tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of positive expiratory pressure on breathing pattern in healthy subjects
Authors: CP van der Schans, W de Jong, G de Vries, DS Postma, GH Koeter, TW van der Mark
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

The purpose of this study was to register breathing patterns, in healthy subjects, during breathing with a positive expiratory pressure. Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity of the following muscles was assessed: scalene muscle, parasternal muscle and abdominal muscles, using surface electrodes. Inspiration time, expiration time, total breathing cycle time, tidal volume and breathing frequency were measured using a water-sealed spirometer. Functional residual capacity was measured using a body plethysmograph. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were measured using an automatized ergometry set-up. All measurements were performed during undisturbed breathing and during breathing with positive expiratory pressures of 5 and 15 cmH2O. Phasic activity, but not tonic activity, of the scalene muscles and the abdominal muscles increased significantly during breathing with the expiratory pressures. No significant change was observed in phasic or tonic activity of the parasternal muscle. Mean (SD) tidal volume increased significantly from 0.8(0.2) l during undisturbed breathing to 1.1(0.3) l and 1.5(0.7) l during breathing with the expiratory pressures of 5 cmH2O and of 15 cmH2O, respectively. Respiration times, breathing frequency, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and functional residual capacity remained unchanged. It can be concluded that, in healthy subjects, positive expiratory pressure increases tidal volume by activity of both expiratory and inspiratory muscles, while functional residual capacity remains unchanged. The changes appeared to be pressure dependent.
Lung MRI findings in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Andreas Jung, Christina Amaxopoulou, Ralph Gnannt, Robert Götti, Christian Bieli, Renate Spinas, Alexander Möller, Christian Kellenberger
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background: In the light of a significantly extended life expectancy, sequential X-ray or CT scans to monitor lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) require critical appraisal. Lung MRI has been suggested recently as a surveillance tool in CF adults. Here we demonstrate MRI findings in children with CF.  Methods: Lung MRI from 25 clinically stable children with CF (mean age 5y, range 1-20y) was analysed retrospectively. All MRI was performed at 1.5T including T2-weighted respiratory-triggered Propeller FSE and fast dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (single dose Dotarem, temporal resolution 1 – 2s). Any morphologic change was described and perfusion abnormalities assessed qualitatively and by measuring signal enhancement and time to peak.  Results: Frequent findings in CF patients were consolidation (22/25, 88%) including dependant atelectasis (14/25, 56%), bronchial wall thickening (24/25, 96%), bronchiectasis (5/25, 20%), mucus plugging (2/25, 8%) and prominent mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (20/25, 80%). Perfusion defects of varying degrees were seen in 21/25 patients (84%), with decreased enhancement and prolonged time to peak. All consolidations demonstrated increased enhancement. Dependant atelectasis showed similar time to peak as normal lung, while more ventrally located consolidations as in lingula or middle lobe showed prolonged time to peak.  Conclusion: Lung MRI can demonstrate the typical CF findings in children as described by CT. In addition, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging reveals lung perfusion abnormalities and may allow differentiation between chronic consolidations and acute atelectasis due to sedation. Thus, lung MRI is a promising tool for the monitoring of lung disease in CF children.
Fifth of babies born after assisted conception have retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: D P Choyce
Journal: BMJ (1996)

one when she can legally terminate the entire pregnancy.There are, however, grounds for caution if there is a lasting effect on the surviving twin.Through the Lone Twin Network, the Multiple Births Foundation meets a large number of adults whose twin died at or before birth and who feel the loss profoundly.How far this self selected group is representative is not known.Research on the long term psychological sequelae, including their prevalence and relative seriousness, is therefore badly needed.
Serum soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 levels in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and their relationship with right ventricular structure and function
Authors: Anna Agnese Stanziola, Guido Carlomagno, Carolina Vitale, Maurizia Lanza, Valentina Mercurio, Serafino Fazio, Matteo Sofia
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Prognostic stratification in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) relies on clinical assessment and invasive hemodynamic measurements. However, right ventricular (RV) dilatation and function, assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), have been demonstrated to predict survival independent of invasive indices. Soluble ST2 (sST2),a marker of cardiomyocyte stress related to the IL33/IL1-receptor system, increases in heart failure, especially when RV overload is present. Aim of this study was to explore sST2 and IL-33 levels in PAH, and to evaluate their possible correlation with cardiac remodeling as assessed by CMR  25 patients with PAH underwent contrast-enhanced CMR and measurement of serum sST2, IL-33 and NT-proBNP levels.10 age-matched healthy individuals with a negative echocardiogram served as controls.  PAH patients showed increased sST2 levels compared with controls. Patients with sST2 levels above and below the median differed significantly in terms of WHO class, walking distance, RV diastolic and systolic volume indices, and ejection fraction. Analysis of CMR data showed strong correlation of sST2 levels with right ventricular end-systolic volume and NT-proBNP, as well as a significant negative correlation with RV ejection fraction. Regression analysis suggested independent predictive value of the two biomarkers with respect to RV function.  Serum sST2 levels are elevated in patients with PAH, and they are strictly correlated with the severity of right heart remodeling and dysfunction. sST2 appears as a promising novel biomarker and a potentially useful tool for the non- invasive assessment of RV dysfunction.
Pharmacogenetics of Tamoxifen: Who Should Undergo<i>CYP2D6</i>Genetic Testing?
Authors: Michaela J. Higgins, James M. Rae, David A. Flockhart, Daniel F. Hayes, Vered Stearns
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2009)

