tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Labeling of Specimens as Infectious
Authors: Stephen E. Godfrey
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I read with concern the recent article by Handsfield et al<sup>1</sup>regarding prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus in blood samples sent to the laboratory of their urban teaching hospital in Seattle. I agree that some samples of blood and body fluids sent to such a laboratory are inevitably from patients who have undetected infection with such viruses as HIV and hepatitis B, and I also agree that all specimens should therefore be considered potentially infectious and should be handled with appropriate precautions. However, I strongly disagree with the recommendation that the practice of labeling known infectious specimens should be abandoned. Laboratory workers are entitled to be informed when they are dealing with known hazardous specimens. It is natural that such workers take their greatest care in situations in which increased risk is perceived, although similar care is recommended in all situations.
Chk’ing p53-deficient breast cancers
Authors: David W. Schoppy, Eric J. Brown
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Loss or functional impairment of p53 occurs in many human cancers, and its absence is often associated with a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Hence, much effort is currently devoted to developing novel treatments for p53-deficient malignancies. One approach is to target pathways that are selectively required for the survival of p53-deficient cancer cells, thus exploiting a synthetic lethal interaction. Previous studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) pathway in p53-deficient cells can induce such a synthetic lethal outcome. In this issue of the JCI, Ma et al. take these findings a step closer to the clinic by demonstrating that highly specific inhibitors of Chk1 synergize with chemotherapy to stem progression of p53-deficient triple-negative breast cancers in a xenotransplant model of this disease. Together with other recent studies, this report highlights the promise of ATR and Chk1 inhibitors in targeted cancer treatment.
Current Medical Terminology 1963
Authors: Robert A. Bruce
Journal: JAMA (1962)

This book represents a significant attempt to define the terms commonly employed in clinical medicine. The techniques for assembling the symptoms, signs, complications, x-ray and laboratory manifestations as well as the pathological findings for each disease capture the essential characteristics of several textbooks in a succinctly organized fashion. It is particularly helpful to record librarians to have the code numbers of<i>Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations</i>included. This endeavor also represents a first step in the establishment of a workable approach to mobilizing quantitative information about the frequency of occurrence of each manifestation of these diseases by modern data processing methods. Eventually, a series of data matrices may be developed which will permit statistical analysis of clinical data as well as the means for establishing a centralized consulting service for computerized diagnostic appraisal of clinical histories, physical examinations, and laboratory findings which will be valuable to physicians and their
Body building and myoglobinuria: report of three cases
Authors: C Doriguzzi, L Palmucci, T Mongini, E Arnaudo, L Bet, N Bresolin
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Clinical scaphoid fracture is a definite entity.The 2% incidence we found by radiography at three weeks is low and correlates with the findings of others.3These fractures healed without complications but required three months' immobilisation.Patients with tenderness at three weeks and no fractures evident on radiography pose a problem.Serious consideration should be given before the joint is immobilised in plaster in these cases: a delay in treatment does not preclude union even of proved fractures.4Treatment demands clinical and radiographic examination to exclude a fracture or injuries such as scapholunate dissociation.Radiographs may be supplemented with a view in 30°angulation to the elbow.5When no fracture is observed the wrist should be immobilised with an easily fitted splint.Patients should be reassessed clinically and radiologically at three weeks, and those with a visible fracture should start conventional treatment.Patients with normal radiographs who still complain of tenderness should be reviewed again, but attendances beyond six weeks should be discouraged.This regimen will reduce the use ofplaster casts and outpatient attendances.Reusable splints may be cost effective, though plaster casts are sometimes necessary for soft tissue injuries.Initial tenderness over the scaphoid is not necessarily specific to fractures of the scaphoid; the rate of fractures missed initially (3%) is compatible with the rate missed on examination by junior doctors.I Hubbard LF.Fractures of the hand and wrist.In:
In Utero Paternity Testing Following Alleged Sexual Assault
Authors: Holly A. Hammond
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To compare DNA typing by both variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to determine the utility of each for prenatal paternity testing following sexual assault. To consider ethical issues of limiting prenatal paternity studies.Criterion standard.Prenatal diagnostic clinic after determination of pregnancy following an alleged sexual assault.Ten prenatal paternity cases accepted during a 5-year period.DNA-based paternity testing.Inclusion or exclusion of paternity by consensual partner.In all cases DNA typing using the PCR-based method provided the same conclusion as that from VNTR-based data. High probabilities of paternity were reported with both methods.DNA typing with PCR using short tandem repeat loci provides a reliable method for quickly determining paternity in prenatal cases. The ethics of providing paternity testing in the context of sexual assault is discussed. The issue of providing prenatal paternity testing in consensual relationships is considered.
Coronary Flow Reserve During Coronary Angioplasty in Patients With a Recent Myocardial Infarction: Relation to Stenosis and Myocardial Viability
Authors: Marc J. Claeys, Chris J. Vrints, Johan Bosmans, Bruno Krug, Pierre P. Blockx, Jo P. Snoeck
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Rubella Vaccination and Termination of Pregnancy
Authors: H. J. Mair, A. R. Buchan
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Six terminations of pregnancy have been carried out in Leicestershire since February 1970 because of rubella vaccine administered inadvertently during early unrecognized pregnancy. Any woman of child bearing age shown by serological tests to be susceptible to rubella should be offered vaccination, preceded and followed by adequate contraception.
An Uncertain Future
Authors: James D. Leitzell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

