tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ESSENTIALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOSPITALS FOR LARGE CITIES.
Authors: A. J. OCHSNER
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Almost every large city in this country has under contemplation the construction of one or more hospitals at the present time, and during the next few years hundreds of these public institutions will be constructed in this country.This will involve the expenditure of many millions of dollars, and will produce good or bad facilities for the treatment of millions of patients in the future.If these institutions are properly planned, the amount of good which will accrue to the citizens of this country for the amount of money expended will be vastly greater than if they are badly planned.The good features of a well-planned hospital will have a perman- ently beneficial effect on the community supporting the institution, and in the same manner a badly planned hos- pital will be a constant source of inconvenience, if not a real menace.For these reasons it seems proper for this subject to be discussed by the representative surgeons and hospital men who compose, to a great extent, the Surgical Section of the American Medical Association.THE COMMON BASIS OF HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION.Singularly enough, the work most extensively con- sulted by architects who are called on to provide the plans for hospitals, is "Hospital Construction and Or- ganization.""The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1875," is one which was based on observations made 27 years ago.The authors of these essays did their work so well that no one has seriously attempted to criticise them since, and the work has stood with authority for these many years.One can obtain a fair idea of how thoroughly the plans and theories laid down in these essays have been accepted by architects who have been called on to plan hospital buildings by studying the very com- prehensive work of Henry C. Burdett, "Hospitals and Asylums of the World, J. A. Churchill, London, 1893."This work gives the plans of all the important hospitals which were constructed before the close of its publication, and virtually all of these contain the same essen- tials in their construction.
Imipenem in Patients with Immediate Hypersensitivity to Penicillins
Authors: Antonino Romano, Marinella Viola, Rosa Maria Guéant-Rodriguez, Francesco Gaeta, Rosa Pettinato, Jean Louis Guéant
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

To the Editor: It is considered potentially harmful to administer imipenem–cilastatin to patients with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to penicillins1 because of a 47.4 percent rate of cross-reactivi...
International funding for AIDS care in poor countries should be increased
Authors: A. Attaran
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—Yamey's investigation of infant formula donations in Africa was excellent.1 Whether to use infant formula is a difficult question because it takes place against the backdrop of two big issues: breast feeding and AIDS. Breastfeeding activists fear that if Nestle or Wyeth get a foot in the door of donating infant formula to women in poor countries, those firms will resume their wrongful marketing practices of the past and will target women …
Immunological identification and function of dermal and epidermal cells
Authors: I. GREEN, J. ANSEL, T. LUGER, J. A. SCHMIDT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Immunological identification and function of dermal and epidermal cells Get access I. GREEN, I. GREEN Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. ANSEL, J. ANSEL Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. LUGER, T. LUGER Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. A. SCHMIDT J. A. SCHMIDT Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, U. S. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue s27, 1 July 1984, Pages 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb15576.x Published: 01 July 1984
COMPLETE SITUS TRANSVERSUS
Authors: Willard J. Stone
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Reports of complete transposition of the viscera are but infrequently encountered in the literature. Because of the relative rarity of the condition, therefore, the following case report may be of interest. <h3>History.</h3> —J. G., Italian, male, aged 22, Oak Harbor, Ohio, laborer, was admitted to the medical service at St. Vincent's Hospital, Oct. 6, 1911. The family history revealed nothing of importance. The personal history revealed no serious previous disease. The patient had never been in the tropics. His present illness began about one month prior to admission, with frequent chills and a continuous type of fever ranging daily between 101 and 103 F., during which time he had lost about 23 pounds in weight. His main complaint was referred to pain beneath the edge of the lower ribs on the left side. The patient believed that his illness was the result of an accident, which took place about one
Routine Echocardiography Screening for Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Model-Based Estimation of the Clinical and Economic Effects
Authors: Jennifer M. Yeh, Anju Nohria, Lisa Diller
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Childhood cancer survivors treated with cardiotoxic therapies are recommended to have routine cardiac assessment every 1 to 5 years, but the long-term benefits are uncertain.To estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine cardiac assessment to detect asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and β-blocker treatment to reduce congestive heart failure (CHF) incidence in childhood cancer survivors.Simulation model.Literature, including data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.Childhood cancer survivors.Lifetime.Societal.Interval-based echocardiography assessment every 1, 2, 5, or 10 years, with subsequent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or β-blocker treatment for patients with positive test results.Lifetime risk for systolic CHF, lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).The lifetime risk for systolic CHF among 5-year childhood cancer survivors aged 15 years was 18.8% without routine cardiac assessment (average age at onset, 58.8 years). Routine echocardiography reduced lifetime risk for CHF by 2.3% (with assessment every 10 years) to 8.7% (annual assessment). The ICER for assessment every 10 years was $111 600 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) compared with no assessment. Assessment every 5 years had an ICER of $117 900 per QALY, and ICERs for more frequent assessment exceeded $165 000 per QALY.Results were sensitive to treatment effectiveness, absolute excess risk for CHF, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction asymptomatic period. The probability that assessment every 10 or 5 years was preferred at a $100 000-per-QALY threshold was 0.33 for the overall cohort.Treatment effectiveness was based on adult data.Current recommendations for cardiac assessment may reduce CHF incidence, but less frequent assessment may be preferable.
