tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cineradiographic Examination of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: Denis C. Adler
Journal: JAMA (1967)

An upper-gastrointestinal tract examination is usually performed in patients with obstructive jaundice, although the diagnostic accuracy is thought by many to be quite low. A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether the diagnostic accuracy of the gastrointestinal examination could be improved by the use of cineradiography. Sixty-one patients thought to have obstructive jaundice were studied by cineradiography. The diagnoses obtained were compared with clinical and pathological findings. The diagnosis of periduodenal carcinoma was correctly made or excluded for 50 patients, giving an accuracy level of 82%. These findings indicate that cineradiography provides a convenient means of complete recording of changes in the duodenum which may be analyzed in detail and at length, and which can result in a higher level of accuracy in the diagnosis of periduodenal carcinoma than is obtainable by conventional methods.
Rehabilitation Management of Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Thomas G. Benedek
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The mission of this book appears to be to advocate that patients with long-term rheumatic diseases be treated by a multidisciplinary team. The 18 contributors, of whom four are physicians, address many topics, but without giving enough specific information to guide the physician in the treatment of his own patient. For example, "the patient should be instructed as to what is the normal range (of motion) and how it is obtained." However, no exercises are described, nor is there a table of normal ranges of motion. "Warm moist heat in its various forms (moist heating pads, hot packs, paraffin dips) can be effective," but no illustrations or recommendations regarding duration or temperature are provided. There is a well-written chapter on splinting by an occupational therapist, but it is limited to treatment of the hand and wrist. Nothing further is said about the treatment of contractures. Self-help devices are not mentioned.
Transmural Differences in Myocardial Contraction in Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Kristina Hermann Haugaa, Jan P. Amlie, Knut Erik Berge, Trond P. Leren, Otto A. Smiseth, Thor Edvardsen
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by prolonged myocardial action potential duration. The longest action potential duration is reported in the endomyocardium and midmyocardium. Prolonged action potential duration in LQTS may cause prolonged cardiac contraction, which can be assessed by strain echocardiography. We hypothesized that myocardial contraction is most prolonged in subendocardial myofibers in LQTS patients and that inhomogeneous transmural contraction is related to the risk of spontaneous arrhythmia.We included 101 genotyped LQTS mutation carriers and 35 healthy individuals. A history of cardiac arrhythmias was present in 48 mutations carriers, and 53 were asymptomatic. Myocardial contraction duration was assessed by strain echocardiography as time from the ECG Q wave to peak strain in 16 LV segments. Strain was assessed along the longitudinal axis, predominantly representing subendocardial fibers, and along the circumferential axis, representing midmyocardial fibers. Mean contraction duration was longer in LQTS mutation carriers compared with healthy individuals (445 ± 45 versus 390 ± 40 milliseconds; P<0.001) and longer in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic LQTS mutation carriers (460 ± 40 versus 425 ± 45 milliseconds; P<0.001). Contraction duration by longitudinal strain was longer than by circumferential strain in symptomatic LQTS patients (460 ± 45 versus 445±45 milliseconds; P=0.008) but not in asymptomatic patients and healthy individuals, indicating transmural mechanical dispersion. This time difference was present in a majority of LV segments and was most evident in patients with LQT2 and the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.Contraction duration in symptomatic LQTS mutation carriers was longer in the subendocardium than in the midmyocardium, indicating transmural mechanical dispersion, which was not present in asymptomatic and healthy individuals.
Prevalence, natural history, and relationship of wheezy bronchitis and asthma in children. An epidemiological study
Authors: H. Williams, K. N. McNicol
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Three randomly selected groups of 7-year-old schoolchildren in Melbourne with mild wheezy bronchitis, with moderate wheezy bronchitis, and with asthma were compared with a control group, and the patients followed up until 10 years of age. Comparison showed that if there was any significant difference between the study groups and the controls it was usually present in all these study groups. It was considered that children with wheezy bronchitis and asthma were from the same population with the same underlying basic disorder, and that there was a wide spectrum in various aspects of the natural history of the disorder.About 11% of all children aged 10 years had had some asthmatic episodes. Seventy per cent. of these children ceased having asthma before 10 years of age, while about 30% (3.7% of the whole community) continued to have episodes. There was a highly significant correlation between early age of onset, the frequency of episodes in the first year of symptoms, and the persistence of asthmatic episodes up to 10 years of age.Ten per cent. of all children with asthmatic episodes continued to have symptoms as severely at 10 years as at an earlier period. In this group the onset of symptoms was almost always before 3 years of age, there was a high frequency of episodes in the first year of symptoms, and boys and girls were affected in the ratio of 7:3.
Stepping into the therapeutics void
Authors: R. Coombes
Journal: BMJ (2009)

