tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Is Required for Erythropoietin-Mediated Acute Protection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zheqing Cai, Gregg L. Semenza
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Parenteral administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) to rats induces protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury 24 hours later. However, the mechanisms by which rhEPO mediates protection have not been determined.rhEPO was perfused into isolated rat hearts over 15 minutes immediately before 30 minutes of no-flow ischemia and 45 minutes of reperfusion. Compared with saline-perfused control hearts, recovery of left ventricular developed pressure was increased in rhEPO-perfused hearts. rhEPO also increased AKT activity and decreased apoptosis. All of these effects were blocked when the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin was infused with rhEPO.rhEPO provides immediate protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart that is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway.
Oxygen Metabolism and the Toxic Properties of Phagocytes
Authors: SEYMOUR J. KLEBANOFF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

The products of oxygen reduction (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals) and excitation (singlet oxygen) have been implicated in the toxic properties of phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear phagocytes). Enzymes that potentiate (such as peroxidase) or limit (such as catalase, superoxide dismutase) the toxicity of these agents contribute to the complexity of the oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems of phagocytes. These toxic systems are dormant when the phagocyte is at rest but are activated when the need arises and directed to the destruction of invading microorganisms and other foreign cells. Occasionally, the toxic systems are directed against normal host cells and in this way contribute to the pathogenesis of disease.
Effect of scavenger receptor B-I antagonist, ITX5061, on early hepatitis C virus kinetics in liver transplantation: results of a phase 1b clinical trial
Authors: Ian Rowe, Matthew Armstrong, Richard Parker, Kathy Guo, Darren Barton, Jeffrey McKelvy, Flossie Wong-Staal, David Adams, Jane McKeating, David Mutimer
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses
Authors: Mariachiara Di Cesare, Young-Ho Khang, Perviz Asaria, Tony Blakely, Melanie J Cowan, Farshad Farzadfar, Ramiro Guerrero, Nayu Ikeda, Catherine Kyobutungi, Kelias P Msyamboza, Sophal Oum, John W Lynch, Michael G Marmot, Majid Ezzati
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Ciliary beat frequency in transplanted lungs.
Authors: D Veale, P N Glasper, A Gascoigne, J H Dark, G J Gibson, P A Corris
Journal: Thorax (1993)

BACKGROUND--Patients with lung transplantation are prone to respiratory infections. Generally this is attributable to the effects of immunosuppressive drugs but mucociliary clearance has been found to be impaired in these subjects. A study was performed to determine whether this finding is accompanied by a reduction in ciliary beat frequency (CBF). METHODS--Six patients who had undergone single lung transplantation for fibrosing lung disease were investigated. CBF was measured in mucosal samples from native and transplanted bronchi by a videophotometry method. RESULTS--The CBF was reduced in the transplanted bronchi in all cases when both fastest and slowest beating cilia were examined. The fastest beating cilia on the native side had a mean (SD) CBF of 12.1 (1.3) Hz compared with 9.6 (2.0) Hz on the transplanted side. The slowest beating cilia also had reduced CBF on the transplanted side. CONCLUSION--In patients with fibrotic lung disease, CBF is reduced in transplanted bronchi in comparison with native bronchi.
Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on the repertoire of allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Authors: L A Sherman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Superimposed on the heterogeneous anti-H-2Kb cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) receptor repertoire of allogeneic murine strains are reactivities that recur with high frequency amongst individuals of any given strain. These receptor specificities represent phenotypic markers of the CTL repertoire and, as such, have been used to compare receptor repertoires of genetically disparate strains. The results demonstrate that congenic strains differing only in the MHC (B10.D2 and B10.BR) differ significantly in their H-2Kb-specific CTL repertoires. This finding clearly demonstrates a role for the MHC in determination of the CTL precursor repertoire. The mechanism by which MHC influences CTL specificity was explored through analysis of the anti-H-2Kb repertoire of (B10.BR X B10.D2)F1 hybrids. Because at least one recurrent parental specificity has found to be recurrent in F1 progeny as well, the findings indicate that MHC-specific tolerance cannot be solely responsible for repertiore differences between MHC-disparate strains. In addition, the F1 repertoire is characterized by the emergence of several nonparental recurrent specificities.
Thomas Jefferson University: Tradition and Heritage
Authors: Howard Spiro
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Most physicians are always looking forward to what is "coming down the pike"; mainly the old look backward to what was new when they were young. Sometimes I am disappointed that at Yale the medical students know so little about what went on at our school 100—or even 20—years ago. Few current gastrointestinal fellows can even identify William Beaumont (only gratuitously and posthumously connected with New Haven). Almost no one knows of John Peters, who helped bring German biochemical measuring to America and made possible the careers of many prominent men (and a few women) in metabolism and nephrology. Dr Frederick B. Wagner has put together a large and elegant history of his medical school. Yale needs someone like him to record and order its history. "A relentless searcher for old records, stories, and photographs" he is called in the foreword to his new book. In part I, Dr Wagner
The Hospital Ambulant Unit — Report of an Experience
Authors: W. J. Coggins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

