tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC REMEDIES IN THE HOSPITAL
Authors: TORALD SOLLMANN
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The title of this address should be interpreted as a plea and a program for work, and not as a record of accomplishment, for the evaluation of therapeutic remedies is not usually among the features to which hospital authorities point with just pride of achievement. The few notable examples, such as the establishment of the clinical value of insulin and of liver extract, arouse attention because they are really great, but also because they are exceptional. They may serve to illustrate the peculiar service which hospitals may render in this direction. The concentration of clinical material, in one place and at one time, makes it feasible to conduct tests in a shorter period than would be possible in private practice. This means not only an intensification of interest but also the possibility of comparisons of variations which are being observed simultaneously, or at least while recent impressions are still fresh
Abnormal Cardiac Norepinephrine Storage in Isoproterenol-Treated Rats
Authors: ROBERT A. MUELLER, JULIUS AXELROD
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

Repeated administration of large doses of isoproterenol to rats produced myocardial enlargement and a fall in blood pressure. A defect in storage of norepinephrine (NE) was manifested by a decrease in endogenous NE, unimpaired uptake of 3 H-NE, and an accelerated rate of loss of accumulated 3 H-NE. This accelerated loss of 3 H-NE was characterized by a more rapid disappearance of 3 H-NE from the granular or microsomal than from the supernatant NE fraction. The increased rate of loss of 3 H-NE could be reversed by treatment with a ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine, by salt restriction and mercurial diuresis, and by withholding isoproterenol treatment for 7 days. The NE storage defect resembled that previously described in the hearts of rats made hypertensive by administration of desoxycorticosterone and NaCl. It is possible that the NE storage defect in the hearts of isoproterenol-treated rats is the result of a combination of changes in sympathetic nervous activity and altered neuronal electrolytes.
THE CYTOKINETICS OF MONOCYTOSIS IN ACUTE SALMONELLA INFECTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Alvin Volkman, Frank M. Collins
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

The mechanisms responsible for monocytosis occurring in acute Salmonella infection were studied by means of isotopic labeling and autoradiography. Male (Lewis x BN)F(1) hybrid rats (160-180 g) were pulse-labeled with [(3)H]TdR at varying intervals with respect to the time of i.v. injection of about 10(6) living Salmonella enteritidis. The half time for monocytes in the blood was estimated from the exponential decline in the percentage of labeled monocytes. The average generation time for dividing monocyte precursors in bone marrow was estimated by fitting a regression line to the decline in median grain counts (halving-time = T(G)). After an initial fall, the absolute number of blood monocytes rose to a plateau about 2.5 x normal on day 5, suggesting the reimposition of steady state conditions. The half time of monocytes in the blood of infected rats was shortened to 25 h throughout the infection, compared with 61 h estimated in uninfected rats. T(G) was reduced to 15 h (days 1-3) but later reverted to the preinfection level of 34 h (days 4-8). Another early response to infection was the release of immature monocytes into the blood. These cells, however, were too few to offset the initial monocytopenia. Under these conditions, with little or no division of blood monocytes, the sustained monocytosis (days 4-8) must have been due to enlargement of the dividing precursor pool. Excessive loss of monocytes from the blood thus appears to activate a feedback mechanism. However, a more direct stimulating effect on monocyte production by endotoxin could have contributed substantially to the monocytosis.
A POTENT ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC HORSE SERUM CONCENTRATE AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL USE IN INFECTED MONKEYS
Authors: Elliott R. Weyer, William H. Park, E. J. Banzhaf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. The horse, apparently itself unsusceptible to poliomyelitis, can be stimulated in certain cases but not all to the production of virucidal antibodies. 2. The virucidal potency of such immune serum can be raised to a point comparable to that of human convalescent serum and when concentrated and refined exhibits a four-fold increase in potency. 3. Such concentrates have proved effective in the prevention of paralysis in inoculated monkeys when given intraspinously before the onset of paralysis. 4. Treatment has been found more effective when therapeutic serums are given through the spinal route. 5. Pooled serum from "normal" adult donors has proved effective in neutralizing virus but its potency is approximately one-half that of convalescent serum.
Antenatal diagnosis of β‐thalassemia by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients
Authors: Mario Manca, Gianfranco Cossu, Giuliano Angioni, Bruno Gigliotti, Adriana Bianchi Bosisio, Elisabetta Gianazza, Pier Giorgio Righetti
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract A new method for antenatal diagnosis of thalassemias is reported based on the analysis of the major Hb components of fetal cord blood, sampled at week 18 of pregnancy under ultrasonic guidance, by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients (IPG). In an IPG gel encompassing a pH 6.7–7.6 span, HbA and HbF ac are separated by a distance nine times greater than in a conventional carrier ampholyte pH 6–8 gel and three times greater than in an ampholine gel with separators (an equimolar mixture of β‐alanine and 6‐amino caproic acid). Band evenness (in terms of uniform protein concentration within a zone) and straightness (in terms of parallel alignment of the bands to the electrodes), because of insensitivity of IPG gels to salt distortions, allows for accurate and reproducible quantitation of HbF, ‐A, and ‐F ac levels. The possibility of greatly overloading IPG matrices in total Hbs increases the sensitivity of the technique to the detection of only 0.5% HbA in the total Hb mixture, the lower limit of conventional IEF being only 2.5% HbA. Of 15 fetuses from couples at risk analyzed in the region of Ozieri, three were found to be homozygous β‐thalassemic, eight heterozygous, and four normal with no false‐positives or ‐negatives.
How could I breast feed with a man in the room?
Authors: B. A L. Beech
Journal: BMJ (1996)

