tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Airway Management During Active Compression-Decompression CPR-Reply
Authors: Ian G. Stiell
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Mr Rottenberg is concerned that our study may have been biased against ACD CPR because the out-of-hospital patients were not intubated until they reached the hospital. We would like to reassure Rottenberg that his concerns are unfounded for 2 reasons. First, all 773 patients from the in-hospital stratum of the study were intubated very early in their resuscitation. Second, all 1011 patients from the out-of-hospital stratum, regardless of whether they were in the ACD CPR or the standard CPR group, had exactly the same airway and ventilation management. This consisted of CPR by 2 professional rescuers who used standard oropharyngeal airways and bag-valve-mask ventilation prior to arrival at the hospital. All out-of-hospital rescuers were also capable of performing defibrillation. Rottenberg may have overlooked the fact that in many US and most Canadian jurisdictions, prehospital cardiac arrest patients are not intubated until they arrive at the hospital. Consequently, the out-of-hospital arm
Steady-state trough serum and epithelial lining fluid concentrations of teicoplanin 12 mg/kg per day in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: Olivier Mimoz, Delphine Rolland, Michèle Adoun, Sandrine Marchand, Dominique Breilh, Ivan Brumpt, Bertrand Debaene, William Couet
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2006)
Effects ofS-adenosyl-L-methionine on hepatic and renal oxidative stress in an experimental model of acute biliary obstruction in rats
Authors: J A Gonzalez-Correa, J P De La Cruz, E Martin-Aurioles, M A Lopez-Egea, P Ortiz, Sanchez F de la Cuesta
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

We used an animal model of extrahepatic biliary obstruction of 7 days' duration to study the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (TG), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the enzymatic activities of GSH- peroxidase, GSSG-reductase, and GSH-transferase. Four groups of six rats each were treated with saline, drug solvent, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) 5 mg/kg/d, subcutaneously, or SAM 10 mg/kg/d, subcutaneously. Extrahepatic biliary obstruction increased TBARS. SAM had the dose-dependent effects of inhibiting TBARS production and increasing TG content, mainly as a result of the increase in GSH. The activity of GSH-peroxidase and GSH-transferase was also significantly increased. In renal tissue these effects were statistically significant only in animals given the higher dose of SAM. In liver we found a reduction in biochemical values indicative of liver damage. We conclude that effect of SAM on hepatorenal function is strongly influenced by the drug's ability to reestablish equilibrium after oxidative tissue stress.
The Detection of Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction Using Tc-99m RBC Venography
Authors: JOSEPH J. SKARZYNSKI, HEE KYUNG LEE, ULRICK VIEUX, DEVENA ALSTON
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

The use of Tc-99m RBC venography for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities has been well documented. The preferential visualization of the venous system due to its larger capacity and lower pressure makes this process applicable to other areas of the venous system as well. While performing this procedure for the supposed diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity, the diagnoses of two cases of inferior vena cava obstruction were made. These were confirmed by digital subtraction angiography.
Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Intermittent Claudication in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Luc Djoussé, Daniel Levy, Joanne M. Murabito, L. Adrienne Cupples, R. Curtis Ellison
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Intermittent claudication (IC) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. The relation of alcohol consumption to the risk of IC remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess the relation of alcohol consumption and type of beverage to the development of IC among participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Methods and Results —Alcohol consumption was categorized as 0, 1 to 6, 7 to 12, 13 to 24, and ≥25 g/d. During a mean follow-up of 6.8 years, 414 subjects developed IC. From the lowest to the highest category of alcohol intake, the age-standardized incidence rates of IC were 5.3, 4.1, 4.2, 3.2, and 4.6 cases/1000 person-years for men and 3.4, 2.5, 1.5, 1.9, and 2.5, respectively, for women. A multivariate Cox regression model demonstrated an inverse relation, with the lowest IC risk at levels of 13 to 24 g/d for men and 7 to 12 g/d for women compared with nondrinkers; the hazard ratio (95% CI) was 0.67 (0.42 to 0.99) for men and 0.44 (0.23 to 0.80) for women. This protective effect was seen mostly with wine and beer consumption. Conclusions —Our data are consistent with a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on IC risk, with lowest risk observed in men consuming 13 to 24 g/d (1 to 2 drinks/d) and in women consuming 7 to 12 g/d (0.5 to 1 drink/d).
Regulation of procollagen metabolism in the pressure-overloaded rat heart.
Authors: E G Eleftheriades, J B Durand, A G Ferguson, G L Engelmann, S B Jones, A M Samarel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

