tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Kr-81m Inhalation Method for Detection of Absence of Uniform Ventilation in Asthma
Authors: KENJI KAWAKAMI, NAOFUMI KATSUYAMA, YASUSHI FUKUDA, YUTAKA MORI, TAKAO SHIMADA, YOHJI IIKURA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

In an attempt to compare inhalation methods in detecting abnormal patterns of ventilation, the following four techniques were applied in 12 asthmatic patients: spontaneous respiration with a Kr-81m gas-air mixture (SP technique); serial inhalation of a Kr-81m gas-air mixture from the level of residual volume to total lung capacity (VC technique); bolus inhalation of 10 ml or Kr-81m gas from the level of residual volume, followed by air, to total lung capacity (RV technique); bolus inhalation of 10 ml of Kr-81m gas from the level of functional residual capacity, followed by air, to total lung capacity (FRC technique). Before exercise, abnormalities were detected by the RV and FRC techniques, but no abnormalities were detected by SP and VC techniques. On studies done after exercise, the abnormalities were detected by all the described techniques. However, they were best demonstrated by the RV technique and shown least well by the VC method.
p53-Mediated Senescence Impairs the Apoptotic Response to Chemotherapy and Clinical Outcome in Breast Cancer
Authors: James G. Jackson, Vinod Pant, Qin Li, Leslie L. Chang, Alfonso Quintás-Cardama, Daniel Garza, Omid Tavana, Peirong Yang, Taghi Manshouri, Yi Li, Adel K. El-Naggar, Guillermina Lozano
Journal: Cancer Cell (2012)
Abstract ED3-3: Etiological clues from breast cancer GWAS
Authors: Montserrat Garcia-Closas
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and risk factors can be differentially associated with the development of distinct tumors subtypes that manifest different biological and clinical behavior. Tumor subtypes, such as those defined by hormone receptor expression, show different age-specific incidence rate patterns and risk factor profiles. In addition, tumors from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers display distinct pathological characteristics. Large collaborative efforts to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have lead to recent discoveries of low penetrance, common susceptibility loci that also show distinct associations by tumor subtypes. Follow up studies are evaluating the biological mechanisms underlying the observed risk associations, as well as potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. The relationship between genetic variants associated with pathological subtypes of breast cancer, and the implication of discoveries of novel genetic variants to risk prediction in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and the general population will be discussed. These discoveries might lead to improvements in our understanding of the etiology of specific tumor types, which may enable the development of targeted prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(7 Suppl):ED3-3
AMA production in primary biliary cirrhosis is promoted by the TLR9 ligand CpG and suppressed by potassium channel blockers
Authors: Yuki Moritoki, Zhe-Xiong Lian, Heike Wulff, Guo-Xiang Yang, Ya-Hui Chuang, Ruth Y. Lan, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Aftab A. Ansari, Ross L. Coppel, Ian R. Mackay, Eric M. Gershwin
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

We previously reported that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) produce significantly higher levels of polyclonal IgM than controls after exposure to CpG. Furthermore, the prevalence and unusually high levels of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in patients with PBC suggest a profound loss ofB cell tolerance. We have addressed the issue of whether CpG will promote the production ofAMAs and whether new experimental agents that inhibit the lymphocyte potassium channels Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 can suppress CpG-mediated B cell activation and AMA production. PBMCs were stimulated with and without CpG and were subsequently analyzed for phenotype, including expression of TLR9, CD86, and KCa3.1 concurrent with measurements of AMA and responses to a control antigen, tetanus toxoid, in supernatants. Additionally, K+ channel expression on B cells from PBC patients and controls was studied using whole-cell patch-clamp technology. In patients with PBC, CpG induces secretion of AMAs in PBMCs andalso up-regulates B cell expression of TLR9, CD86, and KCa3.1. Additionally, K+ channel blockers suppress secretion of AMA without a reduction of CpG-B-enhanced IgM production. Furthermore, there is diminished up-regulation of TLR9 and CD86 without affecting proliferation of B cells, B cell apoptosis, or viability.These data suggest that the hyperresponsiveness of B cells in PBC accelerates B cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Vulval and Perineal Toilet in the Puerperium
Authors: R. T. Martin, H. E. Reiss, S. E. Milne
Journal: BMJ (1957)

MEDIBALJRNALcurable major and minor disorders and by the preven- tion of social loneliness, boredom, and poverty.In carrying out these tasks the importance of establishing and maintaining close contact with one's ageing patients is stressed and the value of special clinics for the elderly is noted.The present is still a phase of transition in the development of the Welfare State; the future presents great scope in the development of medical and social ser- vices to cope with the problems of the aged.
