tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Cell Cycle
Authors: Renato Baserga
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

FIFTEEN years ago it seemed that one could selectively damage cancer cells by exploiting simple differences in the cell-cycle kinetics of normal and neoplastic cells. Although these hopes have not been fulfilled, an increasing understanding of the biology of cell division has clarified concepts of tumor growth and indicated new approaches to more effective treatment.There are two definitions of the cell cycle. In a strict sense, the cell cycle is the interval between the midpoint of mitosis and the midpoint of the subsequent mitosis in one daughter cell or both. By this narrow definition, a review of the cell . . .
Hormone replacement treatment
Authors: K. Hunt, M. Vessey
Journal: BMJ (1989)

SIR,-Dr Paul Belchetz reviewed the advantages and risks of oestrogen replacement therapy and pointed to the advantages of percutaneous or subcutaneous routes of delivery.Even so, a casual reader could be forgiven for concluding that oral therapy with so called "natural oestrogens" is safe, but is it?These oestrogenic preparations are natural to horses rather than humans, and, furthermore, they undergo substantial change in the gut and liver before entering the systemic circulation.Can we really be reassured that oral oestrogens reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity?Unfortunately, in the published case-control and cohort studies comparison is not between like and like.Study groups invariably contain more health conscious women, at low risk from death from all causes other than suicide.2There are fewer smokers or obese or hypertensive women and their exercise and dietary habits are likely to be more favourable than those of the controls.Even so, the Framingham study showed an increase in cardiovascular morbidity.3This long running study included more older patients and should not be ignored.Why should oral oestrogens, given together with 12 days of progestogen, not carry similar risks to oral contraceptive steroids?Given the available alternatives, should we not be circumspect, especially for women judged to be at high risk?Nor should we underrate the potential for inducing breast cancer.Too few studies continued long enough to give meaningful results.The Louisville study, however, suggests an increasing risk when oestrogens are taken for more than 12 years and that the risk increases with duration of use.4This accords with what we know of the natural biology of the disease.All patients, especially those with a first degree family history, should know of this possible risk and cooperate with careful follow up examinations, including mammography.Anyone who is now more con- fused may find more help by reading Hunt et al.2
Agammaglobulinemia and Regional Enteritis
Authors: RONALD C. EGGERT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

An 18-year-old white man with congenital agammaglobulinemia that was probably sex-linked developed clinically and pathologically typical regional enteritis. The association of these diseases provides evidence that antibody is not directly involved in the pathogenesis of regional enteritis and that plasma cells, a usual histologic feature of regional enteritis, are not essential. Antibody lack probably does not predispose to regional enteritis, and cellular immunity may be important in its pathogenesis.
UK government accused of privatising the NHS
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The NHS was engulfed by a political storm last week after news that the Department of Health had placed an advertisement in the Official Journal of the European Union inviting private companies to set out their stalls on how they would run primary care trusts.

The advertisement raised the spectre of giant US healthcare firms being handed the bulk of the health service's £80bn (€120bn; $150bn) budget, and united doctors, MPs, and campaign groups in fury against the government, which they accused of “privatisation by stealth.”

Ministers issued a retraction, insisting there had been “drafting errors.” It had only been seeking firms to provide expert advice to primary care trusts, and it would be up to local officials to decide if they wanted to use it.