As honorary chair of the Association for Improvements in the Maternity Services I have a heavy postbag of letters from women asking for help. In early December I received a letter from Annette, an inmate of Holloway women's prison: “Every other day a girl pregnant is taken to the hospital in handcuffs; I have spoken to seven women who have had children, all have been made to give birth in chains with male officers present but behind a screen; when your child has been born, you have only three hours and then you're brought back to prison, at no time are these chains removed, only on the last stage of birth; I am terrified of what I have to go through. I can't sleep at night as I have terrible nightmares, I wake up and cry myself back to sleep.” I was so concerned I offered to visit her.

When we met she told me she had already been to the Whittington Hospital three times. The thought of going again terrified her. On one visit the officers used category A shackles: these were heavy and normally reserved for very dangerous male prisoners. They hurt and bruised her wrists. She begged the guards to remove them but they refused. The hero of this story is an unknown ambulanceman, who on one visit refused to drive her anywhere with the shackles on—they had to be removed.

One admission had been for premature labour. After she had spent a night shackled to the bed the labour stopped and she returned to the prison. She cried and said: “I don't know how I …
The Internal Jugular Vein For Access to The Central Venous System
Authors: William R. Jernigan
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Why not the internal jugular vein for safe, easy access to the central venous system? Two consecutive issues ofThe Journal(July 5 and July 12, 1971) have letters that deal with percutaneous access to the central venous system. The letter by Goldman et al (<b>217</b>:78, 1971) reports a fatality from attempted percutaneous subclavian vein puncture. The authors conclude that the subclavian percutaneous puncture should be considered only as an alternative to one or all of the safer points of entry. In the letter entitled, "Subclavian Catheters in Cardiac Arrest," (<b>217</b>:210, 1971) Bergman and Aaron feel that the complications from subclavian puncture have been over emphasized and conclude that when the procedure is performed correctly, serious complications are infrequent. They and their staff have done 125 subclavian punctures without complications. We agree that, if any procedure is performed correctly, there will be no complications. Unfortunately,
Urologic Examination with the New Radiopaque Mediums, Diatrizoate, Acetrizoate and Diprotrizoate
Authors: Howard A. Hoffman, Stanley J. Koczera, Nelson L. Portnoy, Wilson Simas, Alois R. Hastreiter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

