tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The six diseases of WHO. Schistosomiasis: some advances.
Authors: G Webbe
Journal: BMJ (1981)

In man schistosomiasis is caused by three main trematode species, Schistosoma mansoni, S haematobium, and S japonicum.Other species that infect man are S intercalatum, S mattheei, and S mekongi, and various mammalian and avian schistosomes that do not complete their life cycles in the human host but may cause cercarial dermatitis or "swimmer's itch."Some 200 million people are probably infected with schistosomiasis and 500-600 millions exposed to the risk of infection.The disease has a
Vitamin K2 induces apoptosis of a novel cell line established from a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome in blastic transformation
Authors: J Nishimaki, K Miyazawa, M Yaguchi, T Katagiri, Y Kawanishi, K Toyama, K Ohyashiki, S Hashimoto, K Nakaya, T Takiguchi
Journal: Leukemia (1999)
Dyspnoea and cough in a toddler
Authors: M. Brodlie, M. C Mckean
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 15 month old girl presented to the accident and emergency department with a three day history of increasing dyspnoea and cough. On examination, her pulse rate was 120 beats/min, respiratory rate 50 breaths/min, temperature 37.4°C, and oxygen saturation 96% in room air. Chest radiography was performed (fig 1⇓). Pregnancy had been unremarkable and she was born at term by normal vaginal delivery. There were no concerns during the neonatal period, and she had been generally healthy before this episode. Her height and weight were on the 50th centile and her developmental age was appropriate. Fig 1 Chest radiograph (anteroposterior view) ### Short answers Fig 2 Chest radiograph showing a gas filled structure (G) above the right hemidiaphragm and midline, along with opacification and atelectasis in the right lower zone
Animal model of gluten induced enteropathy in mice.
Authors: R Troncone, A Ferguson
Journal: Gut (1991)

The aim of our experiments was to produce a local T cell mediated immune response to gliadin in the mouse small intestine as a possible animal model of gluten sensitive enteropathy, coeliac disease. BALB/c and BDF1 mice were immunised systemically with gliadin in complete Freund9s adjuvant. The jejunal mucosa was challenged by feeding a gluten containing diet, and villus and crypt lengths, crypt cell production rate, and intraepithelial lymphocyte counts were determined to assess mucosal cell mediated immunity. In some animals permeability and local immunity were modulated by concurrent intestinal anaphylaxis or a graft versus host reaction. There were no changes in the jejunal mucosa of BALB/c mice fed a gluten containing diet after having been parenterally immunized. When, however, mice were parenterally immunised with gliadin, fed a gluten containing diet, rendered hypersensitive to helminth antigen by infection with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and challenged intravenously to produce intestinal anaphylaxis crypt cell production rate was significantly higher than in ovalbumin immunized controls at 12 days after parasite challenge. Finally, graft versus host reaction was induced in BDF1 mice that had been parenterally immunised with gliadin and were on a gluten containing diet. Two weeks later these mice had significantly longer crypts and a higher crypt cell production rate and intraepithelial lymphocyte count than control, unimmunized mice with graft versus host reaction. We conclude that active immunization with gliadin does not in itself produce intestinal cell mediated immunity to gliadin contained in the diet, or enteropathy. Additional factors, such as those occurring during intestinal anaphylaxis (increase intestinal permeability), or during graft versus host reaction (enhanced antigen presentation), seem to be necessary for the full expression of a jejunal mucosal reaction.
Acquired circulating anticoagulant in a 4-year-old child.
Authors: P J Kirk, D S McLellan, A Aronstam
Journal: BMJ (1976)

