tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ventricular action potentials, ventricular extracellular potentials, and the ECG of guinea pig.
Authors: T Watanabe, P M Rautaharju, T F McDonald
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

Action potentials were recorded from different regions of the guinea pig ventricle to characterize regional differences in waveform configuration, and to acquire insight into the generation of the T-wave of the electrocardiogram. Isolated tissue preparations were driven at 1 Hz, and microelectrodes were used to map accessible surface regions of the epicardium, endocardium, and septum. There were minimal differences in regional resting potentials (mean -87 mV) and amplitudes (mean 122 mV), but Vmax in the epicardium (mean 110 V/sec) was much smaller than elsewhere (mean 247 V/sec). The action potential duration at the -80 mV repolarization level was longest in the papillary muscles (mean 154 msec), shortest in the septum (mean 126 msec), and generally 10-15 msec longer at the base than at the apex. The characteristics of intramural action potentials were inferred from measurements on enzymatically isolated myocytes, the rationale being that most dissociated myocytes originated from intramural cell layers. The action potentials in about 40% of the myocytes had durations similar to those recorded from the tissue surface (110-170 msec), and the remainder ranged from 170-290 msec long. The existence of longer-than-surface action potentials in the ventricle was also inferred from the body surface electrocardiogram and from bipolar electrograms of isolated left ventricles. In both cases, the Q-T intervals could be accounted for only by action potentials longer than those recorded from the ventricular surface.
A different picture of Africa
Authors: Gillian Baker, Petra Boynton
Journal: BMJ (2005)

I t has to be one of the more bizarre ventures—publishing a glamorous women's magazine in the world's 14th poorest country. Last November that's exactly what happened with the launch of Beauty Zambia .

Zambia is home to 10 million people—many with zero income, a lack of clean water, and periods of hunger. Poverty is real, yet every month Beauty Zambia is a glossy riot of colour, fashion, and features. How can this be?

Even in a country like Zambia there are new cultural identities forming. Stereotypes of Africa include poverty, war, famine, disease, or exotic wildlife—not perhaps a place of fashion models, professional workers, nightclubs, fancy restaurants, cell-phones, and rush hour streets at near gridlock with imported Japanese cars.

This highlife is experienced by a lucky few, in contrast to others on lower incomes with greater social problems. Publishers in Western countries rarely consider the tensions such diverse audiences create.

Criticisms of women's media include that it keeps women in subordinate positions, provides incorrect or inadequate health information, …
Vascular injury in isolated sheep lungs. Role of ischemia, extracorporeal perfusion, and oxygen.
Authors: D B Pearse, J T Sylvester
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Extracorporeal perfusion of isolated sheep lungs with blood after 30 min of ischemia caused injury manifested by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte sequestration, pulmonary hypertension, thromboxane release, and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. To determine the roles of ischemia, extracorporeal perfusion, and oxygen in this injury, lungs ventilated with 28% O2-5% CO2 and subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 180 min of perfusion (ischemic-perfused, n = 23) were compared with lungs subjected to (1) ischemia without perfusion (ischemic, n = 7), (2) perfusion without ischemia (perfused, n = 20), or (3) both ischemia and perfusion during ventilation with 95% N2 (anoxic ischemic-perfused, n = 15). Compared with ischemic-perfused lungs, ischemic lungs had an increased reflection coefficient for albumin (sigma alb, 0.82 +/- 0.03 versus 0.54 +/- 0.05) and decreased filtration coefficient (Kf, 0.05 +/- 0.01 versus 0.11 +/- 0.03 g.min-1.mm Hg-1.100 g-1). Perfused lungs had increased pulmonary hypertension, lung PMN leukocytes, and sigma alb (0.74 +/- 0.05); Kf was not different. Anoxic ischemic-perfused lungs had decreased pulmonary hypertension and thromboxane release, but sigma alb and Kf were not altered. These results suggest that extracorporeal perfusion caused PMN leukocyte sequestration, thromboxane release, and pulmonary hypertension, whereas ischemia caused derecruitment of vascular surface area. Injury required both ischemia and perfusion, but it was not decreased by anoxia, suggesting that oxygen radicals were not involved.
Thyroid Development and Disorders of Thyroid Function in the Newborn
Authors: Delbert A. Fisher, Alan H. Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE recent implementation of screening programs for the detection of congenital hypothyroidism has focused attention on the unique thyroid physiology and pathophysiology of the newborn. A high prevalence of both permanent and transient disorders of thyroid function has been observed. In the following discussion we review recent information regarding development of the normal thyroid system in relation to the several permanent and transient abnormalities now recognized in the neonatal period.Normal Development of the ThyroidEarly OntogenesisThe fetal hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid system develops free of maternal influence: the mammalian placenta is impermeable to the natural iodothyronines, T4, T . . .
Appearance of a Rapidly Expanding Facial Eschar in a Severely Injured Trauma Patient
Authors: Michael R. Christy, Sachin M. Shridharani
Journal: JAMA (2012)

