tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Concussion During Practice and Games in Youth, High School, and Collegiate American Football Players
Authors: Thomas P. Dompier, Zachary Y. Kerr, Stephen W. Marshall, Brian Hainline, Erin M. Snook, Ross Hayden, Janet E. Simon
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

A report by the Institute of Medicine called for comprehensive nationwide concussion incidence data across the spectrum of athletes aged 5 to 23 years.To describe the incidence of concussion in athletes participating in youth, high school, and collegiate American football.Data were collected by athletic trainers at youth, high school, and collegiate football practices and games to create multiple prospective observational cohorts during the 2012 and 2013 football seasons. Data were collected from July 1, 2012, through January 31, 2013, for the 2012 season and from July 1, 2013, through January 31, 2014, for the 2013 season. The Youth Football Surveillance System included 118 youth football teams, providing 4092 athlete-seasons. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network program included 96 secondary school football programs, providing 11 957 athlete-seasons. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program included 24 member institutions, providing 4305 athlete-seasons.All injuries regardless of severity, including concussions, and athlete exposure information were documented by athletic trainers during practices and games.Injury rates, injury rate ratios, risks, risk ratios, and 95% CIs were calculated.Concussions comprised 9.6%, 4.0%, and 8.0% of all injuries reported in the Youth Football Surveillance System; National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network; and National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program, respectively. The game concussion rate was higher than the practice concussion rate across all 3 competitive levels. The game concussion rate for college athletes (3.74 per 1000 athlete exposures) was higher than those for high school athletes (injury rate ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.50-2.31) and youth athletes (injury rate ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.17-2.10). The practice concussion rate in college (0.53 per 1000 athlete exposures) was lower than that in high school (injury rate ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.96). Youth football had the lowest 1-season concussion risks in 2012 (3.53%) and 2013 (3.13%). The 1-season concussion risk was highest in high school (9.98%) and college (5.54%) in 2012.Football practices were a major source of concussion at all 3 levels of competition. Concussions during practice might be mitigated and should prompt an evaluation of technique and head impact exposure. Although it is more difficult to change the intensity or conditions of a game, many strategies can be used during practice to limit player-to-player contact and other potentially injurious behaviors.
Results of retrospective study of TB contact investigations in Iasi County, Romania
Authors: Adriana Sorete Arbore, Violeta Cojocariu, Rodica Sorete Arbore
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Romania, EU country with high TB incidence, with programmatic TB control, implemented DOTS since 1998.  Aim: To assess the role of contact tracing in detection and prevention of appearance of TB new cases in an area with high TB case notification rate.  Method: Retrospective study of the records from 1998, 1999 for 1341 TB definite cases. Follow up of the house hold contacts included TST, chest X ray, INH preventive therapy.  Results: 836 contacts, 0-14 years, were identified from 467 “source” TB cases.  At index case detection, 287 (43, 7%) contacts were TST positive, 224 (26, 7%) had chest X-ray.  51,7% received INH preventive therapy 3-12 months.  16,4% had no records about TST, chest X ray or preventive therapy.  At the initial checking of the contacts, 7 active TB cases were detected; other 36 active TB cases were registered in the next 10 years.  62,7% (27) TB cases in contacts were registered in the first 3 years.  1,7% of the contacts developed TB in the first year, 1, 45% in the next 2 years.  7 contacts with no initial records developed active TB later.  Conclusions: 5,1% of the TB contacts developed TB disease in the 10 years follow up period of time.  Effective contact investigation and prevention of TB spreading in house hold contacts should consider:  Lack of algorithm for contact tracing (no clear moments for contact follow up after the first control) in the NTP,  The recommended tools for investigation of contacts were not entirely used,  Different approaches for preventive therapy regarding number of months, doses, monitoring of treatment,  Lack of knowledge in the group of patients, their families and GPs9 network regarding the importance of preventive therapy and also about periodic control.
Prediction of Neuropsychological Performance by Neurological Signs in Schizophrenia
Authors: Celso Arango, John J. Bartko, James M. Gold, Robert W. Buchanan
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

