tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
From the authors: Sleep apnoea in Asians and Caucasians: comparing apples and oranges
Authors: K. Yamagishi, H. Iso, A. Kitamura, A. R. Folsom, T. Tanigawa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

than Caucasians.These observations have lead to the concept that Asians are at increased risk of OSA [2].One attractive explanation is that Asians have decreased cranial base dimensions that would render the upper airways more prone to collapse.However, if Asians were more prone to OSA, one would predict a higher prevalence of OSA among Asians compared with Caucasians.In contrast, due to cultural and dietary aspects, Asians would be protected from OSA on the basis that obesity is less common than among white Americans.Previous independent epidemiological studies from Asia and the USA showed similar prevalence of OSA in these populations [3,4].YAMAGISHI et al.[1] took a step forward and directly compared the prevalence of OSA among Hispanic and white Americans (from the Minnesota field centre, St Paul, MN, USA) with the prevalence of OSA drawn from three community-based cohorts in Japan.The strength of this study was that the authors used identical procedures to detect sleepdisordered breathing in the US and Japanese populations.The authors showed that the prevalence of OSA in the Japanese population was lower than in the US population.The lower prevalence of OSA in Asians was explained by the fact that the Japanese had a lower BMI.The authors concluded that the majority of the race/ethnic differences in OSA prevalence were explained by differences in BMI among populations.
Safety of zimeldine in overdose.
Authors: F K Judd, T R Norman, G D Burrows
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A propos d'une observation: une malade traitee par la zimeldine (200 mg chaque soir) pour depression est hospitalisee en unite de soins intensifs apres avoir ingere 5,2 g de zimeldine. Le lavage d'estomac est inefficace mais l'evolution est benigne
Nicotine chewing gum as a substitute for smoking.
Authors: M A Russell, S R Sutton, C Feyerabend, P V Cole, Y Saloojee
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The capacity of nicotine-containing chewing gum to produce plasma nicotine levels comparable to heavy cigarette smoking was tested in 21 subjects. On a fixed schedule of one piece of gum (4 mg nicotine) per hour, the average peak plasma nicotine concentration was 175-7 nmol/l (28-5 ng/ml) compared to 189-3 nmol/l (30-7 ng/ml) obtained from normal ad libitum smoking. Unpleasant side effects were common and in some cases plasma nicotine concentrations were two and even three times as high as with smoking; The chewing gum provided some satisfaction to all but four subjects, but its degree was not related to the concentration of plasma nicotine it produced, neither was there an inverse relation between the plasma nicotine concentration while taking the gum and the subjective sense of missing cigarettesmthis suggests that the capacity of the gum to act as a substitute for smoking is not necessarily related to its capacity to provide nicotine. Flexible dosage dictated by individual needs would probably lower the incidence of side effects and might secure closer approximation to smoking concentrations of plasma nicotine.
Ureteral Reflux of Recipient??s Own Kidneys A Potential Source of Error in Renal Transplant Evaluation
Authors: ANDR??S SERENA, JOS?? E. ROBLES, JOS?? A. RICHTER, JAVIER ZUDAIRE, MARIA A. CHARVET, ANDR??S PURROY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

After transplantation, pre-existent vesicoureteral reflux caused a hot paravesical area mimicking urine extravasation.
Pharmacokinetics of three doses of once-weekly fluconazole (150, 300, and 450 mg) in distal subungual onychomycosis of the toenail
Authors: Phoebe Rich, Richard K. Scher, Debra Breneman, Ronald C. Savin, David Stuart Feingold, Nellie Konnikov, Jerome L. Shupack, Sheldon Pinnell, Norman Levine, Nicholas J. Lowe, Raza Aly, Richard B. Odom, Donald L. Greer, Manuel R. Morman, Alicia D. Bucko, Eduardo H. Tschen, Boni E. Elewski, Edgar B. Smith, James Hilbert
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)
Radionuclide Imaging for Parotid Oncocytoma
Authors: SHIGERU KOSUDA, TAKEHIKO GOKAN, KOHEI TAMURA, ATSUSHI KUBO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