To determine the molecular events responsible for the disproportionate accumulation of myocardial fibrillar collagens during sustained hypertension, we examined the in vivo rate of procollagen synthesis, collagen accumulation, and intracellular procollagen degradation 1-16 wk after abdominal aortic banding in young rats. These measurements were correlated with tissue mRNA levels for type I and type III procollagen polypeptides. Banded animals developed moderate, sustained hypertension and mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Increased type III procollagen mRNA levels were detected early after banding and persisted for the entire observation period. Disproportionate collagen accumulation without histological evidence of fibrosis was noted within 1 wk after hypertension induction. Fibrillar collagen accumulation at this time point resulted not from a major increase in procollagen synthesis, but rather a marked decrease in the rate of intracellular procollagen degradation. Interstitial fibrosis, however, was observed 16 wk after banding. Type I procollagen mRNA levels were increased six-fold, but only after 16 wk of hypertension. These results correlated well with the results of in vivo procollagen synthesis experiments at 16 wk, which demonstrated a threefold increase in left ventricular procollagen biosynthesis. We conclude that pretranslational as well as posttranslational mechanisms regulate fibrillar collagen deposition in the myocardial extracellular matrix during sustained hypertension.
Safer Drugs for the American People
Authors: Gregory D. Curfman, Stephen Morrissey, Jeffrey M. Drazen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

The House and the Senate have now passed bills that aim to ensure the safety of the drug supply in the United States. It is now up to both houses of Congress to agree on a strong final version of the bill to send to the President. Editors Gregory Curfman, Stephen Morrissey, and Jeffrey Drazen suggest essential components they believe the final bill should contain.Congressman Edward Markey (D-MA) discusses drug safety, the public reporting of clinical trial results, the need for new authority for the FDA, and the reauthorization of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act.
Reduced Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis After Antibiotic Treatment and <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Seropositivity
Authors: Dirk Sander, Kerstin Winbeck, Jürgen Klingelhöfer, Thorleif Etgen, Bastian Conrad
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) infection has been associated with atherosclerosis, and a beneficial effect of antibiotic therapy on future cardiovascular events was described.We evaluated the effect of roxithromycin therapy (150 mg twice daily for 30 days) on the progression of the intima-to-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery using duplex ultrasonography in a prospective and randomized trial with a follow-up of 2 years in 272 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke aged over 55 years in whom the first IMT measurement and Cp testing (IgG and IgA) were performed at least 3 years before the roxithromycin treatment. Cp IgG antibodies (> or =1:64) were initially found in 123 (45%) patients and IgA antibodies (> or =1:16) in 112 (41%) patients. During the 3 years before antibiotic therapy, Cp-positive patients showed an enhanced IMT progression, even after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors (0.12 [95% CI, 0.11 to 0.14] versus 0.07 [0.05 to 0.09] mm/year; P<0.005). The 62 Cp-positive patients given roxithromycin showed a significantly decreased IMT progression after 2 years compared with the Cp-positive patients without therapy (0.07 [0.045 to 0.095] versus 0.11 [0.088 to 0.132] mm/year; P<0.01). No significant difference in the occurrence of future cardiovascular events was found between both groups during follow-up. No change of IMT was observed in Cp-negative patients given roxithromycin (n=74) compared with those without therapy (0.06 [0.03 to 0.09] versus 0.07 [0.05 to 0.09] mm/year).Our findings suggest a positive impact of antibiotic therapy on early atherosclerosis progression in Cp-seropositive patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Impact of Venous Tumour Thrombus Consistency (Solid vs Friable) on Cancer-specific Survival in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Roberto Bertini, Marco Roscigno, Massimo Freschi, Elena Strada, Diego Angiolilli, Giovanni Petralia, Rayan Matloob, Francesco Sozzi, Umberto Capitanio, Luigi Filippo Da Pozzo, Renzo Colombo, Giorgio Guazzoni, Anna Cremonini, Francesco Montorsi, Patrizio Rigatti
Journal: European Urology (2011)
A Grave Menace to the Public Health.
Authors: T. S. Dabney
Journal: JAMA (1898)

