tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis and characterization of hyperglucagonemia in the uremic rat.
Authors: D S Emmanouel, J B Jaspan, S F Kuku, A H Rubenstein, A I Katz, A H Huen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The pathogenesis of hyperglucagonemia and of the alterations in the pattern of circulating immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) associated with renal insufficiency was studied in rats in which a comparable degree of uremia was induced by three different methods, i.e., bilateral nephrectomy, bilateral ureteral ligation, and urine autoinfusion. Nephrectomized and ureteral-ligated rats were markedly hyperglucagonemic (575 +/- 95 pg/ml and 492 +/- 54 pg/ml, respectively), while IRG levels of urine autoinfused animals (208 +/- 35 pg/ml) were similar to those of control rats (180 +/- 26 pg/ml), indicating that uremia per se does not account for the hyperglucagonemia observed in renal failure. Similarly, plasma IRG composition in this group of animals was indistinguishable from that of controls, in which 88.2 +/- 5.9% of total IRG consisted of the 3,500-mol wt fraction. The same component was almost entirely responsible (82.6 +/- 4.1%) for the hyperglucagonemia observed in ligated rats, while it accounted for only 57.6 +/- 5.0% of the circulating IRG in nephrectomized animals. In the latter group, 36.8 +/- 6.6% of total IRG had a mol wt of approximately 9,000, consistent with a glucagon precursor. This peak was present in samples obtained as early as 2 h after renal ablation and its concentration continued to increase with time reaching maximal levels at 24 h. These results confirm that the kidney is a major site of glucagon metabolism and provide evidence that the renal handling of the various circulating IRG components may involve different mechanisms. Thus, the metabolism of the 3,500-mol wt fraction is dependent upon glomerular filtration, while the uptake of the 9,000-mol wt material can proceed in its absence, as long as renal tissue remains adequately perfused. This finding suggests that the 9,000-mol wt component may be handled by peritubular uptake.
Coronary Blood Flow in Experimental Dumping Syndrome in the Dog
Authors: Harold L. Feikes
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE "DUMPING SYNDROME" is a symptom complex described in patients following gastric operations in which the emptying mechanism of the stomach has been altered. It is composed of multiple physiological disturbances among which cardiovascular manifestations such as tachycardia, palpitation, sweating, and weakness are prominent. Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia have been noted in patients with this problem.<sup>1</sup>It has been previously postulated that many of the symptoms which occur in the clinical dumping syndrome may result from reduced blood flow to vital body areas such as the heart and brain.<sup>2,3</sup> The dumping syndrome may be experimentally simulated in the dog by the intrajejunal injection of hypertonic glucose solutions. Significant changes in blood flow have been demonstrated by this technique. Prominent among these changes are a marked increase in mesenteric blood flow and a concomitant, definite decrease in carotid and renal flow. A consistent, significant reduction in cardiac
Trials randomised in clusters
Authors: J M. Bland, S. M Kerry
Journal: BMJ (1997)

In most randomised trials each subject is individually assigned at random to an intervention group. The intervention is applied directly to the subject and observations are made on each individual to determine the outcome of the intervention. Sometimes subjects cannot be allocated independently, or they may interact with one another during the treatment period.

In trials of population screening, for example, screening centres may be set up in some districts and not in others. This may be necessary because widespread publicity is needed to encourage subjects to come for screening, or because members of the screening group might pass on information to neighbours who have been allocated to the control arm (no screening), leading them to demand screening.

In the Swedish two county trial of breast cancer screening the county of Kopparberg was divided into seven geographical areas.1 2 Each was then subdivided into three units, …
Perforation of benign peptic ulcer in hiatal hernia into the pericardium, resulting in pneumopericardium
Authors: Dariusz Łaski, Marian Łukiański, Michał Dubowik, Rafał Pawlaczyk, Wojciech Żurek, Tomasz Marjański, Zbigniew Śledziński
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

A 57-year-old woman with a medical history of hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer disease, alcoholism, and schizophrenia was admitted to the emergency department with epigastric pain and fever. The patient had not been taking her prescribed proton pump inhibitors.
A Prospective Study of Prepregnancy Dietary Iron Intake and Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Katherine Bowers, Edwina Yeung, Michelle A. Williams, Lu Qi, Deirdre K. Tobias, Frank B. Hu, Cuilin Zhang
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

