tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Blood Transfusion and Athletics
Authors: Harvey G. Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Recently, the U.S. Olympic Committee revealed that 7 members of its 24-member Olympic cycling team, including 4 medalists, had received blood transfusions in an effort to enhance their performance in the Los Angeles Olympic games. Ironically, public disclosure took place during National Blood Donor Month and at a time when blood shortages were being reported in southern California and elsewhere in the country. According to team officials, the athletes were given transfusions of whole blood, collected from both relatives and from unrelated donors, in a motel room. Details of the collection, storage, and compatibility and safety testing have not been . . .
An Address on the Fight against Tuberculosis in the Light of the Experience that has been Gained in the Successful Combat of other Infectious Diseases
Authors: R. Koch
Journal: BMJ (1901)

THE task with which this Congress will have to busy itself is one of the most difficult, but it is also one in which labour is most sure of its reward.I need not point again to the innumerable victims tuber- .culosisannually claims in all countries, nor to the boundless misery it brings on the families it attacks.You all know that there is no disease which inflicts such deep wounds on mankind as this.All the greater, however, would be the general joy and satisfaction if the efforts that are being made to rid mankind of this enemy, which consumes its inmost marrow, were crowned with success.There are many, indeed, who doubt the possibility of suc- cessfully combating this disease, which has existed for thou- aadsd of years, and has spread all over the world.This is by -no means my opinion.This is a conflict into which we may 'enter with a surely founded prospect of success, and I will tell you the reasons on which I base this conviction.TUBERCULOSIS A PREVENTABLE DISEASE.Only a few decades ago the real nature of tuberculosis was 'unknown to us; it was regarded as a consequence, as the ex- pression, so to speak, of social misery, and, as this supposed cause could not be got rid of by simple means,.people relied ,on the probable gradual improvement of social conditions, aud did nothing.All this is altered now.We know that social misery does indeed go far to foster tuberculosis, but the real cause of the disease is a parasite-that is, a visible and palpable enemy, which we can pursue and annihilate, just as we can pursue and annihilate other parasitic enemies of man- 'kind.Strictly speaking, the fact that tuberculosis is a preventable ,disease ought to have become clear as soon as the tubercle tacillus was discovered, and the properties of this parasite and the manner of its transmission became known.I may add that I, for my part, was aware of the full significance of this discovery from the first, and so will everybody have been -who had convinced himself of the causal relation between tuberculosis and the tubercle bacillus.But the strength of a small number of medical men was inadequate to the conflict 'with a disease so deeply rooted in our habits and customs.Such a conflict requires the co-operation of many, if possible ,of all, medical men, shoulder to shoulder with the State and the whole population.But now themoment when such co-ope--ration is possible seems to have come.I suppose there is hardly any medical man now who denies the parasitic nature of tuberculosis, and among the non-medical public, too, the .knowledge of the nature of the disease has been widely propagated.Another favourable circumstance is that success has recently been achieved in combating several parasitic dis- eases, and that we have learned from these examples how the conflict with-pestilences is to be carried on. SPECIAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES NEEDED FOR VARIOUSDISEASES.-The most important lesson we have learned from the said 4
Prostaglandins regulate the synthesis and secretion of the atrial natriuretic peptide.
Authors: D G Gardner, H D Schultz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

We have examined the effects of several PGs on the synthesis and release of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in vivo and in vitro. PGF2 alpha infusion in anesthetized rats resulted in a significant increase in plasma immunoreactive (ir) ANP levels in vivo despite effecting only modest changes in hemodynamics. The PGs were also effective at promoting irANP secretion in primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial and ventricular cardiocytes. PGF2 alpha increased irANP release with half-maximal induction seen at approximately 10(-8) M; PGE2 was somewhat less effective and prostacyclin (PGI2) was without effect. The PGs also increased ANP mRNA levels in these cells, suggesting that these agents exert a major effect on the synthesis as well as the secretion of the prohormone. Transient expression analysis of atrial cells transfected with 2,500 bp of human (h) ANP 5' flanking sequence linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter demonstrated that PGF2 alpha (10(-5) M) increased hANP promoter activity approximately twofold relative to the control. PGF2 alpha had no effect on the promoterless control (pSV0-lamin CAT). Treatment of cultured atriocytes with high concentrations of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor resulted in a significant suppression of ANP secretion in vitro and a truncation of the plasma ANP response to volume infusion in vivo. Taken together these studies support a role for PGs as regulators of cardiac ANP synthesis and secretion, and suggest an additional mechanism whereby eicosanoids may act to control cardiovascular and renal homeostasis.
NHS chief berates lack of ethnic diversity at board level
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The new head of the NHS has told NHS boards that they must become more ethnically diverse. Simon Stevens, NHS chief executive, said diversity in leadership, far from improving, may even have been “going backwards.”