But this did little to placate health unions and opponents of private involvement in health …
The melatonin hypothesis: electric power and breast cancer.
Authors: R G Stevens, S Davis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Breast cancer is a disease of modern life. As societies industrialize, risk increases, yet it is unclear which of the myriad changes coming with industrialization drives this increase. One important hallmark of modern life is the pervasive use of electric power. Electric power produces light at night (LAN) and electric and magnetic fields (EMF), either or both of which may alter pineal function and its primary hormone melatonin, thereby, perhaps increasing the risk of breast cancer. This hypothesis, stated a decade ago, is now receiving considerable experimental and epidemiological attention. The circumstantial case for the hypothesis has three aspects: light effects on melatonin, EMF effects on melatonin, and melatonin effects on breast cancer. The strongest of these aspects is the effects of light on melatonin. It is clear that the normal nocturnal melatonin rise in humans can be suppressed by light of sufficient intensity. The evidence for an effect of melatonin on breast cancer in experimental animals is strong, but the evidence in humans is scant and difficult to gather. The weakest aspect of the circumstantial case is EMF effects on melatonin. Whereas a half dozen independent laboratories have published findings of suppression in animals, there are inconsistencies, and there are no published data on humans. The direct evidence bearing on the hypothesis is sparse but provocative. Two laboratories have published data showing substantial increases in chemically induced breast cancer in rats by a weak AC (alternating current) magnetic field. The epidemiological evidence is very limited but has offered some support as well. An effect of electric power on breast cancer would have profound implications, and this possibility deserves continued investigation.
I148M patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene variant and severity of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Luca Valenti, Anna Alisi, Enrico Galmozzi, Andrea Bartuli, Benedetta Del Menico, Arianna Alterio, Paola Dongiovanni, Silvia Fargion, Valerio Nobili
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in children. Genetic variability, which is a main player in NAFLD, is especially characterized by polymorphisms in genes involved in the development and progression of the disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recently, the rs738409 C&gt;G adiponutrin/patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 ( PNPLA3 ) polymorphism, which encodes the I148M protein variant in the catalytic domain, has been associated with severe steatosis, NASH, and liver fibrosis in adults. In this study, we investigated the association between the rs738409 PNPLA3 gene polymorphism and NAFLD in 149 consecutive children and adolescents (age = 6-13 years) with biopsy-proven NAFLD. We analyzed the rs738409 polymorphism by a 5′-nuclease TaqMan assay and assessed its association with NASH: 41% of the subjects with NAFLD showed heterozygosity and 15% showed homozygosity for the at-risk G allele. The rs738409 genotype did not influence the body mass, adiposity, lipid levels, or insulin resistance and was not associated with alanine aminotransferase levels. Interestingly, the rs738409 G allele was strongly associated with the severity of steatosis ( P &lt; 0.0001), the presence of NASH ( P &lt; 0.0001), hepatocellular ballooning ( P &lt; 0.0001), lobular inflammation ( P &lt; 0.0001), and the presence of fibrosis ( P = 0.01) independently of confounders. Individuals carrying two minor G alleles almost always had severe steatosis and NASH, heterozygotes were at intermediate risk, and patients negative for G alleles had milder and often uncomplicated steatosis. Conclusion: The PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism is associated with steatosis severity, hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, and perivenular fibrosis in pediatric NAFLD. (Hepatology 2010)
Combined sensitization of mice to extracts of dust mite, ragweed, and Aspergillus species breaks through tolerance and establishes chronic features of asthma
Authors: Nicholas Goplen, M. Zunayet Karim, Qiaoling Liang, Magdalena M. Gorska, Sadee Rozario, Lei Guo, Rafeul Alam
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Evidence for a raised concentration of a circulating sodium transport inhibitor in essential hypertension.
Authors: G A MacGregor, S Fenton, J Alaghband-Zadeh, N Markandu, J E Roulston, H E de Wardener
Journal: BMJ (1981)

A cytochemical technique that measures the ability of plasma to stimulate guinea-pig renal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in vitro, which is a marker of its ability to inhibit Na+-K+-adenosine-triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase), was used in 19 patients with essential hypertension and 23 normotensive, healthy subjects. The ability of plasma to stimulate G6PD was significantly greater in the hypertensive patients when they were taking their normal sodium diet than in the normotensive subjects, and was significantly correlated with blood pressure. The ability of plasma to stimulate G6PD was inversely correlated with plasma renin activity in the hypertensive patients and increased with age and sodium intake in the normotensive subjects. These results support the hypothesis that essential hypertension, and also perhaps the increase in blood pressure with age in communities that consume large quantities of salt, is in part due to an increase in a circulating concentration of an inhibitor of Na+-N+-ATPase.
A CASE OF NONFILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS TERMINATING WITH ALEUKEMOID ANEMIA
Authors: Ralph C. Larrabee
Journal: JAMA (1934)

