tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leaders of US medicine speak out on health effects of climate change
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Two of the leaders of US medicine have publicly affirmed their belief that greenhouse gases are the leading cause of climate change, and that human activity is to blame. “It also concerns us that climate change poses enormous health risks,” added Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.

Dr Benjamin was speaking at a media briefing held on 24 February. With him, answering questions from reporters, was Cecil Wilson, president of the American Medical Association. “The scientific evidence,” he said, “clearly indicates that our climate is changing, air-pollution is increasing, weather is becoming more extreme, and with these changes come public health consequences.”

In a country where …
External Ophthalmoplegia and Complete Heart Block
Authors: Allan Ross, Daniel Lipschutz, James Austin, James Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

CHRONIC progressive external ophthalmoplegia is frequently regarded as an inconvenient but benign form of muscular dystrophy. However, in the young man described below, complete heart block complicated the ocular disease. This association, although previously noted,1 2 3 4 deserves reemphasis, for when recognized early, it permits prompt pacemaker therapy and affords an improved prognosis. Of further interest is the fact that in this case, partial bilateral bundle-branch block appeared as a prelude to complete atrioventricular block.Case ReportM.L., a 23-year-old Spanish-American laborer, was referred to the Colorado General Hospital for treatment of complete heart block. His illness began with the gradual onset . . .
Dilated Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins Presenting as Paravertebral Intrathoracic Masses
Authors: Ronald A. Castellino, Norman Blank, Douglass F. Adams
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

Though it is well known that dilated tortuous azygos and hemiazygos veins can be evident as masses on the right side of the vertebral column on plain films of the chest, two examples presented here show that they may mimic masses on the left side as well. Dilatation of the hemiazygos system consequent to vena-cava obstruction produces the apparent left-sided mass.
The Science of Life: Contributions of Biology to Human Welfare
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Worried by the recent public disenchantment with science and the resultant diminution of research funds, the Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology established a task force to improve their image. Panels of workers in various biological disciplines cooperated in preparing this book, designed to acquaint the general reader with the valuable contributions made in the past three decades. It is an outstanding achievement—they have avoided most of the faults of multiauthored books and products of committees and have produced a well-organized, well-written, and interesting volume. The longest chapter deals with medicine. Here, the successful attacks on infectious diseases, especially pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, tuberculosis, and malaria, are glowingly described. Organ transplantation, cardiovascular surgery, advances in treating hypertension, artificial kidneys, and many other accomplishments are reported enthusiastically. Practically all this is true, but, it seems to me, the picture is greatly exaggerated. The casual reader might get the impression that before
Doctors who do not feel sober enough to drive should avoid helping in medical emergencies
Authors: J A D Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Guidelines for cervical screening await scientific evaluationEditor-In a news item about cervical screening in England 1 Wise refers to a report by the National Audit Office. 2 The office is particularly critical of serious failings in the interpretation of cervical smears in a small number of laboratories.The laboratory at the Hospital of St Cross in Rugby is included among these laboratories.In fact, a massive rescreening exercise at the hospital did not find any serious errors of interpretation, and the original reports were considered to be substantially correct and within the accepted operating limits of the smear test.The National Audit Office and the public assume that any deviation from the national guidelines for reporting rates represents mistakes by the laboratory.It is therefore interesting that, although the results at the hospital in Rugby were outside these guidelines, no serious errors were identified.This raises the question of whether the guidelines are an appropriate measure of laboratory performance.The guidelines themselves have come under considerable criticism in the pathology literature because of the lack of scientific evidence on which they are based. 3 One of their own authors has been particularly outspoken on the subject. 4 Though some of these arguments may seem of academic interest, cytology departments are being forced to close or merge as a result of the guidelines, which await scientific evaluation.Many staff feel threatened by the prescriptive way in which the guidelines have been introduced and applied and by the lack of understanding by the lay public and media of the limitations of the smear test.The incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in the United Kingdom have shown accelerated falls since the introduction of organised screening (J Patnick, NHS cervical screening programme information sheet, 21 Nov 1996).Of course there is room for improvement, but it is ironic that the publication of various reports designed to improve the service could lead to its eventual collapse through staff leaving the profession.
Newer fluoroquinolones for treating respiratory infection: do they mask tuberculosis?
Authors: K. C. Chang, C. C. Leung, W. W. Yew, T. Y. Lau, W. M. Leung, C. M. Tam, H. C. Lam, P. S. Tse, M. Y. Wong, S. N. Lee, K. I. Wat, Y. H. Ma
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

