tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Travelers' Diarrhea with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and with Trimethoprim Alone
Authors: Herbert L. DuPont, Randall R. Reves, Emma Galindo, Peggy S. Sullivan, Lindsey V. Wood, Jaime G. Mendiola
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

We conducted a double-blind treatment study of 110 adults from the United States who were attending summer classes in Guadalajara, Mexico, and had diarrhea (four or more unformed stools in 24 hours, or three or more unformed stools per eight-hour period plus one or more additional clinical indicators of enteric infection). Thirty-seven patients received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (160 mg of TMP and 800 mg of SMX), 38 were given TMP alone (200 mg), and 35 took a placebo twice daily for five days. By the end of the first 24 hours of treatment, patients taking either TMP/SMX or TMP alone passed fewer unformed stools than did patients given placebo (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.01, respectively). Abdominal pain and nausea were reduced in both treatment groups. The beneficial effect was seen in treatment of Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea, shigellosis, and diarrhea not associated with an enteropathogen. Five per cent of patients given TMP/SMX, 8 per cent of those given TMP, and 49 per cent of those given placebo were considered treatment failures (P less than 0.001 for both active drugs as compared with placebo). Early treatment with TMP/SMX or TMP is an alternative to prophylactic use of drugs for travelers' diarrhea.
The relevance of allergen exposure to the development of asthma in childhood
Authors: Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Gary Rakes, Peter W. Heymann
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)

Sensitization to 1 or more of the common indoor allergens has been consistently associated with asthma among children and young adults (odds ratios for asthma, 3-18). For dust mite and cockroach allergens, there is a dose response relationship between domestic exposure and sensitization. Given that allergen provocation can induce many of the features of asthma, the findings strongly suggest that there is a causal relationship between allergen exposure in the home and asthma. However, it remains unclear at what time the critical exposure occurs (ie, in infancy or later) and what role allergen exposure has played in the increasing prevalence and severity of asthma. Objective evidence of an immune response to allergens is generally not present until after 2 years of age. Viral infections play several different roles in asthma in childhood. In infancy, respiratory syncytial virus infection can induce bronchiolitis and set up recurrent wheezing over the next few years. However, the risk factors for this are maternal smoking and small lungs at birth, rather than allergy. By contrast, the role of rhinovirus in precipitating attacks in children and young adults is strongly associated with allergy. Thus the likely scenario is that allergen exposure over the first few years of life induces sensitization (ie, T(H2) cells and IgE antibodies). Continuing exposure can maintain inflammation in the nose and lungs. However, many other factors contribute to wheezing such that there is no simple relationship between allergen exposure and asthma. Nonetheless, it is clear that the changes that have increased asthma have acted on allergic children.
Drug treatment of psychiatric patients in general practice.
Authors: P Tyrer
Journal: BMJ (1978)

The prescribing of psychotropic drugs by general practitioners was assessed by analysing the drug treatment of all patients referred from general practice to a psychiatric outpatient clinic over four years. Of the 287 patients, 220 were taking one or more of 56 different psychotropic drugs at referral, diazepam being the most common. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates had been taken for significantly longer than other drugs, and, of a total of 342 drugs, 61 had been prescribed regularly for over a year. Half of the drugs were considered to be incorrectly prescribed on pharmacological grounds, the main errors being unnecessarily prolonged regular treatment, incorrect dosage (particularly common with antidepressants), and polypharmacy with drugs of similar pharmacological action. A basic grounding in the pharmacology of psychotropic drugs might help practitioners to avoid prescribing errors of this kind.
Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in American Culture Since 1870
Authors: Barbara Bates
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (also known as consumption and phthisis) has fascinated the Western world for centuries. Poets, composers, and novelists, among others, have given us lasting impressions of lives damaged and tragically shortened by the disease. Traditional medical histories of tuberculosis have focused on the growth of medical knowledge and the campaign to control the disease. In 1952 René and Jean Dubos combined medical ideas and epidemiology with literary portrayals of famous consumptives in<i>The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society</i>—now a classic. Historians' interest dwindled thereafter but returned in the 1980s and 1990s. By this time, AIDS had appeared, tuberculosis threatened again, and new kinds of history had developed. Scholars now examined the experience of individual patients regardless of class or fame, while others delved for insights into society and culture by examining the changing ideas about disease and the social responses to it. In<i>Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in</i>
The Aortocoronary Bypass Operation
Authors: Richard S. Ross
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