Dual Functions of Runx Proteins for Reactivating CD8 and Silencing CD4 at the Commitment Process into CD8 Thymocytes
Authors: Takehito Sato, Shin-ichiro Ohno, Takumi Hayashi, Chiharu Sato, Kazuyoshi Kohu, Masanobu Satake, Sonoko Habu
Journal: Immunity (2005)
Mortality in patients with and without colectomy admitted to hospital for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: record linkage studies
Authors: Stephen E Roberts, John G Williams, David Yeates, Michael J Goldacre
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Objective To compare mortality outcomes in the three years after elective colectomy, no colectomy, and emergency colectomy among people admitted to hospital for inflammatory bowel disease, to inform whether the threshold for elective colectomy in clinical practice is appropriate. Design Record linkage studies. Setting Oxford region (1968-99) and England (1998-2003). Participants 23 464 people with hospital stay for more than three days for inflammatory bowel disease, including 5480 who had colectomy. Main outcome measures Case fatality, relative survival, and standardised mortality ratios. Results In the Oxford region, three year mortality was lower after elective colectomy than after either no colectomy or emergency colectomy, although this was not significant. For England, mortality three years after elective colectomy for ulcerative colitis (3.7%) and Crohn's disease (3.3%) was significantly lower than that after either admission without colectomy (13.6% and 10.1%; both P<0.001) or emergency colectomy (13.2% and 9.9%; P<0.001 for colitis and P<0.01 for Crohn's disease). Three or more months after elective colectomy, mortality was similar to that in the general population. Adjustment for comorbidity did not affect the findings. Conclusions In England, the clinical threshold for elective colectomy in people with inflammatory bowel disease may be too high. Further research is now required to establish the threshold criteria and optimal timing of elective surgery for people with poorly controlled inflammatory bowel disease.
Prolonged Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Paraquat in Mouse Brain
Authors: Kavita Prasad, Bozena Winnik, Mona J. Thiruchelvam, Brian Buckley, Oleg Mirochnitchenko, Eric K. Richfield
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundParaquat (PQ) has been implicated as a risk factor for the Parkinson disease phenotype (PDP) in humans and mice using epidemiologic or experimental approaches. The toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of PQ in the brain are not well understood.ObjectivesThe TK and TD of PQ in brain were measured after single or repeated doses.MethodsBrain regions were analyzed for PQ levels, amount of lipid peroxidation, and functional activity of the 20S proteasome.ResultsParaquat (10 mg/kg, ip) was found to be persistent in mouse ventral midbrain (VM) with an apparent half-life of approximately 28 days and was cumulative with a linear pattern between one and five doses. PQ was also absorbed orally with a concentration in brain rising linearly after single doses between 10 and 50 mg/kg. The level of tissue lipid peroxides (LPO) was differentially elevated in three regions, being highest in VM, lower in striatum (STR), and least in frontal cortex (FCtx), with the earliest significant elevation detected at 1 day. An elevated level of LPO was still present in VM after 28 days. Despite the cumulative tissue levels of PQ after one, three, and five doses, the level of LPO was not further increased. The activity of the 20S proteasome in the striatum was altered after a single dose and reduced after five doses.ConclusionsThese data have implications for PQ as a risk factor in humans and in rodent models of the PDP.