Possible masking of tuberculosis (TB) in treatment of community-acquired respiratory infection by newer fluoroquinolones has not been examined in randomised controlled trials. We undertook a randomised, open-label controlled trial involving adults with community-acquired pneumonia or infective exacerbation of bronchiectasis encountered in government chest clinics in Hong Kong. 427 participants were assigned by random permutated blocks of 20 to receive either amoxicillin clavulanate (n = 212) or moxifloxacin (n = 215). Participants were followed for 1 yr for active pulmonary TB. Excluding three participants with positive baseline culture, 13 developed active pulmonary TB: 10 (4.8%) out of 210 were given amoxicillin clavulanate, and three (1.4%) out of 214 were given moxifloxacin. The difference was significant by both proportion and time-to-event analysis. Post hoc analysis showed a significant decrease in the proportion with active pulmonary TB from 4.8% to 2.4% and 0% among participants given amoxicillin clavulanate (n = 210), moxifloxacin for predominantly 5 days (n = 127) and 10 days (n = 87), respectively. The log rank test for trend also showed a significant difference between the three subgroups. Regression models reaffirmed the linear effect; the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of active pulmonary TB after moxifloxacin exposure up to predominantly 10 days was 0.3 (0.1–0.9). Newer fluoroquinolones appear to mask active pulmonary TB.
Haematological Findings in Non-white Sick Children in Capetown
Authors: P. Lanzkowsky
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Previous investigations revealed the common occurrence of iron-deficiency anaemia in apparently healthy infants and pre-school children in the three main racial groups in Capetown (Lanzkowsky, 1959a(Lanzkowsky, , 1960(Lanzkowsky, , 1961)).Treatment of these subjects with various oral iron prepara- tions was followed by a significant rise in haemoglobin level (Lanzkowsky and McKenzie, 1959).
THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: LAWSON WILKINS
Journal: JAMA (1941)

When severe thyroid deficiency has existed over a considerable span of time during the early years of growth, it gives rise to the classic clinical pictures described as cretinism or as juvenile hypothyroidism, which are readily recognized. Many cretins, however, when seen in the first year or two of life, are less grotesquely abnormal, and on superficial inspection might be mistaken for fairly normal infants considerably younger than their actual age. In studying dwarfs of an older age, one finds almost innumerable variations and gradations from the broad, stocky build of the typical person with hypothyroidism to the slender, wiry, small-featured dwarf who presents no suggestion of thyroid deficiency. Great differences of opinion have arisen as to what constitutes the signs of hypothyroidism in cases not presenting the frank, typical picture. In recent years there have been a lack of critical analysis and an excess of enthusiasm, so that the
A Role for Endoglin in Coupling eNOS Activity and Regulating Vascular Tone Revealed in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Mourad Toporsian, Robert Gros, Mohammed G. Kabir, Sonia Vera, Karuthapillai Govindaraju, David H. Eidelman, Mansoor Husain, Michelle Letarte
Journal: Circulation Research (2005)