The aortocoronary-vein bypass procedure for the treatment of ischemic heart disease has been enthusiastically received because it represents a simple, direct, mechanical approach to the problem of coronary-artery obstruction. A section of saphenous vein is used to form a large-bore conduit between the aorta and a coronary artery distal to an obstructing lesion. An end-to-side anastomosis connects the vein to the coronary artery, and therefore the normal flow through the natural coronary circulation is not compromised, and collateral vessels around the site of obstruction are not likely to be damaged. The vein is connected to a new opening in the . . .
Disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in chronic pancreatitis
Authors: J M Braganza, J J Rao
Journal: BMJ (1978)

The secretin-pancreozymin (SP) and Lundh-Borgström (meal) tests were compared in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis (CP). A range of normal values for each test was obtained in a control group of 22 patients without pancreatic disease. Seventeen patients with CP were given the tests on separate days. The peak concentration of bicarbonate after secretin was reduced in 14 of these 17 patients, post-secretin bicarbonate output fell in 13, while peak tryptic activity (PTA) in duodenal juice after pancreozymin was below normal in 10; the overall incidence of abnormal results in SP tests was 88%. The mean tryptic activity (MTA) in a two-hour collection of duodenal juice after the test meal was reduced below normal in 16 of the 17 patients. In the control group PTA after pancreozymin was closely similar to MTA after the test meal, but in the patients with CP MTA was significantly less than PTA. PTA and MTA correlated significantly in both the control and CP groups, and the slopes of the two regression lines were not significantly different. In each patient with CP the tryptic response to the test meal was only a third of the tryptic response to intravenous pancreozymin. This disproportionate reduction in tryptic response to endogenous compared with exogenous stimulation in CP accounts for the high success rate of the meal test, which equalled the SP test. The Lundh-Borgström test is a sensitive indicator of CP and is within the resources of most hospitals. The SP test is better suited to specialist centres and may provide valuable additional information in individual cases.
Gold for the NHS
Authors: R. Robinson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The chancellor's budget statement sets out plans for unprecedented rates of growth in NHS spending over the medium term. Responding to the Wanless review team's challenge on the long term funding needs of the NHS,1 the chancellor's special, five year settlement for the NHS will mean an extra 7.4% real terms expenditure each year over the period 2003-4 to 2007-8. This will increase the NHS budget from £65bn ($94bn; ![Graphic][1]</img>106bn) this year to £105bn after five years (allowing for inflation) and represent a rise in the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from 7.7% to 9.4%. Some idea of the scale of these increases in expenditure can be gauged from the fact that over the period 1954-2000 annual increases in real expenditure on the NHS averaged 3.7%. If plans are realised, the next five years will double this rate. For those who have lamented NHS underfunding over the past 20 years, this is unadulterated good news. … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Poisoning from a Malathion Aerosol Mixture
Authors: James E. Wenzl
Journal: JAMA (1962)

MALATHION IS the commonly-used name for the pesticide (0, 0-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate). Although a member of the cholinesterase-inhibiting group of pesticides, it is far less active as a cholinesterase-inhibitor than any other member of this class presently known. A number of reports have emphasized the relative safety of this compound, even when applied directly to the human skin. Because of its effectiveness against pests and its apparent low degree of toxicity to man, the product has achieved widespread distribution and use. Recently, we have observed a child with transient encephalopathy following exposure to this insecticide in the form of a commercially available aerosol. Report of a Case On Dec. 6, 1960, the parents of a 3-year-old boy discovered him in the basement of their home holding an aerosol bomb containing malathion in a 0.5 per cent concentration. Approximately 4 oz. of the mixture was missing. The spray was
Cognitive rehabilitation aims to improve or replace memory functions in survivors of head injury
Authors: T. F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1987)

