tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Statistics Notes: The odds ratio
Authors: J M. Bland
Journal: BMJ (2000)

In recent years odds ratios have become widely used in medical reports—almost certainly some will appear in today's BMJ . There are three reasons for this. Firstly, they provide an estimate (with confidence interval) for the relationship between two binary (“yes or no”) variables. Secondly, they enable us to examine the effects of other variables on that relationship, using logistic regression. Thirdly, they have a special and very convenient interpretation in case-control studies (dealt with in a future note).

The odds are a way of representing probability, especially familiar for betting. For example, the odds that a single throw of a die will produce a six are 1 to 5, or 1/5. The odds is the ratio of the probability that the event of interest occurs to the probability that it does not. This is often estimated by the ratio of the number of times that the event of interest occurs to …
Should We Consider Endoscopic Clipping for Prevention of Esophageal Stent Migration?
Authors: R. A. Silva, M. Dinis-Ribeiro, C. Brandão, N. Mesquita, N. Fernandes, H. Lomba-Viana, L. Moreira-Dias
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We read with great interest the paper by Sriram et al. [1] who, following a previous short reference in an abstract [2], gave the first report of the use of endoclips as a method for anchoring an esophageal endoprosthesis.
More than control freaks: Evaluative and motivational functions of goals
Authors: Fabio Paglieri, Cristiano Castelfranchi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract True to its sensorimotor inspiration, Hurley's shared circuits model (SCM) describes goal-states only within a homeostatic mechanism for action control, neglecting to consider other functions of goals – namely, evaluation and motivation. This restriction thwarts Hurley's project of identifying the information resources enabling social cognition. In order to master intentional behavior, deliberation, and action understanding, we need to be more than just “control freaks.”
Double-Chambered Right Ventricle and Situs Inversus With Dextrocardia
Authors: Quynh A. Truong, Kibar Yared, Pál Maurovich-Horvat, Emily Siegel, Roberto J. Cubeddu, Mary Etta King, E. Kevin Heist, Moussa Mansour, Godtfred Holmvang
Journal: Circulation (2010)
Increased Monday Incidence of Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Robert W. Peters, Steve McQuillan, Susan Kaye Resnick, Michael R. Gold
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Examination of the timing of cardiac events provides important pathophysiological information. Previous studies have shown that the onset of acute myocardial infarction occurs most frequently on Monday. The septadian (day of the week) pattern of occurrence of sudden cardiac death and lethal ventricular arrhythmias has not been examined previously.We examined the septadian distribution of life-threatening (cycle length < 280 ms) ventricular arrhythmias in 683 consecutive patients receiving a Ventak PRx, a third-generation implantable defibrillator with an event recorder. There was a prominent Monday peak, with a midweek decline and a secondary peak later in the week. A marked trough is apparent on both weekend days. The observed pattern was independent of age, sex, ejection fraction, NYHA functional class, type of heart disease, and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs but was not observed in patients receiving beta-blockers.Potentially lethal arrhythmias are not random events but occur in a daily pattern suggesting a relationship to the beginning and end of the work week. The absence of a Monday peak in patients receiving beta-blockers suggests that the pattern may be influenced by beta-blockers. This information may be useful in devising strategies to prevent sudden cardiac death.
