tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estimating exposure and dose to characterize health risks: the role of human tissue monitoring in exposure assessment.
Authors: K Sexton, M A Callahan, E F Bryan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Exposure assessment is an integral part of health risk characterization. Exposure assessments typically address three critical aspects of exposure: the number of people exposed to the environmental toxicant, at specific concentrations, for the time period of interest; the resulting dose; and the relative contribution of important sources and pathways to exposure/dose. Because historically both
Samuel Henry Creighton Clarke
Authors: Richard Montgomery
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Former consultant urological surgeon Brighton and Hove (b 1912; q St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1936; FRCS), died from heart failure on 15 September 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




Henry enlisted in July 1939, and the following year, at Dunkirk, he organised the evacuation of men on to the boats, under aerial attack. He left Dunkirk on one of the last boats out. In 1942 he was sent to north Africa, and was present at the Battle of El Alamein, later taking part in the invasion of Italy. He ended the war as a major in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was a consultant in general surgery at the Luton and Dunstable Hospital before becoming a consultant urological surgeon in the Brighton and Hove area. He leaves a wife, Elizabeth; a daughter; and three grandchildren.
368 THE FATTY LIVER IN NON OBESE CITIZEN: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A LARGE OSSERVATIONAL STUDY (BAGNACAVALLO STUDY)
Authors: G. Saini, F.G. Foschi, P. Giacomoni, M. Domenicali, C. Dall'Aglio, S. Savini, F. Dazzani, G. Re, T. Cassetti, P. Andreone, M. Bernardi, F. Stefanini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Sleep Deprivation: Clinical Issues, Pharmacology, and Sleep Loss Effects
Authors: Thomas F. Mulrooney
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Medical Writings: Book Notes15 March 2005Sleep Deprivation: Clinical Issues, Pharmacology, and Sleep Loss EffectsThomas F. Mulrooney, MDThomas F. Mulrooney, MDFrom Minnesota Sleep Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Kushida CA, ed. 589 pages. New York; Marcel Dekker; 2004. $199.95. ISBN 0824720946. Order at www.dekker.com.Field of medicine: Sleep disorders medicine.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Clinicians who evaluate and treat patients with sleep disturbances, especially patients who report disturbed function resulting from sleep deprivation or interruption. It should especially interest pulmonologists, neurologists, and behavioral medicine specialists. Occupational physicians will be drawn to the discussion of risks for accident in sleepy workers.Purpose: To familiarize readers with causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, and to encourage societal recognition of hazards it can pose.Content: Divided into 6 sections, the book ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Minnesota Sleep Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 March 2005Volume 142, Issue 6Page: 480KeywordsClinical pharmacologyPregnancySleepSleep deprivationSleep disordersSoftware tools ePublished: 15 March 2005 Issue Published: 15 March 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Tuberculosis in Dialyzed Patients
Authors: C. W. Meinershagen
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Our thanks to Pradhan et al (229:798, 1974) for alerting us to the possibility of tuberculosis in dialyzed patients. In addition to their discussion of the feasibility of isoniazid prophylaxis, it would appear that a history of tuberculin-positive skin test without subsequent isoniazid chemoprophylaxis or antituberculous therapy would in itself be an indication for institution of isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in the uremic patient. While present knowledge may not dictate isoniazid for all dialysis patients, certainly those who have known tuberculin skin-test positivity in the past should have the benefits.
Australian research council reviews conflict of interest requirements
Authors: M. Sweet
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Australian researchers, universities, and other research institutions are likely to face measures aimed at ensuring conflicts of interest are declared.

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is considering recommendations that would require researchers to publicly declare conflicts of interest on university and other institutional websites.

The council has also been asked to consider establishing its own conflict of interest committee, to provide advice internally and to act as a reference for other bodies, and to require research institutions to establish similar committees.