WHERE MEDICINE leaves off in the treatment of the growing number of head-injury survivors, cognitive rehabilitation picks up. Many cognitive rehabilitation specialists say that because the field is in its infancy, no one is yet sure how much it can achieve or how many can be helped. Most of the specific methods still need to be evaluated, they add. Some neurologists tend to have what they call a "healthy" skepticism of both the theories and many of the programs. But recent work suggests that it may help a few head-injured persons—who otherwise might spend their days frustrated and making no progress, totally reliant on institutions and loved ones— return to functional, if not productive, lives. Motor vehicle accidents cause far and away the majority of severe head and/or brain injuries. Not surprisingly, two thirds of victims are young males, 15 to 25 years of age. The typical scenario, according to
Reply to A. Edward Friedman's Letter to the Editor re: Russell Szmulewitz, Supriya Mohile, Edwin Posadas, et al. A Randomized Phase 1 Study of Testosterone Replacement for Patients with Low-Risk Castration-Resistant Prosate Cancer. Eur Urol 2009;56:97–104
Authors: Russell Szmulewitz, Walter Stadler
Journal: European Urology (2009)
766 VALIDATION OF THE GENESEQ™ HCV NS5B SEQUENCING ASSAY FOR PATIENT-DERIVED HCV SUBTYPES 1A AND 1B
Authors: S. Choe, D. Han, M. Cheng, E. Anton, E. Stawiski, E. Penuel, N. Parkin, C.J. Petropoulos, J.D. Reeves
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Abstract 3639: Systemic inflammation and survival of patients with prostate cancer: Evidence from the Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study.
Authors: Kashif Shafique, Michael Proctor, Donald McMillan, Khaver Qureshi, Hing Leung, David Morrison
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: There is some evidence that pre-treatment systemic inflammation may be associated with survival in patients with prostate cancer; however, it is unclear whether this is independent of grade and stage of cancer. We therefore investigated the role of inflammation-based prognostic scores, the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and their associations with Gleason grade and socioeconomic circumstances in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: Patients from a cohort, the Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study, who had diagnosis of prostate cancer, were included in this study. The mGPS was constructed by combining C-reactive protein and albumin while NLR by calculating the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. We estimated five-year relative survival using the age, gender and deprivation specific life tables and relative excess risk of death by mGPS and NLR categories after adjusting for age, socioeconomic circumstances and Gleason grade. Results: Eight hundred and ninety seven prostate cancer patients were identified; of those 422 (47%) died during a maximum follow up of 6.2 years. Systemic inflammation appeared to have significant prognostic value. The mGPS predicted poorer 5-year overall and relative survival independent of age, socioeconomic circumstances, disease grade and NLR. Raised mGPS also had a significant association with excess risk of death (mGPS 2: Relative Excess Risk = 2.41, 95% CI 1.37-4.23) among aggressive, clinically significant prostate cancer (Gleason grades 8-10). Similarly, age-specific analyses were also carried out and raised mGPS showed significantly higher risk of death among those with age &amp;lt;65 and 65-74 years at diagnosis. However, a non-significant increased risk of death was also observed among those age &amp;gt;75 years. Conclusions: The mGPS is a strong measure of systemic inflammation, when compared to NLR. Prostate cancer patients with a raised mGPS had significantly higher risk of death for overall as well high grade disease. Inflammation-based prognostic scores predict outcome in patients with prostate cancer and should be added to their routine clinical assessment. Keywords: mGPS, NLR, prostate cancer, prognosis, Gleason grade, systemic inflammation Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3639. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3639
Improving the Rules for Hospital Participation in Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: Patrick H. Conway, Donald M. Berwick
Journal: JAMA (2011)

THE HOSPITAL “CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION” EStablish the quality and safety standards that all US hospitals must follow to participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The conditions of participation are the basis for onsite surveys that determine if a hospital meets the standards for accreditation. Such accreditation surveys are conducted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the Joint Commission, state survey agencies, and others. The CMS can terminate hospital provider agreements that have been found to be out of compliance with the conditions of participation, thus making hospitals ineligible for payment by the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Since updated in 1986, the last major change to the conditions of participation was attempted in 1997, but failed due to more than 60 000 public comments and dissenting opinions. Since then, the CMS has made one-by-one updates. However, review and revision of the entire hospital conditions of participation is needed to achieve current, higher quality and safety standards and remove unnecessary burdensome regulations that are costly to the health care system. The CMS gathered input from multiple stakeholders for more than 1 year and on October 18, 2011, proposed a major revision of the hospital conditions of participation. This new proposal should increase patient-centered care in hospitals and enhance care coordination. Despite adding new standards, the proposed rule is projected to save more than $900 million annually due to removing unnecessary regulations. The aim of this Commentary is to explain what revisions are being proposed and why, and engage with the medical community in a discussion to finalize revised hospital conditions of participation.
Methylation tolerance due to an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers
Authors: M. Svrcek, O. Buhard, C. Colas, F. Coulet, S. Dumont, I. Massaoudi, A. Lamri, R. Hamelin, J. Cosnes, C. Oliveira, R. Seruca, M.-P. Gaub, M. Legrain, A. Collura, O. Lascols, E. Tiret, J.-F. Flejou, A. Duval
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Background and aims</h3> <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes methyl adducts from <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-guanine. Known as methylation tolerance, selection for mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cells that are unable to initiate lethal processing of <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-methylguanine-induced mismatches in DNA is observed in vitro as a consequence of MGMT deficiency. It was therefore hypothesised that an MGMT field defect may constitute a preneoplastic event for the development of MMR-deficient tumours displaying microsatellite instability (MSI). <h3>Methods</h3> MGMT expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and the methylation status of the gene promoter by PCR in neoplastic, adjacent and distant mucosal tissues of patients with MSI or non-MSI (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC). The cancers were familial (42 MSI, 13 MSS) or sporadic (40 MSI, 49 MSS) in origin, or arose in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; 13 MSI, 36 MSS). Colonic mucosa from patients with diverticulitis (n=20) or IBD (n=39 in 27 patients) without cancer served as controls. <h3>Results</h3> Loss of MGMT expression was more frequent in MSI than MSS CRC (p=0.047). In comparison with MSS tumours, MSI CRC occurred more frequently adjacent to patches of mucosa that lacked MGMT expression (p=0.002). Overall, loss of MGMT expression was associated with MGMT gene promoter methylation (p=0.03). <h3>Conclusion</h3> MGMT field defects are more frequently associated with MSI than MSS CRC. These findings indicate that methylation tolerance may be a crucial initiating step prior to MMR deficiency in the development of MSI CRC in familial, sporadic and IBD settings.
COX-1 and COX-2 products in the gut: therapeutic impact of COX-2 inhibitors
Authors: B J R WHITTLE
Journal: Gut (2000)