Assessing Exposure to Atrazine and Its Metabolites Using Biomonitoring
Authors: Dana B. Barr, Parinya Panuwet, Johnny V. Nguyen, Simeon Udunka, Larry L. Needham
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Atrazine (ATZ) is the second most abundantly applied pesticide in the United States. When we assessed exposure to ATZ by measuring its urinary mercapturic acid metabolite, general population data indicated that < 5% of the population was exposed to ATZ-related chemicals (limit of detection < 0.8 ng/mL).The aim of our study was to determine if we were underestimating ATZ exposure by measuring its urinary mercapturic acid metabolite and if the urinary metabole profile changed with the exposure scenario.We conducted a small-scale study involving 24 persons classified as high- (n = 8), low(n = 5), and environmental- (n = 11) exposed to ATZ. Using online solid phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured nine ATZ-related metabolites in urine that included dealkylated, hydroxylated, and mercapturic acid metabolites.We found that the urinary metabolite profiles varied greatly among exposure scenarios and among persons within each exposure scenario. Although diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) appeared to be the predominant urinary metabolite detected in each exposure category, the variation in proportion of total ATZ metabolites among persons was consistently large, suggesting that one metabolite alone could not be measured as a surrogate for ATZ exposure.We have likely been underestimating population-based exposures by measuring only one urinary ATZ metabolite. Multiple urinary metabolites must be measured to accurately classify exposure to ATZ and its environmental degradates. Regardless, DACT and desethylatrazine appear to be the most important metabolites to measure to evaluate exposures to ATZ-related chemicals.
HTLV-III testing of donor blood imminent; complex issues remain
Authors: M. F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The testing of donated blood for antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) expected to be initiated at US blood collection centers raises complex issues regarding the dissemination of personal information.  The lack of sensitivity and specificity of the test itself further complicates the issue.  It is not yet known whether the presence of antibodies to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) agent correlates with prognosis the ability to transmit the agent or with vulnerability to AIDS if accompanied by unknown co-factors.  Most blood banks plan to inform antibody-positive individuals of their test results.  There is concern however that test results may be made reportable to government authorities or required by employers and insurance companies.  In this case test results could be used to abridge the civil rights of homosexuals and other at-risk groups.  No solution has been developed that will satisfy the desire for strict confidentiality and at the same time safeguard public health.  Approximately 12 million units of blood are collected in the US each year from 5-6 million donors; each test for antibody to HTLV-III is expected to cost US$5-10.
Treatment of Helminth Infections
Authors: D. M. Roels-Broadhurst, E. M. Demaeyer
Journal: BMJ (1958)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Morphological psychology leverages the theory of Gestalt to understand the underlying fundamental, and often unconscious, motivating forces behind brand and product decisions. The Morphological concept of motivation makes it possible to account for the unconscious generators of consumer behavior appropriately. It reveals the hidden symbolic meaning of products. Marketing strategies should limit themselves to one key message--the concept of single-minded proposition--conveying one ‘core feeling’ of ‘emotional value.’ However, successful strategies consider the complex psychological mechanisms, which create the ‘emotional values.’
Respiratory Burns with Special Reference to Pulmonary Edema and Congestion
Authors: DOMINGO M. AVIADO, CARL F. SCHMIDT
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The functional changes in respiration, circulation, blood composition and blood temperature were investigated in anesthetized dogs that were subjected to the inhalation of steam. The pathogenesis of the accompanying pulmonary congestion and edema was analyzed by measurements of: (a) pulmonary blood flow, (b) pressures in pulmonary artery and vein, (c) pulmonary blood (P 32 ) volume, (d) electrical (AC) resistance of the lungs, and (e) edema fluid of the excised lung. The peculiarities of the pulmonary circulation that were demonstrated by bleeding and blood infusion explain the difficulties of correcting the congestion that regularly preceded thermal edema.
“Just So” stories and sociopathy
Authors: Andrew Futterman, Garland E. Allen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Sociobiological explanation requires both a reliable and a valid definition of the sociopathy phenotype. Mealey assumes that such reliable and valid definition of sociopathy exists in her “Integrated Evolutionary Model.” A review of psychiatric literature on the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder clearly demonstrates that this assumption is faulty. There is substantial disagreement among diagnostic systems (e.g., RDC, DSM-III) over what constitutes the antisocial phenotype, different systems identify different individuals as sociopathic. Without a valid definition of sociopathy, sociobiological theories like Mealey's should be viewed as entirely speculative.