A rare case of coexisting parotid oncocytoma and chronic thyroiditis is presented. The oncocytoma exhibited focal increased radionuclide uptake with three different radionuclides, I-123, Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate, and T1-201.
Book: Law Without Enforcement
Authors: M. Humphreys
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Eds Nigel Eastman, Jill Peay Hart Publishing, £20, pp 256 ISBN 1901362752 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Mental health legislation in England and Wales is currently undergoing a major review. Some would say that this is not the right time to be thinking about introducing new, unprejudiced laws, when continuing professional concern and public outcry over the failure of community care and the emotionally charged issue of homicide by mentally ill people dominate media reporting of psychiatry. Others take the view that, … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Psychiatrist is struck off for wide ranging dishonesty and lack of insight
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A new report is calling for changes in the conduct of clinical trials in the United States to reduce disparities of age, sex, race, and comorbidity.The goal is to give a more representative picture of the benefits and risks of a treatment across the entire population but particularly among those who bear the greatest burden of the morbidity.The eliminating disparities in clinical trials (EDICT) initiative was conducted over two years by the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston and the Intercultural Cancer Council.It is part of an ongoing four year project to reduce barriers to participation in trials.The report of the initiative was released on 1 April in Washington, DC.The report describes itself as a "nationwide call to action . . .that removes the barriers to clinical trial participation and advances education and information sharing [as] a critical step to improving the health status of all Americans."Recommendations include harmonising the Food and Drug Administration's regulations on trial design and conduct with those of the National Institutes of Health requiring diversity; increasing collaboration between government and industry in trials; and fostering community involvement in all phases of trial design and implementation.It calls on journals to require researchers to include an analysis of how their trial participants match the population that bears the greatest burden of that condition.It also seeks better education of institutional review boards on their ethical responsibilities and of the general public about the trials process.Calls for better education of review boards and the public are likely to draw little opposition.But other recommendations are likely to require an increase in the size of a trial to provide sufficient numbers for subgroup analysis according to sex, race, age, and comorbidity.This will increase the cost of trials and could delay the introduction of new drugs to the marketplace.Information on EDICT is available at www.bcm.edu/edict. Trial participants need to represent patients betterUK NEWS Wakefield tells GMC he was motivated by concern for autistic children, p 738 World NEWS Australian drug firms give details of sums spent courting doctors, p 742 bmj.com reducing inequalities in health will need a long timeframe, MPs are told
Adult stem cells may be redefinable
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

New research indicates that adult neural stem cells—previously thought to be committed to becoming either neurones, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes—can de-differentiate and reinvent themselves as haemopoietic precursors (Science 1999;283:471, 534-7).

This finding raises the possibility that adult human stem cells may some day be coached to grow into organs, regenerate damaged tissue, or reconstitute the immune system.

The problem of immune rejection may also be circumvented if an individual's own cells …
Reporting Health Hazards of Tobacco Use
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1990)

ALTHOUGH the federal government has had an office charged with promulgating information about the hazards of smoking since the mid-1960s, it was 1978 before anything like the CDC's present national office on smoking was established. Originally a part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, this office on smoking and health became a part of the CDC in 1986. But it has remained located in suburban Washington, DC. With its charge to educate Americans about the health consequences of smoking, it fits in with one of the CDC's program goals—chronic disease prevention. Since January 1987, the office has been headed by Ronald M. Davis, MD. It has a staff of 25 people and an annual budget of $3.5 million. Its technical center maintains a computerized database on smoking and health. It has 60 000 articles from the biomedical literature, available to the public through a system called Dialog.
Balloon Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: NOEL L. MILLS, THOMAS VARGISH, LEONARD H. KLEINMAN, DENNIS A. BLOOMFIELD, GEORGE E. REED
Journal: Circulation (1971)

A prototype double-lumen cardiac catheter with an inflatable disc balloon for interim closure of left-to-right shunts through the ventricular septum is described. Five clinical fatalities following ventricular septal rupture in the early postmyocardial infarction period were seen at New York University Medical Center from October, 1968 to March, 1970. Ventricular septal defects were made in nine acute dog experiments. Shunt sizes ranged from 2.2:1 to 4.8:1. Absence of shunting after balloon occlusion was confirmed by oxygen saturations, phonocardiography, and the hydrogen electrode method. Left ventricular angiography confirmed cardiac catheter positions. The feasibility of ventricular shunt occlusion in patients who are deteriorating from early postinfarction septal rupture is discussed.
Cotinine analytical workshop report: consideration of analytical methods for determining cotinine in human body fluids as a measure of passive exposure to tobacco smoke.
Authors: R R Watts, J J Langone, G J Knight, J Lewtas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

A two-day technical workshop was convened November 10-11, 1986, to discuss analytical approaches for determining trace amounts of cotinine in human body fluids resulting from passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The workshop, jointly sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Centers for Disease Control, was attended by scientists with expertise in cotinine analytical methodology and/or conduct of human monitoring studies related to ETS. The workshop format included technical presentations, separate panel discussions on chromatography and immunoassay analytical approaches, and group discussions related to the quality assurance/quality control aspects of future monitoring programs. This report presents a consensus of opinion on general issues before the workshop panel participants and also a detailed comparison of several analytical approaches being used by the various represented laboratories. The salient features of the chromatography and immunoassay analytical methods are discussed separately.
Applications to US medical schools fall for fourth year
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Applications to medical schools in the United States have declined for the fourth consecutive year, according to a survey sponsored by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education. The committee's questionnaire was designed to assess the state of medical school education and was completed last year by all 125 medical schools in the United States.

