tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Therapeutics of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Wm. Armstrong
Journal: BMJ (1896)

If this form of injury can occur, as some observers affirm, it should be the result of exhaust or suction at the moment when the lagging brain suddenly separates from a portion of the cranial wall against which it has been lying.This ex- planation assumes that the brain is not in contact with the struck side of the skull-its more usual position-but is lying against the opposite side, probably from some exceptional cause.This injury is said to occur only in the squamous region, where the dura mater is less firmly attached than elsewhere.DETACHMENT OF THE DURA MATER BY XDIRECT BLOW WITHOUT FRACTURE.Sir Charles Bell pointed out that if post mortem the skull be struck sharply with a mallet, although not violently enough to fracture the bone, the dura mater may be locally detached.The cause of this I would explain as follows: A c B Fi3 3.The space between the lines represents bone, the thick line represents the dura materThe bone is slightly flexible and very elastic.If a blow be received at any point, as A, Fig. 3, the bone and dura mater will be depressed for a moment, say as far as B. The excur- sion may be very small, but the velocity very great.The elasticity of the bone will cause it to return instantly to its first position, but the dura mater, having no such elasticity, will continue to move in the first direction (say as far as c), and thus the bone and dura mater will separate from one another, even though this may cause a momentary vacuum between them.
Mandated Choice for Organ Donation-Reply
Authors: Thomas H. Murray
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Dr Block laments the large number of people waiting for organ transplants and urges [p]rompt institution of definitive policy. Precisely because we share his concern we called for judicious trials of mandated choice, along with research to understand the empirical and ethical dimensions of donation decisions. Theoretical musings about individual autonomy and speculation about why families and health professionals behave as they do have served us poorly thus far.  Drs Glasson and Orentlicher claim that we suggest that the Council supports financial incentives because they impose new legal liabilities. We made no such suggestion. We reported this implication of future contracts for organs because it is prominently mentioned by the most vigorous advocate of future contracts for organs, 1 and it was excluded from the Council's report. 2 We believe that physicians have a legitimate interest in knowing about such a significant implication of a policy being proposed
Autophagy in the liver
Authors: Xiao-Ming Yin, Wen-Xing Ding, Wentao Gao
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

A great part of our current understanding of mammalian macroautophagy is derived from studies of the liver. The term “autophagy” was introduced by Christian de Duve in part based on ultrastructural changes in rat liver following glucagon injection. Subsequent morphological, biochemical, and kinetics studies of autophagy in the liver defined the basic process of autophagosome formation, maturation, and degradation and the regulation of autophagy by hormones, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, and mammalian target of rapamycin. It is now clear that macroautophagy in the liver is important for the balance of energy and nutrients for basic cell functions, the removal of misfolded proteins resulting from genetic mutations or pathophysiological stimulations, and the turnover of major subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. Disturbance of autophagy function in the liver could thus have a major impact on liver physiology and liver disease.