The suggestions were made by senior …
Egalitarianism and Moral Bioenhancement
Authors: Robert Sparrow
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2014)

A number of philosophers working in applied ethics and bioethics are now earnestly debating the ethics of what they term "moral bioenhancement." I argue that the society-wide program of biological manipulations required to achieve the purported goals of moral bioenhancement would necessarily implicate the state in a controversial moral perfectionism. Moreover, the prospect of being able to reliably identify some people as, by biological constitution, significantly and consistently more moral than others would seem to pose a profound challenge to egalitarian social and political ideals. Even if moral bioenhancement should ultimately prove to be impossible, there is a chance that a bogus science of bioenhancement would lead to arbitrary inequalities in access to political power or facilitate the unjust rule of authoritarians; in the meantime, the debate about the ethics of moral bioenhancement risks reinvigorating dangerous ideas about the extent of natural inequality in the possession of the moral faculties.
The Dictionary of Modern Medicine
Authors: Cheryl Iverson
Journal: JAMA (1992)

As Segen notes in the introduction, this new dictionary is "not designed to replace traditional dictionaries, but rather to complement them." Thus, it avoids terms that one would expect to find in a medical dictionary (eg, anatomical and biochemical terms) and includes no pronunciation guidelines but rather focuses on acronyms, jargon, neologisms, and "the argot of new disciplines, diseases, their diagnosis and therapies." Many of these terms derive from disciplines with which medicine shares the modern milieu: legal, ethical, bureaucratic. This new slant makes for an enjoyable dictionary to browse through and a useful reference tool. A sampling of terms from the field of law includes<i>Roe v Wade, Nancy Beth Cruzan</i>(provides information on the<i>Cruzan</i>case and data from a<i>New England Journal of Med-</i><i>icine</i>article on US patients in a persistent vegetative state and the annual cost of caring for them),<i>advance directive, malpractice</i>(an entry
On Overorganization and Overregulation in Medicine
Authors: George J. Race
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The essential contributors to medical care consist of four major groups the professionals who treat patients; the hospitals, with 435 occupational groups; the professional schools; and the financial support structure. Each of these groups has its own major organization, for example, the American Medical Association, the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), and Blue Cross/Blue Shield. In recent years, we professionals and the government have imposed intolerable burdens on these primary groups in the form of hierarchic, supernumerary societies, supposedly designed to improve the functional delivery of health care. These multiple societies impede the professionals, the hospitals, the universities, and the financial groups to a point where virtually no perceived need can be met by timely action. For example, the Coordinating Council on Medical Education is made up of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the AAMC, the AHA, the AMA, the Council of
Effects of Alcohol on the Central Nervous System
Authors: J. H. Mendelson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

