tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE FACTOR OF DILUTION IN GASTRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: FRANK D. GORHAM
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The great variety of "acidity curves" as obtained by the fractional method of gastric analysis, and the different acid concentrations as determined by the single aspiration method, have been interpreted mainly in the light of secretory variations. The factor of unknown dilution of the acid by the commonly used test meal has been ignored. In both the single aspiration and the fractional methods of gastric analysis, it is customary to give as part of the test meal (Ewald, Dock and Boas' oatmeal gruel) from 150 to 500 c.c. of fluid on the fasting stomach or after the removal of the fasting contents.1 In the single aspiration method, the gastric contents are removed at forty-five minutes or one hour after the test meal, and the acidity is determined. In the fractional method, samples (from 6 to 15 c.c.) of gastric contents are taken at fifteen minute intervals for a definite period,
Folic acid deficiency during intensive therapy.
Authors: R M Ibbotson, B T Colvin, M P Colvin
Journal: BMJ (1975)

58 ,mol/24 h; 17-OHCS 21-63 gmol/24 h; pregnanetriol 0-3-5 4 ,umol/24 h; plasma testosterone 0-85-2-85 nmol/l.N.D. -Not done.
Observations on the Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Vascular Headache with Cafergone (Ergotamine Tartrate and Caffeine)
Authors: Sheldon G. Cohen, Leo H. Criep
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE migrainous patient is grateful for any medication that will afford him symptomatic relief. Until recently, about the only medication capable of offering him any appreciable degree of comfort was ergotamine tartrate. Within the past year, a new preparation, Cafergone,§ has become available. This product contains a combination of ergotamine tartrate and caffeine.Ergotamine is a natural alkaloid derived from ergot, a fungus found growing upon rye and other grains. Its pharmacologic actions1 in man can be briefly outlined as follows: increase in contractions of the uterus by direct stimulation of the uterine musculature; constriction of smaller blood vessels, which . . .
Helper virus-free, optically controllable, and two-plasmid-based production of adeno-associated virus vectors of serotypes 1 to 6
Authors: Dirk Grimm, Mark A Kay, Juergen A Kleinschmidt
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

We present a simple and safe strategy for producing high-titer adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors derived from six different AAV serotypes (AAV-1 to AAV-6). The method, referred to as "HOT," is helper virus free, optically controllable, and based on transfection of only two plasmids, i.e., an AAV vector construct and one of six novel AAV helper plasmids. The latter were engineered to carry AAV serotype rep and cap genes together with adenoviral helper functions, as well as unique fluorescent protein expression cassettes, allowing confirmation of successful transfection and identification of the transfected plasmid. Cross-packaging of vector DNA derived from AAV-2, -3, or -6 was up to 10-fold more efficient using our novel plasmids, compared to a conservative adenovirus-dependent method. We also identified a variety of useful antibodies, allowing detection of Rep or VP proteins, or assembled capsids, of all six AAV serotypes. Finally, we describe unique cell tropisms and kinetics of transgene expression for AAV serotype vectors in primary or transformed cells from four different species. In sum, the HOT strategy and the antibodies presented here, together with the reported findings, should facilitate and support the further development of AAV serotype vectors as powerful new tools for human gene therapy.
Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity<i>in Vivo</i>*
Authors: Richard N. Bergman, Diane T. Finegood, Marilyn Ader
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1985)

HISTORICALLY, the study of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus was in the traditional pattern of endocrinology: removal of the pancreas led to experimental diabetes, and administration of insulin, a pancreatic isolate, ameliorated the diabetic symptoms (1, 2). These observations led to the widely held belief that human diabetes was primarily a disease of the pancreas, characterized by the inability of the B cell to secrete sufficient insulin to control glycemia. After insulin became available, evidence emerged suggesting that human diabetes mellitus has a multifactorial etiology. Early investigators identified an unexpected variability among diabetics in the ability of injected insulin to ameliorate hyperglycemia (3–5). Larger doses of insulin were required to normalize the blood sugar in patients with the milder nonketotic form of the disease common in the older population, whereas smaller doses were adequate for younger, ketosis-prone diabetics.
