tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Metformin in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: J. David Faichney, Philip W. Tate
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Results from a population-based survey Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic proficiency of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-III definitions (1,2) for the metabolic syndrome in a Mexican nationwide, population-based survey.Details of the sampling procedures have been previously described (3).The population was composed of 2,158 men and women aged 20 -69 years sampled after a 9-to 12-h fasting period.For the WHO criteria, insulin resistance was diagnosed if a nondiabetic case had fasting insulin concentrations Ն126 pmol/l (21 U/ml) (Ͼ75th percentile in Mexican adults).The ageadjusted prevalence was 13.61% for the WHO criteria (n ϭ 268) and 26.6% for the NCEP-III definition (n ϭ 574).After excluding patients with diabetes, the prevalence was 9.2 and 21.4%, respectively.The agreement between the definitions was assessed in 1,969 subjects; 189 cases were eliminated due to the lack of a urine sample.The number of abnormal cases was lower using the WHO criteria.Only 237 of the 545 subjects (43.4%) who fulfilled the NCEP criteria were diagnosed as affected using the WHO definition.Just 16 of 253 cases (6.3%) detected by the WHO definition did not fulfill the NCEP definition.The agreement between the criteria was moderate ( ϭ 0.507).On the other hand, the subjects diagnosed using the WHO recommendations had a worse profile than the cases detected by the NCEP-III definition only-they had a higher BMI and higher non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations.The demonstration of insulin resistance among the nondiabetic population caused the lack of agreement in 202 of the 242 cases that fulfilled the NCEP definition but failed the WHO criteria.Other reasons for disparity were the higher thresholds used by the WHO criteria; these differences explained the lack of agreement in 66 of the 152 cases with diabetes.In conclusion, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is influenced by the selection of the diagnostic criteria.The WHO criteria identified a lower number of cases than the NCEP-III definition.These differences were explained mainly by the inclusion of abnormally high insulin concentrations as a diagnostic criterion.However, the presence of insulin resistance may help to identify patients more severely affected (4).
Precancerous Lesions of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Basil C. Morson
Journal: JAMA (1962)

There is pathological evidence that metaplasia of the gastric mucosa to an intestinal type of epithelium is a precancerous condition. First, its incidence and extent are greater in cancerous than noncancerous stomachs. Second, the histological transition between metaplastic mucosa and carcinoma can often be seen in early cancers of the stomach. Third, it would appear that some gastric polyps are composed of intestinal epithelium and probably arise from areas of intestinal metaplasia. Also, recent histochemical evidence is described which supports a relationship between intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. The implications of this thesis on the relationship between gastric carcinoma and chronic gastric ulcer, Addisonian anemia and chronic gastritis are discussed. The histology of the gastrointestinal polyps of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is described and the opinion given that they are hamartomas and not neoplasms. This, as well as clinical evidence, suggests that this syndrome is not a precancerous condition.
Hospital trust trials video monitoring of intensive care patients
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Video technology that allows doctors in one hospital to monitor critically ill patients in another is to be trialled in the United Kingdom.

Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust will test a US system that is said to have relieved pressure on intensive care staff and improved some aspects of patient care.

Richard Beale, the trust’s clinical director of perioperative, critical care, and pain services, said the model could be rolled out more widely in the capital and elsewhere if successful.

“Many of the problems in US critical care are the same as here, and we think it’s worth exploring. …
New autoimmune diseases after cord blood transplantation: a retrospective study of EUROCORD and the Autoimmune Disease Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Thomas Daikeler, Myriam Labopin, Annalisa Ruggeri, Alessandro Crotta, Mario Abinun, Ayad Ahmed Hussein, Kristina Carlson, Jérôme Cornillon, Jose L. Diez-Martin, Virginie Gandemer, Maura Faraci, Caroline Lindemans, Anne O'Meara, Valerie Mialou, Marleen Renard, Petr Sedlacek, Anne Sirvent, Gérard Socié, Federica Sora, Stefania Varotto, Jaime Sanz, Jan Voswinkel, Ajay Vora, M. Akif Yesilipek, Andree-Laure Herr, Eliane Gluckman, Dominique Farge, Vanderson Rocha
Journal: Blood (2012)
Intragene Higher Order Repeats in Neuroblastoma BreakPoint Family Genes Distinguish Humans from Chimpanzees
Authors: V. Paar, M. Gluncic, M. Rosandic, I. Basar, I. Vlahovic
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