AS hospital usage goes up in volume, cost and complexity, there is increasing recognition of the need for discrimination in the levels of hospital care provided for the patient. From the consumer's point of view Brown1 has considered the problem as follows:... The failure to provide suitable alternatives to staying in the hospital has made it an all-or-none proposition if the patient is to have satisfactory access to the community's medical facilities. The failure to develop a comprehensive system of care forces the patient to go to bed in acute facilities.Intensive-care units are now widely used and well . . .
A cooler look at lead.
Authors: D Gloag
Journal: BMJ (1983)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Accurate motion perception requires that the visual system integrate the retinal motion signals received by the two eyes into a single representation of 3D (i.e., world) motion. However, most experimental paradigms limit the motion stimuli to the fronto-parallel plane (i.e., 2D motion) and are thus unable to dissociate retinal and world motion signals. Here, we used stereoscopic displays to present separate motion signals to the two eyes and examined their representation in visual cortex using fMRI. Specifically, we presented random-dot motion stimuli that produced percepts of various 3D motion trajectories. We also presented control stimuli that contained the same retinal motion energy in the two eyes but were inconsistent with any 3D motion trajectory. We decoded the stimuli from BOLD activity using a probabilistic decoding algorithm. We found that 3D motion direction can be reliably decoded in three major clusters in the human visual system. In early visual cortex (V1-V3), we found no significant difference in decoding performance between the 3D motion and control stimuli, suggesting that these areas represent retinal motion rather than world motion signals. In voxels in and surrounding hMT and IPS0 however, decoding performance was consistently superior for 3D motion compared to control stimuli. Our results reveal the parts of the visual processing hierarchy that are critical for the transformation of retinal into world motion signals and suggest a role for IPS0 in the representation of 3D motion signals, in addition to its sensitivity to 3D object structure and static depth.
Generic alternatives in general practice.
Authors: R J Anderson, P M Reilly
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Using a standard analysis of one month's prescribing in a general practice we showed a potential saving of 8.8% (pounds 883.22) of the net cost of ingredients through substituting exact generic alternatives. Our results confirm the possible reduction in cost of drugs to the National Health Service by the use of generic substitution as suggested in the Greenfield report. Although substitution was theoretically available in most therapeutic classes, two thirds of the potential savings pertained to two classes, preparations acting on the nervous system and preparations acting on the cardiovascular system and diuretics. Of the prescriptions (31%) with potential generic alternatives, less than three quarters were actually available.
The dominant negative effect of a kinase-defective insulin receptor on insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated signaling in Rat-1 fibroblasts
Authors: Yasumitsu Takata, Takeshi Imamura, Tetsuro Haruta, Toshiyasu Sasaoka, Hisao Morioka, Hajime Ishihara, Tasuku Sawa, Isao Usui, Manabu Ishiki, Masashi Kobayashi
Journal: Metabolism (1996)
Hemodynamic Response to Antihypertensive Drug Therapy
Authors: Albert N. Brest
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The most significant contribution to the antihypertensive drug armamentarium during recent years has been the introduction of potent drugs which affect catecholamine metabolism and release. Three such drugs—guanethidine sulfate, methyldopa, and pargyline hydrochloride—have been made available thus far. It is the purpose of this communication to (1) review the cardiorenal hemodynamic effects of these newer antihypertensive compounds, (2) compare their clinical characteristics, and (3) indicate their application in the overall drug regimen for ambulatory patients with diastolic hypertension. <h3>Cardiorenal Hemodynamic Effects</h3> Essential hypertension is characterized hemodynamically by increased peripheral vascular (arteriolar) resistance with normal cardiac output (Fig 1). Although renal blood flow is presumably normal at the onset of essential hypertension, progressive impairment in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate is an inevitable consequence of sustained diastolic blood pressure elevation. Therefore, from a cardiorenal hemodynamic standpoint, the "ideal" antihypertensive drug preferably should lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular
Genotype 4 hepatitis C virus: Beware of false-negative RNA detection
Authors: Sepideh Akhavan, Christophe Ronsin, Syria Laperche, Vincent Thibault
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