Long-term follow-up of posttransfusion and sporadic chronic hepatitis non-A, non-B and frequency of circulating antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Authors: U. Hopf, B. Möller, D. Küther, R. Stemerowicz, H. Lobeck, A. Lüdtke-Handjery, E. Walter, H.E. Blum, M. Roggendorf, F. Deinhardt
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1990)
Nonlinguistic transformation processing in agrammatic aphasia
Authors: Peter F. Dominey, Taïssia Lelekov
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Grodzinsky's characterization of the syntactic function of Broca's area is convincing, but his argument that this transformation processing capability is specific to language is less so. Based on predictions from simulation studies of sequence learning, we report a correlation between agrammatic patients' impairments in (a) syntactic comprehension, and (b) nonlinguistic sequence transformation processing, indicating the existence of a nonlinguistic correlate of agrammatic aphasia.
Endotoxin in inner-city homes and atopy and wheeze in the first two years of life*1
Authors: M.S. Perzanowski, R.L. Miller, P.S. Thorne, B.J. Sheares, J.C. Correa, F.P. Perera, I.F. Goldstein, G.L. Chew
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Role of endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2 in renal vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin II in diabetes and hypertension
Authors: Eva Cediel, Beatriz Vázquez-Cruz, Josefa Navarro-Cid, Natalia De Las Heras, David Sanz-Rosa, Victoria Cachofeiro, Vicente Lahera
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
PTU-016a Functional defects in circulating monocytes may contribute to susceptibility to infection in alcoholic hepatitis: Abstract PTU-016a Figure 1
Authors: N Vergis, C G Antoniades, V Zingarelli, R D Abeles, Y Ma, D Shawcross, A Janmohamed, D Patch, W Rosenberg, P Kennedy, G Foster, S Khan, K Agarwal, M Heneghan, J O'Grady, D Vergani, J Wendon, M Thursz
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Infection is common in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and a significant contributor to mortality. Monocytes play an important role in bacterial elimination by phagocytosis, using intracellular oxidative killing and antigen presentation. Our study sought to evaluate monocyte phagocytosis and scavenger receptor expression in AH. <h3>Methods</h3> Monocytes were collected from 14 patients with AH (DF &gt;31, prior to treatment) and 22 healthy controls (HC). Using FACS, monoclonal antibodies to scavenger receptors (CD36, -64, -163, -206, DCIR) and HLA-DR were used for immunophenotyping. Subsequently, ex-vivo monocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity was assessed using FITC-labelled opsonised and non-opsonised <i>Escherichia coli</i>. <h3>Results</h3> The expression of scavenger receptors was deranged. In CD14+CD16- (classical) monocytes, CD163 MFI was reduced in AH compared to controls (587 vs 403; p=0.05). CD36, -206 and DCIR expression was similar between HC and AH patients but CD64 MFI was raised (6002 vs 12599; p&lt;0.001). The proportion of monocytes phagocytosing <i>E coli</i> was lower in AH compared to HC (77% vs 87%; p&lt;0.03) but this was not a result of complement deficiency as phagocytosis did not depend on whether the bacteria were opsonised or not (73% vs 80%; p=0.9). The proportion of monocytes capable of generating an oxidative killing burst in response to phagocytosed <i>E coli</i> was markedly reduced (84% vs 47%; p&lt;0.004) in AH patients compared to HC [Abstract PTU-016a figure 1]. Antigen presentation was also impaired: classical monocytes had significantly lower HLA-DR expression in AH compared to controls (73% vs 35%; p=0.002), with similar levels of HLA-DR expression detected in the CD14+CD16+ monocyte subset (94% vs 74%; p=0.4). <h3>Conclusion</h3> It appears that there are a number of functional defects in circulating monocytes in patients with AH. The marked impairment of phagocytosis and intracellular killing may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection in this group of patients. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Dietary fish oil-induced changes in intrahepatic cholesterol transport and bile acid synthesis in rats.
