tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF TETRAIODOPHENOLPHTHALEIN
Authors: Arthur R. Bloom
Journal: JAMA (1928)

To the Editor:  —I have been pleased to read the article on the modifications in the administration of tetraiodophenolphthalein by the oral route for cholecystography by Dr. Victor Knapp (The Journal, Dec. 3, 1927).  Dr. Robert A. Arens and I have been using this method for the past eight months at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago and have found it very effective. Our experiences have been similar to Dr. Knapp's in that patients had no more reactions than with the keratin coated capsules and our shadows were a little sharper and denser.  We made a few tests and found a simple explanation why patients do not get the reactions which we feared would follow the use of plain gelatin capsules. Sodium tetraiodophenolphthalein is insoluble in weak acid solutions but very soluble in alkaline solutions. When the plain gelatin capsule disintegrates in five minutes in the stomach, the salt remains
Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Injection of Angiocardiographic Contrast Medium in Assessment of Valvular Lesions
Authors: SHAHBUDIN H. RAHIMTOOLA, JOHN P. DUFFY, H. J. C. SWAN
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Measurements of flow and pressures related to the left heart were made on 21 patients immediately prior to and at intervals of 2 and 4 minutes after angiocardiography. These patients had normal mitral valves (group 1), mitral incompetence (group 2), or mitral stenosis (group 3). There was an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure accompanied by an increase in "pulmonary artery wedge" (PA wedge) pressure in all patients. Patients with mitral valve disease generally develop higher PA wedge pressures; those with mitral stenosis develop, in addition, significantly increased mean diastolic and end-diastolic gradients across the mitral valve. These increased gradients in mitral stenosis are due to increased flow across the mitral valve, which results from a combination of increased cardiac output and decreased diastolic filling time. Diagnostic angiocardiography affords an opportunity of observing the effects of valve lesions at a higher flow rate and is particularly useful in those patients with normal PA wedge pressure and small gradients initially.
Details of HPV immunisation need not delay decision
Authors: Adam Finn
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Endovascular repair is not worse than open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysmsEditor-The title and interpretation of the EVAR trial results in the POEM are misleading and incorrect. 1Mortality figures were quoted both as aneurysm related and all cause deaths.The 30 day mortality was 1.7% in the EVAR group, which is significantly lower than 4.7% in the open repair group.Surprisingly, the POEM somehow interpreted 30 day mortality to be less than 1% for both groups, which is clearly an error.The confidence intervals (odds ratio 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.77, P = 0.009) make type I error unlikely.If preintervention deaths are added to the figures 30 day mortality was calculated at 3.5% for endovascular repair and 7.1% for open surgery. 2 The advantage of endovascular repair is sustained at four years, with 4% aneurysm related deaths in the EVAR group compared with 7% in the open repair group.This confers a 3% absolute reduction in aneurysm related mortality.The all cause mortality rate was comparable in both groups at four years.Endovascular repair offers a 30 day lower risk treatment compared with open surgery in patients who are medically fit with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.Compared with open repair, endovascular repair offers no advantage with respect to all cause mortality and health related quality of life; and is more expensive; however, it confers a 3% improved aneurysm related survival which persists at four years.The POEM's message that endovascular repair is worse than open repair is inaccurate and not evidence based.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy: New Options, Continuing Concerns
Authors: Carl D. Atkins
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In their Editorial, Dr Insogna and coauthors<sup>1</sup>misquote the report of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.<sup>2</sup>In doing so, they appear to miss their main point. In their report, Cauley et al state: "Our findings suggest that the risk of breast cancer associated with hormone replacement therapy may have been underestimated<i>by previous investigators</i>[emphasis added] because osteoporosis is a primary indication for its use." Cauley et al do not purport to show direct evidence that HRT is associated with breast cancer but do show that bone mineral density is correlated with breast cancer risk. A direct corollary of this is that patients with low bone mineral density (ie, with osteoporosis) have a lower risk of breast cancer than patients with normal bone mineral density. Thus, if users of HRT are more likely to have osteoporosis than nonusers, yet users are found to have the same breast cancer
AORTIC VALVE CALCIUM SCORE BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PREDICTING PERIVALVULAR AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY POST TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION (TAVI)
Authors: Junsoo Alex Lee, Tania Singh, Itsik Ben Dor, Rebecca Torguson, Petros Okubagzi, Lowell Satler, Steven Goldstein, Allen Taylor, William Guy Weigold, Augusto Pichard, Zuyue Wang, Gaby Weissman, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
THE SYSTEMIC TOXIC RESPONSES OF PATIENTS TO TREATMENT WITH STREPTOKINASE STREPTODORNASE (SK-SD) 12
Authors: William N. Hubbard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1951)

