tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Differences in male and female cognitive abilities: Sexual selection or division of labor?
Authors: Michael T. Ghiselin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract In Darwinian terminology, “sexual selection” refers to purely reproductive competition and is conceptually distinct from natural selection as it affects reproduction generally. As natural selection may favor the evolution of sexual dimorphism by virtue of the division of labor between males and females, this possibility needs to be taken very seriously.
Allergen-antibody complexes can efficiently prevent seasonal rhinitis and asthma in grass pollen, hypersensitive patients.
Authors: J. J. Machiels, M. A. Somville, M. G. Jacquemin, J. M. R. Saint‐Remy
Journal: Allergy (1991)

We have prepared antigen‐antibody complexes from grass pollen allergens and autologous specific antibodies isolated by immunoadsorption from the serum of allergic patients. These Complexes were inoculated into patients in a double‐blind trial to evaluate their effect on grass pollen‐related rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Thirty‐eight grass pollen‐hypersensitive patients were allocated to three groups; patients in the first two groups were treated with antigen‐antibody complexes at different ratios and dosages and were compared with the third group who received the placebo carrier buffer alone. In addition, we treated a fourth group who had already received antigen‐antibody complex inoculation during the previous pollen season. Injections were given every 2 weeks during the pollen season, starting 5 weeks prior to it. Tolerance was excellent with no signs of local or systemic side effects. The treatment prevented nasal symptoms while enabling the patients to reduce antihistamine intake. Bronchial asthma was virtually absent in the treated groups even though no bronchodilators or corticosteroids had to be taken. Specific IgE antibodies did not increase during the pollen season nor did IgG “blocking” antibodies. Inoculation of allergen‐antibody complexes could provide a valuable alternative for the treatment of immediate hypersensitivity to airborne allergens as it appears to be safe and rapidly efficacious. This treatment offers several advantages compared to conventional hyposensitization and is characterized by the absence of an increase in specific IgG antibodies.
Leader in war on cancer looks ahead: talking with Vincent T. DeVita, Jr, MD
Authors: V. T. Devita
Journal: JAMA (1995)

FEW PEOPLE today are better qualified to go out on the shaky limb of predicting progress in the war against cancer than Vincent T. DeVita, Jr, MD. And no time has been as good as today for going out on that limb, now that scientists have a good idea of how cells become cancerous. DeVita, a highly decorated five-star general in the campaign to conquer cancer, has been on the front lines since before the passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971, which was a turning point, he says, in the long and bitter struggle to defeat the disease. DeVita, now director of the Yale Cancer Center and professor of epidemiology and public health and professor of medicine at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, has witnessed, and played a large part in, the development of a wealth of research tools that has at last pried open
Re: Francesco Porpiglia, Carlo Terrone, Julien Renard, Sussana Grande, Francesca Musso, Marco Cossu, Francesca Vacca and Roberto Mario Scarpa. Transcapsular Adenomectomy (Millin): A Comparative Study, Extraperitoneal Laparoscopy Versus Open Surgery. Eur Urol 2006;49:120–6
Authors: Francesco Porpiglia
Journal: European Urology (2006)
The Power of Genetics to Target Surgical Prevention
Authors: Jeffrey N. Weitzel, Laurence E. McCahill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Dramatic advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of cancer have led to new forms of technology and new tools for assessing the genetic risk of cancer. In this issue of the Journal, Huntsman et al.1 report the experience of two families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, before and after definitive genetic testing was available. Their stories illustrate key issues in the assessment of the genetic risk of cancer.Although inherited forms of cancer are rare — representing only about 5 percent of many types of adult-onset cancer — the risks conferred by the inherited cancer-susceptibility genes are high . . .
Zinc Supplementation and Growth in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Ananda S. Prasad, Zafrallah T. Cossack
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