surface immunoglobulin and were characterised by convoluted nuclei and scarce cytoplasm.The cells were 10-15 pm in diameter and were negative for acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, Sudan black, and periodic-acid Schiff stains.No abnormal lymphocytes were detected in the blood or bone marrow.Cranial radiation and intrathecal methotrexate were started on day 48, but no systemic cytotoxic therapy was given.Severe visual impairment persisted and his general condition remained unchanged.His spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood remained normal.On day 71 occasional primitive lymphocytes and numerous smear cells were found in his blood; the white count was 2-7 x 109/1.The patient deteriorated until death on the 81st day after admission.There was no necropsy.Analysis of the bone marrow and peripheral blood at death showed infiltrating neoplastic cells with E and C3 receptors as detected previously in the CSF. DiscussionThis case may be regarded as acute leukaemia or lymphoma with early involvement of the meninges.It is unusual for acute leukaemia to present with CNS symptoms.3The incidence of meningeal symptoms at diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma varies-6/30 children reported from Toronto4 and 0/64 by Pinkel et al.5 This case appears to be the first documented of a T cell lymphoma presenting with CNS symptoms and no clinical evidence for other tissue lesions.The neoplastic cells had convoluted nuclei, but, unlike other cases of T cell ALL, expressed the C3 complement receptor.Tests with unsensitised and IgM-sensitised ox cells were negative.This case is reported to emphasise that ALL enters into the differential diagnosis of CSF lymphocytosis.This point was not appreciated initially, since there was no indication that the lymphocytes in the first CSF were malignant, and the thymic shadow, although enlarged, was not considered abnormnal.
Exposure of Patients to Human Immunodeficiency Virus through the Transfusion of Blood Components That Test Antibody-Negative
Authors: Paul D. Cumming, Edward L. Wallace, Julian B. Schorr, Roger Y. Dodd
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Abstract The risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus to recipients of blood transfusions exists chiefly during the period between the time a donor is infected and the time he or she has a positive blood test for HIV antibodies. Estimating the chance that blood will be donated during this period is an effective way to define the risk of HIV infection from transfusion. Using this approach, and employing data from over 17 million American Red Cross blood donations, we estimate that during 1987 the most likely number of units of blood infected with undetected HIV that were transfused was 131 (range, 67 to 227). For a patient, the odds of contracting HIV infection were 1:153,000 per unit transfused. A patient who received the average transfusion (5.4 units) had odds of 1:28,000. The risk has been decreasing by more than 30 percent a year. We estimate that donor-recruitment practices plus careful education and screening are eliminating 49 of every 50 donors likely to be HIV-positive and that testing is 92 to 97 percent effective, for a combined effectiveness of 99.9 percent. The risk of undetected infectious units can probably be further reduced by transfusing fewer units and units from fewer donors, recruiting more women and fewer men as new donors, and encouraging more frequent donations from donors who have been tested repeatedly. (N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 941–6.)
Detection of Medullary Thyroid Cancer by Calcitonin Assay in Families
Authors: CHARLES E. JACKSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Calcitonin concentrations in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay during calcium infusion in 76 members of 3 kindreds with known familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Results were positive in 22 individuals. Six (27%) with normal basal values had abnormal elevations with calcium. Thyroid abnormalities (bilateral cancer in 16 and "C-cell hyperplasia" in 1) were confirmed in all patients who had had surgery. The result of the calcitonin assay was the sole indication for surgery in the 57% without palpable lesions. Distribution of the 31 cases in these families is compatible with an autosomal dominant inheritance, with high penetrance evidenced by calcitonin studies. Studies in 26 relatives of 10 patients with apparently sporadic medullary cancer and in 10 patients with pheochromocytomas disclosed 2 new families with the pheochromocytoma-medullary thyroid cancer syndrome. Thyroid and adrenal lesions were bilateral only in those two families, suggesting that families of patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas or medullary thyroid cancers should be studied for these detectable neoplasms.
Angiotensin II directly increases transforming growth factor β1 and osteopontin and indirectly affects collagen mRNA expression in the human heart
Authors: Claudio Kupfahl, Daniel Pink, Katharina Friedrich, Heinz R. Zurbrügg, Michael Neuss, Christina Warnecke, Jens Fielitz, Kristof Graf, Eckart Fleck, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objectives: Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in the myocardium, but its precise mechanisms of action in human hearts are still unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether Ang II directly affects the collagen mRNA content in the human myocardium and in isolated human cardiac fibroblasts or whether the growth factors TGFβ-1 and osteopontin are involved in this process. Methods and results I: In a first set of experiments, the direct effect of Ang II on collagen I, TGFβ-1 and osteopontin mRNA content in fresh samples of human atrial myocardium was determined by the use of a short stimulation period. After 4 h, Ang II-stimulated atrial samples gave a significantly higher expression of both TGFβ-1 (183±21% of control, p<0.05) and osteopontin mRNA (275±58%, p<0.02) than the controls. In contrast, the expression of collagen I mRNA was unchanged (95±8%). Stimulation with TGFβ-1 led to an increase in collagen I and III mRNA (127±10%, p<0.05; 140±15%, p<0.02). Methods and results II: In a second protocol, to assess the effects of longer stimulation periods, we determined the effects of Ang II and its potential mediator TGFβ-1 on collagen I, III and fibronectin mRNA expression and on proliferation of cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. Ang II caused a dose-dependent stimulation of proliferation but did not affect collagen I, III or fibronectin mRNA content after 24 h. In contrast, TGFβ-1 stimulation significantly increased collagen I and III mRNA expression (124±5% and 128±5%, p<0.002). Conclusions: In the human heart, Ang II does not directly increase collagen or fibronectin mRNA, but it does increase TGFβ-1 and osteopontin mRNA expression. Since TGFβ-1 induces collagen I and III mRNA in atrial samples and in isolated cardiac fibroblasts, it may represent a necessary mediator of the Ang II effects in the human heart.
Dynamics of Ventricular Ejection
Authors: MERRILL P. SPENCER, FRANK C. GREISS
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

