tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Platelet Activation by Superoxide Anion and Hydroxyl Radicals Intrinsically Generated by Platelets That Had Undergone Anoxia and Then Reoxygenated
Authors: Roberto Leo, Domenico Pratico`, Luigi Iuliano, Fabio M. Pulcinelli, Andrea Ghiselli, Pasquale Pignatelli, Angela R. Colavita, Garret A. FitzGerald, Francesco Violi
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Platelet activation has been demonstrated in experimental and clinical models of ischemia-reperfusion, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We mimicked the ischemia-reperfusion model in vitro by exposing platelets to anoxia-reoxygenation (A-R) and evaluated the role of oxygen free radicals (OFRs), which are usually produced during the reperfusion phase, in inducing platelet activation.Human platelets were exposed to 15 and 30 minutes of anoxia and then reoxygenated. Compared with control platelets kept in atmospheric conditions, platelets exposed to A-R showed spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA), which was maximal after 30 minutes of anoxia. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (-74%, P < .005), catalase (-67%. P < .005). SOD plus catalase (-82%, P < .005), and the hydroxyl radical (OH0) scavengers mannitol (-66%, P < .005) and deoxyribose (-55%, P < .005) inhibited SPA. Platelets that had undergone A-R released superoxide anion (0-2), as detected by lucigenin chemiluminescence. Also, platelets exposed to A-R and incubated with salicylic acid generated 2.3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoates, which derive from salicylic acid reaction with OH0. SPA was significantly inhibited by the cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin: by SQ29548, a thromboxane (Tx) A2 receptor antagonist; by diphenyliodonium an inhibitor of flavoprotein-dependent enzymes: and by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a selective inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2. Platelets exposed to A-R markedly generated inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and TxA2, which were inhibited by incubation of platelets with SOD plus catalase.This study shows that platelets exposed to A-R intrinsically generated 0-2 and OH0, which in turn activate arachidonic acid metabolism via phospholipases A2 and C, and provides further support for the use of antioxidant agents as inhibitors of platelet function in ischemia-reperfusion models.
Effect of Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Otitis Media on the Daily Disappearance of Middle Ear Effusion
Authors: Terhi Tapiainen, Tiia Kujala, Marjo Renko, Petri Koivunen, Tero Kontiokari, Aila Kristo, Tytti Pokka, Olli-Pekka Alho, Matti Uhari
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Antimicrobial treatment reduces the symptoms of acute otitis media (AOM). The effect of antimicrobial treatment on the duration of middle ear effusion (MEE) and concomitant hearing impairment is not known.To determine whether the antimicrobial treatment of AOM reduces the duration of MEE.This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved a total of 84 children with AOM between 6 months and 15 years of age. Participants were recruited from September 14, 1999, to January 4, 2000; October 10, 2005, to December 16, 2005; and September 22, 2009, to June 4, 2012, from among children attending an AOM prevention trial and children visiting local outpatient clinics in Oulu, Finland.Children were randomly allocated to receive either 40 mg/kg of amoxicillin-clavulanate or a placebo mixture per day for 7 days.The primary outcome measure was the time to the disappearance of MEE as defined by a normal tympanogram finding (A curve) from both ears on 2 consecutive measurement days. Parents performed daily tympanometry at home. The study physician performed tympanometry and otoscopy at study entry, after 3 and 7 days, and then weekly until both ears were healthy. The main secondary outcome measures were the time to normal otoscopy findings and the proportion of children without persistent MEE at 14 days and 2 months.Middle ear effusion disappeared 2.0 weeks (13.7 days) earlier (P = .02) in the antimicrobial group (mean time, 2.7 weeks; 95% CI, 1.7-3.7) than in the placebo group (4.7 weeks; 95% CI, 3.6-5.7). Normal otoscopy findings were observed 1.4 weeks sooner in the antimicrobial group than in the placebo group (P = .02). On day 14, 69% of children in the antimicrobial group and 38% in the placebo group had normal tympanometry findings (number needed to treat, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0-10.5). On day 60, 2 children (5%) in the antimicrobial group and 10 children (24%) in the placebo group had persistent MEE (P = .01).Antimicrobial treatment effectively reduced the duration of MEE and possible concomitant hearing impairment in children with AOM. Antimicrobial treatment also reduced the risk for persistent MEE.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01244581.
