tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pilocarpine-induced cholinergic sweat secretion compared with emotional sweat secretion in atopic dermatitis
Authors: None Kato, None Saga, None Morimoto, None Kaneko
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

We studied pilocarpine-induced cholinergic sweating, emotional sweating and sympathetic reflex sweating in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Secreted sweat was measured both with equipment that continuously records sweat rate and with a filter paper method that measures sweat weight absorbed. Comparison of the two methods revealed that the filter paper method underestimated the sweat secretion in AD patients. While AD patients showed no significant abnormalities in emotional sweating and sympathetic reflex sweating, the duration of pilocarpine-induced sweating was prolonged. The time from the maximal sweat rate until the sweat rate fell to half of the maximal rate was significantly longer in AD patients than in control subjects. In contrast, the time from the beginning of sweat secretion until the maximal sweat rate was not significantly different between AD patients and control subjects. There was no significant difference between AD patients and control subjects in sweat volume secreted in 20 min after pilocarpine iontophoresis. In AD patients, the total sweat volume secreted after pilocarpine iontophoresis was greater than in control subjects, although not significantly. These results suggest that the system of deactivation of pilocarpine-induced sweat secretion is impaired in AD patients whereas the activation system is not altered.
Alterations in Major Histocompatibility Complex Phenotypes of Mouse Cloned T10 Sarcoma Cells: Association With Shifts From Nonmetastatic to Metastatic Cells&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: S Katzav, P De Baetselier, B Tartakovsky, M Feldman, S Segal
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1983)

The T10 sarcoma, induced in a (C57BL/6J X C3HeB/-FeJ)F1 (H-2b X H-2k) mouse, grows locally (L-T10) and generates spontaneous lung metastases (M-T10). L-T10 cells were found to express the H-2b haplotype, whereas M-T10 expressed both the H-2b and H-2k haplotypes. Most L-T10 cloned cells expressed the H-2b haplotype and were not metastatic. The minority expressed both H-2k and H-2b and were metastatic. Serial transplantations of H-2k-negative clones always ended in spontaneous expression of the H-2k haplotype concomitantly with the acquisition of metastatic potency. The expressed H-2k seemed to be associated with the metastatic properties inasmuch as an H-2b-positive--H-2k-negative clone, which had lost the expressed H-2b and was temporarily H-2 negative, remained nonmetastatic until reexpression of the two haplotypes occurred. Serial transfers of H-2k-positive clones resulted in the maintenance of the expressed H-2k haplotype and the retention of metastatic capacity. A shift toward increased metastatic capacity correlated with H-2k expression occurred during serial transfers of every clone tested. Expression of major histocompatibility complex components, rather than their loss, may potentiate the metastatic capacity of tumor cells.
Management of Diminutive Colon Polyps Based on Endoluminal Imaging
Authors: David Lieberman, Joel Brill, Marcia Canto, Daniel DeMarco, Brian Fennerty, Neil Gupta, Loren Laine, Charles Lightdale, Elizabeth Montgomery, Robert Odze, Douglas Rex, Prateek Sharma, Michael Kochman, Jeffrey Tokar
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: Efficacy and Safety of QVA149 (Indacaterol/Glycopyrrolate) versus Its Monocomponents and Placebo in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Donald A. Mahler, Edward Kerwin, Tim Ayers, Angel FowlerTaylor, Samopriyo Maitra, Chau Thach, Mark Lloyd, Francesco Patalano, Donald Banerji
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Rationale: Current Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy recommends the combination of two long-acting bronchodilators of different pharmacologic classes for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) if symptoms are not adequately controlled by a single bronchodilator.Objectives: The FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2 studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of QVA149 (indacaterol/glycopyrrolate), a fixed-dose combination of a long-acting β2-agonist (indacaterol) and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (glycopyrrolate), compared with its monocomponents and placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.Methods: FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2 were 12-week, identical, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo- and active-controlled studies. Patients were randomized (1:1:1:1) to indacaterol/glycopyrrolate (27.5/15.6 μg twice daily), indacaterol (27.5 μg twice daily), glycopyrrolate (15.6 μg twice daily), or placebo, all delivered via the Neohaler device. The primary objective was to demonstrate the superiority of indacaterol/glycopyrrolate versus its monocomponents for standardized area under the curve from 0–12 hours for FEV1 at Week 12. Secondary objectives included St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score and transition dyspnea index total score and reduction in daily rescue medication use with indacaterol/glycopyrrolate versus placebo.Measurements and Main Results: In total, 2,038 patients were included in the pooled analysis. Indacaterol/glycopyrrolate was statistically superior in terms of FEV1 area under the curve from 0–12 hours compared with its monocomponents (P < 0.001). Statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score, transition dyspnea index total score, and reduction in rescue medication use were observed with indacaterol/glycopyrrolate compared with placebo (P < 0.001). The safety profile was comparable across the treatment groups.Conclusions: Indacaterol/glycopyrrolate twice daily can be an alternative treatment option for the management of symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01727141 and NCT 0171251).
The bronchodilator response from inhaled terbutaline is influenced by the mass of small particles: a study on a dry powder inhaler (Turbuhaler)
Authors: G Persson, J E Wirén
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