Left ventricular ejection in open-chest, anesthetized dogs begins with an abrupt acceleration of blood into the ascending aorta, reaching an average maximum of 4,650 cm./sec./sec. Velocity reaches a sharp peak of 88 cm./sec. (average) within the first one-third to one-half of the ejection period. Deceleration is more gradual and continues to the closure of the aortic valve. The general pattern of the time-course recording is that of a triangle with its peak skewed into early systole and separated from a flat diastolic period of zero flow by a deep notch of backflow attending closure of the aortic valve. Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure only during the brief period between the opening of the valve and peak systolic velocity, a period of approximately 45 per cent of the ejection period. This "positive" (headward) gradient represents the acceleration transient and explains the sharp rise in flow to a maximum in early systole. During the deceleration (terminal) phase of ventricular ejection, the pressure gradient is against the direction of flow. This reversal in pressure gradient brings about a gradual deceleration of flow to zero. These findings are considered experimental proof that the major phenomenon relating pressure and flow in the ascending aorta is that governing mass acceleration.
Raymond Dudley Blachford
Authors: J. Harrison
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Consultant physician Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, 1949-79 (b London 1915; q Guy's Hospital, London, 1938; MD, FRCP), died from metastatic renal cancer on 20 October 2002.

During the second world war he served in the Far East with the Royal Air Force medical service. As a full time consultant in Birmingham he developed a special interest in diabetes. In 1957 his personal life was utterly changed when his wife, Sally, was killed in a road traffic incident. Their four children aged between 16 and 3 became his overwhelming preoccupation. He never remarried. A keen pianist and harpsichordist, he was a devotee of opera and literature, and has left a collection of his own poetry, some of it published. He leaves four children.
A BLOOD PRESSURE PARADOX
Authors: ALBERT H. MILLER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

An apparently healthy young man, who applied for insurance in one of the large companies, was found to have a normal systolic blood pressure, but no diastolic pressure. The diastolic pressure, taken by an approved auscultatory method, registered zero. The examiner was in a quandary. According to his conception of the mechanics of the circulation, a person having no diastolic blood pressure should not be living and apparently well. The young man appeared sound and healthy. Repeated examinations showed no diastolic pressure. What report would he make? In attempting to clear up this apparent contradiction, let us review some of our knowledge of blood pressure. The systolic pressure is the maximum pressure in the artery at the height of the ventricular systole. The diastolic pressure is the constant arterial pressure, efficient in maintaining the flow of blood through the systemic vessels. The pulse pressure represents the force of each ventricular
Delayed Right Ventricular Perforation by a Transvenous Active Fixation Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Lead
Authors: Ángel Ferrero-de-Loma-Osorio, José Albors-Martín, Ricardo Ruiz-Granell, Eloy Domínguez-Mafé, José Ángel Bahamonde-Romano, Patricia Palau-Sampio, Ricardo Boix-Garibo
Journal: Circulation (2009)
Echocardiographic identification of right-sided cardiac intracavitary thromboembolus in massive pulmonary embolism.
Authors: I R Starkey, D P de Bono
Journal: Circulation (1982)

In a patient with clinical features of massive pulmonary embolism, two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated an echo-dense mass moving freely across the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. This mass was also visualized at angiography, which in addition confirmed extensive pulmonary embolism. At autopsy, the mass was found to be a coiled thrombus, one end of which had become wedged in a probe-patent foramen ovale. In another patient, bedside echocardiographic demonstration of thrombus in the right ventricular outflow tract was followed by immediate and successful embolectomy.
Impaired Toll-like receptor 8–mediated IL-6 and TNF-α production in antigen-presenting cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Klára Sochorová, Rudolf Horváth, Daniela Rožková, Jiří Litzman, Jiřina Bartůňková, Anna Šedivá, Radek Špíšek
Journal: Blood (2006)
A Distinguished Life
Authors: A. Cox
Journal: BMJ (1948)