A 21-YEAR-OLD WOMAN PRESENTS TO THE TRAUMA RESUSCITATION UNIT VIA helicopter transport following a motor vehicle crash. She was an unrestrained driver involved in a front-end collision and had a prolonged extrication from the vehicle. At the scene, she was unresponsive and underwent emergency intubation. She sustained multiple severe traumatic injuries including a ruptured spleen requiring abdominal exploration and splenectomy, atlantooccipital dislocation requiring halo placement, bilateral pelvic fractures requiring pelvic binder, and left lower extremity crush injury with multiple open fractures ultimately requiring a left hemipelvectomy. She underwent 38 operative interventions in a 3-week period. The plastic surgery department is consulted 14 days after the initial crash to evaluate a 4 4-cm left cheek wound measuring 2.5 cm deep with exposed zygomaticus major muscle (FIGURE 1A). In the ensuing 48 hours, the wound rapidly progresses and develops a necrotic eschar (Figure 1B). What Would You Do Next?
CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY: ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM TETRAIODOPHENOLPHTHALEIN
Authors: EVARTS A. GRAHAM
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Soon after we had demonstrated that the gallbladder could be made opaque to the roentgen ray by intravenous injection of various derivatives of phenolphthalein, experiments were begun to determine whether it would not be possible to obtain shadows of the gallbladder after oral administration of these compounds. The oral route offered not only simplicity of administration, but also the avoidance of occasional severe reactions to the intravenous injection of halogenated phenolphthaleins, which a few of our patients were having at that time. Although the reactions to intravenous injection of sodium tetraiodophenolphthalein, which we are using for cholecystography, 1 are few and of no moment, we have continued oral administration of this compound with increasing satisfaction.  Similarly, other workers have had good results from oral administration of these substances. Menees and Robinson 2 report a series of thirty-two patients who had cholecystograms made after oral administration of sodium tetrabromphenolphthalein in capsules,
Resident mast cells are the main initiators of anaphylactic leukotriene production in the liver
Authors: Wolfgang Hagmann, Hans Jörg Hacker, Ulrike Buchholz
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