Decreased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-derived NO bioavailability and impaired vasomotor control are crucial factors in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) is a vascular disorder associated with ENDOGLIN (ENG) haploinsufficiency and characterized by venous dilatations, focal loss of capillaries, and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We report that resistance arteries from Eng+/- mice display an eNOS-dependent enhancement in endothelium-dependent dilatation and impairment in the myogenic response, despite reduced eNOS levels. We have found that eNOS is significantly reduced in endoglin-deficient endothelial cells because of decreased eNOS protein half-life. We demonstrate that endoglin can reside in caveolae and associate with eNOS, suggesting a stabilizing function of endoglin for eNOS. After Ca2+-induced activation, endoglin-deficient endothelial cells have reduced eNOS/Hsp90 association, produce less NO, and generate more eNOS-derived superoxide (O2-), indicating that endoglin also facilitates eNOS/Hsp90 interactions and is an important regulator in the coupling of eNOS activity. Treatment with an O2- scavenger reverses the vasomotor abnormalities in Eng(+/-) arteries, suggesting that uncoupled eNOS and resulting impaired myogenic response represent early events in HHT1 pathogenesis and that the use of antioxidants may provide a novel therapeutic modality.
Intravenous Administration of Sodium Colistimethate
Authors: R. Dixie Baines, David Rifkind
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Sodium colistimethate (Coly-Mycin Injectable) was administered intravenously to eight patients with<i>Pseudomonas</i>infections in doses of 2 to 2.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Bacteriologic cure was achieved in five patients. The resulting serum concentrations of sodium colistimethate were approximately twice those obtained following intramuscular administration. Probenecid (Benemid) did not augment serum levels of the antibiotic. In the presence of moderately impaired renal function the intravenous dose should be decreased to 1 mg/kg every 12 hours. In severe renal failure, a dose of 2 mg/kg every two to three days should not be exceeded.
The percutaneous penetration of prostaglandin E1 and its alkyl esters
Authors: Hsiu-O Ho, Ming-Chun Hwang, Shu-Ling Tseng, Lun-Huei Lin, Kuo-Tung Chen, Han-Sun Chiang, Brend W. Spur, Patrick Y.-K. Wong, Ming-Thau Sheu
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1999)
Binding of a Calcium Antagonist, [3H]Nitrendipine, to High Affinity Sites in Bovine Aortic Smooth Muscle and Canine Cardiac Membranes
Authors: Lewis T. Williams, Patrice Tremble
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

[3H]Nitrendipine, a potent calcium channel antagonist [3-ethyl-5-methyl-1-1,4-dihydro-2,6 - dimethyl - 4 - (3 - nitrophenyl) - 3,5 - pyridine carboxylate], was used to label high affinity binding sites on membranes prepared from bovine aortic smooth muscle. The binding of [3H]nitrendipine is rapid (t1/2 < 5 min) and reversible at 37°C. The binding sites have a high affinity for [3H]nitrendipine with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.1 nM. The density of sites is 40-60 fmol/mg of membrane protein. Analogues of nitrendipine compete for the binding sites with affinities consistent with their known biological effects as calcium antagonists. Nisoldipine, [isobutyl methyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine carboxylate], a calcium antagonist more potent than nifedipine [2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine] in relaxing vascular smooth muscle, has an affinity three-fold higher than that of nifedipine in competing for the binding sites. A biologically inactive derivative of nifedipine does not compete for [3H]nitrendipine binding. Verapamil (α-isopropyl-α[(N-methyl - N-homoveratryl) -α-aminopropyl]-3,4-dimethyoxyphenyl acetonitrile), a structurally different calcium antagonist, only partially (25%) inhibits binding at high concentrations (1 μM). Prazosin, an alpha adrenergic antagonist does not compete for [3H]nitrendipine binding sites. The binding of [3H]nitrendipine is not affected by 1.5 mM calcium. Canine cardiac membranes also have high affinity [3H]nitrendipine binding sites, (KD = 6 nM) but bovine erythrocytes do not. The relative affinities of nisoldipine and nifedipine for the cardiac membrane binding sites reflect the relative activities of these compounds as calcium channel antagonists. These results suggest that the [3H]nitrendipine binding sites are the sites through which dihydropyridines act as calcium channel antagonists.
CYTOTOXICITY BY NONIMMUNE ALLOGENEIC LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Erna Möller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

