tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review: Noninvasive Testing for <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>
Authors: Robert L. Cook, Shari L. Hutchison, Lars Østergaard, R. Scott Braithwaite, Roberta B. Ness
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Testing of urine samples is noninvasive and could overcome several barriers to screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections, but most test samples are obtained directly from the cervix or urethra.To systematically review studies that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens and to compare test characteristics according to type of assay, site of sample collection, presence of symptoms, disease prevalence, and characteristics of the reference standard.Relevant studies in all languages were identified by searching the MEDLINE database (January 1991 to December 2004) and by hand-searching the references of identified articles and relevant journals.Studies were selected that evaluated 1 of 3 commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests, included data from tests of both a urine sample and a traditional sample (obtained from the cervix or urethra), and used an appropriate reference standard.From 29 eligible studies, 2 investigators independently abstracted data on sample characteristics, reference standard, sensitivity, and specificity.Articles were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Summary estimates for men and women were calculated separately for chlamydial and gonococcal infections and were stratified by assay and presence of symptoms. The pooled study specificities of each of the 3 assays exceeded 97% when urine samples were tested, for both chlamydial infection and gonorrhea and in both men and women. The pooled study sensitivities for the polymerase chain reaction, transcription-mediated amplification, and strand displacement amplification assays, respectively, were 83.3%, 92.5%, and 79.9% for chlamydial infections in women; 84.0%, 87.7%, and 93.1% for chlamydial infections in men; and 55.6%, 91.3%, and 84.9% for gonococcal infections in women. The pooled specificity of polymerase chain reaction to gonococcal infections in men was 90.4%. In subgroup analyses, the sensitivity did not vary according to the prevalence of infection or the presence of symptoms but did vary according to the reference standard used.Few published studies present data on the transcription-mediated amplification or strand displacement amplification assays, and few studies report data from asymptomatic patients or low-prevalence groups.Results of nucleic acid amplification tests for C. trachomatis on urine samples are nearly identical to those obtained on samples collected directly from the cervix or urethra. Although all 3 assays can also be used to test for N. gonorrhoeae, the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction assay in women is too low to recommend its routine use to test for gonorrhea in urine specimens.
Death Precipitated by Tracheostomy in a Child
Authors: Gwendolyn B. Schmidt
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE death of an infant following tracheostomy illustrates the hazard of this procedure, especially in infants with poor lung compliance and pneumomediastinum. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 12-month-old boy was brought to the emergency room after having been found nearly drowned in a mop bucket containing detergent and dirty water. He had had no previous illness or hospitalizations and there was no history of any respiratory problems. He had moderate respiratory distress with intercostal and sternal retractions, and nasal flaring. Pulse rate was 180 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 70/min; and temperature, 39 C (102.2 F). Pieces of mop and dried detergent were noticed in his hair. Loud rhonchi with coarse and fine rales were heard throughout the lungs. Laboratory values were determined as follows: hematocrit, 27%; hemoglobin, 8.5 gm/100 ml; white blood cell count, 20,200/cu mm (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 57%; stab cells, 30%; lymphocytes, 10%; monocytes, 3%); Na<sup>+</sup>, 142 mEq/liter;
MULTIGATED RADIONUCLIDE STUDIES OF THE ARTIFICIAL HEART
Authors: P. E. Christian, W. L. Hastings, W. C. DeVries, F. L. Datz, A. T. Taylor
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Christian, P. E.; Hastings, W. L.; DeVries, W. C.; Datz, F. L.; Taylor, A. T. Author Information
Divergent roles of growth factors in the GnRH regulation of puberty in mice
Authors: Sara A. DiVall, Tameeka R. Williams, Sarah E. Carver, Linda Koch, Jens C. Brüning, C. Ronald Kahn, Fredric Wondisford, Sally Radovick, Andrew Wolfe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Pubertal onset, initiated by pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), only occurs in a favorable, anabolic hormonal milieu. Anabolic factors that may signal nutritional status to the hypothalamus include the growth factors insulin and IGF-1. It is unclear which hypothalamic neuronal subpopulation these factors affect to ultimately regulate GnRH neuron function in puberty and reproduction. We examined the direct role of the GnRH neuron in growth factor regulation of reproduction using the Cre/lox system. Mice with the IR or IGF-1R deleted specifically in GnRH neurons were generated. Male and female mice with the IR deleted in GnRH neurons displayed normal pubertal timing and fertility, but male and female mice with the IGF-1R deleted in GnRH neurons experienced delayed pubertal development with normal fertility. With IGF-1 administration, puberty was advanced in control females, but not in females with the IGF-1R deleted in GnRH neurons, in control males, or in knockout males. These mice exhibited developmental differences in GnRH neuronal morphology but normal number and distribution of neurons. These studies define the role of IGF-1R signaling in the coordination of somatic development with reproductive maturation and provide insight into the mechanisms regulating pubertal timing in anabolic states.