Expression of Pirh2, a Newly Identified Ubiquitin Protein Ligase, in Lung Cancer
Authors: W. Duan, L. Gao, L. J. Druhan, W.-G. Zhu, C. Morrison, G. A. Otterson, M. A. Villalona-Calero
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Maintenance of p53 function is important for normal cell growth and development, and loss of p53 function contributes directly to malignant tumor development. The recently discovered Pirh2 protein is an ubiquitin–protein ligase that negatively regulates p53 through activity by targeting it for degradation. To determine how Pirh2 may mediate lung tumorigenesis, we evaluated Pirh2 expression in human and mouse lung tumor samples and paired normal lung tissues using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Pirh2 protein expression was higher in 27 (84%) of 32 human lung neoplasms than in matched normal lung tissue and in 14 of 15 mouse lung tumors evaluated. In addition, p53 protein was more ubiquitinated in the mouse lung tumors than in normal tissue, and overall p53 expression was lower than that in normal tissue. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased Pirh2 expression affects lung tumorigenesis by reducing p53 activity. To our knowledge, this is the first description of altered Pirh2 expression in human and mouse tumors.
Angioscopic Changes in the Smaller Blood Vessels in Diabetes Mellitus and their Relationship to Aging
Authors: JØRN DITZEL
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Observations with the stereoscopic dissecting microscope of the bulbar conjunctiva disclose vascular changes before pathologic changes are seen with the ophthalmoscope. In diabetic subjects lesions concomitant with aging are accelerated and, in addition, specific abnormalities characteristic of diabetes are observed.
Doctor on Trial
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

ONE of the most lengthy and dramatic medicolegal cases has recently been concluded at the Old Bailey, with the acquittal of Dr. John Bodkin Adams, on a charge of murdering one of his patients, Mrs. Alice Morrell, who died on November 13, 1950.In July, 1948, a left-sided hemiplegia developed in Cheshire, and she was subsequently moved to Eastbourne, where she remained under the care of Dr. Adams until the time of her death. Dr. Adams was not a beneficiary under her final will, but he did receive an oak chest and her Rolls Royce motor car by favor of . . .
Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis
Authors: Rama S. Seshadri, Elizabeth J. Brown, Alvin Zipursky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

In five cases of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis studied, profound monocytopenia was demonstrable. In 48 normal subjects, monocyte counts ranged from 215 to 921 per cubic millimeter, whereas in the five patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, the counts ranged from 0 to 17 per cubic millimeter. The properties of the "hairy" cell are consistent with those of an incompletely developed monocyte. The susceptibility to infection, characteristics of these patients, may result from a lack of normal monocytes in blood and tissues.
HYDROA VACCINIFORME, SEU ÆSTIVALE (BAZIN); SUMMER PRURIGO (HUTCHINSON).WITH CASE REPORT.