The major purposes of this study were 1) to examine whether neurological signs predict cognitive performance in both schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects and 2) to determine the ability of neurological signs and neuropsychological tests to discriminate schizophrenic patients from healthy subjects.Eighty-five patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia and 36 normal comparison subjects were included in the study. All subjects were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, and neurological signs were assessed with the Neurological Evaluation Scale. Stepwise regression analyses were used to predict neuropsychological test performance from the subscale scores on the Neurological Evaluation Scale. Forward stepwise linear discriminant function analyses were used to examine the discriminative ability of neurological subscale scores, neuropsychological test scores, and the two combined.Scores on the Neurological Evaluation Scale predicted the neuropsychological test performance of both patients and comparison subjects. The sensory integration subscale score was the most frequent predictor of neuropsychological test performance. In contrast, the "others" subscale, which includes frontal release signs, abnormalities in eye movements, and short-term memory, was the most highly discriminating subscale, correctly classifying 78.5% of the total study group. The best predictors from the neuropsychological battery (category fluency and Trail Making Test, part A, time test) correctly classified 81.8%. When both sets of variables were used, the Neurological Evaluation Scale "others" subscale entered the discriminant function first.Neurological signs are reliably related to measures of neuropsychological performance and also reliably discriminate between patients and healthy subjects. However, some neurological signs may be more sensitive to the presence of schizophrenia, while others may be more predictive of neuropsychological performance.
Cancer and Aplastic Anemia in British Columbia Farmers&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Richard P. Gallagher, William J. Threlfall, Eric Jeffries, Pierre R. Band, John Spinelli, Andrew J. Coldman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

For evaluation of occupational mortality in agriculture, age-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMR) were calculated for 28,032 male farmers with the use of British Columbia (B.C.) death registrations collected from 1950 to 1978. Farmers had significantly elevated risks of death from cancer of the lip (PMR = 191, P = .05), stomach (PMR = 119, P less than .0001), and prostate gland (PMR = 113, P less than .001). In addition, leukemia was higher than expected (PMR = 122, P less than .01), as was aplastic anemia (PMR = 174, P less than .01). The elevated risks were fairly consistent over the 29-year period for stomach, prostate gland, and lip cancer, as well as for leukemia. The PMR for aplastic anemia was highest for the years 1950-59 and declined over the next 19 years. Farmers also showed significant mortality deficits for several important cancer sites, including esophagus (PMR = 59, P less than .0001), colon (PMR = 84, P less than .001), larynx (PMR = 62, P less than .01), and lung (PMR = 66, P less than .0001) for the period 1950-78. More detailed studies in B.C. will be necessary to confirm and extend these cancer-agriculture associations.
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Size, and Apolipoprotein A-I: Significance for Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Wim A. van der Steeg, Ingar Holme, S. Matthijs Boekholdt, Mogens Lytken Larsen, Christina Lindahl, Erik S.G. Stroes, Matti J. Tikkanen, Nicholas J. Wareham, Ole Faergeman, Anders G. Olsson, Terje R. Pedersen, Kay-Tee Khaw, John J.P. Kastelein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Sunlight or diet: what is the answer for providing sufficient vitamin D in the U.K.?
Authors: H.M. Macdonald, A. Mavroeidi, D.M. Reid, W.D. Fraser
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Madam, The recent paper by Professor Diffey1 casts doubt on current opinion that summer sunlight is the major contributor to vitamin D status in the U.K.2 His model of seasonal changes in serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] agrees well with measured data from a U.K. population3 and confirms that the increase in 25(OH)D (16 nmol L−1) is small compared with winter‐time circulating 25(OH)D (41 nmol L−1). The model is helpful for monitoring the relationship between sunlight exposure and 25(OH)D. He goes on to state that the model predicts that sun exposure in the U.K. accounts for 50% (5–8 nmol L−1) of 25(OH)D in summer and 20% of the 25(OH)D in winter. We believe that this interpretation might be misleading. Cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D is almost absent in winter, so a figure of 20% might encourage people to spend more time outside believing that it can provide 40% of the vitamin D that could be made in the summer, while in practice this would impact very little on vitamin D status. Excess sunlight in winter may even decrease circulating 25(OH)D.4
Accuracy of 2 types of pulse oximeters in cardio pulmonary exercise testing
Authors: Jellien Makonga-Braaksma, Roelie v Winkoop-Ruitenberg, Pim Dalinghaus
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction :

This research compares values of 2 pulse oximeters (the BCI-Autocorr ear clip and the NONIN-ONYXII 9550 finger clip) with SaO2 (saturation in the arterial bloodgas, the gold standard) in resting and in maximal exercise. Both manufacturers claim a precision within 2 digits, BCI within 3 during motion.

Hypothesis :

There’s no significant difference between a saturation measured by an ear clip or finger clip and SaO2 at rest and at max. exercise.

Methods :

21 patients (6 female), mean age = 74, (46-83 yr.)were referred by the pulmonologist for a cardio pulmonary exercise test with arterial bloodgas sampling based on dyspnea eci.

At rest and max. exercise arterial bloodsamples were taken to measure SaO2 (by Siemens Rapidlab 1265), at the same moment values from ear clip and finger clip were noted. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. P -values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results :

Mean (SD) SaO2 was 96.6% (1.5) at rest, and 94.9% (4.7) at max. exercise, measured by bloodgas.