He said 41% of NHS staff in London came from black and minority ethnic (BME) backgrounds, which broadly reflected the local communities.

But individuals from these groups made up only 8% of trust board directors, and two fifths of London trust boards had no BME directors. He said similar patterns were evident in other parts of the country 10 years since the launch of the NHS race equality plan.

“That …
Prevalence of Age-related Macular Degeneration in Old Persons: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study
Authors: Fridbert Jonasson, Arsaell Arnarsson, Gudny Eiríksdottir, Tamara B. Harris, Lenore J. Launer, Stacy M. Meuer, Barbara E. Klein, Ronald Klein, Vilmundur Gudnason, Mary Frances Cotch
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Lessons from Russia
Authors: Eugene A. Stead
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

DR. Victor Sidel gives his picture in this issue of the Journal of the roles of the feldsher in Russian medicine. What can be learned from his description of the Russian experiment in medical care?It can be learned again that in any large country, the production of a relatively homogeneous human product can be achieved but that the society will use this product in many different ways because of the great differences in educational background, economic resources, population density and cultural patterns in different parts of the nation. Thus, the role of the feldsher trained in the same school . . .
Impact of Dietary Benzoic Acid on Treatment Response in Schizophrenia
Authors: Paul Glue, Christopher Gale, Winsome Parnell
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Psychiatry journal
Quite by Chance
Authors: Michael Stillman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