Authors: J. PHILLIP KANOKY
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Hydroa vacciniforme is an inflammatory summer dermatosis, commencing in early life and characterized by a vesicular, scarring eruption on the exposed parts. First described by Bazin in 1855, and later by Hutchinson and others, a sufficient number of cases have been reported to make the disease a well recognized entity. Efforts have at times been made to separate the various conditions classified under the above heading into several distinct diseases, but with our present knowledge of the etiology and pathology of the malady this is extremely difficult. Where the difference appears to be simply one of degree, all other factors being practically identical, a multiplication of names tends only to confuse. The eruption is symmetrical and confined, for the most part, to the uncovered regions. The lesions are usually preceded by sensations of burning and tension, but these partially or wholly disappear when the eruption is developed. They may be
Epidemiology and Etiology
Authors: Calum S. Muir
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Rare in North America and Euope, nasopharyngeal cancer is of major importance in certain mongoloid groups, ie, the Chinese, Malays, Indonesians, Dayaks and Kadazan of Borneo, Thais, Vietnamese, and, to a lesser extent, Filipinos. <h3>Chinese.—</h3> The relative frequency of the cancer is particularly high in southern China, and lower in northern China and Mongolia. Ho,<sup>3</sup>studying southern Chinese domiciled in Hong Kong, found a higher incidence in those born in Kwangtung than in those from Chekiang, Fukien, and Kiangsu. These regional differences have also been noted in Chinese migrants in Singapore.<sup>4</sup> Wherever Chinese have migrated (such migrants were usually southern Chinese) they have carried with them a high relative frequency of nasopharyngeal cancer. Papers to this effect have emanated from Singapore, Borneo, Australia, Hawaii, New York, California, Cuba, Java, and Formosa. Most earlier papers drew their conclusions from the relative frequency of the cancer in biopsy material, ie,
GLIOMA OF THE RETINA.
Authors: J. L. THOMPSON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

In the eye section of the Ninth International Medical Congress, an eminent specialist of Paris said: "I have seen but four cases of glioma of the retina." This struck me as being a very small number, and led me to look over my records of the years 1871 to 1898, inclusive. I shall, therefore, briefly report them as follows: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —Girl, aged 1 year, was brought to my office August 29, 1893, with glioma of the right eye, which was described in Vol. iv of Knapp's Archives of Ophthalmology, in 1874, the clinical history by myself, the anatomic by Dr. Knapp. As the subsequent history was not published, I recently wrote to the child's mother for data concerning other members of the family who have since died of this disease. Her letter, which I here produce, will explain the whole matter: "At your request I will try to give
Is surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus cost-effective when endotherapy is used to treat high grade dysplasia or early cancer in Barrett's oesophagus?
Authors: S. Menon, N. Trudgill
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> There is emerging interest in the role of endotherapy in the management of high grade dysplasia (HGD) and intra-mucosal cancer in Barrett9s oesophagus (BO). We have previously shown that stepwise endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for visible HGD and RFA for flat HGD is cost-effective compared to photo-dynamic therapy or oesophagectomy.1 <h3>Aim</h3> To assess the cost-effectiveness of surveillance of Barrett9s oesophagus when EMR-RFA for visible HGD and RFA for flat HGD is used to treat HGD or intra-mucosal cancer in BO. <h3>Methods</h3> A Markov model was created using a base population of 1000 50-year-old Caucasian males with BO followed to 75 years of age. All patients were assumed to be fit for oesophagectomy. Surveillance intervals were compared with strategies of no surveillance and surveillance with oesophagectomy for HGD. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as net amount per quality adjusted life year (QALY) and base-costs for treatment were obtained from the Department of Health HRG tariffs for 2007/2008. Monte Carlo simulation and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were carried out. <h3>Results</h3> 2-yearly surveillance with endoscopic therapy to treat HGD/intra-mucosal cancer in BO was the most cost-effective option yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 13,447 compared to no surveillance and other surveillance intervals (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-yearly) and when no endotherapy was used as a comparative strategy. It was also more cost effective than a strategy of oesophagectomy for HGD/intra-mucosal cancer. <h3>Conclusion</h3> 2-yearly surveillance of BO is cost-effective when endotherapy is used to treat HGD and intra-mucosal cancer in BO.