Much attention has been devoted to identifying genomic patterns underlying the evolution of the human brain and its emergent advanced cognitive capabilities, which lie at the heart of differences distinguishing humans from chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. Here, we identify two particular intragene repeat structures of noncoding human DNA, spanning as much as a hundred kilobases, that are present in human genome but are absent from the chimpanzee genome and other nonhuman primates. Using our novel computational method Global Repeat Map, we examine tandem repeat structure in human and chimpanzee chromosome 1. In human chromosome 1, we find three higher order repeats (HORs), two of them novel, not reported previously, whereas in chimpanzee chromosome 1, we find only one HOR, a 2mer alphoid HOR instead of human alphoid 11mer HOR. In human chromosome 1, we identify an HOR based on 39-bp primary repeat unit, with secondary, tertiary, and quartic repeat units, fully embedded in human hornerin gene, related to regenerating and psoriatric skin. Such an HOR is not found in chimpanzee chromosome 1. We find a remarkable human 3mer HOR organization based on the ~1.6-kb primary repeat unit, fully embedded within the neuroblastoma breakpoint family genes, which is related to the function of the human brain. Such HORs are not present in chimpanzees. In general, we find that human-chimpanzee differences are much larger for tandem repeats, in particularly for HORs, than for gene sequences. This may be of great significance in light of recent studies that are beginning to reveal the large-scale regulatory architecture of the human genome, in particular the role of noncoding sequences. We hypothesize about the possible importance of human accelerated HOR patterns as components in the gene expression multilayered regulatory network.
Hepatic and neuromuscular forms of glycogen storage disease type IV caused by mutations in the same glycogen-branching enzyme gene.
Authors: Y Bao, P Kishnani, J Y Wu, Y T Chen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from deficient glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) activity. The classic and most common form is progressive liver cirrhosis and failure leading to either liver transplantation or death by 5 yr of age. However, the liver disease is not always progressive. In addition, a neuromuscular type of the disease has been reported. The molecular basis of GSD-IV is not known, nor is there a known reason for the clinical variability. We studied the GBE gene in patients with various presentations of GSD-IV. Three point mutations in the GBE gene were found in two patients with the classical presentation: R515C, F257L, and R524X. Transient expression experiments showed that these mutations inactivated GBE activity. Two point mutations, L224P and Y329S, were detected in two separate alleles of a patient with the nonprogressive hepatic form. The L224P resulted in complete loss of GBE activity, whereas the Y329S resulted in loss of approximately 50% of GBE activity. The Y329S allele was also detected in another patient with the nonprogressive form of GSD-IV but not in 35 unrelated controls or in patients with the more severe forms of GSD-IV. A 210-bp deletion from nucleotide 873 to 1082 of the GBE cDNA was detected in a patient with the fatal neonatal neuromuscular presentation. This deletion, representing the loss of one full exon, was caused by a 3' acceptor splicing site mutation (ag to aa). The deletion abolished GBE activity. Our studies indicate that the three different forms of GSD-IV were caused by mutations in the same GBE gene. The data also suggest that the significant retention of GBE activity in the Y329S allele may be a reason for the mild disease. Further study of genotype/phenotype correlations may yield useful information in predicting the clinical outcomes.
Hydrops of the Gallbladder in an Adult With Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lawrence I. Liebmann
Journal: JAMA (1982)

