tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in an Exotoxin-induced Septic Lung Model
Authors: HARTWIG SCHÜTTE, KONSTANTIN MAYER, TOBIAS GESSLER, MARC RÜHL, JAN SCHLAUDRAFF, HEIKO BURGER, WERNER SEEGER, FRIEDRICH GRIMMINGER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasodilator that is produced by constitutive (cNOS) as well as inducible (iNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. The pore-forming hemolysin of Escherichia coli (HlyA), an important virulence factor in extraintestinal E. coli infections, was found to be a potent stimulator of NO liberation in isolated endothelial cells, and that it also causes thromboxane generation and related vasoconstriction in rabbit lungs. We investigated the effect of different concentrations of HlyA on pulmonary NO synthesis in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. NO release into the alveolar as well as the intravascular compartment was monitored on-line by chemiluminescence detection of expired NO and by measurement of (peroxy-)nitrite/nitrate release into the perfusate. HlyA induced a pressor response and an immediate dose-dependent increase of exhalative and intravascular NO liberation, further enhanced by the addition of the NOS substrate l-arginine. The nonspecific NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), but not the iNOS selective inhibitors aminoguanidine and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-2-thiopseudourea-dihydrobromide, blocked the HlyA-evoked NO liberation into both the alveolar and the intravascular compartments. Enhancement of NO formation (l-arginine) slightly reduced, and inhibition of NO synthesis (l-NMMA) amplified greatly, the HlyA-elicited vasoconstrictor response. Inhibition of the pressor response by a thromboxane receptor antagonist did not interfere with the exotoxin-elicited NO formation. We conclude (1) that marked NO biosynthesis occurs in this model of the septic lung, (2) that the signal transduction in response to HlyA proceeds via activation of cNOS directly related to exotoxin activity and not to secondary changes in shear stress, and (3) that this vasodilator release mitigates the HlyA-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. These findings may have important implications for therapeutic approaches using NOS inhibitors in sepsis.
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH SPINAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: E. R. Flint
Journal: BMJ (1935)

MTHEBRITISH.-197vitamin therapy that was tried.This remission was followed by a decline, which ended in death.Marked hyperplasia of the bone marrow was found.This descrip- tion corresponds very well with the cases in our series, and in spite of the fact that parenteral liver was Inot used the case might very probably have been one of achresthic anaemia.Of the cases described by Davidson2 two (Nos.5 and 8) might have been of the type under discussion.Both had a megalocytic anaemia with free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; both showed resistance to anti- anaemic therapy; and both showed remission and relapse.Post-mortem details were not available.De Crespigny,' in reporting some cases of rare anaemias, describes one as " anaemia of aplastic type " which presents features similar to the cases of this series.There was a severe megalocytic anaemia with free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, and reticulocytes varying from 9.5 to 17 per cent.It is not really clear that the case was resistant to liver, and no post-mortem details are given.Thompson, Richter, and Edsall,8 ini a valuable paper calling attention to the miscellaneous conditions that have been labelled aplastic anaemia, describe a series of cases among which one (No.2) showed a severe anaemia that refused to yield to all forms of anti-anaemic treat- ment.At the post-mortem examination hyperplasia of the marrow vas found.Details available, however, are not sufficient to make sure of the diagnosis.Of these seven reports from the literature only the case described by Kennedy presents any really adequate evidence for a retrospective diagnosis of achresthic anaemia; the others are suggestive in varying degree.We wish to acknowledge the assistance that has been received from the Medical Research Council and, in part, the Lady Tata MIemorial Trust.
The Index Medicus.
Authors: Harry O. Hall
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Washington, D. C., Jan. 15, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The complimentary dinner given in honor of the approaching 83d birthday, on March 6, 1906, of one of the founders and the principal editor of the<i>Index Medicus</i>, Dr. Robert Fletcher, has naturally directed attention to that publication. The<i>Index Medicus</i>is a monthly publication, issued under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. It is edited by Dr. Robert Fletcher and Dr. Fielding Garrison, of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office. It is just what its name indicates, a medical index, or subject and author catalogue of all the current medical literature of the world of the preceding month. It is compiled, through the courtesy of Dr. Robert M. O'Reilly, Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, and Major Walter McCaw, Assistant Surgeon-General and Librarian of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, from the cards prepared for the "Index Catalogue
Potential Pitfall of FDG PET/CT in Assessing Residual Masses Postchemotherapy
Authors: Suat-Jin Lu, Alvin Seng Cheong Wong, Ju-Ee Seet, Cheng Hao, Arvind Sinha
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

