tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression and Replication by Ribonuclease P
Authors: Chuan Xia, Yuan-Chuan Chen, Hao Gong, Wenbo Zeng, Gia-Phong Vu, Phong Trang, Sangwei Lu, Jianguo Wu, Fenyong Liu
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2013)

Nucleic acid-based gene interfering approaches, such as those mediated by RNA interference and RNase P-associated external guide sequence (EGS), have emerged as promising antiviral strategies. The RNase P-based technology is unique, because a custom-designed EGS can bind to any complementary mRNA sequence and recruit intracellular RNase P for specific degradation of the target mRNA. In this study, a functional EGS was constructed to target hepatitis B virus (HBV) essential transcripts. Furthermore, an attenuated Salmonella strain was constructed and used for delivery of anti-HBV EGS in cells and in mice. Substantial reduction in the levels of HBV gene expression and viral DNA was detected in cells treated with the Salmonella vector carrying the functional EGS construct. Furthermore, oral inoculation of Salmonella carrying the EGS construct led to an inhibition of ~95% in the levels of HBV gene expression and a reduction of ~200,000-fold in viral DNA level in the livers and sera of the treated mice transfected with a HBV plasmid. Our results suggest that EGSs are effective in inhibiting HBV replication in cultured cells and mammalian livers, and demonstrate the use of Salmonella-mediated delivery of EGS as a promising therapeutic approach for human diseases including HBV infection.
A Lecture on Physiological Discovery
Authors: J. G. McKendrick
Journal: BMJ (1883)

ACTION GENERALLY.ANATOMISTS were aware, from the earliest times, of the general appearance and position of the central nervous masses-brain, spinal cord, and ganglia-and of the nerves.For many years, however, the latter were confounded with ligaments and tendons.Galen first probably recognised the true nerves, and he satisfied himself by ex- periment that they were concerned in motion and in sensation.He upset the old theory of Aristotle that the brain was simply the organ in which the blood was cooled, the old notion being that the hot spirits carried from the heart to the brain with the blood were there cooled,and condensedinto water, andthat theathiswaterwas returned to the heart in the blood.Galen, however, imagined that the air passed from the nostrilsthrough the ethmoid bone into the lateralven- tricles.There it mixed with the vital spirit, brought to these ven- tricles through the arteries from the heart.Thus the animal spirits were generated, and were transmitted from the brain to the body by the nerves, thus causing sensation and motion.He also supposed that there was a kind of diastole and systole of the brain concerned in this function, and that, in addition, the ventricles were receptacles for effete matter, ultimately thrown into the nose, or, by the pituitary gland, into the palate.These notions were held for many centuries, and were generally taught by the Italian school of anatomists.Caspar Bauhinus (1559-1624), Professor of Botany at Basle, was amongst the first to assert that animal spirits were not generated in the ventricles, but in the brain itself.He was supported in this view by Caspar Hoffmann (1660-1743), a cotemporary of Stahl, and along with hiim, one of the Professors of Medicine at Halle.Stahl's views were entirely metaphysical.All bodily actions were directed by the conscious or unconscious interference of the soul, and it was therefore useless to pay any attention to anatomical in- vestigation and to experiment.Hoffmann was less speculative, and did good service by insisting that all the nerves of the body arose either from the spinal cord or from the brain, and that the ventricles were not continuous with the nerves, but with the cavities of the body.'Up to this time it was held that the nerves were tubular, conveying "animal spirits" from the brain to the body.Galen'
Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis
Authors: Tom Reese
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Juvenile xanthogranuloma with recurrent subdural effusions
Authors: A.C. CHU, R.S. WELLS, D.M. MACDONALD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Journal Article Juvenile xanthogranuloma with recurrent subdural effusions Get access A.C. CHU, A.C. CHU Department of ermatology and Laboratory of Applied Dermatopathology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas' Street, London SEr 9RT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.S. WELLS, R.S. WELLS Department of ermatology and Laboratory of Applied Dermatopathology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas' Street, London SEr 9RT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.M. MACDONALD D.M. MACDONALD Department of ermatology and Laboratory of Applied Dermatopathology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas' Street, London SEr 9RT and reprint requests: Dr D.M.MacDonald, Department of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 105, Issue 1, 1 July 1981, Pages 97–101, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb00889.x Published: 01 July 1981 Article history Accepted: 02 September 1980 Published: 01 July 1981
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems Involved in Cell Growth and Oncogenesis
Authors: N. DHANASEKARAN, LYNN E. HEASLEY, GARY L. JOHNSON
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1995)

