tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PTU-008 Simulated Endosopic Training: how Junior Doctors Utilise this Resource
Authors: M G Keane, L Marelli, H Potts, P Berlingieri
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Simulation is increasingly being recognised as an attractive tool to support endoscopic training. Standard training has been associated with certain limitations; longer procedural times, cost, unpredictable pathology and occasionally patient dissatisfaction. Use of endoscopic simulators, has been suggested as alternative training method. Although advocated by national and international endoscopy societies (BSG, ASGE), when and how it should be incorporated into endoscopic training is still debated. A recent Cochrane review, suggested it was of most benefit to novice endoscopists. An endoscopic simulation programme has been established at the Royal Free simulation centre since 2009. Completion of the course is not a formal speciality training programme requirement. Enrolled trainees progress through a staged curriculum with frequent assessment of their endoscopic competencies. How junior trainees use this resource was explored in this study. <h3>Methods</h3> All trainees that have undertaken endoscopic training at the simulation centre between 2009 and 2012 were invited to complete an anonymous online questionnaire. Subsequently a targeted focus group was conducted; participants included trainees and simulation centre trainers. <h3>Results</h3> 62 trainees were invited to complete the survey, with a response rate of 48% (30/62). The majority of trainees (93%; 28/30) completed the course during evenings or at weekends. 77% self-funded the course and just 7% obtaining study leave. Trainees enrolled on the course for a median of 2 months. 52% (15/29) were studying for a postgraduate exam while completing this course and 1 in 5 trainees commuted from outside the M25 to attend the course. A third of trainees were undertaking a rotation in Gastroenterology when they enrolled on the course and 82% (22/27) wanted to pursue a career in Gastroenterology. 68% (17/25) reported they were actively applying for Gastroenterology or Surgical registrar training posts in the next 12 months. Frequently sited course outcomes by trainees included; greater familiarity with endoscopic equipment and technique, an opportunity to gain basic endoscopic skill training as a foundation doctor or SHO, improved individual time management skills and was an opportunity for trainees to demonstrate a relevant example of commitment to speciality. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Trainees completing this course sited a broad range of perceived learning outcomes. In addition to gaining endoscopic skill training, completing the course enabled trainees to develop their interpersonal skills and demonstrate commitment to speciality. This study supports junior doctors undertaking simulated endoscopic training. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
ON THE NATURE OF RABIES AND ANTIRABIC TREATMENT
Authors: D. Semple
Journal: BMJ (1919)

THE present outbreak of rabies in England is sufficient justification for the publication of an article on the salient points eonnected with rabies and antirabic treatment.In this article I purpose to deal with the subject mainly from a practical point of view, so that whatever informa- tion it contains may be available in giving practical advice and prophylactic treatment to those bitten or infected by rabid animals.Witlh this object it is not necessary to enter into every detail connected with rabies; neither is it necessary to give a description of the symptoms of rabies in dogs or hydrophobia in man, as these subjects are fully dealt with in the textbooks.The fact that tlle prevention of rabies and lhydrophobia is, comparatively speaking, easy of accomplishment in island countries like the British Isles, and that cure or recovery wlhen the disease has become developed lhas, as
Pneumococcal vaccination in developing countries
Authors: Orin S Levine, Katherine L O'Brien, Maria Knoll, Richard A Adegbola, Steven Black, Thomas Cherian, Ron Dagan, David Goldblatt, Adenike Grange, Brian Greenwood, Tom Hennessy, Keith P Klugman, Shabir A Madhi, Kim Mulholland, Hanna Nohynek, Mathuram Santosham, Samir K Saha, J Anthony Scott, Samba Sow, Cynthia G Whitney, Felicity Cutts
Journal: The Lancet (2006)
The surface properties of nanocrystalline diamond and nanoparticulate diamond powder and their suitability as cell growth support surfaces
Authors: Thomas Lechleitner, Frederik Klauser, Thomas Seppi, Judith Lechner, Paul Jennings, Paul Perco, Bernd Mayer, Doris Steinmüller-Nethl, Johannes Preiner, Peter Hinterdorfer, Martin Hermann, Erminald Bertel, Kristian Pfaller, Walter Pfaller
Journal: Biomaterials (2008)
Alterations in the Functional Anatomy of Working Memory in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Julie B. Schweitzer, Tracy L. Faber, Scott T. Grafton, Larry E. Tune, John M. Hoffman, Clinton D. Kilts
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The authors used a functional neuroimaging study with a working memory probe to investigate the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Their goal was to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes related to working memory in adults with and without ADHD. METHOD: Using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET) studies, the authors compared the sites of neural activation related to working memory in six adult men diagnosed with ADHD and six healthy men without ADHD who were matched in age and general intelligence. RESULTS: Task-related changes in rCBF in the men without ADHD were more prominent in the frontal and temporal regions, but rCBF changes in men with ADHD were more widespread and primarily located in the occipital regions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the use of compensatory mental and neural strategies by subjects with ADHD in response to a disrupted ability to inhibit attention to nonrelevant stimuli and the use of internalized speech to guide behavior.
Exposure and risk from ambient particle-bound pollution in an airshed dominated by residential wood combustion and mobile sources.
Authors: L T Cupitt, W G Glen, J Lewtas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