IDDM in the Province of Pavia, Italy, From a Population-Based Registry: A descriptive study
Authors: Meria T Tenconi, Gabriele Devoti, Ileana Albani, Renata Lorini, Miryam Martinetti, Pietro Fratino, Ettore Ferrari, Enrico Ferrero, Francesca Severi
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To report the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the Province of Pavia, Italy, in the 0- to 29-year-old age-group between 1988 and 1992. Urban versus rural residence, socioeconomic level, and family size of IDDM cases were also investigated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective register was established in 1988 to collect all newly diagnosed IDDM patients with onset before 30 years of age. The primary data source was based on notification of new cases by hospitals, out-patient clinics, family doctors, and pediatricians. The secondary and independent data source consisted of the registries of prescriptions for insulin syringes in the health districts of the province. RESULTS In 5 years (1988–1992), 66 cases of IDDM in the 0- to 29-year-old age-group were identified. The completeness of ascertainment was 100% for the combined sources. Age-adjusted (world-standardized) incidence rates per 100,000 (95% confidence interval) were 9.52 (6.42–13.61), 6.72 (4.68–9.34), and 8.27 (6.42–10.58), respectively, for the age-groups 0–14, 15–29, and 0–29. The rates were higher for residents in urban areas. The number of children in the families of IDDM patients was significantly higher than in the reference population. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate the concordance of IDDM incidence rates with the North-Italian rates and a possible association of the disease with environmental factors. These factors might enhance the susceptibility to IDDM in genetically predisposed individuals.
Circulating microRNAs as markers of liver inflammation, fibrosis and cancer
Authors: Christoph Roderburg, Tom Luedde
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Since their discovery in 1993, miRNAs have emerged as a new class of small RNAs that control intracellular gene expression networks at a post-transcriptional level. In the liver, miRNAs play fundamental roles in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. Despite their obvious potential as biomarkers, there are striking inter-study variances of miRNA regulation patterns in patients with hepatic diseases. As key prerequisites for a future clinical use- well-standardized protocols have to be implemented for the analysis of miRNAs from patients' serum.
Accurate Placement of Artificial Emboli
Authors: Paul R. Rosenbluth
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The management of large angiomatous malformations of the brain has long concerned the neurological surgeon. The use of hypothermia, allowing temporary interruption of the carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck or of the large feeding arteries intracranially, has frequently permitted an aggressive and successful surgical approach. A considerable number of these lesions, however, remain too extensive and formidable for direct resection. Since the angiomas cause neurological symptoms by either bleeding or diverting blood into a pathological shunt to the detriment of adjacent areas which become ischemic, some form of rational treatment is needed. Neither ligation of the great vessels in the neck nor x-ray therapy has been found helpful.<sup>1</sup> Luessenhop and Spence<sup>2</sup>described an ingenious method whereby artificial emboli were introduced into the carotid artery in the neck and stated, "The differential in blood flow between an arteriovenous malformation and the surrounding brain, plus the differential in
Border patrol intensifies for hepatitis C virus entry
Authors: Erin M. McCartney, Nicholas S. Eyre, Michael R. Beard, Kris Kowdley, Geoffrey McCaughan, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, but therapeutic options are limited and there are no prevention strategies. Viral entry is the first step of infection and requires the cooperative interaction of several host cell factors. Using a functional RNAi kinase screen, we identified epidermal growth factor receptor and ephrin receptor A2 as host cofactors for HCV entry. Blocking receptor kinase activity by approved inhibitors broadly impaired infection by all major HCV genotypes and viral escape variants in cell culture and in a human liver chimeric mouse model in vivo. The identified receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate HCV entry by regulating CD81-claudin-1 coreceptor associations and viral glycoprotein-dependent membrane fusion. These results identify RTKs as previously unknown HCV entry cofactors and show that tyrosine kinase inhibitors have substantial antiviral activity. Inhibition of RTK function may constitute a new approach for prevention and treatment of HCV infection.