This paper reports the results of investigations concerning possible toxicities associated with the therapeutic use of streptococcal concentrates containing streptokinase (SK) and streptodornase (SD). Up to the present time the most obvious clinical side effect has been a pyrogenic reaction with associated symptoms of malaise, headache, arthralgia and occasionally nausea (1, 2). This reaction has been observed to begin about four to six hours after the local instillation of solutions of SK-SD; to reach its peak in 24 hours and to subside in the ensuing 24-48 hours. The febrile response occurs in 60-75%o of the treated cases, with a suggestive higher frequency in patients with massive hemorrhage (hemothorax) than in those who have local suppurative disease of infectious origin. In patients receiving repeated injections the occurrence of the reaction has been unpredictable; sometimes appearing after the first injection and not subsequent ones and, on other occasions, after one or another of the later injections, but absent at the first treatment. Furthermore, the cause of the reaction has not yet been clearly determined but may be referable primarily either to the foreign materials of the solutions of SK-SD or to the breakdown products of their enzymatic action. The present study was undertaken to determine whether untoward effects, inapparent to general clinical examination but that might be brought out by detailed laboratory examination, followed the
<i>In vitro</i>susceptibility testing and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Giovanni Sotgiu, Antonio Spanevello, Giovanni Battista Migliori
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

From the authors: 

We wish to thank S. Srivastava and colleagues for their correspondence in response to our article [1], which raised three major issues deserving further discussion.

First, the importance of considering totally drug-resistant (TDR) tuberculosis (TB) (a term that the World Health Organization no longer recommends the use of, in favour of …
What proportion of congenital abnormalities can be prevented?
Authors: A E Czeizel, Z Intody, B Modell
Journal: BMJ (1993)

To estimate the proportion of preventable congenital abnormalities in Hungary.Analysis of available Hungarian data-bases and of the effectiveness of primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive methods.Databases of ad hoc epidemiological studies and of the Hungarian congenital abnormality registry.Prevalence at birth and prevalence after prevention in 73 congenital abnormality types or groups.Preventive methods are available for 51 (70%) of the 73 congenital abnormality types or groups evaluated. The birth prevalence of all congenital abnormalities could be reduced from 65 to 26 per 1000; thus 39 per 1000 (60%) are preventable. Without congenital dislocation of the hip, which is unusually common in Hungary, the preventable proportion of congenital abnormalities is 52%.Many congenital abnormalities can be prevented, but as they do not represent a single pathological category there is no single strategy for their prevention.
Relationship Between the ECG, Ventricular Activation, and the Ventricular Conduction System in Ostium Primum ASD
Authors: JOHN P. BOINEAU, E. NEIL MOORE, DONALD F. PATTERSON
Journal: Circulation (1973)

