tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Analysis of TB denotifications in North London (2003 - 2012)
Authors: Uruj Hoda, Hannah Jarvis, Geraldine O'Hara, Dean Creer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction  Diagnosis of TB remains very challenging due to similarities in presentation between TB and several other diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographics, clinical presentation and outcome in patients diagnosed with TB where this diagnosis was later revised.  Method  A retrospective review of the case records of all patients diagnosed with TB at Barnet Hospital (2003 - 12), notified to the Health Protection Agency whose diagnosis was later revised was conducted. Analysis included the demographics, clinical presentation, radiology, microbiology results, treatment and eventual clinical outcome.  Results  From 2003 to 2012 there were 770 TB notifications of which 6.5% (50 cases) were denotified. Analysis of the denotifications showed that the most common site of diagnosis was pulmonary TB (78%). Commonest clinical symptoms were cough (48%) and constitutional disturbance (55%). Inflammatory markers (White Cell Count, CRP, ESR) were elevated in only 35% of patients. TB was suspected on clinical and/or radiological grounds (46% of cases) or microbiology (36%). IGRA and mantoux tests were infrequently used. The average duration of treatment was 58 days and 3 patients completed the full treatment course. The most common revised diagnoses were: Atypical Mycobacteria Infection (21 patients), Lymphoma (4) and Lung Cancer (3) and the remainder a variety of causes.  Conclusions  TB treatment was frequently started on patients before microbiological confirmation for clinical reasons. Atypical Mycobacterial infection caused the highest number of false positive diagnoses. Further studies are needed on how the use of more advanced diagnostic techniques can improve the diagnosis of TB.
Serologic Identification of Multiple Tumor-Associated Antigens on Murine Sarcomas
Authors: George A. Parker, Steven A. Rosenberg
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

The humoral immune response to two transplanted chemically induced murine sarcomas (MCA-2 and MCA-3) was studied in C57BL/6N mice. These tumors were immunogenic as evidenced by tumor amputation and rechallenge experiments, and no cross-reactivity between them was observed in in vivo challenge experiments. Utilizing a complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay, we detected antibody to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 in the sera of animals bearing MCA-3 as well as after tumor removal. The sera of animals hyperimmunized to MCA-3 (MCA-3HI) was also cytotoxic in high titer to both MCA-2 and MCA-3 (50% cytotoxicity titers of 1:80 and 1:320, respectively). Sequential absorptions of sera from animals bearing MCA-3 and MCA-3HI sera with fresh MCA-2 cells completely removed activity against MCA-2 but retained reactivity to MCA-3. Sequential absorptions with fresh MCA-3 cells produced stepwise reductions of activity against both tumors, whereas absorption with normal cells produced no loss of activity against either tumor. Thus both specific and cross-reactive antigens were expressed on the surfaces of MCA-3 cells. Only the specific tumor antigen appeared to be involved in in vivo protection against tumor challenge.
An AKT3-FOXG1-reelin network underlies defective migration in human focal malformations of cortical development
Authors: Seung Tae Baek, Brett Copeland, Eun-Jin Yun, Seok-Kyu Kwon, Alicia Guemez-Gamboa, Ashleigh E Schaffer, Sangwoo Kim, Hoon-Chul Kang, Saera Song, Gary W Mathern, Joseph G Gleeson
Journal: Nature Medicine (2015)
Estrogen Exposure During Gestation and Risk of Testicular Cancer&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Robert H. Depue, Malcolm C. Pike, Brian E. Henderson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1983)

In this case--control study of 108 cases of testicular cancer in men under 30 years of age, cryptorchidism was a major risk factor [relative risk (RR) = 9.0]. Low birth weight was also associated with increased risk (RR = 3.2). Having severe acne at puberty was protective (RR = 0.37). Interviews with mothers of cases revealed that exposure of the mother to exogenous estrogen during pregnancy created a significant risk in the son (RR = 8.0). In first pregnancies, excessive nausea indicated an increased risk of testicular cancer (RR = 4.2). Increased body weight in the mother also increased the risk. The relation between these factors and testicular hypoplasia is discussed. Severe perimenopausal menorrhagia was a factor in the mother associated with reduced risk of testicular cancer in the son (RR = 0.10). A modified hormonal milieu in the mother appears to be important in the later development of testicular cancer in her sons.
Syndrome of flank pain and acute renal failure after binge drinking and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ingestion.
Authors: G R Johnson, S F Wen
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