“New improved formula” Pronel (Leiner &amp; Sons) which contains gelatine and “valuable multivitamins and minerals” is promoted as “the proved remedy for broken fingernails”, but it has not yet been shown that the eating of gelatine affords more than psychological benefit. Although presumably “nails need nourishing from within - with the right proteins and minerals” it is not known what these are. As a nutrient, gelatine is not a high-quality protein, being low or lacking in essential aminoacids, and containing little sulphur (the content of which is high in nails). The several favourable studies of the effects of gelatine on nails, dating from 1950, were poorly controlled and do not provide acceptable evidence of benefit.
The Role of the Vitamin D Endocrine System in Health and Disease
Authors: Helmut Reichel, H. Phillip Koeffler, Anthony W. Norman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

The secosteroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is the major biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. (Secosteroids are those in which one of the rings has undergone fission; in vitamin D, this is ring B.) 1,25(OH)2D3 is recognized as the principal mediator within the sphere of action of vitamin D in the regulation of bone and mineral metabolism in humans.1 2 3 Recent evidence has suggested a wider biologic role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in tissues not primarily related to mineral metabolism.Vitamin D MetabolismMetabolic ActivationAn overview of vitamin D . . .
Doctors and administrators
Authors: K. Woodcock
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Record Linkage Study in the mid-1960s.:Taking these facts into account it is clear that we should continue to accept the figures of Knowelden et al as an accurate statement of the age-specific incidence of fractures of the neck of the femur in Great Britain.Incidence rates and admission rates are both important statistics in the planning and development of health services.
Privy Council quashes GMC ruling
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The judicial committee of the Privy Council last week quashed a ruling by the General Medical Council striking a GP off the medical register and substituted an admonishment instead.

The GMC suspended Dr Surendra Misra's registration with immediate effect in April 2001 and struck him off the register after finding him guilty of serious professional misconduct. But three law lords—Lords Hoffmann, Scott, and Rodger—ruled that evidence of Dr Misra's alcohol problems was wrongly put before the GMC's professional conduct committee and could have prejudiced the committee against him.

It is the second time within a year that a ruling of …
Patient Monitoring and Anesthetic Management
Authors: Stewart A. Wilber
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Many ill-defined but significant factors relating to the anesthetized patient enter into therapeutic and diagnostic decisions governing his care. These factors have not yet been reduced to structured statements or formulas to provide answers which the clinician can accept with confidence. However, a physiological communication network consisting of an automatic transducer system and a digital computer is now being used to accumulate and present accurate, timely physiological data to the surgical team for immediate use in clinical decision-making. These data are also stored in a format which allows easy retrieval for later study of clinical cause and effect. Modern concepts of mathematics, statistics, and technology are being used to reduce these data to computer-solvable, structured statements or models which relate clinical events to physiological variations. These models may be used for making decisions in the clinic and as tools for testing biological theories.
Intestinal absorptive capacity, intestinal permeability and jejunal histology in HIV and their relation to diarrhoea.
Authors: J Keating, I Bjarnason, S Somasundaram, A Macpherson, N Francis, A B Price, D Sharpstone, J Smithson, I S Menzies, B G Gazzard
Journal: Gut (1995)