The combination of chronic edema and hypertrophy of the genitalia and extremities has been a well known disease entity in the tropics from remote antiquity. Probably the first recorded case is that of a woman pictured in an Egyptian bas-relief on a temple wall at Deir el Bahr. In modern literature the reported cases of elephantiasis, excluding those of the neurofibromatosis of von Reckling-hausen, fall into three main classes: the tropical cases of proved filarial origin, the instances of the hereditary elephantiasis of Milroy,<sup>1</sup>and the sporadic nonfilarial cases occurring in temperate climates. In practically all the reported instances longevity has been the rule, and the authors have dealt almost exclusively with the methods and results of surgical treatment. The case here reported belongs to the sporadic group and is of unusual interest because of its progressive course and fatal termination with profound anemia, with a blood picture suggestive
Unusual Scintigraphic Findings in a Case of Treated Monostotic Paget??s Disease
Authors: JOHN T. ZIEWACZ, JAMES D. SLAVIN, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

A 72-year-old woman with Paget's disease underwent therapy with EHDP for 5 years. A Tc-99m MDP bone scan demonstrated an unusual image in the right femur. The upper one third of the femur was thickened, bowed, and had diffuse and mild uptake. This corresponded to radiographic findings of mixed or chronic Paget's disease. A long area of intense and homogenous uptake was found immediately distal, and with a sharp demarcation. Alterations typical of the lytic phase of Paget's disease were seen on radiographs. The overall lesion in this patient thus demonstrated two distinct patterns, both radiographically and on bone imaging. It is conjectural whether this was related to the chronic use of a diphosphonate in therapy.
Medullary or Subarachnoid Cocain Anesthesia.
Authors: J. B. Murphy
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Chicago, Aug. 26, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —At your request I submit the following report on "medullary or subarachnoid cocain anesthesia:" During the meeting of the International Medical Congress at different times, Prof. Tuffier invited members of the congress to witness his operations, particularly laparotomies under subarachnoidean cocain anesthesia; the details of the experiments and advancements in this method of anesthesia are best given in the words of Tuffier himself, which I take the privilege of quoting from a brochure—which he kindly gave me—of an article that appeared in the<i>Semaine Médicale</i>, May 16, 1900. In addition to the statements made in that article, he announced at his demonstration that he had used the anesthetic in 130 cases and did not have a fatality, complication or unpleasantness in any one of them. That the analgesia was complete admitted of no question, as we witnessed four major operations, three laparotomies, including
Intravenous Cocaine and HIV Infection
Authors: John F. French
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> The article by Chaisson et al<sup>1</sup>suggests that intravenous (IV) cocaine use is associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, their data analysis contains methodological flaws and their conclusions make unjustified population generalizations. The multivariate model depicted in Table 1 of the article by Chaisson et al contains two interaction variables, "daily cocaine use, blacks and Hispanics," and "injection &gt;3 times daily, blacks, before methadone treatment," yet includes only one of the four corresponding main effects (black race). The etiologic and mathematical interpretation of nonhierarchical models becomes complex.<sup>2,3</sup>In the presence of a significant interaction, the meaning of the main terms is affected by how they are coded; hence, it is unwise to drop them from the model solely on the basis of tests of statistical significance. Hypotheses based on models that include significant interactions without their corresponding main effects are viewed by some
Abstract P1-08-35: Androgen receptor expression and changes in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in locally advanced breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: S Park, JS Lee, JM Park, HS Park, SI Kim, B-W Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: The associations between androgen receptor (AR) expression, serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) level and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) were investigated in locally advanced breast cancer patients who received NCT. Methods: Between May 2008 and April 2013, a total of 346 patients underwent NCT mainly based on anthracycline with or without taxane regimens. Biomarkers including AR were immunohistochemically determined using biopsy specimens before NCT and tumors with ≥ 1% nuclear staining were considered positive for AR. Changes in serum DHEA-S levels before and after NCT were examined by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Access DHEA-S, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA) in 205 (59.2%) patients. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was defined as the absence of residual invasive carcinomas in the surgical specimens of breast and lymph nodes. Breast cancer subtypes were categorized by immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 49.7 years (range, 26–76). Clinical tumor size was ≥ 2cm in 243 (70.2%) patients and 318 (91.9%) showed node-positive disease at initial presentation. AR-positive tumor was determined in 195 (56.4%) patients and 95 (27.5%) achieved pCR after NCT. AR-negative tumors were significantly associated with grade III, ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2-negative, high Ki-67 index, and triple-negative subtype tumors. By univariate logistic regression analysis, AR-negative tumor showed significantly higher odds ratio of 1.650 (95% CI, 1.026–2.654; p-value, 0.039) for achievement of pCR. Nevertheless, not AR status but breast cancer subtype, longer duration of NCT and use of targeted agents remained to be significant for pCR by multivariate model. In the analysis of subgroup by breast cancer subtypes, AR-negative tumor was associated with pCR in 75 patients with the low proliferative luminal A subtype, while AR-positive tumor achieved higher pCR in 59 patients with the HER2-positive luminal B subtype. In 205 patients available for serum DHEA-S levels, there was no difference in DHEA-S between pCR and non-pCR groups, although a trend of decrease in DHEA-S after NCT was noted among postmenopausal AR-positive or luminal A subtype women who achieved pCR. Conclusions: AR expression might predict pCR in locally advanced breast cancer patients who undergo NCT, but this implication could be different according to breast cancer subtypes. Clinical significance of changes in serum DHEA-S levels during NCT remains to be elucidated. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-08-35.
WHIPPLE'S DISEASE (INTESTINAL LIPODYSTROPHY) AND SERUM GLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Robert D. Story
Journal: JAMA (1953)