With the use of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, we have devised a technique for measuring zinc in neutrophils. Neutrophil zinc levels in patients with sickle cell anemia correlated significantly with height and weight, and with serum testosterone in men. Such correlations were not seen with zinc levels in plasma or erythrocytes. We also report the beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on longitudinal growth and body weight in 14- to 18-year-old patients with sickle cell anemia. Thus, the neutrophil zinc level is a reliable and sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency in these patients.
Fasting Insulin and Apolipoprotein B Levels and Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Size as Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Benoît Lamarche
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.-Epidemiological studies have established a relationship between cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations and the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), but up to half of patients with IHD may have cholesterol levels in the normal range.Objective.-Toassess the ability to predict the risk of IHD using a cluster of nontraditional metabolic risk factors that includes elevated fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels as well as small, dense LDL particles.Design.-Nested case-control study.Setting.-Cases and controls were identified from the population-based cohort of the Que ´bec Cardiovascular Study, a prospective study conducted in men free of IHD in 1985 and followed up for 5 years.Participants.-IncidentIHD cases were matched with controls selected from among the sample of men who remained IHD free during follow-up.Matching variables were age, smoking habits, body mass index, and alcohol consumption.The sample included 85 complete pairs of nondiabetic IHD cases and controls.Main Outcome Measures.-Ability of fasting insulin level, apolipoprotein B level, and LDL particle diameter to predict IHD events, defined as angina, coronary insufficiency, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and coronary death.Results.-The risk of IHD was significantly increased in men who had elevated fasting plasma insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and small, dense LDL particles, compared with men who had normal levels for 2 of these 3 risk factors (odds ratio [OR], 5.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-15.4).Multivariate adjustment for LDL-C, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) did not attenuate the relationship between the cluster of nontraditional risk factors and IHD (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.7-15.7).On the other hand, the risk of IHD in men having a combination of elevated LDL-C and triglyceride levels and reduced HDL-C levels was no longer significant (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.5-3.5)after multivariate adjustment for fasting plasma insulin level, apolipoprotein B level, and LDL particle size.Conclusion.-Results from this prospective study suggest that the measurement of fasting plasma insulin level, apolipoprotein B level, and LDL particle size may provide further information on the risk of IHD compared with the information provided by conventional lipid variables.
The Larynx: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Gregory J. Matz
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Just before I wrote a review of this book, which I had on my desk, a colleague of mine who is a specialist in gastroenterology said, "How could they possibly have an entire book devoted to the larynx?" Well, this is a book devoted to the larynx and all its disorders, and it is one that I would recommend.<i>The Larynx: A Multidisciplinary Ap proach</i>, edited by Marvin Fried, is written by experts. Most of the 45 chapters are well written and edited, up-to-date, and clinically pertinent, and provide the reader with a wealth of new information in laryngology. The book, as the title indicates, includes all facets of anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment and understanding of laryngeal disorders. Dr Fried, of the Harvard faculty, has wisely included a significant amount of new information in the emerging areas of laryngology such as sleep apnea, laser laryngoscopy, stroboscopy, and video
Case 61-1963
Authors: Gordon S. Myers, Robert E. Scully
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

Presentation of Case First admission. A thirty-six-year-old woman entered the hospital because of dyspnea and palpitation.At the age of three years the patient had a fever and joint pains for several months, and a heart murmur was heard. Two years later chorea developed and persisted for a year. She was married at the age of twenty-four years; two years later severe dyspnea and tachycardia occurred in the thirty-eighth week of pregnancy, and cesarean section was performed and digitalis therapy instituted. Eight years before admission sodium restriction and a diuretic agent were added to the regimen because of increased dyspnea. . . .
Measuring blood pressure in the elderly.
Authors: I W Grant
Journal: BMJ (1990)

of deterioration and a low risk of surgical compli- cations whether she was or was not taking anti- coagulant drugs.I would have offered burr hole aspiration of the fluid component of the haematoma, and I feel the authors should not be congratulated for the recovery of their patient.It will always be difficult to balance the risks of surgery for intracranial haematomas, particularly in patients receiving anticoagulation, but I hope that their report will not encourage clinicians routinely to manage such haematomas conserva- tively.
Breast cancer screening may not save lives, study finds
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2000)

