tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A FATAL CASE OF TULAREMIA
Authors: L. H. Rutledge
Journal: JAMA (1927)

This is the first case of tularemia to be reported in which the infection is known to have been derived in the state of Minnesota. Mrs. J. H., aged 59, a housewife, of Detroit, Minn., cut her left thumb while dressing a rabbit, Aug. 21, 1926. The onset of symptoms occurred, August 27; the cut developed into an irregular ulcer which did not heal. A mild lymphangitis followed. One or two axillary glands were palpable and slightly tender; they were about the size of a large bean. The epitrochlear gland was slightly enlarged. A papulopustular skin eruption appeared in the second week and extended over the back, chest, abdomen and thighs. There were about two dozen pustules in all. The clinical picture was much like that of typhoid. There was nausea, vomiting, headache, nosebleed, high fever, light chills, and extreme prostration. Death occurred, September 9, on the fourteenth day of
ANTI‐PANCREATIC, CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY IN DIABETES MELLITUS. ANTIGENIC ACTIVITY OF FETAL CALF PANCREAS AND CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL TYPE OF DIABETES
Authors: JØSRN NERUP, OLE ORTVED ANDERSEN, GUNNAR BENDIXEN, JØRN EGEBERG, JACOB E. POULSEN
Journal: Allergy (1973)
Effects of Smoking on Systemic and Intrarenal Hemodynamics
Authors: Stephan R. Orth
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. In recent years, it has become apparent that smoking has a negative impact on renal function, being one of the most important remediable renal risk factors. It has been shown clearly that the risk for high-normal urinary albumin excretion and microalbuminuria is increased in smoking compared with nonsmoking subjects of the general population. Data from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial indicate that at least in men, smoking increases the risk to reach end-stage renal failure. Smoking is particularly "nephrotoxic" in older subjects, subjects with essential hypertension, and patients with preexisting renal disease. Of interest, the magnitude of the adverse renal effect of smoking seems to be independent of the underlying renal disease. Death-censored renal graft survival is decreased in smokers, indicating that smoking also damages the renal transplant. Cessation of smoking has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of renal failure both in patients with renal disease and in patients with a renal transplant. The mechanisms of smoking-induced renal damage are only partly understood and comprise acute hemodynamic (e.g., increase in BP and presumably intraglomerular pressure) and chronic effects (e.g., endothelial cell dysfunction). Renal failure per se leads to an increased cardiovascular risk. The latter is further aggravated by smoking. Particularly, survival of smokers with diabetes on hemodialysis is abysmal.
Ushering in a New Era of Open Science Through Data Sharing
Authors: Joseph S. Ross, Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: JAMA (2013)

IT MAY APPEAR THAT THE CLINICAL RESEARCH ENTERPRISE is functioning well, even thriving. Nearly 30 000 trials globally are recruiting patients, and results from 75 trials are published daily in biomedical journals. However, there is a crisis, with an attendant opportunity, that requires change. A wall surrounds much of these clinical research data, sequestering knowledge, impeding the free flow of information, and obscuring a clear view of the totality of evidence relevant to many research questions and clinical decisions. Nearly half of clinical research trials are never published. Moreover, publications are often incomplete, selectively reporting favorable outcomes and infrequently reporting relevant safety findings. Motivations and explanations for this phenomenon vary, but whether intended or not, selective publication distorts the medical evidence and inhibits the flow of information that is vital to decision making by patients and their clinicians.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER PYLORIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