See table for results.

View this table:

results: Difference (mean +/-SD)% compared to arterial bloodgas value





Conclusion :

There is no significant difference between (BCI Autocorr) ear clip and SaO2 in exercise, but there is in resting.

There is no significant difference between (NONIN) finger clip and SaO2 in resting, but there is in exercise.

Discussion :

As we continue gathering data, we hope to publish also on a desaturating population eg COPD. The effect of exercise on the physiology of fingertip and earlobe should also be considered.
Developmental Potentialities of Clonal &lt;italic&gt;In Vitro&lt;/italic&gt; Cultures of Mouse Testicular Teratoma&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Brenda W. Kahan, Boris Ephrussi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

A transplantable testicular teratocarcinoma from strain 129/J mice was cloned in vitro. Thirty-five clonal and subclonal cultures were isolated and tested for their ability to differentiate when injected into host mice. All clonal cultures produced tumors containing multiple differentiations; those appearing most frequently were neural tissue, mesenchyme, parietal yolk sac, cartilage, and nonciliated epithelium. The stability of the potentialities of cultured clonal cells during their long-term propagation in vitro was examined. Clonal lines retained the potential to produce multiply differentiated tumors even after continuous in vitro culture for over 10 months (119 generations). Limited in vitro differentiation of teratoma cells was observed, including neural tissue, mesenchyme, and parietal yolk sac.
Increased sputum IL-17 and neutrophils in asthmatic patients after climbing to extreme altitude
Authors: Sven Seys, Marc Daenen, Lieven Dupont
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  A group of 18 well-controlled asthmatic patients were evaluated before/during/after an expedition to the Aconcagua mountain (6900m).   Methods:  Symptoms, spirometry and FeNO values were obtained before, during and after the climb (up to 5600 m of altitude). Pre BD FEV1 was measured and cells from the lower airways were obtained by sputum induction before and after the expedition. mRNA was isolated, cDNA was prepared and RT-PCR was used to measure sputum mRNA quantities as described.   Results:  During the expedition there was a decrease in FEV1 and FVC which reached a maximum at altitude of 4300 m. The pre BD FEV1 (% predicted) was significantly decreased when measured after the climbing expedition as compared to baseline measurements before the expedition (6.6%, p=0.004). FeNO values were not different between the different time points (p=0.17). Decreased asthma control was observed after the expedition as assessed by asthma control questionnaire (p=0.002). Sputum neutrophil percentages were significantly higher after expedition compared to before the expedition (p=0.04). Concomitantly, sputum IL-17 mRNA was increased after the expedition as compared to before expedition (p=0.007). A correlation of serum Clara Cell protein 16 and sputum IL-17mRNA was found (Spearman r=0.57; p=0.008).   Conclusion:  Asthma patients have slightly worse lung function and asthma control after climbing to extreme altitude. Increased signs of neutrophilic inflammation were found in the airways as represented by higher sputum IL-17 mRNA and neutrophils.
Randomized, phase II, placebo-controlled trial of onartuzumab and/or bevacizumab in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: V. Diéras, M. Campone, D.A. Yardley, G. Romieu, V. Valero, S.J. Isakoff, H. Koeppen, T.R. Wilson, Y. Xiao, D.S. Shames, S. Mocci, M. Chen, P. Schmid
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Safety and Efficacy of Using a Single Agent or a Phase II Agent Before Instituting Standard Combination Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: Report of a Randomized Study—Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8642
Authors: Mary E. Costanza, Raymond B. Weiss, I. Craig Henderson, Larry Norton, Donald A. Berry, Constance Cirrincione, Eric Winer, William C. Wood, Emil Frei III, O. Ross McIntyre, Richard L. Schilsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1999)

PURPOSE: We undertook a prospective, randomized phase III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of using a phase II agent before initiating therapy with standard combination chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 365 women with measurable metastatic breast cancer, previously untreated with chemotherapy for their metastatic disease, were randomized to receive either immediate chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil (CAF) or up to four cycles of one of five sequential cohorts of single-agent drugs: trimetrexate, melphalan, amonafide, carboplatin, or elsamitrucin, followed by CAF. RESULTS: The toxicity of each single agent followed by CAF was comparable to that of CAF alone. The cumulative response rates for the single agent followed by CAF were not statistically different from those of CAF alone (44% v 52%; P = .24). However, in the multivariate analysis, patients with visceral disease had a trend toward lower response rates on the phase II agent plus CAF arm (P = .078). Although survival and response duration also were not statistically significantly different between the two study arms (P = .074 and P = .069, respectively), there was a suggestion of benefit for the CAF-only arm. CONCLUSION: The brief use of a phase II agent, regardless of its efficacy, followed by CAF resulted in response rates, toxicities, durations of response, and survival statistically equivalent to those seen with the use of CAF alone. These findings support the use of a new paradigm for the evaluation of phase II agents in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Physical activity and sleep duration following hospitalisation with exacerbation of COPD vs. stable COPD & age matched controls
Authors: Dilber Yilmaz, James Dodd, Dinesh Shrikrishna, Nick Hopkinson, Paul Jones
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background 

Exacerbations are known to reduce physical activity, but little is known about their effect on sleep.

