tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2015: Survival from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest is Better for Children than Adults: The ROC Epistry-Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Dianne L Atkins, Siobhan Everson-Stewart, Robert A Berg, Daniel P Davis, Mohamud R Daya, Martin H Osmond, Gena K Sears, Craig R Warden
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Objectives Population-based data for pediatric cardiac arrest are scant and concentrated from large urban areas. The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Epistry-Cardiac Arrest is a prospective population-based EMS registry of out-of-hospital non-traumatic cardiac arrest (OHCA). The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of OHCA in patients &lt;20 yrs. Methods Design : Prospective population based cohort study with uniform data definitions. Setting : 11 US and Canadian urban and rural sites participating in the ROC. Population : Persons &lt;20 years who receive CPR by EMTs and/or receive a bystander AED shock or are pulseless but receive no EMS resuscitation between 12/2005 thru 11/2006. Hypothesis : Survival from pediatric OHCA is less than adult survival. Survival is discharge from hospital. Patients were divided in 3 groups: &lt;1 yr, 1–11 yrs, 12–&lt;20 yrs. Adult data derived from same registry, n = 16829. Results Data from 389 OHCAs in children were submitted: 315 (81%) patients received EMS treatment. Table 1 shows data from all children with OHCA. Table 2 shows EMS-treated OHCAs. Survival of pediatric patients was statistically better than adults for all OHCAs (7.5% vs. 3.9%, p &lt; 0.009) and for EMS-treated OHCAs (9.2% vs 6.9% p = 0.001). EMS scene time was &lt;10 minutes for 22% of children vs 3.6% of adults, p &lt; 0.001. Conclusions Survival from OHCA is better among children than adults, and this current survival rate is better than most previous studies. Bystander CPR is provided for &lt;40% of all patients. Ventricular fibrillation occurs in all age groups. Short scene times are more common in infants and children, suggesting a scoop and run approach for younger patients. Table 1 Baseline Characteristics for all OHCA Patients Table 2 EMS-Treated OHCA Patients
Trials of management are inevitably long
Authors: R W Pigott
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Editorial proves controversialED1ToR,-In their two year Medline search for studies on the results of cleft surgery Tony Markus and Peter Ward Booth found just one British study, and they criticise the lack of British studies.'Six studies on primary and secondary surgery and outcome analysis are noteworthy,2-7 as is a book on speech.8Citing just the Eurocleft study, which included two British centres, Markus and Ward Booth state that British results are poor.This is not true in other British studies.910The authors neglect to mention that the two centres with the best results in the Eurocleft study used different surgical techniques (none like Markus's) and high volume operators (none of them maxillofacial surgeons).On high volume operators Markus and Ward Booth are incoherent.They move from implying that specialist high volume operators are preferable to stating that high volume operators and large, centralised units do not guarantee good results, while high volume maxillofacial surgery exists in district hospitals, which are well placed to provide a comprehensive service.European countries, including Britain, have made advances in cleft surgery."Continental Europe may do it better"'-or it may not.
Low-dose Tetrahydrobiopterin Supplementation Reduces Atherosclerosis Progression in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice via Effects on Vascular T cell Infiltration
Authors: Tim S Schmidt, Eileen McNeill, Gillian Douglas, Mark J Crabtree, Ashley B Hale, Charles A O'Neill, Keith M Channon, Nicholas J Alp
Journal: Circulation (2009)
Dilemmas and choices in facing the drugs problem
Authors: A. Pelosi
Journal: BMJ (2000)

This week the Royal Colleges of Psychiatrists and Physicians, with help from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, have published a most important book on national and international problems caused by the use of illegal drugs.1 Targeted at general readers, Drugs: Dilemmas and Choices aims to stimulate a long overdue rational debate on illegal drugs rather than come up with any solutions. But its authors have not shied away from making firm recommendations on law enforcement policies, treatment, and education.