A major field study was conducted in Boise, Idaho, during the heating season of 1986 to 1987 as part of the Integrated Air Cancer Project. Filter samples were systematically collected in residences and in the ambient air across the community to characterize the particle-bound pollutants. The extractable organic matter (EOM) from the filter samples was apportioned to its source of origin, either residential wood combustion (RWC) or mobile sources (MS). Two composite samples, with apportioned contributions from RWC and MS, were prepared from the Boise ambient samples and tested for tumor-initiation potency. A comparative potency lung cancer risk estimate has been made based on the two ambient composite samples from this airshed. In addition, a microenvironmental exposure model was developed from the Boise data and from national survey data to estimate the exposure to EOM from RWC and MS. In this paper, the microenvironmental model is extrapolated to provide an estimate of the average annual exposure and dose in Boise to EOM from RWC and MS. The annual model considers actual pollutant levels in Boise, historical changes in RWC usage and meteorological dilution factors and the likely activities in the various microenvironmental zones and their resultant inhalation rates. Combined with the lifetime risk estimates, the average annual dose suggests a risk of about 4 x 10(-4) based upon the composite ambient samples. Despite the fact that RWC accounts for 73% of the EOM on an annual average basis, it accounts for only about 20% of the estimated lifetime risk.
Sensory holism and functionalism
Authors: Joseph Thomas Tolliver
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

I defend the possibility of a functional account of the intrinsic qualities of sensory experience against the claim that functional characterization can only describe such qualities to the level of isomorphism of relational structures on those qualities. A form sensory holism might be true concerning the phenomenal, and this holism would account for some antifunctionalist intuition evoked by inverted spectrum and absent qualia arguments. Sensory holism is compatible with the correctness of functionalism about the phenomenal.
ON CERTAIN CLINICAL FEATURES OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA.
Authors: HOWARD S. ANDERS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

In its symptomatic manifestations influenza is the hysteria of epidemic disease. Its puzzling obscurities, unique development, grotesque variations, distressing complications, and surprising sequels, make it paradoxically a type of the atypical in the class of infectious diseases, as is its functional analogue among the neuroses. No tissue seems too hidden; no structure, too strong; no function, too staple; no organ, too resistant, nor organism too robust to escape its Briarean grip. This introductory arraignment is not stated as a proposition for subsequent proof—that is hardly necessary in the presence of practitioners, most of whom have already made a similar induction—but simply as a potential head from which the octopus-like tentacles grow, reach out, suck and sap their victims in the many ways more specifically referred to in what follows. My observations and deductions are based upon an analysis of 128 cases of influenza. <h3>Onset.</h3> —The type of onset most frequently
EFFECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN MAN *
Authors: Philip H. Henneman, Anne P. Forbes, Marc Moldawer, Eleanor F. Dempsey, Evelyn L. Carroll
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