The binge drinking of alcohol combined with the ingestion of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is a recently described cause of reversible acute renal failure. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to acute tubular necrosis in this setting include the initial compromise in renal perfusion due to alcohol-induced extracellular volume contraction and the superimposed renal hemodynamic alterations induced by the NSAID that interfere with the renal autoregulation. Although alcohol may also cause rhabdomyolysis leading to acute tubular necrosis, this is usually not apparent in these cases. Previously, only three such cases have been reported but the incidence is likely to be higher in view of the prevalence of alcohol and NSAID use. Herein is presented another patient in whom the features of flank pain and acute renal failure in association with binge drinking and NSAID ingestion constitute a characteristic syndrome.
Patient experiences of exacerbations in a real world setting: Global results from the Hidden Depths survey
Authors: Neil Barnes, Peter M.A. Calverley, Alan Kaplan, Klaus F. Rabe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  There are many clinical trials in which COPD exacerbations have been studied but less is known about the real life patient impact.   Aim:  To establish patient reported exacerbation frequency in a real world, global setting & investigate their emotional & physical impact.   Method:  A cross-sectional online survey of clinician diagnosed COPD patients from 14 countries conducted from 09/07 to 02/09 2010. Patients were recruited from opt-in research panels with >18,000,000 members. 255,710 people were invited to participate in the survey. 75,233 respondents were screened. Patients self-classified their COPD severity using the MRC dyspnoea scale.   Results:  2,000 patients were interviewed (1231=MRC1&2 (M1-2) & 769=MRC3,4&5 (M3-5) & mean age of 53 years). 73% of M1-2 & 64% of M3-5 patients thought they controlled their COPD but reported 10 (M1-2) to 18 (M3-5) days in a 30 day month as negatively affected by COPD. Regardless of severity or treatment, the percentage of patients reporting exacerbations in the preceding year was high:  27% of M1-2 & 52% of M3-5 patients who experienced exacerbations reported a hospitalisation & 6% of these M3-5 patients reported never recovering to their prior state of health. Patients also reported significant effects on their personal lives with 71%, 58% & 77% respectively reporting an effect on their sex life, relationship with partner & ability to socialise freely.   Conclusions:  Despite recruiting a relatively young patient cohort on treatment, exacerbation frequency in the real world setting is high & the burden on patients is substantial.
Oropharyngeal pH evaluation to determine the presence of airway reflux in asthmatic patients
Authors: Warren Jackson, Jennifer Burke, Alyn Morice
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction: Reflux disease can affect the tracheobronchial tree directly, this has been shown to lead to aspiration. Currently pharyngeal pH measuring detects only liquid reflux.

Aims and objectives: To evaluate the presence of gaseous airway reflux in physician diagnosed asthmatic patients, utilising the “Dx-pH Measurement System” (Restech, Respiratory Technology Corporation, San Diego, California, USA). The Dx-pH probe can detect the pH of aerosolized droplets and liquid.

Methods: Asthmatic patients with symptoms assessed on the Hull Airway Reflux Questionnaire (HARQ) underwent 24-hour airway pH monitoring with the Dx-pH measurement system. The probe was inserted transnasally in to the oropharynx with the distal end sitting lateral to the uvula. A Ryan score (composite pH score for pharyngeal acid exposure) was calculated for both the upright and supine periods.

Results: The study population consisted of 12 asthmatic patients (1 male, 11 female) with a mean age of 50 (range 33 - 72). Ryan score values for the upright period were 2.12 - 612.57 (normal <9.41) and for the supine period were 2.17 - 38.01 (normal <6.80). The mean HARQ score was 32/70. Airway reflux was present, confirmed by an abnormal Ryan score in 75% of the study population in the upright position and 58% in the supine position.

Conclusion: Airway reflux is a frequent condition in asthma patients. It should be recognised as a distinct entity that warrants specialized focus and treatment to improve the symptoms of patients suffering with extraoesophageal reflux and asthma. The Dx-pH probe is a useful diagnostic tool for patients with asthma and symptoms suggestive of airway reflux.
Assessment of pulmonary drug delivery in ex vivo mouse lungs using quantitative 3D fluorescence imaging
Authors: Winfried Möller, Richa Srivastava, Veronika Wörle, Oliver Eickelberg, Otmar Schmid
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Introduction   Fluorescent markers are available for monitoring of dose and bioactivity of drugs in preclinical animal models. However, quantitative fluorescence imaging of the whole lung is complicated by poor tissue penetration of light.   Objectives   In this pre-clinical study optical imaging methods were developed to quantify the dose and the distribution of fluorescent markers in the  ex vivo  lungs of mice.   Methods   Fluorescent polystyrene beads (ex/em=680 nm/710 nm) were used as surrogate drug and applied to the lungs of mice via intratracheal instillation (IT) as well as via mechanically-ventilated (m-v) and nose-only (n-o) inhalation. Excised lungs were sectioned into individual lobes, compressed to 1 mm and 0.7 mm thickness and imaged with an in-vivo imaging system (IVIS). Alternatively,  ex vivo  lungs were dried, sliced into 1mm thick slices and slice-by-slice imaged with the IVIS.   Results and Discussion   From imaging of the compressed lung lobes and the dried lung slices an effective light attenuation coefficient of 8.8±1.9 cm -1  was determined, which is consistent with literature data. Dried lung slice imaging provided 3D-information on the pulmonary drug distribution. Analysis of the regional distribution of the fluorophore yielded a central-to-peripheral (C/P) drug ratio of 1.9±0.4 for IT and 1.2±0.3 and 1.3±0.2 for m-v and n-o inhalation, respectively. As expected, IT delivers the marker preferentially into the central region, while both types of inhalation result in a more uniform distribution throughout the lung.   Conclusions   Using optical fluorescence imaging the dose and 3D distribution of fluorescently labelled drugs can be assessed in  ex vivo  mouse lungs.
Differing Stem Cell Self-Renewal of Lectin-Separated Murine Bone Marrow Fractions&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: A L Salner, J E Obbagy, S Hellman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

