tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends in episode based and person based rates of admission to hospital in the Oxford record linkage study area
Authors: M J Goldacre, H Simmons, J Henderson, L E Gill
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Most routine health service information systems are based on episodes rather than on people: data are collected and analysed as isolated events, such as individual hospital episodes, and events relating to the same individuals are not routinely brought together. Thus, for example, the Hospital Activity Analysis and the annual Hospital In-patient Enquiry can be used to count episodes of admission to hospital but not numbers of people admitted to hospital. While variation in rates over time or between different populations may reflect differences in the numbers of people treated or variation in multiple admissions per individual, or both, routine statistics cannot generally be used to make these distinctions. Rates of admission, measured as discharges from and deaths in hospital, have risen steadily in England for many years at an average increase of about 2% a year. There has been speculation about whether this rise has represented a true increase in the number of people treated by the National Health Service or whether it may simply reflect an increase in repeat admissions.12 In England the Oxford record linkage study may be used to link together successive episodes of admission to hospital for the same individuals and to distinguish between episodes of admission to hospital and numbers of individual people admitted to hospital in a large, defined population.3 In this paper we present some general findings comparing trends in episode based and person based rates of admission.
NOTES ON SLEEPING SICKNESS: SUGGESTIONS AS REGARDS GLAND PUNCTURE AND THE TRAPPING OF TSETSE FLIES
Authors: A. Balfour
Journal: BMJ (1912)

SLEEPING SICKNESS.(JULY 6, I9I2.the thigh and trousers, and there was local trauma that he did not notice.If this be not the eyplanMtion, then it is a case which is more suggestive of the origin from strain than any I have seen or read of.It happened as he was finiling work, lie went straiglht lhom-e, had pafin all the time, and although he made an effort the next morning to go to work, the testis was then swoll-en and too painful to allow hiim to continue.This is the sequence I should expect in a true traumiiatic epididymitis-the im-imediate onset of pain of solmie severity, the continuance of pain becoming more acute until the inflamiimatory process is filly established, and not a latenit period of several days without symptoms.In neitlher of myiv cases was there any ecchymiiosis to be made out.This case, I believe, was due to a definite traumatism.The forlmler case I feel juLst as suire was not.A few years agJo I treated a boy, aged 16 or 17, whose right testis suddenly swelled up in the night.When I saw him the 'iext day body and epidi(lymis formed an indistinguishable mass which was acutely tender, and it resembled a very acute gonorrhoeal epididymitis.I was very doubtful at the time as to whether it was a case of torsion.In a day or two the pain and swelling subsided, but the -testis remained permanently atrophied; there was no connexion withl mumps to be made out.He had been at gymniasium on thje night it came on, but there was no accounit of any strain whatever.He told me hie had no recollection of iinjuring the testfs in any-way or of experiencing any pain whilst at the gyminasium.I regret that I took no nlotes of this case, and merely give it from memory.The theory of thle cotlp de fouict can, I think, be dis- missed.The sluggish contraction of the cremnaster muscle, when eliciting the creinasteric reflex, and a view of the scattered muscular bands which compose it, when
Book Review Surgical Disorders of the Peripheral Nerves By Rolfe Birch, George Bonney, and C.B. Wynn Perry. 539 pp. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1998. (Distributed by W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.) $150. 0-443-04443-0
Authors: Robert D. Leffert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)
Benefits and Costs of Screening and Treatment for Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Herman Kattlove, Alessandro Liberati, Emmett Keeler, Robert H. Brook
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To develop a basic benefit package for detection and treatment of early breast cancer by evaluating the effectiveness and costs for screening mammography, primary surgery, adjuvant therapy, and follow-up care.Published articles were retrieved through MEDLINE; additional articles were obtained through searches of their bibliographies. Cancer statistics were taken from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data, population statistics were taken from US Census data, and charges from 1993 Southern California Medicare fees were used to represent costs.Studies were selected on the basis of their design. Preference, in decreasing order, was given to meta-analyses of randomized trials, individual randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, and case series.Studies were examined for the effect of the intervention on overall survival, disease-free survival, and health-related quality of life. We evaluated effects on survival in terms of number of lives saved at 10 years and average years of life saved. Costs were related to the benefits observed and modeled onto a hypothetical health care organization of 500,000 lives.Based on this analysis, we recommend a basic benefit plan for the detection and treatment of early breast cancer that would include the following: (1) screening mammography only for women aged 50 to 69 years; (2) choice of mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery with radiation therapy for all women with early breast cancer; (3) adjuvant therapy for all women at risk of recurrence; and (4) only clinical follow-up without routine testing for metastatic disease.By choosing which services they provide to specific groups of patients, providers can substantially reduce their expenses and still provide quality health benefits.
Searching for the ideal inotropic agent to rescue a failing heart
Authors: S. E. Howlett
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

This editorial refers to ‘Beneficial effects of SR33805 in failing myocardium’ by Y. Ait Mou et al ., pp. 412–419, this issue. 

