tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Many countries have no plans in place to deal with a future influenza pandemic, warned specialists at an international meeting last week.

Dr Daniel Lavanchy, coordinator of epidemic disease control at the World Health Organization in Geneva, reported: “Many developed countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and Switzerland, have a plan in place. Others, such as the Netherlands, Germany, China, and Japan, are currently making preparations. However, some developed, and many developing, countries have yet to take action.” He added: “There is scope for harmonisation with the WHO plan among some of the developed countries.”

He was speaking to influenza specialists from around the world at the international conference, “Options for …
Characterizing the immunoprofile and endogenous immune response to squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck to guide development of effective immunotherapy strategies
Authors: Tarsem Moudgil, R Bryan Bell, Rom Leidner, Zipei Feng, Christopher Paustian, Christopher Dubay, Traci L Hilton, Brendan Curti, Walter J Urba, Carlo B Bifulco, Hong-Ming Hu, Bernard A Fox
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the 6th leading cause of cancer by incidence worldwide with approximately 600,000 new cases per year. Unfortunately, only 40-50% of these patients will survive for 5 years. In order to study the immune response in patients
Association between mutations in a thyroid hormone transporter and severe X-linked psychomotor retardation
Authors: Edith CH Friesema, Annette Grueters, Heike Biebermann, Heiko Krude, Arpad von Moers, Maarten Reeser, Timothy G Barrett, Edna E Mancilla, Johan Svensson, Monique HA Kester, George GJM Kuiper, Sahila Balkassmi, André G Uitterlinden, Josef Koehrle, Patrice Rodien, Andrew P Halestrap, Theo J Visser
Journal: The Lancet (2004)
Re: Miroslav L. Djordjevic, Sava V. Perovic, Zoran Slavkovic and Nenad Djakovic. Longitudinal Dorsal Dartos Flap for Prevention of Fistula after a Snodgrass Hypospadias Procedure. Eur Urol 2006;50:53–57
Authors: Barış Nuhoğlu, K. Turgay Akgül, Ali Ayyıldız
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Antibiotics for treatment and prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Robert Wilson, Sanjay Sethi, Antonio Anzueto, Marc Miravitlles
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)

Acute exacerbations (AE) can be recurrent problems for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increasing morbidity and mortality. Evidence suggests that ≥50% of acute exacerbations involve bacteria requiring treatment with an antibiotic which should have high activity against the causative pathogens. However, sputum analysis is not a pre-requisite for antibiotic prescription in outpatients as results are delayed and patients are likely to be colonised with bacteria in the stable state. Clinicians rely on the clinical symptoms, sputum appearance and the patient's medical history to decide if an AE-COPD should be treated with antibiotics. This article reviews the available data of antibiotic trials in AE-COPD. Management of frequent exacerbators is particularly challenging for physicians. This may include antibiotic prophylaxis, especially macrolides because of anti-inflammatory properties; though successful in reducing exacerbations, concerns about resistance development remain. Inhalation of antibiotics achieves high local concentrations and minimal systemic exposure; therefore, it may represent an attractive alternative for antibiotic prophylaxis in certain COPD patients. Inhaled antibiotic prophylaxis has been successfully used in other respiratory conditions such as non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis which itself might be present in COPD patients who have chronic bacterial infection, particularly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Case of Bilateral Facial Paralysis, due to Injury by Forceps at Birth
Authors: F. H. Edgeworth
Journal: BMJ (1894)