It is important to identify modifiable factors that may lower gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. Dietary iron is of particular interest given that iron is a strong prooxidant, and high body iron levels can damage pancreatic β-cell function and impair glucose metabolism. The current study is to determine if prepregnancy dietary and supplemental iron intakes are associated with the risk of GDM.A prospective study was conducted among 13,475 women who reported a singleton pregnancy between 1991 and 2001 in the Nurses' Health Study II. A total of 867 incident GDM cases were reported. Pooled logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of GDM by quintiles of iron intake controlling for dietary and nondietary risk factors.Dietary heme iron intake was positively and significantly associated with GDM risk. After adjusting for age, BMI, and other risk factors, RRs (95% CIs) across increasing quintiles of heme iron were 1.0 (reference), 1.11 (0.87-1.43), 1.31 (1.03-1.68), 1.51 (1.17-1.93), and 1.58 (1.21-2.08), respectively (P for linear trend 0.0001). The multivariate adjusted RR for GDM associated with every 0.5-mg per day of increase in intake was 1.22 (1.10-1.36). No significant associations were observed between total dietary, nonheme, or supplemental iron intake and GDM risk.These findings suggest that higher prepregnancy intake of dietary heme iron is associated with an increased GDM risk.
Identification of multiple independent susceptibility loci in the HLA region in Behçet's disease
Authors: Travis Hughes, Patrick Coit, Adam Adler, Vuslat Yilmaz, Kenan Aksu, Nursen Düzgün, Gokhan Keser, Ayse Cefle, Ayten Yazici, Andac Ergen, Erkan Alpsoy, Carlo Salvarani, Bruno Casali, Ina Kötter, Javier Gutierrez-Achury, Cisca Wijmenga, Haner Direskeneli, Güher Saruhan-Direskeneli, Amr H Sawalha
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)
Screening Strategies for Lead Poisoning
Authors: Alvaro Garza
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —The report by Gellert et al 1 on childhood lead poisoning in Orange County, California, contrasts with our San Francisco experience. In 1991, a total of 1199 children younger than 6 years were screened. Like the Orange County study, our sampling was provider based, nonrandom, consecutive, and convenient. Ninety percent of our sampling was through Child Health and Disability Prevention program providers and met the low-income eligibility (Medicaid or income   Our 8.26% overall prevalence of elevated blood lead level was similar to that in Orange County (7.25%), but the prevalence of the higher levels was 5.5-fold greater in San Francisco. A common source of exposure was lead-based paint: all eight children with blood lead levels of 1.20 μmol/L (25 μg/dL) or higher had paint-related exposures, including chewing on painted surfaces, home remodeling, or parents working in painting or construction; six also
Impaired paracrine effect of endothelin-1 on vascular smooth muscle in streptozotocin-diabetic rats
Authors: S Wu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: This study was to examine the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on endothelin-1 and its receptors in the mesenteric artery and in the thoracic aorta. Methods: Diabetes was induced in SD rats by streptozotocin. Insulin was given subcutaneously. Endothelin-1 levels in the plasma, thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery were measured using radioimmunoassay. The Bmax and Kd values of endothelin-1 receptors in the mesenteric artery and in the thoracic aorta were analyzed using Scatchard plot analysis. Preproendothelin mRNA levels were examined using RT-PCR. Results: Endothelin-1 levels in the mesenteric artery (83.6±6.9 pg/mg protein) and in the thoracic aorta (73.9±8.2 pg/mg protein) increased in 2 week diabetic rats compared with both control (51.8±5.3, 46.3±5.9 pg/mg protein) and insulin treated rats (65.6±8.1, 48.1±4.2 pg/mg protein) but not in 4 week diabetic rats. There was no change in plasma endothelin-1 levels in these diabetic rats. The RT-PCR results indicated that preproendothelin mRNA levels in the mesenteric artery (0.38±0.02 vs 0.52±0.05 units) and in the thoracic aorta (0.45±0.06 vs 0.62±0.03 units) decreased in 4 week diabetic rats but not in 2 week diabetic rats. A significant increase in Kd and Bmax of endothelin receptors in the mesenteric artery and in the thoracic aorta was observed in both 2 week (about 70%) and 4 week (80–85%) diabetic rats. Insulin replacement reversed the effects of diabetes on endothelin-1 peptide contents, preproendothelin mRNA levels and the binding activity in the blood vessels. Conclusion: Increased endothelin peptide content with no change in mRNA or decreased mRNA levels with no change in peptide content together with increased receptor binding sites and affinities might imply a decrease in endothelin release and therefore an impaired paracrine effect of endothelin on vascular smooth muscles in these STZ-diabetic rats.
Preferential loss of IL-2-secreting CD4+ T helper cells in chronic HCV infection
Authors: Nasser Semmo, Cheryl L. Day, Scott M. Ward, Michaela Lucas, Gillian Harcourt, Andrew Loughry, Paul Klenerman
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) becomes persistent in the majority of infected individuals. In doing so, the virus evades host adaptive immune responses, although the mechanisms responsible in this evasion are not clear. Several groups have demonstrated weak or absent HCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses during chronic HCV infection using proliferation assays and, more recently, class II tetramers. However, the functional status of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells in resolved and persistent infection is poorly understood. Using interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) enzyme-linked immunospot assays, we analyzed cytokine secretion patterns in chronically infected patients and compared them with those with resolved infection. In the spontaneous resolver group, strong IL-2 secretion in relation to IFN-γ secretion was observed. However, in the persistently infected group, a consistent and significant loss of IL-2–secreting cells, compared with IFN-γ–secreting cells, was identified. In vitro addition of IL-2 had a substantial effect in restoring CD4+ T cell activity. In conclusion, failure of IL-2 secretion, as opposed to physical deletion or complete functional unresponsiveness, appears to be an important determinant of the status of CD4+ T cell populations in chronic HCV infection. Loss of IL-2 secretory capacity may lead to disruption of IFN-γ and proliferative function in vivo—a status that characterizes the cellular immune response in both CD4+ and CD8+ compartments in chronic disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;41:1019–1028.)
Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Trichotillomania
Authors: Samuel Chamberlain
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: Problems with inhibiting certain pathological behaviors are integral to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, and other putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The authors assessed and compared motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in OCD and trichotillomania for the first time, to their knowledge. Method: The Stop-Signal Task and the Intradimensiona/Extradimensional Shift Task were administered to 20 patients with OCD, 17 patients with trichotillomania, and 20 healthy comparison subjects. Results: Both OCD and trichotillomania showed impaired inhibition of motor responses. For trichotillomania, the deficit was worse than for OCD, and the degree of the deficit correlated significantly with symptom severity. Only patients with OCD showed deficits in cognitive flexibility. Conclusions: Impaired inhibition of motor responses (impulsivity) was found in OCD and trichotillomania, whereas cognitive inflexibility (thought to contribute to compulsivity) was limited to OCD. This assessment will advance the characterization and classification of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and aid the development of novel treatments.
The Unintended Consequences of Publicly Reporting Quality Information
Authors: Rachel M. Werner
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Health care report cards publicly report information about physician, hospital, and health plan quality in an attempt to improve that quality. Reporting quality information publicly is presumed to motivate quality improvement through 2 main mechanisms. First, public quality information allows patients, referring physicians, and health care purchasers to preferentially select high-quality physicians. Second, public report cards may motivate physicians to compete on quality and, by providing feedback and by identifying areas for quality improvement initiatives, help physicians to do so. Despite these plausible mechanisms of quality improvement, the value of publicly reporting quality information is largely undemonstrated and public reporting may have unintended and negative consequences on health care. These unintended consequences include causing physicians to avoid sick patients in an attempt to improve their quality ranking, encouraging physicians to achieve "target rates" for health care interventions even when it may be inappropriate among some patients, and discounting patient preferences and clinical judgment. Public reporting of quality information promotes a spirit of openness that may be valuable for enhancing trust of the health professions, but its ability to improve health remains undemonstrated, and public reporting may inadvertently reduce, rather than improve, quality. Given these limitations, it may be necessary to reassess the role of public quality reporting in quality improvement.
Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors: John H. Growdon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The personal tragedy of progressive dementia, the emotional distress of family members, and the staggering cost of care to society all challenge the scientific and medical communities to find a cure, or at least an effective treatment, for Alzheimer's disease. The sheer numbers of patients — estimated to be 2 to 4 million persons in the United States — only magnify the urgent need to answer this challenge. In the quest to develop rational pharmacologic treatments, the first step is to identify abnormalities in brain tissue that account for the clinical manifestations of disease.1 The initial reports that mechanisms reflecting . . .
Epidemiology of keloids in normally pigmented Africans and African people with albinism: population-based cross-sectional survey
Authors: S.K. Kiprono, B.M. Chaula, J.E. Masenga, J.W. Muchunu, D.R. Mavura, M. Moehrle
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Journal Article Epidemiology of keloids in normally pigmented Africans and African people with albinism: population‐based cross‐sectional survey Get access S.K. Kiprono, S.K. Kiprono Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi TanzaniaDepartment of Medicine Moi University School of Medicine Box 4606‐30100 Eldoret Kenya Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.M. Chaula, B.M. Chaula Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi TanzaniaMbeya Referral Hospital P.O Box 419 Mbeya Tanzania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.E. Masenga, J.E. Masenga Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi Tanzania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.W. Muchunu, J.W. Muchunu Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi Tanzania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.R. Mavura, D.R. Mavura Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi Tanzania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Moehrle M. Moehrle Department of Dermatology Regional Dermatology Training Centre P.O. Box 8332 Moshi TanzaniaEberhard Karls Universität Universitäts‐Hautklinik Liebermeisterstraße 25 72076 Tübingen Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 173, Issue 3, 1 September 2015, Pages 852–854, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13826 Published: 01 September 2015
The Seventh International Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Workshop Report: Palermo, Italy, January 29–30, 2005
Authors: M Aricó, A Baruchel, Y Bertrand, A Biondi, V Conter, T Eden, H Gadner, P Gaynon, K Horibe, S P Hunger, G Janka-Schaub, G Masera, J Nachman, R Pieters, M Schrappe, K Schmiegelow, M G Valsecchi, C-H Pui
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
Two Cases of Calculus in the Bladder, in which Lithotripsy was Performed
Authors: A. T. S. Dodd
Journal: BMJ (1842)