Authors: M J Smit, A M Temmerman, H Wolters, F Kuipers, A C Beynen, R J Vonk
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Hepatic cholesterol metabolism was studied in rats fed purified diets supplemented (9% wt/wt) with either fish oil (FO) (n-3 fatty acids) or corn oil (CO) (n-6 fatty acids) for 4 wk. Rats were equipped with permanent catheters in heart, bile duct, and duodenum to allow studies under normal feeding conditions. [3H]-cholesteryl oleate-labeled small unilamellar liposomes, which are rapidly endocytosed by hepatocytes, were intravenously injected to label intrahepatic cholesterol pools, and plasma and bile were collected. FO as compared to CO induced a lowering of plasma cholesterol levels by 38% and of triglyceride levels by 69%. This reduction in plasma lipids in FO rats was accompanied by: (a) an increased bile acid pool size (28%); (b) a fourfold increase in the ratio cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid in bile; (c) increased biliary excretion of cholesterol (51%); (d) accelerated excretion of endocytosed free cholesterol into bile; (e) accelerated incorporation of endocytosed cholesterol in bile acids; (f) a significant increase in the bile acid-independent fraction of bile flow; and (g) a threefold increase in hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity. The results show that FO induces changes in transport and metabolic pathways of cholesterol in the rat liver, which result in a more rapid disposition of plasma-derived cholesterol into the bile.
CONGENITAL DIFFUSE MOTTLING OF THE SKIN
Authors: D V. STEVANOVIĆ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Summary.— Unusual mottled pigmentation present since birth in a girl aged 16 is described. Its pattern seems to differ from any previously reported. Through 3 generations in the direct ascending line generalized lentiginosis has been present. The hereditary background of pigmentary changes in the girl is discussed.
714. Effect of Adenovirus-Mediated RNA Interference on Endogenous micro-RNA Functionality in a Mouse Model of Multidrug Resistance Protein-2 Gene Silencing
Authors: Oscar Aparicio, Iñigo Narvaiza, Maria Vera, Nerea Razquin, Jesus Prieto, Puri Fortes
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Top of pageAbstract
RNA interference using viral vectors that express short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) has emerged as a powerful tool for functional genomics and therapeutic purposes. However, little is known about shRNA in vivo processing, accumulation, functional kinetics and side-effects related to shRNA saturation of the cellular gene silencing machinery. Therefore, we constructed first generation recombinant adenoviruses encoding different shRNAs against murine Multidrug-Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2), which is involved in liver transport of bilirubin to bile, and analyzed MRP2 silencing kinetics. C57/BL6 mice injected with these viruses showed significant impairment of MRP2 function for up to three weeks, as reflected by increased serum bilirubin levels. The lack of MRP2 function correlated with a specific reduction of MRP2 mRNA and with high levels of processed shRNAs targeting MRP2. Inhibition was lost at longer times post-infection, correlating with a decrease in the accumulation of processed shRNAs. This finding suggests that there is minimal amount of processed shRNAs required for efficient silencing in vivo. This system was also used to evaluate the effect of shRNA expression on the saturation of silencing factors. Saturation of the cellular silencing processing machinery alters accumulation and functionality ofendogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) and pre-miRNAs. However, expression of functional exogenous shRNAs did not change the levels of endogenous miRNAs or their precursors, or the accumulation of Ras, a cellular protein whose expression is regulated by endogenous miRNAs. In summary, this work shows that adenoviral vectors can deliver sufficient shRNAs to mediate inhibition of gene expression without saturating the silencing machinery.
Mortality and hospital stay related to coagulase-negative Staphylococci bacteremia in non-critical patients
Authors: J. Molina, I. Peñuela, J.A. Lepe, A. Gutiérrez-Pizarraya, M.J. Gómez, E. García-Cabrera, E. Cordero, J. Aznar, J. Pachón
Journal: Journal of Infection (2012)
Hepatocyte-conditioned medium sustains endothelial differentiation of human hematopoietic-endothelial progenitors
Authors: Veronica Bordoni, Tonino Alonzi, Lucia Zanetta, Daniele Khouri, Annarita Conti, Marco Corazzari, Francesco Bertolini, Pierluigi Antoniotti, Giuseppe Pisani, Francesca Tognoli, Elisabetta Dejana, Marco Tripodi
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Liver neo-angiogenesis plays a fundamental role in physiological and pathological processes such as regeneration, cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease. How liver parenchymal cells influence angiogenesis is largely unknown. We studied the influence of soluble factors released by hepatocytes on hematopoietic and endothelial cell differentiation. Human CD34+ cells cultured for several weeks in a hepatocyte-conditioned medium gradually decrease the expression of CD34 and CD133 markers (i.e. after 4 weeks from 85% and 69%, respectively, to 6% and 3%, respectively), whereas expression of CD144 and CD14 cell markers increased (from 2% and 8%, respectively, to 54% and 55%, respectively). The cells' capacity to form hematopoietic colonies in methylcellulose declined with time, whereas they acquired endothelial morphology, expressed endothelial markers, and incorporated into newly forming vascular structures both in vitro and in vivo. Cultured single CD34+ cells formed colonies expressing both hematopoietic (CD45+) and endothelial (CD144+) markers, suggesting they constitute a bona fide hemangioblast population. Conclusion: This system allowed subsequent stages of differentiation of hematopoietic cells to endothelial cells to be defined, underlining the strict interrelationship between endothelial and hematopoietic cells in a hepatocyte environment. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:1218–1228.)