This study was carried out to investigate if particles approximately less than 5 microns are optimal when delivered from a dry powder inhaler. It was performed as a cumulative dose response study of twelve asthmatic adults. Three different versions of a dry powder inhaler, Bricanyl Turbuhaler, were studied. Each inhaler delivered 0.5 mg of pure terbutaline sulphate with each dose. Out of this 0.5 mg, they delivered 90 micrograms, 40 micrograms and 5 micrograms, respectively, of particles approximately less than 5 microns with each dose at an inspiratory flow rate of 28 l.min-1. Terbutaline 0.5 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg was inhaled with a 30 min interval between the doses. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured 5 and 20 min after each dose. The bronchodilator response was greater with the inhaler delivering 90 micrograms of small particles with each dose than with the inhaler delivering 5 micrograms, thus confirming the importance of small (approximately less than 5 microns) particles.
OPURIT: Omalizumab-protected ultra rush specific immunotherapy in severe asthmatic patients with house dust mite allergy
Authors: Thomas Harr, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Severe uncontrolled asthma is a contraindication against allergen-specific immunotherapy due to increased risks of side effects and asthma exacerbations. Omalizumab (Xolair®) has been shown to be an effective treatment for patients suffering from severe allergic asthma and to increased safety of allergen SpecificImmunoTherapy SIT. We describe 3 patients (males, 28, 31 and 42years) with severe asthma GINA III-IV and total serum IgE ranging from 181 to 680 IU/ml undergoing a combination of Omalizumab and house dust mite-SIT. House dust mite (HDM) allergy was confirmed by clinical history, positive skin prick tests, elevated specific serum IgE and positive conjunctival challenge tests.  In all 3 patients Omalizumab was initiated according to manufacturer9s recommendation. After 3 months in all patients asthma improved requiring less inhaled drugs and an improved quality of life. The felt effect of HDM exposure was also reduced but still somehow present. Thus we added an allergen-specific immunotherapy with HDM as the asthma situation was stable now. We opted for an ultra-rush induction regimen with a total of 6 injections over 4 hours and a cumulative dose of 1009000 SQU. Patients were closely monitored. All patients tolerated the ultra rush induction very well. The maintenance regimen of the HDM extract was then injected on a monthly base. Also Omalizumab was continued on the initial dose.  Omalizumab may enable induction of allergen-specific immunotherapy with HDM in severe asthma patients otherwise not accessible to this approach. The long term effect of this combined treatment will have to be further evaluated to judge clinical and pharmacoeconomical aspects.
Effects of High-Intensity Power-Frequency Electric Fields on Implanted Modern Multiprogrammable Cardiac Pacemakers
Authors: G S Butrous, S J Meldrum, D G Barton, J A Bonnell, J C Male, A J Camm
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1982)

The effect on an implanted, multiprogrammable pacemaker of power-frequency (50 Hz) electric fields up to an intensity (unperturbed value measured at 1.7 m) of 20 kV/m were assessed in ten paced patients. Radiotelemetric monitoring of the electrocardiogram allowed supervision of the electrocardiogram throughout exposure to the alternating electric field. Displacement body currents of up to 300 μA were achieved depending on the position and height of the patient. None of the pacemakers was inhibited, triggered or reverted to fixed rate operation during the exposure. The programmable functions, programmability or output characteristics were not affected. Small changes in cardiac rate and rhythm elicited the correct pacemaker responses. Unlike earlier models of pacemaker, this modern implanted pacemaker, which represents ‘the state of the art’, is not affected by 50 Hz electric fields likely to be encountered when standing underneath power lines.
Evolution of the ATP-binding-cassette transmembrane transporters of vertebrates.
Authors: A L Hughes
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1994)