Sex-Chromosomal Differentiation and Amelogenin Genes in Mammals
Authors: Mineyo Iwase, Yoko Satta, Naoyuki Takahata
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Paralogous gene pairs on the mammalian sex chromosomes can provide useful information on the tempo and mode of X-Y differentiation. Recently, Lahn and Page (1999) reported intriguing results on the chromosomal locations and synonymous sequence divergences (ks with multiple-hit correction) of 19 pairs of X-Y-paralogous cDNA sequences in humans or squirrel monkeys. It was found that there are four distinct groups (strata) of the gene pairs in terms of the ks value. Of these, seven belong to stratum 4, and the X paralogs are clustered in a single chromosomal region which is adjacent to the pseudoautosomal boundary in the short arm of chromosome X. In contrast, the seven Y paralogs are scattered on chromosome Y, presumably owing to frequent chromosomal rearrangements. Together with similar observations on strata 1, 2, and 3, it was hypothesized that X-Y-chromosomal differentiation was initiated one stratum at a time and that stratum 1 was the first to embark on the differentiation and stratum 4 was the most recent. Lahn and Page (1999) invoked chromosomal inversions as the most likely cause for formation of these strata by suppressing sex-chromosomal recombination. Bengtsson and Goodfellow (1987) argued that XY differentiation had occurred only after X-Y recombination ceased and that the most likely mechanism of suppressing recombination was chromosomal inversions. Navarro et al. (1997) theoretically demonstrated that there should be a strong reduction in recombination in the proximal zone of an inverted region owing to the production of unbalanced gametes. Here we report that the junction between stratum 3 (ks 5 ;30%) and stratum 4 (ks 5 ;10%) in the human and the chimpanzee resides in the second intron of the amelogenin gene, arguing that this junction cannot be a direct breakpoint of any chromosomal inversion. We also make a similar comparison of amelogenin genes in other mammals and show that formation of stratum 4 is specific to mammalian orders. Eutherian mammals generally possess a pair of amelogenin genes on the X and Y chromosomes (e.g., Lau et al. 1989; Nakahori, Takenaka, and Nakagome 1991; Salido, Yen, and Koprivnikar 1992) which are designated AMGX and AMGY, respectively. In humans, the AMGX locus is oriented from the centromere to the telomere. Among the seven loci examined for stratum 4, the AMGX locus is most proximal and nearest to stra-
USE OF SOLUTION OF HYPOPHYSIS IN ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Findley D. John
Journal: JAMA (1922)

To the Editor:  —On the theory that pituitary substance or principle is of great value in stimulating unstriped muscle fibers throughout the body, I was first led to use it several years ago in a case of eclampsia, which occurred a few hours after a normal delivery, when death seemed imminent. Large doses of cathartics had been given, including two or three drops of croton oil, with no effect, as is usual in severe toxemias. A full ampule of a pituitary extract was then given hypodermically, and within a few minutes there was a copious involuntary bowel movement; and the patient made a complete recovery. I have since used this treatment in similar cases, with gratifying results. It may be given cautiously ante partum also.  In a recent case, this substance was used to increase peristalsis following renal colic. A large amount of morphin was used over a period of
Philip Paton-Philip
Authors: C. Paton-Philip
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Philip Paton-Philip was born in 1922, the son of Wilfred Paton-Philip, the pioneering chest physician from Cambridge, and spent a long and distinguished career of his own over more than 50 years as a consultant urologist with a private practice in London at 149 Harley Street. He was highly regarded …
Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Authors: K T Weber, C G Brilla
Journal: Circulation (1991)

