tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Exercise for cancer patients: a new challenge in sports medicine
Authors: F Dimeo
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

In the past, physicians usually advised patients with chronic diseases to rest and avoid physical effort. These recommendations were empirical: as most chronic diseases are associated with functional changes resulting in an impairment of physical performance, exercise in this group of patients may generate fatigue, breathlessness, and tachycardia. Therefore, avoiding physical activity results in less discomfort.

However, in the last few years, scientific evidence has dramatically changed our ideas about exercise for patients with chronic diseases. In the late 1960s, the inclusion of physical activity in rehabilitation programmes for patients who had had myocardial infarction set a milestone and opened up new perspectives for the use of exercise in treatment for chronic diseases. Now, it is a well established fact that excessive rest and lack of physical activity may result in severe deconditioning and thus reduce the functional status and quality of life of the chronically ill. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that exercise is an effective means for counteracting …
Expert Medical Testimony
Authors: Herbert C. Modlin
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am concerned and dismayed by Dr Charles Aring's position on expert medical testimony in court (234:569, 1976). There are many who will agree with his boycotting the legal system unless he can appear on his own terms as a friend of the court. There are also those who disagree. I understand Dr Aring to say that he is willing to participate in the legal system if he can play by medical rules. As I have detailed in these pages (221:1387, 1972), each of our great social systems—law, medicine, education, religion, industry—is a somewhat self-contained system with a particular social function to carry out. Each develops its own methodology, language, ethics, and standards best suited to its discharging its social responsibilities. The medical visitor to the legal system is just that—a visitor—and he cannot in good conscience demand that the law suddenly take on the trappings of
Markers of inflammation in induced sputum in acute bronchitis caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Authors: M M Pizzichini, E Pizzichini, A Efthimiadis, L Clelland, J B Mahony, J Dolovich, F E Hargreave
Journal: Thorax (1997)

Little is known of the inflammatory characteristics of acute infections of the respiratory tract caused by virus and unusual bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae. A case is reported in whom inflammatory indices in sputum were used to investigate, for the first time, the airway inflammation during an episode of acute bronchitis caused by C pneumoniae. The patient presented with a dry cough of five days duration. C pneumoniae was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a nasopharyngeal swab collected on day 5. Virological studies were negative. Clinical and inflammatory indices in induced sputum were measured on days 6, 8, and 11. The cough cleared spontaneously by day 11. Forced expiratory volume in one second was normal throughout. Sputum findings identified intense airway inflammation characterised by increased total cell and lymphocyte counts followed by an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio, activation of CD8 lymphocytes, and exudation as indicated by an increase in fluid phase fibrinogen. These observations suggest that sputum might be useful to monitor an inflammatory/immune response of the airway in acute infections.
The role of surgery in Clostridium difficile colitis
Authors: S E Noblett, M Welfare, K Seymour
Journal: BMJ (2009)

#### Summary points

Clostridium difficile infection was cited in one of every 250 death certificates completed in the United Kingdom in 2005,1 and it has become the leading cause of death from healthcare associated infections in much of the industrialised world.2 More than 50 000 cases of C difficile infection were reported in England in 2007—a 50-fold increase since 1990.1 Pseudomembranous colitis was first described in 1935, but it took another 40 years for C difficile to be identified as the causative organism.3 4 C difficile associated disease accounts for 15-25% of antibiotic associated diarrhoea,5 and its incidence is rising. The overall prevalence in patients admitted to hospital is around 1%; it can be as high as 20% in those who stay for more than one week and 50% in those who stay for at least four weeks.6 7 

This review aims to draw attention to the symptoms of C difficile infection and to summarise evidence on the indications and optimum timing of surgical intervention for C difficile associated colitis. The quality of evidence for the treatment of C difficile associated disease is poor, and the recommendations in this review are based mainly on non-randomised observational studies (level III evidence).

#### Sources and selection criteria

We did a PubMed search for English language articles on Clostridium difficile colitis, fulminant colitis, and surgery. Further papers were identified from the reference lists of relevant major articles.

