tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Natural History of Alcoholism
Authors: Emanuel M. Steindler
Journal: JAMA (1984)

George Vaillant is of the new breed of psychiatrists who acknowledge that alcoholism is not a cluster of symptoms of psychopathology, but rather a disease in and of itself, complex and variable though it may be, and elusive of strict definition. Not that there is anything really new disclosed in this rather remarkable attempt at synthesis of modern-day knowledge of alcoholism etiology and development. Those in the alcoholism field will learn little they do not already know about such topics as biogenic causality, treatment efficacy, and controlled drinking by recovered alcoholics. Even the author's own research, which forms the information base for much of the volume, has been reported in the scientific literature in recent years. But there is something really different in this book that distinguishes it from most of its predecessors in the genre: Vaillant grinds no axe. Instead, he comes down forcefully on the side of demonstrable
Torsade de pointes induced by sotalol despite therapeutic plasma sotalol concentrations.
Authors: R Krapf, M Gertsch
Journal: BMJ (1985)

<h3>Background</h3> As efforts to address patient safety (PS) in health professional (HP) education increase, it is important to understand new HPs’ perspectives on their own PS competence at entry to practice. This study examines the self-reported PS competence of newly registered nurses, pharmacists and physicians. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional survey of 4496 new graduates in medicine (1779), nursing (2196) and pharmacy (521) using the HP Education in PS Survey (H-PEPSS). The H-PEPSS measures HPs’ self-reported PS competence on six socio-cultural dimensions of PS, including culture, teamwork, communication, managing risk, responding to risk and understanding human factors. The H-PEPSS asks about confidence in PS learning in classroom and clinical settings. <h3>Results</h3> All HP groups reported feeling more confident in the dimension of PS learning related to effective communication with patients and other providers. Greater confidence in PS learning was reported for learning experiences in the clinical setting compared with the class setting with one exception—nurses’ confidence in learning about <i>working in teams with other HPs</i> deteriorated as they moved from thinking about learning in the classroom setting to thinking about learning in the clinical setting. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Large-scale efforts are required to more deeply and consistently embed PS learning into HP education. However, efforts to embed PS learning in HP education seem to be hampered by deficiencies that persist in the culture of the clinical training environments in which we educate and acculturate new HPs.
Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women?
Authors: Benoît Lamarche, Jean-Pierre Després, Marie-Christine Pouliot, Sital Moorjani, Paul-J. Lupien, Germain Thériault, Angelo Tremblay, André Nadeau, Claude Bouchard
Journal: Metabolism (1992)
IL‐33 promotes the induction of immunoglobulin production after inhalation of house dust mite extract in mice
Authors: D. Canbaz, L. Utsch, A. Logiantara, R. van Ree, L. S. van Rijt
Journal: Allergy (2015)