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the major risk factor associated with myocardial failure. An explanation for why a presumptive adaptation such as LVH would prove pathological has been elusive. Insights into the impairment in contractility of the hypertrophied myocardium have been sought in the biochemistry of cardiac myocyte contraction. Equally compelling is a consideration of abnormalities in myocardial structure that impair organ contractile function while preserving myocyte contractility. For example, in the LVH that accompanies hypertension, the extracellular space is frequently the site of an abnormal accumulation of fibrillar collagen. This reactive and progressive interstitial and perivascular fibrosis accounts for abnormal myocardial stiffness and ultimately ventricular dysfunction and is likely a result of cardiac fibroblast growth and enhanced collagen synthesis. The disproportionate involvement of this nonmyocyte cell, however, is not a uniform accompaniment to myocyte hypertrophy and LVH, suggesting that the growth of myocyte and nonmyocyte cells is independent of each other. This has now been demonstrated in in vivo studies of experimental hypertension in which the abnormal fibrous tissue response was found in the hypertensive, hypertrophied left ventricle as well as in the normotensive, nonhypertrophied right ventricle. These findings further suggest that a circulating substance that gained access to the common coronary circulation of the ventricles was involved. This hypothesis has been tested in various animal models in which plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone were varied. Based on morphometric and morphological findings, it can be concluded that arterial hypertension (i.e., an elevation in coronary perfusion pressure) together with elevated circulating aldosterone are associated with cardiac fibroblast involvement and the resultant heterogeneity in tissue structure. Nonmyocyte cells of the cardiac interstitium represent an important determinant of pathological LVH. The mechanisms that invoke short- (e.g., collagen metabolism) and long-term (e.g., mitosis) responses of cardiac fibroblasts require further investigation and integration of in vitro with in vivo studies. The stage is set, however, to prevent pathological LVH resulting from myocardial fibrosis as well as to reverse it.
Medullary Thymic Epithelium: A Mosaic of Epithelial “Self”?
Authors: Andrew G. Farr, Alexander Rudensky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

The thymus is organized into discrete subcapsular, cortical, and medullary environments that have been defined by the distribution of morphologically and phenotypically distinct populations of epithelial cells and other stromal cell constituents (([1][1])–([5][2])). T cell progenitor cells
Effects of salbutamol on bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and leucocyte responses induced by platelet activating factor in man.
Authors: K F Chung, G Dent, P J Barnes
Journal: Thorax (1989)

The proliferation in human prostate carcinomas, PC3 and MDA-PCa-2b, was analyzed for cells treated with LLW-3-6 and celecoxib in the presence and absence of sulfasalazine. LLW-3-6 was more potent than celecoxib at mediating a dose-dependent reduction of viable PC3 cells. Co-treatment with a non-lethal dose of sulfasalazine diminished the potency of both drugs in this cell line. The effects of the drugs in MDA-PCa-2b cells were less significant than those observed in the PC3 cells. Localization of COX-2 in LLW-3-6- and CBX-treated PC3 cells is consistent with protein aggregation known for cells responding to stress stimuli. To complement this, an analysis of the theoretical binding interactions of LLW-3-6 was completed to illustrate the potential of LLW-3-6 to bind to COX-2 in a manner similar to that of celecoxib. Studies to further define the mechanism of action for LLW-3-6 are ongoing.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PULMONARY METHANE EXCRETION IN MAN
Authors: John H. Bond, Rolf R. Engel, Michael D. Levitt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Measurements of pulmonary excretion of methane (CH(4)) were used to obtain information on the CH(4)-producing bacteria in man. Preliminary studies indicated that (a) all CH(4) excreted by man is produced by colonic bacteria, (b) there is no appreciable utilization of CH(4) by man, and (c) breath CH(4) can serve as a relatively accurate indicator of CH(4) production in the intestine. The rate of pulmonary CH(4) excretion varied enormously, ranging from undetectable (<5 x 10(-6) ml/min) to 0.66 ml/minute. In general, the CH(4) excretion rate for subjects was consistently very low (nonproducers) or relatively large (producers). 33.6% of the adult population were producers of CH(4). Whereas diet, age over 10 yr, and sex did not influence the rate of CH(4) production, some familial factor appeared to play an important role. 84% of siblings of CH(4) producers also were producers, while only 18% of the siblings of nonproducers were found to be CH(4) producers. This familial tendency appeared to be determined by early environmental rather than genetic factors. These studies of CH(4) excretion demonstrate that the exposure of individuals to intestinal bacterial metabolites may differ markedly and that these differences may be chronic and determined by familial factors.