Isolated Visual Symptoms in an Older Woman-Reply
Authors: David N. Mohr
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Weintraub raised the question of vertebrobasilar insufficiency as a cause of the symptoms in the 63-year-old woman who complained of difficulty focusing her eyes in the morning and after looking down for a period of time. Her symptoms were better after her eyes were dilated for an ophthalmologic examination. Weintraub first seeks to explain the chronic tinnitus by anterior inferior cerebellar artery distribution ischemia (a rare cause of tinnitus). He then explains the accommodation problems as symptomatic of ischemia to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus; however, it is unlikely for a recurrent vascular event to be so extremely localized in nature. Even more unlikely is an explanation that cervical flexion associated with the patient looking down would give such a localized symptom as "difficulty focusing her eyes." To recommend a magnetic resonance angiogram in this woman for such an unlikely explanation of her symptoms is even more questionable, given
Rapid method for arrayed investigation of IgE‐reactivity profiles using natural and recombinant allergens
Authors: R. Suck, A. Nandy, B. Weber, M. Stock, H. Fiebig, O. Cromwell
Journal: Allergy (2002)

The availability of increasing numbers of purified natural and recombinant allergens offer the possibility for component-resolved characterization of IgE binding. To make use of this potential, fast and simple methods with high capacity have to be developed.A laboratory multiscreen device was used in an innovative two-dimensional approach. In the first step, natural and recombinant allergens were immobilized onto the membrane using the sample chambers as application mask and, after blocking and rotating the membrane through 90 degrees, the same device was used to apply and incubate sera of allergic patients. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) quantification of specific IgE was performed for purposes of comparison.Proteins were most efficiently bound onto nitrocellulose in 20 mM sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Up to 45 proteins or extracts could be investigated with a maximum of 45 sera in a single application, resulting in a resolution of 2,025 spots on one membrane with a size comparable to a standard Western blot. A high correlation for IgE-binding between natural and recombinant allergens was observed. Development of the membrane resulted in very evenly distributed square patterns. The results corresponded with the conventional ELISA measurements of specific IgE.The innovative usage of a standard incubation device for both application of proteins as well as screening of sera provides a simple high throughput method for the characterization of IgE binding to allergens. The results are important for component resolved diagnosis of allergy by means of fast monitoring of IgE- and IgG-reactivity spectra. Recombinant allergens may be used as targets for these purposes.
Post-Transfusion Viral Hepatitis and the TTVS
Authors: Paul V. Holland, William Bancroft, Hyman Zimmerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

From the mid-1940s until the 1960s, studies of post-transfusion viral hepatitis focused on prevention by immune serum globulin. The value of globulin in transfusion hepatitis is still to be determined.1 However, investigations of such prophylaxis provided an important source of information about the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis in the United States during that period. By the early 1970s, it was evident that a system of surveillance was needed for continued monitoring of the rate of post-transfusion disease. Recognition of the increased hazards associated with paid blood donors had led to a decreased use of commercial blood banks as a source . . .
NEW OR PRESUMED NEW LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: FINDINGS FROM ACTION REGISTRY-GWTG
Authors: Khung Keong Yeo, Shuang Li, Tracy Y. Wang, Deepak L. Bhatt, Jorge Saucedo, Michael C. Kontos, Matthew T. Roe, William J. French
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Model could work
Authors: Nigel Edwards
Journal: BMJ (2004)

entiated aggregation.Consequently, the detailed composition of clinical work is regarded as something that lies solely within the purview of the clinicians immediately involved.General acceptance of this opaque and ultimately privileged conception of clinical work reinforces the pernicious separation between clinicians and managers that continues to plague too many healthcare organisations. 14-17 In contrast, a pathway based model of clinical governance goes beyond the issues that are the focus of risk managers and quality coordinators.Based in a condition-specific conception of clinical work, it invites the people who do the work to define, describe, assess, and manage what they do as teams.It explicitly recognises the centrality of clinicians to the performance and organisation of clinical work and provides clinicians with a medium for integrating the clinical, resource, and organisational aspects of care.In doing so it provides a way for ensuring the responsible autonomy of clinicians.As all professions jointly and routinely enact the methods, structures, and processes outlined above, they will enfold the authority of a system of clinical self governance "into the soul" 18 and realise its developmental potential.Contributors and sources: PJD has a disciplinary background of political science, policy studies and health services management.SM has a disciplinary background in health services management and economics.RI has experience in semiotics, linguistics, and organisational studies.DJH's background is political science, policy studies and medical sociology.The paper is based on ideas and concepts developed during research projects on the organisational preconditions for clinical work systematisation conducted over the past 15 years.This paper arose out of meta-level discussions about the findings of several of these projects conducted in Australia, England, and Wales.The chief investigator on all these projects was PJD.SM and RI were co-investigators on several projects.DJH has supported more recent, similar work in the UK by PJD and SM; he acted as a sounding board for the ideas presented.