On Being a Doctor2 February 2010Quite by ChanceMichael Stillman, MDMichael Stillman, MDFrom Boston University School of Medicine, Brookline, MA 02446.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-3-201002020-00015 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Last month, a usually vivacious 52-year-old man came to my office for a sick visit. Ten days earlier, during a colleague's funeral, Dave had suddenly become diffusely achy and sweaty. He had gone home feeling a bit weak, had developed a dry cough and low-grade fever, and had spent the weekend in bed. As Dave was generally healthy, he hadn't sought attention for these symptoms, yet when he noted new left-sided pleuritic chest pain, a physician coworker had prescribed a 10-day course of antibiotics for presumed community-acquired pneumonia and asked him to seek formal medical consultation.On review of systems, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Boston University School of Medicine, Brookline, MA 02446.Corresponding Author: Michael Stillman, MD, Boston University School of Medicine, 209 Harvard Street, Suite 407, Brookline, MA 02446; e-mail, michael.[email protected]org. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 2 February 2010Volume 152, Issue 3Page: 192-193KeywordsAntibioticsDiagnostic radiologyElectrocardiographyFeversGenetic predispositionHeartLaboratory testsOutpatient clinicsPneumoniaThorax ePublished: 2 February 2010 Issue Published: 2 February 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Different Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Chlorinated Compounds in Breast Milk from Two U.K. Regions
Authors: Olga I. Kalantzi, Francis L. Martin, Gareth O. Thomas, Ruth E. Alcock, Huiru R. Tang, Suzanne C. Drury, Paul L. Carmichael, Jeremy K. Nicholson, Kevin C. Jones
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners are constituents of flame retardants, and there is growing concern regarding their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. We collected breast milk samples between late 2001 and early 2003 from 54 U.K.-resident mothers. Of these, 27 originated from southeast England (London), and the other 27 originated from northwest England (Lancaster). Analysis of milk-fat extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the levels of 15 PBDE congeners, 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and other selected chlorinated compounds. PCB and organochlorine (OC) levels in southeast samples were consistently higher, and significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed. Sigma PBDE levels ranged from 0.3 to 69 ng/g lipid (geometric mean, 6.6 ng/g), and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener. Sigma PCB levels ranged from 26 to 530 ng/g lipid (geometric mean, 150 ng/g) and were composed mainly of PCB-153 (26%), PCB-138 (20%), and PCB-180 (13%). OC levels for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolites (Sigma DDX) ranged from 24 to 2,300 ng/g lipid (geometric mean, 160 ng/g);Sigma hexachlorocyclohexane levels ranged from 1.2 to 1,500 ng/g lipid (geometric mean, 16 ng/g). Using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics, samples (n = 7) containing the highest contaminant levels were compared with samples (n = 7) containing the lowest levels. Excellent separation along the first principal component implied that the chemical constituents of the two groups were significantly different. Although reasons for such differences remain obscure, lifestyle factors associated with a more heterogeneous London cohort could be responsible. Identifying primary routes of contaminant exposures and their biologic effects is of great importance. Key words: breast milk, flame retardants, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, milk-fat extracts, organochlorines, PBDE-47, persistent contaminants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, United Kingdom.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Dorothé M. Kusters, A. Wiegman, John J.P. Kastelein, Barbara A. Hutten
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) predisposes patients to premature cardiovascular disease, with the process of atherosclerosis initiated in early childhood.As part of an ongoing trial to assess the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in children with FH aged 6 to 17 years, we report the differences in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) at baseline between children with FH and their unaffected siblings.B-mode ultrasound measurements of the carotid artery were made in 196 children with FH and 64 of their siblings. Mean (±SE) cIMT in children with FH was significantly greater than that of unaffected siblings (0.398±0.052 versus 0.377±0.045 mm; P<0.001). A significantly greater cIMT value was observed before the age of 8 years. Multivariable analyses showed that age, male sex, and presence of FH were independent predictors of cIMT.The difference in mean cIMT between children with FH and their unaffected siblings may be significant as early as age 8 years. This study confirms the need for early cholesterol lowering in this high-risk population. These patients participating in a carefully monitored study will help assess the long-term efficacy on cIMT and safety of statin therapy in young children.
Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Primary Nonadherence After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Cynthia A. Jackevicius, Ping Li, Jack V. Tu
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is achieved primarily through medications. However, patients must take their medications to benefit. Medication adherence research has focused primarily on continuation of medications rather than not filling the first prescription written (primary nonadherence). Our objectives were to characterize, to determine factors of, and to measure outcomes associated with primary nonadherence after AMI.We conducted a population-based cohort study using an AMI registry linked with administrative data in Ontario, Canada. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. There were 4591 post-AMI patients >65 years of age included with 12 832 prescriptions written, of which 73% and 79% were filled within 7 and 120 days, respectively. By 120 days after discharge, more cardiac than noncardiac prescriptions were filled (82% versus 35%, respectively; P<0.0001). Only 74% of patients filled all their discharge prescriptions by 120 days after discharge after the exclusion of acetylsalicylic acid, which is also available over the counter in Ontario. Factors associated with filling all compared with filling no discharge prescriptions included younger age, low income, discharge medication counseling, in-hospital attending cardiologist, and fewer medications before AMI. The adjusted 1-year mortality rate was higher in patients who filled some versus all (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.79; P=0.001) and none versus all (odds ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 2.42; P<0.0001) of their discharge medications.Patients fill most of their discharge prescriptions within 1 week after AMI. The 1-year mortality rate was higher for those patients who did not fill all of their discharge medications after AMI. Factors such as discharge medication counseling and postdischarge follow-up may help to increase the filling rate of medications after AMI.