A combined electrophysiologic-anatomic study was performed in a dog with a congenital atrial septal defect (ASD) primum. Comparisons were made between the dog and electrophysiologic data obtained in four patients with ASD primum. The ECGs and VCGs in both the dog and patients revealed the characteristic features of superior orientation, counterclockwise rotation, and slow-rightward terminal forces in the frontal plane QRS. In both the dog and the patients, epicardial ventricular activation revealed early posterior LV wall excitation and later anterior left ventricular (LV) depolarization. Also, there was a marked delay in the activation of the RV in both dog and patients. In the dog, Purkinje (Pj) potentials were recorded from the endocardium of the anterior and posterior LV wall and the anterior RV wall. The endocardial-Pj activation times of these three regions were correlated with the measured lengths of the three major divisions of the conduction system supplying them. Premature activation of the posterior LV Pj and delayed activation of the anterior LV and RV Pj was observed. The marked asynchrony of Pj activation was due to a developmental asymmetry of the ventricular conduction system, characterized by markedly different lengths of the three major divisions. Purkinje conduction velocity was 1.5 m/sec, and there were no areas of block or slow conduction. The agreement between the dog and human data indicated an identical mechanism for patients with ASD primum. The terms left anterior-superior hemiblock and right bundle branch block are inappropriate descriptions of this lesion.
Abstract P2-19-02: Do older women benefit from post-mastectomy breast reconstruction?
Authors: M Sisco, DB Johnson, CE Wang, KA Yao
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: Despite evidence that post-mastectomy breast reconstruction (PMBR) decreases psychological morbidity and improves body image, older women (aged 65 and above) receive it six times less often than younger women. It is unclear whether this difference represents a disparity or reflects informed patient choices since the outcomes of PMBR in older women have never been rigorously studied. We hypothesized that in older women, the use of PMBR is associated with greater psychosocial well-being and breast satisfaction than mastectomy alone. Patients and Methods: The Dillman method was used to survey 299 older women with stage 0-III breast cancer who underwent a mastectomy from 2006-2011. The response rate was 75.3%. The survey incorporated demographic questions and measured satisfaction and health-related quality of life outcomes using the Duke health profile and the BREAST-Q mastectomy module. Patients who underwent PMBR were compared to those who did not (no-PMBR) to determine differences in patient characteristics, satisfaction, and quality-of-life outcomes between groups. Satisfaction and outcome results were risk adjusted using multivariable logistic regression to account for differences between PMBR and no-PMBR groups. Results: The median age of respondents was 72. Of these, 77/214 (36%) elected to undergo PMBR. Marital status, education level, race, and tumor stage were similar in PMBR and no-PMBR groups. Those in the PMBR group were generally younger and more affluent than those in the no-PMBR group (p&amp;lt;0.001 and p&amp;lt;0.05, respectively). There were no significant differences in age-adjusted physical health, anxiety, or depression scores between PMBR and no-PMBR groups. Both groups reported high levels of decisional satisfaction. However, after adjusting for age and income, PMBR was associated with greater breast satisfaction (BREAST-Q score 69 vs. 57, p&amp;lt;0.001) and greater psychosocial well-being (BREAST-Q score 83 vs. 76, p&amp;lt;0.001). These differences in scores compared favorably to those seen in younger women. Conclusions: This is the first study to compare psychosocial outcomes and breast satisfaction between older women who undergo PMBR and those who do not. These findings show that older women have the potential to benefit from PMBR at least as much as younger women do. PMBR can be performed in a significant proportion of older women with high levels of satisfaction. Older women who are appropriate candidates should be encouraged to consider breast reconstruction, and efforts should be made to narrow the disparity in the delivery of PMBR between older and younger women. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-19-02.
Experts warn that marketisation of forensic science service will leave crimes unsolved
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Serious crimes could go unsolved and their perpetrators escape justice if a fully private market in forensic science services is allowed to happen, a parliamentary inquiry heard.

The House of Commons science and technology committee is examining ministers’ plans, announced last December, to close the government owned Forensic Science Service (FSS) by 2012.

The service’s operations would be transferred to other forensics suppliers or sold off. Two leading executives from the service and a senior trade union official warned a hearing on 23 March that the move could backfire, harming the quality of scientific advice, analysis, and “world-renowned” research available to the courts.

They told MPs that the FSS had a range and depth of expertise that might not be replicated elsewhere.