Many women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer will receive tamoxifen at some point in their treatment course. Tamoxifen is biotransformed to the potent antiestrogen endoxifen almost exclusively through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 isoform. Although prospective data are lacking, the balance of evidence available currently suggests that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP2D6 gene, particularly the presence of 2 null alleles, predicts for reduced tamoxifen metabolism and possibly poorer outcome than expected in patients with a wild-type genotype. Studies evaluating the impact of genetic polymorphisms that result in CYP2D6 with reduced or no activity on long-term outcome have been mostly retrospective and conducted on archival tissues or those obtained previously in prospective studies of tamoxifen. Until data are available from retrospective examinations of the large prospective trials already conducted, or adequately powered prospective analyses, transforming this information into guidelines for individual patients remains challenging. The authors do not currently recommend routine testing for CYP2D6 genotype for making clinical decisions regarding tamoxifen. Use of concomitant strong or intermediate inhibitors of CYP2D6 should be avoided when alternate medications are available. Ongoing research is directed toward identifying other polymorphisms that may influence the efficacy and safety of tamoxifen, other hormonal agents, and chemotherapies used to treat breast cancer. The hope is that in the future, not only tumor-associated factors but also germ-line host genetics can be used to determine whether a woman should receive treatment, and with which specific agents, to prevent breast cancer recurrence or death or avoid drug-related toxicities.
Long-term effects of erythropoietin therapy on fistula stenosis and plasma concentrations of PDGF and MCP-1 in hemodialysis patients.
Authors: S De Marchi, E Cecchin, E Falleti, R Giacomello, G Stel, G Sepiacci, N Bortolotti, F Zanello, F Gonano, E Bartoli
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1997)

Among the adverse effects possibly associated with the use of erythropoietin (EPO) in hemodialysis patients is an increased incidence of thrombosis of the vascular access. However, little is known about the effect of EPO on the stenotic lesion in the venous outflow system, which is the leading cause of fistula thrombosis. This study was designed to explore the long-term effects of EPO treatment on progressive fistula stenosis and the plasma concentrations of some potential mediators of neointimal hyperplasia. A cross-sectional and 3-yr prospective, placebo-controlled, pilot study was performed in 30 hemodialysis patients with native arteriovenous fistula. Sixteen patients received EPO and 14 received a placebo. Venous dialysis pressure, urea recirculation, color Doppler sonography, and angiography were used to monitor vascular access patency. Compared with 60 healthy subjects, the hemodialysis patients had elevated plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin 6, three proteins that might be involved in the neointima formation regulating the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, these patients had numerous endothelial and hemostatic abnormalities that indicated a thrombophilic state. Eleven patients, six (37.5%) receiving EPO and five (35.7%) taking placebo, developed a progressive stenosis in the venous circuit of the fistula. There was no significant difference in the vascular access, event-free survival over 36 mo between patients receiving EPO therapy and placebo. EPO induced a significant decrease in the plasma values of platelet-derived growth factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and an increase of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentration. After EPO withdrawal, these parameters returned to pretreatment levels. In conclusion, long-term EPO therapy does not increase the risk of progressive stenosis of native arteriovenous fistula. The use of erythropoietin does not induce any prothrombotic change in hemostatic parameters, and further studies are required to elucidate the theoretically beneficial effects on the plasma concentration of some potential mediators of neointimal formation.
The expression of NADPH oxidase components in human glomerular mesangial cells
Authors: S A Jones, J T Hancock, O T Jones, A Neubauer, N Topley
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