The first case of Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) in which were found both a marked elevation of the serum glycoprotein and deposits of glycoprotein in the characteristic "foamy" macrophages is reported. This association may represent a fundamental pathogenetic relationship. We also wish to emphasize certain diagnostic and therapeutic features of Whipple's disease. Whipple<sup>1</sup>in 1907 described a disease characterized clinically by vague abdominal distress, steatorrhea, progressive loss of weight and strength, and arthralgia. His patient was a 36-year-old physician, who died following abdominal exploration. The clinical diagnosis had been tuberculous mesenteric lymphadenitis. Histologically the lamina propria of the small intestine and the mesenteric lymph nodes showed a striking accumulation of "foamy" mononuclear cells and deposits of fat and fatty acids. The foamy macrophages were found predominantly in the lamina propria and to a lesser degree in the lymph nodes, where the lesion was basically a lipogranuloma. Whipple noted that
Association of idiopathic hepatic sinusoidal dilatation with the immunological features of the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: D Saadoun
Journal: Gut (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> We present here the checklist of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) for the campus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, situated in the metropolis of Pune in the state Maharashra in India. We report identification of 189 unique genera along with 154 unique species. Despite the relative small size of the observation area and the location being at the heart of a busy metropolis, the moths were found to be of diverse variety, with 26 different families and 76 tribes. The identifications of the species was crowd-sourced via iNaturalist.org. An automated program was developed to fetch the identification and generate the list. The program is also being made available open source. As a result the checklist remains relevant all the time with newer identification, correcting existing identification (if required) and taxonomic updates of the future.
Indian medical experts shun chemical castration for rapists
Authors: S. Bhaumik
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The violent gang rape of a paramedical student in a moving bus in New Delhi and her subsequent death, resulting in widespread outrage around India, has led to calls for chemical castration as a punishment for rapists. Various political and civil society groups and reportedly the central government too are considering such a law, which they say would curb the rising rates of rape throughout the nation.