C difficile causes a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic colonisation of …
THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUE IN PLASMA FROM ALIEN SPECIES
Authors: Robert A. Lambert, Frederic M. Hanes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

1. Rat sarcoma may be cultivated in mouse plasma and guinea pig plasma, and the growth differs only in extent from that observed in rat plasma. The cells may show active wandering in guinea pig plasma after thirty days, if transferred at proper intervals to fresh medium. 2. Rabbit plasma is less suitable than that of guinea pigs and mice for the growth of rat sarcoma; growth is slow, but it may continue for twelve days. 3. The duration of growth of rat sarcoma in dog plasma is from two to three days. 4. The duration of the growth of rat sarcoma in pigeon plasma is four to five days. Transferring the tissue to fresh pigeon plasma does not lengthen the period of activity. 5. No growth whatever is observed of mouse and rat tissues in goat plasma. Studies of the fate of the cells indicate the presence in goat serum of a substance toxic for these tissues. 6. In preparations of rat sarcoma in human plasma, liquefaction of fibrin is regularly observed. The phenomena of growth consist in an outwandering of cells along the cover glass, and, after four to six days, the formation of giant cells. Such giant cells are produced in larger number in the cultivation of rat spleen. 7. The degree of suitability of the different kinds of alien plasma used as culture media for mouse and rat tissues does not go hand in hand with the closeness of relationship of the species. 8. Rat spleen may be cultivated as readily in foreign plasma as the virulent transplantable tumors.
Correlation between cellular rejection of cardiac allografts and quantitative changes among T-cell subsets identified by V beta epitope expression.
Authors: J F Carlquist, M E Hammond, R L Yowell, C Holland, S Swanson, J L Anderson
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Cellular rejection of an allograft is mediated in part by peripheral blood T cells. We tested the hypothesis that quantitative changes in T-cell subsets can be detected in the peripheral blood and that these changes correlate with rejection. METHODS AND RESULTS T-cell subset analysis was performed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies recognizing six isotypic epitopes of the T-cell receptor beta-chain variable (V) region. These analyses were done at 7-day (mean) time intervals. Fluctuations within a given subset were determined by dividing the number of positive cells observed by the number of positive cells found on the previous analysis. For healthy volunteers observed over a period of 30 days, 119 of 120 subset ratios (99.2%) fell between 0.5 and 2.0. For patients, 57 of 240 subset ratios (23.8%) fell outside of this range (P &lt; .004, chi 2). The occurrence of the abnormal ratios coincided more closely with cellular rejection (mean +/- SD, 7.7 +/- 6.2 days from a positive biopsy; median, 5 days; range, 0 to 28 days) than did the occurrence of normal subset ratios (mean +/- SD, 14.4 +/- 10.9 days from a positive biopsy; median, 11 days; range, 0 to 44 days; P &lt; .005 by Mann-Whitney U test). Regression analysis confirmed a significant (P &lt; .001, R = .91) temporal association between cellular rejection and abnormal subset fluctuations. No correlation was found between abnormal subset ratios and either vascular rejection or use of high-dose prednisone. CONCLUSIONS T-cell subset measurement may be a method of noninvasive monitoring of cellular rejection after transplantation and may provide insights into the physiology of graft rejection with the potential for the development of more specific immunosuppressive therapy.
Skin ulcers mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with MTHFR polymorphism
Authors: Belén Rubio-González, María Castellanos-González, Victoria Alegría-Landa, María del Mar Burgués-Calderón, Carlos Zarco-Olivo, Francisco Vanaclocha-Sebastián
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2012)
Planning and Preparing Scientific Exhibits
Authors: Arthur H. Bulbulian
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This exhibit presents certain basic principles in the preparation of a good scientific exhibit and demonstrates the various media and techniques that may be used to produce an exhibit that has maximal teaching value. The author has chosen a number of previously prepared exhibits, representing various categories of subjects, and has made an analysis of the way in which each subject was handled so as to achieve the most effective form of presentation. <h3>In Planning A Scientific Exhibit Keep In Mind That</h3> Your Audience... ...is not captive, as in a lecture, but is free to move on to another exhibit that is simultaneously competing for attention. Have your exhibit contain an arresting feature directly related to your subject matter and convince your audience initially and forcefully that you have a worthwhile message. ... will first see the total exhibit as a unit and is prone to be affected by its overall
The 24-Hour Serum Lithium Level as a Prognosticator of Dosage Requirements
Authors: THOMAS B. COOPER, PER-ERICK E. BERGNER, GEORGE M. SIMPSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