The working party that wrote the book included doctors from several specialties along with a lawyer, a sociologist, a teacher, and the chief executive of the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse. They consulted a wide range of experts and met members of the independent inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act, which was set up by the Police Foundation and also reported this week (recommending more emphasis on the health aspects of drugs.2 It is perhaps this multidisciplinary approach that has led to such a comprehensive and academically rigorous text.

The authors are clearly concerned that they will be …
Association Between Lower Serum Free T<sub>4</sub> and Greater Mood Instability and Depression in Lithium-Maintained Bipolar Patients
Authors: Mark A. Frye, Kirk D. Denicoff, Ann L. Bryan, Earlian E. Smith-Jackson, S. Omar Ali, David Luckenbaugh, Gabriele S. Leverich, Robert M. Post
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

This investigation evaluated the relationship between changes in thyroid indices and mood stability during lithium and carbamazepine prophylaxis for bipolar disorder.In the first 2 years, 30 patients with bipolar mood disorder were randomly assigned to 1 year of lithium and then 1 year of carbamazepine, or vice versa; in the third year, they received lithium plus carbamazepine. By stepwise regression analysis, the degree and timing of lithium- and carbamazepine-induced thyroid changes and their subsequent relationship to long-term mood stability were evaluated.During the lithium phase, there was a significant inverse relationship between morbidity and mean serum level of free T4, i.e., a lower mean serum level of free T4 was associated with more affective episodes and greater severity of depression as shown by the Beck Depression Inventory. During the carbamazepine phase, there was an inverse relationship between mean level of total T4 and global severity rating. During the combination phase, no relationships between thyroid indices and clinical outcome were significant.In the lithium phase, a low level of free T4 was associated with more affective episodes and greater severity of depression. Whether this mood instability is causally related to low free T4 levels and whether it can be attenuated with T4 replacement remain to be studied in a controlled setting.
Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Authors: Gunnar Gudmundsson, Olof Margretardottir, Thor Aspelund, Vilmundur Gudnason
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has significant morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular diseases are a common cause of mortality and systemic inflammation has been found in COPD.

Objective: To evaluate systemic inflammation and to measure signs of cardiovascular disease with non-invasive laboratory studies in the study population.

Methods: Subjects with COPD were identified among subjects in the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES) study. Study population was divided into four groups; non-smokers with normal spirometry (NS-NS, control group), smokers with normal spirometry (S-NS), non-smokers with abnormal spirometry (NS-AS) and smokers with abnormal spirometry (S-AS). Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), white blood cells (WBC)) were measured. Arterial macrovascular and microvascular disease was evaluated.

Results: S-AS group had the highest values of CRP and WBC. This finding was significant after adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). S-AS group had the most calcium in the coronary arteries and aorta. This was significant after adjustment for age, gender and history of cardiac event. Measurements of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque showed similar results that were significant after adjustment for age, gender and statin use. There was a significant difference in periventricular white matter lesions (PVscore). Other measurements of brain vasculature (signs of microbleeds and infarcts) were non-significant.

