tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Septic Thrombosis of the Lateral Sinus: Operation: Recovery
Authors: W. H. Vickery
Journal: BMJ (1893)

pulling on the vagus.The question of drainage depended a great deal on the reason for operatinig.If there was suppuration, then drainage might be necessary; at any rate a little lhorsehair or catgut for the first twenty-four hours.If the glands had not broken downi, and had been cleanly removed, then careful approximation of the surfaces, with careful gradation of pressure by bandaging, ought to be suflicient.Regarding the scar, all blue or infiltrated edges of the skin ought to be removed.Even if there was a large oval wound left, the skin in the neck was elastic enough to enable the wound to close.No age could be fixed as that at whichl operations could be most suitably done; each case must be judged on its merits.He had removed the glands in a child five months old with a good result, but only because softening was commencing.Thanks were due to Professor Allbutt and Mr.
Smooth Muscle Autoantibodies in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: E. J. Holborow, E. H. Hemsted, S. V. Mead
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Smooth muscle antibodies (S.M.A.) were found in the sera of 81% of 126 patients over 10 years old with seropositive infectious mononucleosis tested within one month of onset. In 27 patients presenting clinically with infectious mononucleosis but having negative Paul-Bunnell tests the incidence of S.M.A. was 44%. In children 10 years of age or less in these two categories S.M.A. were present in 75% and 25% respectively, while in children of similar age not suspected of having infectious mononucleosis the incidence of S.M.A. was 10%. Among 45 adults with past histories of seropositive infectious mononucleosis more than one year before the incidence of S.M.A. was 33%, in contrast to 14% in 98 subjects with a negative history for infectious mononucleosis.
Epidemiology of Failed Tobacco Control Legislation
Authors: Stephen Moore
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate the influence of tobacco industry campaign donations, district location, and political party affiliation on tobacco control legislation among members of the US Congress. <h3>Design.</h3> —Data were obtained from the Federal Election Commission on money contributed by the 10 leading tobacco political action committees and by tobacco industry—aligned individuals to members of the US House of Representatives (1991-1992) and Senate (1987-1992). Logistic regression analyses were performed using recorded votes and cosponsorship activities concerning tobacco control legislation during the 102nd and 103rd Congresses and membership on the House Congressional Task Force on Tobacco and Health as the dependent variables and tobacco money received, party, district location, and caucus or committee membership as the independent variables. <h3>Setting.</h3> —United States Congress in 1991 and 1992. <h3>Interventions.</h3> —None. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Support for federal tobacco control legislation. <h3>Results.</h3> —The tobacco industry donated approximately $2.4 million to members of Congress from January 1991 through December 1992. House members received an average of $2943 (1991-1992) and senators received an average of $11 593 (1987-1992). The more tobacco money a member received, the less likely the member was to support tobacco control legislation. In the Senate, on a vote to end the taxpayer subsidy of tobacco products in military stores, the odds ratio that senators in the top quartile of tobacco money recipients did not support the measure vs senators in the lowest quartile of tobacco money recipients was 42.2 (95% confidence interval, 4.1 to 430.0;<i>P</i>&lt;.001). In the House, on a vote to end a $3.5 million subsidy to promote American tobacco abroad, the odds that House members in the top third of tobacco money recipients would oppose the legislation were 14.4 times greater (95% confidence interval, 5.5 to 39.0;<i>P</i>&lt;.001) than for House members in the lowest third of tobacco money recipients. Receiving more tobacco money, being a member of the Republican party, and representing a tobacco-producing state were all associated with decreased support for tobacco control issues. The amount of tobacco money received was the variable most strongly and consistently associated with a lack of support for tobacco control legislation, even when we controlled for additional factors such as district location and party. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Tobacco industry contributions to members of the US Congress strongly influence the federal tobacco policy process. Unless this influence is diminished through a combination of members refusing tobacco money and campaign finance reform, this process of contributing to death by thwarting tobacco control will continue to claim hundreds of thousands of lives a year. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:1171-1175)
Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology
Authors: Otto G. Thilenius
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<i>Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology</i>is a compilation of 68 essays and a text that spans multiple disciplines. Its aims are to bring together information useful to the obstetrician, neonatologist, pediatric cardiologist, and pediatric cardiac surgeon; to provide a historical perspective; and to give encyclopedic citations of published literature. These immense goals cannot be achieved in limited space (under 900 pages). It is not entirely clear for whom the book is intended; the neonatologist (trainee as well as attending) interested in cardiology is probably the greatest beneficiary. The pediatrician caring for the infant is next in line. For the pediatric cardiologist and cardiac surgeon, the book does not achieve sufficient detail, nor does it truly provide extensive references. If we accept that embryology, anatomy, physiology, electrocardiography, echocardiography, angiography, clinical presentation, and medical/surgical management cannot be compressed into a series of essays, then we can make the following observations: The text has
Cryptosporidium meleagridis from Humans: Molecular Analysis and Description of Affected Patients
Authors: S. Pedraza-Dı́az, C.F.L. Amar, J. McLauchlin, G.L. Nichols, K.M. Cotton, P. Godwin, A.M. Iversen, L. Milne, J.R. Mulla, K. Nye, H. Panigrahl, S.R. Venn, R. Wiggins, M. Williams, E.R. Youngs
Journal: Journal of Infection (2001)
Reevaluation of enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction: evidence to suggest a continuum of normal atrioventricular nodal physiology.
Authors: W M Jackman, E N Prystowsky, G V Naccarelli, N S Fineberg, G T Rahilly, J J Heger, D P Zipes