Bill Griffiths, chairman of the service, said closure of the FSS could see the break up of its nationally important data archives, which were vital to achieving …
Oxidant stress responses in human pleural mesothelial cells exposed to asbestos.
Authors: Y M Janssen, J P Marsh, M P Absher, E Gabrielson, P J Borm, K Driscoll, B T Mossman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The generation of oxidants is a proposed mechanism of cell injury by asbestos fibers. To determine whether human pleural mesothelial cells (HMC) respond to asbestos and active oxygen species (AOS) by induction of antioxidant enzymes, cells obtained from pleural effusion were exposed to crocidolite or chrysotile asbestos or xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), a chemical-generating system of AOS. Gene expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heme oxygenase (HO), endogenous enzymes involved in cell defense against oxidant stresses, was then determined. Dosage-dependent increases in steady-state mRNA levels of MnSOD and HO were observed in HMC exposed to asbestos or X/XO. However, increases in gene expression of MnSOD or HO did not occur in HMC after exposure to particulates such as polystyrene beads or riebeckite, the nonfibrous analog of crocidolite asbestos. Comparative experiments with human adult lung fibroblasts (HAL) showed less striking increases in mRNA levels of MnSOD and HO in response to asbestos, but steady-state mRNA levels for HO were increased more than fivefold in response to X/XO. To determine whether increases in mRNA levels of MnSOD were translated into protein, Western blot analyses were performed on HMC and HAL cells exposed to asbestos or X/XO. Slight increases in MnSOD immunoreactive protein were observed in HMC in response to both agents. In contrast, X/XO caused striking elevations in MnSOD protein levels in HAL cells. These results suggest that certain antioxidant enzymes are inducible in HMC after exposure to asbestos and other oxidants.
Respiratory Health Effects of Exposure to Low-NO <sub>x</sub> Unflued Gas Heaters in the Classroom: A Double-Blind, Cluster-Randomized, Crossover Study
Authors: Guy B. Marks, Wafaa Ezz, Nathan Aust, Brett G Toelle, Wei Xuan, Elena Belousova, Carmen Cosgrove, Bin Jalaludin, Wayne T. Smith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

There are long-standing concerns about adverse effects of gas appliances on respiratory health. However, the potential adverse effect of low-NOx (nitrogen oxide) unflued gas heaters on children's health has not been assessed.Our goal was to compare the respiratory health effects and air quality consequences of exposure to low-NOx unflued gas heaters with exposure to non-indoor-air-emitting flued gas heaters in school classrooms.We conducted a double-blind, cluster-randomized, crossover study in 400 primary school students attending 22 schools in New South Wales, Australia. Children measured their lung function and recorded symptoms and medication use twice daily. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde concentrations were measured in classrooms using passive diffusion badges.NO2 concentrations were, on average, 1.8 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-2.1] and formaldehyde concentrations were, on average, 9.4 ppb higher (95% CI, 5.7-13.1) during exposure to unflued gas versus flued gas heaters. Exposure to the unflued gas heaters was associated with increased cough reported in the evening [odds ratio (OR) = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34] and wheeze reported in the morning (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.04-1.83). The association with wheeze was greater in atopic subjects. There was no evidence of an adverse effect on lung function.We conclude that classroom exposure to low-NOx unflued gas heaters causes increased respiratory symptoms, particularly in atopic children, but is not associated with significant decrements in lung function. It is important to seek alternative sources of heating that do not have adverse effects on health.
Cardiac Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Samuel Zoneraich
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Fowler's third edition of<i>Cardiac Diagnosis and Treatment</i>has the basic attributes of a great text: completeness, practicality, and proper attention to clinical and theoretical considerations. This book is unique in that it provides broad, unbiased data on controversial issues. Each chapter provides a brief review of the literature and the personal experience and insight of the authors, and each is written clearly. The illustrations and tables are done well. Dr Fowler is one of the few acknowledged master clinicians; the chapters on treatment of coronary artery disease (chapters 35, 36, and 37) and on treatment of acute myocardial infarction (chapter 38) represent a major contribution to the management of a common disease. There is an excellent, clearly reasoned chapter in which Pitt and Strauss discuss prudence and restraint in ordering myocardial imaging with radioactive tracers "to confirm what has already been determined by other less expensive or less invasive
Ventricular tachyarrhythmias occur more frequently in winter and less frequently in spring than in other seasons: Report from a multicenter implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) database
Authors: Robert S. Mittleman, Xiaozheng Zhang, Edward J. Stanek, Ira Ockene, Geoff Neilson, Alan B. Wagshal, S.K.Stephen Huang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Reference Groups: Comparing Oranges With Oranges and Apples With Apples
Authors: Gifford Lum
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The article by Ryder et al, "Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity in Patients With Histoplasmosis" (p 1888), provides a good opportunity to discuss a common error in the clinical assessment of any proposed new diagnostic test. Such a test is often developed for the diagnosis of a specific disease. It is then found to show positive results in a high percentage of patients with the disease. Next, a control group, often consisting of a group of volunteers, healthy medical students, some blood donors, or a randomly selected group of laboratory technicians, is selected for testing. The results are found to be normal, or negative, in this control group; on that basis, the laboratory test is then claimed to be specific for the disease. Results of the clinical evaluation of this new laboratory test are published in a medical journal; there is a resultant flush of enthusiasm for the test. Clinicians
Pitavastatin decreases the expression of endothelial lipase both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Y. Kojima, T. Ishida, L. Sun, T. Yasuda, R. Toh, Y. Rikitake, A. Fukuda, N. Kume, H. Koshiyama, A. Taniguchi, K.-i. Hirata
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