Conclusion: Smokers with COPD had more inflammation. Vascular changes were seen in thorax but not in the brain, suggesting that COPD has effect on the vascular system in vicinity of the lungs.
Corticosteroid Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Reed A.C. Siemieniuk, Maureen O. Meade, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Matthias Briel, Nathan Evaniew, Manya Prasad, Paul E. Alexander, Yutong Fei, Per O. Vandvik, Mark Loeb, Gordon H. Guyatt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is common and often severe. Purpose: To examine the effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on mortality, morbidity, and duration of hospitalization in patients with CAP. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through 24 May 2015. Study Selection: Randomized trials of systemic corticosteroids in hospitalized adults with CAP. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. Quality of evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system by consensus among the authors. Data Synthesis: The median age was typically in the 60s, and approximately 60% of patients were male. Adjunctive corticosteroids were associated with possible reductions in all-cause mortality (12 trials; 1974 patients; risk ratio [RR], 0.67 [95% CI, 0.45 to 1.01]; risk difference [RD], 2.8%; moderate certainty), need for mechanical ventilation (5 trials; 1060 patients; RR, 0.45 [CI, 0.26 to 0.79]; RD, 5.0%; moderate certainty), and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (4 trials; 945 patients; RR, 0.24 [CI, 0.10 to 0.56]; RD, 6.2%; moderate certainty). They also decreased time to clinical stability (5 trials; 1180 patients; mean difference, −1.22 days [CI, −2.08 to −0.35 days]; high certainty) and duration of hospitalization (6 trials; 1499 patients; mean difference, −1.00 day [CI, −1.79 to −0.21 days]; high certainty). Adjunctive corticosteroids increased frequency of hyperglycemia requiring treatment (6 trials; 1534 patients; RR, 1.49 [CI, 1.01 to 2.19]; RD, 3.5%; high certainty) but did not increase frequency of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Limitations: There were few events and trials for many outcomes. Trials often excluded patients at high risk for adverse events. Conclusion: For hospitalized adults with CAP, systemic corticosteroid therapy may reduce mortality by approximately 3%, need for mechanical ventilation by approximately 5%, and hospital stay by approximately 1 day. Primary Funding Source: None.
Influence of protein kinase C on stretch-induced apoptosis in rat alveolar type II cells
Authors: Hartmut Kuhn, Claudia Hänel, Stephan Hammerschmidt, Hubert Wirtz
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: Cyclic stretching of alveolar type II (ATII) cells has been shown to induce apoptosis and is associated with alterations of F-actin cytoskeleton. Protein kinase C is able to promote alterations in the actin cytoskeleton.  Objektives: We hypothesize that PKC is involved in the regulation of apoptosis in stretched cells. Therefore we investigated the PKC expression in stretched cells and their influence on actin cytoskeleton and stretch-induced apoptosis.  Methods: Alveolar type II (ATII) cells were exposed to cyclic stretch using a stretching pattern characterized by frequency of 40 [min_1] and an amplitude of 30 [%]. After stretching we determined PKC-expression by Western blot. Next, we treated ATII cells with phorbol ester (PMA, a PKC stimulator), measured (a) F-actin by phalloidin staining, (b) elasticity with atomic force microscope (AFM), and (c) determined the effect of PMA on stretch-induced apoptosis using an Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit. Further, we tested the effect of the PKC inhibitor Staurosporin on stretch-induced apoptosis.  Results: Our results showed an increase of PKC in stretched ATII cells after 1h. The stimulation of PKC with phorbol ester (PMA) induced a decrease of F-actin (21,5%) and elastic modulus (24,9%). We observed that treatment of ATII cells with PMA during stretching reduced the number of apoptotic cells (control 32,8%; PMA 16,1%). Inhibition of PKC using staurosporin increased the number of apoptotic cells (control 27,7%; Staurosporin 36,1%).  Conclusions: We conclude that activation of PKC is able to prevent apoptosis in stretched cells. Remodelling of cytoskeleton to a softer cell by PKC seems to be a possible mechanism for it.
Cannabinoid receptor 1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma initiation and progression through multiple mechanisms
Authors: Bani Mukhopadhyay, Kornel Schuebel, Partha Mukhopadhyay, Resat Cinar, Grzegorz Godlewski, Keming Xiong, Ken Mackie, Martin Lizak, Qiaoping Yuan, David Goldman, George Kunos