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The syndrome of enhanced atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction has been defined arbitrarily by: AH interval during normal sinus rhythm (AH-NSR) less than or equal to 60 msec; shortest right atrial pacing cycle length (PCL) maintaining 1:1 AVN conduction (shortest PCL 1:1) less than or equal to 300 msec; and at the shortest PCL 1:1, an increase in the AH interval from AH-NSR (delta AH) less than or equal to 100 msec. We examined the relationship between AH-NSR, shortest PCL 1:1, and delta AH in 160 consecutively studied patients who did not have accessory AV pathways or second-degree AV block to determine whether a distinct subgroup of patients with unusually rapid AVN conduction properties could be identified. The frequency distribution of each of the variables was unimodal and continuous. Cluster analysis, combining the three variables, failed to reveal a distinct subgroup at the lower end of the spectrum. Sixty-six patients (41%) had AH-NSR less than or equal to 60 msec, 36 (23%) shortest PCL 1:1 less than or equal to 300 msec, 76 (48%) delta AH less than or equal to 100 msec, and 17 (11%) all three criteria. The shape of the AH vs atrial PCL curve was independent of shortest PCL 1:1. Neither delta AH nor the terminal slope of the curve for AH vs atrial PCL (measured over the 20-40 msec before Wenckebach block) was related to AH-NSR or shortest PCL 1:1. We conclude that a subgroup cannot be identified by AH-NSR, shortest PCL 1:1, and delta AH, and that enhanced AVN conduction as previously defined represents simply one end of the continuous spectrum of normal AVN physiology.
Gaddum's Pharmacology
Authors: Edward J. Walaszek
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The sixth edition of<i>Gaddum's Pharmacology</i>serves as an excellent introductory text for students interested in the basic concepts of drug action. In each chapter the most representative drugs are discussed according to their physiological classification. No attempt is made to provide comprehensive coverage of the therapeutic applications of various drugs. The style is concise and easily read. Figures and tables are lucid and complementary. Throughout the book an emphasis is placed on chemical structure. References at the end of each chapter highlight the subjects presented in the text. Notable additions at the end of the book include a list of general reading in pharmacology, a table of physiological salt solutions, and an index of chemical rings. This book provides an effective introduction to the science of pharmacology. Since the reviewer studied with the former author of this rather famous text, he might be prejudiced in favor of the previous
Iron regulates nitric oxide synthase activity by controlling nuclear transcription.
Authors: G Weiss, G Werner-Felmayer, E R Werner, K Grünewald, H Wachter, M W Hentze
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Recently, it was reported that nitric oxide (NO) directly controls intracellular iron metabolism by activating iron regulatory protein (IRP), a cytoplasmic protein that regulates ferritin translation. To determine whether intracellular iron levels themselves affect NO synthase (NOS), we studied the effect of iron on cytokine-inducible NOS activity and mRNA expression in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1. We show here that NOS activity is decreased by about 50% in homogenates obtained from cells treated with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide (IFN-gamma/LPS) in the presence of 50 microM ferric iron [Fe(3+)] as compared with extracts from cells treated with IFN-gamma/LPS alone. Conversely, addition of the iron chelator desferrioxamine (100 microM) at the time of stimulation with IFN-gamma/LPS increases NOS activity up to 2.5-fold in J774 cells. These effects of changing the cellular iron state cannot be attributed to a general alteration of the IFN-gamma/LPS signal, since IFN-gamma/LPS-mediated major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression is unaffected. Furthermore, neither was the intracellular availability of the NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin altered by treatment with Fe(3+) or desferrioxamine, nor do these compounds interfere with the activity of the hemoprotein NOS in vitro. We demonstrate that the mRNA levels for NOS are profoundly increased by treatment with desferrioxamine and reduced by Fe(3+). The half-life of NOS mRNA appeared not to be significantly altered by administration of ferric ion, and NOS mRNA stability was only slightly prolonged by desferrioxamine treatment. Nuclear run-off experiments demonstrate that nuclear transcription of cytokine-inducible NOS mRNA is strongly increased by desferrioxamine whereas it is decreased by Fe(3+). Thus, this transcriptional response appears to account quantitatively for the changes in enzyme activity. Our results suggest the existence of a regulatory loop between iron metabolism and the NO/NOS pathway.
Analysis of the biological and chemical reactivity of zeolite-based aluminosilicate fibers and particulates.
Authors: Estelle Fach, W James Waldman, Marshall Williams, John Long, Richard K Meister, Prabir K Dutta
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Environmental and/or occupational exposure to minerals, metals, and fibers can cause lung diseases that may develop years after exposure to the agents. The presence of toxic fibers such as asbestos in the environment plus the continuing development of new mineral or vitreous fibers requires a better understanding of the specific physical and chemical features of fibers/particles responsible for bioactivity. Toward that goal, we have tested aluminosilicate zeolites to establish biological and chemical structure-function correlations. Zeolites have known crystal structure, are subject to experimental manipulation, and can be synthesized and controlled to produce particles of selected size and shape. Naturally occurring zeolites include forms whose biological activity is reported to range from highly pathogenic (erionite) to essentially benign (mordenite). Thus, we used naturally occurring erionite and mordenite as well as an extensively studied synthetic zeolite based on faujasite (zeolite Y). Bioactivity was evaluated using lung macrophages of rat origin (cell line NR8383). Our objective was to quantitatively determine the biological response upon interaction of the test particulates/fibers with lung macrophages and to evaluate the efficacy of surface iron on the zeolites to promote the Fenton reaction. The biological assessment included measurement of the reactive oxygen species by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence techniques upon phagocytosis of the minerals. The chemical assessment included measuring the hydroxyl radicals generated from hydrogen peroxide by iron bound to the zeolite particles and fibers (Fenton reaction). Chromatography as well as absorption spectroscopy were used to quantitate the hydroxyl radicals. We found that upon exposure to the same mass of a specific type of particulate, the oxidative burst increased with decreasing particle size, but remained relatively independent of zeolite composition. On the other hand, the Fenton reaction depended on the type of zeolite, suggesting that the surface structure of the zeolite plays an important role.
Does Cardioplegia Type Affect Outcome and Survival in Patients With Advanced Left Ventricular Dysfunction? : Results From the CABG Patch Trial
Authors: J. E. Flack, J. R. Cook, S. J. May, S. Lemeshow, R. M. Engelman, J. A. Rousou, D. W. Deaton
Journal: Circulation (2000)