We have followed with interest the debate regarding the ability of the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan (CAP/CTM) hepatitis C virus (HCV) test (Roche, Meylan, France) to accurately detect and quantify genotype 4 HCV.1-4 We recently identified seven genotype 4 samples [4h (4); 4k (2); 4l (1)] from HCV antibody–positive patients; we repeatedly found them HCV RNA undetectable with CAP/CTM, but we discovered viral loads greater than 5 log10 IU/mL with the Abbott RealTime HCV assay (Abbott, Rungis, France). When the 5′-noncoding gene of these undetected samples was compared to sequences from 29 genotype 4 samples [4 (5); 4a (6); 4c (1); 4d (9); 4f (1); 4g (2); 4h (2); 4k (2); 4r (1)], significant sequence differences between underquantified samples (difference between the two assays > 1 log10 IU/mL), undetected strains, and samples with comparable viral loads were identified at positions 145 (P < 0.0001), 165 (P < 0.0001), 203 (P < 0.0001), and 204 (P = 0.0002) with the chi-square test. Positions 203 and 204 represent a nucleotide insertion in a few subtypes (f, g, h, k, o, p, and q) and are unlikely to play a role in CAP/CTM underquantification. However, any mutation at position 145 (rarely described) could dramatically impair the performance of the Roche assay, whereas a mutated nucleotide at position 165 (constantly found in subtypes g, h, k, l, m, o, and q) leads to decreased quantification of many genotype 4 subtypes.2, 5, 6 In contrast to the statement by Halfon et al.4 on the possible use of CAP/CTM, we would like to stress the risk incurred when this assay is used.4 Because highly sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction–based assays for viral load monitoring are also used as first-line tools to document active HCV replication, our strict recommendation is to not use CAP/CTM to initially identify an active HCV infection or in the case of acute hepatitis because the risk of missing a genuine HCV infection is not negligible.2 Even though the prevalence of particular mutants carrying both 145 and 165 nucleotide substitutions is probably low, it is our duty not to deliver a false reassuring diagnosis of cleared HCV infection. Sepideh Akhavan M.D.* , Christophe Ronsin M.D. , Syria Laperche M.D.§, Vincent Thibault M.D.* , * Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France, Laboratoire Biomnis, Ivry sur Seine, France, § Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.
In Vitro Fertilization, Norfolk
Authors: Richard J. Blandau
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The objective of this multiauthored volume is to describe in detail the "current state of the art of<i>in vitro</i>fertilization as perceived by the various specialists who have contributed so much to the success of the Norfolk Program." It provides the fundamental technology that is basic to the new field of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It aims at serious goals, and each one is realized. As of this writing, there are probably as many as 200 human IVF and embryo transfer programs in university medical schools, private infertility centers, and for-profit publicly owned companies, the last a recent singularity. More than 2000 infants have been born throughout the world as a result of IVF and embryo transfer. The efforts of the Norfolk group are responsible for the births of more than 200. The authors restrict themselves largely to the development of the IVF program in Norfolk. The book is
HIV negative men who have sex with men should consider taking daily antiretroviral, says WHO
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Men who have sex with men and who have tested negative for HIV are being urged by the World Health Organization to consider including antiretroviral drugs as part of their standard HIV preventive measures.

The recommendation comes in new guidelines published by WHO for people most at risk of HIV infection.1 Modelling carried out by WHO showed that the incidence of HIV among men who have sex with men could be cut by 20-25% over the next 10 years, equivalent to one million new infections, if they followed the recommendation.

WHO said that the continuing high incidence of HIV worldwide among men who have sex with men indicated that this additional measure, known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, was necessary. The guidelines quote the iPrEx study,2 which found that the rate of new HIV infections in men who were given a daily …
Cancer Surveillance Series: Interpreting Trends in Prostate Cancer Part II: Cause of Death Misclassification and the Recent Rise and Fall in Prostate Cancer Mortality
Authors: E. J. Feuer, R. M. Merrill, B. F. Hankey
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