RADICAL OPERATIONS FOR MAJOR TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Authors: CHARLES H. FRAZIER
Journal: JAMA (1931)

From a personal experience with 654 major operations for major trigeminal neuralgia, tic douloureux, I am convinced that from every point of view—relief to the patient, the almost total elimination of operative hazards and complications, and the invisible scar—the operation is one from which the surgeon derives greater satisfaction than after any other surgical experience. In the neurosurgical clinic of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania an exceptional opportunity has been afforded to observe neuralgias of the trigeminal system. Ever since Spiller in 1898 proposed section of the sensory root as a substitute for excision of the ganglion of Gasser, I have followed this method and, more because of my associate Dr. Spiller's suggestion than for any other reason, an exceptional number of patients have been referred to this clinic for surgical relief. In this period of approximately thirty years, 1,317 cases of major trigeminal neuralgia have been admitted
Randomized comparison of gold-coated NIR stents with uncoated NIR stents in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Seung-Jung Park, Seong-Wook Park, Jae-Joong Kim, Myeong-KI Hong, None Cheol Whan Lee, Seung-Jea Tahk, None Yang Soo Jang, None Ki Bae Seung, None Myung Ho Jeong, Joo-Young Yang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Th17 and Th1 T-Cell Responses in Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Jiusheng Deng, Brian R. Younge, Richard A. Olshen, Jörg J. Goronzy, Cornelia M. Weyand
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— In giant cell arteritis (GCA), vasculitic damage of the aorta and its branches is combined with a syndrome of intense systemic inflammation. Therapeutically, glucocorticoids remain the gold standard because they promptly and effectively suppress acute manifestations; however, they fail to eradicate vessel wall infiltrates. The effects of glucocorticoids on the systemic and vascular components of GCA are not understood. Methods and Results— The immunoprofile of untreated and glucocorticoid-treated GCA was examined in peripheral blood and temporal artery biopsies with protein quantification assays, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Plasma interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 and frequencies of interferon-γ-producing and IL-17-producing T cells were markedly elevated before therapy. Glucocorticoid treatment suppressed the Th17 but not the Th1 arm in the blood and the vascular lesions. Analysis of monocytes/macrophages in the circulation and in temporal arteries revealed glucocorticoid-mediated suppression of Th17-promoting cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23) but sparing of Th1-promoting cytokines (IL-12). In human artery-severe combined immunodeficiency mouse chimeras, in which patient-derived T cells cause inflammation of engrafted human temporal arteries, glucocorticoids were similarly selective in inhibiting Th17 cells and leaving Th1 cells unaffected. Conclusions— Two pathogenic pathways mediated by Th17 and Th1 cells contribute to the systemic and vascular manifestations of GCA. IL-17-producing Th17 cells are sensitive to glucocorticoid-mediated suppression, but interferon-γ-producing Th1 responses persist in treated patients. Targeting steroid-resistant Th1 responses will be necessary to resolve chronic smoldering vasculitis. Monitoring Th17 and Th1 frequencies can aid in assessing disease activity in GCA.
THE TOXIC FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK. II. STUDIES ON ELECTROLYTE AND WATER BALANCE IN SHOCK 1
Authors: A. M. Brues, W. E. Cohn, S. S. Kety, I. T. Nathanson, A. L. Nutt, D. M. Tibbetts, P. C. Zamecnik, J. C. Aub
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1945)
Interchangeable alpha chain cytoplasmic domains play a positive role in control of cell adhesion mediated by VLA-4, a beta 1 integrin.
Authors: P D Kassner, M E Hemler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Integrins can exist in a range of functional states, depending on the cell type and its state of activation. Although the mechanism that controls activity is unknown, it has been suggested that for some integrins, alpha chain cytoplasmic domains may exert either a negative effect or no effect on adhesion function. To address this issue for VLA-4 (an alpha 4 beta 1 heterodimer), we constructed an alpha 4 cytoplasmic deletion mutant and chimeric alpha chains composed of the extracellular domains of alpha 4 and the cytoplasmic domains of alpha 2, alpha 4, or alpha 5. Upon stable transfection of wild-type alpha 4, VLA-4 heterodimer was obtained that mediated (a) poor adhesion to CS1 peptide, fibronectin, or vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (in K562 cells); (b) poor adhesion to CS1 peptide but moderate adhesion to VCAM-1 (in MIP101 cells); and (c) moderate adhesion to both CS1 peptide and VCAM-1 (in PMWK cells). Chimeric alpha 4 constructs and wild-type alpha 4 yielded similar results in these cell lines. In contrast, truncation of the alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain (after the conserved GFFKR motif) caused an almost complete loss of adhesive activity in all three cell lines. Thus, several interchangeable alpha chain cytoplasmic domains play a fundamentally positive role in determining the state of constitutive activity for VLA-4. The alpha chain cytoplasmic domain is also required for agonist-stimulated adhesion, since phorbol ester stimulated the cell adhesion mediated by wild-type and chimeric alpha chains, but not by the cytoplasmic deletion mutant. The inactivity of both wild-type VLA-4 (in K562 cells), and truncated VLA-4 (in all three cell lines) was overcome by the addition of a stimulatory anti-beta 1 monoclonal antibody. Thus, the alpha cytoplasmic domain-dependent cellular mechanism controlling both constitutive and agonist-stimulated VLA-4 activity could be bypassed by external manipulation of the integrin.
Isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans in human plasma.
Authors: I Staprans, J M Felts
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

We have described methodology for the isolation and quantitation of glycosaminoglycans present in human plasma. Plasma glycosaminoglycans can be quantitatively adsorbed on a DEAE-Sephacel ion exchanger and eluted with a salt gradient as two groups: a low-charge fraction and a high-charge fraction. The low-charge fraction consists of chondroitin sulfate with a low sulfate content and the high-charge fraction consists of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate (type I). We have determined the plasma concentration of each of these glycosaminoglycans in six normal human subjects. We have established that none of the glycosaminoglycans in plasma are covalently linked to plasma proteins. All are isolated as complexes with plasma proteins in noncovalent linkages. The glycosaminoglycans in the low-charge fraction are bound with high affinity to a single plasma glycoprotein by a lectin-type bond that can be disrupted by a simple glycoside. The high-charge fraction contains three major proteins and several minor proteins associated with the glycosaminoglycans by both lectin-type and ionic bonding. The plasma proteins associated with glycosaminoglycans represent less than 0.5% of the total plasma proteins. Little is known about the physiologic role of the plasma glycosaminoglycans as components of metabolic processes. Because glycosaminoglycans have been implicated in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, we tested all of these compounds, isolated in free form, on the in vitro hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase. Plasma heparan sulfate stimulated the rate of this reaction severalfold. All other plasma glycosaminoglycans were inactive. Thus, plasma heparan sulfate may play an important role in plasma lipoprotein metabolism.
Comparison of Fibrillatory Waves and P-Waves in the Electrocardiogram.
Authors: James J. Morris
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

s1 May 1966Comparison of Fibrillatory Waves and P-Waves in the Electrocardiogram.James J. Morris Jr., M.D., Robert H. Peter, M.D., Henry D. McIntosh, M.D., F.A.C.P.James J. Morris Jr., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Robert H. Peter, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Henry D. McIntosh, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1152_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWith atrial fibrillation present, little diagnostic or functional significance has been attached to the atrial fibrillatory waves. With sinus rhythm present, P wave analysis is of clinical significance. Previous studies analyzing the P wave have shown that the index termed the P terminal force (Ptf), when abnormal (< - 0.4), is a sensitive index of left atrial hypertrophy. In the present study fibrillatory waves and the Ptfs have been compared in the same patients in order to evaluate the clinical implications of fibrillatory wave amplitude.The maximum amplitude of the fibrillatory wave in each of 100 patients was measured in... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: James J. MorrisJr., M.D.; Robert H. Peter, M.D.; Henry D. McIntosh, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Durham, North Carolina, and Portsmouth, Virginia PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1966Volume 64, Issue 5 Page: 1152-1153 Keywords Atrial fibrillation Electrocardiography ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1966 PDF downloadLoading ...