A 22-year-old man with primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma and bilateral lung metastases underwent an FDG PET/CT scan after completing chemotherapy. Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin had normalized. PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake in the anterior mediastinal and lung lesions, suspicious for residual disease. After resection of the mediastinal and lung lesions, histopathology revealed necrosis and fibrohistiocytic reaction with no viable tumor. There was discordance between beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (negative) and FDG PET/CT (positive) findings, with PET/CT findings being false positive. Awareness of this potential pitfall of FDG PET/CT is important, and caution should be exercised when using FDG PET/CT to assess residual masses after chemotherapy.
Snoring in children: association with respiratory symptoms and passive smoking.
Authors: G. M. Corbo, F. Fuciarelli, A. Foresi, F. De Benedetto
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relation between snoring and various respiratory symptoms and passive parental smoking. DESIGN--Data were collected by questionnaire. SETTING--Primary schools in Guardiagrele and Francavilla in the Abruzzi region in central Italy. SUBJECTS--1615 Children aged 6-13 years were categorised according to whether they snored often; occasionally apart from with colds; only with colds; or never. RESULTS--118 Children were habitual snorers and 137 were reported to snore apart from when they had colds. Never snorers (n = 822) were significantly older than children in other categories. Snoring was significantly associated with rhinitis, production of cough and sputum, previous tonsillectomy, and passive parental smoking. Of the habitual snorers, 82 were exposed to passive smoking. The prevalence of habitual snoring increased significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked by parents (from 5.5% in never smoking [corrected] households to 8.8% in heavy smoking households). CONCLUSIONS--Snoring is quite common in children. The dose-effect relation of smoking and snoring shown in this study adds weight to a further adverse effect of parental smoking on children9s health.
Clinical application of transcatheter endovascular graft placement for aortic aneurysm
Authors: Kani Inoue, Mitsuru Sato, Shunichi Tamaki, Tomoyuki Iwase, Tatsuo Fujioka, Ario Yamazato, Shigeru Kubo, Yuki Yoshida, Htay Than, Masaru Tanaka
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
667. Lentiviral Gene Transfer of RPE65 cDNA in Knock-Out Mouse Models of Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Authors: Corinne Kostic, Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans, Muriel Jaquet, Dana Hornfeld, William W. Hauswirth, Janis Lem, Zhongyan Wang, Daniel F. Schorderet, Francis L. Munier, Andreas Wenzel, Yvan Arsenijevic
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Gene transfer is a promising approach for single gene defect in several retinal degeneration disorders. Among them, 10-15% of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) cases, a severe retinal degeneration of early childhood, bear a mutation in the RPE65 gene, the function of which is essential for the visual cycle. AAV-mediated gene therapy was already described in dog and mouse models of LCA using CMV or composite promoters. These studies have shown that RPE65 gene transfer is able to restore vision, at least partially. We evaluated the efficiency of gene transfer in rodent models of LCA using a lentiviral vector containing a RPE65 promoter fragment driving the expression of the therapeutic RPE65 cDNA. In addition, to explore the effect of RPE65 restoration on the different photoreceptor subtypes, we studied its effect in two models of LCA, the RPE65 and the RPE65/GNAT1 knock-out mice. In the latter, invalidation of the rod transducin |[aacute]|-subunit (GNAT1) gene prevent the functioning of rod photoreceptors thus allowing to better distinguish the potential cone response.
A Student-Led Campaign to Help Tackle Neglected Tropical Diseases
Authors: Sandeep P Kishore, Prabhjot S Dhadialla
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of chronic infections that are often considered together because they primarily affect one billion of the world's poorest people and attract little attention from the global medical community [1]. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/) call for increased funding for HIV/AIDS, malaria, and “other diseases” (including the NTDs), but this call has yet to yield significant support for NTD control [2].