Green algae of the <i>Volvocine</i> lineage, spanning from unicellular <i>Chlamydomonas</i> to vastly larger <i>Volvox</i>, are models for the study of the evolution of multicellularity, flagellar dynamics, and developmental processes. Phototactic steering in these organisms occurs without a central nervous system, driven solely by the response of individual cells. All such algae spin about a body-fixed axis as they swim; directional photosensors on each cell thus receive periodic signals when that axis is not aligned with the light. The flagella of <i>Chlamydomonas</i> and <i>Volvox</i> both exhibit an adaptive response to such signals in a manner that allows for accurate phototaxis, but in the former the two flagella have distinct responses, while the thousands of flagella on the surface of spherical <i>Volvox</i> colonies have essentially identical behaviour. The planar 16-cell species <i>Gonium pectorale</i> thus presents a conundrum, for its central 4 cells have a <i>Chlamydomonas</i>-like beat that provide propulsion normal to the plane, while its 12 peripheral cells generate rotation around the normal through a <i>Volvox</i>-like beat. Here, we combine experiment, theory, and computations to reveal how <i>Gonium</i>, perhaps the simplest differentiated colonial organism, achieves phototaxis. High-resolution cell tracking, particle image velocimetry of flagellar driven flows, and high-speed imaging of flagella on micropipette-held colonies show how, in the context of a recently introduced model for <i>Chlamydomonas</i> phototaxis, an adaptive response of the peripheral cells alone leads to photo-reorientation of the entire colony. The analysis also highlights the importance of local variations in flagellar beat dynamics within a given colony, which can lead to enhanced reorientation dynamics.
The potential role of interleukin‐13 in eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa
Authors: N. Terada, N. Hamano, G. Hohki, T. Ikeda, M. Sai, T. Yamashita, A. Konno
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Recent studies have revealed that interleukin (IL)-13, as well as IL-4, causes de novo surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells of the umbilical vein and accelerates selective eosinophil migration. However, its role in allergic rhinitis remains to be clarified. Of particular interest is whether IL-13 upregulates VCAM-1 expression in human mucosal microvascular endothelial cells (HMMECs), to which eosinophils adhere in nasal mucosa.To understand the potential role of IL-13 in eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa, we examined the effects of IL-13 on the adhesiveness between HMMECs and eosinophils.IL-13 increased VCAM-1 expression in HMMECs, the adhesiveness of endothelial cells to eosinophils, and the transendothelial migration. On the other hand, IL-13 decreased the adhesiveness of eosinophils to HMMECs, and, as a result, accelerated eosinophil infiltration. Those effects are more potent than was those of IL-4. In addition, we also report that the amount of IL-13 in nasal mucosa was higher than that of IL-4.These results strongly indicate that IL-13, as well as IL-4, may be important in eosinophilic inflammation in the nasal mucosa.
Responder T cells depleted of alloreactive cells react to antigen presented on allogeneic macrophages from nonresponder strains.
Authors: N Ishii, C N Baxevanis, Z A Nagy, J Klein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