The success of bone marrow transplantation depends not only on the engraftment of adequate numbers of hematopoietic stem cells but also on their self-renewal capacity, which must be sufficient to provide lifetime hematopoiesis. The lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), when exposed to bone marrow, causes separation into two distinct fractions. The agglutinated fraction not only is enriched with colony-forming units—spleen but also is devoid of graft-versus-host (GVH) activity when injected into allogeneic lethally irradiated recipients, and therefore, it is considered to be an ideal source for bone marrow transplantation. The absence of GVH activity is presumably due to the separation of mature thymocytes into the nonagglutinated fraction and functionally immature thymocytes into the agglutinated fraction. Although there has been speculation that immature hematopoietic stem cells also selectively bind to PNA, other evidence suggests that the relationship of lectin binding specificity to level of maturity varies in different tissues. This study was performed to assess the selfrenewal capacity of lectin-separated bone marrow stem cells. Results indicate that the self-renewal of the agglutinated fraction is significantly lower than that of the unfractionated bone marrow; such self-renewal of the nonagglutinated fraction is higher. This is further evidence for the heterogeneity of the stem cell pool. Stem cell enrichment should not be the goal in bone marrow transplantation; rather, the goal should be utilization of stem cells with the greatest self-renewal potential.
Effect of Reovirus Infection on Pulmonary Tumor Response to Urethan in Strain A Mice2
Authors: Jeffrey C. Theiss, Gary D. Stoner, Alexis J. Kniazeff
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

The effect of reovirus type 3 infection on the pulmonary adenoma response to urethan in strain A mice was examined. Urethan carcinogenesis in this system was suppressed from 30 to 60% when mice were exposed to reovirus either 6 days before, on the same day as, or 14 days after urethan administration. These findings suggested that reovirus infection interfered with the progression of urethan-induced pulmonary adenoma rather than the induction of lung tumors by urethan. When mice received multiple exposures to reovirus, the lung tumor response was enhanced. These findings indicated that reovirus infection in particular and virus infection in general may play an important role in the carcinogenic response to environmental chemicals.
Controlled Trial of Automated External Defibrillators in the London Ambulance Service
Authors: Geraldine Walters, D D'Auria, E E Glucksman
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1990)

This controlled trial was performed in London and compared outcomes of patients treated by ambulance staff using either basic life support alone or an automated external defibrillator (AED) as an adjunct to basic life support. Five of the 212 (2%) patients were successfully resuscitated by crews using basic life support alone, compared with seven of 186 (4%) patients treated by crews equipped with the AED. Neurological outcomes in the AED group were better. However, meaningful statistical comparisons are not possible with so few survivors. The AED used (Lifepak 200, PhysioControl Corp) was found to be sensitive and specific, and ambulance staff operated the defibrillator correctly. The use of AEDs is an option to maximize the provision of defibrillators in the community and could readily be incorporated into basic ambulance training.
Viral load and humoral immune response in association with disease severity in Puumala hantavirus-infected patients—implications for treatment
Authors: L. Pettersson, T. Thunberg, J. Rocklöv, J. Klingström, M. Evander, C. Ahlm
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2013)