To the Editor:\p=m-\Without entering into the unseemly wrangle that the Medical Department of the Army is engaged in, I would like to call the attention of the profession through its own Journal to two new diseases\p=m-\newto the physicians who have spent their lives in the United States, but old to those experienced in diseases of tropical countries\p=m-\Iallude to tropical dysentery and tropical anemia, the former being due to the ameba, the latter to the ankylostoma duodenale.Our soldiers returning to their homes along the many railroads that ramify in every direction over our country, are liable to infect the entire country with the germs of these two insidious and ap- parently, in their incipiency, ordinary affections.If it be true, and I think every intelligent physician holds that view, that typhoid fever is pre-eminently a preventable disease, and con- sequently its alarming prevalence in all of our camps is crim- inal and due entirely to ignorance, which has been said to be worse than crime, how much more than criminal is it for our medical department to aid and abet the incompetent war de¬ partment in scattering broadcast over our fair land two of the most deadly diseases of the tropics?It is claimed with the amplest authority that every case of typhoid fever originating in a camp is due to the criminal neglect or ignorance of the medical officer, some colonel or major, in charge of that camp.Now, without questioning the right of army surgeons, who, by the way, resent being addressed as physicians, to allow their charges to become infected with death-dealing germs, I do pro¬ test as a civilian, a plain doctor, to their scattering these germs all over the country among civilians, who have no captains, majors or colonels to treat them.I claim that one case of typhoid fever, amebic dysentery or tropical anemia traveling from Montauk Point to California, is liable to infect any or every stream between the Atlantic and Pacific that he crosses.
Inhibin and Activin Production in Human Placenta
Authors: JIANPING QU, KARL THOMAS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1995)