AMONG the more recently developed iodinated contrast mediums for radiologic delineation of the urinary tract and demonstration of uropathic processes are sodium diatrizoate,** sodium acetrizoate†† and sodium diprotrizoate‡‡ The increased use of intravenously administered materials for roentgenographic visualization has actuated the search for compounds free of the hazard of severe sensitivity or toxic reactions. Since it is the concern for the safety of the patient that has served as a deterrent to the widespread use of intravenous urography as a routine examination procedure, a low incidence of deleterious effects is as important as radiographic contrast in the evaluation of new . . .
Early-Life Cadmium Exposure and Child Development in 5-Year-Old Girls and Boys: A Cohort Study in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Maria Kippler, Fahmida Tofail, Jena D. Hamadani, Renee M. Gardner, Sally M. Grantham-McGregor, Matteo Bottai, Marie Vahter
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Cadmium is a commonly occurring toxic food contaminant, but health consequences of early-life exposure are poorly understood.We evaluated the associations between cadmium exposure and neurobehavioral development in preschool children.In our population-based mother-child cohort study in rural Bangladesh, we assessed cadmium exposure in 1,305 women in early pregnancy and their children at 5 years of age by measuring concentrations in urine (U-Cd), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Children's IQ at 5 years of age, including Verbal (VIQ), Performance (PIQ), and Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), were measured by Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Behavior was assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).In multiple linear regression models, adjusted for sex, home stimulation, socioeconomic status (SES), and maternal and child characteristics, a doubling of maternal U-Cd was inversely associated with VIQ (-0.84 points; 95% confidence interval: -1.3, -0.40), PIQ (-0.64 points; -1.1, -0.18), and FSIQ (-0.80 points; -1.2, -0.39). Concurrent child U-Cd showed somewhat weaker association with VIQ and FSIQ, but not PIQ. Stratification by sex and SES indicated slightly stronger associations with PIQ and FSIQ in girls than in boys and in higher-income compared with lower-income families. Concurrent U-Cd was inversely associated with SDQ-prosocial behavior and positively associated with SDQ-difficult behavior, but associations were close to the null after adjustment. Quantile regression analysis showed similar associations across the whole range of each developmental outcome.Early-life low-level cadmium exposure was associated with lower child intelligence scores in our study cohort. Further research in this area is warranted.
CREATINURIA IN ADOLESCENT MALES: II. THE EFFECTS OF THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF EPHEDRINE SULPHATE
Authors: Arthur B. Light
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Edgeworth 1 reported the first case of myasthenia gravis in which ephedrine sulphate was used with beneficial results. Since this publication, ephedrine sulphate has at times been employed in conjunction with glycine in the treatment of this disease. Studies of its effects, when used alone, on the creatine excretion in cases of myasthenia gravis have to our knowledge not been made. Reinhold and his associates 2 report a probable case of progressive muscular dystrophy in which ephedrine was used in conjunction with glycine with a resulting definite increase in the twenty-four hour creatine excretion. In this paper are reported the results obtained when ephedrine was administered orally to healthy adolescent males known to excrete creatine. These boys were all students engaged in a similar daily routine of study, exercise and diet during the period of investigation.  METHOD OF INVESTIGATION  The preformed and total creatinine determinations were made according to the
Oral Montelukast versus Inhaled Salmeterol To Prevent Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Eric P. Brestel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Letters5 September 2000Oral Montelukast versus Inhaled Salmeterol To Prevent Exercise-Induced BronchoconstrictionEric P. Brestel, MDEric P. Brestel, MDGreenville, NC 27858 (Brestel)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I would like to express my concerns about the study comparing montelukast with salmeterol in the long-term treatment of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (1). Several questions come to mind.First, why do such a study? Most people do not exercise more than once daily, and one or two inhalations of a short-acting β-agonist is effective at a fraction of the cost of salmeterol and montelukast. My second concern is the requirement that anti-inflammatory medications (corticosteroids) be withdrawn. According to the authors, their patients met the criteria for moderate asthma; the recommendation of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ...Reference1. Edelman JM, Turpin JA, Bronsky EA, Grossman J, Kemp JP, Ghannam AF, et al . Oral montelukast compared with inhaled salmeterol to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. A randomized, double-blind trial. Exercise Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:97-104. LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Eric P. Brestel, MDAffiliations: Greenville, NC 27858 (Brestel) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoOral Montelukast Compared with Inhaled Salmeterol To Prevent Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Jonathan M. Edelman , Jennifer A. Turpin , Edwin A. Bronsky , Jay Grossman , James P. Kemp , Asma F. Ghannam , Paul T. DeLucca , Glenn J. Gormley , and David S. Pearlman , for the Exercise Study Group*Oral Montelukast versus Inhaled Salmeterol To Prevent Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Jonathan M. Edelman Oral Montelukast versus Inhaled Salmeterol To Prevent Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Anthony J. Grieco and Jessica Burstein-Stein Metrics 5 September 2000Volume 133, Issue 5Page: 392KeywordsAsthmaBloodExerciseHeartInhalationInstitutional review boardsLungs ePublished: 5 September 2000 Issue Published: 5 September 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Technetium-99m Red Blood Cell Venography in Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: ANDREW M. SILVERSTEIN, ELLIOTT H. TURBINER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

The efficacy of Tc-99m RBC venography has been demonstrated with respect to the study of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. A case is presented where Tc-99m RBC venography was used to study the upper as well as lower extremities in a patient with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) who was found to have pulmonary embolism.
Milligrams, Milliequivalents, or Units of Standard Deviation
Authors: Bruce S. Schoenberg
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Rushmer's suggestion to express laboratory results in terms of units of standard deviation from a common mean certainly has many advantages over the present system (<b>206</b>:836, 1968). Before applying this new system, however, one must categorize laboratory data into two broad classes: One in which the quantity represented by the abnormal laboratory result is a reflection or index of the disease process and is not directly contributing to the deterioration of the patient's condition. Another in which the abnormality of the quantity being mea- sured is directly contributing to the death of the patient. An example of the first class of test result would be an elevated lactic dehydrogenase activity in the blood following a myocardial infarction. Although the elevated enzyme activity reflects a disease state it is not of itself injurious to the patient. An example of the second class of data would
Platelet GPIa (G873/873A) and GPIIbIIIa (leu33/33pro, PIA1/PIA2) glycoprotein receptor polymorphisms: an analysis of functional effects and association with risk of premature myocardial infarction
Authors: Ravi K. Singh, Hashmik Patel, Peter Braund, Julian Stribling, Pat Desouza, Suzanne Cheng, Alison H. Goodall, Nilesh J. Samani
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Therapeutic Interventions Focused on the Family of Bipolar Patients
Authors: M. Reinares, F. Colom, A. Martínez-Arán, A. Benabarre, E. Vieta
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2001)