The gang rape sparked massive protests in New Delhi and outrage in parliament and led to a joint statement by the United Nations and Unicef condemning the incident.1 The government has increasingly been trying to calm public anger.2

Chemical castration, in which …
The Dilemmas of Managed Care-Reply
Authors: David Mechanic
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In Reply.  —Ms Johns is correct in noting the importance of financial incentives in both capitated practice and fee-for-service. It is also likely that, as managed care organizations transfer greater risk to physicians as an alternative to more intrusive controls, and as physicians' incomes are at stake, physicians' advocacy for patients will be less vigorous.  It remains unclear how much risk reasonably can be transferred to physicians without jeopardizing the quality of patient care. Contextual factors, such as how widely risk is shared among groups of physicians and the integrity of the quality-assurance mechanisms in place, may exaggerate or moderate the risk of particular financial incentives. The goal is to identify incentives that motivate thoughtfulness and judiciousness without encouraging denial of needed services. Since need can be ambiguous, the usefulness of practice guidelines and evidence-based practice is evident. It is noteworthy that increasing numbers of managed care organizations now adjust physician
Evolution of the Rho Family of Ras-Like GTPases in Eukaryotes
Authors: Anthony Boureux, Emmanuel Vignal, Sandrine Faure, Philippe Fort
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

GTPases of the Rho family are molecular switches that play important roles in converting and amplifying external signals into cellular effects.Originally demonstrated to control the dynamics of the F-actin cytoskeleton, Rho GTPases have been implicated in many basic cellular processes that influence cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, survival, or secretion.To elucidate the evolutionary history of the Rho family, we have analyzed over 20 species covering major eukaryotic clades from unicellular organisms to mammals, including platypus and opossum, and have reconstructed the ontogeny and the chronology of emergence of the different subfamilies.Our data establish that the 20 mammalian Rho members are structured into 8 subfamilies, among which Rac is the founder of the whole family.Rho, Cdc42, RhoUV, and RhoBTB subfamilies appeared before Coelomates and RhoJQ, Cdc42 isoforms, RhoDF, and Rnd emerged in chordates.In vertebrates, gene duplications and retrotranspositions increased the size of each chordate Rho subfamily, whereas RhoH, the last subfamily, arose probably by horizontal gene transfer.Rac1b, a Rac1 isoform generated by alternative splicing, emerged in amniotes, and RhoD, only in therians.Analysis of Rho mRNA expression patterns in mouse tissues shows that recent subfamilies have tissue-specific and low-level expression that supports their implication only in narrow time windows or in differentiated metabolic functions.These findings give a comprehensive view of the evolutionary canvas of the Rho family and provide guides for future structure and evolution studies of other components of Rho signaling pathways, in particular regulators of the RhoGEF family. Materials and Methods Database SearchesWe searched genomic and/or expressed sequence tag databases for Rho GTPases using TBlastN or BlastP (v2.2.13) algorithms (Altschul et al. 1997).
Salt-Losing Nephritis Simulating Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Authors: Wilbur H. Sawyer, Chester Solez
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THORN, Koepf and Clinton,1 in 1944, reported 2 cases of renal failure simulating adrenocortical insufficiency. They called this syndrome "salt-losing nephritis." Symptoms such as asthenia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting and hypotension were observed and attributed to an excessive loss of sodium and chloride in the urine. Such salt loss was not due to a deficiency of adrenocortical hormones but to disease of the renal tubule, the end-organ on which such hormones act in controlling the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the glomerular filtrate. The symptoms due to the salt loss were relieved by the administration of sodium, chloride and . . .