The ATP-binding-cassette transmembrane transporters (ABC transporters) known from vertebrates belong to four major subfamilies: (1) the P-glycoproteins (Pgp); (2) the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTR); (3) the Tap proteins encoded with the major histocompatibility complex of mammals; and (4) the peroxisomal membrane proteins. Both Pgp and CFTR have a structure suggesting a past internal gene duplication; a phylogenetic analysis indicated that these duplications occurred independently, while an independent tandem gene duplication occurred in the case of the Tap family. Both the Pgp and Tap proteins show evidence of relationship to bacterial ABC transporters lacking internal duplication, and both are significantly more closely related to the HlyB and MsbA families of transporters from purple bacteria than they are to ABC transporters from nonpurple bacteria. The simplest hypothesis to explain this observation is that eukaryotic Pgp and Tap genes are descended from a mitochondrial gene or genes that were subsequently translocated to the nuclear genome. The Pgp genes of eukaryotes are characterized by a remarkable degree of convergent evolution between the ATP-binding cassettes of their N-terminal and C-terminal halves, whereas no such convergence is seen between the two halves of CFTR genes or between the duplicated Tap genes. Exon 13 of the CFTR gene, which encodes a putative regulatory domain not found in other ABC transporters apart from CFTR, showed high levels of both synonymous and nonsynonymous difference in comparisons among different mammalian species, suggesting that this region is a mutational hot spot.
The Young Adult: An Overview
Authors: DANA L. FARNSWORTH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The author describes some of the changes that have come about in the attitudes and behavior of young adults over the past two decades, giving his opinions of the causes for their concern and their methods of expressing it. He particularly emphasizes the need for young adults and their elders to work together toward the solution of the problems of a society in which personal integrity has declined to an alarming extent.
Immunologic Control of a Retrovirus-Associated Murine Adenocarcinoma. VII. Tumor Cell Destruction by Macrophages and IgG2A&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: A J Langlois, T J Matthews, K J Weinhold, D P Bolognesi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1985)

The mechanism by which IgG2A from a syngeneic antitumor hyperimmune serum mediates destruction of target cells in the presence of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages was investigated by using an in vitro assay system. Labeled tumor cells were found to exhibit a biphasic pattern of binding to the effector cells; this binding pattern was dependent on the presence of specific antibody. The initial binding phase produced no apparent changes in the target cell population. Target cells coated with specific antibody exhibited a similar early binding phase, but excess free antibody was required for the subsequent binding phase and its associated release of radiolabel and cell destruction. Several features of this process observed distinguished it from more conventional forms of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity. These included 1) the preference for antibodies of the IgG2A isotype, 2) the association of cell destruction with the release of nuclear but not cytoplasmic label, and 3) the requirement of excess free antibody for target cell killing.
Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and wheezing: An internet-based birth cohort study
Authors: Maja Popovic, Daniela Zugna, Claudia Galassi, Franco Merletti, Enrica Migliore, Luigi Gagliardi, Franca Rusconi, Lorenzo Richiardi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The role of prenatal antibiotics exposure in the development of wheezing in infancy has not been clarified yet.  We evaluated whether maternal use of antibiotics in pregnancy increases the risk of childhood wheezing or if possible associations are due to confounders.  We studied 3955 children born to mothers recruited into NINFEA cohort and followed up to the 18 months of age. Information on antibiotics use in the 1 st  and the 3 rd  trimester, ever and recurrent wheezing in offspring and potential confounders (maternal socio-demographics, smoking, asthma/atopy, respiratory and genitourinary infections in pregnancy) was collected from questionnaires completed during pregnancy, at 6 and 18 months after delivery.  For the 1 st  trimester exposure the crude risk ratio (RR) of ever wheezing was 1.37 (95%CI: 1.05-1.80) and it decreased to 1.12 (0.84-1.48) after adjustment. No association was found for recurrent wheezing. For the 3 rd  trimester exposure the RRs of ever and recurrent wheezing were 1.32 (1.02-1.71) and 1.78 (1.17-2.72) which after adjustment decreased to 1.04 (0.77-1.40) and 1.29 (0.82-2.04), respectively. For both trimesters there was weak or no association between duration of antibiotic use and ever or recurrent wheezing. Analysis on women with genitourinary infections in the 3 rd  trimester showed an excess risk of wheezing in offspring independent from antibiotic use (adjusted RR: 1.66; 1.28-2.16 and 1.62; 1.10-2.40 for users and non-users, respectively).  The increase in risk of infant wheezing after prenatal exposure to antibiotics could be attributed to the strong role of confounding factors. Genitourinary infections in pregnancy “per se” seem to be a predisposing factor to infant wheezing.
Hospitalized Community-acquired Pneumonia in the Elderly
Authors: VLADIMIR KAPLAN, DEREK C. ANGUS, MARTIN F. GRIFFIN, GILLES CLERMONT, R. SCOTT WATSON, WALTER T. LINDE-ZWIRBLE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a frequent cause of hospital admission and death among elderly patients, but there is little information on age- and sex-specific incidence, patterns of care (intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation), resource use (length of stay and hospital costs), and outcome (mortality). We conducted an observational cohort study of all Medicare recipients, aged 65 years or older, hospitalized in nonfederal U.S. hospitals in 1997, who met ICD-9-CM–based criteria for CAP. We identified 623,718 hospital admissions for CAP (18.3 per 1,000 population ⩾ 65 years), of which 26,476 (4.3%) were from nursing homes and of which 66,045 (10.6%) died. The incidence rose five-fold and mortality doubled as age increased from 65–69 to older than 90 years. Men had a higher mortality, both unadjusted (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21 [95% CI: 1.19–1.23]) and adjusted for age, location before admission, underlying comorbidity, and microbiologic etiology (OR: 1.15 [95% CI: 1.13–1.17]). Mean hospital length of stay and costs per hospital admission were 7.6 days and $6,949. For those admitted to the intensive care unit (22.4%) and for those receiving mechanical ventilation (7.2%), mean length of stay and costs were 11.3 days and $14,294, and 15.7 days and $23,961, respectively. Overall hospital costs were $4.4 billion (6.3% of the expenditure in the elderly for acute hospital care), of which $2.1 billion was incurred by cases managed in intensive care units. We conclude that in the hospitalized elderly, CAP is a common and frequently fatal disease that often requires intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation and consumes considerable health care resources. The sex differences are of concern and require further investigation.
The effect of budesonide on TLR expression in alveolar macrophages from smokers
Authors: Jie Ji, Ida von Schéele, Bo Billing, Barbro Dahlén, Ann-Sofie Lantz, Kjell Larsson, Lena Palmberg
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Introduction   Alveolar macrophages (AM) from smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) express less toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) than non-smokers. This reduced TLR2-expression may facilitate bacterial colonization and exacerbation in smokers with COPD. In primary bronchial epithelial cells, exposure of TLR-ligands/TNF with glucocorticosteroid increased TLR2 mRNA expression and reduced IL-8 release. The aim was to compare TLR expression and the effect of a glucocorticosteroid after stimulation with TLR-ligands on AM from smokers with and without COPD compared with healthy controls.   Methods   Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and AMs were isolated from smokers with and without COPD and healthy controls (n=10 from each group) and stimulated  ex vivo  with peptidoglycan (PGN) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ±budesonide (Bud). Antibodies to TLR2 and TLR4 were added before LPS or PGN stimulation ±Bud. Inflammatory biomarkers were detected by ELISA, and TLR mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR.   Results   Stimulation with LPS and PGN increased IL-8 release in all groups. Bud attenuated LPS –induced IL-8 release in all groups, but PGN + Bud reduced IL-8 release only in healthy controls. The combination of Bud with LPS or PGN upregulated TLR2 expression in both smoker groups. Blocking TLR2 before stimulating the cells with PGN ±Bud reduced IL-8 release compared with the unblocked situation.   Conclusion   Stimulation with PGN and Bud reduced IL-8 release only in non-smokers. The combination of PGN and Bud upregulated TLR2 expression in smokers. Our findings that glucocorticosteroid therapy strengthens our immune defense pathways may have implication during exacerbation caused by microorganisms.
Injury and Subsequent Regeneration of Muscles for Activation of Local Innate Immunity to Facilitate the Development and Relapse of Autoimmune Myositis in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Naoki Kimura, Shinya Hirata, Nobuyuki Miyasaka, Kimito Kawahata, Hitoshi Kohsaka
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2015)