AimsIn addition to their cholesterol-lowering effect, statins increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a regulator of plasma HDL-C levels. In the present study, the effects of statins on EL expression were investigated.
Patients' Understanding About Drugs
Authors: Charles E. Saunders
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Johnson et al<sup>1</sup>entitled "The Impact of a Drug Information Sheet on the Understanding and Attitude of Patients About Drugs" concluded that patients' knowledge about their prescribed drug increased after an information sheet was given, but that the patients' attitude toward the drug was not adversely affected by the information. While I applaud the authors' ambition in undertaking to answer an important yet overlooked question, I am not yet convinced by the report. The authors' conclusions were based on changes in objective scores from a multiple-choice examination designed to test the patients' knowledge and attitudes about one of two drugs. The construction of a testing tool, especially one intended to measure subjective variables such as attitudes, can be more difficult than it seems, and it may be a source of hidden bias as a result of cultural factors, leading questions, ambiguities, etc. Where
ABC of Work Related Disorders: INVESTIGATING SUSPECTED OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS AND EVALUATING THE WORKPLACE
Authors: K. Palmer, D. Coggon
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Conditions that are commonly Doctors working in general practice or hospital sometimes encounter Conditions that are commonly patients whom they suspect may have an occupational disease (for occupational example, work related asthma, dermatitis, or fibrotic lung disease).It is * Asthma * Fibrotic lung disease important to follow up such suspicions because they may present * Low back pain ( Mesothelioma opportunities for preventing disease or for compensation.Several * Sensorineural * Secondary Raynaud's sources of advice are available, but before others are consulted it is deafness phenomenon important to obtain the patient's consent, particularly if personal in-formation is to be disclosed.Discussion with the patient is also recommended if any approach is to be made to the employer.If the patient's employer has an occupational Sources of advice for doctors not working in industry health department the doctor or nurse there * Occupational health department at patient's workplace-Many larger can be consulted in confidence.Occupational Physical * Noise or vibration
Fluorescent cell-traceable dexamethasone-loaded liposomes for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases
Authors: Matthias Bartneck, Katharina M. Scheyda, Klaudia T. Warzecha, Larissa Y. Rizzo, Kanishka Hittatiya, Tom Luedde, Gert Storm, Christian Trautwein, Twan Lammers, Frank Tacke
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)