An acute, febrile, self-limited disease process occurred in an otherwise healthy young adult that satisfies accepted criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Unusual features of this case include the patient's age and the documentation of notable, acute noncalculous distention of the gallbladder, a recognized complication of the condition. Evidence of cystic-duct obstruction during the acute phase of distention and subsequent establishment of patency during the convalescent stage is provided with the use of serial ultrasonographic and radioisotopic studies. Discussion of the possible mechanisms for acute hydrops of the gallbladder in Kawasaki disease is included and the need to consider this diagnosis in young adults with the appropriate clinical manifestations is underscored. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:827-829)
Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma With Atypical Peripheral Rim Activity on Hepatic Blood Pool Imaging
Authors: Savas Ozdemir, Arnold Friedman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2003)

Hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor. Hepatic blood pool imaging is an effective technique with a specificity approaching 100%. Typically, hemangiomas are completely filled on hepatic blood pool imaging. However, incomplete fill-in can be seen in larger hemangiomas complicated with thrombosis, fibrosis, or bleeding. We report a hepatic cavernous hemangioma with atypical peripheral rim activity.
Familial Abnormalities of Suppressor-Cell Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kenneth B. Miller, Robert S. Schwartz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

We tested the hypothesis that abnormalities of central immune function are genetically controlled in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. We used an in vitro suppressor-cell assay to evaluate central immunoregulation in 15 patients, 50 of their clinically healthy family members and 41 normal persons. Impaired suppressor-cell function was found in 11 patients; there was no correlation between disease activity and test results. Abnormal suppressor-cell activity was also found in 13 first-degree relatives, 12 of whom were women. We found no correlation between results of the suppressor-cell assay and the presence or absence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the relatives. Impaired suppressor-cell function cannot by itself explain the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results support the hypothesis that certain abnormalities of suppressor cells are genetic markers. We propose that the development of systemic lupus erythematosus requires the participation of at least two functionally distinct classes of genes. (N Engl J Med 301:803–809, 1979)
Overestimation of infarct size by quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography: the role of tethering and of analytic procedures.
Authors: T Force, A Kemper, L Perkins, M Gilfoil, C Cohen, A F Parisi
Journal: Circulation (1986)

Analyses of regional left ventricular systolic wall motion or thickening overestimate infarct size. We used quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of systolic thickening and contrast two-dimensional echocardiography to evaluate causes for that overestimation. The following possibilities were considered: "tethering," defined as dysfunction of contrast-enhancing myocardium adjacent to ischemic or contrast-negative regions, and the role of standard center of mass analysis algorithms, which may overestimate wall motion abnormalities because of the axis shift produced by simultaneous systolic expansion of the ischemic segment and systolic contraction of the nonischemic segment. In the short-axis view in 12 animals, the echo contrast defect (ECD) occupied 32 +/- 7% of the left ventricular circumference. Extent of dysfunction by the center of mass analysis was 39 +/- 5% of the left ventricular circumference and correlation with ECD size was .68 (SEE = 5.2%). Thus 8 +/- 6% of the circumference of the left ventricle was assessed to be dysfunctional yet enhanced with contrast. Tethering accounted for only half of this (4 +/- 4% of left ventricular circumference) and involved less than 1 cm on either side of the ECD. The remaining overestimation by the center of mass analysis correlated significantly (r = .89, p less than .01) with the amount of systolic expansion of the ECD. This expansion of the ECD (increase in angle subtended by the ECD of 11 +/- 8%) was produced by the systolic shift in the center of mass toward the dysfunctional segment from contraction of the opposite, nonischemic segment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NBT Test in the Diagnosis of Febrile Patients
Authors: Ralph D. Feigin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Leukocytosis frequently accompanies bacterial infection, but stresses incident to burns, diabetic ketoacidosis, seizures, emotional disturbances and strenuous exercise may also produce leukocytosis and limit its usefulness in differential diagnosis. A major step in differentiation of bacterial infection from nonbacterial diseases accompanied by leukocytosis and fever was made by Park and his associates1 with the use of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye. They demonstrated that the percentage and absolute number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes that reduced NBT dye to blue-black formazan deposits was strikingly increased in bacterial infection as compared to normal persons or patients with nonbacterial illnesses.The original observations of Park . . .
Killer of Kansas abortion doctor is convicted
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The anti-abortion activist who shot and killed the Kansas doctor George Tiller in his church last May ( BMJ 2009;338:b2437, doi:10.1136/bmj.b2437) was convicted of premeditated, first degree murder by a jury in Wichita last week. The jury took only 37 minutes to reach its decision.