A USEFUL PIPET
Authors: Jerome E. Cook
Journal: JAMA (1913)

In the laboratory it is often desirable to have at hand some sort of suction pipet for removing sediments from the bottom of centrifuge-tubes, conical glasses, etc. Those pipets which are made by fitting a rubber bulb over the end of a piece of glass tubing are usually not very satisfactory and if lost or destroyed are not quickly replaced. A medicine-dropper is always at hand or easily obtained, and would make an ideal pipet if only the glass tube were long enough to reach the bottom of the ordinary centrifuge-tube. It can, however, be easily lengthened by drawing it out in the flame to any desired length, as seen in the illustration. This will make a most serviceable pipet which is cheap and which if broken can be readily replaced. <h3>Comment.</h3> —The ordinary medicine-dropper is rather short for making such a pipet. As long a one as possible should
Consensus statement: Atlantic Coast Contaminants Workshop 2000.
Authors: S De Guise, S D Shaw, J S Barclay, J Brock, A Brouwer, E Dewailly, P A Fair, M Fournier, P Grandjean, L J Guillette, M E Hahn, C Koopman-Esseboom, R J Letcher, A Matz, R J Norstrom, C R Perkins, L Schwacke, J U Skaare, J Sowles, D J St Aubin, J Stegeman, J E Whaley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)
Sodium channel block produces opposite electrophysiological effects in canine ventricular epicardium and endocardium.
Authors: S C Krishnan, C Antzelevitch
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Using microelectrode techniques we compared the effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 2-3 microM), DL-propranolol (1-3 micrograms/ml), and flecainide acetate (10-15 microM) on isolated canine ventricular epicardial (epicardium) and endocardial (endocardium) tissues. Propranolol, TTX, and flecainide decreased Vmax and phase 0 amplitude in a use-dependent manner in both tissues. The effects of propranolol were slow to develop and wash out. TTX and propranolol always abbreviated action potential duration in endocardium. Action potential duration was abbreviated by 23.8 +/- 5.6 msec after propranolol (1 microgram/ml, basic cycle length [BCL] = 1,000 msec) and 10.8 +/- 12.9 msec after TTX (2 microM, BCL = 1,000 msec). In epicardium, the reduction of phase 0 and 1 amplitudes led to a slowing of the second action potential upstroke and an increase in the amplitude of phase 2. This accentuation of the notch resulted in a paradoxical prolongation of the epicardial action potential. Action potential duration was prolonged 34.4 +/- 11.3 msec after 4 hours of exposure to propranolol (1 microgram/ml, BCL = 1,000 msec), 11.1 +/- 6.3 msec after 15 minutes of exposure to TTX (2 microM, BCL = 1,000 msec), and 19.9 +/- 8.2 msec after 25-45 minutes of exposure to flecainide (15 microM, BCL = 500 msec). With stronger sodium block, phase 1 terminated at more negative potentials, the second upstroke often failed to appear, and an all-or-none repolarization ensued causing a marked abbreviation of the epicardial action potential. In some epicardial preparations, we observed marked abbreviation at some sites but prolongation at other sites after sodium blockade with flecainide. The dispersion of repolarization was often attended by reentrant activity. The differential response of epicardium and endocardium to sodium blockade was not observed when the preparations were pretreated with 4-aminopyridine or ryanodine, agents known to diminish the transient outward current and epicardial notch. Acceleration-induced prolongation of refractoriness was observed after sodium blockade in epicardium but not in endocardium. Postrepolarization refractoriness also occurred in epicardium but not in endocardium after TTX, propranolol, or flecainide exposure. The data indicate that propranolol, TTX, and flecainide, via their action to block sodium current, may exert opposite effects on action potential duration and refractoriness in cells spanning the ventricular wall. The presence of the transient outward current in epicardium but not in endocardium appears to contribute importantly to these differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pigmentation of the palms and scalp probably due to proprietary hair tonics, containing various phenols and phenolic derivatives
Authors: L. FORMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Journal Article Pigmentation of the palms and scalp probably due to proprietary hair tonics, containing various phenols and phenolic derivatives Get access L. FORMAN L. FORMAN 22 Harley House, Marylebone Road, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 93, Issue 6, 1 December 1975, Page 718, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb05126.x Published: 01 December 1975
Outcome of specific bronchial responsiveness to occupational agents after removal from exposure.
