tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Potential impact of long-term nucleoside therapy on the mortality and morbidity of active chronic hepatitis B #
Authors: Mehlika Toy, Irene K. Veldhuijzen, Robert A. de Man, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Solko W. Schalm
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

The potential impact of long-term antiviral therapy on the burden of chronic hepatitis B has hardly been documented. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of prolonged antiviral therapy and antiviral resistance on the mortality and morbidity of active chronic hepatitis B patients. A population cohort of chronic hepatitis B patients in the Netherlands was constructed and stratified according to 10-year age groups, prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA level, alanine aminotransferase level, hepatitis B e antigen status, and presence of cirrhosis. A Markov model was created to mathematically simulate the cohort's progression through a finite series of health states. The analysis was performed on the basis of four scenarios: natural history, long-term therapy with a high-resistance profile drug without or with salvage, and therapy with a low-resistance profile drug. It has been estimated that there were 64,000 people (0.4%) suffering from chronic hepatitis B infection in the Netherlands in 2005, with 6521 (10%) of them having high viremia and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. Within a 20-year period, 1725 (26%) of the 6521 patients in the active chronic hepatitis B cohort will die because of liver-related causes. Of the 5685 without cirrhosis at entry, 1671 (29%) will develop cirrhosis. Of those 836 with cirrhosis at entry, 619 (74%) will die within a 20-year period. If this active chronic hepatitis B cohort is fully detected and treated, mortality related to liver disease can be reduced by 80% if a low-resistance profile drug is chosen from the start. The effect is due to both the reduction in complications of cirrhosis and the prevention of the development of cirrhosis.Long-term antiviral therapy with a strategy that minimizes or controls resistance will have a major preventive effect on liver-related mortality and morbidity.
Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c
Authors: Mitsuhiro Watanabe, Sander M. Houten, Li Wang, Antonio Moschetta, David J. Mangelsdorf, Richard A. Heyman, David D. Moore, Johan Auwerx
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

We explored the effects of bile acids on triglyceride (TG) homeostasis using a combination of molecular, cellular, and animal models. Cholic acid (CA) prevents hepatic TG accumulation, VLDL secretion, and elevated serum TG in mouse models of hypertriglyceridemia. At the molecular level, CA decreases hepatic expression of SREBP-1c and its lipogenic target genes. Through the use of mouse mutants for the short heterodimer partner (SHP) and liver X receptor (LXR) α and β, we demonstrate the critical dependence of the reduction of SREBP-1c expression by either natural or synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists on both SHP and LXRα and LXRβ. These results suggest that strategies aimed at increasing FXR activity and the repressive effects of SHP should be explored to correct hypertriglyceridemia.
Myeloperoxidase as an effective inhibitor of hydroxyl radical production. Implications for the oxidative reactions of neutrophils.
Authors: C C Winterbourn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Hydroxyl radicals have been generated from hydrogen peroxide and superoxide (produced with xanthine oxidase), and an iron (EDTA) catalyst, and detected with deoxyribose, or in some cases with benzoate or alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyric acid. Purified myeloperoxidase, and neutrophils stimulated with fMet-Leu-Phe and cytochalasin B, strongly inhibited this hydroxyl radical production in a concentration-dependent manner. Supernatants from stimulated cells also inhibited, and inhibition by cells or supernatant was prevented by azide. There was much less inhibition by myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils. Inhibition thus was due to myeloperoxidase released by the cells. With neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, which release very little myeloperoxidase, hydroxyl radical production was enhanced due to the additional superoxide produced by the cells. It is concluded that under conditions where neutrophils release myeloperoxidase as well as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by myeloperoxidase would make conditions unfavorable for hydroxyl radical production.
IL-35-mediated induction of a potent regulatory T cell population
Authors: Lauren W Collison, Vandana Chaturvedi, Abigail L Henderson, Paul R Giacomin, Cliff Guy, Jaishree Bankoti, David Finkelstein, Karen Forbes, Creg J Workman, Scott A Brown, Jerold E Rehg, Michael L Jones, Hsiao-Tzu Ni, David Artis, Mary Jo Turk, Dario A A Vignali
Journal: Nature Immunology (2010)
Surgery and AIDS
Authors: Julie Louise Gerberding
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The cumulative risk of occupationally acquired infection after exposure of surgical personnel to blood is dependent on three factors: (1) the frequency and types of hazardous exposure encountered, (2) the risk of infection transmission associated with discrete exposures, and (3) the prevalence of blood-borne infections in the surgical patient population. In this issue, Panlilio et al<sup>1</sup>provide descriptive data quantifying the frequency and types of intraoperative exposure encountered at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. Their findings are remarkably consistent with the results of similar studies reported from San Francisco, Calif, and Albuquerque, NM.<sup>2,3</sup>Together, data from these three studies demonstrate unequivocally that occupational exposure to blood is a frequent occurrence. The data also provide strong evidence that a significant proportion of surgical exposures can and should be prevented. In the reported observational studies, percutaneous blood exposure occurred in 1.7% to 4.9% of surgical cases.<sup>1-3</sup>Estimating the risk
863 HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DELETION OF MCL-1 INDUCES HEPATOCELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND SPONTANEOUS HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS
Authors: R.J. Boger, A. Weber, B. Vick, T. Urbanik, B. Köhler, A. Teufel, P.R. Galle, J. Haybäck, S. Zoller, M. Heikenwälder, M. Schuchmann, H. Schulze-Bergkamen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Normal Anatomy of the Lumbosacral Spine and Pelvis A Correlation of SPECT and Radiographic Techniques
Authors: GARY F. GATES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