The great majority of patients seen in emergency rooms (ERs) are not involved in emergencies. Their problems are minor or chronic in nature. Even when ailments are serious, there is rarely a need for immediate intervention. Patients come to ERs for a variety of reasons — some social, some economic, and some psychological — but the vast majority have simple problems that could be adequately treated in simpler facilities.The cost of ER care is much higher than that of equivalent office care. ERs are parts of hospitals, and their construction must adhere to the costly specifications of building codes. . . .
Unconventional approaches to nutritional medicine
Authors: N. Hoke
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Drug use has declined among teenagers in United KingdomEditor-During 1995 a survey of illicit drug use was conducted among teenagers in Europe.The United Kingdom and 22 other countries participated. 1 2British teenagers reported the highest rates of drug use.The survey was repeated in 1999.The population sampled in 1999 consisted of 15 and 16 year old students attending state and private schools in the United Kingdom.Information was elicited from 1280 boys and 1361 girls in 223 schools.A third of girls and 39.5% of boys had used illicit drugs.A total of 36.5% had used cannabis.Glues and solvents had been used by 18.6%, lysergide by 5.2%, amphetamines by 8.9%, and ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) by 5.0% (tables 1 and 2).There were several regional variations.Students in Scotland were more likely than others to have used cannabis, any illicit drug, and amphetamines.Respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland were more likely than others to have used ecstasy and heroin.Those in Northern Ireland reported the greatest use of glues and solvents.Most forms of drug use had declined since 1995.Girls showed significant reductions in their use of cannabis, any illicit drug, solvents, lysergide, amphetamines, "pills" combined with alcohol, ecstasy, and tranquillisers.Among boys the significant falls were in cannabis, any illicit drug, solvents, lysergide, amphetamines, "pills" combined with alcohol, ecstasy, and crack cocaine.The only exception to this trend was heroin, whose use, though still rare, had risen in both sexes.These reductions may be temporary, but they are striking.
Dietary calcium, physical activity, and risk of hip fracture.
Authors: A. O. Adebajo
Journal: BMJ (1989)

with exogenous cytomegalovirus DNA.The high sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction makes exclusion of specimen contamination very difficult.89It is thus impossible on the basis of the evidence currently available to say whether the polymerase chain reaction can detect cytomegalo- virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from people with latent infection.If the polymerase chain reaction is adequately sensitive for this purpose it may prove valuable in studying the nature of latent cytomegalovirus infection and screening patients for this infection.
Relationship between expression of sex steroid receptors and structure of the seminal vesicles after neonatal treatment of rats with potent or weak estrogens.
Authors: K Williams, J S Fisher, K J Turner, C McKinnell, P T Saunders, R M Sharpe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