Abstract 1337: BH3-mimetic gossypol promotes autophagy to inhibit the proliferation of mutant BRAF melanoma cells with high expression of p21Cip1
Authors: Michael Lee, Gun-Hee Jang, Jun-Ho Ahn, Na-Yeon Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Gossypol is a BH3-mimetic small-molecule pan-inhibitor of Bcl-2. In this study, we described the potential therapeutic effects of gossypol on BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells. We found that gossypol retained its efficacy in mutant melanoma clones resistant to BRAF inhibitor through a mechanism independent of MEK-ERK inhibition. Gossypol caused G2/M arrest in BRAF mutant A375P cells with high expression of p21Cip1, regardless of their drug resistance. Interestingly, we determined that the lack of gossypol-induced mitotic arrest in BRAF-WT-harboring SK-MEL-2 cells was associated with a low level of p21Cip1 expression. In addition, gossypol preferentially induced autophagy and apoptosis in the gossypol-sensitive cells and not in the gossypol-resistant SK-MEL-2 cells, which suggests that apoptosis and autophagy can occur simultaneously and act as cooperative partners for the induction of cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that gossypol may exhibit potential for the treatment of BRAF inhibitor-resistant tumors, but a functional p21Cip1 is a prerequisite for a positive response to its clinical application. Citation Format: Michael Lee, Gun-Hee Jang, Jun-Ho Ahn, Na-Yeon Kim. BH3-mimetic gossypol promotes autophagy to inhibit the proliferation of mutant BRAF melanoma cells with high expression of p21Cip1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1337. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1337
Brain Scanning in Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: GUNNAR KRAAG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Comments and Corrections1 April 1975Brain Scanning in Lupus ErythematosusGUNNAR KRAAG, M.D., F.R.C.P.(c), ANTHONY J. RICHARDS, M.B.,M.R.C.P., DUNCAN A. GORDON, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C), F.A.C.P.GUNNAR KRAAG, M.D., F.R.C.P.(c)Search for more papers by this author, ANTHONY J. RICHARDS, M.B.,M.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, DUNCAN A. GORDON, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C), F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-4-594_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We read with interest the paper by Drs. Bennahum, Messner, and Shoop, "Brain Scan Findings in Central Nervous System Involvement by Lupus Erythematosus" (Ann Intern Med81:763-765, 1974). They have shown brain scanning to be a safe and useful tool for diagnosis and evaluation of therapy. They excluded patients with purely psychiatric symptoms, but it would be interesting to know if a brain scan could help in differentiating true central nervous system involvement in lupus erythematosus, from psychiatric symptoms induced by corticosteroid therapy. This is a frequent dilemma for the practicing physician who must decide whether to...References1. UHL G, WILLIAMS J, and ARNETT F: Intracerebral lymphoma in a patient with central nervous system lupus on cyclophosphamide. J Rheum 1:282-286, 1974 Google Scholar2. LIPSMEYER E: Development of malignant cerebral lymphoma in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppression. Arthritis Rheum 15:183-186, 1972 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: GUNNAR KRAAG, M.D., F.R.C.P.(c); ANTHONY J. RICHARDS, M.B.,M.R.C.P.; DUNCAN A. GORDON, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C), F.A.C.P.Affiliations: McMaster University Medical Centre Rheumatology Area 2F-26 1200 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byLupus Erythematosus and Brain ScanningGRAEME STEWART, M.B., M.R.A.C.P., ANTONY BASTEN, M.B., M.R.C.P. 1 April 1975Volume 82, Issue 4Page: 594-594KeywordsBrainCentral nervous systemCorticosteroid therapyLupus erythematosus ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
SPLENECTOMY IN BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: F. B. Queen, W. B. Hawkins, G. H. Whipple
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