as when added to the blood oxt of the body; it is not, however, necessary to brinlg forward any theory for their stupport; they have ceii found useful in prac- tise, and that is sufficienlt to recommenid them to aniy person willing to giv; his patieilts every chanle of recovery from a highly malignanit anld danigerous disease.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE RHEUMATOID FACTOR
Authors: J. Lospalluto, M. Ziff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

Serum and serum fractions from patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been subjected to anion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The rheumatoid factor activity was clearly separated from the bulk of the gamma globulin by virtue of the anomalous behavior of macroglobulins on this column. Purification of rheumatoid factor by precipitation with fraction II, resolution in 4 M urea, and two successive fractionations on an anion exchanger yielded a highly active preparation consisting of approximately 95 per cent 19S gamma globulin with no detectable amount of 7S contaminant. Evidence was obtained for the existence of two factors by cation exchange chromatography (carboxymethyl cellulose) of rheumatoid serum and of macroglobulin previously separated by anion exchange chromatography. One factor (factor I) agglutinated sensitized sheep cells and latex particles and also precipitated with human fraction II. The second (factor II) agglutinated latex partides and precipitated with fraction II but did not agglutinate sensitized sheep cells. A substance with the properties of factor II was demonstrated in two of four normal sera by cation exchange chromatography. It was suggested that the agglutination of latex particles and precipitation with human fraction II, observed in the case of certain abnormal sera, may be due to elevated concentrations of factor II.
Differential phenotypic expression by three mutant alleles in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
Authors: T. Gotoda, N. Yamada, H. Shimano, K. Kozaki, Y. Yazaki, T. Murase, M. Sakuma, N. Murayama, J.J. Albers, Y. Akanuma
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
Acute Cecal Diverticulitis
Authors: Everett E. Nicholas
Journal: JAMA (1962)

An evaluation of acute cecal diverticulitis with right lower quadrant pain or melena was carried out in a study of 25 patients. The diagnosis was difficult even in patients with prior appendectomy. The typical case was a middle-aged man, ill for about 60 hours with inflammatory disease of the right lower abdomen. Four patients presented with painless melena and 5 with a mass. Preoperative examination of the colon by x-ray was performed unless acute appendicitis was suspected. Four of 9 nonacute cases were correctly diagnosed. Cecal diverticulitis usually causes a firm, indurated, red to purple mass near the ileocecal valve and should be differentiated from carcinoma. Local excision and appendectomy are recommended when possible. Right hemicolectomy should be avoided with unprepared bowel.
Julius Robert Mayer (18l4–1878)
Authors: S. M. Tenney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE first statement of the first law of thermodynamics (principle of conservation of energy) was not formulated by a physicist but by a little known German physician who had only limited knowledge of both mathematics and physics. This monumental achievement is especially remarkable for being stimulated by a chance observation during the practice of medicine. Julius Robert Mayer was born on November 25, 1814, the third son of an apothecary in the town of Heilbronn. There is almost no information concerning his parents, and although young Robert was introduced to some simple physical and chemical experiments by his father, there . . .
A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk
Authors: D. J. Hunter
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Low dietary intake of selenium has been proposed as a risk factor for breast cancer. To address this hypothesis, we collected toenail clippings from 62 641 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort who were free from cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 1982 and 1983. The selenium concentration in nails has been shown to reflect dietary intake of selenium. During 53 months of follow-up, 434 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed among women who had submitted a set of toenail clippings, and we matched one control free from breast and other cancers to each case. The mean selenium level in toenails in the cases (0.823 μg/g; SD, 0.197) was almost identical to that of the controls (0.821 μg/g; SD, 0.174). After controlling for known breast cancer risk factors, the relative risk for women in the highest quintile of selenium as compared with the lowest quintile was 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.72) and there was no trend across quintiles. Results were similar for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Although these data do not exclude a possible influence of selenium intake before adulthood on subsequent risk of breast cancer, selenium intake later in life is not likely to be an important factor in the etiology of breast cancer. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;264:1128-1131)
Cholesterol-Lowering Foods and Reduction in Serum Cholesterol Levels—Reply
Authors: Vanu Ramprasath
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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