BACKGROUND. The rise and fall of prostate cancer mortality correspond closely to the rise and fall of newly diagnosed cases. To understand this phenomenon, we explored the role that screening, treatment, iatrogenic (i.e., treatment-induced) deaths, and attribution bias (incorrect labeling of death from other causes as death from prostate cancer) have played in recent mortality trends. METHODS. Join point regression is utilized to assess the recent rise and fall in mortality and the relationship of total U.S. trends to those areas served by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Cancer Registry Program. Incidence-based mortality (IBM) is estimated with the use of prostate cancer data from the SEER Program to partition (from overall prostate cancer mortality trends) the contribution of cases diagnosed since the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing starting in 1987. IBM is also used to examine the contribution of stage at diagnosis to the recent prostate cancer mortality trends. RESULTS. IBM for cases diagnosed since 1987 rose above the pre-1987 secular (i.e., background) trend, peaked in the early 1990s, and almost returned to the secular trend by 1994. This rise and fall of IBM track with the pool of prevalent cases diagnosed within the prior 2 years. IBM for cases diagnosed with metastatic disease fell starting in 1991, while IBM for those diagnosed with localized/regional disease was relatively flat. CONCLUSIONS. The rise and fall in prostate cancer mortality observed since the introduction of PSA testing in the general population are consistent with a hypothesis that a fixed percent of the rising and falling pool of recently diagnosed patients who die of other causes may be mislabeled as dying of prostate cancer. The decline in IBM for distant stage disease and flat IBM trends for localized/regional disease provide some evidence of improved prognosis for screen-detected cases, although alternative interpretations are possible.
MUSCLE LATENCIES IN HEALTHY AND FUNCTIONALLY UNSTABLE PARTICIPANTS FOLLOWING A SIMULATED ANKLE SPRAIN
Authors: C Gautrey, T Watson, A Mitchell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Functional ankle instability (FAI) is a common pathology in sport which exhibits debilitating residual symptoms. In relation to FAI, many studies have investigated muscle latencies of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscles; however, there is limited research on the gluteus medius muscle which provides stability in the frontal plane. Weakness in the gluteus medius may produce deviations in joint motion, a subsequent loss of stability and may contribute towards a repeated injury at the ankle. Objective To determine whether FAI participants suffer from a neuromuscular deficit compared to healthy controls, as measured by muscle latency following a simulated ankle sprain mechanism. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University biomechanics laboratory. Participants played at a semi-professional level of soccer. Participants A convenience sample was used to recruit twenty males with unilateral FAI and twenty male healthy controls. Inclusion criteria included males, aged 18–25 years, who participated in semi-professional soccer and who were right leg dominant. Intervention Three perturbations on a standing tilt platform simulating the mechanics of an inversion and plantar-flexion ankle sprain. Subject group was the independent variable. Main outcome measure Muscle latency in milliseconds of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gluteus medius to the tilt platform perturbation. Results The results indicated that there was a significant (P&lt;.0125) delay in muscle latency of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gluteus medius when comparing the unstable and stable ankle of the FAI group to the dominant and non-dominant ankle of the healthy group. Conclusion Muscle latency was delayed in both the unstable and stable ankle of the FAI participants, which would suggest a central mechanism of control, or possibly a genetic predisposition to FAI. Rehabilitation prescribed by sports clinicians should focus on both limbs in functionally unstable individuals, as well as more proximal musculature such as the gluteus medius.
Rates of liver cirrhosis rise in England, fall in Europe
Authors: A. Vass
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The case-control test for space-time clustering developed by Pike and Smith was applied to 96 cases of sarcoidosis diagnosed in the Isle of Man from 1962 to 1983. There were significantly more links between cases separated by time intervals of less than 10 years and distances of less than 100 metres than between the others. Analysis of the type of links indicated that clusters consisted of pairs whose contact was by place of residence or work. More linked cases were diagnosed less than three years apart than would be expected by chance. These findings lend support to the idea that sarcoidosis is a communicable disease.
US healthcare spending is expected to accelerate after recent lull
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

After five years of historically low growth, healthcare inflation in the United States is expected to begin to pick up again, though not as quickly as in the two decades before the 2007-09 recession, says a new analysis prepared by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

“The growth rate we’re projecting would be higher than the recent past, but much lower than the previous two decades,” said Sean P Keehan, CMS economist and coauthor of the report. “We’re not projecting that growth will get back to its rapid pace …
Dangers of certain appetite suppressants.
Authors: D. A. Cahal
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Prophylaxis SIR,-In your summary of my talk given at the Annual Clinical Meeting on the prophy- lactic aspects of tourism in the Mediterranean (19 April, p. 174) you state that I recom- mended one tablet of a non-absorbent sulphonamide twice daily in addition to the usual hygienic precautions.I did not state this.I recommended one tablet of Streptotriad (streptomycin/Sulphatriad) twice daily.I would appreciate if you would correct this misstatement, as Streptotriad has been found to be by far the most effective of these tablets after prolonged clinical trials.-Iam, etc.,
AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIX CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS FROM VARIOUS PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
Authors: S. R. BLATTEIS
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The use of the fluid contained in the cerebrospinal canal for the purposes of aid in diagnosis presents additional evidence of the tendency of modern medicine. Advantage is taken of all possible available means for clearing up the many obscure conditions which still constitute the bulk of the science and which have baffled the diagnostic skill of the physician from the earliest time to the present day. If any branch of medicine is in need of aid in diagnosis, that devoted to the study of diseases referable to the cerebrospinal tract is certainly the one. It is to be borne in mind, and special emphasis is laid on the fact, that the signs and symptoms manifested by the cerebrospinal tract in the course of disease do not necessarily mean disease of this part of the body any more than the bleeding from the nose in typhoid represents local disease, bronchitis