Heart failure (HF) is a major international public health problem that is becoming epidemic as the population ages.1 Despite advances in treating HF in ambulatory patients, acute cardiac decompensation and failure remain associated with high rates of morbidity and death.1 Acute and decompensated end-stage HF cause low cardiac output that can be treated with positive inotropic agents to increase myocardial contractility.2 Conventional inotropic agents such as β-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors provide short-term haemodynamic improvement, but they do not improve prognosis.2,3 Such drugs increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which in turn increase intracellular Ca2+ levels and enhance contractility. Still, as high levels of intracellular Ca2+ are associated with increased energy consumption, arrhythmias, and myocardial cell death,4 these agents can worsen outcomes in HF patients.2,3 Consequently, novel strategies are needed to increase cardiac contractility and treat this debilitating illness.

A promising recent development is the unique class of positive inotropic agents known as ‘Ca2+ sensitizers’. These drugs act primarily by increasing the affinity of troponin C for Ca2+; they may also facilitate thin filament interaction and/or cross-bridge cycling.5 By increasing myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, these …
SUDDEN DEATH IN TWO PATIENTS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF ACACIA
Authors: RUSSEL VAN ARSDALE LEE
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The intravenous administration of acacia in shock, hemorrhage and allied conditions came into vogue especially during the World War. The objective evidences which would justify its use in patients and indicate its limitations are rather limited. Opinions of surgeons who have used it vary greatly as to its beneficial value, and there are those who regard it as actually harmful.<sup>1</sup> Investigators are by no means agreed as to the true physiologic basis for the use of acacia. Bayliss<sup>2</sup>asserts that it is chemically inert, and attributes the rise in blood pressure it produces in animals to its physical properties, i. e., to its behavior as a colloid. Erlanger<sup>3</sup>and his associates, and Hurwitz<sup>4</sup>also incline to this view. On the other hand, Zondek<sup>5</sup>and Erich Meyer<sup>6</sup>regard the calcium in the acacia responsible for any improvement in the circulation, and they report equally good
Th2 Cytokines Orchestrate the Secretion of MUC5AC and MUC5B in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Yu Zhang, Lara Derycke, Luo Zhang, Gabriele Holtappels, Xiangdong Wang, Nan Zhang, Claus Bachert
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
A prospective, randomized trial comparing combination half dose tPA with streptokinase to full dose tPA in acute myocardial infarction: Preliminary report
Authors: Cindy L. Grines, Steven E. Nissen, David C. Booth, John C. Gurley, Noah Chelliah, James Blankenship, Marcelo C. Branco, Kim Bennett, Anthony N. DeMaria
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
U.S. Dialysis Survival Strategy
Authors: Carol Cruzan Morton
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Currents15 March 1998U.S. Dialysis Survival StrategyCarol Cruzan MortonCarol Cruzan MortonSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00039 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Renal dialysis in the United States has been called a scandal and a success. To a certain extent, both views are correct.“Nearly one fourth of the patients on dialysis in the U.S. die each year,” said Nathan Levine, MD, cochief of the division of nephrology and hypertension at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. “That figure is needlessly high and avoidable.”In contrast, Eli Friedman, MD, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, characterized treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as an American success story. “Uremia therapy stands as the only ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Carol Cruzan MortonAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPrevalence and Risk Factors of Myocardial Remodeling in Hemodialysis Patients 15 March 1998Volume 128, Issue 6Page: 514-516KeywordsDeath ratesKidneysMedical dialysisMortalityNephrologyNutritionRenal diseasesRenal failureRenal systemTreatment guidelines ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 March 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
55 A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, parallel study comparing the safety and efficacy of Seldane-D and Tavist-D in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: A SEGAL, P BOGGS, C FALLIERS, W PODLESKI, J GRANT, T WOEHLER, W HUSTER, B MCNUTT
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1991)
Challenges for inhaled drug discovery and development: Induced alveolar macrophage responses
Authors: Ben Forbes, Raegan O'Lone, Philippa Pribul Allen, Anthony Cahn, Chris Clarke, Mark Collinge, Lea Ann Dailey, Louise E. Donnelly, Joseph Dybowski, David Hassall, Deon Hildebrand, Rhys Jones, Joanne Kilgour, Jan Klapwijk, Curtis C. Maier, Tim McGovern, Kristen Nikula, Joel D. Parry, Matthew D. Reed, Ian Robinson, Lindsay Tomlinson, Alison Wolfreys
Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2014)