Applications have plummeted since reaching a high of 47000 in 1996. However, they are still well above the low reached in 1988, when only 27000 students applied for admission. Nevertheless, many schools are worried that a trend in …
Increased incidence of malignancy in dermatitis herpetiformis.
Authors: J N Leonard, W F Tucker, J S Fry, C A Coulter, A W Boylston, R M McMinn, G P Haffenden, A F Swain, L Fry
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A retrospective study of 109 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis showed that malignant tumours had developed in seven patients, the expected incidence being 2.93, giving a relative risk of 2.38. In three of the seven patients the malignancy was a lymphoma, giving a relative risk of 100 for this tumour (expected incidence 0.03). In six of the seven patients who developed malignancies small-intestinal biopsy specimens were macroscopically abnormal, giving a relative risk of 4.22 in this group, which is similar to that reported in adult coeliac disease. Patients treated with a gluten-free diet appeared to have a reduced risk of developing malignancy compared with those taking a normal diet (relative risk with gluten-free diet 1.01 and with normal diet 3.09). A small subgroup of eight patients with linear IgA dermatitis herpetiformis were also studied: three developed malignant disease and in one the tumour was a lymphoma.
Alcoholic Myopathy in Heart and Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Mary Jean Moore, Emanuel Rubin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

EXCESSIVE consumption of alcohol was known to be related to liver disease before the time of Hippocrates, but the recognition of alcohol-related diseases that affect cardiac and skeletal muscle is only about a century old. Alcohol use was suggested as a contributing factor to heart disease as early as 1855,1 and in 1884, Bollinger,2 in a discussion about cardiac hypertrophy in habitual beer drinkers, noted that "with excessive habitual use of beer, one has to take into account the direct effect of alcohol on the heart." Ten years later Steell3 reflected, "Not only do I now recognize alcoholism as one . . .
New slimmed down GMC takes shape
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Fourteen of the elected medical members of the General Medical Council were re-elected last week on to the new, slimmed down GMC, which will come into being on 1 July. Five new members were also elected.

In the biggest reform of the UK medical regulatory body since its establishment in 1858, membership of the council will drop from the current 104 members to 35, and the proportion of lay members will go up from 24% to 40%. The shake up follows legislation passed last December to enable the GMC to act more …
Early revascularisation of no benefit in mild heart attacks
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Conservative treatment for mild heart attacks is superior to early revascularisation, according to an American trial.

More than 900 patients, mostly men, with non-Q wave infarctions were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned either to invasive or to conservative management ( New England Journal of Medicine 1998;338:1785-92). The invasive group underwent coronary angiography followed by either balloon angioplasty or a bypass procedure.

Conservative management consisted of non-invasive testing, medical treatment, and thrombolytics, if necessary. Patients randomised to conservative management who had recurrent ischaemia within 72 hours after their initial heart attack were able to switch to aggressive treatment. Both groups received aspirin and diltiazem.

The investigators found no clear …
Colourful language in the Commons
Authors: W. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The Home Office intends to act when the Data Protection Bill reaches its report stage to provide additional safeguards to apply to disclosures of health data in a way that will satisfv the demands of professionals and public alike.The pledge was given by Mr David Waddington, Home Office minister of state, during the committee stage on the Bill.He said that the precise form of the amendments needed careful consideration, as he had told the British Medical Association, but the commitment was absolutely clear.The problem is that there is as yet no final version of the code of guidance drawn up by the Department of Health and Social Security for the National Health Service.Mr Waddington said that it was not possible to apply a code designed for health authorities precisely to non-NHS data users.He gave his assurance after a pretty spectacular outburst against Mr Robert Kilroy-Silk, Labour MP for Knowsley North, who was leading for the opposition.Part of the trouble was that the com- mittee session seemed to be heading for the wee small hours-it actually sat until after one in the morning-and Mr Kilroy-Silk was going on a bit.It drove Mr Waddington to declare that he was "fed up, absolutely fed up" and accuse Mr Kilroy-Silk of failing to behave in an even remotely decent way.Mr Kilroy-Silk had been moving amendments that he claimed would ensure the same degree of protection to health information held by organisations outside the NHS as the code to be introduced under the 1977 NHS Act would for those inside it.The BMA had advised him that unless the amendments were passed patients' confidence would be seriously undermined, and if that was what the BMA said on behalf of doctors he must take it at face value.If Mr Waddington said that that was a load of rubbish, fine, but let him produce the evidence to suggest that it was.Mr Waddington was not amused, insisted that he had met the BMA, claimed that the government was meeting the case put by the association, which was satisfied with its approach, and then accused
Passing out parade
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (2001)

I wrote one myself once, when a friend of more than 30 years drowned on holiday, in high summer and at the peak of his formidable powers. Most aren't like that. They tell of longer lives: of careers—whether glorious, dutiful, or just humdrum—that went the distance; of retirements enriched by strange pastimes; and of final illnesses. They remind us we must die.