Authors: C Lemière, A Cartier, J Dolovich, M Chan-Yeung, L Grammer, H Ghezzo, J L'Archevêque, J L Malo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

A decrease in specific bronchial responsiveness (SBR) could occur after removal from exposure to an agent causing occupational asthma as a result of loss of immunologic and/or nonspecific bronchial reactivity (NSBR). We studied 15 subjects with occupational asthma (eight to a high- and seven to a low-molecular-weight agent, isocyanate in all instances), proved by specific inhalation challenges (SIC) done 2 yr or more before. Subjects were reexposed in the same way as in the initial SIC: for subjects who did not react, the exposure was increased until either an asthmatic reaction occurred or a maximum of 2 h was reached. NSBR was assessed before and after SIC. Subjects had a decrease in their SBR if the total dose of agent necessary to induce asthmatic reaction was greater by twofold compared with the initial SIC. There was a significant improvement in NSBR in seven of 15 subjects. Nine of 15 subjects (60%) had a decrease in their SBR. Only one had a complete loss of SBR. Changes in NSBR, molecular weight of the offending agent, decrease of antibody level against offending agents, or duration of exposure at work did not explain the decrease in SBR. We conclude that after removal from exposure to the offending agent a majority of subjects (60%) show a decrease but a persistence of SBR to high- and low-molecular-weight agents.
A New Band Deployment System: Do We Really Need Two Threads?
Authors: S. Nijhawan, A. Joshi, A. Shende, A. Mathur, R. Rai
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) has an established role in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding [1]. Various types of ligators are available. The Stiegmann-Goff ligator works on the principle of deploying the band by pulling a trip wire [2]. It has the disadvantage of requiring repeated introduction, thus needing placement of an overtube which has its own complications [2]. The multishooters have the advantage of needing only a single introduction for multiple band application, and the bands are deployed when threads are pulled. However, the two threads in the cylinder hamper the endoscopic view. In addition, the cotton thread is hydrophilic causing sticking of secretions over it, which also hampers the endoscopist during ligation; this is especially important during active bleeding. The two threads in the ligator cylinder also affect complete “red out”.
Normal Glomerular Permeability and Its Modification by Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Alan M. Robson, Joseph Giangiacomo, Randy A. Kienstra, Saiyid T. Naqvi, Julie R. Ingelfinger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

It has been suggested that the glomerular basement membrane restricts the passage of large molecules only, the barrier to filtration of smaller molecules being at the level of the epithelial slit pore. This hypothesis was investigated by measuring glomerular permeability to (125)I-labeled polydisperse polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in 16 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) and in 6 children of comparable age who had no evidence of renal disease. Studies were performed in the patients with INS before, during, and after treatment with steroids. PVP in blood and urine samples was separated according to molecular size by solumn chromatography, to permit the calculation of permeability to inert macromolecules of sizes ranging from 8,000 mol wt. In untreated INS, glomerular permeability to molecules > 40 A was normal; permeability to smaller molecules was markedly reduced, frequently to 20% or less of normal. There was an average decrease in inulin clearance (C(in)) of 24%. Glomerular permeability and C(in) returned to normal in INS treated with steroids only when proteinuria disappeared. The results support the concept, derived from studies with ultrastructural tracers, that the final barrier to filtration may be at the level of the epithelial slit pore. Thus fusion of the epithelial foot processed with obliteration of the slit pores was associated with impaired passage of smaller molecules of PVP into the urine. Reversal of the pathologic abnormality resulted in return of permeability to normal. The decreased C(in) seen in INS may not reflect true glomerular filtration rate, but may result from restricted passage of inulin molecules (mol wt 5,000) through the epithelial slit pore.