In this study we evaluated the effect of manipulating the estrogen and androgen environment of the neonatal male rat on subsequent immunoexpression of sex steroid receptors in the seminal vesicles (SVs) at age 18 days. The aim was to establish to what extent such changes were associated with and predictive of changes in SV structure/composition. Treatments were either diethylstilbestrol (DES; 10, 1, or 0.1 microg/injection), ethinyl estradiol (EE; 10 microg/injection), tamoxifen (2 mg/kg/day), flutamide (50 mg/kg), a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRHa; 10 mg/kg), genistein (4 mg/kg/day), octylphenol (2 mg/injection), or bisphenol A (0.5 mg/injection). Compared with controls, treatment with DES (10 microg) induced loss of epithelial and stromal androgen receptor (AR) immunoexpression coincident with induction of stromal progesterone receptor (PR) immunoexpression and upregulation of stromal immunoexpression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha). These changes were associated with gross distortion (increase) of the normal stromal:epithelial tissue proportions in the SVs. DES (1 microg) and EE induced similar but less pronounced changes, and DES (0.1 microg) had no noticeable effect. Tamoxifen and flutamide induced PR and slightly upregulated ERalpha immunoexpression but had only a minor or no effect on AR expression and the stromal:epithelial ratio, though flutamide retarded normal development of the SVs. The latter was also evident in GnRHa-treated males, but otherwise this treatment had no effect on AR and PR immunoexpression. None of the foregoing treatments had any detectable effect on the immunoexpression of ERss in stromal or epithelial cells. The major treatment-induced changes in immunoexpression of AR, PR, and ERalpha and lack of change in ERss were confirmed by Western blots of SV protein extracts. None of the three weak (environmental) estrogens tested caused any detectable change in sex steroid receptor immunoexpression or SV tissue composition. We conclude that treatment-induced loss of AR is a prerequisite for altered stromal:epithelial proportions in the SVs and that such loss is always associated with induction of PR and upregulation of ERalpha; the latter two changes are insufficient on their own to bring about such a change. Nevertheless, induction of PR expression was always associated with altered SV development and is a potentially useful marker because it is not normally expressed in male reproductive tissues.
Defective processing of insulin-receptor precursor in cultured lymphocytes from a patient with extreme insulin resistance.
Authors: T Kakehi, A Hisatomi, H Kuzuya, Y Yoshimasa, M Okamoto, K Yamada, H Nishimura, A Kosaki, H Nawata, F Umeda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