There is controversy regarding which cardioplegic solution, temperature, and route of administration provides superior protection. The CABG Patch Trial enrolled a high-risk group of coronary artery disease patients with an ejection fraction of <36%. Thus, they constitute an ideal group to benefit most from optimal cardioplegic protection.All patients randomized into the trial were compared with respect to the use of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia. In addition, a questionnaire was sent to surgeons requesting blood cardioplegic temperature and route. Patients receiving crystalloid cardioplegia versus those receiving blood cardioplegia were found to have significantly more operative deaths (2% versus 0.3%, P:=0.02), postoperative myocardial infarctions (10% versus 2%, P:<0.001), shock (13% versus 7%, P:=0. 013), and postoperative conduction defects (21.6% versus 12.4%, P:=0. 001). Despite this, early death (6% crystalloid versus 4% blood cardioplegia) and late death (24% crystalloid versus 21% blood cardioplegia) statistics were not significantly different. Patients receiving normothermic blood had less postoperative right ventricular dysfunction (10%) than did patients receiving cold blood (25%) or cold blood with warm reperfusion (30%) (P:=0.004). There was no significant difference in early or late death. Finally, patients who received combined antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia had significantly less inotrope use (71% versus 84%, P:=0.002), right ventricular dysfunction (23% versus 41%, P:=0.001), and postoperative balloon pump use (12% versus 19%, P:=0.02) than did those who received antegrade cardioplegia. There was no difference in survival.Blood cardioplegia and combined antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia are superior to crystalloid and antegrade cardioplegia alone for postoperative morbidity. Despite this, there is no significant difference in early or late survival.
Wrong SIGN, NICE mess: is national guidance distorting allocation of resources?
Authors: R. Cookson, D. McDaid, A. Maynard
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The Scots and the English and Welsh are producing national guidance on NHS practice in different ways. Two apparently competing national agencies have already been established in Scotland—the Health Technology Board for Scotland and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Yet another one is in the pipeline—the Scottish Medicines Consortium. In England and Wales there is one agency—the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Are these national agencies contributing effectively to the enhancement of performance in the NHS or are they merely fuelling demand and distorting the processes by which resources are prioritised?