Previous work has shown that human mesangial cells (HMC) are capable of low rates of generation of reactive oxygen species for considerable periods of time. In this communication, the presence of components of an NADPH oxidase-like system, more commonly associated with phagocytic leukocytes, is shown. The ability of HMC to generate low levels of superoxide may have important implications in cellular signaling in general and may contribute to glomerular injury. Spectroscopic analysis of HMC membranes revealed a low-potential cytochrome b component, redox midpoint potential centered around -250 mV, which is present at 60 pmol/mg of membrane protein. Immunodetection studies suggested the presence of the p22phox, p47phox, and p67phox components of the NADPH oxidase, whereas the gp91phox was not detected. Further studies with oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction primers showed that, in HMC the mRNA expression of the p67phox and p47phox was absent from growth-arrested cells but was present in HMC treated with interleukin-1 beta (1,000 pg/mL), whereas gp91phox could not be detected. Only mRNA corresponding to p22phox was present in growth-arrested cells; p47phox mRNA was induced by 2-h treatment with interleukin-1 beta but declined after 6-h treatment. These data illustrate for the first time that HMC are capable of expressing mRNA for several NADPH oxidase components. The apparent absence, or variation, of the gp91phox indicates the likelihood of an NADPH oxidase isoenzyme.
Researching outcomes of educational interventions
Authors: C T Fitz-Gibbon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Road traffic injuries are a global public health problemEditor-Road traffic crashes and their sequelae are a scourge in all societies, both developed and developing.Each year over a million people are killed in road traffic collisions worldwide and some 10 million people are injured or disabled by these events, 1 predominantly in low and middle income countries. 2 Despite what is known about road traffic crashes and their health consequences, policymakers worldwide show little awareness of their contribution to the burden of disease; consequently they are neglected in service and policy.At the same time there has been limited funding, particularly in low and middle income countries, for traffic related research 3 even though these injuries drain developing economies of 1-2% of gross domestic product (about $100 bn) each year, or twice the total development aid received worldwide by developing countries. 4 The critical issue is that road traffic injuries can be prevented.Many effective strategies have been identified in developed countries, but since the type of traffic injuries in developing countries differ greatly from those in developed countries, the prevention strategies, technologies, and policies cannot simply be exported.They require specific testing and appropriate modification to ensure their effectiveness in developing societies.The World Health Organization, as the lead coordinating agency for international public health, is guiding a science based programme of activities in the prevention of road traffic injury.In 2001 its department of injuries and violence prevention, together with partners, developed a multidisciplinary five year global strategy for this (www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/index.html).This strategy takes into consideration competing needs and expectations, and limited resources in many countries, and addresses long term sustainable goals.The Global Forum for Health Research and the WHO are supporting an initiative to promote appropriate research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (see www. globalforumhealth.org/pages/index.asp).This North-South collaborative effort is embarking on an ambitious research agenda for the prevention of road traffic injuries.Complementarily, another initiative, led by the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies and cosponsored by the WHO, addresses the problem of health equity and road traffic injuries.An alliance of partners will help 10 developing countries to develop appropriate policies and interventions over five years.Dedicating an issue of the BMJ to road traffic injuries is a welcome step in the acknowledgement of this global public health problem.It is also a call for partners around the world to confront the growing epidemic and save lives.
A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Second Line (2L) Treatment Options for Advanced Gastric Cancer (Agc)
Authors: M.C. Riesco Martínez, J. Adeva Alfonso, E. Andrés Esteban, C. Gómez-Martín, L. Lema Roso, L. Robles Díaz, L. Parrilla Rubio, G. Ruiz-Ares, C. Pernaut Sánchez, J.A. López-Martín
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Peritoneal transport physiology
Authors: M F Flessner
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1991)

Clinical uses of the peritoneal cavity, such as i.p. chemotherapy or peritoneal dialysis, depend on underlying physiological mechanisms of transport between the blood and the peritoneal cavity. Clinical models of peritoneal transport have focused on an idealized "peritoneal membrane." However, such a membrane does not physically exist. Transport actually occurs between the peritoneal cavity and blood which is contained in discrete capillaries distributed in the tissue interstitium surrounding the cavity. To integrate the properties of the capillaries and the interstitium, the "distributed model" approach couples pore theory, which simulates transendothelial transport, with diffusion and convection within the tissue space. The distributed theory can explain why the peritoneal membrane, when compared with the artificial kidney, appears tight to urea but leaky to protein. The additional resistance to urea transport has been attributed to "unstirred layers" adjacent to the peritoneal membrane. These can now be defined physiologically by examining diffusion in the tissue space. Absolute rates of convection into and out of the cavity cannot yet be accurately predicted, but the physiological forces can be specified. Net "ultrafiltration" during dialysis results from not only high osmotic pressure in the peritoneal dialysate but also from a small but significant hydrostatic pressure which drives convection in the opposite direction. Recent implications from protein absorption studies that lymphatics are the cause of the decrease in net ultrafiltration are only partly true. Analysis of data from the tissue space has shown that the deposition of protein occurs from the cavity into the tissue interstitium with a slow uptake into lymphatics.
Enhancing Effect of Bile and Bile Acid on Stomach Tumorigenesis Induced by &lt;italic&gt;N&lt;/italic&gt;-Methyl-&lt;italic&gt;N′&lt;/italic&gt; -nitro-&lt;italic&gt;N&lt;/italic&gt;-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar Rats&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: O Kobori, T Shimizu, M Maeda, Y Atomi, J Watanabe, M Shoji, Y Morioka
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

The carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effects of bile or bile acid on stomach carcinogenesis were investigated in inbred W rats. Bile or bile acid was introduced into the stomach by choledochogastrostomy or with food after the administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine [(MNNG) CAS: 70-25-7; 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine] in drinking water. The animals that received MNNG and bile or sodium taurocholate (CAS: 145-42-6; N-choloyltaurine sodium salt) had a significantly higher incidence of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions in the stomach mucosa than did the relevant MNNG-treated controls. The result suggested an enhancing effect of bile and sodium taurocholate in stomach tumorigenesis.
Atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Karen Olsson, Nils Nickel, Jörn Tongers, Marius Hoeper
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background Atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation are frequently observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension but their clinical implications remain unclear. Objectives Aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVTs) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Methods In a 5-year, prospective study, we assessed the incidence of new-onset SVTs as well as risk factors, clinical consequences, management, and impact on survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, n=157) or inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH, n=82). Results New onset SVTs were detected in 48/239 (20%) patients with a cumulative 5-year incidence of new-onset SVTs of 25.1% (95% confidence interval, 13.8-35.4%). Atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation were equally frequent. Stable sinus rhythm was re-established in 21/24 (88%) of patients initially presenting with atrial flutter and in 16/24 (67%) of patients with atrial fibrillation. Development of SVTs was associated with more severe hemodynamic impairment. New-onset SVTs were an independent risk factor of death (p=0.04, simple Cox regression analysis) with a significantly higher mortality in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation compared to patients in whom sinus rhythm was restored (estimated survival at 1, 2 and 3 years 64%, 55%, and 27% versus 97%, 80%, and 57%, respectively; p=0.01, log-rank analysis). Conclusions SVTs develop in a considerable number of patients with PAH or inoperable CTEPH and often cause clinical deterioration and right heart failure. Mortality is high when sinus rhythm cannot be restored.
Cellular Transmission of Canine Lymphoma and Leukemia in Beagles&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: H Cohen, A L Chapman, J W Ebert, W J Bopp, C R Gravelle
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

Thirty-four neonatal beagles were inoculated with cells obtained originally from 2 adult beagles, 1 with lymphocytic leukemia, the other with generalized malignant lymphoma. Most of the puppies were irradiated before inoculation; a few were inoculated in utero and were not irradiated. Of the 11 puppies inoculated with buffy coat cells of the blood from the leukemic donor, 2 developed leukemia. Of the 23 pups inoculated with cells of lymph nodes from the spontaneous lymphoma or positive passages, 13 developed lymphoma. Time of measurable onset of leukemia or lymphoma in the recipients varied from 12-60 days after inoculation. One passage was achieved with the leukemia and three serial passages with the lymphoma. A female karyotype was obtained from a neoplastic lymph node in a male recipient of the lymphoma. Since the donor was female, this suggests that the passages of the lymphoma were transplants.
Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunologic Reactivity to Moloney Murine Sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumors. I. Cell and Serum Activity Detected by Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition2, 3
Authors: Thelma A. Koppl, William J. Halliday
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1981)

Cell-mediated immunity and serum regulatory factors were studied in an in vitro system involving a spontaneously regressing, virus-induced tumor. Inbred BALB/c and CBA mice were inoculated with Moloney murine sarcoma virus and their peritoneal cells were tested for reactivity in leukocyte-adherence inhibition tests with extracts of syngeneic tumors. Sera from inoculated mice were tested for their effect on this reactivity. At the optimal dilution, tumor extracts induced significant reactions with cells from tumor-bearing mice (progressors) and from mice with regressed tumors (regressors); cells from normal mice and from mice with transplanted, chemically induced tumors were unaffected. Sera from progressor mice specifically blocked the reactivity of syngeneic cells. At the time of maximal tumor development, this blocking activity disappeared and the serum became unblocking: i.e., the regressor serum neutralized the blocking factor in progressor serum. The blocking or unblocking factors were tumor-specific; no cross-reactivity occurred with similar factors related to the chemically induced tumor. Normal cells were not significantly affected by exposure to blocking and unblocking sera. The development of cellular immune reactivity and serum factors detected in vitro corresponded to the cycle of tumor progression and regression observed in vivo.
Incidence of Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma in &lt;italic&gt;Rana pipiens&lt;/italic&gt; as Determined by Histological Examination&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: P B Marlow, S Mizell
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)