Scott Roeder will be sentenced on 9 March. He faces a life sentence or at least 25 years in prison before parole, although the prosecutor said she would ask for 50 years before parole. He was also convicted of aggravated assault for threatening two other people in the church.

Dr Tiller’s wife, Jeanne, who was in the church when her husband was killed, attended the trial together with their four adult children.

Although Judge Warren Wilbert said he wanted the trial to be about murder, Mr Roeder defended his …
Dantrolene, Pelvic Neoplasm, and Muscle Spasms: Report of a Case
Authors: Alan Myers
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> One of the major (and most difficult) problems faced in the treatment of patients with extensive pelvic tumors is the severe pain from sacral plexus and pelvic peripheral nerve invasion by the tumor. Another much less common but equally difficult problem is the treatment of extremely painful muscle spasms that may occur in the lower extremities from pelvic and sacral nerve invasion. In a recent case, we successfully controlled such muscle spasms. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 65-year-old man had advanced adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Approximately one year after diagnosis and resection of a stage II primary tumor with creation of a colostomy, pulmonary metastases and severe pelvic and perineal pain developed. Chemotherapy was unsuccessful at controlling either problem, so he received irradiation to the whole pelvis (total dose, 4,600 rads) in an effort to palliate his pain. This produced partial relief for a short time, but
Rare causes of haemoptysis in suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: M S Warburton, M A Jackson, R Norton, M Bhabra
Journal: BMJ (2004)

When a patient presents with haemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain, a pulmonary embolism is an important and common diagnosis to consider. There is a tendency in busy medical admissions units to start treatment of certain conditions without thorough investigation, with the intention of reducing delays in starting treatment. Patients are usually treated for suspected pulmonary embolism with heparin early to reduce mortality and morbidity. It is important, however, to remember other less common causes of haemoptysis.

A 59 year old woman was admitted to our medical assessment unit with chest pain and haemoptysis. She had experienced pleuritic left sided, chest wall pain intermittently for the previous week, with gradually increasing intensity. On the day of admission she had also produced about a cupful of bright red blood while coughing. She had no medical history of note, except that she was a smoker.

On admission the patient was in distress but not objectively dyspnoeic—her respiratory rate was not raised and her oxygen saturations on air were 97%. She did not show any signs of shock; she had no tachycardia and her …
Television violence and children
Authors: D. Black, M. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Children watch two to three hours' television daily from the age of 3 or earlier, and during childhood they average more time in front of the television set than in the classroom.1 Although watching television has positive effects,2 attention is usually focused on its negative ones. Some people believe that children may be harmed by watching violence on the screen,3 4 and, although over 1000 research studies have established an association between screen violence and the level of aggressive behaviour in some children and young people,5 6 causation has not been established. Increased aggression may not be the only negative effect. Children may find some of the images frightening and in rare cases develop anxiety and phobic reactions; more commonly they may develop short lived nightmares and other sleep problems.7