Intracoronary angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves diastolic function in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy.
Authors: H L Haber, E R Powers, L W Gimple, C C Wu, K Subbiah, W H Johnson, M D Feldman
Journal: Circulation (1994)

There is increasing recognition of myocardial angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is induced with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The potential physiological significance of subsequent increased angiotensin I to II conversion in the presence of LVH is unclear but has been postulated to cause abnormal Ca2+ handling and secondary diastolic dysfunction. Accordingly, we hypothesized that acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition would result in decreased production of angiotensin II and improved active (Ca(2+)-dependent) relaxation in patients with hypertensive LVH.Intracoronary (IC) enalaprilat was administered to 25 patients with and without LVH secondary to essential hypertension. Indexes of diastolic and systolic LV function were determined from pressure (micromanometer)-volume (conductance) analysis at steady state and with occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Patients were divided into those receiving high- (5.0 mg, n = 15) and low-dose (1.5 mg, n = 10) IC enalaprilat during a 30-minute infusion at 1 mL/min. The high-dose patients were further divided along the median normalized LV wall thickness of 0.671 cm/m2. The time constant of isovolumic relaxation (TauL) was prolonged at baseline in patients receiving high-dose enalaprilat with wall thickness > 0.671 cm/m2 (TauL, 56 +/- 2 versus 44 +/- 2 and 45 +/- 2 milliseconds, respectively, P < .01 by ANOVA) and shortened only in this patient group (TauL, 49 +/- 3 versus 46 +/- 2 and 43 +/- 2 milliseconds, respectively, P < .01 versus baseline and other groups by ANOVA). The improvement in TauL was directly proportional to the degree of LVH (r = .92, P < .001). Although there was a decrease in LV end-diastolic pressure (23 +/- 2 to 15 +/- 1 mm Hg, P < .01) and volume (86 +/- 8 to 67 +/- 9 mL/m2, P < .05) in those patients with a reduction in TauL, this is due to movement down a similar diastolic pressure-volume relation with no change in chamber elastic stiffness (0.023 +/- 0.002 to 0.025 +/- 0.004 mL-1, P = NS).Intracoronary enalaprilat resulted in an improvement in active (Ca(2+)-dependent) relaxation in those patients with more severe hypertensive LVH. The improvement in active relaxation was directly proportional to the severity of LVH. These results support the hypothesis that the cardiac renin-angiotensin system is an important determinant of active diastolic function in hypertensive LVH.
Abstract PL03-01: Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted therapy
Authors: Martin Nowak
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Cancer is an evolutionary process. Cancer initiation and progression are caused by somatic mutation and selection of dividing cells. The mathematical theory of evolution can therefore provide quantitative insights into human cancer. I will discuss the role of chromosomal instability (CIN) and the accumulation of drivers and passengers in growing tumors. I will study success and failure of targeted therapy including combination of different drugs and evolution of resistance. A simple conclusion is that combination treatment can succeed, if the cancer requires at least two point mutations to gain resistance. From the perspective of preventing resistance, simultaneous therapy is highly recommended whereas sequential therapy is a recipe for almost certain treatment failure. Further Reading 1. Bozic et al (2010). Accumulation of driver and passenger mutations during tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 18545-18550. 2. Diaz et al (2012) The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 486: 537-540. 3. Bozic et al (2013). Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy. eLife 2: e00747. Citation Format: Martin Nowak. Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PL03-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-PL03-01
Sclerotherapy and esophageal variceal bleeding: time to forget it, or not?
Authors: J. Boix, V. Lorenzo-Zúñiga, V. Moreno de Vega, E. Domènech, M. Gassull
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

With great interest, we have read the article of Triantos et al. on evaluation of emergency sclerotherapy of varices [1]. Recently, the role of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) has been challenged by endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and vasoactive drug therapy [2] [3], the latter being considered by many physicians to be the treatment of choice for patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Triantos et al. have questioned this interpretation [4], and we agree with them. In our opinion, EIS has been censured because is a technique that requires competence in endoscopy. By contrast, EVL is a simple technique with comparable results that does not require an experienced endoscopist. For this reason, the efficacy and safety of EIS are tied to the endoscopist, so there are wide variations in reported efficacy rates - the main reason is technique. On the basis of our experience, we know that a properly performed EIS needs paravariceal and intravariceal injection.