Chemical studies of the blood and urine of four dogs following pyloric obstruction are reported. The observations of other workers that a fall in chlorides and a rise in CO(2)-combining power of the plasma occur, are confirmed. There is also a marked rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, consisting mainly of urea nitrogen and undetermined nitrogen. The fall in chlorides is not due to the loss of chlorides in the gastric juice. The chlorine is probably bound somewhere in the process of protein destruction. There is a close relation between the fall in chlorides and the protein destruction. A study of tetany should include the protein metabolism as well as that of the inorganic salts, since it seems possible that the tetany is due to protein split-products and not to the alkalosis. The chemical changes following pyloric obstruction are essentially the same as those following high intestinal obstruction.
Relationship between proliferation and cell cycle-dependent Ca2+ influx induced by a combination of thyrotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I in rat thyroid cells.
Authors: K Takada, N Amino, H Tada, K Miyai
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The mechanism of cell proliferation by a combination of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was studied in rat thyroid (FRTL-5) cells. IGF-I stimulated an approximately 3.5-fold increase in the rate of Ca2+ influx sustained for at least 6 h in TSH-pretreated cells but not in quiescent cells. The significant cell proliferation was observed when TSH-primed cells were incubated with IGF-I for 24 h but not for 12 h. IGF-I stimulated the rate of Ca2+ influx in a dose-dependent manner that was similar to that for induction of DNA synthesis. Both Ca2+ influx and DNA synthesis observed in response to IGF-I in TSH-primed cells were inhibited by cobalt. In addition, the stimulations of Ca2+ influx and DNA synthesis by IGF-I were dependent on extracellular Ca2+ in TSH-pretreated cells. When TSH-primed cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin, both IGF-I-induced Ca2+ influx and DNA synthesis were abolished. However, pertussis toxin did not block the priming action of TSH or forskolin. When calcium entry was induced by Bay K8644, it stimulated cell growth in TSH-primed cells but not in quiescent cells. Moreover, cobalt and lanthanum inhibited DNA synthesis even when added several hours after the addition of Bay K8644 but not when added 24 h after the growth factor in TSH-primed cells. These findings suggest that at least two important mechanisms may work in response to IGF-I only in the TSH-primed G1 phase of the cell cycle: first, IGF-I can activate directly or indirectly the Ca2+ channel via a pertussis toxin-sensitive substrate in TSH-primed cells; and second, a long lasting calcium entry by IGF-I may be a cell cycle-dependent mitogenic signal.
Stephen Vincent Lees
Authors: J. Hill
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>BACKGROUND:</h3> Clinicians often use numerous bedside assessments for secretion retention in participants who are receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. This study aimed to evaluate inter-rater agreement between clinicians when using standard clinical assessments of secretion retention and whether differences in clinician experience influenced inter-rater agreement. <h3>METHODS:</h3> Seventy-one mechanically ventilated participants were assessed by a research clinician and by one of 13 ICU clinicians. Each clinician conducted a standardized assessment of lung auscultation, palpation for chest-wall (rhonchal) fremitus, and ventilator inspiratory/expiratory flow-time waveforms for the sawtooth pattern. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> On the presence of breath sounds, agreement ranged from absolute to moderate in the upper zones and the lower zones, respectively. Kappa values for abnormal and adventitious lung sounds achieved moderate agreement in the upper zones, less than chance agreement to substantial agreement in the middle zones, and moderate agreement to almost perfect agreement in the lower zones. Moderate to almost perfect agreement was established for palpable fremitus in the upper zones, moderate to substantial agreement in the middle zones, and less than chance to moderate agreement in the lower zones. Inter-rater agreement on the presence of expiratory sawtooth pattern identification showed moderate agreement. The level of percentage agreement between the research and ICU clinicians for each respiratory assessment studied did not relate directly to level of clinical experience. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Inter-rater agreement for all assessments showed variability between lung regions but maintained reasonable percentage agreement in mechanically ventilated participants. The level of percentage agreement achieved between clinicians did not directly relate to clinical experience for all respiratory assessments. Therefore, these respiratory assessments should not necessarily be viewed in isolation but interpreted within the context of a full clinical assessment.
Welfare of Families of Children Found Unexpectedly Dead ("Cot Deaths")
Authors: J. L. Emery