IN 1985 and 1986, inhibin and activin, respectively, were successfully isolated from follicular fluid of the ovary (1, 2). Since then, our understanding of the important roles of these two new hormones in the reproductive endocrine system has rapidly advanced (3–6). The physiological significance and relationship between inhibin and activin or its related peptides represents one of the most challenging and interesting research areas in reproductive endocrinology. Inhibin is a 32-kDa heterodimer glycoprotein composed of an α-subunit and one of two related β-subunits, termed inhibin A (α-βA) or inhibin B(α-βB). Activin is a 24-kilodalton (kDa) homodimer consisting of two inhibin β-subunits. Three iso forms of activins have been found with different combinations of the subunits, including activin A (βA-βA), activin B(βB-βB), and activin AB (βA-B) (1–4). These structurally related peptides display distinct functions in the regulation of the release of FSH: inhibin selectively suppresses FSH secretion from the pituitary gland, whereas activin stimulates the FSH production (4, 5, 7, 8). Inhibin and activin also manifest many other biological activities. In women, these peptides play roles in the regulation of hormonal production, folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation in the ovary, and embryofetal development (4–6, 9). It has been found that theprimary structures of inhibin β-subunits are homologous, particularly with regard to the distribution of cysteine residues, to a family of growth factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), Müllerian duct inhibiting substance, and a protein encoded in the decapentaplegic gene complex in Drosophila (5,10). Furthermore, activin A can potentiate the differentiation of cells such as erythroid progenitor cells inbone marrow cultures (11). Therefore, inhibin and activin should not be considered solely as FSH-releasing regulators. This class of molecules may serve as important autocrine and paracrine factors in the modulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation in different tissues (12). In addition, follistatin, a single-chain glycosylated polypeptide with no structural relationship to inhibin or activin, was also isolated from follicular fluid (3,4). It binds to inhibin and activin and helps to regulate FSH release in the pituitary.
Searching for transcriptional regulators of Ang II-induced vascular pathology
Authors: V. J. Dzau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Ang II plays a key role in cardiovascular regulation and participates in vascular pathobiology, including inflammation and remodeling. Whether these tissue effects are mediated by direct Ang II actions or indirectly as a result of its influence on hemodynamics is being debated. In vitro data have shown that Ang II induces vascular cellular transcriptional activation and gene expression, but the mechanisms explaining its long-term tissue effects in vivo are relatively unknown. Do the multiple in vivo vascular activities elicited by Ang II (such as inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular cell hypertrophy/proliferation) occur via independent pathways, or do common transcription mechanisms mediate these multiple effects? In this issue, Zhan et al. identify Ets-1 as a critical downstream transcriptional mediator of vascular inflammation and remodeling in vivo; their data suggest that Ets-1 may be a common denominator of a complex process that involves multiple pathways previously considered to be mechanistically independent. Characterization of the critical transcription programs activated by Ang II in vivo and determination of the hierarchy of responses are vital to the understanding of the mechanism of vascular disease and to the development of therapies targeted at inhibiting the common transcription effectors of vascular pathology.
Information needed to decide about cardiovascular treatment in primary care
Authors: J. Robson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> There is growing consensus that treatment of cardiovascular risks should be based on multiple rather than single factors and on absolute rather than relative risks. Thresholds for treatment should reflect the level of absolute risk at which the benefits and hazards of treating outweigh the benefits and hazards of not treating. Once a decision has been made to initiate a treatment programme, clinicians need to know the patient9s absolute risk. At this level of risk, do the benefits of treatment outweigh the hazards? Given this information, which treatment option does the patient prefer? Using cardiovascular disease as an example, I review some measures that assist decision making in primary care. Practice guidelines should routinely include accessible presentation of treatment outcomes on benefit, hazard, and costs for a range of absolute risks. These measures enable patients and their doctors to weigh the pros and cons of treatment in their particular circumstances.
Clostridia and Antimicrobial Enterocolitis
Authors: J Silva, R Fekety
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1981)

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis has been associated with gastrointestinal surgery, low birth weight, intestinal obstruction, uremia, hypotensive car­ diovascular diseases, and drugs (1). Microscopically, inflammation is seen in the superficial colonic mucosa along with mucosal ulcerations and the formation of a pseudomembrane composed of fibrinogen, degenerating mucosal cells, and leukocytes. During the past decade, antibiotic therapy has been the major cause of pseudomembranous colitis in man, leading to use of the term antibiotic-associated colitis (AAC). In the mid 1970s, AAC was frequently attributed to clindamycin and lincomycin therapy, but since then most antibiotics have been implicated in its causation. The direct cause of AAC is not an antibiotic but toxigenic Clostridium difficile, a large gram-positive anaerobic bacillus originally isolated in 1935 from the feces of 4 of 10 healthy infants (2). Since then, c. difficile has occasionally been recovered from patients with septicemia or wound infections and is now recognized as playing an important role in enterocolitic inflammatory dis­ eases.
Device-Associated Nosocomial Infections in 55 Intensive Care Units of 8 Developing Countries
Authors: Victor D. Rosenthal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Background: Health care–associated infections from invasive medical devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) are a major threat to patient safety. Most published studies of ICU-acquired infections have come from industrialized western countries. In a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, the U.S. pooled mean rates of central venous catheter (CVC)–related bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections were 4.0 per 1000 CVC days, 5.4 per 1000 mechanical ventilator days, and 3.9 per Foley catheter days, respectively. Objective: To ascertain the incidence of device-associated infections in the ICUs of developing countries. Design: Multicenter, prospective cohort surveillance of device-associated infection by using the CDC NNIS System definitions. Setting: 55 ICUs of 46 hospitals in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, and Turkey that are members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Measurements: Rates of device-associated infection per 100 patients and per 1000 device days. Results: During 2002–2005, 21 069 patients who were hospitalized in ICUs for an aggregate 137 740 days acquired 3095 device-associated infections for an overall rate of 14.7% or 22.5 infections per 1000 ICU days. Ventilator-associated pneumonia posed the greatest risk (41% of all device-associated infections or 24.1 cases [range, 10.0 to 52.7 cases] per 1000 ventilator days), followed by CVC-related bloodstream infections (30% of all device-associated infections or 12.5 cases [range, 7.8 to 18.5 cases] per 1000 catheter days) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (29% of all device-associated infections or 8.9 cases [range, 1.7 to 12.8 cases] per 1000 catheter days). Notably, 84% of Staphylococcus aureus infections were caused by methicillin-resistant strains, 51% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, and 59% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones. The crude mortality rate for patients with device-associated infections ranged from 35.2% (for CVC-associated bloodstream infection) to 44.9% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Limitations: These initial data are not adequate to represent any entire country, and likely variations in the efficiency of surveillance and institutional resources may have affected the rates that were detected. Conclusions: Device-associated infections in the ICUs of these developing countries pose greater threats to patient safety than in U.S. ICUs. Active infection control programs that perform surveillance of infection and implement guidelines for prevention can improve patient safety and must become a priority in every country. *For a list of members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, see the Appendix.
Princess Vera Gedroits: military surgeon, poet, and author.
Authors: J. D. Bennett
Journal: BMJ (1992)

