tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Why be active?: a qualitative study on the attitudes and beliefs concerning exercise of 11-14 year old school children in slough
Authors: A Dosanjh, S Hemmings, D Morrissey
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Rationale Obesity is a growing problem in the UK. The problem of obesity is also affecting children and with that come significant health, social and economic concerns. Lack of physical activity in children is evident. Physical activity is also beneficial for tackling obesity as well as other positive health and lifestyle outcomes. Aims We aim to investigate what children understand by the term exercise and what facilitates and prevents them from being active or taking part in sport and exercise. Subjects and methodology Qualitiative study using focus groups in 11–14 year old school children in Slough to identify their attitudes and beliefs towards exercise. Children were selected from a local slough grammar school. Results Several themes were identified which were facilatitive or perceived as barriers towards exercise. It was interesting to further discover differences in the barriers between the female and male groups and participants from ethnic minorities. Conclusion By understanding the beliefs and attitudes towards exercise of 11–14 year old children in Slough we may be able to develop and improve behavioural interventions to encourage exercise in this group. Further study into the barriers and facilitators of adolescent girls and ethnic minority children may be important to develop participation of the groups in physical activity.
THE ASSOCIATIVE REACTIONS OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) AND INFLUENZA VIRUSES: THE EFFECTS OF pH AND ELECTROLYTES UPON VIRUS-HOST CELL COMBINATIONS
Authors: Fred M. Davenport, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

Combination between PVM and erythrocytes as well as between the influenza viruses and erythrocytes is inhibited at low electrolyte concentrations. Combination between PVM and lung particles as well as between the virus and erythrocytes can be dissociated in solutions of low electrolyte concentration. The rate of elution of influenza virus is decreased under similar conditions. PVM can combine with and be dissociated from erythrocytes repeatedly without affecting the combining capacity of the ceils and does not possess an enzyme-like activity similar to that of the influenza viruses. Because dissociation depends on electrolyte concentration and pH, it appears that the PVM-cell component complex may be in the nature of a weak salt.
Right vision wrong location for new research centre, say MPs
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In its latest report on the planned UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee applauds the vision displayed by the creators of the £645m (€742m; $1045m) project. But it regrets the choice of the centre’s intended location in London. It also offers its sympathy to local residents who have yet to be reconciled to the new institution that will soon be emerging on their doorstep.

Having acknowledged the importance of the project to biomedical science in the UK, the report goes on to welcome the Department of Health’s investment in it. The committee says, “[We] can see the positive benefits that the planned research at …
Bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate was linked to hyponatremia compared with polyethylene glycol
Authors: David Morgan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club15 July 2014Bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate was linked to hyponatremia compared with polyethylene glycolDavid Morgan, MDDavid Morgan, MDMcMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada (D.M.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-161-2-201407150-02012 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationWeir MA, Fleet JL, Vinden C, et al. Hyponatremia and sodium picosulfate bowel preparations in older adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:686-94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24589671Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Hospitalists: Gastroenterology: Nephrology: References1 Rabeneck L, Tinmouth JM, Paszat LF, et al. Ontario's ColonCancerCheck: results from Canada's first province-wide colorectal cancer screening program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23:508-15. [PMID: 24443406] Google Scholar2 Rahman A, Vanner SJ, Baranchuk A, Hookey LC. Serial monitoring of the physiological effects of the standard Pico-Salax® regimen for colon cleansing in healthy volunteers. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26:424-8. [PMID: 22803016] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: David Morgan, MDAffiliations: McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada (D.M.)This article was published at Annals.org on 1 July 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 2014Volume 161, Issue 2Page: JC12KeywordsColonoscopyComputed axial tomographyDiureticsGastroenterology and hepatologyHeart failureHospitalizationsHyponatremiaMortalityOdds ratioSodium ePublished: 15 July 2014 Issue Published: 15 July 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
P1-04-06: Ionizing Radiation Reprograms Non-Tumorigenic Cancer Cells into Cancer Stem Cells.
Authors: L Chann, E Vlashi, DD Lorenza, C Dekmezian, F Pajonk
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Breast cancers are thought to be organized hierarchically with a small number of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) able to re-grow a tumor while their progeny lack this feature. BCSCs in breast cancer have been found to be relatively resistant to radiation and several groups reported enrichment for BCSCs when breast cancers are subjected to classical anticancer treatment. Differentiation of BCSCs is thought to be unidirectional but an alternative model assumes that stemness can be obtained by clonal evolution. In this study, we quantified the number of BCSCs surviving after radiation treatment. We compared the number of surviving BCSCs to the expected number and found an increase in BCSCs after irradiation that could not be explained by current models. We propose that radiation induces a BCSC phenotype in previously non-BCSCs and show that this transition is Notch-dependent and coincided with up-regulation of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox-2, Nanog, and Klf4. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-06.
Topical administration of chloramphenicol can induce acute hepatitis
Authors: B Doshi, S Sarkar
Journal: BMJ (2009)