It has been long known that alcoholics may have a variety of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. However, the relative importance of direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain as opposed to metabolic derangements associated with dietary deficiency has been the subject of continued debate. Recently, Dr. Gerhard Freund1 reported that alcohol consumption per se and not nutritional deficiency produced impairment of shock avoidance learning in mice. This study raised anew the question of a possible direct toxic action of ethanol on the central nervous system.A careful examination of Freund's data1 reveals that toxic effects . . .
Scintigraphic Findings of Coexisting Renal Artery Stenosis and Renal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: CHAN H. PARK, SUNG M. KIM, CHARLES INTENZO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Renal vein thrombosis is primarily a disease of the newborn and not often seen among the adult population. Coexisting renal vein thrombosis and ipsilateral renal artery stenosis are extremely rare. Scintigraphic findings of this entity are described.
The Road to Diagnostic Certainty
Authors: Robert D. Mauro
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In closing his recent comments on diagnostic certainty, Dr Johnson<sup>1</sup>noted that the "complex and often intuitive decision [of when to stop diagnostic investigation and start treatment] calls on broad clinical judgment beyond the scope of any rote diagnostic algorithm." Johnson is referring to the "test-treatment threshold," and his statement ignores a large body of work that has been done in medical decision analysis over the last two decades. The decision to which Johnson refers depends on the perceived risks and benefits of treatment and of withholding treatment. This decision properly takes into account not only the virulence of the disease and the effectiveness of the treatment but also the understanding that diagnosis is imperfect, that one will end up treating some persons without the disease as well as withholding treatment from some who have the disease. One can, using decision analysis, express the possible outcomes
A tiered approach to pharmacokinetic studies.
Authors: A G Wilson, S W Frantz, L C Keifer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Studies of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) have long been recognized as important in the evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy of pharmaceutical agents. In recent years, the importance of ADME studies in toxicology also has become increasingly apparent. In realization of the importance of ADME studies, regulatory agencies have established guidelines governing the conduct of these studies. To be of maximum utility, it is desirable that ADME and pharmacokinetic studies be closely integrated with the toxicity testing protocol. However, in many instances this is not the case, which results in ADME and pharmacokinetic studies that are often chronologically and philosophically remote from the toxicity testing protocols. An inevitable consequence of this approach is that it frequently leads to the generation of ADME data that are of limited use in the process of toxicity evaluation and risk assessment. Recently, there has been increased focus on developing testing strategies that would result in the development of ADME data with greater application to toxicity testing and risk assessment. An example of such an approach is the concept of a tiered approach to the conduct of ADME studies. An important aspect of the tiered approach is generating ADME data at an earlier stage during the toxicity testing of a chemical. This could be effected by acceptance of the concept of a minimum experimental data set for a chemical. This minimum data set could be conducted in a timely and economic manner and would develop data addressing three fundamental questions: Is the chemical absorbed? Is the chemical metabolized? Does the chemical persist?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease
Authors: Axel Kuettner, Andreas F. Kopp, Stephen Schroeder, Thilo Rieger, Juergen Brunn, Christoph Meisner, Martin Heuschmid, Tobias Trabold, Christof Burgstahler, Jens Martensen, Wolfgang Schoebel, Hans-Konrad Selbmann, Claus D. Claussen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
High prices drive down flow of food aid
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Five years after a major reorganisation of England's neonatal services, large and unexplained variations between regions in mortality among neonates still exist, concludes a new report from the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee.England's 178 neonatal care units were ordered in 2003 to reorganise into 23 regional networks.But that reorganisation has failed to address discrepancies between regions; and two regions, Essex and the Northern, have still not formally merged into unified organisations after five years.In 2005 the neonatal mortality rate among babies born at more than 22 weeks' gestation varied from 1.8 deaths per 1000 live births in the Surrey and Sussex region to 4.8 in the South West Midlands.The Conservative MP Edward Leigh, who chairs the Public Accounts Committee, said that the 2003 reorganisation "has had limited effect in reducing regional variations in mortality rates of babies born prematurely or suffering an illness [and] needing specialist care."The Department of Health was unable to confirm whether these discrepancies were due to disparities in care or to demographic factors, he said.Primary care trusts, Mr Leigh added, "need to improve their understanding of the Reorganisation of neonatal service in England fails to iron out regional variation in death rates UK NEWS Regulation of alternative medicine faces more delays, p 1395 WoRld NEWS dutch doctors make advice on suicide available to public, p 1394 bmj.com Germany promises protection to hospital doctors over longer working hours
The Role of the Internist in a Mental-Hygiene Clinic
Authors: Stewart P. Seigle, Isidore Schnap, Rowe A. Castagno
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