Intestinal function is poorly defined in patients with HIV infection. Absorptive capacity and intestinal permeability were assessed using 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose, and lactulose in 88 HIV infected patients and the findings were correlated with the degree of immunosuppression (CD4 counts), diarrhoea, wasting, intestinal pathogen status, and histomorphometric analysis of jejunal biopsy samples. Malabsorption of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and D-xylose was prevalent in all groups of patients with AIDS but not in asymptomatic, well patients with HIV. Malabsorption correlated significantly (r = 0.34-0.56, p &lt; 0.005) with the degree of immune suppression and with body mass index. Increased intestinal permeability was found in all subgroups of patients. The changes in absorption-permeability were of comparable severity to those found in patients with untreated coeliac disease. Jejunal histology, however, showed only mild changes in the villus height/crypt depth ratio as compared with subtotal villus atrophy in coeliac disease. Malabsorption and increased intestinal permeability are common in AIDS patients. Malabsorption, which has nutritional implications, relates more to immune suppression than jejunal morphological changes.
Abstract 5149: CYLD downregulation induces aerobic glycolysis via mTOR pathway in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Takuya Nakamura, Satoru Shinriki, Mitsuhiro Hayashi, Yutaka Yamamoto, Mutsuko Ibusuki, Takanao Sueyoshi, Tomoko Ota, Masanori Shinohara, Yukio Ando
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The hypermetabolic nature of cancer cells and their increased reliance on “aerobic glycolysis,” as originally described by Otto Warburg et al, are considered metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. However, its precise mechanisms remain unknown. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is recognized as a tumor suppressor gene whereas little is available about its impact on cancer progression. Our unpublished data showed that lower CYLD expression was associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. The objective of our study was to address specific contributions of CYLD to the signature metabolic features of cancer cells, including the so-called “Warburg effect”. We investigated effects of CYLD knockdown by siRNA on aerobic glycolysis in human OSCC cell lines. As the result of CYLD knockdown, both glucose consumption and lactate production significantly increased in several OSCC cell lines with increased expression of LDHA which is known to be important for glycolysis. Consistently, culture medium became more acidic after CYLD knockdown compared with the control. Repression of CYLD expression induced Akt phosphorylation. Importantly, the increase in aerobic glycolysis induced by CYLD repression was completely blocked by an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin as well as a PIK inhibitor, LY294002. Our study indicats that dysfunction of CYLD contributs to the Warburg effect through Akt-mTOR pathway in OSCC. Further investigation on the advantage of such increased glycolysis and the change in metabolome profiling may lead to development of effective therapeutic strategies for OSCC and other malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5149. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5149
Abstract 4462: Structure-activity relationship studies for PSMA-targeted tubulysin conjugates
Authors: Kevin Wang, Spencer Hahn, Hari Santhapuram, Longwu Qi, Paul Kleindl, Jeremy Vaughn, Fei You, Joe Reddy, Ryan Dorton, Christopher Leamon, Iontcho Vlahov
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a cell-surface receptor expressed on prostate cancer cells. Recent findings suggest that PSMA is also abundant on newly formed blood vessels which supply most non-prostatic solid tumors; including lung, colon, breast, renal, liver, and pancreatic carcinomas. These reports have provided solid support for the concept of designing drug conjugates for PSMA-targeted cancer therapy. Here we describe our structure-activity relationship analyses resulting in the discovery of highly potent PSMA-targeted tubulysin conjugates. In our study, more than thirty ligand-drug constructs were designed and synthesized based on strategically placing a variety of chemical groups responsible for evoking a targeted biological effect in vitro and in vivo. The optimized molecular architecture is comprised of a high affinity PSMA-binding urea-type ligand, a water soluble peptide- or carbohydrate-based spacer unit, a cleavable disulfide-containing self-immolative linker system, and the highly potent chemotherapy drug tubulysin which inhibits microtubule activity . One of the conjugates possessed superior targeted activity and was selected for further preclinical development. Citation Format: Kevin Wang, Spencer Hahn, Hari Santhapuram, Longwu Qi, Paul Kleindl, Jeremy Vaughn, Fei You, Joe Reddy, Ryan Dorton, Christopher Leamon, Iontcho Vlahov. Structure-activity relationship studies for PSMA-targeted tubulysin conjugates. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4462. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4462
Thoracentesis Under Fluoroscopic Control
Authors: James D. Collins
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A ROUTINE thoracentesis performed on the ward often fails to yield fluid, particularly when only a small amount is present.<sup>1</sup>In such cases, thoracentesis performed under fluoroscopic control offers a safe, quick, and relatively inexpensive method to remove (or introduce) fluid into the pleural space. At our institution, we have performed more than 100 thoracenteses under fluoroscopic guidance to obtain fluid for diagnosis. The indications have been the following: Suspected small pleural effusion. Loculated pleural effusion. Repeated, unsuccessful attempts at withdrawal by conventional means. Patients who need pleural biopsy as well as thoracentesis. (The thoracentesis catheter can be inserted directly through the Cope biopsy needle.) Patients who cannot tolerate upright thoracentesis. Patients who need replacement of fluid with a chemical agent . <h3>Methods and Materials</h3> This procedure takes approximately ten minutes and requires a minimum of materials, which include (1) 14-gauge intracatheter needle, (2)
CYTOLOGY OF IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY
Authors: Cesare Bosman, Joseph D. Feldman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

