tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4333: Difference in the synergistic effect of cytotoxicity in pediatric brain stem gliomas and adult glioblastomas to combination treatment with temozolomide and molecular target-specific agents
Authors: Dong Ok Kim, Hong Kyung Shin, Yoon Hwan Ra, Jun Bum Park, Young Shin Ra
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Brain stem glioma (BSG) in children is comparable to adult glioblastoma (GBM) with regard to poor survival and resistance to chemo-radiation therapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent and rapidly penetrates the central nervous system (CNS), making it a standard chemotherapeutic agent for adults with malignant glioma. Despite some improvement of survival, radiation with TMZ monotherapy rarely provides long-term control. This study aimed to determine combination effect of conventional anticancer agent, TMZ and molecular target-specific agents such as Sunitinib, Tandutinib, Cediranib and Rapamycin in BSG and GBM. The drug combination effects were tested by cell proliferation inhibition in glioma cells from six children with BSG and five established GBM cell lines. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each agent was estimated 48hr after treatment of agents by cell proliferation assay. The values of IC50 in brain stem gliomas were higher as much as 1.5 to 4 times than those of GBM cell lines in all of agents, suggesting that brain stem gliomas are more resistant to not only TMZ, but also to various molecular target specific agents. O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status was determined by methylation-specific PCR after bisulfite treatment. As a result, MGMT promoter methylation was detected in all of GBM cell lines, whereas incomplete methylated or unmethylated MGMT was shown in six brain stem gliomas from pediatric patients. For combination therapy, IC10 of each agent plus IC10 of TMZ was treated in each cell for 48hr to assess cytotoxicity. TMZ+Cediranib, +Rapamycin, +Sunitinib showed some tumor proliferation inhibition in 60%, 40%, 20% of 5 GBM cell line respectively. In BSGs, however TMZ-Sunitinib and TMZ-Cediranib presented considerable tumor growth inhibition in 2 (33%), 1 (16%) among 6 BSGs although most BSGs were unmethylated in MGMT promoter. BSGs in children showed different chemotherapeutic effect and MGMT promoter methylation status compared to GBM in adult. The combination therapy of TMZ and molecular target-specific agents showed more synergistic effects in cytotoxicity for BSG and GBM than TMZ only. Also children with BSG can be more effectively treated with TMZ with multiple molecular targeted agents such as Sunitinib than adult GBM. These results can be translated clinically to develop new chemotherapeutic trials for children with BSG. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4333. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4333
Cardiac endothelium and myocardial function
Authors: D Brutsaert
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Endocardial endothelium and vascular endothelium of myocardial capillaries share common features as modulators of cardiac performance, rhythmicity and growth. Growing evidence suggests differences between these two cardiac endothelial cell types with regard to developmental, morphological and functional properties. A major difference probably resides in the way and extent by which these endothelial cells perceive and transmit signals.
776-3 Regulation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Gene Expression in Rat Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Adult Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Thomas A. Fischer, Krishna Singh, Alborz Alali, Min-Ae Lee, David Kaye, Albert P. Gatbut, Jean Luc Balligand, Ralph A. Kelly, Thomas W. Smith
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Human anti-p68 autoantibodies recognize a common epitope of U1 RNA containing small nuclear ribonucleoprotein and influenza B virus.
Authors: H H Guldner, H J Netter, C Szostecki, E Jaeger, H Will
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Autoantibodies from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases were used to map antigenic sites on the 68-kD autoantigen (p68) associated with (U1)RNA-containing small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles. With truncated recombinant fusion proteins and synthetic peptides, a subset of anti-p68 autoantibodies was found to recognize the amino acid sequence motif Glu-Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg (ERKRR). To investigate the possible involvement of epitopes shared by microbial antigens and host self-components in initiation of autoimmunity (molecular mimicry), a sequence data bank was screened for proteins containing an amino acid motif identical or related to ERKRR. The identical motif was found on the M1 matrix protein of influenza B viruses, and affinity-purified human anti-ERKRR autoantibodies recognized this epitope also in the viral amino acid sequence context. The common epitope recognized by human autoantibodies suggests that influenza B virus infection may play a role in initiation of the anti-p68 and anti-(U1)RNP autoimmune response.
Winged Scapula Caused by Solitary Exostosis
Authors: S. Hulman
Journal: BMJ (1955)