Effects of body position on the upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Authors: D A Pevernagie, A W Stanson, P F Sheedy, B K Daniels, J W Shepard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Fast-CT scanning was used to study the effects of changes in body position on upper airway (UA) size and shape in 11 awake subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Six patients with position (P)-dependent OSA were compared with five patients with nonposition (NP)-dependent OSA. Scans were repeated in the prone (PRN), right side (RS), and supine (SUP) body positions at both functional residual capacity and end-inspiratory tidal volume. Significant group, group by position, and borderline group by respiration effects were detected for minimum but not mean UA dimension data. Significant differences between groups were noted in minimum cross-sectional area and minimum lateral distance but not in minimum anteroposterior distance in the RS and SUP positions. Turning from the PRN to the RS or SUP position tended to decrease UA size in the NP group by decreasing the lateral distance, while the opposite effect was found in the P group. The results indicate that changes in body position during wakefulness affect the lateral but not the anteroposterior dimensions of the UA, and the UA behaves differently in patients with NP and P OSA in response to changes in body position.
History and essence in human cognition
Authors: Susan A. Gelman, Meredith A. Meyer, Nicholaus S. Noles
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Bullot &amp; Reber (B&amp;R) provide compelling evidence that sensitivity to context, history, and design stance are crucial to theories of art appreciation. We ask how these ideas relate to broader aspects of human cognition. Further open questions concern how psychological essentialism contributes to art appreciation and how essentialism regarding created artifacts (such as art) differs from essentialism in other domains.
Gastrointestinal disturbances in marathon runners.
Authors: C Riddoch, T Trinick
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1988)

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of running-induced gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in marathon runners. A questionnaire was completed by 471 of the estimated 1,750 competitors in the 1986 Belfast City Marathon. Eighty-three per cent of respondents indicated that they occasionally or frequently suffered one or more GI disturbances during or immediately after running. The urge to have a bowel movement (53%) and diarrhoea (38%) were the most common symptoms, especially among female runners (74% and 68% respectively). Upper GI tract symptoms were experienced more by women than men (p less than 0.05) and more by younger runners than older runners (p less than 0.01). Women also suffered more lower GI tract symptoms than men (p less than 0.05) with younger runners showing a similar trend. Both upper and lower tract symptoms were more common during a "hard" run than an "easy" run (p less than 0.01) and were equally as common both during and after running. Of those runners who suffered GI disturbances, 72% thought that running was the cause and 29% believed their performance to be adversely affected. There was no consensus among sufferers as to the causes of symptoms and a wide variety of "remedies" were suggested. GI disturbances are common amongst long-distance runners and their aetiology is unknown. Medical practitioners should be aware of this when dealing with patients who run.
Abstract 6116: Assessment of Global and Regional Left Ventricular Twist in Patients with Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction Before and After Revascularization by 2-D Speckle Tracking Imaging
Authors: Mingxing Xie, Wei Han, Xinfang Wang, Minjuan Zheng, Shuping Ge
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background: Torsion of the left ventricle is related to myocardial architecture and contractility and is being evaluated as a sensitive marker of cardiac performance. New 2-D speckle tracking imaging (STI) may provide a powerful means of assessing LV torsion noninvasively. This study sought to evaluate the global and regional left ventricular twist in patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction (AMI) before and after revascularization by STI. Methods: A total of 50 subjects, including study group (n = 20) who underwent revascularization for AMI as well as 1 month after revascularization, and control group (n = 30) of normal individuals were studied using STI. LV twist was defined as apical rotation relative to the base. The peak LV twist, standard deviation of time to peak twist (Tw-SD) and maximal temporal difference of time to peak twist (Tw-diff) of 6 myocardial regions were measured. Results: Before revascularization, peak LV twist was significantly reduced while Tw-SD and Tw-diff significantly increased in patients with AMI as compared with normal control group ( P &lt;0.001). One month after revascularization, these changes improved compared with pre- revascularization but remained diminished compared with normal controls (Table 1 ). There were significant correlations between LV peak twist and LVEF ( r =0.78, P &lt;0.05), and LVEDD ( r =−0.63, P &lt;0.05) in all subjects. Conclusion: LV twist measures significantly diminished and dys-synchronized in AMI patients prior to revascularization and improved after revascularization. STI measures correlate with EF and have the potential to quantify left ventricular global and segmental dysfunction in patients with AMI. Left ventricular regional and global peak twist, torsion and synchrony measures
An Answer to Some Criticisms of Cancer Education
Authors: J. Wakefield, R. L. Davison
Journal: BMJ (1958)

the Manchester Committee on Cancer completed the fifth year of an experiment in public education about cancer (Paterson et al., 1954).Reject- ing fear techniques, large public meetings, and the in- discriminate use of printed matter, the schemp empha- sizes the hopeful outlook for those accessible cancers- breast, cervix uteri, and skin-which give rise to early symptoms easily recognized by the patient; and shuns such misleading general claims as "Cancer is curable."In those towns of South-East Lancashire and North Cheshire where the scheme has been conducted, over 700 lectures have been given to lay organizations and summarized in local newspapers.Publicity has there- fore been maintained at a sufficiently high level of in- tensity for any ill effects to have forced themselves on the notice of general practitioners.