Universal health coverage for India
Authors: R. Narayan, T. Narayan
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Now is the time to move beyond rhetoric and get the action right 

In 1946 the Health Survey and Development Committee for India recommended a health service that was “as close to the people as possible . . . with no individual failing to secure adequate care because of inability to pay.”1 Commitments were made to achieve this vision in 25 years, by 1971, but these are yet to be realised. A high level expert group on universal health coverage was instituted by the Indian Planning Commission in 2010 to revisit this ethical imperative. Its mandate was to create: a blueprint for human resources in health; physical and financial norms to ensure quality, universal reach, and access; crucial management reforms; pathways for constructive participation of communities and the private sector; systems to access essential drugs, vaccines, and medical technology; and a framework for health financing and financial protection. The committee also decided to examine the social determinants of health.2 Recently, after a year of gathering evidence and consultation that reviewed policy, process, and the complex nature of the Health for All challenge, the group has presented its findings and recommendations, all of which are highly commendable.2

The four elements that the expert group recommended should underpin the core principles of an Indian healthcare …
Response to Correspondence: Loss-of-Function Mutation in Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Identified in Unipolar Major Depression
Authors: Xiaodong Zhang, Raul R. Gainetdinov, Jean-Martin Beaulieu, Tatyana D. Sotnikova, Lauranell H. Burch, Redford B. Williams, David A. Schwartz, K. Ranga R. Krishnan, Marc G. Caron
Journal: Neuron (2005)
Community health councils and the public
Authors: R. Abbott
Journal: BMJ (1976)

and his Addison's disease might have been induced therefore by sarcoidosis rather than by "idiopathic" adrenal failure.If so, his wife could have contracted one or other of these diseases herself subclinically.The prolonged cellular immunity generated by sarcoidosis might have cven triggered off her mammary carcinoma.! Was raised immunity then responsible for the other malignancies in this family?A few tuberculous parents have had children who later developed sarcoidosis.The son in this family was found much later to have the coeliac syndrome.Was this also caused by the sarcoid agent?'The answers to these questions are still unknown because not enough facts are yet available.But it is unlikely in the meantime that natural selection will eliminate the sarcoid agent.
Celecoxib for the Prevention of Sporadic Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: Monica M. Bertagnolli, Craig J. Eagle, Ann G. Zauber, Mark Redston, Scott D. Solomon, KyungMann Kim, Jie Tang, Rebecca B. Rosenstein, Janet Wittes, Donald Corle, Timothy M. Hess, G. Mabel Woloj, Frédéric Boisserie, William F. Anderson, Jaye L. Viner, Donya Bagheri, John Burn, Daniel C. Chung, Thomas Dewar, T. Raymond Foley, Neville Hoffman, Finlay Macrae, Ronald E. Pruitt, John R. Saltzman, Bruce Salzberg, Thomas Sylwestrowicz, Gary B. Gordon, Ernest T. Hawk
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Studies showing that drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reduce the number of colorectal adenomas in animals and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may also prevent sporadic colorectal neoplasia.We randomly assigned patients who had adenomas removed before study entry to receive placebo (679 patients) or 200 mg (685 patients) or 400 mg (671 patients) of celecoxib twice daily. Randomization was stratified for the use of low-dose aspirin. Follow-up colonoscopies were performed at one and three years after randomization. The occurrence of newly detected colorectal adenomas was compared among the groups with the life-table extension of the Mantel-Haenszel test.Follow-up colonoscopies were completed at year 1 in 89.5 percent of randomized patients, and at year 3 in 75.7 percent. The estimated cumulative incidence of the detection of one or more adenomas by year 3 was 60.7 percent for patients receiving placebo, as compared with 43.2 percent for those receiving 200 mg of celecoxib twice a day (risk ratio, 0.67; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.77; P<0.001) and 37.5 percent for those receiving 400 mg of celecoxib twice a day (risk ratio, 0.55; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.64; P<0.001). Serious adverse events occurred in 18.8 percent of patients in the placebo group, as compared with 20.4 percent of those in the low-dose celecoxib group (risk ratio, 1.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.9 to 1.3; P=0.5) and 23.0 percent of those in the high-dose group (risk ratio, 1.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.5; P=0.06). As compared with placebo, celecoxib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (risk ratio for the low dose, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 6.1; and risk ratio for the high dose, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 7.9).These findings indicate that celecoxib is an effective agent for the prevention of colorectal adenomas but, because of potential cardiovascular events, cannot be routinely recommended for this indication. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00005094 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Fetal Erythrocytes in Maternal Circulation After Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Oscar Litwak