Nonimmune lymphoid cells were capable of causing cytotoxicity of H-2 incompatible mouse tumor cells in vitro in the presence of PHA, whereas syngeneic cells were not. Semisyngeneic and X-irradiated (1500-3000 R) F(1) hybrid lymphoid cells were cytotoxic for target cells derived from one of the parental strains. In addition, parental nonimmune and X-irradiated lymphoid cells damaged hybrid target cells. It was concluded that one component of cytotoxicity was not related to an induction of a primary immune response in vitro, since F(1) hybrid cells are not capable of reacting immunologically against parental type target cells. It seemed probable that cytotoxicity was caused by target cell confrontation with antigenically and/or structurally incompatible lymphoid cells. This conclusion was strengthened by the demonstration that isoantibodies produced in the target strain and directed against the allogeneic lymphoid cells specifically suppressed cytotoxicity. Isoantibodies reacting against some but not all of the antigenic determinants of the lymphoid cells differentiating them from the target cells did not suppress cytotoxicity. The specific suppression of cytotoxicity by specific isoantibodies against the lymphoid cells support the allogeneic inhibition concept.
FIBRO–FATTY COMPONENT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE LONG–TERM CLINICAL EVENTS IN PATIENTS WHO HAVE CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Authors: Dong Ju Yang, Ki Hong Kim, Hyun Woong Park, Wan Ho Kim, In Girl Song, Chung Seop Lee, Young Hoon Seo, Taek Geun Kwon, Jang–Ho Bae
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Ethics, Mandated Choice, and Organ Donation
Authors: Arnold B. Meshkov
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters1 February 1997Ethics, Mandated Choice, and Organ DonationArnold B. Meshkov, MDArnold B. Meshkov, MDMeadowbrook, PA 19046Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The article by Spital [1] and that by Klassen and Klassen [2] present many, but not all, of the ethical and practical considerations involved in organ donation. As a practicing physician who has been involved in the donation process and as a recipient of a cadaveric renal transplant, I have been able to see many sides of this issue. Klassen and Klassen claim that many families that reject donation are convinced that their dying relative agrees with their views. Do the authors really believe that parents of teenagers and young children have had such a discussion with ...References1. Spital A. Mandated choice for organ donation: time to give it a try. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125:66-9. Google Scholar2. Klassen AC, Klassen DK. Who are the donors in organ donation? The family's perspective in mandated choice. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125:70-3. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Arnold B. Meshkov, MDAffiliations: Meadowbrook, PA 19046 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1997Volume 126, Issue 3Page: 251KeywordsBone marrowCadaveric renal transplantationCardiac transplantationChildrenComputer softwareDatabasesHeartLiverMedical dialysisTransplantation ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 February 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Pox: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Deborah Hayden Basic Books, £20.99, pp 379 ISBN 0465028810 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> At the end of the 19th century the syphilis expert Alfred Fournier estimated that 15% of the population of Paris was infected with syphilis. There was probably a similar prevalence in big cities across Europe and the United States. And yet, as Deborah Hayden notes in her introduction to Pox , there are almost no memoirs or biographies by or about people who had syphilis during this era. Syphilis, she writes, “was life's dark secret.” Pox is Hayden's ambitious attempt to shine some light on this darkness. She … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
American and English Asylums
Authors: J. Hitchman
Journal: BMJ (1863)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the implications of breast density on mammographic screening performance. DESIGN: Screening outcomes of women with dense breast patterns were compared with those of women with lucent breast patterns (dense &gt; 25% densities, lucent &lt; or = 25% densities); the women were screened in different periods (before/after improvement of the mammographic technique in 1982). SETTING: Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 1977-1994. PARTICIPANTS: Between 1977 and 1994, 73,525 repeat screenings were performed in 19,152 participants (aged 50-69 years) in the Nijmegen breast cancer screening programme (repeat screenings were defined as mammographic examinations that were preceded by an examination in the previous screening round). Participants were screened biennially with mammography. There were 258 screen detected and 145 interval cancers. MAIN RESULTS: Before 1982 (rounds 2-4) the predictive value of a positive screening test (PV+) was lower in women with dense breasts than in those with lucent breasts (dense 29% v lucent 52%, p = 0.003). Also, the ratio of screen detected cancers to the total number of screen detected plus interval cancers (as a proxy for sensitivity) was lower in this group (based on a one year interval: dense 63% v lucent 92%, p = 0.001 and based on a two year interval: dense 41% v lucent 68%, p = 0.002). Moreover, the survival rate was less favourable for those with dense breasts (p = 0.07). In rounds 5-10, there were no important differences with respect to PV+ (dense 66% v lucent 62%, p = 0.57) or survival (p = 0.48). Moreover, sensitivity based on a one year interval was nearly as high in women with dense breasts as in those with lucent breasts (85% v 86%, p = 0.75). However, based on a two year interval sensitivity was lower (dense 59% v lucent 72%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In the early screening years (rounds 2-4) high breast density had an unfavourable effect on screening performance. Nowadays, the situation has improved with respect to PV+, survival and detecting tumours in dense breasts with a lead time of up to one year, but little improvement has occurred in the detection of tumours with a lead time greater than one year.
OVERWEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH DYNAMIC ARTERIAL STIFFENING DURING EXERCISE IN NON-DIABETIC WOMEN: IMPLICATION ON EXERCISE INTOLERANCE
Authors: Chi Young Shim, Sungha Park, Donghoon Choi, Woo-In Yang, In-Jeong Cho, Namsik Chung, Jong-Won Ha
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Is Variant Angina the Coronary Manifestation of a Generalized Vasospastic Disorder?
Authors: Douglas Miller, David D. Waters, Wayne Warnica, Jadwiga Szlachcic, John Kreeft, Pierre Théroux
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