T cells from strains responder to the antigen poly(Glu40 Ala60) (GA) were depleted of alloreactive cells by bromo-deoxyuridine and light treatment, and were subsequently primed in vitro in GA presented by allogeneic macrophages from nonresponder strains. Antigen-specific secondary proliferative responses restricted by allogeneic Ia molecules of the macrophages were obtained in all strain combinations tested. These data indicate that Ir gene-controlled nonresponsiveness cannot be the result of a failure of antigen presentation.
Time to Presentation With Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly
Authors: Stuart E. Sheifer, Saif S. Rathore, Bernard J. Gersh, Kevin P. Weinfurt, William J. Oetgen, Jeffrey A. Breall, Kevin A. Schulman
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Although prompt treatment is a cornerstone of the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), prior studies have shown that one fourth of AMI patients arrive at the hospital &gt;6 hours after symptom onset. It would be valuable to identify individuals at highest risk for late arrival, but predisposing factors have yet to be fully characterized. Methods and Results —Data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, involving Medicare beneficiaries aged &gt;65 years hospitalized between January 1994 and February 1996 with confirmed AMI, were used to identify patients who presented “late” (≥6 hours after symptom onset). Patient characteristics were tested for associations with late presentation by use of backward stepwise logistic regression. Among 102 339 subjects, 29.4% arrived late. Significant predictors of late arrival (odds ratio, 95% CI) included diabetes (1.11, 1.07 to 1.14) and a history of angina (1.32, 1.28 to 1.35), whereas prior MI (0.82, 0.79 to 0.85), prior angioplasty (0.80, 0.75 to 0.85), prior bypass surgery (0.93, 0.89 to 0.98), and cardiac arrest (0.52, 0.46 to 0.58) predicted early presentation. Additionally, initial evaluation at an outpatient clinic (2.63, 2.51 to 2.75) and daytime presentation (1.67, 1.59 to 1.72) predicted late arrival. Finally, female sex, black race, and poverty, which were evaluated with an 8-level race–sex–socioeconomic status interaction term, were also risk factors for delay. Conclusions —Delayed hospital presentation is a common problem among Medicare beneficiaries with AMI. Factors associated with delay include not only clinical and logistical issues but also race, sex, and socioeconomic characteristics. Education efforts designed to hasten AMI treatment should be directed at individuals with risk factors for late arrival.
American Academy of Dermatology’s position paper on latex allergy
Authors: David E. Cohen, Andrew Scheman, Leslie Stewart, James Taylor, Melanie Pratt, Kirsten Trotter, Steven Prawer, Erin Warshaw, Robert Rietschel, Kalman Watsky, Kathryn Schwarzenberger, Kathryn Zug, Steven Shama, Loyd Godwin, Meredith Klein Kosann, Bruce A. Wilson
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)
Ultrasound and calcified cardiac valves.
Authors: D Gordon
Journal: BMJ (1972)

and immunotherapy (an attempt to assist natural defence) will be inst,tuted without necessarily predicting the site and nature of the malignant growth.Further work in this laboratory has not induced us to relinquish our tentative con- clusion' that there may well be a common antigen appearing in all human malignant neoplasms.If this is indeed so we may be optimistic that an effective treatment of cancer (whatever its primary cause(s) may be) is a problem essentially soluble with methodology already developed.-Weare, etc.,
Processing capacity defined by relational complexity: Implications for comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology
Authors: Graeme S. Halford, William H. Wilson, Steven Phillips
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Working memory limits are best defined in terms of the complexity of the relations that can be processed in parallel. Complexity is defined as the number of related dimensions or sources of variation. A unary relation has one argument and one source of variation; its argument can be instantiated in only one way at a time. A binary relation has two arguments, two sources of variation, and two instantiations, and so on. Dimensionality is related to the number of chunks, because both attributes on dimensions and chunks are independent units of information of arbitrary size. Studies of working memory limits suggest that there is a soft limit corresponding to the parallel processing of one quaternary relation. More complex concepts are processed by “segmentation” or “conceptual chunking.” In segmentation, tasks are broken into components that do not exceed processing capacity and can be processed serially. In conceptual chunking, representations are “collapsed” to reduce their dimensionality and hence their processing load, but at the cost of making some relational information inaccessible. Neural net models of relational representations show that relations with more arguments have a higher computational cost that coincides with experimental findings on higher processing loads in humans. Relational complexity is related to processing load in reasoning and sentence comprehension and can distinguish between the capacities of higher species. The complexity of relations processed by children increases with age. Implications for neural net models and theories of cognition and cognitive development are discussed.
Health checks for adults.
Authors: J Levine, R Price
Journal: BMJ (1990)