SPECT of the lumbosacral spine and pelvis is an advancement over planar imaging, which allows for improved lesion detection and more precise anatomic localization of an abnormality. Recognition of skeletal anatomy shown by SPECT is paramount for diagnostic accuracy as well as for meaningful consultations with referring physicians and diagnostic radiologists. This is a correlative study of normal anatomy of the lumbosacral spine and pelvis demonstrated by SPECT and radiography in order to assure that morphologic detail resulting from SPECT is recognized and matched with radiographic landmarks in the same area.
Abstract 2633: Intermediate Term Follow-up after Aortoventriculoplasty with Pulmonary Autograft (Ross-Konno Procedure)
Authors: Bahaa Fadel, Khaled Abdulbaki, Mahboob Nawaz, Saud AlOufi, Maie Shahid, Mohammad Al Amri, Zuhair Al-Halees
Journal: Circulation (2006)
Tumor Twitter: Cellular Communication in the Breast Cancer Stem Cell Niche
Authors: Michael D. Brooks, Max S. Wicha
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Abstract Summary: Communication between the diverse assortment of cells that constitute the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor development. Using a p53-null mouse model, Zhang and colleagues describe a novel feedback loop involving breast cancer stem cells and their progeny mediated by WNT2, CXCL12, and IL6. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 469–71. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Zhang et al., p. 520
221 OUTCOME OF CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE LIVER ICU AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF MORTALITY: RESULTS OF A RECENT COHORT OF 308 PATIENTS
Authors: F. Saliba, E. Levesque, P. Ichai, H. Habbouchi, T.M. Antonini, J.-C. Duclos-Vallee, B. Roche, R. Sobesky, D. Azoulay, R. Adam, D. Castaing, D. Samuel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
LATE CATCH–UP PHENOMENON IN THE TREATMENT OF CORONARY BIFURCATION LESIONS WITH FIRST GENERATION DRUG–ELUTING STENTS USING SIMPLE AND COMPLEX TECHNIQUES
Authors: Leonard Ngunga, Shantu Bundhoo, Pitak Pongnonthachai, Neil Brass, Raymond Leung, Benjamin Tyrrell, Micha Dorsch, William Hui, Po K. Cheung
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Urologic Dilemmas Resolved by the Ileal Conduit
Authors: James H. DeWeerd
Journal: JAMA (1961)

An isolated segment of ileum, its caliber reduced by excising a longitudinal strip from its antimesenteric border, can be used to supplement or replace the ureter in establishing flow from the kidney to the bladder or the skin. Benefits from this ileal-conduit diversion are increasingly evident when the operation is reserved for especially selected patients. In 45 of the present series of 70 patients the underlying disease was benign; 16 patients were less than 25 years old. Eight cases are presented in support of the thesis that success in the use of the ilealconduit operation must be measured in terms of symptomatic relief, general sense of well-being, ability to resume a place in society, and anticipated longevity.
Gallium Localization in Peritonitis Two Case Reports
Authors: MARGARET M. LaMANNA, PATRICIA H. SALUK, POURAN P. ZEKAVAT, JALAL MOBINI, JANET A. PARKER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