Universities are uniquely positioned to provide biomedical and clinical expertise, and they boast core missions that seek to promote the public welfare. The university motto of the Rockefeller University, for instance, is: “pro bono humani generis,” or “science for the benefit of humanity” (http://www.rockefeller.edu/). In this article, we propose that innovative student-led campaigns to address NTDs can and do make a practical difference. We discuss these efforts at our universities.
Prenatal diagnosis of Turner's syndrome: what to tell parents.
Authors: W H Price, J F Clayton, S Collyer, R De Mey, J Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Congress of the European Society of MagneticResonance in Medicine and Biology, Aberdeen 1986).In addition, the presence and extent of periventricular "lucency," representing a local increase in water content, is more clearly shown with magnetic resonance imaging.We think that cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements and ventricular:cortical sulcal ratios will provide a more rational basis for diagnosis and management.
Blowing a Wind Instrument-Reply
Authors: Henry T. Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I do not agree with Doctor Bennett, that blowing a wind instrument produces a complete occlusion by the soft palate of the nasopharynx. How much of the nasopharynx is closed off depends on individual anatomy. The closure is rarely complete. The amount of pressure transmitted to the eustachian tubes varies also for individuals, and the fact that it does not happen to Doctor Bennett, does not invalidate my statement. Dr. K. M. Simonton in the Questions and Answers section ofThe Journal(<b>177</b>:534 [Aug. 19] 1961), answers a question on aerotitis media of opening the eustachian orifices and tubes by exhalation against pressure, which is precisely that obtained from blowing a wind instrument. I am sure there are many others who have had like experiences to mine.
Obesity drug approved as problem grows across the world
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the government's medicines watchdog, has advised the NHS in England and Wales that the anti-obesity drug, sibutramine (Reductil), should be available on prescription.

It has recommended that sibutramine be part of an overall treatment plan for obese patients. It should be available for people aged 18-65 years who have made serious attempts to lose weight through dieting, exercise, or other behaviour changes, who have a body mass index (kg/m2) of 27.0 or more and who have other significant diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. It should also be made available for anyone with a body mass index of more than 30.0, …
Abstract 779: Role of CD44 in LAK cell-mediated killing of melanoma
Authors: Robert J. Mckallip, Gabriela Law, Jingping Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Lymphokine-activated killer cells play an important role in various immunologically-based treatments of cancer, including in the use of IL-2 therapy for the treatment of malignant melanoma. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the expression of CD44 on splenocytes is significantly elevated following exposure to IL-2. Therefore, in the current study we examined the potential significance of CD44 expression on lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells in their interaction and killing of melanoma cells. Stimulation of splenocytes with IL-2 led to a significant increase in the expression of CD44 on T cells, NK cells and NKT cells. Treatment of melanoma bearing CD44WT mice with IL-2 led to a significant reduction in the local tumor growth while treatment of melanoma bearing CD44KO mice with IL-2 was ineffective at controlling tumor growth. Furthermore, the ability of splenocytes from IL-2 treated CD44KO mice to kill melanoma tumor targets was significantly reduced when compared to the anti-tumor activity of splenocytes from IL-2 treated CD44WT mice. The importance of CD44 expression on the LAK cells was further confirmed by the observation that adoptively transferred IL-2-activated splenocytes from CD44KO mice were significantly less effective at controlling tumor growth in vivo. Next the significance of the increased expression of CD44 in tumor killing was examined and showed that following stimulation with IL-2, distinct populations of cells with low (CD44lo) or elevated (CD44hi) expression of CD44 are generated and that the CD44hi cells are responsible for killing of the melanoma cells. The reduced killing activity of the CD44KO LAK cells did not result from reduced activation or expression of effector molecules but was due, at least in part, to a reduced ability to adhere to B16F10 tumor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 779. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-779
PD4-1-5: Docetaxel, carboplatin and thoracic radiotherapy in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS): A safety report of the first 100 patients treated with this concurrent chemoradiation as part of a multicenter web-based trial, D0410
Authors: James R. Rigas, M.S. Rubin, J.M. Waples, K.H. Dragnev, D.M. Zimmerman, R.R. Reimer, R Droder, J Rathmann, N.B. Green, Mark Carey
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Transdermal Fentanyl for Postoperative Pain Management
Authors: Robert A. Caplan
Journal: JAMA (1989)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design was used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transdermal fentanyl citrate for postoperative pain management in 42 healthy adult patients undergoing major shoulder surgery. Transdermal systems rated to deliver fentanyl citrate at a rate of 75 micrograms/h were applied to the skin immediately prior to surgery and worn for 24 hours. Patients in the active group required significantly less morphine than the placebo group during the 24-hour period that systems were in place (0.8 +/- 0.61 vs 1.3 +/- 0.64 mg/h) and for the first 12 hours after removal (0.3 +/- 0.36 vs 0.5 +/- 0.32 mg/h). The incidence of vomiting was more frequent in the active group than in the placebo group (73% vs 30%), and respiratory rate in the active group was lower than in the placebo group during the 13- to 24-hour interval of system application (14 +/- 3 vs 16 +/- 2 breaths per minute). Nevertheless, transdermal fentanyl appears to be safe and effective after orthopedic surgery in healthy adult patients.
The Effect of Tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) on the Transmembrane Potentials of Pacemaker and Non-pacemaker Fibers of Isolated Rabbit Atrium
Authors: MORRIS KLEINFELD, JOHN MAGIN, EDWARD STEIN
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