The initial immune response to house dust mite (HDM) is orchestrated by an interplay between epithelial cells (ECs) and dendritic cells (DCs). Innate cytokines released by HDM-exposed ECs activate airway DCs and effector inflammatory cells, which together induce a HDM-specific Th2 cell response. Here, we investigate the respective roles of DCs and IL-33 in sensitization to HDM.Balb/c mice were exposed via the airways to different HDM extracts, differing in at least endotoxin levels [Lotox (LT) and HiTox (HT)]. Alternatively, HDM-pulsed DCs in the presence or absence of additional LT-HDM, or administration of LT-HDM plus recombinant IL-33, were intratracheally (i.t.) administered to induce allergic airway inflammation. Eosinophil recruitment, cytokine production, serum immunoglobulins, and airway histology were analyzed.Direct exposure of airways with HT-HDM induced an eosinophilic airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine production, and an increase in total IgE and HDM IgG1, while LT-HDM was not able to do so. In contrast, i.t. instillation of LT-HDM-pulsed DCs induced a similar airway inflammation, mucus production, and cytokine production, but IgE or HDM IgG1 was not induced. Administration of HDM-pulsed DCs together with LT-HDM, to supply B cells with unprocessed antigen, was not sufficient to induce antibody production. Simultaneous administration of recombinant IL-33 with LT-HDM induced an antibody response, besides a cellular immune response.These results demonstrate that HDM-pulsed DCs were able to drive a Th2 response but that IL-33 was needed to induce a humoral immune response to a single inhalational challenge to HDM.
Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: M. L. Kowalski, R. Asero, S. Bavbek, M. Blanca, N. Blanca‐Lopez, G. Bochenek, K. Brockow, P. Campo, G. Celik, J. Cernadas, G. Cortellini, E. Gomes, E. Niżankowska‐Mogilnicka, A. Romano, A. Szczeklik, S. Testi, M. J. Torres, S. Wöhrl, J. Makowska
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Abstract Hypersensitivity reactions to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs ( NSAID s) constitute only a subset of all adverse reactions to these drugs, but due to their severity pose a significant burden to patients and are a challenge to the allergist. In susceptible individuals, NSAID s induce a wide spectrum of hypersensitivity reactions with various timing, organ manifestations, and severity, involving either immunological (allergic) or nonimmunological mechanisms. Proper classification of reactions based on clinical manifestations and suspected mechanism is a prerequisite for the implementation of rational diagnostic procedures and adequate patient management. This document, prepared by a panel of experts from the E uropean A cademy of A llergy and C linical I mmunology T ask F orce on NSAID s H ypersensitivity, aims at reviewing the current knowledge in the field and proposes uniform definitions and clinically useful classification of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAID s. The document proposes also practical algorithms for the diagnosis of specific types of NSAID s hypersensitivity (which include drug provocations, skin testing and in vitro testing) and provides, when data are available, evidence‐based recommendations for the management of hypersensitive patients, including drug avoidance and drug desensitization.
Antibiotic and Chemotherapy
Authors: Truman O. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1964)

By skillfully combining evaporation and distillation, Barber and Garrod have encompassed within 300-plus highly readable pages an effective current review of antibiotic and chemotherapy of infection. The authors have excluded from consideration the agents used against malaria and most other protozoal infections as well as the helminthiases. Of the book's two parts, the first concerns description of the drugs per se and their general spectrum of antimicrobial activity. With a format recalling many weightier reference texts, the book gives for each of the major sulfonamides and antibiotics the essential characteristics, including background and discovery, chemical properties, antibacterial activity, mode of action, pharmacology (routes of administration, excretion, and distribution in the body fluids), toxicity and side effects and, finally, comments on their general sphere of clinical application. The authors' long personal experience in the study of antimicrobial drugs shows up well in this section of the book. Few statements are made
Should general practitioners have access to paediatric cardiologists?
Authors: J. A. Rushforth, N. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1992)

9to4 1 NS Words per sentence 11 4-20 8 16 5 14 3 to 18 6 14-28 21 9 21 to 22 <0.0001Charactersperword 4-3-5 1 4 8 4 6 to 4 9 4 1-5-1 4-6 4 5 to4-7 NS Flesch reading ease* 39-6-71 57-5 5 1 to 64 30-72 52-2 49.6 to 54.8 NS Flesch-Kincaid indext 6-5-11 8 9-27 82 to 10.4 8 1-15 3 1121 107 to 117 0 003 Gunningfogindext 9 2-14 3 119 10 7to 13.1 10-17 6 13 7 131 to 14 2 0-008 *Lower score indicates harder to read.tHigher score indicates harder to read.(table ).There was no significant difference in the numbers of words and characters between the consent forms and the newspaper editorials.Consent forms, however, had significantly fewer paragraphs and sentences.This was reflected in the readability scores.Consent forms were significantly more difficult to read than newspaper editorials when assessed by the Flesch-Kincaid and Gunning fog indices.Compared with the mean values for the three most widely read newspapers, 46 consent forms had more sentences per paragraph and all the consent forms had longer sentences.The number of characters per word in the consent forms was similar to the mean for the three newspapers.Forty eight consent forms were more difficult to read than the three newspapers (as shown by the mean value) according to the Flesch-Kincaid index, 45 according to the the Gunning fog index, and 37 according to the Flesch reading ease.
Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections
Authors: Travis K Warren, Kelly L Warfield, Jay Wells, Dana L Swenson, Kelly S Donner, Sean A Van Tongeren, Nicole L Garza, Lian Dong, Dan V Mourich, Stacy Crumley, Donald K Nichols, Patrick L Iversen, Sina Bavari
Journal: Nature Medicine (2010)
A PLAQUE ASSAY FOR ENUMERATING ANTIGEN-SENSITIVE CELLS IN DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Barry R. Bloom, Luis Jimenez, Philip I. Marcus
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