MENTAL-HYGIENE clinics are assuming a justifiably important position among community medical facilities. At some of these clinics an internist is available as a consultant. At the Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic at Hartford, the internist functions beyond the usual confines of medical consultation and recommendation. He first examined only patients in whom the question of organic disease was raised. Gradually he became integrated into the clinic and began to attend conferences and to join actively in the Cooperative study of psychiatric patients, especially those suffering from psychosomatic illness. He now has a weekly session with the senior psychiatrist, at which . . .
Proteomic and metabolic prediction of response to therapy in gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Ken Herrmann, Axel Walch, Benjamin Balluff, Marc Tänzer, Heinz Höfler, Bernd J Krause, Markus Schwaiger, Helmut Friess, Roland M Schmid, Matthias PA Ebert
Journal: Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2009)
Finite dose skin mass balance including the lateral part: Comparison between experiment, pharmacokinetic modeling and diffusion models
Authors: D. Selzer, T. Hahn, A. Naegel, M. Heisig, K.H. Kostka, C.M. Lehr, D. Neumann, U.F. Schaefer, G. Wittum
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Pharmacodynamic steady state of tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: J.A. van Noord, J.J. Smeets, F.L.J. Custers, L. Korducki, P.J.G. Cornelissen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Tiotropium (Spiriva®) is a new once-daily inhaled anticholinergic that has its effect through prolonged muscarinic (M)<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonism. It has a clinically documented, long duration of action with once-daily dosing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A single-centre, double-blind, ipratropium-controlled study was conducted in order to characterize the onset of pharmacodynamic steady state of tiotropium in patients with COPD. Thirty-one patients (25 male, six female) with a mean age of 62 yrs and a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) of 1.13 L (38% of predicted) were randomly assigned to receive either tiotropium 18 µg once-daily from a dry-powder inhaler (HandiHaler®, 20 patients), or ipratropium 40 µg four-times daily from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (11 patients) for a period of 1 week. FEV<sub>1</sub> and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured 1 h prior to, and just before inhalation (mean value of the two measurements on test-day 1 was the baseline value, while on all other test days it was the trough value), and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after inhalation of the morning dose of the study drug (one capsule and two puffs) on days 1, 2, 3, and 8. Trough FEV<sub>1</sub> following 8 days of tiotropium was 0.19 L (18%) above baseline. Approximately 90% of this increase was achieved within 24 h of the first dose (0.17 L, 16%). Trough FVC increased 0.67 L (27%) on test-day 8. Approximately 70% of the improvement was observed after two tiotropium doses (0.47 L, 19%). Achievement of FVC steady state was delayed compared to FEV<sub>1</sub>. Ipratropium performed typically with an onset of action within 30 min, a peak response between 1–2 h postdosing and a duration of action of ∼4 h. It was concluded that forced expiratory volume in one second steady state with tiotropium is reached within 48 h, while continued improvements in forced vital capacity can be expected over or beyond the first week of therapy. The continued increases in forced vital capacity beyond 48 h suggests that maintenance bronchodilator therapy is required to achieve maximal changes in hyperinflation.
Diverticular disease of the colon in Africans.
Authors: J F Calder
Journal: BMJ (1979)

since ischaemia or procaine block of peripheral nerves usually abolishes it.34Toxic reactions to penicillamine, especially haematological, renal, and gastrointestinal disturbances, occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Neurological complications are relatively uncommon.Polymyositis and myasthenia gravis have been reported, but both were excluded in our patient.The decremental EMG response found only at higher stimulation rates, in the absence of single fibre EMG abnormalities, is unlike that found in myasthenia gravis or Eaton- Lambert syndrome.5To recognise neuromyotonia requires careful clinical and EMG examination since it is easily mistaken for myasthenia gravis.
Adjustment of Mentally Retarded Patients in a Hospital for the Mentally Ill
Authors: NEIL D. WARREN, GEORGE TARJAN, THOMAS L. CALL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