&lt;i&gt;Background: &lt;/i&gt;Although genetic and biological factors are crucial in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, the importance of psychosocial and familial factors in triggering or mitigating relapses warrants the implementation of psychotherapeutic interventions. The authors review and criticize the role of family intervention in bipolar disorder. &lt;i&gt;Methods: &lt;/i&gt;The main computerized databases (Medline, Psychological Abstracts, Current Contents) have been searched for the terms ‘family intervention’, ‘family management’, ‘family therapy’, ‘psychotherapy’, ‘psychoeducation’ and ‘bipolar disorder’. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Some studies have associated high expressed emotion in relatives and poorer outcome in bipolar disorder. Studies on families of bipolar patients seem to support that family intervention as adjunctive therapy to pharmacological treatment may reduce the number of relapses and hospitalizations, improving familial, occupational and social functioning. However, controlled studies are scarce and most of them have a great number of methodological pitfalls such as small sample size, uncontrolled pharmacological treatment, absence of long follow-up and biased populations, among others. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/i&gt;Both bipolar patients and their relatives could benefit from family intervention as adjunctive treatment to pharmacotherapy. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to design further investigations avoiding some of the limitations listed above, and controlling additionally for psychopathology in family members, and the influence of life events. It would be important to distinguish between causes and effects, studying which factors are involved in family attitudes and determining whether the interactive patterns are variable or stable according to the clinical state of the patient. Finally, it would be useful to design viable, effective and measurable interventions for the accurate delimitation of the role of family intervention in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Error in Medicine
Authors: David W. Bates, Atul A. Gawande
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Letters20 February 2001Error in MedicineDavid W. Bates, MD, MSc and Atul A. Gawande, MD, MPHDavid W. Bates, MD, MScBrigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA 02115 (Bates, Gawande)Search for more papers by this author and Atul A. Gawande, MD, MPHBrigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA 02115 (Bates, Gawande)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Dunn brings up the controversy over the annual number of deaths related to iatrogenic injuries in the United States. The figure we cited—180 000 iatrogenic deaths—comes from the Medical Practice Study (1) and refers to the total number of deaths due to injury. Just over half of these deaths were deemed preventable, resulting in the Institute of Medicine's upper end figure of 98 000. We believe that given the importance of the problem, too few relevant data are available, and that whatever the actual point estimate is, it is too high. Furthermore, the problem of injuries associated ...References1. Leape LL, Lawthers AG, Brennan TA, Johnson WG. Preventing medical injury. QRB Qual Rev Bull. 1993;19:144-9. [PMID: 0008332330] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Leape LL. Institute of Medicine medical error figures are not exaggerated. JAMA. 2000;284:95-7. [PMID: 0010872022] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: David W. Bates, MD, MSc; Atul A. Gawande, MD, MPHAffiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA 02115 (Bates, Gawande) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoError in Medicine: What Have We Learned? David W. Bates and Atul A. Gawande Error in Medicine John Dale Dunn Metrics 20 February 2001Volume 134, Issue 4Page: 342 ePublished: 20 February 2001 Issue Published: 20 February 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Alcohol should carry similar warnings to tobacco, MPs say
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Alcoholic drinks sold in the United Kingdom should carry similar health warnings to tobacco products to reduce the harmful effects of misuse, a group of MPs has urged. The recommendation is one of a series of measures laid out in a new manifesto from the All Party Parliamentary Group on Alcohol Misuse,1 launched to advise ministers on ways to tackle the “national pandemic” of alcohol misuse.

The report called for all alcohol products to include mandatory labelling that provided “an evidence based health warning, as well as describing the product’s nutritional, calorific and alcohol content.” Including such warnings would allow …
The calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1 contributes to the regulation of renal function
Authors: Diana Faria, Jason R. Rock, Ana M. Romao, Frank Schweda, Sascha Bandulik, Ralph Witzgall, Eberhard Schlatter, Dirk Heitzmann, Hermann Pavenstädt, Edwin Herrmann, Karl Kunzelmann, Rainer Schreiber
Journal: Kidney International (2014)