During anaphylaxis the sensitized liver can have substantial capacity for leukotriene production. However, the intrahepatic cellular source for these potent eicosanoid mediators has been unclear so far. We therefore analyzed the appropriate role of resident liver cells in organ–specific generation of leukotrienes by immunohistochemical localization of 5–lipoxygenase, by measurement of cysteinyl leukotriene production in animals or isolated livers and by histochemical monitoring of mast cells in rat, guinea pig and mouse livers, respectively. During anaphylaxis in vivo , these species all generated large amounts of leukotrienes. Immunohistochemistry with rat liver demonstrated resident mast cells as the predominant cell type in liver containing 5–lipoxygenase. Rat and guinea pig livers contained numerous mast cells and produced substantial amounts of leukotrienes on antigen challenge; in contrast, mouse livers neither showed detectable mast cells nor generated leukotrienes when stimulated analogously. Infusion of histamine or serotonin (1 μmol/L each) or of the degranulating substance P (8 μmo/L) did not elicit leukotriene generation in rat livers. Furthermore, substantial degranulation of liver mast cells by compound 48/80 (0.5 mg/kg body mass) was paralleled by only modest leukotriene formation (63 ± 10 pmol in bile/kg body mass/30 min). These results indicate that during anaphylaxis mast cells are the main intrahepatic cells initiating leukotriene production and that such leukotriene generation is likely to be independent of mast cell degranulation or the release of histamine or serotonin.
P1-02-11: The BCL2 Antagonist of Death, BAD Is Down-Regulated in Breast Cancer and Inhibits Cancer Cell Invasion.
Authors: M Cekanova, R Fernando, J Wimalasena
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Recent clinical evidence suggest that expression of BCL2 and its antagonist BAD are good prognosticators for survival in breast cancer patients. BAD protein was previously shown by us to inhibit cyclin D1 expression and cJun activation, both may enhance invasiveness of tumor cells(Fernando et al JBC 07). However, the role of BAD and other BCL2 family proteins in invasion/metastasis of breast cancer is poorly characterized. Methods: By immunohistochemistry nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of several proteins including BAD in normal epithelial was compared to that of cancer cells in human specimens. Western blotting and ELISA methods were used to compare BAD overexpressing MCF7 breast cancer cells with control cells for the expression of variety of signaling molecules, proteins that take part in metastasis and invasion and ability of cells to invade was measured. PCR was used to measure m RNA levels and reporter constructs utilized for transcriptional factor activity studies. Results: Grade II breast cancer specimens express less total and phosphorylated forms of BAD in nuclei and cytoplasm compared to normals. BAD expression decreased Sp1, β-catenin and STAT proteins, which may increase cyclin D1 in vitro. BAD inhibited activation of the CRE and AP1 elements, and phosphorylation of BAD on S112 and S136 is required for this activity. BAD inhibited the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway and JNK, which may underlie inactivation of c Jun. BAD, like BCL2, may decrease metastasis,therefore, ability of BAD to modulate the expression of metastasis related proteins were measured and MMP10, VEGF, SNAIL, CXCR4, E-cadherin, and ***TlMP2 were regulated by BAD with a concomitant reduction in cell invasion. Conclusion: Higher expression of BAD in breast cancer and a role in metastasis and proliferation suggests that BAD is valuable prognostic marker in breast cancer and a multi functional protein. Further given the overwhelming clinical evidence that BCL2 prolongs survival, a reevaluation of the role of BCL2 family proteins in metastasis is urgently required. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-11.
Gerald M. Reaven, MD: Demonstration of the Central Role of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Fredric B. Kraemer, Henry N. Ginsberg
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Gerald M. Reaven, MD, could easily be epitomized as the “Father of Insulin Resistance.” (For those who do not know Dr. Reaven, he would humbly raise objection to being called Dr. Reaven rather than Jerry.) That said, Jerry is credited with developing the insulin suppression test, the first quantitative method to measure insulin-mediated glucose uptake in humans (1). Using this technique, he established the importance of insulin resistance in human disease, and importantly, in type 2 diabetes (2,3). In nondiabetic individuals, he demonstrated the role of insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the development of 1 ) hypertriglyceridemia (4) and low HDL concentrations (5), 2 ) decreased urinary uric acid clearance and hyperuricemia (6), 3 ) decreased LDL particle diameter (7), 4 ) enhanced postprandial lipemia and remnant lipoprotein accumulation (8), 5 ) increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (9), 6 ) salt sensitivity (10), 7 ) essential hypertension (11), and 8 ) increased sympathetic nervous system activity (12).

In addition to emphasizing the role of insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia in increasing the likelihood of an individual developing one or more of the consequences listed above, he first pointed out the clustering of these abnormalities. It is clear now that this group of clinical abnormalities, initially designated Syndrome X, is an important factor leading to cardiovascular disease. Syndrome X was introduced to the medical community in his now famous Banting Lecture in 1988 (13) and only later became known as metabolic syndrome.