THE family of heterotrimeric G proteins, referred to as G proteins, functions by coupling specific cell surface receptors to the control of intracellular signal transduction pathways. G protein-coupled receptors have a characteristic seven transmembrane (STM) structure, often leading to their description as serpentine. The extracellular and membrane domains of serpentine receptors vary significantly in sequence to allow selective binding of a variety of ligands including photons, ions, odorants, small molecules such as acetylcholine and catecholamines, peptides, and proteases (thrombin). The array of serpentine receptors couples to members of the G protein family. The known G proteins can be broadly categorized into four families based on sequence and/or functional homologies of the a-subunits (Table 1). Known effectors for G proteins include adenylyl cyclases, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PLC) isof orms, novel phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases, cGMP phosphodiesterase, and selected ion channels. The list of G protein effectors is certain to grow and may include proteins such as the Na+/H+ antiporter and specific tyrosine kinases and phosphatases.
Report reviews progress on women's health issues
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Great advances have been made in research into cervical and breast cancer, an Institute of Medicine report says, but other women’s health issues have seen little progress, such as reducing the incidence of unintended pregnancies. The review of research on women’s health issues over the past 20 years was set up by Congress and released on 23 September.

It notes that although women constitute just over half of the US population they “should not be considered a special, minority population, but rather an equal gender whose health needs require equal research efforts as those for men. 

“Historically, however, the health needs of women have lagged in medical research.”