Pairs of rats were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and simultaneously labeled with thymidine-methyl-3H or 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-125I. From 10–50 days later, their lymphoid organs were examined 3 days after anamnestic stimulation with KLH or after primary injection of BGG. Light and electron microscopic study of the labeled cells revealed that immunologic memory resided in the mature resting monoribosomal lymphocyte which, upon stimulation, transformed to an immature polyribosomal lymphocyte and mitotically active blast cell. These latter elements differentiated into plasma cells directly or after mitosis.
Topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin sensitizes mouse hepatocytes<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>to TNF-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Hannes Hentze, Markus Latta, Gerald Künstle, Saravanakumar Dhakshinamoorthy, Poh Yong Ng, Alan G. Porter, Albrecht Wendel
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that maintain and modulate DNA structure. Inhibitors of topoisomerases like camptothecin (CPT), etoposide, and others are widely used antitumor drugs that interfere with transcription, induce DNA strand breaks, and trigger apoptosis preferentially in dividing cells. Because transcription inhibitors (actinomycin D, galactosamine, α-amanitin) sensitize primary hepatocytes to the cytotoxic action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we reasoned whether topoisomerase inhibitors would act similarly. CPT alone was not toxic to primary cultured murine hepatocytes. When incubated with CPT, murine hepatocytes displayed an inhibition of protein synthesis and were thereby rendered sensitive to apoptosis induction by TNF. Apoptosis was characterized by morphology (condensed/fragmented nuclei, membrane blebbing), caspase-3-like protease activity, fragmentation of nuclear DNA, and late cytolysis. Hepatocytes derived from TNF receptor-1 knockout mice were resistant to CPT/TNF-induced apoptosis. CPT treatment completely abrogated the TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation, and mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic factors TNF-receptor associated factor 2, FLICE-inhibitory protein, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein was also inhibited by CPT. The caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-chloromethylketone (zDEVD-fmk), as well as depletion of intracellular ATP by fructose prevented CPT/TNF-induced apoptosis. In vivo , CPT treatment sensitized mice to TNF-induced liver damage. In conclusion, the combination of topoisomerase inhibition and TNF blocks survival signaling and elicits a type of hepatocyte death similar to actinomycin D/TNF or galactosamine/TNF. During antitumor treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors, an impaired immune function often results in opportunistic infections, a situation where the systemic presence of TNF might be critical for the hepatotoxicity reported in clinical topoisomerase inhibitor studies. (Hepatology 2004;39:1311-1320.)
Necrotizing Bronchiolitis in Influenza A of Swine Origin (H1N1)
Authors: Thais Mauad, Ludhmila Abrahão Hajjar, Luiz Fernando Ferraz da Silva, Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes Galas, Marisa Dolhnikoff, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)
SKLB1028, a novel oral multikinase inhibitor of EGFR, FLT3 and Abl, displays exceptional activity in models of FLT3-driven AML and considerable potency in models of CML harboring Abl mutants
Authors: Z-X Cao, J-J Liu, R-L Zheng, J Yang, L Zhong, Y Xu, L-J Wang, C-H Zhang, B-L Wang, S Ma, Z-R Wang, H-Z Xie, Y-Q Wei, S-Y Yang
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
CHANGE IN CYLEX SCORES PREDICTS RISK FOR INFECTION IN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING HEART TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Hyojin Song, Michelle Kittleson, Jignesh Patel, Matthew Rafiei, Ashley Osborne, David Chang, Danny Ramzy, Antoine Hage, Lawrence Czer, Jon Kobashigawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Withdrawal of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to treat mild peritonitis.
Authors: D. C. Pagniez, E. MacNamara, F. Fortin, L. Delvallez, A. Fruchart, P. Dequiedt, A. Tacquet
Journal: BMJ (1988)