A general method is described for enumerating antigen-sensitive lymphocytes obtained from individuals having delayed hypersensitivity, in this case from highly tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. The method is based on the observation that resting lymphocytes are generally unable to support replication of RNA viruses, whereas antigen-"activated" lymphocytes can. Lymph node lymphocytes from individual animals were cultured in the presence or absence of tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPD). After various periods of time, the cells were infected either with Newcastle disease virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, and plated in agar over a monolayer of cells susceptible to the virus. Wherever a lymphocyte yielded infectious virus, a discrete plaque in the monolayer could be seen. The increase in plaques of the antigen-stimulated cells over the background of the control sample was taken as the number of antigen-sensitive cells in the population. When lymphocytes from normal guinea pigs or from guinea pigs immunized to produce only circulating antibody to PPD were similarly tested, no increase in plaque-forming units (PFU) was observed. The average increase in PFU due to antigenic stimulation varied from 1 per 1000 lymphocytes at 24 hr to 16 per 1000 lymphocytes at 96 hr. By employing inhibitors of mitosis (colchicine, vinblastine, and thymidine) it was evident that the increase in PFU at least up to 48 hr was primarily due to initial antigen-reactive cells and not their progeny.
MOLECULAR-GUIDED NEOADJUVANT APPROACH FOR CHEMOSENSITIVE GLIOMAS
Authors: H. Sasaki, Y. Hirose, T. Yazaki, T. Kimura, H. Fujiwara, Y. Kitamura, M. Katayama, M. Toda, T. Ohira, K. Yoshida
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: Brain is the very organ where functional preservation is critical, however, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has not yet been systematically applied into the treatment of glial tumors. METHODS: Since February 2006, treatment for gliomas at Keio University Hospital has been tailored by molecular guidance: grade II-III gliomas with 1p19q codeletion or MGMT methylation have been treated by upfront chemotherapy, and the second surgery was planned after tumor volume reduction by NAC in the cases in which initial surgery was incomplete. The study includes the consecutive patients who fulfilled the following criteria: a) histopathological diagnosis of diffuse glioma of WHO grade II or III; b) no or scant contrast-enhancement; c) 1p19q codeletion or promoter methylation of the MGMT gene; d) written informed consent. RESULTS: Twenty gliomas (grade II: 17, grade III: 3) suggested to be responsive to chemotherapy have been treated by the neoadjuvant strategy. Curiously, the majority of gliomas referred to our hospital invaded into the eloquent areas, and the particular patient cohort provided the unique opportunity to see the true chemotherapeutic response. CR/PR/MR was in 9/18 evaluable cases, and there was no PD within 6 months. Importantly, the second-look removal after tumor volume reduction was performed in 12/17 incompletely resected tumors. CONCLUSIONS: NAC according to molecular guidance could often produce significant volume reduction of the incompletely resected gliomas. For chemosensitive low-grade gliomas, the upfront chemotherapy might hold optional advantages over upfront radiotherapy: radiotherapy can be saved for later malignant transformation; tumor volume reduction by NAC could provide the chance of radical resection that is not initially possible. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Neuropathology & Tumor Biomarkers.
Zinc Supplementation During Pregnancy-Reply
Authors: Robert L. Goldenberg
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —We appreciate the interest in the clinical significance and ethical aspects of our article. Prior to initiating the study, we believed that evidence for improvement in pregnancy outcome by zinc supplementation was unconvincing, 1-3 and we recommended folic acid and iron supplementation only. Therefore, zinc was not withheld. Each woman received nutritional counseling and a prenatal tablet that did not contain zinc. We studied African-American women because low birth weight is a major problem in this population.  Although most investigators believe that plasma zinc is a poor measure of zinc nutriture, we studied women with zinc levels below the median to maximize the potential effect, if any, of zinc supplementation. No subject was overtly zinc deficient. Before the study, we did not know the subjects' zinc intake; data reported were obtained during the study. We emphasize that our project was approved by our institutional review board and by
Gene trap in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA insertional mutagenesis analysis
Authors: D. Gozuacik, Y. Murakami, K. Saigo, M. Chami, T. Okanoue, T. Urashima, T. Kenmochi, T. Ochiai, C. Brechot, P. Paterlini-Brechot
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Rat liver epithelial cells: When it comes to differentiation, there's no place like home Coleman WB, Wennerberg AE, Smith CJ, Grisham JW. Regulation of the differentiation of diploid and some aneuploid rat liver epithelial (stemlike) cells by the hepatic microenvironment. Am J Pathol 1993;142:1373–1382
Authors: D Hixson
Journal: Hepatology (1994)
Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.
Authors: R Westerholm, K E Egebäck
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