<h3>Background:</h3> Canada lags behind other countries with respect to wait times for specialist physician and allied health professional consultations. We conducted a systematic review to assess the effects of a single-entry model on waiting time, referral volume and the satisfaction of patients and health care providers. <h3>Methods:</h3> We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and CINAHL databases from inception to December 2019. We included studies from countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that reported on the effects of a single-entry model on the time between referral to first assessment by a specialist physician or allied health professional, termed wait time 1 (WT1). Patient volume and the satisfaction of providers and patients were secondary outcomes. We conducted a narrative synthesis using descriptive statistics. <h3>Results:</h3> Of the 4637 citations identified, 17 met the eligibility criteria, and we included 10 of these in the final analysis. All of the included studies reported an absolute reduction in WT1 after implementation of the single-entry model. The average percent reduction in WT1 across specialties was greatest for surgical referrals (57%) and urgent internal medicine referrals (40%). Higher initial WT1 was associated with a greater absolute reduction in WT1 after implementation of the single-entry model (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Patient and provider satisfaction with the single-entry model was high in all studies. The effect estimates from all included studies were at high risk of bias. <h3>Interpretation:</h3> Single-entry models were associated with an absolute reduction in time from referral from primary care to consultation. These models represent a promising option to improve access to a range of health services, but there is a need for rigorous prospective evaluations to inform policy. <h3>PROSPERO Registration:</h3> CRD42018100395
Use of a sonospectrographic digital electronic stethoscope to evaluate changes in acoustic signature of coronary flow before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Authors: Stephen D. Wiviott, Sailor H. Mohler, Daniel J. Mulholland, Alan M. Figgart, Warren L. Holford, Matthew K. Lyons, Karen Turyna, Jeffrey A. Brinker
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prolong life in patients with heart failure treated in clinical practice?
Authors: Milton Packer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have emerged as a significant advance in the treatment of heart failure; yet only a minority (i.e., 30% to 40%) of eligible patients are being treated with these drugs, and even among treated patients, the doses used in clinical practice are substantially lower than those used in the clinical trials that established the efficacy and safety of these agents. The preference for low doses is based on the belief that low and high doses exert similar benefits but that high doses produce more side effects. Yet, most studies indicate that large doses of ACE inhibitors produce greater hemodynamic and clinical effects than small doses, with no additional toxicity. However, it is uncertain whether the survival effects of these drugs are also related to dose. To address this question, a large multinational, double-blind clinical trial (Assessment of Treatment With Lisinopril and Survival [ATLAS]) was launched to compare the effects of low and high doses of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on the survival of patients with heart failure. If the study demonstrates that large doses are needed to produce optimal effects on mortality, then the low dose strategies that are now widely used in clinical practice may be inadvertently nullifying the enormous potential benefits that ACE inhibitors might otherwise have on public health.
Assessment of Ocular Protection for Racquetball
Authors: Michael J. Feigelman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

We evaluated the ability of 11 commercially available eye guards (lensless and closed) and eight piano spectacles (varying in lens thickness and material) to prevent ocular trauma from racquetballs. A guard was judged to be effective if the lens or frame did not shatter or dislodge after a minimum of ten direct blows with a racquetball and if eye contact was prevented. All spectacles failed; either the lens or the frame shattered. Open eye guards permitted the ball to contact the eye or were themselves propelled into the eye. Three commercially available closed guards failed because their frames broke. Only four guards passed our criteria for effectiveness. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;250:3305-3309)
Research shows optimal spacing for healthy babies
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Conceiving a subsequent child 18 to 23 months after a live birth may provide the ideal conditions for having a healthy, full term baby, according to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (1999;340:589-94).

The study, conducted by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, found that although having babies too close together may be …
Ultraviolet light: an effective treatment of osteomalacia in malabsorption.
Authors: R T Jung, M Davie, J O Hunter, T M Chalmers
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Do brachial plexus injuries occur at initial impact in motor-cyclists?Some 77% of traction injuries to the brachial plexus occur in motor- cycle accidents.'Although this injury is uncommon, amputation may be necessary when the resulting paralysis is extensive and permanent.2 3The mechanism of injury has been regarded as mutual separation of the neck and shoulder as the motor-cyclist hits the ground, producing a traction injury to the plexus.4We report here two motor-cyclists who collided head-on, with their right-hand handlebars contacting at an impact speed of about 130 kph.Both sustained severe brachial plexus injuries.