Aim 

This study measures physical activity and sleep quantity in patients recovering at home following hospitalisation for a COPD exacerbation and compares them with stable COPD patients and controls.

Methods 

We recruited 23 COPD patients immediately following hospital admission for exacerbation (Acute), 34 stable COPD patients (Stable) and 19 age-matched people (Control). Physical activity and sleep duration were measured using a SenseWear Pro3 armband for 6 consecutive days. Average number of steps, time lying, walking, sleep and resting were calculated per day. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated by dividing total energy by resting energy.

Results 

The mean FEV1 was 54±24% pred for the Stable and 39±14% pred for the Acute. Activity data are tabulated.

View this table:



Groups were compared using ANOVA. Acute patients had fewer steps, less walking time, lower step rate and less sleep than Stable and Control. Acute patients slept 1hr 45min less than Stable patients.

Conclusion 

Following discharge, exacerbating patients walk less, more slowly and sleep less than stable COPD patients.
Inappropriate overuse of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate COPD in UK primary care
Authors: Mike Thomas, Amr Radwan, Carol Stonham, Sam Marshall
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction: UK and international guidelines recommend that patients with moderate COPD (FEV1 50-79% predicted) uncontrolled by a short-acting bronchodilator alone should receive maintenance monotherapy with a long acting beta agonist (LABA) or long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA). Add-on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are only recommended in those with FEV1 <50% &/or exacerbations. We present data quantifying the prescribing of ICS in routine primary care.

Methods: A retrospective observational study of management of moderate COPD in 314 patients (FEV1 50-79% predicted. FEV1/FVC<70%) diagnosed during/before 2007. Three years' patient data were collected from routine medical records in 10 general practices in England. Analysis included stratification by severity of disease, presence of concomitant asthma & frequency of exacerbation - factors which may affect ICS use.

Results: 234 (75% of those with moderate COPD) received ICS, by “stand-alone” ICS inhaler (n=69, 22%) &/or as a combination ICS-LABA device (n=188, 60%). 151 of 205 (74%) without concomitant asthma received ICS, vs 83/109 (76%) of those with asthma.

The annualised median number of recorded exacerbations/year was 0.67 (range 0-6.67) overall and for those without concomitant asthma. 70% of those without asthma who did not have recorded exacerbations were prescribed ICS.

Conclusion: ICS are prescribed for most patients with moderate COPD, although not recommended in guidelines or product licences. This prescribing cannot be explained by concomitant asthma or frequent exacerbations. Inappropriate use of ICS increases costs & puts patients at risk of side effects. GPs should audit their use of ICS in moderate COPD.
Relationships between changes in the respiratory distress level of COPD patients undergoing a six-minute walking distance test, their physical functions, and exercise capacity
Authors: Jun Horie, Kunihiko Anami, Masahide Tanaka, Shin-ichiro Hayashi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), respiratory distress is an important factor that may cause a number of negative events. The study aimed to examine the effects of changes in the respiratory distress level, following the 6MWD test, on the physical functions, exercise capacity, ADL, and health-related QOL.

Methods: Subjects were 181 COPD patients (167 males and 14 females, mean age: 73.3 ± 9.4 years old) in the stable phase who were undergoing respiratory rehabilitation. The subjects were classified into two groups: moderate and severe respiratory distress groups, according to the %dyspnea; following the 6MWD test, the change in the respiratory distress level was determined on the Borg scale, and the %dyspnea was calculated by dividing the amount of change by the walking distance. The %FVC, %FEV1, %MIP, %MEP, grip strength, strength of QF (quadriceps femoris), maximum walking speed, TUG (timed up and go), 6MWD, and ISWD (incremental shuttle walking distance) test scores, ADL, and health-related QOL scores were measured or determined.

Results: Patients with moderate respiratory distress received significantly higher %FVC, %FEV1, %MIP, %MEP, QF, maximum walking speed, TUG, 6MWD, ISWD, ADL, and QOL scores compared to the severe respiratory distress group. An analysis extracted only the 6MWD as the factor influencing the %dyspnea.

Conclusion: It is necessary to implement a comprehensive approach for patients who are short of breath, including the provision of muscle and ADL training as well as social support, in addition to training designed to improve exercise tolerance.