3-O-[19-14C]Ethylmorphine and ethylmorphine, respectively, were used to measure O- and N-dealkylase activities of hepatic microsomes. The well-known sex difference in the rate of N-delakylation in mature rats was not observed with O-dealkylation, nor did O-dealkylase activity increase as male rats reached maturity, as is the case with N-dealkylase activity. Accordingly, O-dealkylation represents only about 20% of the total dealkylase activity (O- + N-) in mature male rats, but about 50% in mature female rats. A comparison of the O- and N-dealkylating activities of hepatic microsomes from rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits showed that both the rates of O- and N-dealkylation and the ratio of the two reactions vary greatly among animal species. These studies contribute to the evidence that different cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase systems are involved in the O- and N-dealkylation of opium alkaloids.
Pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Novel regulatory systems of bioactive substances in the vessel wall.
Authors: C Kawai
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Rupture of the lipid-rich atheromatous plaque, intraplaque hemorrhage, and intraluminal thrombus are three pathological hallmarks most commonly recognized in the infarct-related coronary artery at the site of acute myocardial infarction. Rupture of the atheromatous plaque is closely related to but does not fully explain the genesis of occlusive intracoronary thrombus formation and thus the development of acute myocardial infarction. Besides a variety of hematologic disorders, one should emphasize the role of the platelet-derived mediators that promote an environment where thrombosis and vasoconstriction occur, including TXA2, serotonin, ADP, platelet-derived growth factor, tissue factor, and the diminished availability of those natural endogenous substances that inhibit platelet aggregation, such as EDRF, tissue plasminogen activator, and PGI2. PGI2 released from vascular endothelial cells is extremely unstable. Our group provided the first evidence that HDL stabilizes PGI2 through the newly discovered function of Apo A-I, which is associated with the surface of HDL particles and identified as PGI2 stabilizing factor. Decrease in HDL-associated Apo A-I in patients with unstable angina and during the acute phase of myocardial infarction indicates that HDL plays an important role in preventing coronary atherosclerosis and intracoronary thrombus formation by stabilizing PGI2 in addition to the generally accepted biochemical property of HDL to prevent the accumulation of cholesterol by mobilizing free cholesterol from tissues or macrophages. There is also a PGI2 synthesis-stimulating factor in serum that has not yet been identified chemically. EDRF or nitric oxide provides another important regulating system in the vessel wall. Lipoproteins are inhibitors of endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Further Observations on Mental Disturbances Associated with Cortisone and ACTH Therapy
Authors: Lincoln D. Clark, Gardner C. Quarton, Stanley Cobb, Walter Bauer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

A PREVIOUS paper described in detail the clinical and laboratory aspects of 10 cases in which mental disturbances of varying severity developed during treatment with cortisone or ACTH.1 The primary intention of that report was to characterize the natural history and symptomatology of this syndrome. To give a more exact description, cases that failed to demonstrate a clear relation between hormone administration and the occurrence of psychiatric complications were excluded. For example, none had a past history of overt psychiatric illness or nervous-system disease, none had known endocrinologic dysfunction, and none coincidentally received nonhormonal drugs or suffered metabolic dyscrasias to . . .
The use of self-adjuvanting nanofiber vaccines to elicit high-affinity B cell responses to peptide antigens without inflammation
Authors: Jianjun Chen, Rebecca R. Pompano, Felix W. Santiago, Lea Maillat, Roger Sciammas, Tao Sun, Huifang Han, David J. Topham, Anita S. Chong, Joel H. Collier
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Abstract 3409: Arsenic trioxide inhibits Ewing sarcoma growth by blocking Hedgehog/GLI pathway
Authors: Elspeth M. Beauchamp, Olga Rodriguez, Christopher Albanese, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Aykut Üren
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFT) is an undifferentiated neoplasm of the bone and soft tissue. ESFT is characterized by a specific chromosomal translocation occurring between chromosome 22 and (in most cases) chromosome 11, which generates an aberrant transcription factor, EWS-FLI1. We have previously shown that GLI1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1, and is important for ESFT tumorigenicity. Thus, GLI1 is a potential therapeutic target in ESFT. Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) is an FDA approved drug used for the treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Luekemia (APL) as a second line of therapy for those patients who don't response or relapse on All-trans-retinoic acid therapy. We show that Arsenic Trioxide inhibits GLI1 transcriptional activity. Arsenic Trioxide can also decrease the expression of GLI target genes without affecting GLI1 protein levels. We also show that ATO can inhibit the growth of ESFT cell lines in vitro and in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. To further prove that ATO is causing tumor cell growth inhibition by affecting GLI, we treated a mouse medulloblastoma model that is driven by an activating Smoothened mutation SMOA1. We were able to significantly improve survival of these mice with ATO treatment. Our results establish ATO as a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, and warrant the investigation of ATO in clinical trials as a new therapy for ESFT, basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3409.
Prevalence of antibody to poliovirus.
Authors: M S Rooney, P V Coyle, J H Connolly
Journal: BMJ (1986)