Renal-Artery Stenosis
Authors: Lance D. Dworkin, Christopher J. Cooper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 73-year-old former smoker with a history of hypertension presents with shortness of breath. His blood pressure is 160/75 mm Hg, and his serum creatinine level is 1.4 mg per deciliter. Chest auscultation reveals diffuse rales. His condition improves with diuretics. Imaging shows a diseased aorta and a high-grade ostial lesion of the left renal artery. How should he be further evaluated and treated?
Beta‐thromboglobulin and platelet‐factor 4 in patients with cancer: Correlation with the stage of disease and the effect of chemotherapy
Authors: Hamid Al‐Mondhiry
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1983)

Abstract Plasma level of beta‐thromboglobulin (BTG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), two platelet‐specific proteins, were measured in 20 patients with cancer. None of the patients had evidence of thromboembolism or impaired renal function, and none was taking drugs known to interfere with platelet function. In ten patients who were in complete remission or whose disease was thought to be inactive, the levels of both proteins were essentially within normal limits. The other ten patients had active or progressive symptomatic disease. BTG level was elevated in all but one patient, and PF4 was raised in two patients. These results suggest that in patients with clinically active cancer, a state of ongoing in vivo platelet activation may be present, a phenomenon which may contribute to the known increased occurrence of thromboembolism in patients with malignancy. The intravenous administration of various cytotoxic drugs used in cancer chemotherapy produced no immediate measurable changes in BTG and PF4 level.
Hemorrhage—Anticipation and Control
Authors: Joseph A. Buckwalter
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Troublesome and unexplained bleeding occasionally occurs in patients during and after surgical procedures. Preoperative evaluation by a careful medical history and physical examination will alert the surgeon to those patients with possible underlying hemorrhagic disease. The widespread use of anticoagulant drugs has multiplied this group. Detailed coagulation studies are warranted only to help diagnose or to indicate the severity of a particular disease in a patient who is a known or prospective "bleeder." Specific treatment is available for some bleeding patients with certain diagnoses; in others treatment is only supportive. Some agents advocated in the treatment of bleeding would seem to have little justification for their use. The physician who orders a blood transfusion must be aware of his responsibilities for the incidental morbidity and mortality of this procedure.
Weathering nodules of the ear: a clinicopathological study
Authors: G.M. KAVANAGH, J.W.B. BRADFIELD, C.M.P. COLLINS, C.T.C. KENNEDY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Twenty-five cases of distinctive ear nodules on the helices of the ears in elderly males are presented. We believe the clinicopathological features of these lesions allow them to be defined as a distinct entity. They are probably more common than is currently recognized. Histologically, a typical nodule comprises a spur of fibrous tissue with a focus of cartilage metaplasia. While the pathogenesis of weathering nodules remains unclear, there is an association with age and chronic UV exposure.