Despite the considerable range of newly identified disease modifying approaches to the control of the inflammatory process reported over the past 10–20 years, only a few have yet gained widespread clinical acceptance. In contrast, the very recent advent of the class of anti-inflammatory agents termed COX-2 selective inhibitors is already having a significant impact on current clinical prescribing practice and market share in those territories that they are available.

That these COX-2 selective inhibitors have become so successful within the same year of their launch attests to the perceived need for novel agents that can control the signs and symptoms of inflammatory diseases, but with minimal risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Extensive epidemiological studies have well documented the so-called stealth epidemic of the gastropathy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that has developed over the period since the non-aspirin NSAIDs were introduced.1 2 The massive growth of the market for such products, which has involved different patients populations and the prescription of high doses, has led to the current substantial problem of some 103 000 hospitalisations and 16 500 deaths per year in the USA alone. The impact of such events on health care budgets is therefore substantial, and the risk of serious side effects from these agents is an important consideration in long term anti-inflammatory therapy, especially in the elderly. Individual assessment of personal risk from taking NSAIDs can be obtained from a questionnaire accessed at www.seniors.org/score. 

This initial success of the COX-2 selective agents, unprecedented in the area of anti-inflammatory analgesics, has probably arisen from the general perception that they are a superior form of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug rather than a completely novel therapeutic approach of unknown clinical consequences. Moreover, the very reasonable scientific rationale proposed for their enhanced safety has been backed up by relatively extensive and …
Dynamics of Plasma-Interstitial Fluid Distribution following Intravenous Infusions in Dogs
Authors: JOEL I. LEONARD, PETER H. ABBRECHR
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

The dynamic distribution of intravenously infused solutions between the plasma and the interstitial compartments was studied. A mathematical model developed to simulate infusion experiments considered transcapillary fluid and protein exchange, lymph flow, interstitial compliance, capillary surface area, and peripheral vascular resistance. The experimental arterial and venous blood pressure responses and the infusion rate were used as forcing functions. A piecewise optimization procedure resulted in excellent agreement between the simulated and experimental plasma volume responses and provided reasonable time-varying behavior for the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio and the capillary surface area. The model was tested with experimental data collected by infusing isotonic Tyrode's or dextran solution into nephrectomized dogs. Blood volume was measured continuously by giving a single injection of 51 Cr-labeled red cells and monitoring the blood radioactivity as it passed through an extracorporeal shunt. The model predicted qualitatively different responses for the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio depending on the type of solution infused and the value assumed for tissue compliance. Further analysis indicated that the assumption of a tissue space with overall high compliance (approximately 100 ml/kg mm Hg -1 ) is more realistic than are the much lower compliances previously reported. Parametric studies revealed that the capillary surface area, the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio, and the tissue compliance, but not the lymph flow or the transcapillary protein movement, exert a strong influence on the short-term plasma retention of infused fluids.
High Hypertension Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α suppression in myeloma cells blocks tumoral growth in vivo inhibiting angiogenesis and bone destruction
Authors: P Storti, M Bolzoni, G Donofrio, I Airoldi, D Guasco, D Toscani, E Martella, M Lazzaretti, C Mancini, L Agnelli, K Patrene, S Maïga, V Franceschi, S Colla, J Anderson, A Neri, M Amiot, F Aversa, G David Roodman, N Giuliani
Journal: Leukemia (2013)