Journal: Hepatology (2015)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high mortality and no adequate treatment. Endocannabinoids interact with hepatic cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) to promote hepatocyte proliferation in liver regeneration by inducing cell cycle proteins involved in mitotic progression, including Forkhead Box M1. Because this protein is highly expressed in HCC and contributes to its genesis and progression, we analyzed the involvement of the endocannabinoid/CB1R system in murine and human HCC. Postnatal diethylnitrosamine treatment induced HCC within 8 months in wild-type mice but fewer and smaller tumors in CB1R(-/-) mice or in wild-type mice treated with the peripheral CB1R antagonist JD5037, as monitored in vivo by serial magnetic resonance imaging. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed CB1R-dependent, tumor-induced up-regulation of the hepatic expression of CB1R, its endogenous ligand anandamide, and a number of tumor-promoting genes, including the GRB2 interactome as well as Forkhead Box M1 and its downstream target, the tryptophan-catalyzing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and consequent induction of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells in tumor tissue promote immune tolerance.The endocannabinoid/CB1R system is up-regulated in chemically induced HCC, resulting in the induction of various tumor-promoting genes, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; and attenuation of these changes by blockade or genetic ablation of CB1R suppresses the growth of HCC and highlights the therapeutic potential of peripheral CB1R blockade.
Widening inequalities in smoking rates in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Z Kabir, H McAvoy, U Reulbach, L Clancy
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background: Ireland introduced a comprehensive workplace smoke-free legislation in March, 2004. Smoking-related adverse birth outcomes have both health care and societal cost implications. The main aim of this study was to determine the impact of the Irish smoke-free legislation on small-for-gestationa-age (SGA) births.
Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients
Authors: ELISA CORDERO, JERÓNIMO PACHÓN, ANTONIO RIVERO, JOSÉ A. GIRÓN, JESÚS GÓMEZ-MATEOS, MARÍA D. MERINO, MANUEL TORRES-TORTOSA, MERCEDES GONZÁLEZ-SERRANO, LUIS ALIAGA, ANTONIO COLLADO, JOSÉ HERNÁNDEZ-QUERO, ANTONIO BARRERA, ENRIQUE NUÑO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Severity criteria for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have always excluded patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A 1-yr, multicenter, prospective observational study of HIV-infected patients with bacterial CAP was done to validate the criteria used in the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines for CAP, and to determine the prognosis-associated factors in the HIV-infected population with bacterial CAP. Overall, 355 cases were included, with an attributable mortality of 9.3%. Patients who met the ATS criteria had a longer hospital stay (p = 0.01), longer duration of fever (p < 0.001), and higher attributable mortality (13.1% versus 3.5%, p = 0.02) than those who did not. Three factors were independently related to mortality: CD4+ cell count < 100/ μ l, radiologic progression of disease, and shock. Pleural effusion, cavities, and/or multilobar infiltrates at admission were independently associated with radiologic progression. A prognostic rule based on the five criteria of shock, CD4+ cell count < 100/ μ l, pleural effusion, cavities, and multilobar infiltrates had a high negative predictive value for mortality (97.1%). The attributable mortality for severe pneumonia was 11.3%, as compared with 1.3% for nonsevere disease (p = 0.008). The ATS severity criteria are valid in HIV-infected patients with bacterial CAP. Our study provides the basis for identification of patients who may require hospitalization determined by clinical judgment and the five clinical criteria of shock, a CD4+ cell count < 100/ μ l, pleural effusion, cavities, and multilobar involvement. These prognostic factors should be validated in independent cohort studies.
Low Transplant Mortality in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Randomized Study of Low-Dose Cyclosporin Versus Low-Dose Cyclosporin and Low-Dose Methotrexate
Authors: P. Zikos, M.T. Van Lint, F. Frassoni, T. Lamparelli, F. Gualandi, D. Occhini, N. Mordini, G. Berisso, S. Bregante, F. De Stefano, M. Soracco, V. Vitale, A. Bacigalupo
Journal: Blood (1998)
Rituximab for the Treatment of Relapses in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: E. M. Miloslavsky, U. Specks, P. A. Merkel, P. Seo, R. Spiera, C. A. Langford, G. S. Hoffman, C. G. M. Kallenberg, E. W. St.Clair, N. K. Tchao, L. Viviano, L. Ding, D. Iklé, M. Villarreal, B. Jepson, P. Brunetta, N. B. Allen, F. C. Fervenza, D. Geetha, K. Keogh, E. Y. Kissin, P. A. Monach, T. Peikert, C. Stegeman, S. R. Ytterberg, J. H. Stone
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