COMPLICATION OF ANAESTHESIA o461 on auscultation of the heart.These signs of mediastinal emphysema are generally not marked, the gases usually spreading with comparative ease and presenting as sub- cutaneous emphysema, with or without pneumothorax.With mediastinal emphysema an associated pneumo- thorax is present in one-third of the cases. Case ReportA boy aged 8 years was admitted to hospital for enucle- ation of an eye.Pre-operative examination revealed a plump child, weight 58 lb. (26kg.), height 3 ft. 9in. (114cm.), nose blocked, pigeon chest, emphysematous vesicular breathing.Premedication consisted of chloral, 8 gr. (0.5 g.), at 9.25 a.m., and atropine, 1/100 gr. (0.65 mg.), at 10.15 a.nLAt 11 a.m.200 mg. of thiopentone sodium as 2+% solution, followed irnmediately by 20 mg. of succinylcholine chloride (" scoline "), was given intravenously.After the usual fibrillations of the muscles, a size 8 "portex " endotracheal tube was passed easily through the mouth into the trachea under direct vision, using a Macintosh laryngoscope.The endotracheal tube was connected to a Boyle machine, and inflation of the lungs with oxygen was begun pending the return of spontaneous respiration.As the bag was compressed, the sudden rapid appearance of subcutaneous emphysema of the face and neck was noticed.The Boyle machine was immediately disconnected from the endotracheal tube, the laryngoscope was inserted, and the tube was removed from the larynx and immediately replaced.The patient was still apnoeic as a result of the succinylcholine chloride, so the tube was reconnected to the Boyle machine and very gentle rhythmic compression of the oxygen-filled reservoir bag was restarted.The subcutaneous emphysema had spread superiorly up to the eyebrows and RfERENCES
Refractory Supraventricular Tachycardias
Authors: ANDRES R. TICZON, ROBERT W. WHALEN
Journal: Circulation (1973)

This essay is designed to review some of the basic and more recent contributions to our understanding of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, their mechanisms, pertinent points in diagnosis, and treatment. Supraventricular tachycardia is discussed under the concept of reentrant mechanisms versus accelerated ectopic pacemakers. Atrial fibrillation and flutter, multifocal atrial tachycardia, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with brady-tachy syndrome, and supra-ventricular tachycardias in ventricular preexcitation are likewise discussed. An outline of the different forms of therapy for refractory supraventricular tachyarrhythmias is provided.
Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies
Authors: Anouk Scholten, Robin M. Cisco, Menno R. Vriens, Wen T. Shen, Quan-Yang Duh
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3>Knowing the types and frequency of adrenal vein variants would help surgeons identify and control the adrenal vein during laparoscopic adrenalectomy.<h3>Objectives</h3>To establish the surgical anatomy of the main vein and its variants for laparoscopic adrenalectomy and to analyze the relationship between variant adrenal venous anatomy and tumor size, pathologic diagnosis, and operative outcomes.<h3>Design, Setting, and Patients</h3>In a retrospective review of patients at a tertiary referral hospital, 506 patients underwent 546 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies between April 22, 1993, and October 21, 2011. Patients with variant adrenal venous anatomy were compared with patients with normal adrenal venous anatomy regarding preoperative variables (patient and tumor characteristics [size and location] and clinical diagnosis), intraoperative variables (details on the main adrenal venous drainage, any variant venous anatomy, duration of operation, rate of conversion to hand-assisted or open procedure, and estimated blood loss), and postoperative variables (transfusion requirement, reoperation for bleeding, duration of hospital stay, and histologic diagnosis).<h3>Intervention</h3>Laparoscopic adrenalectomy.<h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3>Prevalence of variant adrenal venous anatomy and its relationship to tumor characteristics, pathologic diagnosis, and operative outcomes.<h3>Results</h3>Variant venous anatomy was encountered in 70 of 546 adrenalectomies (13%). Variants included no main adrenal vein identifiable (n = 18), 1 main adrenal vein with additional small veins (n = 11), 2 adrenal veins (n = 20), more than 2 adrenal veins (n = 14), and variants of the adrenal vein drainage to the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein or of the inferior phrenic vein (n = 7). Variants occurred more often on the right side than on the left side (42 of 250 glands [17%] vs 28 of 296 glands [9%], respectively; P = .02). Patients with variant anatomy compared with those with normal anatomy had larger tumors (mean, 5.1 vs 3.3 cm, respectively; P &lt; .001), more pheochromocytomas (24 of 70 [35%] vs 100 of 476 [21%], respectively; P = .02), and more estimated blood loss (mean, 134 vs 67 mL, respectively; P = .01). For patients with variant anatomy vs those with normal anatomy, the rates of transfusion requirement (2 of 70 [3%] vs 10 of 476 [2%], respectively; P = .69) and reoperation for bleeding (1 of 70 [1%] vs 3 of 476 [1%]; P = .46) were similar between groups.<h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3>Understanding variant adrenal venous anatomy is important to avoid bleeding during laparoscopic adrenalectomy, particularly in patients with large tumors or pheochromocytomas. Surgeons should anticipate a higher probability of adrenal vein variants when operating on pheochromocytomas and larger adrenal tumors.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF NEUTRONS AND X-RAYS ON THE WHOLE BODY
Authors: John H. Lawrence, Robert Tennant
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