Short-Acting β-Adrenergic Antagonist Esmolol Given at Reperfusion Improves Survival After Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Cheryl R. Killingsworth, Chih-Chang Wei, Louis J. Dell’Italia, Jeffrey L. Ardell, Melody A. Kingsley, William M. Smith, Raymond E. Ideker, Gregory P. Walcott
Journal: Circulation (2004)

High catecholamine concentrations are cytotoxic to cardiac myocytes. We hypothesized that myocardial interstitial catecholamine levels are greatly elevated immediately after long-duration ventricular fibrillation (VF), defibrillation, and reperfusion and that the short-acting beta-antagonist esmolol administered at reperfusion would protect against this catecholamine surge and improve survival.In part 1 of this study, catecholamines from myocardial interstitial fluid (ISF) and aortic and coronary sinus plasma were quantified by use of 3H-labeled radioenzymatic assay in 8 open-chest, anesthetized pigs. Eight minutes of electrically induced VF was followed by internal defibrillation and reperfusion. By 4 minutes of VF, ISF norepinephrine increased significantly, from 1.3+/-0.3 to 7.4+/-2.4 ng/mL. Epinephrine increased significantly, from 0.4+/-0.2 to 1.5+/-0.7 ng/mL. ISF norepinephrine and epinephrine peaked at 219.2+/-92.1 and 63.7+/-25.1 ng/mL after defibrillation and reperfusion and decreased significantly to 12.2+/-3.5 and 6.7+/-3.1 ng/mL 23 minutes after defibrillation. Transcardiac catecholamine changes were similar. In part 2, 8 minutes of VF was followed by external defibrillation in anesthetized, closed-chest pigs. Animals received 1.0 mg/kg esmolol (n=8) or saline (n=8) intravenously at the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Advanced cardiac life support, including CPR and epinephrine, was delivered to both groups. Esmolol before reperfusion improved return of spontaneous circulation and 4-hour survival (7/8 versus 3/8 survivors, chi2 P<0.05).Transcardiac and ISF norepinephrine and epinephrine levels are briefly massively elevated after 8 minutes of VF, defibrillation, and reperfusion. A short-acting beta-antagonist administered immediately after defibrillation improves return of spontaneous circulation and 4-hour survival after this prolonged VF.
1279 MULTIPLE ORGAN CROSSTALKS FOR HEPATIC STEATOSIS: ROLES OF MYOKINE (FGF2, MYOSTATIN, AND IRISIN)
Authors: M. Nakamuta, M. Kohjima, T. Yoshimoto, M. Kurokawa, T. Nakamura, M. Iwata, N. Fukushima, K. Fukuizumi, N. Fujimori, K. Kawabe, K. Haraguchi, Y. Sumida, N. Harada, T. Ryu, Y. Wada, Y. Takami, H. Saitsu, T. Utsunomiya, M. Simada, H. Nomura, M. Enjoji
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Centrally Located Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Mimicking Endobronchial Tuberculosis
Authors: Shigeki Umemura, Kenichiro Kudo, Takashi Ninomiya, Yasuhiro Shiote, Hiromichi Yamane, Toshimitsu Suwaki, Atsuko Shirakawa, Haruhito Kamei
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on acute lung injury in the rat.
Authors: J King, B P Deboisblanc, C M Mason, J M Onofrio, G Lipscomb, D E Mercante, W R Summer, S Nelson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The effect of G-CSF pretreatment on experimental acute lung injury was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving one of the following treatments: (1) G-CSF 50 micrograms/kg subcutaneously twice daily beginning 2 d prior to being killed; (2) ANTU 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally; (3) ANTU+G-CSF 50, 25, or 12.5 micrograms/kg; (4) HCl 0.6 ml of a 0.1 N solution intratracheally; (5) HCl+G-CSF 50 or 25 micrograms/kg; (6) control solutions. Lung injury was quantified by measurement of lung wet/dry weights, by histopathologic scoring, and by measurement of fluid flux during ex vivo perfusion. G-CSF pretreatment elevated the baseline blood neutrophil counts as much as 6-fold compared with Control, and it increased the numbers of lung neutrophils and caused a mild histologic lung injury, but it did not significantly alter wet/dry weight ratios or fluid flux. ANTU alone and HCl alone caused a moderate histologic lung injury, increased wet/dry weight ratio, and resulted in a small increase in flux. The combination injuries, ANTU+G-CSF and HCl+G-CSF, caused a more severe lung injury manifested by increased wet/dry weight ratios and increase in flux when compared with ANTU alone and HCl alone, respectively. We conclude that pretreatment with G-CSF potentiates ANTU- and HCl-induced lung injury in non-neutropenic rats. The potential for G-CSF to aggravate acute lung injury in patients remains speculative.