We have studied a patient with extreme insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and decreased erythrocyte insulin binding. EBV-transformed lymphocytes from this patient exhibited markedly reduced binding of 125I-insulin. Radioiodination of cell surface receptors followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-receptor antibodies revealed the presence of increased amounts of a 210-kD protein but no detectable alpha or beta subunits. Continuous labeling with 2-[3H]mannose revealed the synthesis of a 190-kD precursor and a 210-kD protein. The 210-kD protein was phosphorylated in an insulin-dependent manner at high insulin concentrations. These results suggest that in this patient the biosynthesis of 190-kD receptor precursor, its terminal glycosylation, and intracellular transport to the cell surface proceed normally, while proteolytic maturation to alpha and beta subunits does not occur. We postulate that this defect either results from mutation(s) within the insulin-receptor gene, which render the precursor resistant to cleavage, or from a defect in the receptor processing enzyme.
Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in myocardial edema and ischemia in coronary microvascular embolization.
Authors: M Hori, K Gotoh, M Kitakaze, K Iwai, K Iwakura, H Sato, Y Koretsune, M Inoue, A Kitabatake, T Kamada
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Oxygen-derived free radicals are thought to injure the ischemic heart during coronary microvascular embolization. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this idea, microspheres (15 microns in diameter) were repetitively administered into the left anterior descending coronary artery to cause microvascular embolization in dogs. Myocardial contractile and metabolic dysfunctions were significantly attenuated after treatments with recombinant human superoxide dismutase, an acyl derivative of ascorbic acid (CV3611, 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid), and xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol). The free radical scavengers and inhibitor enhanced the coronary hyperemic flow response during embolization, and the total number of microspheres causing maximal embolization was increased by these drugs. When 8-phenyltheophylline was additionally administered with superoxide dismutase, these beneficial effects were abolished, indicating that coronary effects of these drugs may be due to increased release of adenosine during coronary microvascular embolization. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that oxygen radicals worsen the ischemic injury in coronary microembolization.
358 EFFECT OF N ACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) IN HYPOXIA INDUCED LIVER INJURY (HILI) – A RANDOMIZED PLACEBO CONTROL CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: P. Basu, R. Siriki, N.J. Shah, S. Farhat, K. Mittimani, S. Atluri, M. Rahaman, R.S. Brown
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Time trends of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in umbilical cord blood of Inuit infants born in Nunavik (Québec, Canada) between 1994 and 2001.
Authors: Frédéric Dallaire, Eric Dewailly, Gina Muckle, Pierre Ayotte
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Inuit inhabitants of Nunavik (northern Québec, Canada) consume great quantities of marine food and are therefore exposed to high doses of food chain contaminants. In this study, we report the time trends of persistent organic pollutants, mercury, and lead in umbilical cord blood of infants from three communities of the east coast of Hudson Bay in Nunavik. We analyzed 251 cord blood samples collected from 1994 through 2001 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes, lead, and mercury. Using an exponential model, we found strongly significant decreasing trends for PCBs (7.9% per year, p < 0.001), DDE (9.1% per year, p < 0.001), DDT (8.2% per year, p < 0.001), and HCB (6.6% per year, p < 0.01). No significant trends were detected for chlordanes. A significant reduction of lead and mercury concentrations was found, but there was no clear linear or exponential trend. The decreases observed could be explained by a decrease in food contamination, by changes in dietary habits, or, most likely, by a combination of both.
Medical Malpractice: Theory, Evidence, and Public Policy
Authors: Jerry Zaslow
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The author approaches medical malpractice from a social, economic, and utilitarian viewpoint, using a rather broad brush to cover the subject. In 264 pages, she does cover the field admirably and quite fully. Being an associate professor in health policy research and education at Duke University, Durham, NC, she discusses the topics covered in a dispassionate and apparently logical manner, emphasizing two aspects—the deterrent and compensatory effects of the tort system and insurance premiums. The problem of malpractice in this country for the decade from 1975 to 1985 is reviewed, presenting the so-called malpractice crisis of the 1970s in moderate detail, including the various tort reforms passed in a number of state legislatures and what effect they have had on the desired results, namely, deterrence and compensation. It would appear from her analysis that little has happened in the area of deterrence, and reasons are given for this. It is
Acute pancreatitis and haemolytic anaemia associated with mumps-virus infection.
Authors: P. K. O'Brien, D. S. Smith, O. P. Galpin
Journal: BMJ (1965)

The endocannabinoid signaling system regulates diverse physiologic processes and has attracted considerable attention as a potential pharmaceutical target for treating diseases, such as pain, anxiety/depression, and metabolic disorders. The principal ligands of the endocannabinoid system are the lipid transmitters <i>N</i>-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which activate the two major cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. Anandamide and 2-AG signaling pathways in the nervous system are terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis mediated primarily by the serine hydrolases fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. In this review, we will discuss the development of FAAH and MAGL inhibitors and their pharmacological application to investigate the function of anandamide and 2-AG signaling pathways in preclinical models of neurobehavioral processes, such as pain, anxiety, and addiction. We will place emphasis on how these studies are beginning to discern the different roles played by anandamide and 2-AG in the nervous system and the resulting implications for advancing endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors as next-generation therapeutics.
Porencephalic Cysts Demonstrated by Encephalography with Radioiodinated Serum Albumin
Authors: Gerald D. Silverberg, Ronald A. Castellino, David A. Goodwin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