Effects of bombesin on gastrin and gastric acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer
Authors: G D. Fave, A. Kohn, L. De Magistris, B Annibale, R Bruzzone, C Sparvoli, C. Severi, A Torsoli
Journal: Gut (1983)

The effect of bombesin, a possible neurotransmitter of gastrin release, upon gastrin and gastric acid secretion was investigated in 25 patients with duodenal ulcer and in 16 normal subjects. In patients with duodenal ulcer bombesin (10 ng/kg/min) produced an increase in plasma gastrin output (median 22·4 (range 7·5-75·8) pmol/l/min) similar to that obtained in normal subjects (median 24·4 (range 5·8-56·5) pmol/l/min), whereas gastrin stimulated by a meal was significantly higher in the group of patients with duodenal ulcer (median 20·7 (range 9·2-42·9) <i>vs</i> 16·2 (range 3·4-22·2) p&lt;0·05). Peak acid output induced by bombesin was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer than in normal subjects (median 24·4 (range 9·0-63·8) <i>vs</i> 14·0 (range 3·0-24·8) mmol/h, p&lt;0·05) despite identical gastrin outputs. The ratio (%) obtained by dividing the acid secretory response to bombesin by the response to pentagastrin, however, was similar in both normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer (median 55 (range 20-116) <i>vs</i> 58 (range 31-95) respectively). The difference between the gastrin response to food and bombesin could be explained by the fact that bombesin releases gastrin directly, whereas a protein meal involves several mechanisms (neural, peptidergic, paracrine, endocrine), either stimulatory or inhibitory. The above results indicate that a higher concentration in antral and/or duodenal gastrin is unlikely to be present in patients with duodenal ulcer. An increased parietal cell mass could explain the higher gastric acid response after bombesin infusion in our group of patients with duodenal ulcer.
More Rapid, Complete, and Stable Coronary Thrombolysis With Bolus Administration of Reteplase Compared With Alteplase Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Richard W. Smalling, Christoph Bode, John Kalbfleisch, Semi Sen, Peter Limbourg, Florian Forycki, Gabriel Habib, Robert Feldman, Stefan Hohnloser, Allen Seals
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Early restoration and maintenance of normal (TIMI 3) blood flow during acute myocardial infarction is critical for optimal preservation of left ventricular function and survival. Recombinant plasminogen activator (r-PA, reteplase) is a nonglycosylated deletion mutant of wild-type tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) that has been shown to achieve more rapid and complete thrombolysis compared with other plasminogen activators in animal models. Methods and Results The RAPID Trial was designed to test the hypothesis that bolus administration of one or more dosage regimens of r-PA was superior to standard-dose alteplase (TPA) in achieving infarct-related artery patency 90 minutes after initiation of treatment. Six hundred six patients with acute myocardial infarction were randomized to one of four treatment arms: (1) TPA 100 mg IV over 3 hours, (2) r-PA as a 15-MU single bolus, (3) r-PA as a 10-MU bolus followed by 5 MU 30 minutes later, or (4) r-PA as a 10-MU bolus followed by 10 MU 30 minutes later. Coronary arteriography was performed at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after initiation of treatment and at hospital discharge. The 10+10-MU r-PA group achieved better 90-minute and 5- to 14-day TIMI 3 flow (63% [CI, 55% to 71%] versus 49% [41% to 57%], P =.019, and 88% [82% to 94%] versus 71% [63% to 79%], P &lt;.001, respectively) than the TPA group. The TIMI 3 flow in the 10+10-MU r-PA group at 60 minutes was equivalent to that in the TPA group at 90 minutes (51 versus 49%). Global ejection fraction and regional wall motion in the 10+10-MU r-PA group were superior to those of the TPA group at hospital discharge (53±1.3% versus 49±1.3%, P =.034; −2.19±0.12 versus −2.61±0.13 SD per chord, P =.02, respectively). The 15-MU and 10+5-MU r-PA patency and left ventricular function results were similar to those of the TPA and inferior to those of the 10+10-MU r-PA group. Bleeding complications were similar between the groups. Conclusions r-PA given as a double bolus of 10+10 MU achieves more rapid, complete, and sustained thrombolysis of the infarct-related artery than standard-dose TPA, without an apparent increased risk of complications. This was associated with improved global and regional left ventricular function at hospital discharge.
THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE UPON EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM
Authors: Ivan C. Hall, Nelson C. Davis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

1. Calcium chloride given subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously has been found to have no effect upon the production of botulism following the injection of Bacillus botulinus (Strain 80B) into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs. 2. Treatment of Bacillus botulinus with alcohol has been found markedly to decrease its toxicity for guinea pigs. This is in conformity with the work of Bronfenbrenner and Schlesinger. 3. Toxin-free spores of Bacillus botulinus have been found pathogenic for guinea pigs. 4. No prejudice as to possible results in rabbits should be based upon the above conclusions.