Television violence may influence children in four ways: making them want to imitate what they see, reducing learnt inhibitions against violent behaviour, desensitising them to violence through repetition, and increasing arousal.1 Viewing violence on the …
Na+/myo-inositol transport is regulated by basolateral tonicity in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
Authors: A Yamauchi, T Sugiura, T Ito, A Miyai, M Horio, E Imai, T Kamada
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We investigated the effects of change in basolateral osmolality on Na(+)-dependent myo-inositol uptake in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to test our hypothesis that the Na+/myo-inositol transporter (SMIT), an osmolyte transporter, is mainly regulated by osmolality on the basolateral surface. A significant osmotic gradient between both sides of the epithelium persisted at least 10 h after basolateral osmolality was increased. [3H]myo-inositol uptake increased in a basolateral osmolality-dependent manner. The magnitude of the increase is comparable to that for making both sides hypertonic. Apical hypertonicity also increased the uptake on the basal side, but the magnitude of the increase was significantly smaller than the basolateral or both sides hypertonicity. Betaine-gamma-amino-n-butyric acid transporter activity, measured by [3H]gamma-amino-n-butyric uptake, showed a pattern similar to SMIT activity in response to basolateral hypertonicity. The most plausible explanation for the polarized effect of hypertonicity is that the basal membrane is much more water permeable than the apical membrane. These results seem to be consistent with the localization and regulation of the SMIT in vivo.
Scientist who linked chronic fatigue syndrome to XMRV is sacked
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Judy Mikovits, who led the research linking chronic fatigue syndrome to a mouse retrovirus called xenotropic murine leukaemia virus related virus (XMRV), has been sacked from her job, and Science , the journal that published the paper, is investigating allegations of image manipulation.

Dr Mikovits’s dismissal as research director at the Whittemore Peterson Institute in Reno, Nevada, came on 29 September, the day before the allegations were made on a graduate student’s blog.

A BMJ email to her received no reply. But, according to the ScienceInsider blog and the Wall Street Journal ’s health blog, the authors of which say they saw letters that had passed between Dr Mikovits and institute’s president, Annette Whittemore, the sacking was not …
International Exchange of Physicians
Authors: Ronald E. Pust
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  Improving the health of both nations is surely an ultimate goal for any international health exchange program. The great potential of a properly focused International Health Service Corps (IHSC) lies in its benefit to health in both the United States and Third World countries. 1 The distinct danger is that the proposed International Medical Scholars Program (IMSP) will improve health in neither nation. 2   Despite the negative tenor pervading the analysis by Baker and Quinley, 1 they support an IHSC composed of 50 to 100 American, midcareer, community health professionals. Working in the Third World by training—and learning from—their local counterparts, these professionals would strengthen and lend international credibility to cost-effective clinical and community health interventions. Back in the United States, their experience would be applied in exactly those underserved areas recognized by Martini. 3   While an IMSP might well generate goodwill between physicians in the United
The magic of seven
Authors: I. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1996)

to give an expiry date to the worst names, and the licensing rules could be used now to prevent names that make unjustifiable claims.Perhaps there should be an international prize each year to be awarded for the most honest, optimistic, and pleasant product name, and an award for the worst name of the year.Meanwhile, all doctors should be encouraged to look at their own practice, to examine the non-specific ingredients that they use daily, and those that they do not use.Giving greater atten- tion in daily practice to "adjuvants" (specific as well as non-specific) could considerably increase effectiveness and efficiency-for example, by saying more useful things to patients in better ways.Methods will be needed for implement-
The medical muse or what to do until the patient comes.
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Only rarely does the reviewer of medical books have occasion to say, "a thorough delight." But to this volume he will say so emphatically. This latest work from Dr. Armour's pen contains the most admirable light verse of medical relevance that possibly can be desired. Witty and pungent, often barbed, always polished and satisfying, the short poems cover a wide span of medical topics, ranging from urinalysis to psycholanalysis, from the doctor's wife and family to the electronic secretary. The poems invariably provoke a smile —and sometimes hearty laughter. The illustrations by Leo Hershfield add greatly to the charm. Dr. Armour, the author (a PhD, not an MD), is well known for his prose satires and his frequent contributions of light verse on quite diverse topics. All physicians should be grateful that he has turned his talents to medicine and that he has once more collaborated with Mr. Hershfield in