We report a case of drug induced hepatitis attributable to conjunctival administration of chloramphenicol. Although hepatobiliary complications resulting from systemic chloramphenicol have been described,1 such reactions after topical application have not been reported in adults.

A 37 year old male engineer was treated for conjunctivitis with 0.5% chloramphenicol eye drops (one drop in each eye every two hours for 24 hours followed by one drop every six hours for four days) as suggested by the BNF .2 He complained of lethargy, pruritus, dark urine, and icteric sclera seven days after completing the …
Birth Defects Related to Bendectin Use in Pregnancy
Authors: Allen A. Mitchell
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The risk of birth defects previously associated with Bendectin use in early pregnancy were evaluated in a case-control study of malformed infants whose mothers were interviewed in three regional centers; 98 infants with isolated cleft palate (CP), 221 with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL +/- CP), and 122 with selected heart defects (HD) were compared with 970 other malformed infants who served as controls. Relative risk estimates (with their 95% confidence limits) for first-trimester exposure to Bendectin were as follows: CP, 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5); CL +/- CP, 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8); and HD, 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6). Allowance for a large number of potentially confounding factors did not materially influence the risk estimates. These findings suggest that early in utero exposure to Bendectin does not appreciably increase the risk of oral clefts or selected cardiac defects.
Aspartame Use By Persons with Diabetes
Authors: Jeanine Kullessa Nehrling, Peter Kobe, McLane P McLane, Ronald E Olson, Savitri Kamath, David L Horwitz
Journal: Diabetes Care (1985)