Beck, McGarry, Dyrenfurth and Venning (1) first demonstrated activity of purified monkey and human pituitary growth extracts in man and this observation has been confirmed by Ikkos, Luft and Gemzell (2), Raben (3), Pearson, Lipsett, Greenberg and Ray (4), Henneman and Bergenstal and their co-workers (5, 6) and others (7).Studies in man have employed pituitary growth extracts prepared by the methods of Raben (8), Wilhelmi, Fishman and Russell (9) and Li and Papkoff (10).This paper summarizes balance and clinical data from 10 patients treated for 1 day to 24 months with the Raben preparation of human growth hormone (HGH). METHODSPituitary glands were collected at autopsy,' stored in cold acetone, and extracted by Dr. Maurice Raben (8).2
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: The U-Boat in the Belly
Authors: Fernando Santiago
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  I have assessed abdominal aortic aneurysms using the criteria adopted by the US Preventive Services Task Force in cooperation with the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination 1 and I have concluded that this condition should be strongly considered for inclusion in the health protection package for persons above the age of 50 years. My findings are as follows:   The current burden of suffering: At least ten to 40 persons per thousand population over the age of 50 years harbor these lesions, which have been shown to be more quickly lethal than untreated carcinoma. The great majority are symptomless until they end in catastrophic rupture.2  The maneuver for detection: An ultrasound examination of the abdominal aorta will detect an abdominal aortic aneurysm in essentially 100% of cases.3,4 This study is easy to perform, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive. 3 In contrast, 67 of 218 proved
Origins of Psychogenic Vaginismus
Authors: Judith L. Silverstein
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1989)

Case histories of 22 women seeking psychotherapy for psychogenic vaginismus were examined for family patterns. Nearly all of the women had domineering, threatening fathers who were moralistic but also sexually seductive. The parents of these women had high levels of conflict and verbal and/or physical abuse in their marriages. The women with vaginismus were the 'good girls' of their families; obedient, unable to express anger and in constant need of approval. These women tend to choose partners who appear to be the opposite of their fathers; they seem kind, gentle and often passive. Both the women and their partners fear aggression. Women with vaginismus see intercourse as violation or invasion. The symptom serves to protect against violation. Most of the women either witnessed or experienced actual physical violation in their histories.
Targeting the thyroid gland with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-nanoliposomes
Authors: Donatella Paolino, Donato Cosco, Marco Gaspari, Marilena Celano, Joy Wolfram, Pasquale Voce, Efisio Puxeddu, Sebastiano Filetti, Christian Celia, Mauro Ferrari, Diego Russo, Massimo Fresta
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)

Various tissue-specific antibodies have been attached to nanoparticles to obtain targeted delivery. In particular, nanodelivery systems with selectivity for breast, prostate and cancer tissue have been developed. Here, we have developed a nanodelivery system that targets the thyroid gland. Nanoliposomes have been conjugated to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which binds to the TSH receptor (TSHr) on the surface of thyrocytes. The results indicate that the intracellular uptake of TSH-nanoliposomes is increased in cells expressing the TSHr. The accumulation of targeted nanoliposomes in the thyroid gland following intravenous injection was 3.5-fold higher in comparison to untargeted nanoliposomes. Furthermore, TSH-nanoliposomes encapsulated with gemcitabine showed improved anticancer efficacy in vitro and in a tumor model of follicular thyroid carcinoma. This drug delivery system could be used for the treatment of a broad spectrum of thyroid diseases to reduce side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy.
Dying patients need a good relationship with their doctor
Authors: B Kreymann
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—The common complaints of patients' relatives about the undignified circumstances of death and lack of medical care of dying patients reveal an explosive situation and the need for doctor- patient partnership.1 The development and specialisation of medical knowledge and the methods of diagnosis have lead to partial delegation of diagnosis and treatment to machines. This has resulted in an appalling loss of the human element in medicine and a consequent increase in the suffering of patients. The yearning of patients for …
Smoking cessation dilemmas in prison
Authors: J. A. Colclough
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Helping prisoners to stop smoking can be a real conundrum. A delicate balance has to be struck between the equality of health care that prisoners deserve and the intricacies of running a secure prison. This year I had the opportunity to view this phenomenon in one of Britain's maximum security jails.