Jerry was born in Gary, IN, on 28 July 1928, but spent most of his precollege years living in Cleveland, OH, thus accounting for his lifelong allegiance to the Cleveland Indians baseball team and a great deal of frustration on his part during their many less-than-stellar seasons. Jerry matriculated at the University of Chicago and graduated in 1949, also the year of his marriage to his …
Characterization of Proteins in Urinary Casts
Authors: Gerald J. Rutecki, Carl Goldsmith, George E. Schreiner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

A fluorescent-antibody technic was used to identify proteins in urinary casts of eight patients, six of whom had the nephrotic syndrome. Tamm-Horsfall urinary mucoprotein was identified in matrix of all casts. Serum proteins of wide variation in configuration and molecular size were identified only in cast granules. Cast granules may represent aggregated serum proteins, and the current hypothesis regarding the genesis of granular casts may need to be re-evaluated.
Identifying, Appraising, and Implementing Medical Education Curricula: A Guide for Medical Educators
Authors: Michael L. Green
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

As physicians' requirements for knowledge and skills evolve, medical educators often encounter the need for new curricula. This article presents an approach to identifying, appraising, and adapt-ing an established curriculum as an alternative to developing a new one. A published managed care curriculum is reviewed as an educational case example.
Evaluation of the Insertion/Deletion ACE Gene Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickening and Hypertension in Young Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Dietmar Frost, Martin Pfohl, Pia Clemens, Hans-Ulrich Haring, Wolfgang Beischer
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

To study the distribution of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene in young type 1 diabetic patients and to evaluate possible associations between the ACE genotype, arterial hypertension, and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery.Study participants were 148 type 1 diabetic patients (56 men and 92 women), aged 14-44 years, with a diabetes duration of > or = 2 years. HbA1c, albuminuria, and lipid status were assessed by standard laboratory techniques; the ACE genotypes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. The patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of hypertension, nephropathy, and retinopathy. The IMT, which can be used to estimate early stages of atherosclerosis, was measured by high-resolution ultrasonography.The ACE genotypes were distributed as follows: 21% II, 37% ID, 42% DD. The IMT values did not differ among patients with various ACE genotypes (0.63 +/- 0.15 mm), but the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in patients with DD (odds ratio, 4.26 versus II + ID; 95% CI, 1.64-11.06). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only age, hypertension, and sex were determinants for the IMT.Our results suggest a relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and the deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene in young type 1 diabetic patients, but we could not find an association between carotid artery IMT and ACE genotype in this population.
Displaying High-affinity Ligands on Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Enables Tumor Cell-specific and Safe Gene Transfer
Authors: Robert C Münch, Hanna Janicki, Iris Völker, Anke Rasbach, Michael Hallek, Hildegard Büning, Christian J Buchholz
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