Few studies have been made of what happens when mentally retarded persons are transferred to mental hospitals. This study of 193 patients, made following such a transfer in California, showed generally favorable results. Possible explanations, including staff attitudes and use of medications, are discussed.
dP/dt and isovolumic pressure decline.
Authors: M A Fifer
Journal: Circulation (1990)

dP/dt and Isovolumic Pressure Decline I read with great interest the thoughtful article by Paulus et al.1 I take issue, however, with their use of dP/dt (20/60) as an index of nonexponentiality of isovolumic pressure decline, as suggested by Kumada et al.2For a pure monoexponential pressure decline,3Thus dP/dt (20/60)=e(-20/T )/e(-60/T) =e(40/T) dP/dt (20/60) is greater for smaller values of T. Thus, it is affected by T itself independent of nonexponentiality of pressure decline.Inspection of the data of Paulus et al bears out this inverse relation between T and dP/dt (20/60).The group mean values of their four measurements of T were 47, 53, 42, and 73 msec.For exponential pressure decline, the corresponding values for dP/dt (20/60) predicted by the last equation above are 2.4, 2.1, 2.6, and 1.7, respectively.The actual values of dP/dt (20/60) reported by the authors are 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, and 1.7.Because the fall in dP/dt (20/60) to 1.7 on nitroprusside after balloon aortic valvuloplasty could be predicted from the associated increase in T to 73 msec itself, the conclusion that it demonstrates nonexponentiality of isovolumic pressure decline is not justified.
Abstract 4968: Chemotherapy up-regulates RANK-RANKL signaling in breast cancer cells.
Authors: Bhawna Sharma, Michelle L. Varney, Rakesh K. Singh
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of cancer treatment for so many years and so do the increasing resistance to it. Recent studies emphasize the importance of cytokines in breast cancer therapy resistance and how targeting cytokines or their receptor may prove to be a better therapeutic regimen. This study focuses on the role of receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL), recently been observed to provide survival benefits to cancer cells and helps in mammary stem cell maintenance. To the best of our knowledge the modulations of RANK and RANKL in response to chemotherapy has not been evaluated before. Our preliminary studies with drug-resistant cells showed higher expression of RANK and RANKL both in vitro in cells as well as in vivo in tumors formed by these cells, suggesting a role of this RANKL mediated signaling in breast cancer therapy resistance. Given that RANK and RANKL are expressed in aggressive breast tumors and this signaling provides survival benefits to cancer cells, we hypothesized that chemotherapy up-regulates RANK-RANKL signaling in breast cancer cells which eventually makes breast cancer cells resistant to further chemotherapy providing evasion to therapy. To investigate this, we monitored the expression of RANKL in murine 4T1, CL66 and MDA MB-231, MCF-7; human breast cancer cells lines after treatment with two commonly used drugs doxorubicin and paclitaxel for breast cancer treatment. We observed that both drugs up-regulate RANKL expression in these cells. To examine if the expression of RANK also changes after drug treatment in these cells, we treated 4T1 and Cl66 cells with paclitaxel for 4, 8 and 12 hours. We observed an increase in the expression of RANK in these cells in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. 4T1 and Cl66 along with MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 were also treated with both paclitaxel and doxorubicin to evaluate if the change in receptor and ligand expression was drug-dependent. Our data showed that both the drugs up-regulate RANKL at mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein levels (Immunofluorescence) in Cl66 and 4T1 cells. This up-regulation was as early as 4hrs (at mRNA level) after drugs treatment and the expression decreases after 8 hrs, suggesting an early transcriptional up-regulation. Our data suggest that increased expression of both RANK and RANKL in the breast cancer cells following chemotherapy may contribute to the activation of RANK-RANKL signaling in breast cancer and targeting this signaling might provide a novel adjuvant therapeutic regimen. Citation Format: Bhawna Sharma, Michelle L. Varney, Rakesh K. Singh. Chemotherapy up-regulates RANK-RANKL signaling in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4968. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4968
The health effects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution
Authors: Jonathan A. Bernstein, Neil Alexis, Hyacinth Bacchus, I. Leonard Bernstein, Pat Fritz, Elliot Horner, Ning Li, Stephany Mason, Andre Nel, John Oullette, Kari Reijula, Tina Reponen, James Seltzer, Alisa Smith, Susan M. Tarlo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)