IN VARIANT angina, myocardial ischemia is caused by transient coronary-arterial spasm.1 , 2 Although altered adrenergic activity has been proposed as the cause of coronary spasm3 , 4 and high circulating thromboxane levels are found in patients with variant angina, 5 the true cause of the syndrome is unknown.The prodromal phase of migraine is caused by inappropriate vasoconstriction of cranial arteries, 6 , 7 and enzymatic markers of cerebral ischemia can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid after an attack.8 As in variant angina, abnormal platelet function has been described in migraine.9 , 10 In spite of a variety of known triggering factors, the cause of migraine has not . . .
A subpopulation of B220+ cells in murine bone marrow does not express CD19 and contains natural killer cell progenitors.
Authors: A Rolink, E ten Boekel, F Melchers, D T Fearon, I Krop, J Andersson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Bone marrow of both normal and rearrangement-deficient mice contains a small population of B220(CD45R)+ cells, which do not express the B lineage marker CD19. Instead, part of this population coexpresses the surface marker CD43 and lacks or expresses very low levels of heat stable antigen (HSA) and BP-1, thus representing a part of Hardy's fraction A (B220(+)-CD43+HSA-, BP-1-) of B lineage development. However, some 20-40% of these B220(+)-CD19- cells also coexpress the NK1.1 surface molecule and do not express genes like VpreB or B29 restricted to the B cell lineage. These cells respond to recombinant interleukin 2 in vitro, and develop into killer cells that can lyse the prototypic NK target tumor cell, YAC-1, as well as syngeneic normal lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A blasts, providing they lack the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. The implications of these findings for studies on B lymphopoiesis are discussed. It is suggested that the CD19-specific monoclonal antibody is more reliable, as in humans, than B220(CD45R) to detect B lineage cells in mice.