But they are also vivifying. Each week offers a gallery of portraits of lives mostly unknown …
To Treat or Not to Treat, That Is the Question: The Role of Bone-Targeted Therapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Celestia S. Higano
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

The Oncology Grand Rounds series is designed to place original reports published in the Journal into clinical context. A case presentation is followed by a description of diagnostic and management challenges, a review of the relevant literature, and a summary of the authors' suggested management approaches. The goal of this series is to help readers better understand how to apply the results of key studies, including those published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, to patients seen in their own clinical practice. A 62-year-old construction site manager experienced 6 weeks of back pain that was not responsive to over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. He visited his wife's primary care physician for evaluation. He denied neurologic symptoms or worsening of pain while lying down. He smoked (30 pack-years, quit 4 years ago), and drinks 3 beers each evening and more on weekends (up to a six-pack). He has had two lower extremity fractures from falls at construction sites. At the time of the physical examination, he was 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighed 194 pounds. He was alert, oriented, and in mild distress. He had no percussion tenderness of his spine, and a neurologic examination was negative. A digital rectal examination revealed an enlarged prostate with an area of induration of the left, normal rectal tone, and guaiac-negative stool. Laboratory studies included normal blood counts, electrolytes, and renal and liver function tests (including lactic acid dehydrogenase and total protein). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 114 ng/mL; he had no prior PSA test. A bone scan showed diffuse bony involvement including the T7 vertebral body and left pedicle, ribs, pelvis, and calvarium. Magnetic resonance imaging of his spine confirmed bone metastases but showed no evidence of extension into the epidural space or spinal cord compromise. A prostate biopsy revealed Gleason 4+4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Androgen deprivation therapy with leuprolide acetate was initiated, and the addition of a bone-targeted agent was considered.
Abstract P4-06-19: Astemizole and calcitriol: A novel targeted therapeutic strategy for breast cancer
Authors: J García, R García, O Villanueva, N Santos, D Barrera, E Avila, D Ordaz, A Halhali, J Camacho, F Larrea, L Díaz
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Calcitriol antiproliferative effects include inhibition of the oncogenic ether-à-go-go-1 potassium channel (Eag1), which expression and activity are necessary for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. Astemizole, a new promising antineoplastic drug, targets Eag1 by blocking ion currents. In vitro, we showed that astemizole synergized calcitriol antiproliferative effects by downregulating CYP24A1, the enzyme that degrades calcitriol, and upregulating the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which mediates calcitriol actions. In this study we investigated the antineoplastic effect of astemizole and calcitriol in a murine model xenografted with T-47D and invasive ductal carcinoma-derived breast cancer cells (IDC). Tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with oral astemizole (50 mg/kg/day) and/or i.p. calcitriol (30 μg/kg/twice a week) during 3 weeks. Astemizole and calcitriol significantly inhibited, while the coadministration of both drugs further reduced, tumor growth compared to untreated controls. These results were supported by immunohistochemistry studies of Ki-67, a proliferation marker, which revealed less staining in tumors from mice with the co-treatment compared to controls and calcitriol or astemizole alone. In a similar manner as reported in vitro, we observed that the concomitant administration of astemizole and calcitriol upregulated VDR tumor expression (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Coadministration of calcitriol and astemizole increased the antineoplastic effects of both drugs. Our results indicate that astemizole may improve calcitriol bioactivity by upregulating tumoral VDR. In addition, the findings in this study suggest that VDR-negative tumors could be sensitized to calcitriol antineoplastic effects by concomitant administration with astemizole, which would also allow for less calcitriol dosing without sacrificing overall therapeutic efficacy. Herein we suggest a novel combined adjuvant therapy for the management of breast cancer tumors. These results provide scientific bases for further studies designed to test both compounds simultaneously in patients bearing solid or metastatic tumors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-19.
The Academic Health Care System
Authors: Lee Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1995)

BALTIMORE &amp; OHIO; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. Whether the source of reference is the Monopoly board or an old western movie, nearly everyone recognizes these railroad giants of a bygone era. For more than 50 years, railroads dominated industrial America and built many fortunes. Then, by the mid 20th century, the trucking industry captured most freight transportation and the airline industry revolutionized passenger travel. The railroads, whose capital and expertise should have been ideal for developing new forms of transportation, instead made a fundamental error: they thought they were in the railroad business when they should have been in the transportation business. Railroads competed against each other for an ever-shrinking portion of the transportation dollar, while new companies emerged to move cargo and people more quickly and less expensively. If the railroad companies had diversified from trains to trucks and airplanes, their integrated transportation systems would have rewritten US