The implementation of a workable smoking cessation programme was an uphill battle …
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy With Hodgkin's Disease in the Mediastinum
Authors: Brian Peck
Journal: JAMA (1977)

HYPERTROPHIC osteoarthropathy can be secondary to a number of diseases. These are frequently neoplastic in nature. Hodgkin's disease of the thoracic cavity is usually considered in the differential diagnosis. We believe the following case represents a rare case of thoracic Hodgkin's disease in which the initial manifestation was symptomatic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, which appeared to be a symmetrical polyarthritis. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> In October 1976 a 28-year-old man came to his physician with complaints of pain and stiffness in ankles and knees. Swelling with effusions of both knees and both ankles and 1 to 2+ pitting edema of both shins with tenderness were evident. The grip strength was poor bilaterally. The remaining results of the physical examination as reported to us were normal. Laboratory data at that time revealed an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:32 in a speckled pattern. Despite a lack of substantiation, the presumptive diagnosis of systemic lupus
Traumatic Rupture of the Innominate Artery — A Seat-Belt Injury
Authors: Lewis Wexler, James Silverman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

THE severe morbidity associated with automobile accidents has stimulated the development of various safety devices to protect the automobile driver and occupants. However, undesirable side effects have been reported with such devices. Both the lap-type seat belt, which attempts to prevent ejection, the most common cause of injury or death, and the lap-belt-shoulder-harness combination, a new version designed to provide additional body restraint, have been associated with specific skeletal and visceral injuries.1 2 3 4 5 In the following case, an unusual injury resulted from the use of a lap-belt and diagonal shoulder-strap combination. This possibility should be considered in the evaluation of accident . . .
Reduced placental FOXP3 associated with subsequent infant allergic disease
Authors: Susan L. Prescott, Meri Tulic, Annette Osei-Kumah, Tara Richman, Maxine Crook, David Martino, Janet A. Dunstan, Boris Novakovic, Richard Saffery, Vicki L. Clifton
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
All-trans retinoic acid regulates proliferation, migration, differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover of human arterial smooth muscle cells
Authors: Dorothea I Axel, Anatol Frigge, Jasmin Dittmann, Heike Runge, Ioakim Spyridopoulos, Reimer Riessen, Richard Viebahn, Karl R Karsch
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: The vitamin-A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a potent regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and matrix formation of various cell types and plays an important role in embryogenesis. However, sparse data are available about its effects on human vessel diseases. Thus, we studied the effects of atRA on human arterial smooth muscle cell (haSMC) and endothelial cell (haEC) proliferation, migration, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover in mono- and transfilter cocultures. Methods: Effects of atRA on human arterial cells in monocultures were determined using cell counting assays, BrdU-ELISA and MTT-tests. In transfilter cocultures haSMC-growth was studied under the stimulatory effect of proliferating haEC. Using Northern blot analysis, effects of atRA on mRNA expression of ECM-proteins were examined while protein expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases were determined by Western blotting and zymography. Results: atRA caused a dose dependent inhibition of haSMC-growth in monocultures (IC50 at 0.022 μM) whereas haEC-growth was inhibited less potently (IC50 at 97 μM). In addition, proliferation and migration of haSMC through a porous membrane were inhibited dose dependently by micromolar atRA-doses after non-stop and single dose application of atRA on the endothelial side of the complex transfilter coculture system. Immunostainings and Northern blotting demonstrated an enhanced α-smooth muscle actin and heavy chain myosin expression in haSMC after atRA-treatment. Whereas mRNA-expression of the glycoproteins thrombospondin-1 and fibronectin were decreased, collagen-1 mRNA expression was even slightly stimulated. Transcription of biglycan and TGF-β1 were not influenced in a specific manner. Finally, protein expression and activity of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were inhibited significantly by atRA. Conclusions: atRA was found to be a potent inhibitor of both haSMC-proliferation and -migration, even in coculture with haEC releasing growth factors. In addition, redifferentiation, ECM synthesis and ECM degradation were regulated by atRA which also influence haSMC migration and intima formation. Thus, atRA-treatment seems to be a promising strategy for the inhibition of processes involved both in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Effectiveness of Endoscopic Treatment of Carcinoid Tumors of the Rectum
Authors: H. Ishikawa, K. Imanishi, T. Otani, S. Okuda, M. Tatsuta, S. Ishiguro
Journal: Endoscopy (1989)