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Families in whom cot deaths occur are a particularly neglected group. They are subjected to unnecessary psychological trauma as part of the process of the exclusion of unnatural death. Paediatricians should make the welfare of the family units part of their own concern and take steps to help both parents and siblings. It is suggested that possibly the coroner or the general practitioner could make an appointment for the family to see a paediatrician interested in cot deaths. This would do much to alleviate suffering associated with them.
No development of hypertension in the hyperuricemic liver-Glut9 knockout mouse
Authors: Frederic Preitner, Anabela Pimentel, Salima Metref, Corinne Berthonneche, Alexandre Sarre, Catherine Moret, Samuel Rotman, Gabriel Centeno, Dmitri Firsov, Bernard Thorens
Journal: Kidney International (2015)
1081 High prevalence of the VAL/VAL polymorphism of SOD in Northeast of Mexico: a country with high incidence of ALD
Authors: D FLORES, M LANDETA, R ORTIZ, A ROJAS, H MALDONADO, F BOSQUES
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Transplantation of pancreatic islets has great potential for treating Type I diabetes. Ex vivo gene therapy may promote re-vascularization or inhibit apoptosis of the islets and promote graft. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of non-viral gene delivery using Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) and human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (hVEGF165) expression plasmids as model reporter and therapeutic genes. LipofectAMINE/pDNA and Superfect/pDNA complexes showed high transfection efficiency in rapidly dividing Jurkat cells, but low transfection in non-dividing human islets. LipofectAMINE/pCAGGS-hVEGF transfected islets showed relatively higher levels of hVEGF than in those transfected with LipofectAMINE/pCMS-EGFP complexes or 5% glucose. To exclude endogenously secreted hVEGF, real time RT-PCR experiment was repeated using pCAGGS vector-specific forward primer and hVEGF gene-specific reverse primer. In this case, both non-transfected islets and the islets transfected with LipofectAMINE/pCMS-EGFP complexes showed negligible amplification of hVEGF. On glucose challenge, insulin release from LipofectAMINE/pCAGGS-hVEGF transfected human islets increased from 10.78 ± 4.56 to 65 ± 5 ng/ml, suggesting little adverse effect on islet β cell response to glucose challenge. The low transfection efficiency is due to the islets being a cluster of approximately 1000 non-dividing cells. This underscores the importance of experimentation with the actual human islets.
Abstract 2085: Interleukin 33 promotes tumor development, progression, and metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Yu Zhang, Celestia Davis, Maria Marjorette Pena
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and the major cause of death is metastasis which is frequently targeted to the liver. Metastasis progression typically occurs without symptoms, and is often diagnosed at the final stage when little can be done to help the patient. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms at the early stages can lead to the identification of bio-molecular markers that might be useful for early diagnosis or as therapeutic targets to alleviate morbidity and mortality from the disease. To identify factors that promote CRC progression and liver metastasis, we utilized an orthotopic mouse model of CRC metastasis to the liver that we had developed by cecal implantation of CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells followed by sequential in vivo selection to isolate a highly liver metastatic CRC cell line, CT26-FL3. A whole genome microarray analysis was performed to compare the genetic signature of CT26-FL3 to its isogenic parental cell line CT26. We identified interleukin (IL) 33 a one of the genes that was highly overexpressed in CT26-FL3 as compared to CT26 cells. We found that increased IL-33 expression was associated with advancing stages of CRC in patient samples and that its expression was already elevated in nascent adenomas in the ApcMin/+ mouse, a genetic mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. To determine its role in promoting tumor progression, the murine colon cancer cell line MC38 was stably transfected with an Il33-expressing plasmid. We found that overexpression of IL-33 in MC38 cells promoted faster growth of the primary tumor and enhanced its metastasis into the liver. Taken together, the data suggest that IL33 might play an important role in the early development and progression to metastasis of CRC. IL-33 can function as a conventional cytokine or as a transcriptional regulator. It signals through a membrane bound ST2 receptor, as well as a soluble ST2 receptor that can act as a molecular sink to block its signaling pathway. Its potential as a viable marker for diagnosis or as a therapeutic target will be further determined in this study. Citation Format: Yu Zhang, Celestia Davis, Maria Marjorette Pena. Interleukin 33 promotes tumor development, progression, and metastasis in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2085. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2085
Relationship between T and B lymphocyte values and prognosis in malignant melanoma
Authors: M.G. BERNENGO, G. CAPELLA, M. PERUCCIO, G. ZINA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