method.Babies immunised by the different methods and different doctors did not differ significantly in demographic variables, weight, method of feeding, or the number and timing of other routine immunisa- tions.The intradermal method was recorded as difficult on 36 occasions and very difficult on four; the percutaneous method was recorded as difficult once.A small amount of bleeding at immunisation was noted in 14 babies from each group.Ulceration was reported * Long delay before referral (> 12 hours) * Fever * Purulent effluent (and third lavage bag cloudy) * Obvious infection around the catheter * Poor general condition (malnutrition) * Immune suppression * Recent abdominal surgery (for example, catheter insertion) * Recent peritonitis (< 15 days) * Abnormal peritoneal cavity (for example, hernia) * Abnormal peritoneum (for example, asbestosis) * Disconnect systems for attachment of lavage bags *p<0.05,Wilcoxon's signed rank test and Student's t test.tMedian of values obtained on days 6-10.i Scale ranging from 1 (liquid) to 8 (hard pellets).5Visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no effort) to 10 (extreme effort).
Elena Georgievna Bonner
Authors: B. Lichterman
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Soviet paediatrician, dissident, and human rights activist

One day in the late 1980s, Elena Bonner and her second husband, Andrei Sakharov, were on their way home when they saw a truck crash into a car. A man got out carrying a girl who had blood pouring from her head. Bonner grabbed a first aid kit and ran through eight or ten lanes of traffic. She poured iodine on a cotton wad and pressed it against the girl’s head. The child stopped crying. “All she has to do is put her hand on someone, and that person will calm down,” her husband told a journalist.

Sakharov was a nuclear physicist who later led the human rights movement in the former Soviet Union, winning the Nobel peace prize in 1975. Bonner compared herself with the moon, reflecting his light. After his death in 1989 she became president of the international non-governmental organisation named after him.

Bonner met Sakharov in 1970, and they married in 1972. Their Moscow apartment soon became the headquarters of the Soviet dissident movement; there they met with political rebels, persecuted Christians, Ukrainian nationalists, Crimean Tatars fighting for their right to return from exile in Uzbekistan, Soviet Jews eager to emigrate to Israel, foreign journalists, and more.

Until her death, Bonner remained an unbending critic of …
The milk debate, conflicts of interest, and our Christmas appeal
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Last week I suggested that nutrition was more important in medicine than some of us had thought (doi:10.1136/bmj.g7255). This week we publish letters in response to our most widely read paper of the year so far, on milk consumption and mortality (doi:10.1136/bmj.g6993, doi:10.1136/bmj.g6995, doi:10.1136/bmj.g7000, doi:10.1136/bmj.g7006, doi:10.1136/bmj.g7012). The paper, by Michaelsson and colleagues ( BMJ 2014;349:g6015, doi:10.1136/bmj.g6015), reported analyses from two large prospective Swedish cohorts and raised the possibility that milk could increase the risk of hip fracture in women and cardiovascular and overall mortality in both sexes.

When researchers conclude that a ubiquitous and much championed component of …