Bizarre Clinical Findings
Authors: Richard B. Hunter
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The first Question and Answer item in the Dec. 23, 1961, issue ofThe Journal(<b>178</b>:1167) was titled "Bizarre Clinical Findings." Considering the urological components of the question's description, plus an elevated blood calcium, I believe the answer rendered by Dr. Schumacher left a little bit to be desired. Surely considering the many bizarre and nonspecific findings of hypercalcemic states, more particularly hyperparathyroidism, the possibility of that should be considered. In addition, there is an increased incidence of parathyroid adenomas with thyrotoxic glands. The obvious thing is to repeat the serum calciums a number of times, plus whatever is necessary in terms of phosphorus and calcium clearance and reabsorption tests.
Sputum eosinophilia: an early marker of bronchial response to occupational agents
Authors: O. Vandenplas, V. D’Alpaos, J. Heymans, J. Jamart, J. Thimpont, F. Huaux, D. Lison, J‐C. Renauld
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Background: False‐negative responses to specific inhalation challenge (SIC) with occupational agents may occur. We explored whether assessing changes in sputum cell counts would help improve the identification of bronchial reactivity to occupational agents during SICs. Methods: The predictive value of the changes in sputum cell counts after a negative FEV 1 response to a first challenge exposure to an occupational agent was determined using the changes in airway calibre observed during repeated challenges as the ‘gold standard’. The study included 68 subjects investigated for work‐related asthma in a tertiary centre. After a control day, the subjects were challenged with the suspected occupational agent(s) for up to 2 h. All subjects who did not show an asthmatic reaction were re‐challenged on the following day. Additional challenges were proposed to those who demonstrated a ≥ 2% increase in sputum eosinophils or an increase in nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine after the second challenge day. Results: Six of the 35 subjects without changes in FEV 1 on the first challenge developed an asthmatic reaction on subsequent challenges. ROC analysis revealed that a &gt;3% increase in sputum eosinophils at the end of the first challenge day was the most accurate parameter for predicting the development of an asthmatic response on subsequent challenges with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 97%. Conclusions: An increase in sputum eosinophils is an early marker of specific bronchial reactivity to occupational agents, which may help to identify subjects who will develop an asthmatic reaction only after repeated exposure.
Circulating Antibodies to Dietary Proteins in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: R. Wright, S. C. Truelove
Journal: BMJ (1965)

In another article we have described the clinical results obtained in a controlled therapeutic trial of various diets in ulcerative colitis (Wright and Truelove, 1965). Three diets were com pared : (1) a milk-free diet ; (2) a diet excluding milk and gluten ; and (3) a  dummy  diet which was essentially a normal diet. The patients were seen regularly throughout the trial period of one year for clinical and sigmoidoscopic assess ment. At each attendance a sample of blood was taken for various estimations, including serological tests for circulating antibodies to several dietary proteins. The objects of this side of the study were as follows : (a) to study the effect of exclusion of these dietary items on the levels of the relevant circulating antibodies ; (b) to see whether the level of circulating antibodies at the beginning of the trial period bore any relation to any favourable clinical effects observed ; and (c) to see whether the level of circulating antibodies showed any consistent change when a clinical relapse occurred or when the patient returned to a normal diet.