Sixty-two subjects having either insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes completed a randomized, double-blind study comparing effects of aspartame or a placebo on blood glucose control. Twenty-nine subjects consumed 2.7 g aspartame per day for 18 wk, given as aspartame-containing capsules with meals, while 33 subjects took identical appearing placebo capsules. After 18 wk, no changes were seen in fasting or 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels or glycohemoglobin levels in either the aspartame- or placebo-treated groups. Adverse reactions were no more common in the group taking aspartame. We conclude that use of aspartame as a low-calorie sweetener does not adversely affect glycemic control of persons with diabetes.
<i>I</i> <sub>K1</sub> Heterogeneity Affects Genesis and Stability of Spiral Waves in Cardiac Myocyte Monolayers
Authors: Rajesh B. Sekar, Eddy Kizana, Hee C. Cho, Jared M. Molitoris, Geoffrey G. Hesketh, Brett P. Eaton, Eduardo Marbán, Leslie Tung
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Previous studies have postulated an important role for the inwardly rectifying potassium current ( I K1 ) in controlling the dynamics of electrophysiological spiral waves responsible for ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. In this study, we developed a novel tissue model of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) with uniform or heterogeneous Kir2.1expression achieved by lentiviral transfer to elucidate the role of I K1 in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Kir2.1-overexpressed NRVMs showed increased I K1 density, hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, and increased action potential upstroke velocity compared with green fluorescent protein–transduced NRVMs. Opposite results were observed in Kir2.1-suppressed NRVMs. Optical mapping of uniformly Kir2.1 gene-modified monolayers showed altered conduction velocity and action potential duration compared with nontransduced and empty vector-transduced monolayers, but functional reentrant waves could not be induced. In monolayers with an island of altered Kir2.1 expression, conduction velocity and action potential duration of the locally transduced and nontransduced regions were similar to those of the uniformly transduced and nontransduced monolayers, respectively, and functional reentrant waves could be induced. The waves were anchored to islands of Kir2.1 overexpression and remained stable but dropped in frequency and meandered away from islands of Kir2.1 suppression. In monolayers with an inverse pattern of I K1 heterogeneity, stable high frequency spiral waves were present with I K1 overexpression, whereas lower frequency, meandering spiral waves were observed with I K1 suppression. Our study provides direct evidence for the contribution of I K1 heterogeneity and level to the genesis and stability of spiral waves and highlights the potential importance of I K1 as an antiarrhythmia target.
Abstract 5351: The carcinogenesis rate is increased in MAL knock-out mice
Authors: Wantao Chen, Xiangbing Wu, Wei Cao, Xu Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: The MAL gene was originally identified by Alonso during a study for differentially expressed genes in T-cell development. The MAL protein, which spans the membrane four times, is involved in normal apical transport and accurate sorting in distinct epithelial cells. The recent study on MAL gene down-regulation in primary human epithelial malignancies suggest that the loss of the MAL gene may be closely linked with a variety of human epithelial malignancies. In our previous study, we revealed that MAL was remarkably down-regulated in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Exogenous expression of MAL in HNSCC cell lines could inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and induce apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and suppress tumor growth in vivo. These data support that MAL, as a candidate tumor suppressor, contributes to carcinogenesis and development of HNSCC. Methods: To further confirm the role of MAL gene in development of carcinoma, a MAL gene knockout mouse model was produced. And the genotype and phenotype was investigated by our study group. The genotypes of MAL-/- and MAL+/+ mice were identified by RT-PCR, Western blot and Immunohistochemistry. The histopathology of main organs and tissues (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, oral mucosa, etc.) were analyzed with H &amp; E staining. Chemical carcinogenesis agent (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, 4NQO) was used to induce oral mucosa carcinomas. Results: MAL gene knockout mouse model was successfully established and passed on from generation to generation more than 3 years. The genotypes of MAL-/-, MAL+/-, MAL+/+ mice were identified. Phenotypic investigation found that MAL-/- mice raised no obvious spontaneous phenotype in 12 months and the incidence of spontaneous tumor was zero. Nevertheless, we found that there were significant differences between MAL-/- and MAL+/+ mice in the incidence rate, occurrence time and growth speed of tongue and esophageal squamous carcinoma which induced by a low dose of 4NQO water feeding for 16 weeks (P&amp;lt;0.01). We also found that the occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma performed the same changes as oral mucosa. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MAL gene knockout mouse significantly increased the susceptibility of cancer. The molecular mechanism about the tumor susceptibility becomes more important, and will be significant for developing cancer prevention and treatment methods. Citation Format: Wantao Chen, Xiangbing Wu, Wei Cao, Xu Wang. The carcinogenesis rate is increased in MAL knock-out mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5351. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5351
New Syndrome Associated With Partial Deletion of Short Arms of Chromosome No. 4
Authors: José Carneiro Leäo
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Clinical and cytogenetic findings in a male infant with partial deletion of the short arms of a No. 4 chromosome are described. The clinical findings in the seven known cases (labeling studies have been done in five) were compared in relation to those in the cat cry syndrome. Features characteristic of the No. 4 deletion syndrome are an absence of cat-like cry, seizures, prominent glabella, midline scalp defects, deformities of the iris, cleft lip and palate or high-arched palate, preauricular dimple, misshapen nose, hypospadias in male infants, and hypoplasia of the dermal ridges. The No. 4 deletion syndrome is considered to be an entity distinct from the cat cry syndrome.
S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE MEDIATES HOMOCYSTEINE ATHEROGENICITY BY SUPPRESSING THE FGF2-PROSURVIVAL PATHWAY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Po-Yuan Chang, Yi-Jie Chen, Tzu-Ching Yang, Shao-Chun Lu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
One short leap for man..
Authors: J Guillebaud
Journal: BMJ (1994)