Diffuse abdominal localization of gallium was found in two patients with peritonitis, one due to M. tuberculosis and the other presumably pyogenic. Gallium scanning may be useful in the diagnosis of peritonitis and perhaps of other serosal infections.
Intracranial Fibromuscular Hyperplasia
Authors: William S. Elias
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Patients 30 to 50 years of age with nonembolic cerebrovascular disease are likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or serum lipid abnormalities as the cause of their illness, whereas those less than 30 years old may have a variety of other underlying diseases such as arteritis, dissecting aneurysms, serum protein abnormalities, or hematologic disorders.<sup>1</sup>Intracranial fibromuscular hyperplasia is another possibility. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 21-year-old housewife was entirely well until July 30, 1969, when a severe retro-orbital nonthrobbing headache on the right side was followed one hour later by left arm and leg weakness, slurred speech, and asymmetry of the face. The patient smoked about six cigarettes per day, and had taken oral contraceptives for approximately one year, but had discontinued them six months prior to admission. Her last menstrual period ended four days prior to admission. Occasional tension headaches had been relieved by aspirin. There
The method of loci (MoL) and memory consolidation: Dreaming is not MoL-like
Authors: Tore Nielsen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Certain method of loci (MoL) prerequisites – familiar, coherently ordered locations – should appear during dreaming if the latter is, in fact, elaborative memory encoding as hypothesized by Llewellyn. A review of the literature suggests that dreamed locations are neither familiar nor coherently ordered and thus unsuitable for facilitating memory in this sense. This conclusion converges with other evidence that episodic memory is dependent upon non–rapid eye movement (NREM), rather than REM, sleep.
Percutaneous Transvenous Endomyocardial Biopsy
Authors: Philip K. Caves
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To obtain endomyocardial biopsies, a catheter sheath is introduced into the right internal jugular vein with the patient under a local anesthetic, and a catheter bioptome is advanced under fluoroscopic control to the apex of the right ventricle. Adequate specimens are obtained for light and electron microscopy and for immunofluorescent studies. In 20 biopsy specimens obtained from ten patients following cardiac transplantation, the histologic information has been valuable in diagnosing acute rejection episodes. Serial percutaneous transvenous endomyocardial biopsy is now a part of our routine management of patients receiving heart transplants.
Nikethamide as a Respiratory Analeptic
Authors: Mauricio J. Dulfano
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The immediate response to intravenous administration of nikethamide was studied in 15 patients with acute respiratory failure. Clinically, there was noticeable increase in mental lucidity and respiratory drive. Laboratory studies revealed varied degrees of arterial pCO<sub>2</sub>decrease and improvement in minute ventilation and oxyhemoglobin saturation. Further hypoventilation induced by oxygen breathing was also corrected by nikethamide. The average effective single intravenous dose varied between 5 and 8 ml. Additional amounts by slow intravenous drip could further sustain the effects of the primary dose. Toxic effects were minimal and brief; ratio between therapeutic and toxic levels was good.
Early lung growth and chronic airflow obstruction.
Authors: S Shaheen, D J Barker
Journal: Thorax (1994)

Early lung growth and chronic airflow obstruction Over the last 30 years the hypothesis that chronic airflow obstruction has its origins in early life has stimulated much interest."'5Studies have generally focused on lower respir- atory tract infection and other influences which act in infancy and early childhood."~9Recentfindings, however,
Antagonism by indomethacin of diuretic response to calcitonin in man.
Authors: D B Barnett, I R Edwards, A J Smith
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Antagonism by Indomethacin of Diuretic Response to Calcitonin in ManThe diuretic effects of porcine and human calcitonin in animals and man' are associated with renal vasodilatation.2The hormone itself may not be directly responsible for these effects, however, and since intravenous calcitonin causes increased gastrointestinal activity and flushing in man, prostaglandins (particularly E2 and F2a) may act as intermediaries.3If so, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indo- methacin, might modify this response. Methods and Results
Cardiac transplantation in severely ill patients requiring intensive support in hospital
Authors: D. Mulcahy, C. Wright, L. Mockus, M. Yacoub, K. Fox
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Sixty four patients were referred for cardiac transplantation from a single cardiac team at this hospital between October 1984 and December 1986. Of these patients, 33 were referred for urgent transplantation, all of whom required intensive treatment in hospital with intravenous infusions of cardiac drugs, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, peritoneal dialysis, ventilation, or any combination of these to sustain life. Of these 33 patients, six died while awaiting transplantation, one was removed from the waiting list for a transplant, and 26 received cardiac transplants. There were five deaths within 24 hours of operation and one death 10 days after the operation. Twenty of those who had surgery had a successful outcome of transplantation, but there was one late death 10 weeks postoperatively and a further death 31 months after surgery. Eighteen patients were alive and well 10 to 33 months (mean 19.4 months) after transplantation, with an overall survival rate after surgery of 69%. Provided that surgery can be performed before renal failure has progressed such that renal dialysis [corrected] is necessary, the results are excellent (surgical survival 85.5%) and, we believe, justify the expenditure and staffing requirements necessary to treat these terminally ill patients.
Decision Analysis — Effects of Prophylactic Mastectomy and Oophorectomy on Life Expectancy among Women with<i>BRCA1</i>or<i>BRCA2</i>Mutations
Authors: Deborah Schrag, Karen M. Kuntz, Judy E. Garber, Jane C. Weeks
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have an increased risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy are often considered as ways of reducing these risks, but the effect of the procedures on life expectancy has not been established.
Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide-Reply
Authors: Roger H. Unger
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In their letter, Drs. Haunz and Cornatzer challenge the editorial statement that only "a minority of tolbutamide failures are successfully treated by chlorpropamide." They mention only 41 of 125 "carefully selected" patients and do not mention either the dose and duration of tolbutamide therapy or their criteria of tolbutamide failure and chlorpropamide success. I wonder if they would reanalyze their data as follows: Consider as tolbutamide failures only those patients who had a mean fasting blood sugar level of over 150 mg.% (or any other reasonable level they may prefer) despite<i>at least</i>3 weeks of tolbutamide therapy in doses of 3 gm. daily. If they then calculate the mean FBS during chlorpropamide therapy, they can let us know what percentage of patients had a reduction in mean FBS of 20% or more as the result of changing from tolbutamide to chlorpropamide. As stated in the editorial,
Reducing global health inequalities. Part 2: Myriad challenges
Authors: Kenneth Stuart, EJL Soulsby
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

