Scientific Methodology in Clinical Medicine
Authors: ALVAN R. FEINSTEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

Special Article1 October 1964Scientific Methodology in Clinical MedicineII. Classification of Human Disease by Clinical BehaviorALVAN R. FEINSTEIN, M.D.ALVAN R. FEINSTEIN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-61-4-757 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe following paper is the second of four parts of Dr. Feinstein's cogent analysis of scientific methodology in clinical medicine. The subsequent parts, which will appear in the November and December issues of the ANNALS, are subtitled as follows: "III. The Evaluation of Therapeutic Response" and "IV. Acquisition of Clinical Data."—Ed.OUTLINE OF CONTENTS: PART IITAXONOMIC ARRANGEMENT OF DATA IN HUMAN DISEASEEVOLUTION OF CLINICAL DATA FROM DIAGNOSTIC TO JUDGMENTAL FUNCTIONSCLINICAL DATA AS SCIENTIFIC VARIABLES IN CLINICAL REASONINGCLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF A DISEASEMODE OF DETECTION AND GENERAL CLINICAL STATEDefinitions and ConceptsMathematical FormulationINDIVIDUAL...References1. FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. I. Introduction, principles, concepts. Ann. Intern. Med. 61: 564-579, 1964. LinkGoogle Scholar2. FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. III. Appraisal of therapeutic response. Ann. Intern. Med. (In press). Google Scholar3. FEINSTEIN AR: Boolean algebra and clinical taxonomy. I. Analytic synthesis of the general spectrum of a human disease. New Eng. J. Med. 269: 929-938, 1963. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BOOLE G: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. Dover Publications, Inc., 1951, New York. (A paperback reprint of the original work published in 1854.) Google Scholar5. BIRKHOFFMACLANE GS: A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, Second Edition. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1953. Google Scholar6. ARNOLD BH: Logic and Boolean Algebra. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962. (Refs. 5 and 6 are expositions for mathematically advanced readers.) Google Scholar7. VENN J: Symbolic Logic. Macmillan and Co., London, 1894. Google Scholar8. DODGSONCarroll CDL: Symbolic Logic and the Game of Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1958 (paperback). (An interesting reprinted presentation of elementary concepts by an author better known for other literary activities.) Google Scholar9. JOHNSONGLENN DAWH: Sets, Sentences, and Operations. Webster Publishing Co., St. Louis, 1960 (paperback). (A simple, lucid exposition, for readers with minimal or no mathematical background.) Google Scholar10. FEINSTEIN AR: The basic elements of clinical science (Editorial). J. Chron. Dis. 16: 1125-1133, 1963. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. FEINSTEINSPAGNUOLO ARM: Sore throats, streptococcal infections and prevention of rheumatic fever. J. Chron. Dis. 15: 623-633, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. FEINSTEINSPAGNUOLO ARM: The clinical patterns of acute rheumatic fever: A reappraisal. Medicine 41: 279-305, 1962. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: Report of committee on standards and criteria for programs of care of the council on rheumatic fever: Jones criteria (modified) for guidance in diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Mod. Conc. Cardiov. Dis. 24: 291-293, 1955. MedlineGoogle Scholar14. FEINSTEINSPAGNUOLOGILL ARMF: The rebound phenomenon in acute rheumatic fever. I. Incidence and significance. Yale J. Biol. Med. 33: 259-278, 1961. MedlineGoogle Scholar15. FEINSTEINSPAGNUOLO ARM: Experimental reactivation of subsiding rheumatic fever. J. Clin. Invest. 40: 1891-1899, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. FEINSTEINZAGALASPAGNUOLO ARJGM: The pattern of symptoms, pre-treatment interval, and prognosis of acute rheumatic fever. Ann. Intern. Med. 57: 563-571, 1962. LinkGoogle Scholar17. TARANTAKLEINBERGFEINSTEINWOODTURSKYSIMPSON AEARHFER: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. V. Relation of the rheumatic fever recurrence rate per streptococcal infection to pre-existing clinical features of the patients. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 58-67, 1964. AbstractGoogle Scholar18. FEINSTEINSPAGNUOLOWOODTARANTATURSKYKLEINBERG ARMHFAEE: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. VI. Clinical features of streptococcal infections and rheumatic recurrences. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 68-86, 1964. LinkGoogle Scholar19. FEINSTEINWOODSPAGNUOLOTARANTAJONASKLEINBERGTURSKY ARHFMASEE: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. VII. Cardiac changes and sequelae. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 87-123, 1964. LinkGoogle Scholar20. FEINSTEINKLEINBERGSPAGNUOLO AREM: The prognosis of acute rheumatic fever. Amer. Heart J. (In press). Google Scholar21. FEINSTEIN AR: Symptomatic patterns, biologic behavior, and prognosis in cancer of the lung. Ann. Intern. Med. 61: 27-43, 1964. LinkGoogle Scholar22. FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. IV. Acquisition of clinical data. Ann. Intern. Med. (In press). Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New Haven, ConnecticutFrom the Department of Medicine (Clinical Biostatistics Section), Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, Conn., and the Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.The work described here was conceived and prepared during investigations supported by grants HE01595 from the National Heart Institute and CA07155 from the National Cancer Institute, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Alvan R. Feinstein, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Conn. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byEvidence‐based medicine's curious path: From clinical epidemiology to patient‐centered care through decision analysisNovel aspects in diagnostic approach to respiratory patients: is it the time for a new semiotics?Oral Examination and ChartingWhat We Talk about When We Talk about Risk: Refining Surgery's Hazards in Medical ThoughtLogic Structure of Clinical Judgment and Its Relation to Medical and Psychiatric SemiologyPhilosophy and Concepts of Modern Spine SurgeryViewpoint: Envisioning the Successful Integration of EBM and Humanism in the Clinical Encounter: Fantasy or Fallacy?Assessing case definitions in the absence of a diagnostic gold standardCentral dimensions of clinical practice evaluation: efficiency, appropriateness and effectiveness - IIScientific Methodology in Temporomandibular Disorders. Part II: EthologyScientific Methodology in Temporomandibular Disorders. Part I: EpidemiologyThe classification of endometriosis: A comprehensive reviewTeaching Clinical Medicine by Iterative Hypothesis TestingA Short History of Evidence-Based MedicinePsychiatric disability rating in transitionCompassion, Computers, and the Regulation of Clinical TechnologyALVAN R. FEINSTEIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Clinical effects of recurrent attacks of acute rheumatic fever: a prospective epidemiologic study of 105 episodesOn statistical testing of prevalence studiesSelective Cine Coronary ArteriographyComputer-aided diagnosis of cardiovascular disordersSymptoms as an Index of Biological Behaviour and Prognosis in Human CancerScientific Methodology in Clinical Medicine III. The Evaluation of Therapeutic ResponseALVAN R. FEINSTEIN, M.D. 1 October 1964Volume 61, Issue 4Page: 757-781KeywordsBehaviorBiostatisticsData acquisitionHeartHospital medicineMedical servicesReasoning Issue Published: 1 October 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...