A technique is described that enables a physician to determine a patient's lithium dosage requirement on the basis of a single blood sample collected 24 hours after the administration of a 600 mg. priming dose of lithium. The authors discuss the basis of this technique and emphasize the importance of ascertaining that the patient has ingested the priming dose of lithium.
CD38/CD31, the CCL3 and CCL4 Chemokines, and CD49d/Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Are Interchained by Sequential Events Sustaining Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Survival
Authors: Antonella Zucchetto, Dania Benedetti, Claudio Tripodo, Riccardo Bomben, Michele Dal Bo, Daniela Marconi, Fleur Bossi, Debora Lorenzon, Massimo Degan, Francesca Maria Rossi, Davide Rossi, Pietro Bulian, Vito Franco, Giovanni Del Poeta, Silvia Deaglio, Gianluca Gaidano, Francesco Tedesco, Fabio Malavasi, Valter Gattei
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

CD38 and CD49d are associated negative prognosticators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite evidence that both molecules are involved in interactions occurring between CLL and normal cells in the context of CLL-involved tissues, a functional link is still missing. Using gene expression profiles comparing CD38(+)CD49d(+) versus CD38(-)CD49d(-) CLL cells, we showed overexpression of the CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines in cells from the former group. These chemokines were also up-regulated by CD38 signals in CLL; moreover, CCL3 was expressed by CLL cells from bone marrow biopsies (BMB) of CD38(+)CD49d(+) but not CD38(-)CD49d(-) cases. High levels of CCR1 and, to a lesser extent, CCR5, the receptors for CCL3 and CCL4, were found in CLL-derived monocyte-macrophages. Consistently, CCL3 increased monocyte migration, and CD68(+) macrophage infiltration was particularly high in BMB from CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL. Conditioned media from CCL3-stimulated macrophages induced endothelial cells to express vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the CD49d ligand, likely through tumor necrosis factor alpha overproduction. These effects were apparent in BMB from CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL, where lymphoid infiltrates were characterized by a prominent meshwork of VCAM-1(+) stromal/endothelial cells. Lastly, CD49d engagement by VCAM-1 transfectants increased viability of CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL cells. Altogether, CD38 and CD49d can be thought of as parts of a consecutive chain of events ultimately leading to improved survival of CLL cells.
ENHANCED BIOACTIVE TGF- LEVELS IN THE MYOCARDIUM SUGGESTS EARLY PATHOLOGICAL TRANSITION IN ASYMPTOMATIC SEVERE MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Lionel Malebranche, Shaukat Khan, Mitchell Saltzberg, Michael Banbury, Angela DiSabatino, Andrea Squire, Takeshi Tsuda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Thyroid disease in pregnancy.
Authors: R H Park, R I Russell
Journal: BMJ (1987)