We describe the wide range of government sectors and national capabilities that would have roles in the development of collaborative strategies for the successful reduction of national health inequalities. We review the constraints that would need to be overcome in developing such a collaborative instrument. We advocate the establishment of such a group in any country committed to this objective and that it might be termed and function as a ‘National Council for the Reduction of Health Inequalities’.

We also indicate that much of the proposed action in reducing health inequalities internationally is likely to be against poverty which is so commonly associated with them and is therefore likely to be focused on Africa, the home of many of the world's poorest countries. Examples of Africa-related issues which commonly fall off national or international health agendas – uncontrolled population growth, agriculture and livestock development, arrangement for international health cooperation – have been discussed. Prospects are also presented for international cooperation in health to become a subject for discussion and promotion at the highest level of international diplomacy.
Severe Mental Illness and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: John W. Newcomer, Charles H. Hennekens
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Men should be encouraged to apply to medical school
Authors: A. Ferriman
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Medical schools and the government should do more to encourage male students to apply to study medicine, the annual representative meeting of the BMA agreed last week.

The present split of about 60% female and 40% male students would lead to problems in the future when many of the women graduates would want to take time out to have children or work part-time, the representatives were told.

James Coulston, a member of the medical students committee, who was proposing the motion, said: “Welcome to the next big problem for the NHS. This is purely and simply a numbers problem.”

About 65% of the intake was now women, and in some places it was 75%. Yet it was clear that the “joys of motherhood” would call on many of …
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin as a Prophylactic Measure for Spouses Exposed to Acute Type B Hepatitis
Authors: Allan G. Redeker, James W. Mosley, David J. Gocke, Albert P. McKee, William Pollack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Because the value of usual immune globulin preparations in preventing Type B hepatitis is doubtful, we carried out a double-blind comparison of a control human immune globulin preparation with one--identified as HBIG--that had a high concentration (442 mug per milliliter) of antibodies to surface components of hepatitis B virus. Effectiveness was tested in spouses of patients with acute Type B hepatitis. Within 150 days after injection, nine of 33 spouses in the control group had symptomatic Type B hepatitis, compared with one of 25 spouses receiving HBIG. One non-B case also occurred in the HBIG group. Five control globulin recipients had evidence of subclinical hepatitis B infection, compared with one HBIG recipient. Thus, HBIG appeared effective in suppressing not only disease, but also infection itself. Prophylactic value has been demonstrated in persons who should now be recognized as being at exceptionally high risk.
Apoptotic mechanisms in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration: cause or effect?
Authors: Dennis W. Dickson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Increasing evidence suggests that selective neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases involves activation of cysteine aspartyl proteases (caspases), which initiate and execute apoptosis. In Alzheimer disease both extracellular amyloid deposits and intracellular amyloid beta protein may activate caspases, leading to cleavage of nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins, including tau protein. Proteolysis of tau may be critical to neurofibrillary degeneration, which correlates with dementia.
Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes in experimental right ventricular infarction.
Authors: T C Chou, N O Fowler, M Gabel, J van der Bel-Kahn, E J Feltner
Journal: Circulation (1983)

To investigate the electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes in isolated right ventricular infarction, 0.25 ml or 0.5 ml of metallic mercury was injected into the right coronary artery of 14 closed-chest dogs. At autopsy, at least 60% of the right ventricle was necrotic in every dog. Hemodynamic observations were made in 11 and electrocardiographic mapping was performed in all 14 dogs. Right atrial pressure rose in 10 and left atrial pressure in nine of the 11 dogs; early right atrial pressure did not exceed left atrial pressure, but late right atrial pressure was greater in four dogs. Although cardiac output and blood pressure fell significantly, circulation was maintained. Twelve of 14 dogs had transient ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads, and 12 developed right bundle branch block. Abnormal Q waves or R waves of 1 mm or less appeared in the right precordial leads in 13 of the 14 dogs. Since right bundle branch block and abnormal Q waves in the right precordial leads have not been recognized as useful signs in human right ventricular infarction, further investigations are warranted to determine their value in clinical applications.