A lady has penetrated to the core of our hospital system, and is determined to effect a permanent lodgment.The advanced guard of the Amazonian army which has so often threatened our ranks, on paper, has already carried the outposts and entered the camp."9The admission of women into the British Medical Association marked an important stage in the enfran- chisement of women in medicine.The part played by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was significant, as the essentially conservative pioneer who represented the acceptable face of practising women doctors to the (male) profession.Indeed, the shift in policy by the profession-if it can be seen as a concerted or collective endeavour at all-was characterised by the forces of circumstance and a desire to control the marginal forces of unregulated doctors, whatever their sex.In the debate a hundred years ago on the admission of women to the association, the march of progress was tempered by pragmatic self interest, a combination without which no revolution is guaranteed success.
Impact of menopausal symptoms. Study perpetuates false impression.
Authors: E M Alder, L Ross
Journal: BMJ (1993)

German blood scandalEDrrOR,--The attention of the media was concenrated recently on the problems faced by patients who had received blood and blood products collected by the German company UB Plasma.'According to reports in the lay press, UB Plasma is undergoing criminal investigations with regard to having distributed blood collected from paid donors who had been inappropriately selected and whose blood had been inadequately tested, if at all, for HIV.A similar scandal seems to be brewing in Italy, with suggestions that the Mafia has been involved in the sale of blood.23The media interest kept the National Blood Transfusion Service busy on 5 November, when we received calls from numerous radio stations and television channels.In addition, worried patients and donors jammed our switchboard and contacted clinicians in hospitals for reassurance.The
2013 ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY OF IDX184 IN COMBINATION WITH PEGYLATED INTERFERON (PEGIFN) AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV) IN TREATMENT-NAIVE HCV GENOTYPE 1-INFECTED SUBJECTS
Authors: J. Lalezari, F. Poordad, P. Mehra, T. Nguyen, E. Dejesus, E. Godofsky, G. Dubuc Patrick, J. Chen, K. Pietropaolo, X.-J. Zhou, J.Z. Sullivan-Bólyai, D. Mayers
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
The Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: J. R. Squire
Journal: BMJ (1953)

nephritis with associated 20 ,, 36 nephrotic syndrome 37 Hypertension with terminal renal 55 failure, associated nephrotic syndromc 65 Congestive cardiac failure, associated 35 nephrotic syndrome *59 Femoral (and ?caval) thrombosis, 55 associated nephrotic syndrome 58 * Constrictive pericarditis.