the general practitioner and said that I had been asked to look at the film, that I had some doubts about it, and that I thought it wise to have a further test taken at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, whose staff I informed of the situation.They saw and treated the patient, thereby possibly saving the patient's life and the general practitioner's reputation.The responsibility of the laboratory is surely to ensure that the reports reach the relevant clinician, and it is his or her responsibility to look at the relevant reports rather than wait until the patient next attends.If the hospital is so short ofsecretarial and other support staff that reports cannot be put in front of the clinicians when they are received then some responsibility must lie with them.
Beyond Rapalog Therapy: Preclinical Pharmacology and Antitumor Activity of WYE-125132, an ATP-Competitive and Specific Inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2
Authors: Ker Yu, Celine Shi, Lourdes Toral-Barza, Judy Lucas, Boris Shor, Jae Eun Kim, Wei-Guo Zhang, Robert Mahoney, Christine Gaydos, LuAnna Tardio, Sung Kyoo Kim, Roger Conant, Kevin Curran, Joshua Kaplan, Jeroen Verheijen, Semiramis Ayral-Kaloustian, Tarek S. Mansour, Robert T. Abraham, Arie Zask, James J. Gibbons
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major component of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway that is dysregulated in 50% of all human malignancies. Rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) partially inhibit mTOR through allosteric binding to mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) but not mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), an emerging player in cancer. Here, we report WYE-125132 (WYE-132), a highly potent, ATP-competitive, and specific mTOR kinase inhibitor (IC(50): 0.19 +/- 0.07 nmol/L; >5,000-fold selective versus PI3Ks). WYE-132 inhibited mTORC1 and mTORC2 in diverse cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, consistent with genetic ablation of mTORC2, WYE-132 targeted P-AKT(S473) and AKT function without significantly reducing the steady-state level of the PI3K/PDK1 activity biomarker P-AKT(T308), highlighting a prominent and direct regulation of AKT by mTORC2 in cancer cells. Compared with the rapalog temsirolimus/CCI-779, WYE-132 elicited a substantially stronger inhibition of cancer cell growth and survival, protein synthesis, cell size, bioenergetic metabolism, and adaptation to hypoxia. Oral administration of WYE-132 to tumor-bearing mice showed potent single-agent antitumor activity against MDA361 breast, U87MG glioma, A549 and H1975 lung, as well as A498 and 786-O renal tumors. An optimal dose of WYE-132 achieved a substantial regression of MDA361 and A549 large tumors and caused complete regression of A498 large tumors when coadministered with bevacizumab. Our results further validate mTOR as a critical driver for tumor growth, establish WYE-132 as a potent and profound anticancer agent, and provide a strong rationale for clinical development of specific mTOR kinase inhibitors as new cancer therapy.
Notch Signaling in CD66+ Cells Drives the Progression of Human Cervical Cancers
Authors: Jeevisha Bajaj, Tessy Thomas Maliekal, Eric Vivien, Chitra Pattabiraman, Sweta Srivastava, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Giri, Deepa Subramanyam, Sudhir Krishna
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Human epithelial tumor progression and metastasis involve cellular invasion, dissemination in the vasculature, and regrowth at metastatic sites. Notch signaling has been implicated in metastatic progression but its roles have yet to be fully understood. Here we report the important role of Notch signaling in maintaining cells expressing the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule CEACAM (CD66), a known mediator of metastasis. CD66 and Notch1 were studied in clinical specimens and explants of human cervical cancer, including specimens grown in a pathophysiologically relevant murine model. Gene expression profiling of CD66(+) cells from primary tumors showed enhanced features of Notch signaling, metastasis, and stemness. Significant differences were also seen in invasion, colony formation, and tumor forming efficiency between CD66(+) and CD66(-) cancer cells. Notably, CD66(+) cells showed a marked sensitivity to a Notch small molecule inhibitor. In support of studies in established cell lines, we documented the emergence of a tumorigenic CD66(+) cell subset within a metastatic lesion-derived cervical-cancer cell line. Similar to primary cancers, CD66 expression in the cell line was blocked by chemical and genetic inhibitors of ligand-dependent nuclear Notch signaling. Collectively, our work on the oncogenic properties of CD66(+) cells in epithelial cancers provides insights into the nature of tumor progression and offers a mechanistic rationale to inhibit the Notch signaling pathway as a generalized therapeutic strategy to treat metastatic cancers.
Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Harold C. Neu
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Do we need another book about penicillin? There have been at least a dozen on the discovery and application of this wonderful molecule. Fleming, Florey, and colleagues in the United Kingdom and the United States have had their roles evaluated and reevaluated. Gladys Hobby's book reiterates many of the well-known facts and stresses her personal interpretation of the early history of penicillin. How does the book enlarge upon the useful data in Ronald Hare's excellent 1970 book<i>The Birth of Penicillin</i>? In my mind, Dr Hobby has provided many fascinating details about the US pharmaceutical industry's early involvement in penicillin. Her excellent, referenced text allows one to check out original works to come to grips with some of the controversy surrounding the early years of this drug. This book is useful to look over if you are familiar with the story of penicillin. I particularly enjoyed the many illustrations of
Simultaneous determination of nineteen major components in Qi She Pill by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhongliang Zhang, Qiang Li, Qiufen Li, Simiao Du, Yongquan Zhou, Chunming Lv, Yan Zhao, Yongjun Wang, Ning Zhang
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2014)