The report found that the greatest advances have been made on issues mostly …
Thioridazine, Drug Holidays, and Incidence of Vomiting
Authors: B. B. Kumar
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Thioridazine is commonly used on a long-term basis in a dosage of 100 to 800 mg daily for the control of maladaptive behaviors manifested by residents in facilities for the mentally retarded. We have recently noted symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a number of cases if this drug is abruptly stopped altogether or when the resident is placed on a drug holiday. These symptoms occur anywhere between 24 to 48 hours after the last dose of the drug is given. This side effect is not mentioned in the manufacturer's literature and, therefore, is being reported here.
Retreatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin of chronic hepatitis C non-responders to interferon plus ribavirin: A meta-analysis
Authors: Calogero Cammà, Giuseppe Cabibbo, Fabrizio Bronte, Marco Enea, Anna Licata, Massimo Attanasio, Angelo Andriulli, Antonio Craxì
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Germany's commissioner for patients calls for register of doctors' errors
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The projections to individual cortical areas from extrinsic sources are a major determinant of the area’s function, but we lack comprehensive quantitative input maps even for primary sensory areas in most model species. To quantify all input sources to the mouse primary auditory cortex (Au1), we made localized injections of modified rabies virus (SADΔG-mCherry) into Au1 of five C57BL/6 mice and identified all the cortical and subcortical areas containing retrogradely labeled cells. Of all neurons projecting to Au1 from extrinsic areas, 27 % were located in the ipsilateral cortex, 14 % in the contralateral cortex, and 58 % in subcortical regions (almost exclusively ipsilateral, predominantly in the medial geniculate nucleus). Although 90 % of the labeled cells in the ipsilateral cortex were located within 1 mm of Au1, most cortical areas projected to Au1, including visual, somatosensory, motor, rhinal, cingulate and piriform cortices. The hierarchical relations of the cortical areas projecting to Au1 were determined based on the proportion of cell bodies in superficial versus deep layers. Feedback projections (from deep layers 5/6) dominated, but temporal association and auditory cortices were on the same hierarchical level, providing input from both superficial and deep layers. Au1 is embedded in a densely connected network that involves a high degree of cross-modal integration.
P182 Underlying Causes of Bronchiectasis Identified in a Specialist Non-CF Bronchiectasis Service
Authors: KE Leighton, RJ Stretton, E Furrie, S Marshall, TC Fardon, S Schembri, JD Chalmers
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Identifying the cause of non-CF bronchiectasis can have important implications for future treatment. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) issued guidance for testing in bronchiectasis in 2010 but many of these recommendations are based on expert opinion only (grade D evidence). We describe the underlying causes identified using the BTS recommended testing regime at a specialist non-CF bronchiectasis service. <h3>Methods</h3> The study included patients attending a tertiary bronchiectasis clinic over 1 year (April 2011-April 2012). The diagnosis of bronchiectasis was made by high resolution CT. Sputum microbiology for the previous 2 years was used to determine colonisation status. A respiratory physician and immunologist assigned the underlying cause after discussion, following standardised testing recommended by the BTS guidelines. <h3>Results</h3> 88 patients had CT confirmed bronchiectasis. The median age was 66 years (Interquartile range 57–73). 39 patients (44.3%) were male. The median number of lobes involved on CT was 2 (IQR 1–3). 51 patients were classified as idiopathic. 14 patients had ABPA, 8 patients had connective tissue disease, 4 patients were classified as post-infective, 3 patients had inflammatory bowel disease, 3 patients had an identified immunodeficiency, 2 were classified as secondary to COPD, 1 patient had chronic reflux, 1 patient had a congenital malformation and 1 patient had Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. In the idiopathic cohort, 19 patients were colonised with <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, 7 with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae,</i> 7 with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, 4 with <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>, 3 with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and<i></i> 5 patients with enteric gramme negative organisms. The remainder were not colonised. In patients with an identified cause, 12 patients had <i>H. influenzae</i>, 5 had enteric gramme negative organisms, 4 had <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, 3 had <i>M. catarrhalis</i>, 2 had <i>S. aureus</i> and 1 patient had <i>S. pneumoniae</i>. None of the frequencies of organisms were significantly different between idiopathic and non-idiopathic groups (p&gt;0.05 for all comparisons). <h3>Conclusion</h3> An underlying cause of bronchiectasis could be identified in 42% of cases of non-CF bronchiectasis using the recommended testing protocol from the British Thoracic Society bronchiectasis guidelines. This emphasises the importance of testing for underlying disorders in bronchiectasis patients attending secondary care.
The challenges of systematic reviews of educational research
Authors: Jill Morrison
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Littlewood et al present the results of a systematic review of the evidence in the medical education literature about how early experience contributes to the basic education of health professionals.1 Increasingly, emphasis is being given to basing decisions about teaching practice on evidence because the alternative is the PHOG approach: prejudices, hunches, opinions and guesses.2 The review was carried out under the auspices of the Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME, http://www.bemecollaboration.org/) collaboration, which aims to promote best evidence medical education through dissemination of information, producing systematic reviews and the creation of an evidence based culture. It attempts to synthesise the available evidence …
The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases
Authors: Stephen Kahler
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Most genetic texts recapitulate basic material about the mechanisms of inheritance, followed by chapters illustrating mendelian principles at work in single-gene disorders such as hemoglobinopathies, inborn errors of metabolism, and connective tissue disorders. The current pace of discoveries in human genetics guarantees that any book, particularly one with dozens of authors, will be somewhat outdated by the time of publication. Nevertheless, brave editors and authors prepare such volumes to provide useful compendia of information in one place. As current research delineates the genetic aspects of common disorders (loosely defined as occurring at least once in 1000 individuals), a text devoted to them is most timely and welcome. <i>The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases</i>is an excellent compilation of current knowledge. The introduction points out that the simply inherited mendelian disorders (dominant, recessive, and Xlinked) and chromosome abnormalities are uncommon or rare but that there are important genetic aspects of common