<h2>Abstract</h2> Hantaviruses are the causative agents of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. The case fatality rate varies between different hantaviruses and can be up to 40%. At present, there is no specific treatment available. The hantavirus pathogenesis is not well understood, but most likely, both virus-mediated and host-mediated mechanisms are involved. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association among Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) viral RNA load, humoral immune response and disease severity in patients with HFRS. We performed a study of 105 PUUV-infected patients that were followed during the acute phase of disease and for up to 1–3 months later. Fifteen of the 105 patients (14%) were classified as having moderate/severe disease. A low PUUV-specific IgG response (p <0.05) and also a higher white blood cell count (p <0.001) were significantly associated with more severe disease. The PUUV RNA was detected in a majority of patient plasma samples up to 9 days after disease onset; however, PUUV RNA load or longevity of viraemia were not significantly associated with disease severity. We conclude that a low specific IgG response was associated with disease severity in patients with HFRS, whereas PUUV RNA load did not seem to affect the severity of HFRS. Our results raise the possibility of passive immunotherapy as a useful treatment for hantavirus-infected patients.
Morphologic Observations of Green Monkey Kidney Cells After Single and Double Infection With Adenovirus 12 and Simian Virus 40
Authors: Gregory T. O'Conor, Alan S. Rabson, Richard A. Malmgren, Irene K. Berezesky, Frances J. Paul
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1965)

Journal Article Morphologic Observations of Green Monkey Kidney Cells After Single and Double Infection With Adenovirus 12 and Simian Virus 40 Get access Gregory T. O'Conor, Gregory T. O'Conor Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alan S. Rabson, Alan S. Rabson Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard A. Malmgren, Richard A. Malmgren Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Irene K. Berezesky, Irene K. Berezesky Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frances J. Paul Frances J. Paul Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 34, Issue 5, May 1965, Pages 679–693, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/34.5.679 Published: 01 May 1965 Article history Received: 16 November 1964 Published: 01 May 1965
Expression of a sonic hedgehog signal transducer, hedgehog-interacting protein, by human basal cell carcinoma
Authors: M. Tojo, H. Kiyosawa, K. Iwatsuki, F. Kaneko
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Aberrant activation of the hedgehog pathway has been identified in various human tumours, including familial and sporadic basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). It has been postulated that binding of sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) to its receptor, patched protein (PTC), releases the inhibitory effect of PTC against smoothened protein (SMO), another protein of the SHH signalling pathway. The positive SMO signalling is not downregulated in BCCs because of the mutational inactivation of PTC. Recently, hedgehog-interacting protein (HIP) was found to bind to SHH directly and attenuate SHH signalling like PTC, while its expression was induced by SHH signals.To examine the expression patterns of HIP, SHH and PTC gene mRNA by human BCCs, in comparison with those by normal human skin and various skin tumours.We performed quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses with a series of samples from BCCs, other skin tumours and normal skin.We found that the mRNA expression of both HIP and PTC genes was enhanced in all samples of BCCs, whereas none of the other skin tumours tested exhibited an increased level of such mRNAs as compared with normal skin. The transcription of the SHH gene, however, was at a baseline level in most BCCs.These results indicate that both HIP and PTC gene expression are specifically involved in the development of BCCs, and that the production of HIP is linked with the expression of the PTC gene but not the SHH gene.
When to randomize?
Authors: S Durrleman, R Simon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1991)

Many clinical trials address the question of the duration of therapy or whether initial therapy can be improved by the addition of a consolidation or maintenance regimen. For such clinical trials, the question of when to perform the randomization is often difficult. Conventional statistical wisdom prescribes that randomization should take place as late as possible before treatment is effected. This is not always possible or desirable, however. In this report, we describe the factors that are influenced by the timing of randomization, quantify how timing affects these factors, and attempt to provide a tool to help investigators and statisticians determine the appropriate time to randomize for individual studies and particular circumstances.
A Microradioimmunoassay for Antibodies to Tumor-Associated Antigens 2
Authors: J.C.-C. Huang, I. Berczi, G. Froese, H. M. Tsay, A. H. Sehon
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

A versatile microradioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies to tumor-associated and other tissue antigens was described. The method involved: a) the preparation of solid-phase antigen with cultured (already adhered) or non-cultured cells (sedimented by centrifugation) fixed to Micro-Test plates with neutral buffered formaldehyde or absolute methanol; b) the incubation of the antigen with test or control sera; and c) the incubation of the antigen with radioiodinated antiglobulin antibody. The nonspecific background of radioactivity was reduced to an acceptable level by the fixed cells being precoated in the wells with 0.5% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline which was also used for the dilution of sera and labeled antiglobulin antibody. Tumor cells in primary cultures gave a high background, as compared to long-term cultures, which was due to the presence of immunoglobulins (most likely tumor-specific antibody). The specific antibody response to a syngeneic mouse tumor was demonstrated by this technique.
In ICUs, 24-, 16-, and 12-hour overnight resident duty schedules did not differ for patient adverse events
Authors: Randolph J. Lipchik
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Source Citation Parshuram CS, Amaral AC, Ferguson ND, et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Patient safety, resident well-being and continuity of care with different resident duty schedules in the intensive care unit: a randomized trial. CMAJ. 2015;187:321-9. 25667258