This paper presents results from the characterization of vehicle exhaust that were obtained primarily within the Swedish Urban Air Project, "Tatortsprojektet."Exhaust emissions from both gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles have been investigated with respect to regulated pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbon [HC], nitrogen oxides [NO ], and particulate), unregulated pollutants, and in bioassay tests (Ames test, TCDD receptor affinity tests).Unregulated pollutants present in both the particle-and the semi-volatile phases were characterized.Special interest was focused on the impact of fuel composition on heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions.It was confirmed that there exists a quantifiable relationship between diesel-fuel variables of the fuel blends, the chemical composition of the emissions, and their biological effects.According to the results from the multivariate analysis, the most important fuel parameters are: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content, 90% distillation point, final boiling point, specific heat, aromatic content, density, and sulfur content.-
THE FORMATION OF BILE—PIGMENTS—THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: George H. Whipple
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The first editorial inThe Journal, Dec. 22, 1923, has much in it that seems to me unfortunate, as physicians reading this editorial I believe would come to the conclusion that recent work by Rich has changed the current conception about the formation of bile pigments. Rich's experiments attempt to controvert findings by Hooper and Whipple; and, although the editorial does not mention these authors, it is obvious that certain of the statements in the article refer to the work of Hooper and Whipple. I feel that the editorial writer did not examine the experiments of Rich, or he perhaps would have come to the conclusion that they were inconclusive, that his animals lived an insufficient length of time, and that the operative procedure caused such shock that the experiments were not a fair test of the hypothesis. Moreover, the reviewer did not give a fair summary
Targeting Notch signaling in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: David T. Teachey, Alix E. Seif, Valerie I. Brown, Marlo Bruno, Ralph M. Bunte, Yueh J. Chang, John K. Choi, Jonathan D. Fish, Junior Hall, Gregor S. Reid, Theresa Ryan, Cecilia Sheen, Patrick Zweidler-McKay, Stephan A. Grupp
Journal: Blood (2007)
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAM
Authors: Chester C. Winter
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The radioisotope renogram, which has now been used for a decade as a means of testing kidney function, is enjoying world-wide acceptance. Great demands have been made on it as a diagnostic tool, even though its design does not provide for visualization of the kidneys and renal arteries. Essentially, it was developed as a means for estimating and comparing blood flow and function of individual kidneys, and the ability of the upper urinary tract to evacuate urine. Repeated attempts have been made to introduce quantitative interpretations of the test results; unfortunately these only complicate the use of the test. Numerous formulas have been devised to this end, most of which depend on the time intervals to the points of maximal amplitude and descent halfway to the baseline of the tracing from its beginning. The application of such formulas to the interpretation of results assumes, as in the case of computers,
THE CALORIGENIC ACTION OF THYROXIN POLYPEPTIDE
Authors: W. T. Salter, J. Lerman, J. H. Means
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1933)