T and B lymphocyte populations were evaluated in 56 patients with malignant melanoma. Active rosettes (T-Ea) were decreased only in metastatic patients, while the total T population (T-Et) was decreased in all stages. In addition the metastatic patients presented significant decreases in IgD and IgM subpopulations. An increase in null cells was noted in metastatic patients. Regular controls over a period of 2 years showed that T-Ea levels were closely linked to the clinical picture. Patients whose values were constant remained cancer free, while a reduction heralded the appearance of clinical and/or radiological signs of metastasis.
Surviving a clinical exam: a guide for candidates
Authors: Luke Cascarini, Mike Irani
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

Most of us find clinical examinations stressful—not because they are necessarily difficult but because candidates fear the unpredictability of the cases they may encounter, how the patients will react and how they will perform on the day. Many unsuccessful candidates feel they knew enough to pass but were so nervous that they made simple errors.

The Royal Colleges' clinical exams require you to reach the standard expected of a senior house officer who is ready to adopt the responsibilities of a registrar. This does not mean that you must always achieve the correct diagnosis; there will be some patients with diseases that you have not seen before. You are, though, expected to show that you can behave professionally with courtesy, examine a patient fully, interpret your findings in a logical manner, and discuss the possible subsequent management.
Lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (CRd) for light-chain amyloidosis: long-term results from a phase 2 trial
Authors: Shaji K. Kumar, Suzanne R. Hayman, Francis K. Buadi, Vivek Roy, Martha Q. Lacy, Morie A. Gertz, Jacob Allred, Kristina M. Laumann, Leif P. Bergsagel, David Dingli, Joseph R. Mikhael, Craig B. Reeder, A. Keith Stewart, Steven R. Zeldenrust, Philip R. Greipp, John A. Lust, Rafael Fonseca, Stephen J. Russell, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Angela Dispenzieri
Journal: Blood (2012)
A morphological basis for intercellular communication between alpha- and beta-cells in the endocrine pancreas.
Authors: L Orci, F Malaisse-Lagae, M Ravazzola, D Rouiller, A E Renold, A Perrelet, R Unger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

By degranulating beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the rat with sulfonylurea, it has been possible to distinguish unambiguously alpha-cells from beta-cells in freeze-fracture replicas. In such preparations, we found morphologically typical tight and gap junctions occurring between alpha- and beta-cells. The presence of gap junctions offers indirect evidence that these cells are coupled with one another; coupling may influence the secretory behavior of alpha- and beta-cells maintaining glucose homeostasis within tightly constricted limits.
The P Wave and P-R Interval
Authors: ALBERT L. WALDO, KARI J. VITIKAINEN, GERARD A. KAISER, JAMES R. MALM, BRIAN F. HOFFMAN
Journal: Circulation (1970)