Abstract 4509: BAY 87-2243 targets hypoxia-induced activation and stabilization of HIF-1α: A novel approach to overcome resistance mechanisms in cancer therapy
Authors: Kerstin Berhoerster, Michael Haerter, Peter Ellinghaus, Iring Heisler, Hartmut Beck, Susanne Greschat, Karl-Heinz Thierauch, Scott Wilhelm, Oliver von Ahsen, Holger Hess-Stumpp, Karl Ziegelbauer
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The development of resistance against radio- or chemotherapy is one of the main causes for relapse after treatment and ultimately cancer progression. Local hypoxia within tumors is associated with radio- and chemoresistance as well as aggressive tumor growth and invasion (Vaupel et al., 2004). The transcription factor HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor) is stabilized under low oxygen tension and heterodimerizes with HIF-1ß to regulate the expression of a plethora of genes involved in cellular energy metabolism, neoangiogenesis, anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative mechanisms promoting tumor progression and metastasis (Calzada et al. 2007). Because hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α appears to be of pivotal importance in tumor resistance mechanisms during cancer treatment, we screened for inhibitors of hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation. A HCT116 cell line containing 4X-hypoxia response element-luciferase reporter was used in high-throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors under hypoxic condition (1% O2). Lead optimization resulted in the identification of BAY 87-2243, a highly selective and potent inhibitor of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α stabilization and activation. In vitro characterization showed that BAY 87-2243 specifically suppressed HIF-1 regulated target genes as assayed by qPCR. Analyses addressing the mode of action revealed that BAY 87-2243 acts upstream of VHL and PHD because the compound did not suppress HIF-1α protein stabilization and HIF target gene expression either in the presence of a PHD inhibitor in H460 cells or in VHL-null RCC4 cells. In preclinical animal models, BAY 87-2243 dosed orally was well tolerated at therapeutic doses up to 15 mg/kg and showed moderate to high anti-tumor growth inhibitory activity as monotherapy in various subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. Analysis of tumor samples demonstrated a decrease of nuclear HIF-1α protein level by immunohistochemistry as well as a specific suppression of HIF-1 target genes. These data indicate that specific inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation is achievable with small molecule inhibitors and is a novel approach to cancer therapy. Vaupel P, Mayer A, Hockel M (2004) Tumor hypoxia and malignant progression. Methods Enzymol 381:335-354 M. J. Calzada, L. del Peso, Hypoxia inducible factors and cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2007, 9(5), 278-289: Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4509
Testing for HIV without permission.
Authors: R Gillon
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A proposal has been made by R. Doll ("A proposal for doing prevalence studies of AIDS," British Medical Journal 1987 Feb 14; 294(6569): 244) to carry out anonymous screening for AIDS on blood samples taken in hospitals for other purposes. Gillon analyzes ethical objections to the proposal: (1) the testing--which constitutes nontherapeutic research--would be done without the patient's consent; and (2) patients could not be told whether they have HIV antibodies even if they wished to know. He denies that a patient who lets blood be taken for testing is giving implied consent for the use of that blood for purposes other than the patient's benefit. Included with his article is an inset "outline proposal for obtaining implied consent to prevalence studies for HIV antibody." It calls for leaflets to be given to patients explaining the research goal, the implications for the patient, and the fact that permission for such testing will be assumed unless explicitly withheld.Sir Richard Doll wishes to carry out anonymous screening for the prevalence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on blood samples taken in hospitals for other purposes. Ethics committees have been reluctant to sanction such testing. The case in favor of doing prevalence studies is uncontroversial: HIV positivity occurs far earlier than AIDS, and by testing for HIV prevalence the earliest measurements of spread within the population may be obtained. Such information would be beneficial to combating AIDS and its spread. Medico-moral problems arise, however, in connection with 2 aspects of such testing: 1) Such testing would be carried out without the patient's permission. 2) Results would be anonymous so that patients could not be told that they did or did not have HIV antibodies even if they wished to know. The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki provides that the interests of science and society should never take precedence over considerations of the well being of the subject. The main objections of seeking consent are as follows: it would be too cumbersome to obtain consent; if any patients witheld consent, prevalence studies would be less accurate; testing blood samples anonymously and without consent is an acceptable hospital practice; consent for such tests is not legally necessary; consent may be implied from the consent given to have blood taken; the consent requirement may be ignored in minor procedures; and there is no need for consent because testing could not harm anyone. It is improper and unnecessary to do HIV prevalence testing without consent. Adequate consent is relatively easy to obtain.