Olestra Snacks Compared with Regular Snacks
Authors: Michael F. Jacobson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters7 December 1999Olestra Snacks Compared with Regular SnacksMichael F. Jacobson, PhDMichael F. Jacobson, PhDCenter for Science in the Public Interest; Washington, DC 20009 (Jacobson)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-11-199912070-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Sandler and colleagues (1) state that anecdotal reports of severe diarrhea and abdominal pain associated with ingestion of olestra have not been substantiated by controlled testing. In fact, several clinical trials have shown such effects.Procter & Gamble (the maker of olestra) conducted two 8-week studies indicating that daily consumption of 20 g of olestra (equivalent to 2.5 ounces of potato chips) increased rates of loose stools and diarrhea, fecal urgency, and flatulence. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that those studies showed that olestra causes increased rates of severe symptoms (2). On the basis of ...References1. Sandler RS, Zorich NL, Filloon TG, Wiseman HB, Lietz DJ, Brock MH, et al . Gastrointestinal symptoms in 3181 volunteers ingesting snack foods containing olestra or triglycerides. A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:253-61. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Food and Drug Administration. Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: olestra, final rule. Federal Register. 1996; 61:3117-73. Google Scholar3. Kelly SM, Shorthouse M, Cotterell JC, Riordan AM, Lee AJ, Thurnham DI, et al . A 3-month, double-blind, controlled trial of feeding with sucrose polyester in human volunteers. Br J Nutr. 1998;80:41-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Center for Science in the Public Interest; Washington, DC 20009 (Jacobson) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoGastrointestinal Symptoms in 3181 Volunteers Ingesting Snack Foods Containing Olestra or Triglycerides for 6 Weeks Robert S. Sandler , Nora L. Zorich , Thomas G. Filloon , Heather B. Wiseman , Dennis J. Lietz , Michael H. Brock , Mary G. Royer , and Robert K. Miday Gastrointestinal Symptoms in 3181 Volunteers Ingesting Snack Foods Containing Olestra or Triglycerides for 6 Weeks Robert S. Sandler , Nora L. Zorich , Thomas G. Filloon , Heather B. Wiseman , Dennis J. Lietz , Michael H. Brock , Mary G. Royer , and Robert K. Miday Metrics Cited ByOlestra is associated with slight reductions in serum carotenoids but does not markedly influence serum fat-soluble vitamin concentrations 7 December 1999Volume 131, Issue 11Page: 866KeywordsAbdominal painClinical trialsDiarrheaEatingEmergency departmentFoodFood and Drug AdministrationIngestion Issue Published: 7 December 1999 CopyrightCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Assessment of sunscreen knowledge: a pilot survey
Authors: S.Q. Wang, S.W. Dusza
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Topical sunscreens are designed to block and absorb UV radiation from the sun and have the potential to decrease the risk of skin cancer and delay the photoaging. Many studies have examined the behavior patterns of the public on sunscreen use, but little is known regarding the level of knowledge the public has regarding sunscreen.To assess general sunscreen knowledge of the public and to determine factors associated with sunscreen purchasing decisions.Individuals attending health seminars in New Jersey were asked to complete a 22-question survey regarding sunscreen. The questions assessed the respondent's familiarity and comprehension of sunscreen terminology, sunscreen application and sunscreen efficacy claims. Descriptive frequencies, Chi-square analyses and t-tests were used to characterize the responses.Four hundred and twenty-three individuals completed the survey. Approximately 86% of the subjects knew that sunscreen use could prevent sunburn, and 70% reported that sunscreen could prevent skin cancer. However, only 32.1% of respondents knew that sunscreen should be applied 30 min before going outside, and only 30% knew the appropriate reapplication recommendation. Merely 18% of respondents knew that approximately 1 ounce of sunscreen is required to cover the entire body. The overall mean composite sunscreen knowledge score for the respondents was 4.9 out of a possible 12 points. SPF and UVA are the most important factors that effect purchase decision.The study indicates that a majority of the subjects understand the benefits associated with sunscreen use, but their knowledge base is somewhat superficial. More education is needed on the appropriate application of the sunscreen. More importantly, the majority did not understand the subtle, but crucial difference between a UVA claim for a product and the SPF value listed on the product.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE TYPHOID FEVER BACILLUS.
Authors: EDWIN O. JORDAN
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Few points are of more fundamental importance to the practical bacteriologist than the ability to identify quickly and with unfailing certainty a given pathogenic organism. In the early days of pure cultures the work of describing accurately and exhaustively the different "species" of bacteria was entered upon with a confidence perhaps unwarranted. There was a general, if not fully expressed feeling, that certain characters sufficed to distinguish unmistakably a particular species, and that these characters when once determined were safe recognition marks. From this comfortable initial position we have in several instances been forced to recede. This withdrawal of our reliance on characters once believed to be "diagnostic" has been most marked, perhaps, in the case of the specific organism of typhoid fever. The Eberth-Gaffky bacillus, as is well known, has been found to bear so close a resemblance to bacillus coli communie, a common saprophyte and a normal inhabitant
1312 PIOGLITAZONE UPREGULATES ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2 EXPRESSION IN INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES IN RATS WITH HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS
Authors: W. Zhang, Y.-Z. Xu, B. Liu, R. Wu, F. Zhang, H.-M. Zhou, Y.-Y. Yang, L.-L. Wang, K.-Q. Wan, X.-Q. Xiao, X. Zhang
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Evaluation of a Redesign Initiative in an Internal-Medicine Residency
Authors: Graham T. McMahon, Joel T. Katz, Mary E. Thorndike, Bruce D. Levy, Joseph Loscalzo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Several organizations have advocated for comprehensive redesign of graduate medical training, but the effect that residency redesign will have on measures of patient satisfaction, resident and intern (trainee) satisfaction, and patient care is unknown.
Psychiatry and Appendicitis
Authors: M. D. Eilenberg
Journal: BMJ (1963)

May I, through your columns, suggest that confused patients should not be allowed to leave a mental hospital except to the care of a competent relative or friend ?The present " open doors " policy in mental hospitals is being carried too far, and results in some of these unfortunate patients being exposed to unnecessary danger, as well as causing additional work for the police, mental welfare officers, and police surgeons.-I am, etc., Oxford.