measured during this period may be an unreliable marker.For Dr Holt and colleagues to base diagnosis ofcyclosporin nephrotoxicity on only the absence of obstruction or histological signs of rejection seems unsatisfactory; some characteristic histological aspects of nephrotoxicity have been described' that they did not mention.Moreover, the possibility of viral infections that cause renal dysfunction cannot be excluded, mainly in the first weeks after transplantation.There is a discrepancy in the study: although its aim was to investigate the relation between the cause of renal graft dysfunction and trends in predose blood cyclosporin concentrations during the week before the episode of renal dysfunction, the authors considered the cyclosporin concen- trations in the week before biopsy, and the median time between transplantation and graft biopsy was two weeks, whereas that between transplantation and rejection episodes was five weeks.Moreover, the authors do not report the daily cyclosporin dose given in the week before renal biopsy and any changes during this period.They do say that the cyclosporin dose was reduced whenever blood values were over 666 nmol/l (800 ng/ml), and a reduction might in fact favour rejection, thus explaining the occurrence of rejections in some subjects with high cyclosporin values.We believe that details of reproducibility of the method not only at 416 nmol/l (500 ng/ml) but also at the lower and upper ends of the standard curve could usefully have been included, as well as data on a control group of patients with neither toxicity nor rejection and their mean cyclosporin levels.
"Getting UK health care expenditure up to the European Union mean"---what does that mean?
Authors: A. Towse
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Tony Blair's statement that the United Kingdom should increase the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that it spends on health care to the average of the European Union (EU)1 raises several questions. Firstly, will the proposed increases in NHS spending of 5% in real terms (after accounting for inflation) each year to 2006 raise the UK figure from the 6.7% of GDP spent in 1998 to the 8% that the prime minister identified as the EU average? Secondly, is 8% the current EU average, and will it still be in 2006, seeing that the average is a moving target dependent on health spending and economic growth in the 15 countries of the EU? Thirdly, is this a sensible target to aim for?2

#### Summary points

The prime minister intends NHS spending to rise in real terms (after adjusting for inflation) by 5% a year to achieve 8% of gross domestic product (GDP) being spent on health care by 2006

Achieving this target would require 5.8% real growth in NHS spending every year, assuming that private healthcare spending rises in line with

The 8% target understates the average proportion of GDP that is spent on health care in the European Union (EU) outside the United Kingdom, which is 9.1%: hence a real annual increase of 7.7-8.7% in NHS resources is required to match EU levels

Nursing home care is not included in the UK figures for health expenditure but is included in the figures of some EU countries

Although international comparisons are fraught with difficulty, it is reasonable to set a spending target in terms of share of GDP achieved in the rest of the EU

Spending plans for the NHS for the three budget years from 1999-2000 to 2001-2 were announced in the comprehensive spending review.3 A revised estimate …
Negligence of medical experts
Authors: Alan R C Kershaw
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Reduction in mortality from breast cancerDecrease with screening was marked in younger age group Editor-Based on a complicated statistical model, Olsen et al reported that the breast cancer mortality in Copenhagen dropped by 25% for women aged 50-79 when comparing mortality in the screening period (1991-2001) with a pre-screening period (1981-91) and claimed that this decrease was caused by screening. 1According to Statistics Denmark, 217 breast cancer deaths occurred in Copenhagen in the age group 35-54 years in the period 1981-90 and 196 deaths in 1991-2000. 2By comparing these data with those in the article by Olsen et al we calculate that less than 5% of the breast cancer mortality in this age group is caused by tumours diagnosed after age 50 years when women were invited to screening.The number of exposure years increased from about 484 000 to about 538 000.This gives a significant 19% (age adjusted) reduction in breast cancer mortality in the age group 35-54 years.No reduction at all occurred in the age group 55-79. 2Our estimates are based on raw and complete data.In contrast, the estimates in the paper by Olsen et al are sensitive to exclusion of data and model choice.In Copenhagen a drop in breast cancer mortality may reflect a higher fertility quotient due to non-Western immigration, fewer nulliparous women, and other non-screening related factors.It is therefore strange that no causal note was made by Olsen et al on the marked decrease in the breast cancer mortality in the age group 35-54 years.
Mycobacterium chelonei: friend or foe?
Authors: E. E. McGrath, N. Qureshi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

In the paper by DAILLOUX et al. [1], the authors reminded us that in order to establish the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, it is necessary to combine data obtained from the mycobacterial laboratory with the clinician's assessments.Furthermore, it was also stated that the adherence to published guidelines should improve the diagnosis of these diseases.We completely agree with the authors and would like to emphasise the importance of using these guidelines even when all the results seem to point to a straightforward diagnosis.
Haiti's cholera outbreak provides important lessons for global health
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A study into how a disease previously unknown in Haiti eventually led to the world’s worst cholera epidemic offers valuable lessons for global health, say researchers from the US charity Partners in Health.

What is believed likely to be the first case of cholera in Haiti after the earthquake in January 2010 has been traced to a 28 year old man with severe mental health disorders who lived in a rural village in central Haiti downstream from the suspected source of the outbreak—a UN peacekeepers’ encampment.

Lead researcher Louise Ivers told the BMJ that this case is “illustrative of the curious way infectious diseases can now rapidly move around the planet and show …