When 7 x 10 -7 M tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) was administered as constant perfusion, the results were: (1) A progressive slowing of atrial rate and subsequent block in conduction; (2) A decrease in slope of the prepotential of pacemaker fibers; (3) No significant change in membrane resting potential of sinoatrial and atrial fibers, even during block in conduction; (4) An accelerated repolarization of both types of fibers. Simultaneously with the changes in electrical activity TEPP consistently produced a progressive decrease in inotropism. Pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide (PAM) in concentrations of 1.26-2.52 x 10 -4 M consistently reversed the effects of TEPP. The inotropism often exceeded the control. The data suggests that 1) the changes in transmembrane potential produced by TEPP are principally due to an acetylcholine action, 2) the decrease in contractility is more intimately related to a disturbance in metabolic energy, and 3) the reversibility of the TEPP effects by PAM is due to a reactivation of acetylcholinesterase, an action similar to that observed in vitro.
RECURRENT CARCINOMA TREATED BY THE ROENTGEN RAYS
Authors: G. B. Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (1902)

TZ LWRA l 265 tumour was very much, smaller in size than had)been antici- pated-a not unusual experience in renal surgery.The kidney stripped readily in its upper half, the lower half -to which the enlargement was confined, was stripped with the greatest difficulty, and then incompletely.The incision at this stage was enlarged, and the kidney, with much thickened capsule adherent at its lower border, was delivered,The condition was then found to be as follows: The upper half of the kidney was healthy in appearance and supple;
Atlas of External Diseases of the Eye, vol 3: Cornea and Sclera
Authors: Albert M. Potts
Journal: JAMA (1980)

It is no longer news that one of the solutions to the problem of expensive color plate reproduction for medical atlases is the use of Viewmaster stereo "reels." When the subject is external diseases of the eye where stereo views are highly appropriate and when the photographs are made under the supervision of Dr David Donaldson, the result must be highly successful. The text itself is not negligible, for it forms an excellent outline of external disease of cornea and sclera arranged under anatomical and etiological rubrics, bringing up the philosophical question of where an atlas ends and a textbook begins. The references at the end of each section are welcome. Least successful are the black-and-white photographs of eye disease reproduced by photooffset with a very short gray scale. Occasionally one must give the publisher a generous amount of faith that the reproductions really do depict the entity described in
SgIGSF: a new mast-cell adhesion molecule used for attachment to fibroblasts and transcriptionally regulated by MITF
Authors: Akihiko Ito, Tomoko Jippo, Tomohiko Wakayama, Eiichi Morii, Yu-ichiro Koma, Hiroaki Onda, Hiroshi Nojima, Shoichi Iseki, Yukihiko Kitamura
Journal: Blood (2003)
Evidence for a Trade-Off between Translational Efficiency and Splicing Regulation in Determining Synonymous Codon Usage in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tobias Warnecke, Laurence D. Hurst
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