Tuberculosis Then and Now: A Personal Perspective on the Last 50 Years
Authors: Gordon L. Snider
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Rates of death from tuberculosis in the United States decreased from 194 per 100 000 persons in 1900 to 40 per 100 000 persons in 1945, in part because the epidemic of tuberculosis in the western world was running its course and in part because of public health initiatives and improved socioeconomic conditions. In 1945, 63 000 persons died of tuberculosis and 115 000 new cases of the disease emerged. Streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid had just been discovered; the discovery of isoniazid followed, in 1952. Sanitarium care, nonsurgical and surgical collapse therapy, and resectional surgery were in widespread use. By the middle of the 1950s, it was evident that bedrest did not add to the benefit produced by effective chemotherapy, and sanitariums began to close, a process that was completed by the 1970s. As mortality and morbidity due to tuberculosis rapidly decreased, the U.S. government decreased funding for tuberculosis and many states and cities downgraded their tuberculosis control programs. After 1984, the rate of new cases of tuberculosis, which had decreased to 9.4 per 100 000, began to increase and focal outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were reported. Noncompliance with drug therapy, homelessness, immigration to the United States from developing countries, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were invoked as explanations. With the reinstitution of federal funding, improved case-finding and surveillance, and the practice of having patients receive therapy while under direct observation, the rate of new cases of tuberculosis decreased to 8.7 per 100 000 in 1995, the lowest rate since national surveillance was begun in 1953. However, at the end of the 20th century, the worldwide burden of tuberculosis, which is engrafted onto the pandemic of HIV infection, is enormous: an estimated 7.6 million new cases in developing countries and 400 000 new cases in industrial nations.
Extended fetal echocardiographic examination for detecting cardiac malformations in low risk pregnancies.
Authors: R. Achiron, J. Glaser, I. Gelernter, J. Hegesh, S. Yagel
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To improve the rate of prenatal detection of cardiac malformations in a low risk population. DESIGN--Comparison of extended fetal echocardiography with the standard four chamber view in detecting abnormalities. Extended echocardiography comprised the four chamber view and visualisation of the left ventricular outflow tract, the right ventricular outflow tract, and the main pulmonary artery and its branches. In cases with abnormal results complete echocardiographic studies were performed by a paediatric cardiologist using M mode, Doppler, and colour flow mapping techniques. SETTING--Obstetric ultrasonographic unit at Shaare-Zedek Medical Centre, Jerusalem. SUBJECTS--5400 fetuses in low risk pregnancies between 18 and 24 weeks9 gestation (mean 21 weeks); 53 were lost to follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Detection of abnormality before and after birth. RESULTS--During the study 23 infants (0.4%) were born with cardiac abnormalities, 21 of whom had major structural and functional heart disease. 18 fetuses had heart disease diagnosed prenatally, 11 by the four chamber view alone (sensitivity 48%) and a further seven by extended echocardiography (sensitivity 78%). Five fetal cardiac defects were missed prenatally (false negative rate 22%). These included coarctation of aorta, persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonic stenosis. Only one false positive diagnosis (coarctation of aorta) was made (specificity 99.9%, false positive rate 0.1%). The abnormality was correctly identified in 17 out of 18 cases. CONCLUSIONS--The extended fetal heart examination detected 86% (18/21) of major abnormalities in a low risk population. The examination should be incorporated into routine prenatal ultrasonographic investigations.