Irradiation of the whole bodies of mice with neutron rays in sufficient quantities, leads to a clinical, bacteriological and anatomical picture similar to that following Roentgen irradiation. The mucosa of the small intestine and the lymphoid and hemapoietic tissues are the most radiosensitive. The mechanism of death after both forms of radiation seems to be a combination of tissue destruction and enterogenous infection, the former predominating in the acute deaths after large doses. Aside from any possible delayed effects from exposure to small doses over a long period of time, concerning which we have no information, these changes after relatively large doses make it imperative that workers in laboratories generating neutrons protect themselves from exposure by screening. For the same amount of ionization measured by a small bakelite-walled thimble chamber, neutrons are more biologically destructive than x-rays. The average daily dose to those working with neutrons should not exceed one-fourth of the tolerance dose accepted for x-rays. Whether daily doses of this magnitude, over a long period of time, will result in damage is not known. Also, if neutrons are tried therapeutically normal tissue must be protected from undue irradiation.
Acute Right Ventricular Dilatation in Response to Ischemia Significantly Impairs Left Ventricular Systolic Performance
Authors: Carl Brookes, Hanne Ravn, Paul White, Ulla Moeldrup, Paul Oldershaw, Andrew Redington
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Right ventricular (RV) dilatation that occurs as a consequence of RV infarction is thought to produce hemodynamic instability by reducing left ventricular (LV) preload and compliance. We hypothesized that these geometric changes may also adversely affect LV systolic performance.Twelve 40-kg pigs were studied. Integrated conductance catheters and micromanometers were placed in both the LV and RV to allow simultaneous recordings of pressure and volume and derivation of indices of contractile function. RV ischemia was induced by balloon occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery (RCA) under 3 conditions: 1) with the pericardium intact, 2) with the pericardium intact and inotropic support, and 3) with the pericardium wide open. With an intact pericardium, RCA occlusion produced a decrease in LV end-diastolic volume associated with a marked decline in the contractile function. With the pericardium open, the same ischemic insult resulted in both LV and RV dilatation, which produced a significantly smaller negative effect on cardiac output (P=0.03), LV systolic pressure (P=0.02), LV preload-recruitable stroke work (P<0. 01), and LV end-systolic pressure-volume relations (P<0.01). Similarly, administration of dobutamine during RCA occlusion decreased the ventricular volume changes and produced a relative improvement in LV contractile performance.The hemodynamic compromise seen in association with acute RV dilatation within an intact pericardium is partly attributable to impaired LV systolic performance and cannot be wholly ascribed to changes in LV preload or compliance.
Membrane cation and anion transport activities in erythrocytes of hereditary spherocytosis: Effects of different membrane protein defects
Authors: Lucia De Franceschi, Oliviero Olivieri, Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice, Silverio Perrotta, Vincenzo Sabato, Roberto Corrocher, Achille Iolascon
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is due to different membrane protein defects (i.e., deficiency of spectrin and ankyrin, band 3, or band 4.2). In order to gain new insight into the relationships between band 3 function and proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, we studied erythrocyte anion transport activity in HS characterized by different membrane protein defects. Anion transport activity was increased in HS due to partial band 4.2 deficiency or to band 4.2 absence, while in HS associated with deficiency of spectrin + ankyrin or band 3, the anion transport results were normal or decreased, respectively. Moreover, since HS erythrocytes are characterized by an increased Na and a decreased K, we studied the principal membrane cation transport pathways. Activity of the Na/K pump was increased in all HS studied, while no changes in Na/K/2Cl cotransport and Na/Li exchange were evident between control and HS as well as between forms of HS associated with different membrane protein defects. K/Cl cotransport activity was decreased in all HS studied compared to normal red cells. In all HS, passive membrane permeability to Na and K was increased compared to normal erythrocytes. The increased Na and the low K content can be attributed to the abnormal membrane permeability to cations, which is not related to a specific membrane protein defect.
Low- and High-Dose Intravenous Insulin Therapy for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando
Journal: JAMA (1979)