Disease relapses are frequent in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). This study was undertaken to evaluate outcomes in patients with AAV who are re-treated with rituximab (RTX) and prednisone for severe disease relapses.
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (CDA) therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WD): An update on 77 patients.
Authors: M. Maerevoet, Augustin Ferrant, André Delannoy, André Bosly, P. Martiat, P. Mineur, Jl. Canon, A. Zenebergh, Jl. Michaux
Journal: Blood (1995)
Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in bipolar patients: a multiethnic comparison
Authors: Sukdeb Mukherjee, Sashi Shukla, Joanne Woodle, Arnold M. Rosen, Silvia Olarte
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1983)

The records of 76 bipolar (DSM-III) patients were reviewed for a history of previous misdiagnosis of schizophrenia. Multivariate analyses identified three variables significantly associated with previous misdiagnosis--auditory hallucinations, early age at onset, and ethnicity. Ethnicity remained significantly associated with misdiagnosis of bipolar patients as schizophrenic even after all other significant variables were partialled out of the equation. It appears from these data that black and Hispanic (Puerto Rican) bipolar patients may be at a higher risk than whites for misdiagnosis as schizophrenic, particularly if they are young and experience auditory hallucinations during affective episodes.
Gender as a predictor for optimal dynamic scheduling of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Results from EORTC randomized phase III trial 05963
Authors: F. Lévi, T. Gorlia, N. Tubiana, R. Smaaland, Y. Humblet, J. L. Canon, M. A. Lentz, C. Focan, G. Bjarnason, S. Giacchetti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

3587 Background: Gender-related differences characterize colorectal cancer incidence, gene expression patterns as well as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) pharmacology (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity, 5-FU clearance and circadian rhythm amplitude lower in females (F) than males (M)). Yet gender is not a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC). Here, the impact of gender was examined in a randomized multicenter trial in 564 MCC patients where no difference in OS was found between two schedules of oxaliplatin, 5-FU and leucovorin: FOLFOX or 4 day chronomodulation (CHRONO) (Giacchetti et al., ASCO 2004, # 3526). Methods: The prognostic and predictive value of gender for effect of CHRONO on OS was tested using the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Analyses further assessed gender prognostic and predictive values for Progression Free Survival (PFS), Objective Response (OR) and Overall Toxicity (OTOX: occurrence of any grade 3–4 main toxicity per pt). Results: Gender was not a prognostic factor for OS (p=0.11), PFS or OR. F patients displayed significantly higher OTOX than M (72.6% vs 55.9%, p<0.001). Strong gender-schedule interactions were demonstrated for both PFS (p = 0.008) and OS (p = 0.001). In F, the median OS was 19.3 months (mo) on FOLFOX as compared to 16.3 mo on chrono (Log Rank, p = 0.027, 38% larger risk of death). Conversely, the median survival of M pts was improved by 3.1 mo with CHRONO as compared to FOLFOX (21.4 vs 18.3 mo; p = 0.018, 25% lower risk of death). The gender-schedule interaction was present in each age and performance status subgroup. The predictive value of gender for schedule effect on OS was confirmed following adjustment for pt characteristics. Conclusions: Gender strongly and significantly predicted for the best dynamic scheduling of chemotherapy to optimize OS. The CHRONO schedule tested here produced a clear survival advantage over FOLFOX in males (2/3 of the MCC patients). Gender-based differences in circadian pharmacology will guide the development of a better circadian delivery schedule in female MCC pts. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Abstract 1020: PPAR Gamma-regulated Expression of eNOS in Adipocytes Suppresses Lipolysis and Prevents High Fat Diet-induced Fatty Liver Disease via S-nitrosylation
Authors: Yoko Yamada, Masato Eto, Yuki Ito, Satoshi Mochizuki, Hidetaka Ota, Kazushi Nomura, Bokyung Son, Sumito Ogawa, Katsuya Iijima, Koichi Kozaki, Kenji Toba, Masahiro Akishita, Yasuyoshi Ouchi
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background: Abdominal obesity-associated fatty liver disease (FLD) causes insulin resistance and risk factor clustering, increasing the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis. FLD is induced by exces...