The effectiveness of endoscopic polypectomy in the treatment of carcinoid tumors of the rectum was investigated. Flat tumors of less than 1.5 cm in the largest diameter, of normal or yellow color, consisting histologically of solid nodular nests or trabecular or ribbon-like structures were "early" tumors, in which the tumor cells were confined to the mucosa and submucosa, and did not involve deeper layers. Eight patients with "early" carcinoids were treated by endoscopic polypectomy. Subsequently, two of them were submitted to surgery, while the other six were followed-up endoscopically. Histological examination of the specimens obtained at operation showed no evidence of residual tumor cells at the polypectomy site. Endoscopic follow-up studies also failed to reveal local recurrence in any of the patients during the average observation period of 1.3 years. The wall of the rectum was significantly thicker than that of the sigmoid colon, so that deeper local excision was possible. These findings indicate that even though "early" carcinoid tumors of the rectum showed submucosal invasion, they were completely cured by local endoscopic excision.
Book Review Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair By James C. Rosser, Jr. CD-ROM Version M08.1.594 with pamphlet. System needed: Macintosh computer with a CD-ROM player (internal or external), with at least 8 MB of memory and 230-MB hard drive. St. Louis, Quality Medical, 1994. (Developed by Piedmont Systems.) $225 (single user).
Authors: Raphael Udassin, Amir Szold
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)
Vegetable consumption and acute appendicitis in 59 areas in England and Wales.
Authors: D J Barker, J Morris, M Nelson
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Rates of acute appendicitis in 59 areas of England and Wales were correlated with consumption of different foods per caput, measured from household food purchases. There was a statistically significant positive correlation with potato consumption and a negative correlation with non-potato vegetables. This negative correlation depended mainly on green vegetables and tomatoes. There was no consistently significant correlation with any other main food group. In particular the correlations with cereal foods, cereal fibre, and total dietary fibre were small and not significant. Green vegetables and tomatoes may protect against appendicitis, possibly through an effect on the bacterial flora of the appendix.
A variant primary structure of apolipoprotein C-II in individuals of African descent.
Authors: H J Menzel, J P Kane, M J Malloy, R J Havel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

We have isolated an isoform of the protein activator of lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein C-II, from the very low density lipoproteins of four patients of African ancestry with hypertriglyceridemia and eruptive or pedunculated xanthomata. This protein, which we designate apolipoprotein C-II2, differs from the previously recognized species, which we denote apolipoprotein C-II1, by substitution of glutamine for lysine at residue 55, a mutation which would require only a single-base substitution in the structural gene for apolipoprotein C-II1. Each of the patients in whom apolipoprotein C-II2 was found had approximately equal amounts of apolipoprotein C-II1 and apolipoprotein C-II2 among the apoproteins of the very low density lipoproteins, suggesting that the structural genes for these proteins are allelic. Two additional apparent heterozygotes were found among the first-degree relatives of each of two of the patients in patterns compatible with monogenic autosomal transmission. Approximately equal amounts of apolipoproteins C-II2 and C-II1 were also found by isoelectric focusing in 6 of a casual series of 50 normolipidemic blacks, but none or only trace amounts of apolipoprotein C-II2 were found in 500 samples from Caucasian subjects with hyperlipidemia. These findings suggest that this polymorphism is distributed primarily among blacks, possibly reflecting some positive Darwinian selection pressure. Whether this polymorphism has a modifying effect upon the development of hyperlipemia remains to be determined.