The intestinal mucosa protects the body from a large reservoir of intraluminal pathogenic bacteria and endotoxins. This mucosal barrier is disrupted by the inflammation and ulceration of inflammatory bowel disease and may permit the absorption of toxic bacterial products. Systemic endotoxaemia has been demonstrated in ulcerative colitis and Crohn9s disease and correlates with the extent and activity of disease. In this study the efficacy of absorbents as antiendotoxin agents in a hapten induced rat model of colitis is investigated. Induction of colitis was associated with systemic endotoxaemia. Enteral administration of terra fullonica and kaolin, but not of charcoal, significantly reduced systemic endotoxaemia (terra fullonica 4.2 (1.40) pg/ml; kaolin 5.29 (1.86) pg/ml; charcoal 32.7 (16.6) pg/ml; water 39.8 (12.6) pg/ml). Data expressed as mean (SE). With increasing severity of colitis, there was a decreasing ability of adsorbent therapy (terra fullonica) to control systemic endotoxaemia. Enteral administration of adsorbents controls gut derived systemic endotoxaemia in experimental colitis in animals and may be a useful antiendotoxin treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs. vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices
Authors: Yang-Te Tsai, Chii-Shyan Lay, Kwok-Hung Lai, Wai-Wah Ng, Yeong-Shyan Yeh, Jiin-Yu Wang, Teun-Tzong Chiang, Shou-Dong Lee, Benjamin N. Chiang, Kwang-Juei Lo
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Thirty-nine patients admitted during a 16-month period for acute bleeding from varices confirmed by emergency endoscopy were randomized to receive either continuous intravenous infusions of vasopressin alone (0.66 units per min) (Group I: 19 patients) or vasopressin plus sublingual nitroglycerin (0.6 mg every 30 min for 6 hr) (Group II: 20 patients). The two groups of patients were similar in the type and severity of their cirrhosis. Bleeding was controlled initially in 47% (9/19) of the patients in Group I and 55% (11/20) of the patients in Group II after 6 hr of infusion (not statistically significant). Complete control of bleeding during 24 hr of infusion was achieved in only 4 of 19 patients in Group I (21%) but in 9 of 20 in Group II (45%). This difference is not statistically significant. The total number of patients with complications during infusions were significantly different statistically in the vasopressin and vasopressin-nitroglycerin groups, respectively (17/19 vs. 7/20, p&lt;0.001). Major complications requiring immediate cessation of infusions were observed in 6 of 19 of the patients in Group I (32%) and in 2 of 20 in Group II (10%) (p&lt;0.05). Mortality (58% in Group I, 55% in Group II) and transfusion requirements were similar in the two groups. This study shows that the addition of sublingual nitroglycerin to intravenous vasopressin does not alter the efficacy of vasopressin alone in controlling hemorrhage from esophageal varices, but it does significantly reduce the complications.
Royal insights on smoking
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Monarchs and their heirs are not always noted for their rational medical advice. But James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England in 1603, certainly earnt his nickname as “the wisest fool in Christendom” for his visionary insights into smoking.

Published anonymously in 1604 but immediately credited to the king, A Counterblaste to Tobacco flew in the face of prevailing medical opinion by outlining some of the chief health risks of smoking more than three centuries before scientists made the connection. Possibly the first official antismoking campaign, the royal pamphlet highlighted cost and passive smoking as two …
Acute iron poisoning. Rescue with macromolecular chelators.
Authors: J R Mahoney, P E Hallaway, B E Hedlund, J W Eaton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Acute iron intoxication is a frequent, sometimes life-threatening, form of poisoning. Present therapy, in severe cases, includes oral and intravenous administration of the potent iron chelator, deferoxamine. Unfortunately, high dose intravenous deferoxamine causes acute hypotension additive with that engendered by the iron poisoning itself. To obviate this problem, we have covalently attached deferoxamine to high molecular weight carbohydrates such as dextran and hydroxyethyl starch. These macromolecular forms of deferoxamine do not cause detectable decreases in blood pressure of experimental animals, even when administered intravenously in very large doses, and persist in circulation much longer than the free drug. These novel iron-chelating substances, but not deferoxamine itself, will prevent mortality from otherwise lethal doses of iron administered to mice either orally or intraperitoneally. Further reflecting this enhanced therapeutic efficacy, the high molecular weight iron chelators also abrogate iron-mediated hepatotoxicity, suppressing the release of alanine aminotransferase. We conclude that high molecular weight derivatives of deferoxamine hold promise for the effective therapy of acute iron intoxication and may also be useful in other clinical circumstances in which control of free, reactive iron is therapeutically desirable.
Radical development nipped in the bud.
Authors: M. Ryan
Journal: BMJ (1989)