I was reminded of an ethically suspect animal experiment by this riveting programme covering the United Nation's Cairo Conference on Population Development: if a frog is dropped into boiling water in a frying pan it will leap out unharmed, but if placed in cold water that is gradually heated to the same final temperature the frog will die where it is. Humanity also reacts more effectively to dangers that are sudden than to equivalent dangers produced gradually by adverse trends. The increase in human numbers is three every second - or a jumbo jet arriving every two minutes. Although this growth adds to increasing consumption and pollution and leads to progressive destruction of habitats for all other species; although it swamps development efforts and exacerbates, as in Rwanda, the tensions that lead to human conflict: to most …
Combination chemotherapy for haematological relapse in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Authors: R. K. Woodruff, T. A. Lister, A. M. Paxton, J. M. A. Whitehouse, J. S. Malpas
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract Twenty‐three adult patients (median age 22 years) with haematological relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were given reinduction therapy with vincristine, adriamycin, prednisolone, and L‐asparaginase. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 16 patients (69%), and only one patient was completely unresponsive to therapy. The duration of second remission was short except in three patients who had experienced long first remissions (&gt; 2.5 years). The median duration of survival from first relapse was seven months.
ICOS-Ligand Expression on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Supports Breast Cancer Progression by Promoting the Accumulation of Immunosuppressive CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Julien Faget, Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare, Michael Gobert, Isabelle Durand, Daniel Olive, Cathy Biota, Thomas Bachelot, Isabelle Treilleux, Sophie Goddard-Leon, Emilie Lavergne, Sylvie Chabaud, Jean Yves Blay, Christophe Caux, Christine Ménétrier-Caux
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Human breast tumors are infiltrated by memory CD4+ T cells along with increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) that facilitate immune escape and correlate with poor prognosis. Here, we report that inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS), a T cell costimulatory molecule of the CTLA4/PD1/CD28 family, is expressed mostly by tumor-associated Treg in primary breast tumors. A large proportion of these ICOS+ Treg were Ki67+ and this evident proliferative expansion was found to rely on interactions with tumor-associated pDC. Indeed, tumor-associated Treg highly expanded in presence of pDC but failed to proliferate under CD3/CD28 signal. In vitro experiments revealed that the addition of a neutralizing anti-ICOS antibody blocked pDC-induced Treg expansion and interleukin-10 secretion by memory CD4+ T cells, establishing a pivotal role for ICOS in this process. Supporting these findings, the presence of ICOS+ cells in clinical specimens of breast cancer correlated with a poor prognosis. Together, our results highlight an important relationship between Treg and pDC in breast tumors, and show that ICOS/ICOS-L interaction is a central event in immunosuppression of tumor-associated memory CD4+ T cells. These findings strongly rationalize antibody-mediated ICOS blockade as a powerful clinical strategy to correct immune escape and promote therapeutic responses in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 72(23); 6130–41. ©2012 AACR.
ALOPECIA AREATA THYROID DISEASE AND AUTOIMMUNITY
Authors: W. J. CUNLIFFE, R. HALL, C. J. STEVENSON, D. WEIGHTMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— The incidence of thyroid disease in patients with alopecia areata was greater than in patients with psoriasis and also greater than in a control series of the general population. There was also an increased incidence of alopecia areata and diabetes mellitus in the relatives of patients with alopecia areata. No significant difference was found in the incidence of thyroglobulin and thyroid complement‐fixing antibodies in patients with alopecia areata as compared with a general practice population. A negative association between psoriasis and thyroid antibodies was demonstrated.
UK government's changes to health bill are welcomed by research community
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Research charities are celebrating success in persuading the UK government to put greater emphasis on research in the revised health bill.