#### Summary points

The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, a precursor to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in England and Wales, has not yet started to consider cost effectiveness

NICE considers cost effectiveness but has been reluctant to advise against funding many costly new pharmaceuticals in the NHS in England and Wales

NICE must devise politically acceptable ways of refusing to spend taxpayers' money on costly new drugs and devices that lack demonstrable incremental cost effectiveness

Otherwise, new and often inefficient technologies will continue to fuel the widening gap between public expectations and public willingness to pay for the NHS

NICE should prioritise new national guidance within a fixed growth budget for the net cost of new technologies and in relation to incremental cost effectiveness

If reducing postcode rationing would compromise more important goals of equity or efficiency, NICE should sometimes refuse to issue definite national guidance

SIGN's objective is “to improve the quality of health care for patients in Scotland by reducing variation in practice and outcome, through the development and dissemination of national clinical guidelines containing recommendations for effective practice based on current evidence.”1 SIGN has been reluctant to consider resource issues,2 and economic considerations have been limited to some “back of the envelope” calculations …
SOCS-1, a negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway, is silenced by methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma and shows growth-suppression activity
Authors: Hirohide Yoshikawa, Kenichi Matsubara, Geng-Sun Qian, Peta Jackson, John D. Groopman, Jasper E. Manning, Curtis C. Harris, James G. Herman
Journal: Nature Genetics (2001)
Environmental contributions to the allergic asthma epidemic.
Authors: Farrah Kheradmand, Kirtee Rishi, David B Corry
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Current data overwhelmingly document the existence of a worldwide asthma epidemic, although individual studies remain controversial. The epidemic is thought to involve primarily persons with allergic asthma, and many diverse theories, based on an immunopathologic understanding of disease, have recently emerged to explain this involvement. In the context of recent insights into the immune basis of experimental asthma, we discuss in this review the leading asthma epidemic theories, including a new theory based on inhaled environmental proteases. Although no single theory may yet be fully embraced, there exists substantial hope that a unifying mechanism for the epidemic will be revealed through additional research.
What is the appropriate MHRA regulatory response to calcium's increased cardiovascular risk?
Authors: M. J. Bolland, A. Avenell, A. Grey, I. R. Reid
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Concern has been expressed repeatedly in recent years about inadequate oversight by regulatory authorities of drugs and medical devices. Recently, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) recommended restricting the prescription of strontium ranelate for osteoporosis.1 This was because strontium increased the risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk 1.6, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.38), although it did not increase mortality, in a pooled …
Visual Memory Impairment in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Study
Authors: S. Dirson, M. Bouvard, J. Cottraux, R. Martin
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1995)