In Drosophila melanogaster, synonymous codons corresponding to the most abundant cognate tRNAs are used more frequently, especially in highly expressed genes. Increased use of such "optimal" codons is considered an adaptation for translational efficiency. Need it always be the case that selection should favor the use of a translationally optimal codon? Here, we investigate one possible confounding factor, namely, the need to specify information in exons necessary to enable correct splicing. As expected from such a model, in Drosophila many codons show different usage near intron–exon boundaries versus exon core regions. However, this finding is in principle also consistent with Hill–Robertson effects modulating usage of translationally optimal codons. However, several results support the splice model over the translational selection model: 1) the trends in codon usage are strikingly similar to those in mammals in which codon usage near boundaries correlates with abundance in exonic splice enhancers (ESEs), 2) codons preferred near boundaries tend to be enriched for A and avoid C (conversely those avoided near boundaries prefer C rather than A), as expected were ESEs involved, and 3) codons preferred near boundaries are typically not translationally optimal. We conclude that usage of translationally optimal codons usage is compromised in the vicinity of splice junctions in intron-containing genes, to the effect that we observe higher levels of usage of translationally optimal codons at the center of exons. On the gene level, however, controlling for known correlates of codon bias, the impact on codon usage patterns is quantitatively small. These results have implications for inferring aspects of the mechanism of splicing given nothing more than a well-annotated genome.
Attention has been distracted
Authors: A. M. Santhouse
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Dyer seemingly accepts without comment Dame Janet Smith’s linkage of Shipman and revalidation.1 Had revalidation been in place during Shipman’s time, it would have made no difference at all to his ability to commit the crimes that he did. Worse, by the introduction of another bureaucratic hurdle, which will no doubt …
ENDARTERITIS OBLITERANS OF THE EXTREMITIES: A DISEASE OF METABOLISM
Authors: A. P. Cawadias
Journal: BMJ (1930)

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MEDICAL JOURNA&L al)proximatelv at the corner-s of a four-inch sqyare.The mef)aration of thle souirces redluces tlie sli'l inltensity and flattenis the iso(lose linies, whille only slightly rleducinig the intelsity at a depth.In the upper anid low,-er face of the coiltahier is a circular recess six inches in diamiieter, four 1o0(5s in the bottom of w-hich exIp)Ce the r-adiumli).Into tllese ecesses call be iniserte(d lea(l plugs lhaving-various openinigs, Aw-i icll to some ex-tent conitrol thle dimzenisionis of the " ra'Idiant b)eam."The bomb can he tilted abotut onie axis.Thi-e screenMage, amiiounrting to the equivalent of just over 1 mm. of platinum, consi.sts of moniel mietal, brass, .ahumiinininm,anid wool.So far clhats of thie " radiant beamii " hiave been obtainied eXl)exilenmtally in air, but.for various technical r-easonis (lhats of the r-adianit beami " in) tissue atre n-iot vet avail- ab}le] (FXig¢.. 3).Tlhe general procedure is as follow-s: The iradiuim beinig w ithdrawii anid the stretchelrs at thet eii(l of the lioomii most distant fromii the " bomob," the patieiits are placed in p)csition an(l movedl to tile " dummy,'' whilch is oni tlhe way to the r-adiumii.Here an idea of the best position cani be obtain,ed by inspection.The stretclher is tlheni mioved on iittil thle same relative position-i at the actual radium is obtained, anid close adjustimienit is offected.Whlien baoth patienits are atljuisted the radium is p)ut inito the workingy7 l)os'itioni anld tIhe olerator inmedliatelv leIaves the r oom.'f1ins he rece-ives the( mi-nimmuni of expasmre to tihe rCadiation.A nurilse whki has to be in the loonm (duinig the treatimenit p)l(ces herself as far-away from the radium as possible, and is ftiurthier p)rotecte(l by a lead slhield.