The bill will now create a new duty on the Secretary of State for Health and the Clinical Commissioning Groups to promote research and innovation, and promise measures to “embed” a culture of research in the NHS Commissioning Board and Public Health England. Further, the government has undertaken to ensure that the costs of patients taking part in research funded by the government and research charity partners are met through the normal arrangements for commissioning patient care.

Sir John Bell, president of the Academy of Medical Sciences, said: “This is a hugely significant step towards creating an NHS that is a responsive and willing home for research and innovation. These measures …
Prognosis and risk factors of metastasis in colorectal carcinoids: results of a nationwide registry over 15 years
Authors: T. Konishi, T. Watanabe, J. Kishimoto, K. Kotake, T. Muto, H. Nagawa
Journal: Gut (2007)

<b>Background:</b> Colorectal carcinoids are often described as low-grade malignant. However, no study has compared the survival between patients with colorectal carcinoids and those with carcinomas, in a large series. In addition, no global consensus has been established on the crucial determinants of metastasis in colorectal carcinoids. <b>Aim:</b> To determine the predictive factors for metastasis in colorectal carcinoids and clarify their prognosis compared with adenocarcinomas. <b>Methods:</b> Data of all patients diagnosed as having colorectal carcinoids were extracted from a large nationwide database of colorectal tumours, the Multi-Institutional Registry of Large-Bowel Cancer in Japan, for the period from 1984 to 1998. Risk factors for lymph node (LN) metastases and distant metastases were analysed among those who were undergoing surgery, by univariate and multivariate analysis. Cancer-specific survival was also compared between patients with colorectal carcinoids and those with adenocarcinomas registered in the same period. <b>Results:</b> Among the 90 057 cases of colorectal tumours that were diagnosed, a total of 345 cases of carcinoids were identified, including 247 colorectal carcinoids of those undergoing surgery. Risk factors for LN metastasis were tumour size ⩾11 mm and lymphatic invasion, whereas those for distant metastasis were tumour size ⩾21 mm and venous invasion. Colorectal carcinoids without these risk factors exhibited no LN metastasis or distant metastasis. Cancer-specific survival of patients with colorectal carcinoids without metastasis was better than that of those with adenocarcinomas. However, the survival was similar between carcinoids and adenocarcinomas if the tumours had LN metastasis or distant metastasis. <b>Conclusions:</b> The presence of metastasis in colorectal carcinoids could lead to survival that is as poor as in adenocarcinomas. Tumours ⩽10 mm and without lymphatic invasion could be curatively treated by local resection, but others would need radical LN dissection.
Defective Cholesterol Biosynthesis Associated with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
Authors: G Stephen Tint, Mira Irons, Ellen Roy Elias, Ashok K. Batta, Roger Frieden, Thomas S. Chen, Gerald Salen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (frequency, 1:20,000 to 1:40,000) is defined by a constellation of severe birth defects affecting most organ systems. Abnormalities frequently include profound mental retardation, severe failure to thrive, and a high infant-mortality rate. The syndrome has heretofore been diagnosed only from its clinical presentation.
The Fiji School of Medicine
Authors: Fletcher McDowell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

CURRENTLY, there is considerable concern about the problem of providing medical care for the general population in underdeveloped countries and for the sparsely populated areas of countries more advanced in development.‡ On a recent trip through the South Pacific I had an opportunity to observe a system of medical education that, for the past eighty years, has helped provide a solution for this problem in the area that it serves and might provide a solution to the same problem in other countries. I am referring to the Fiji School of Medicine, located in Suva, the capital of the Fiji Island . . .