A splenectomized dog can be kept anemic for months or years in perfectly good condition. A renal bile fistula dog on a suitable diet can be kept in perfect health and activity with normal weight for years. When we combine splenectomy and the bile fistula, after a latent period, we invariably observe a striking reaction with enormous over-production of bile pigment, a definite anemia and finally death from anemia or tissue hemorrhage. The spleen is essential for life in the bile fistula animal and this suggests some contribution from the spleen to body internal metabolism. The spleen and bile together are essential for the normal metabolism of pigment. The bile salts are suspected of playing some obscure role in this reaction. It seems difficult to explain all this great excess of bile pigment as coming from hemoglobin built up from the usual diet factors which in these experiments are well standardized. It is suggested that the body can synthesize the pyrrol aggregate (four pyrrol rings). There is some evidence that the liver can build up bile pigment direct from "building stones." It seems necessary to postulate one or the other mechanism and they do not seem unlike in the final analysis as both bile pigment and the pyrrol aggregate contain four pyrrol rings. Possibly both reactions may take place under these conditions.
834-2 Clonal T-cell composition is not associated with enteroviral or adenoviral infection in dilated cardiomyopathy: Implications for the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Michel Noutsias, Michael Hummel, Chalid Assaf, Harald Stein, Uwe Kuhl, Heinz Peter Schultheiss, Matthias Pauschinger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
ROSENOW'S SERUM IN PREVENTION OF PARALYSIS IN ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: FLOYD CLARKE
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In reviewing the vast amount of work that has been done on infantile paralysis, one cannot fail to be impressed with the advances made, together with the necessity for further study. The production of a serum that can be used in the treatment has played no small part in this advance. A serum obtained from patients who have convalesced from the disease has been advocated by Netter, Amoss and several others. The difficulty attendant on the use of such a serum is the impossibility of obtaining human serum in sufficient quantity for practical use. Rosenow<sup>1</sup>and Nuzum,<sup>2</sup>working independently, have each produced a serum from horses that have been immunized against the definite germ which they believe to be the cause of poliomyelitis. Some confusion still exists among competent observers as to the relative value of human convalescent serum, on the one hand, and the horse serum of
How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?
Authors: Luiz Pessoa
Journal: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (2009)

Emotion and motivation have crucial roles in determining human behavior. Yet, how they interact with cognitive control functions is less understood. Here, the basic elements of a conceptual framework for understanding how they interact are introduced. More broadly, the 'dual competition' framework proposes that emotion and motivation affect both perceptual and executive competition. In particular, the anterior cingulate cortex is hypothesized to be engaged in attentional/effortful control mechanisms and to interact with several other brain structures, including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, in integrating affectively significant signals with control signals in prefrontal cortex. An implication of the proposal is that emotion and motivation can either enhance or impair behavioral performance depending on how they interact with control functions.
SERUM AND URINARY LYSOZYME (MURAMIDASE) IN MONOCYTIC AND MONOMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Authors: Elliott F. Osserman, Dolores P. Lawlor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

Markedly increased quantities of lysozyme have been found in the serum and urine (ranging to 2.6 g per day) of ten consecutive cases of monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. The enzyme has been isolated from the urine of several cases and physicochemically and immunochemically characterized. It is apparently identical to the lysozyme of normal tears, saliva, leukocytes, and serum, but structurally different from the lysozyme of hen's egg white. The activity of the human enzyme assayed with M. lysodeikticus organisms is 3 to 12 times greater than egg white lysozyme at equivalent concentrations. An agar plate method has been developed for quantitating lysozyme activity in small samples (approximately 25 microl) of serum, urine, or other biological fluids. The range and reproducibility of this method were found to be superior to previously available lysozyme assay procedures. Present evidence indicates that lysozyme is the principal, if not the sole, product of the proliferating monocytes in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia, and quantitation of serum and urine lysozyme should be a useful diagnostic procedure for these leukemias.