In 1930 Harington and Salter (1), by subjecting thyroid to proteo- lytic digestion, obtained a product which proved to be thyroxin in peptide combination.This substance having an iodine content of 49 per cent by weight has a far wider range of solubility than pure crystalline thy- roxin.It was concluded by these writers that thyroxin actually exists
Polyethylene glycol diminishes pathological effects of<i>Citrobacter rodentium</i>infection by blocking bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelia
Authors: Wentao Qi, Suhasini Joshi, Christopher R. Weber, Ramesh K. Wali, Hemant K. Roy, Suzana D. Savkovic
Journal: Gut Microbes (2011)

Infections from enteric bacteria such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are a public health threat worldwide. EPEC and EHEC are extracellular pathogens, and their interaction with host surface receptors is critical to the infection process. We previously demonstrated that polyethylene glycol (PEG) downregulates surface receptors in intestinal cells. Here we show that PEG decreases β1-integrin, the surface receptor in intestinal cells that is critical for EPEC and EHEC attachment. We hypothesized that PEG would inhibit the attachment of these enteric pathogens to host cells and improve clinical signs of infection. We found that attachment of the mouse enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which belongs to the same group of pathogens as EPEC and EHEC, was attenuated by the concurrent presence of PEG. Pretreatment with PEG, without concurrent presence during infection, also reduced bacterial attachment. This finding was further supported in vivo such as that PEG administered by gavage daily during infection as well as prior to infection significantly decreased C. rodentium in the colon and improved the appearance of the infected colon in mice. In addition, PEG decreased the β1-integrin in colonic mucosa and reduced the C. rodentium-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptors. PEG also significantly reduced infection-induced colonic inflammation. Finally, PEG efficiently reduced C. rodentium shedding from the colon during infection. In conclusion, PEG can be an efficient and safe preventive agent against EPEC and EHEC infections.
Respiratory morbidity and lung function in schoolchildren aged 7 to 11 years in South Wales and the West of England.
Authors: J W Yarnell, A S St Leger
Journal: Thorax (1981)

The present study tests the suggestion that the respiratory morbidity of children resident in South Wales is substantially higher than that among children resident in some other areas of the United Kingdom. A case control survey was carried out among 2228 children aged 7 to 11 years in schools matched for size and socioeconomic characteristics in urban and rural areas in South Wales and the West of England. The survey confirmed that respiratory morbidity was higher among children in South Wales and that this excess could not readily be dismissed as being caused by over-reporting. However, objective measurements of the children9s respiratory health did not detect any consistent difference in the lung function of children in South Wales compared with that of children in the West of England.
Row erupts over effect of plain packaging on smoking rates
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A report from the Adam Smith Institute claiming that government plans to introduce plain packaging of cigarettes will not produce public health benefits, such as cutting the number of cigarettes that people smoke or reducing the prevalence of smoking, has been hotly contested by the antismoking charity Action on Smoking and Health (ASH).

The institute’s report says that there is no evidence that the colour and logos on a packet of cigarettes encourage people to start smoking and that packaging design has little effect on smoking rates.

It warns that plain packaging could actually have detrimental effects, such as increasing the trade in counterfeit cigarettes, because the packaging will be easier to replicate. This would make cheap tobacco more readily available, …
The Reliability and Prognosis of In-Hospital Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Suzanne V. Arnold, Kasia J. Lipska, Yan Li, Abhinav Goyal, Thomas M. Maddox, Darren K. McGuire, John A. Spertus, Mikhail Kosiborod
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)