Qi She Pill (QSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has been used in treating cervical spondylosis radiculopathy for many years. In this study, a simple and sensitive method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) on a reverse-phase C18 column was developed for the simultaneous determination of the 19 major components in QSP. We found that the optimum mobile phase for gradient elution was 0.1% formic acid and methanol. The correlation coefficients of all calibration curves were greater than 0.99. Recoveries measured at three concentration levels varied from 95.43% to 102.35%. Relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 4.45%. After successfully validating our method, we then applied it to the quantification of 19 components in QSP products to show that this method provides a new standard in quality assessment of TCM prescriptions containing multiple bioactive components.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent mechanisms of vascularization and vascular remodelling
Authors: S. Rey, G. L. Semenza
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Time for primary review: 19 daysThe vascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the vertebrate organism.Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master regulator of hypoxic/ischaemic vascular responses, driving transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in vascular reactivity, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and the mobilization and homing of bone marrow-derived angiogenic cells.This review will focus on the pivotal role of HIF-1 in vascular homeostasis, the involvement of HIF-1 in vascular diseases, and recent advances in targeting HIF-1 for therapy in preclinical models.
Diversion colitis as a trigger for ulcerative colitis
Authors: S L JOWETT
Journal: Gut (2000)

Editor,—Lim and colleagues recently presented three cases of diversion colitis which seemed to act as a trigger for instream ulcerative colitis ( Gut 1999; 44 :279–282). We would like to present a fourth case which has recently come to our attention and which adds to the literature.

In 1994, a 75 year old woman presented with a five year history of faecal soiling and urinary incontinence. A former smoker of 50 years, the patient had had a traumatic forceps delivery …
Documentation and Evaluation of Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Primary Care Patients
Authors: Christopher M. Callahan, Hugh C. Hendrie, William M. Tierney
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To describe the prevalence of cognitive impairment among elderly primary care patients and to compare diagnostic evaluations and use of health services among patients with and those without cognitive impairment. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Academic primary care group practice. Patients: 3954 patients aged 60 years and older who completed the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire during routine office visits. Measurements: Demographics and comorbid illness at baseline, diagnostic evaluations for cognitive impairment, use of standard and preventive health services, use of psychoactive drugs, and death in the year after the screening date. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment among all patients aged 60 years and older at baseline was 15.7%; 10.5% had mild impairment and 5.2% had moderate to severe impairment. Patients with moderate to severe impairment were significantly older than patients with no impairment (76.2 years and 67.4 years, respectively), were more likely to be black (85.8% and 61.3%), had fewer years of education (7.3 years and 9.2 years), and were more likely to have cerebrovascular disease (20.4% and 6.3%) and evidence of undernutrition (30.6% and 16.9%). Dementia was recorded as a diagnosis for less than 25% of patients with moderate to severe cognitive impairment, but patients with documented impairment were more likely to have been evaluated for reversible causes. In the year after screening, patients with moderate to severe impairment were more likely than those with no impairment both to be hospitalized (29.1% and 16.5%) and to visit the emergency department (55.8% and 38.5%) but had fewer outpatient visits (6.0 and 7.6) and greater mortality (8.2% and 2.8%). Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is associated with increased use of health services and increased mortality. Patients with undocumented cognitive impairment were significantly less likely to be evaluated for reversible causes. Research is needed to determine if better documentation of cognitive impairment would improve not only diagnostic evaluations but also patient management, counseling, and outcomes.