Therapeutic vs Prophylactic Castration
Authors: Edward F. Lewison
Journal: JAMA (1967)

During the past 75 years the rival merits of prophylactic vs therapeutic castration have been vigorously championed more or less empirically by many clinicians concerned with the total treatment of breast cancer. In premenopausal patients with operable breast cancer, is it wiser to perform prophylactic castration as an adjunct to mastectomy or is it wiser to reserve this procedure for the palliative treatment of recurrent or metastatic disease? This is, indeed, the doctor's dilemma! As long as the practice of medicine continues to be a "science of uncertainty and an art of probability" then the patient's "destiny trembles in the balance, and the preponderance of either scale is by our own choice." <h3>Therapeutic Castration.—</h3> It is quite obvious that ovarian hormones have a profound effect on hormonesensitive cancers of the breast. The remarkable clinical response of some tumors of the breast to therapeutic castration certainly confirms this concept. This beneficial
469 ITPA GENE VARIANT PROTECTS AGAINST TREATMENT-INDUCED ANEMIA AND IMPROVES VIRAL CLEARANCE BY PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALFA AND RIBAVIRIN THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS
Authors: N. Sakamoto, Y. Tanaka, M. Nakagawa, H. Yatsuhashi, S. Nishiguchi, N. Enomoto, S. Azuma, Y. Nishimura-Sakurai, S. Kakinuma, N. Nishida, K. Tokunaga, M. Mizokami, M. Watanabe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Vaginal Cytology and Recurrent Abortions
Authors: F. Osmond-Clarke, M. Murray
Journal: BMJ (1963)

The main criticism of the work reviewed surely must be that treatment from aspirin to hormones, bed rest to psychiatry, has been given to patients with a bad obstetrical history and not because there was any demonstrable abnormality in the current pregnancy. The aetiology of recurrent abortions, excluding organic causes, remains obscure, but evidence has recently been produced which would suggest that some spontaneous abortions may be the result of endocrine imbalance, and this has been shown by endocrine vaginal cytology (Hochstaedt, Lange, and Spira, 1960), urinary pregnanediol estimations (Loraine, 1958 ; Shearman and Garrett, 1963), and urinary gonadotrophin levels (Gemzell, 1961, personal communication). In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the role of vaginal cytology in determining the prognosis of the current pregnancy in patients with a history of recurrent abortions, and whether hormonal treatment can be justified in patients who present with an abnormal pregnancy smear.
Diclofenac inhibits tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced nuclear factor‐κB activation causing synergistic hepatocyte apoptosis
Authors: Lisa Fredriksson, Bram Herpers, Giulia Benedetti, Quraisha Matadin, Jordi C. Puigvert, Hans de Bont, Sanja Dragovic, Nico P.E. Vermeulen, Jan N.M. Commandeur, Erik Danen, Marjo de Graauw, Bob van de Water
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important clinical problem. It involves crosstalk between drug toxicity and the immune system, but the exact mechanism at the cellular hepatocyte level is not well understood. Here we studied the mechanism of crosstalk in hepatocyte apoptosis caused by diclofenac and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). HepG2 cells were treated with diclofenac followed by TNF-α challenge and subsequent evaluation of necrosis and apoptosis. Diclofenac caused a mild apoptosis of HepG2 cells, which was strongly potentiated by TNF-α. A focused apoptosis machinery short interference RNA (siRNA) library screen identified that this TNF-α-mediated enhancement involved activation of caspase-3 through a caspase-8/Bid/APAF1 pathway. Diclofenac itself induced sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibition of JNK decreased both diclofenac and diclofenac/TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Live cell imaging of GFPp65/RelA showed that diclofenac dampened the TNF-α-mediated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) translocation oscillation in association with reduced NF-κB transcriptional activity. This was associated with inhibition by diclofenac of the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα). Finally, inhibition of IκB kinase β (IKKβ) with BMS-345541 as well as stable lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based knockdown of p65/RelA sensitized hepatocytes towards diclofenac/TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity.Together, our data suggest a model whereby diclofenac-mediated stress signaling suppresses TNF-α-induced survival signaling routes and sensitizes cells to apoptosis.
Tethering poly(ethylene glycol)s to improve the surface biocompatibility of poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) asymmetric membranes
Authors: Zhi-Kang Xu, Fu-Qiang Nie, Chao Qu, Ling-Shu Wan, Jian Wu, Ke Yao
Journal: Biomaterials (2004)