Comment on: McDonald et al. High-Sensitivity CRP Discriminates HNF1A-MODY From Other Subtypes of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1860–1862
Authors: Jesús Blanco, Angels Costa, Marga Giménez, Ignacio Conget
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

We have read with great interest the article recently published by McDonald et al. (1) replicating the initial study of Owen et al. (2), which demonstrated that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels are lower in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-α (HNF1A) maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) patients in comparison with other forms of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes. Five years ago, we published that the presence of clinical and metabolic features related to …
Estrogen Replacement Therapy: New Options, Continuing Concerns-Reply
Authors: Leon Speroff
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In Reply.  —In response to the letter by Drs Hanson and Melzer, clinical trials are designed and performed with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance and according to FDA requirements. To document the protective effect of an estrogen-progesting combination against endometrial hyperplasia, the FDA has required both a placebo group and an unopposed estrogen group in clinical trials such as ours and others (eg, the 3-year National Institutes of Health [NIH]-supported PEPI trial 1 ).  The statement in the introduction of our article regarding withdrawal bleeding referred to results from our pilot study that did include a cyclical CEE-MPA group. In the Comment section, we clearly state that a comparative study with continuous NA-EE 2 and CEE-MPA has not been done and would be helpful to define differences.
INHIBITION OF RED CELL SEQUESTRATION BY CORTISONE
Authors: Manuel E. Kaplan, James H. Jandl
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

The effect of cortisone on the sequestration of (a) antibody-coated red cells and (b) incubated red cells was studied in rats. Cortisone administration inhibited the hepatic sequestration of red cells altered by non-immune as well as by immune injury. There was a latent period of 2 days between the institution of cortisone therapy and its first manifest effect on hepatic sequestration. The splenic sequestration of altered red cells was not inhibited by cortisone, and there was no inhibition of the sequestration of hemoglobin by either liver or spleen. It is suggested that steroids may inhibit hepatic sequestration through hemodynamic effects.
Abstract 4757: The ALK-F1174L mutation accelerates MYCN-driven tumorigenesis in a murine transgenic neuroblastoma model
Authors: Rani E. George, William Luther, Zahida Ahmad, Elizabeth R. Cullis, Hannah Webber, Scott Rodig, Andrew DJ Pearson, Louis Chesler
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Activating mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) have been identified in neuroblastoma and represent a novel therapeutic target in this childhood tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. The ALK-F1174L mutation, in particular, occurs at a higher frequency in tumors with MYCN gene amplification, is associated with a worse prognosis and with resistance to pharmacologic ALK inhibitors in adults with ALK-translocated cancers. To investigate the role of mutated ALK in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress ALK-F1174L in neural crest-derived cells under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, and performed genetic crosses against TH-MYCN transgenic mice. Doubly transgenic TH-ALK-F1174L/TH-MYCN animals developed aggressive tumors of the adrenal glands and abdominal and thoracic sympathetic ganglia, with 100% penetrance and a very short latency (31 days). In contrast, TH-MYCN littermates failed to develop tumors by this time. Furthermore, TH-ALK-F1174L hemizygote or homozygote animals failed to initiate tumors in the absence of MYCN expression. On histologic examination, ALK-F1174L/MYCN tumors were stroma poor and displayed undifferentiated small round blue cells with numerous apoptotic figures and scattered mitoses, and exhibited strong expression of both MYCN and aberrant ALK-F1174L transcripts and protein. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that the ALK-F1174L mutation plays a potent and significant role in the genesis of neuroblastoma, cooperating with MYCN to drive tumor formation. To our knowledge, this is the first mouse model available for investigations into the role of mutant ALK in neuroblastoma, especially its interaction with MYCN, and should provide a valuable new tool for development of ALK-targeted therapeutics in neuroblastoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4757. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4757
Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: John H. Klippel, John L. Decker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Many drugs currently used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis were originally suggested around 1950. The first clinical studies of antimalarial agents, alkylating agents, sulfasalazine, analogues of folic acid, and corticosteroids were performed during that period. The dramatic effects produced by corticosteroids tended to eclipse consideration of alternative forms of drug therapy for nearly a decade. With the recognition that corticosteroids have substantial toxicity and do not alter fundamental disease processes, attention has slowly turned to a reexamination of the other drugs.The folic acid antagonist methotrexate is the latest drug to undergo this careful scrutiny. An early study of . . .