Objective To determine whether injury and regeneration of the skeletal muscles induce an inflammatory milieu that facilitates the development and relapse of autoimmune myositis. Methods The quadriceps of C57BL/6 mice were injured with bupivacaine hydrochloride (BPVC) and evaluated histologically. Macrophages and regenerating myofibers in the treated muscles and differentiating C2C12 myotubes were examined for cytokine expression. Mice were immunized with C protein fragments at the base of the tail and in the right hind footpads (day 0) to evoke systemic anti–C protein immunity and to induce local myositis in the right hind limbs. The contralateral quadriceps muscles were injured with BPVC or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on day 7 or after spontaneous regression of myositis (day 42). The quadriceps muscle in nonimmunized mice was injured with BPVC on day 7. The muscles were examined histologically 14 days after treatment. Results The BPVC‐injured muscles had macrophage infiltration most abundantly at 3 days after the injection, with emergence of regenerating fibers from day 5. The macrophages expressed inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, and CCL2. Regenerating myofibers and C2C12 myotubes also expressed the cytokines. The BPVC‐injected muscles from nonimmunized mice had regenerating myofibers with resolved cell infiltration 14 days after treatment. In mice preimmunized with C protein fragments, the muscles injected with BPVC on day 7 as well as on day 42, but not those injected with PBS, had myositis accompanied by CD8+ T cell infiltration. Conclusion Injury and regeneration could set up an inflammatory milieu in the muscles and facilitate the development and relapse of autoimmune myositis.