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Transplacental passage of fetal erythrocytes occurs in 32% of patients undergoing spontaneous abortion. Intrauterine instrumentation for incomplete abortion favors the placental passage of larger volumes of fetal cells. The relationship of isoimmunization to transplacental hemorrhage, although clearly established in term pregnancies, remains to be elucidated after abortion. Because of the unknown risk of sensitization from this cause, and since 26% of our patients show evidence of transplacental hemorrhage of 0.05 ml or more, the practice of administering anti-Rho γ-globulin after abortion in an Rh-negative patient seems indicated. We suggest that early isoimmunization, and thus apparent subsequent failures in Rh prophylaxis, may be caused by a large fetal hemorrhage which occurs during pregnancy after threatened abortion.
Primary Anastomosis in Carcinoma of the Colon
Authors: Howard M. Clute, Francis R. Kenney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

THE changes in the surgical management of malignant lesions of the colon effected in the last few years have resulted in a marked reduction in the mortality following radical operations on the large bowel. It was our intention to study recent colon cases with particular emphasis on the part that chemotherapy had played in improving the results. It became increasingly apparent, however, that many factors other than chemotherapy were responsible for the progress made.With the advent of chemotherapy and its application to various fields of surgery, the value of careful preoperative preparation, of meticulous surgical technic and of individualized . . .
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Heart Disease
Authors: Domingo M. Aviado
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Steenland<sup>1</sup>estimates that ischemic heart disease deaths caused by ETS result in about 6% to 7% of total ischemic heart disease deaths. For the same period (early 1980s), estimates were acknowledged by the Surgeon General that dietary factors may be responsible for a third or more of all cases of coronary heart disease, "based on interpretations of research studies that cannot completely distinguish dietary from genetic, behavioral, or environmental causes."<sup>2</sup>The public health importance of dietary factors is potentially overwhelming compared with the claims concerning ETS exposure. Perhaps that may be related to why the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, in its 1991 Current Intelligence Bulletin on ETS,<sup>3</sup>refrained from including a risk analysis that their own scientist has submitted to<i>JAMA</i>. Steenland claims that seven of the nine studies he reviewed had positive results, and another was positive for women but
Modulation of conduction slowing in ischemic rabbit myocardium by calcium-channel activation and blockade.
Authors: G Kabell
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Ventricular action potentials and longitudinal conduction times over short distances of epicardium were recorded in isolated rabbit hearts. Global ischemia produced a progressive decrease of resting membrane potential, depression of action potentials, and conduction slowing to approximately 50% of control values over 8 to 10 min. Verapamil (2 X 10(-6) M) markedly attenuated ischemia-induced conduction slowing in association with less depression of maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and slightly less change in resting membrane potential. In contrast, Bay K 8644 (10(-7) M), a calcium-channel agonist, exacerbated ischemia-induced conduction slowing and depression of Vmax but did not significantly affect resting membrane potential. Regression analysis of Vmax vs resting membrane potential and the square of conduction velocity vs Vmax demonstrated that verapamil and Bay K 8644 shifted these relationships in opposite directions. The results indicate that the calcium-channel activation state can modulate slowing of conduction during early ischemia. This is most likely due to alterations in calcium influx before and/or during ischemia. There appear to be three possible components to this effect: (1) a small alteration in the magnitude of ischemia-induced depolarization, (2) alterations of membrane responsiveness at depolarized values of resting membrane potential, and (3) alterations in "nonactive" components of conduction during ischemia, such as changes in excitability or cell-to-cell coupling.