Memory processes were compared in 26 patients presenting DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with 20 sex-, age- and education-matched normal controls. A significant between-group difference was found: visual memory was significantly lower in OCD, whereas no significant between-group differences in verbal memory were observed. A subsample of 17 OCD were also compared with the 20 control subjects on an explicit-memory free-recall task and an implicit-memory completion task using neutral, obsessive and guilt-responsibility words to test the effects of an emotional verbal input on memory functioning. No between-group difference was found, suggesting that emotionally laden word processing did not modify implicit and explicit memory performances.
Hip Fractures in Elderly Patients
Authors: Monroe Schneider
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  In their article Non-treatment of Hip Fractures in Senile Patients (238:1175-1176, 1977), Lyon and Nevins have demonstrated in a series of five cases that senile patients can avoid such common complications of hip fractures as decubitus ulcer and pneumonia without undergoing surgery provided they receive diligent, intensive nursing care. In publishing these cases, the authors have properly drawn attention to the critical importance of diligent nursing care in the treatment of the elderly patient with a hip fracture.  However, a series of five patients hardly justifies their conclusion that nonoperative management is a reasonable alternative to surgery. To confirm this viewpoint would require a comparative study of two substantially larger groups of patients, one surgical and one nonsurgical, who receive equally comprehensive nursing care. Until such a study is made, many of us will continue to operate on ambulatory as well as nonambulatory senile patients with hip
Occult Carcinoma of Second Breast Following Mastectomy
Authors: Alexander Breslow
Journal: JAMA (1973)

In 18 years six women were seen with metastatic carcinoma in contralateral axillary nodes some time after a radical mastectomy. With no other evidence of tumor, a second radical mastectomy was performed in six of the breasts, and new primary tumor was found in four. Two patients died of carcinoma, one is alive with metastatic disease six years after surgery, and three are alive and well 8,10, and 14 years after the second mastectomy.
Meadow defends his role in conviction of Sally Clark
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Roy Meadow, the paediatrician who has been vilified in the media for his role in the conviction of Sally Clark for murdering her two babies, broke his silence last week, insisting that he had been a reluctant witness in criminal trials.

In his opening evidence to the General Medical Council panel that is hearing accusations of serious professional misconduct against him, Professor Meadow said that testifying in court was a “great ordeal” and “unsettling.”

He is accused of giving “misleading and flawed” statistical evidence in the trial of Mrs Clark, whose …
An Unusual Presentation of Carcinoid Tumor Metastatic to Bone
Authors: MARY P. ANDRICH, JOHN MULLIGAN, ROMA CHANDRA, MASSOUD MAJD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Bone metastases, a rare finding in patients with carcinoid tumors, preferentially affect the axial skeleton. They are usually osteoblastic, but lytic lesions have also been reported. The authors present a case of carcinoid tumor whose initial manifestation was widespread bony metastatic disease.
Stop blaming the unemployed and focus on universal system of mutual security
Authors: B. R. Barr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

McKee and Stuckler indicate that one strand of the “assault on universalism” is to vilify the “undeserving poor.”1 Those who wish to reduce welfare support argue that the welfare bill is rising and unsustainable because of the number of people on out of work benefits. To justify the £4bn (€4.8 bn; $6bn) cut to out of work benefits, the coalition government associated the fact that the “welfare bill has risen by 45% in the past 10 years” …