Gene transfer vectors derived from the adeno-associated virus (AAV) have recently received increasing attention due to substantial therapeutic benefit in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, their great potential for in vivo gene therapy can only be partially exploited owing to their broad tropism. Current cell surface targeting strategies expanded vector tropism towards transduction of cell types that are inefficiently infected naturally, but failed to restrict or fully re-direct AAV's tropism. Hypothesizing that this limitation can be overcome by equipping natural receptor-blinded AAV vectors with high-affinity ligands, we displayed designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) as VP2 fusion proteins on AAV capsids ablated for natural primary receptor binding. These second generation targeting vectors demonstrated an as of yet unachieved efficiency to discriminate between target and non-target cells in mono- and mixed cultures. Moreover, DARPin-AAV vectors delivered a suicide gene precisely to tumor tissue and substantially reduced tumor growth without causing fatal liver toxicity. The latter caused death in animals treated with conventional AAV vectors with unmodified capsids, which accumulated in liver tissue and failed to affect tumor growth. This novel targeting platform will be key to translational approaches requiring restricted and cell type-specific in vivo gene delivery. Gene transfer vectors derived from the adeno-associated virus (AAV) have recently received increasing attention due to substantial therapeutic benefit in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, their great potential for in vivo gene therapy can only be partially exploited owing to their broad tropism. Current cell surface targeting strategies expanded vector tropism towards transduction of cell types that are inefficiently infected naturally, but failed to restrict or fully re-direct AAV's tropism. Hypothesizing that this limitation can be overcome by equipping natural receptor-blinded AAV vectors with high-affinity ligands, we displayed designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) as VP2 fusion proteins on AAV capsids ablated for natural primary receptor binding. These second generation targeting vectors demonstrated an as of yet unachieved efficiency to discriminate between target and non-target cells in mono- and mixed cultures. Moreover, DARPin-AAV vectors delivered a suicide gene precisely to tumor tissue and substantially reduced tumor growth without causing fatal liver toxicity. The latter caused death in animals treated with conventional AAV vectors with unmodified capsids, which accumulated in liver tissue and failed to affect tumor growth. This novel targeting platform will be key to translational approaches requiring restricted and cell type-specific in vivo gene delivery.
The prevalence of inverse recurrent suppuration: a population-based study of possible hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: G.R. Vinding, I.M. Miller, K. Zarchi, K.S. Ibler, C. Ellervik, G.B.E. Jemec
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Journal Article The prevalence of inverse recurrent suppuration: a population‐based study of possible hidradenitis suppurativa Get access G.R. Vinding, G.R. Vinding Department of Dermatology Roskilde Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK–4000 Roskilde Denmark Correspondence Gabrielle Randskov Vinding. E‐mail: grv@dadlnet.dk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I.M. Miller, I.M. Miller Department of Dermatology Roskilde Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK–4000 Roskilde Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Zarchi, K. Zarchi Department of Dermatology Roskilde Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK–4000 Roskilde Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K.S. Ibler, K.S. Ibler Department of Dermatology Roskilde Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK–4000 Roskilde Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. Ellervik, C. Ellervik Department of Clinical Biochemistry Naestved Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK‐4700 Næstved Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.B.E. Jemec G.B.E. Jemec Department of Dermatology Roskilde Hospital Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen DK–4000 Roskilde Denmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 170, Issue 4, 1 April 2014, Pages 884–889, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12787 Published: 01 April 2014
Hemodynamic Changes During Sleep in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: IBRAHIM M. KHATRI, EDWARD D. FREIS
Journal: Circulation (1969)

Hemodynamic studies were carried out during nonsedated all-night sleep on 14 patients with established hypertension. The significant changes from awake control values were as follows: mean arterial pressure fell 7.3% in stages I and II sleep and 8.8% in deep (stages III and IV) sleep; cardiac output decreased 10.3, 9.8, and 8.8% in stages I, II, and III and IV sleep, respectively; heart rate fell 4% in stage II sleep. Total peripheral resistance was not significantly altered. These hemodynamic responses during sleep were similar both quantitatively and qualitatively to those previously found in normal subjects. A small difference, which was of questionable significance, was noted between the two groups of subjects with respect to rapid eye movement sleep. While these observations do not disprove a primary neurogenic component in hypertension, they do not support such an hypothesis.
Hiatus hernia. The postoperative stomach and respiratory problems
Authors: E. D. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1975)

DIRECT hiatus hernia creates difficult problems in investigation with distressing regularity. Failure of radiologist, endoscopist, surgeon, and prosector to agree on diagnostic criteria is bad enough, although this matter will be solved, no doubt, by arbitration at some point in the future. A larger problem: how does the clinician make use of the diagnosis, once confidently established, in explaining the patient's symptoms? As in any common and well-publicized anatomic defect, hiatus hernia proves a tempting diagnostic excuse to cover a variety of upper abdominal and anterior chest symptoms. It becomes an overworked catchall for complaints that are not understood. These are well-known matters. Other facets of hiatus hernia behavior, evident to the observant clinician, need to be talked about more. One is the remarkable fact that, in spite of all the regurgitation and other dysrhythmic gastroesophageal activities that accompany uncomplicated hiatus hernia, pulmonary aspiration problems do not occur. Even nocturnal