The atria of 37 patients were paced from selected sites during cardiac surgery. When the atria were paced from endocardial sites low in the right atrium, the P waves in ECG leads II, III, and aVF were shown to be either negative, biphasic, or positive, depending on the site paced. When the endocardial sites were paced, the P-R intervals were, almost without exception, less than 0.12 sec. When those endocardial sites closest to the A-V junction were paced, the P-R intervals were always less than 0.12 sec. When the atria were paced, from the epicardial sites, the P-R intervals were always greater than 0.12 sec. Negative P waves in ECG leads II, III, and aVF were recorded when the atria were paced from the postero-inferior left atrium and the caudal right atrium. The P-R interval did not always reflect the initial period of atrial activation because an isoelectric interval, generally of 0.01 to 0.025 sec, was frequently present between the onset of atrial stimulation and the first clear evidence of the P wave in the ECG. The implications of these results are discussed.
β-Blocking Agents and Platelet Aggregation
Authors: M. Rubegni
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  There is general agreement that substances that inhibit platelet aggregation tend to be associated with a rise in platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and those that stimulate platelet-clumping with the reverse. 1   Epinephrine reduces platelet cAMP by inhibition of adenyl cyclase. Like epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, this phenomenon is an α-adrenergic effect, being subject to blockade by phentolamine. 2   Hampton et al 3 discovered that propranolol inhibited noradrenaline-induced platelet aggregation. Propranolol proved also to be a powerful inhibitor of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation and of potentiating effect of epinephrine on the second phase of ADP-induced aggregation. 4 It seems that this effect would be not related to β-blocking activity but to a stabilizing action on biological membranes like imipramine and related compounds. 5   In regard to its cardiac effects, propranolol appears to have a more evident activity on the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Gastric Wall Abscess, a Rare Endosonographic Differential Diagnosis of Intramural Tumors: Successful Endoscopic Treatment
Authors: U. Will, R. Masri, H. Bosseckert, A. Knopke, J. Schönlebe, J. Justus
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

Abscesses in the gastric wall are extremely rare. As the mucosa remains intact in most cases, clear differential diagnosis is required in order to distinguish the condition from the more frequent intramural mesenchymal tumors. Endoscopic ultrasonography provides a valuable tool for imaging intramural tumors, but this approach does not allow a definitive assessment of malignancy. We report about two patients with intramural abscesses in the gastric wall. Endosonography showing eccentric tumors from the gastric wall in the two patients. The endosonographic image was inhomogenous, the wall layer structure of the gastric wall was not preserved. A laparotomy was carried out on the first patient. In the second case, the diagnosis was easy, as pus was emptying from a small opening in the mucosa, which had already been detected at gastroscopy. Endoscopic intervention was carried out based on the endosonographic findings. In one patient, mucosa and submucosa were opened by a needle knife. These cases show that gastric wall abscesses do not have a typical endoscopic ultrasound appearance. However, endosonography is an essential method prior to endoscopic interventional therapy.
Pathological Ventricular Remodeling
Authors: Jana S. Burchfield, Min Xie, Joseph A. Hill
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Despite declines in heart failure morbidity and mortality with current therapies, rehospitalization rates remain distressingly high, substantially affecting individuals, society, and the economy. As a result, the need for new therapeutic advances and novel medical devices is urgent. Disease-related left ventricular remodeling is a complex process involving cardiac myocyte growth and death, vascular rarefaction, fibrosis, inflammation, and electrophysiological remodeling. Because these events are highly interrelated, targeting a single molecule or process may not be sufficient. Here, we review molecular and cellular mechanisms governing pathological ventricular remodeling.
THE TREATMENT OF CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS.
Authors: LUCIUS W. HOTCHKISS
Journal: JAMA (1904)

That the Chairman of the Section on Practice of Medicine has called on two of his surgical colleagues to prepare papers on the diagnosis and the treatment of gallstone disease which, but a very few years ago, was considered entirely within the domain of internal medicine, is suggestive of the change which has taken place in medical thought and practice and of the better understanding which has risen between the internists and the surgeon. The growing tendency to place these diseases of the gall bladder and bile ducts within the category of surgical affections is due largely, perhaps, to the very effective work of surgeons in extending the knowledge of the pathology of these diseases, by recording the conditions directly observed on the living, and by comparing these with the symptoms manifested in each case. In this way not only has the pathology to an
P83 MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR 2D IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HEPATOCELULLAR CARCINOMA PROMOTING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING G2/M TRANSITION GENES
Authors: L. Ma, J. Liu, L. Liu, J. Shan, J. Shen, F. Xia, P. Bie, Y. Cui, X.-W. Bian, J. Prieto, M.A. Avila, C. Qian
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)