effects of scattered radiation. The risk is at its highest in small children. After cranial irradiation, patients require clinical monitoring of the thyroid and cervical area for nodules, continued indefinitely. We suggest that, in most cases, an alternative form of neuromeningeal prophylaxis should be offered in small children with ALL. Am. J. Hematol. 59:91–94, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Incidence of hand eczema in a population-based twin cohort: genetic and environmental risk factors
Authors: A. Lerbaek, K.O. Kyvik, H. Ravn, T. Menné, T. Agner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Background Population-based studies on the incidence of hand eczema are sparse. Objectives The aim of this prospective follow-up study was to determine the incidence rate of hand eczema in a population-based twin cohort. Secondly, the role of genetic factors and other potential risk factors for hand eczema was investigated. Methods A questionnaire on self-reported hand eczema was answered by 5610 and 4128 twin individuals in 1996 and 2005, respectively. Data were analysed in a Poisson regression analysis. Results The crude incidence rate was 8·8 cases per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, [CI] 7·7–9·9). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) dependent on the co-twin's hand eczema status revealed a significant, doubled risk for monozygotic twin individuals with a co-twin affected by hand eczema, compared with dizygotic twin individuals with a co-twin affected by hand eczema (IRR 2·4, 95% CI 1·4–4·1). Also, significantly increased IRRs were found for positive patch test, atopic dermatitis, and wet work. Conclusions Hand eczema is still a frequent disease and genetic factors are confirmed important risk factors. Positive patch test, atopic dermatitis and wet work were associated with an increased risk, whereas no association with age, sex, smoking or alcohol was found.
Evaluation of a western blot serum test for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: E Rovatti, MP Corradi, M Amicosante, PL Tartoni, W Panini, A Ancora, AM Cenci, L Zucchi, L Monno, G Angarano, C Saltini
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

This study was designed to evaluate the possibility of monitoring Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using a serological assay. A discriminant score comprising antigen fractions of 38, 28, 24 and 19 kDa, identified in western blots using the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) A60 antigen complex was established in a sample of 57 purified protein derivative (PPD)-negative and 47 PPD-positive individuals. It was then tested in a group of 140 subjects undergoing BCG vaccination as a model of tuberculosis complex infection and in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as a model of cell-mediated immunodeficiency-related risk of tuberculosis. The discriminant score identified 57 out of 57 (100%) PPD-positives and none (0%) of the 47 PPD-negatives. In the BCG vaccinated subjects, 1.4% tested positive before vaccination and 90% after vaccination. In the HIV-positive subjects, 90% of the PPD-positive and 5% of the PPD-negative subjects had a positive score. This study suggests that the western blot discriminant score is an accurate test to survey M. tuberculosis infection in serum samples.
Brain scaling, behavioral ability, and human evolution
Authors: P. Thomas Schoenemann
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The existence of linked regularities in size among brain components across species is, by itself, not a strong argument against the importance of behavioral selection in brain evolution. A careful consideration of hominid brain evolution suggests that brain components can change their scaling relationships over time, and that behavioral selection was likely crucial. The best neuroanatomical index of a given behavioral ability can only be determined empirically, not through comparative analysis of brain anatomy alone.
Characterization of Dysfunctional Myocardium by Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Patrick R. Knuesel, Daniel Nanz, Christophe Wyss, Martin Buechi, Philip A. Kaufmann, Gustav K. von Schulthess, Thomas F. Lüscher, Juerg Schwitter
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Metabolic assessment of dysfunctional myocardium by PET allows prediction of functional recovery after revascularization. Contrast-enhanced MR (ce-MR) discriminates transmural distribution of viable and scar tissue with excellent spatial resolution. Both techniques were applied in ischemic chronic left ventricular dysfunction to relate metabolism and tissue composition to changes of contractile function after revascularization.Nineteen patients with myocardial infarctions (>3 months) were studied by MR and PET, and 10 patients were followed by MR 11+/-2 months after revascularization. In 56 to 64 segments/heart, systolic wall thickening, viable mass, and thickness of viable rim tissue were determined by MR (inversion-recovery MR with 0.25 mmol/kg Gd-chelate). [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and resting perfusion (13N-ammonia) were determined by PET. Viable tissue per segment on ce-MR correlated with FDG uptake per segment (r=0.62 and 0.82 for segments with and without flow metabolism mismatch, P<0.0001). FDG uptake > or =50% (a predictor of functional recovery) corresponded to a viable rim thickness of 4.5 mm on ce-MR. Thick (>4.5 mm) and metabolically viable segments (> or =50% FDG uptake) showed functional recovery in 85%, whereas thin metabolically nonviable segments improved function in 13% (P<0.0005). Metabolically viable segments with a thin viable rim and thick segments with reduced FDG uptake improved function in only 36% and 23% of segments, respectively (NS versus thin metabolically nonviable). In these 2 classes of segments, scar per segment was higher than in thick viable segments (P<0.0001).Metabolism and tissue composition discriminate various classes of dysfunctional myocardium. Most metabolically viable segments with a thick viable rim on ce-MR recover function after revascularization, whereas all other classes showed low recovery rates of contractile function.
Orthopedic Appliances in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal-Cord Injuries
Authors: Donald S. Bickers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

A REVIEW of the literature dealing with the orthopedic treatment of spinal-cord injuries is remarkable chiefly for the scarcity of available reference. This deficiency is easily understandable in view of the fact that it was only with the advent of World War II that the medical profession was faced with the problem of treatment of a large group of patients with these injuries. Such cases occur sporadically in civilian life, but it is unusual for a large number to be grouped on a service devoted entirely to the treatment of problems peculiar to this type of injury. A considerable number . . .