We compared low-dose, continuous insulin infusion with a conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method of insulin administration in 18 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The average rate of reduction in serum glucose concentration was 9.5±3.8%/hr in the continuous infusion group and 10.7± 4.7%/hr in the bolus group. Arterial blood pH was corrected to 7.35 by 9.9±2.6/hours in the continuous infusion group and by 10.4±3.2/hours in the bolus group. The above means are not significantly different between groups. By the time pH was corrected to 7.35, patients in the continuous infusion group had received 121±44 units of insulin, whereas those in the bolus group had received 326±152 units. The continuous low-dose insulin infusion method is as safe and efficacious as the conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method. (<i>JAMA</i>241:925-927, 1979)
Council of Medical Specialty Societies
Authors: Lyman Maass
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

CMSS — A National Medical FederationThe Council of Medical Specialty Societies (CMSS) is a unique federation of 24 national medical societies, each of which represents a recognized specialty in medicine.* The CMSS and the American Medical Association (AMA), which is a federation of state and county medical societies, are the two national medical organizations that encompass physicians of all races, political ideologies, types of practice, and both sexes. The two organizations share many common interests and work with each other in a number of areas, particularly concerning graduate and continuing medical education. On the other hand, there are some . . .
Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia
Authors: Mark R. Duffy, Tai-Ho Chen, W. Thane Hancock, Ann M. Powers, Jacob L. Kool, Robert S. Lanciotti, Moses Pretrick, Maria Marfel, Stacey Holzbauer, Christine Dubray, Laurent Guillaumot, Anne Griggs, Martin Bel, Amy J. Lambert, Janeen Laven, Olga Kosoy, Amanda Panella, Brad J. Biggerstaff, Marc Fischer, Edward B. Hayes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

In 2007, physicians on Yap Island reported an outbreak of illness characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Although serum from some patients had IgM antibody against dengue virus, the illness seemed clinically distinct from previously detected dengue. Subsequent testing with the use of consensus primers detected Zika virus RNA in the serum of the patients but no dengue virus or other arboviral RNA. No previous outbreaks and only 14 cases of Zika virus disease have been previously documented.We obtained serum samples from patients and interviewed patients for information on clinical signs and symptoms. Zika virus disease was confirmed by a finding of Zika virus RNA or a specific neutralizing antibody response to Zika virus in the serum. Patients with IgM antibody against Zika virus who had a potentially cross-reactive neutralizing-antibody response were classified as having probable Zika virus disease. We conducted a household survey to estimate the proportion of Yap residents with IgM antibody against Zika virus and to identify possible mosquito vectors of Zika virus.We identified 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of Zika virus disease. The patients resided in 9 of the 10 municipalities on Yap. Rash, fever, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis were common symptoms. No hospitalizations, hemorrhagic manifestations, or deaths due to Zika virus were reported. We estimated that 73% (95% confidence interval, 68 to 77) of Yap residents 3 years of age or older had been recently infected with Zika virus. Aedes hensilli was the predominant mosquito species identified.This outbreak of Zika virus illness in Micronesia represents transmission of Zika virus outside Africa and Asia. Although most patients had mild illness, clinicians and public health officials should be aware of the risk of further expansion of Zika virus transmission.
Blood glucose: of emerging importance in COPD exacerbations
Authors: E. H Baker, D. Bell
Journal: Thorax (2009)

Elevated blood glucose is a well recognised and common pathophysiological response to acute illness. The underlying mechanisms include acute increases in hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance, driven by increases in glucocorticoids, catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines.1 Acute hyperglycaemia can occur in any acutely unwell patient, irrespective of baseline glucose tolerance, if the illness is sufficiently severe. Acute hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes from a wide range of acute illnesses including myocardial infarction,2 stroke,3 trauma4 and pneumonia.5

The data in relation to hyperglycaemia and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are now beginning to emerge. In a previous study, more than 50% patients with acute exacerbations of COPD had random blood glucose ⩾7 mM during their hospital stay.6 This retrospective study could not fully elucidate the relative contributions of acute illness, steroid therapy and underlying diabetes to development of hyperglycaemia. Nevertheless blood glucose ⩾7 mM was significantly associated with increased risk of death or prolonged hospital stay, and the absolute risk of this composite adverse outcome increased by 15% for each 1 mM increase in blood glucose.

It is also known that acute hypercapnic respiratory failure is an independent predictor of poor outcome for patients with COPD exacerbations. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) reduces the likelihood of endotracheal intubation, treatment failure and mortality.7 Moretti and colleagues found that “metabolic complications” of COPD exacerbations, including hyperglycaemia defined as blood glucose >11 mM, were independently associated with “late failure” (>48 h) of NIV after initial success.8 In this study only ∼7% patients had blood glucose >11 mM and the relationship between more moderate hyperglycaemia (>6–11 mM) and outcomes was not determined. Interestingly all of the patients with late NIV failure who had admission blood glucose >11 mM subsequently developed pulmonary infection, which may …