ENCEPHALOGRAPHY with radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA) provides a new and useful tool for the clinical evaluation of cerebrospinal-fluid dynamics. Di Chiro1 demonstrated that the flow of intrathecally injected radioiodinated serum albumin was identical to that of tagged autologous cerebrospinal fluid.1 Di Chiro, Reames and Matthews2 introduced this preparation into the subarachnoid space and followed the flow of isotope at timed intervals. In the normal subject they were able to establish an orderly, predictable pattern of flow. Other studies have documented this normal pattern as well as demonstrating abnormal flow patterns in a variety of pathologic entities, such as various forms . . .
The Nephrotic Syndrome as a Complication of Perchlorate Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: R. E. Lee, R. L. Vernier, R. A. Ulstrom
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

PERCHLORATE is an inorganic monovalent anion that, like thiocyanate, is capable of inhibiting collection and interfering with retention of the iodide ion within the thyroid gland. Wyngaarden et al.,1 , 2 in 1952 and 1953, were the first to compare, in animals, the effects of perchlorate and other monovalent anions, and they found perchlorate to be ten times as potent as thiocyanate in discharging iodide previously collected by the thyroid gland. Perchlorate has been used widely in England and Europe generally in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, and has distinct advantages in that it is effective, inexpensive and relatively nontoxic.3 4 5 6 7 Godley and Stanbury . . .
Neonatal Bacteriuria: A Prospective Study in 1,460 Infants
Authors: G. D. Abbott
Journal: BMJ (1972)

In a prospective study of 1,460 virtually consecutive neonates 14 (1%) were found to have bacteriuria, established by bladder puncture. Eleven were boys and three girls. Five of the infants with bacteriuria had symptoms suggestive of infection and were treated with antibiotics. The remaining nine were asymptomatic and remained so during a period of observation—five cleared their urine of bacteria without treatment, and four received antibiotics. Only one infant with bacteriuria had bacteraemia. Six infants had more than 10 white blood cells per mm<sup>3</sup> in the bladder puncture urine and three had proteinuria. The blood urea was slightly raised in only two of the infants. The intravenous pyelogram was normal in all infants with bacteriuria but eight had slight or moderate vesicoureteric reflux when examined by micturating cystourethrography.
Myosin isoenzyme distribution in overloaded human atrial tissue.
Authors: P M Buttrick, A Malhotra, R Brodman, L McDermott, L Lam
Journal: Circulation (1986)

Using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have identified two distinct myosin isoenzymes in human atrial tissue that correspond to the V1 and V3 isomyosins found in rat ventricular tissue. Normal left and right atrial appendages have approximately 50% V3. When the left atrium was exposed to hemodynamic overload secondary to mitral stenosis, the percent V3 increased to 77 +/- 10% (n = 10); exposure to hemodynamic overload secondary to mitral regurgitation caused an increase to 70 +/- 14% (n = 6). Changes in the isoenzyme pattern were seen in the right atria of patients with mitral stenosis and markedly elevated pulmonary arterial pressures compared with control subjects and patients with mitral stenosis without severe pulmonary hypertension. Several clinical variables were examined to determine which factors might influence isoenzyme expression. Age, sex, the presence of atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not predict the isoenzyme pattern. However, patients with mitral valvular disease and only slightly enlarged left atria tended to have a higher percent V3 than those with massively enlarged atria. These data confirm that human atrial tissue, like rat ventricular tissue, can alter its isomyosin composition in response to a hemodynamic load. The data further suggest that the isoenzyme shift is an early adaptation to the imposed load.