The most exciting development in Soviet health care during 1988 was the appearance of fee charging units that functioned quite separately from the state run system.Emerging as a result of independent decisions by doctors and other health care personnel in the larger centres of population, these medical cooperatives represented private enterprise within the command economy.Although most patients thought highly of them, at the end of the year their activities were sharply curtailed or even ended by official decree.The twin principles of cooperative ownership and self management had been legally sanctioned in a wide range of services and not only in health care.This endorsement of spontaneous individual initiative, which was implicit in the relevant legislation,' should be seen as a recognition by the authorities of a familiar fact of life-namely, that public organisations were failing to supply many goods and services in the quantity and quality demanded.It is also a recognition of the extent of the black economy and an attempt to ensure that at least a proportion ofthis activity could be induced to assume legal (and hence controllable) forms.In the case of medicine the existence of concealed private practice is shown by the payments that many patients make to health care personnel for work which should be free of charge.
Management of Frey's Syndrome
Authors: Orrin Davis
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the May 10, 1985, issue of<i>JAMA</i>, a question regarding management of Frey's syndrome was posed.<sup>1</sup>Additional means for treatment of the symptomatic patient include topical scopolamine cream (0.1%), commercial antiperspirants, and tympanic neurectomy.<sup>2</sup>Antiperspirants are of only occasional value, and scopolamine cream usually affords but temporary relief because the sweat glands become refractory. Tympanic neurectomy is indicated when the gustatory sweating is severe enough to embarrass the patient. Tympanic neurectomy involves elevation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), in order to expose the mucosa of the middle ear. Along the medial surface of the middle ear are found the autonomic secretomotor nerve fibers that normally regulate salivary secretion of the parotid gland and are responsible for gustatory sweating following parotidectomy. These fibers are disrupted, and the tympanic membrane is returned to its original position. Abolition of symptoms is usually immediate and complete following surgery.
Diagnosis and Management of Renal-Artery Thrombosis
Authors: William E. Goodyear, Donald E. Beard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

THROMBOSIS of the renal artery is not a frequent condition, but it is not nearly so rare as is indicated by the number of times it is diagnosed. Practically all the cases reported are those found at autopsy or operation, but it is often possible to make an accurate diagnosis with present methods and with the condition in mind as a possibility.Renal-artery thrombosis is not synonymous with renal infarction, for the latter is probably much more frequently caused by venous thrombosis, which is due to various inflammatory and traumatic lesions affecting the renal veins. Also, multiple small renal infarctions . . .
Induced Abortion and Subsequent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: C. S. Chung
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article "Association of Induced Abortion With Subsequent Pregnancy Loss" by Levin et al (1980;243:2495) reported that women who had had two or more previous induced abortions had a twofold to threefold increase in risks of pregnancy losses up to 28 weeks of gestation. This is to point out that there is an inherent statistical problem associated with a study of pregnancy loss as a sequela to previous induced abortion. The problem arises because of two factors. First, there is competition between induced abortion and early spontaneous fetal loss in pregnancies of those women who are determined not to carry the pregnancy to term. These pregnancies may be referred to as unwanted pregnancies, and they result in either spontaneous or induced abortion. When the outcome is spontaneous abortion before eventually expected induced abortion, it is included as an observation in the case group in a case-control study
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
Authors: MARGARET B. VERMILLION, LEONARD LEIGHT, LAWRENCE A. DAVIS
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Although the number of cases of stenosis of a branch or branches of the pulmonary artery reported in the literature is small, this congenital lesion is being recognized with increasing frequency. This report is a description of 2 cases seen within 1 year. Both cases were studied by means of cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. In both there were complicating congenital heart lesions.