Alveolar macrophage (AM) responses are commonly induced in inhalation toxicology studies, typically being observed as an increase in number or a vacuolated 'foamy' morphology. Discriminating between adaptive AM responses and adverse events during nonclinical and clinical development is a major scientific challenge. When measuring and interpreting induced AM responses, an understanding of macrophage biology is essential; this includes 'sub-types' of AMs with different roles in health and disease and mechanisms of induction/resolution of AM responses to inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this context, emerging assay techniques, the utility of toxicokinetics and the requirement for new biomarkers are considered. Risk assessment for nonclinical toxicology findings and their translation to effects in humans is discussed from a scientific and regulatory perspective. At present, when apparently adaptive macrophage-only responses to inhaled investigational products are observed in nonclinical studies, this poses a challenge for risk assessment and an improved understanding of induced AM responses to inhaled pharmaceuticals is required.
The Evolution of the Treatment of Addisonian Anaemia
Authors: L. Whitby
Journal: BMJ (1955)

The rational treatment of any disease is governed entirely by the depth of understanding of its funda- mental cause and of the factors which may contribute.The treatment of Addisonian anaemia has therefore evolved with the accumulation of knowledge through the century since 1855, when Addison, in the preamble to his classical monograph, On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules, wrote his few brief paragraphs on an " idiopathic anaemia."It would not be within the terms of my title to enter into a long discussion on whether the first recogniz- able clinical descriptions of Addisonian anaemia should be ascribed to James Scarth Combe, of Edinburgh, to Thomas Addison, of Guy's, or to Professor Anton Biermer, of Zurich.But it would be appropriate to mention that Addison recognized that the malady was fatal, the onset was insidious, the usual symptoms of anaemia were present, that the body fat was often well preserved, and that treatment was ineffective.He stated that the condition arose from " no discoverable cause whatever," but speculated that " from the disease having uniformly occurred in fat people " he was "naturally led to entertain a suspicion that some form of fatty degeneration might have a share at least in its production."Addison's most clear description-though submerged in his classical monograph on suprarenal disease, and consequently open to the criticism that the author was confusing two diseases-is nevertheless far superior to that given by Combe (1824), whose patient had, indeed, a severe anaemia, but with no convincing features suggestive of Addisonian anaemia.There is no doubt, however, that the account of 15 cases of fatal anaemia which he had met with in the course of five years, given by Biermer in 1872, came nearer than any other that had previously appeared to depicting Addisonian anaemia as it is recognized to-day.Addison's position was, however, firmly established some years after his death by.two staunch advocates: first, his devoted pupil-Samuel
Long-Term Raloxifene in a Woman at High Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Gregory R. Bean, Bruce F. Kimler, Victoria L. Seewaldt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

To the Editor: The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial recently demonstrated that raloxifene, a selective estrogen-receptor modula...
Archimedes
Authors: David M. Eddy, Leonard Schlessinger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To build a mathematical model of the anatomy, pathophysiology, tests, treatments, and outcomes pertaining to diabetes that could be applied to a wide variety of clinical and administrative problems and that could be validated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used an object-oriented approach, differential equations, and a construct we call “features.” The level of detail and realism was determined by what clinicians considered important, by the need to distinguish clinically relevant variables, and by the level of detail used in the conduct of clinical trials. RESULTS—The model includes the pertinent organ systems, more than 50 continuously interacting biological variables, and the major symptoms, tests, treatments, and outcomes. The level of detail corresponds to that found in general medical textbooks, patient charts, clinical practice guidelines, and designs of clinical trials. The model is continuous in time and represents biological variables continuously. As demonstrated in a companion article, the equations can simulate a variety of clinical trials and reproduce their results with good accuracy. CONCLUSIONS—It is possible to build a mathematical model that replicates the pathophysiology of diabetes at a high level of biological and clinical detail and that can be tested by simulating clinical trials.
Suppression of neointimal thickening and smooth muscle cell proliferation after arterial injury in the rat by inhibitors of Na(+)-H+ exchange.
Authors: R Kranzhöfer, J Schirmer, A Schömig, E von Hodenberg, E Pestel, J Metz, H J Lang, W Kübler
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

Replication of vascular smooth muscle cells is a key event in the pathogenesis of restenosis following angioplasty. Little is known about early biochemical events involved in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells following arterial injury. In the present study, the effect of Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitors on neointima formation after balloon injury of the rat carotid artery was investigated. Neointima formation was quantified 14 days after injury by morphometric measurement of cross-sectional neointimal area and by fluorometric determination of DNA content. The specific Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidino-benzoyl guanidine mesylate (Hoe 694) dose-dependently reduced neointimal area and DNA content, the latter finding indicating a true antiproliferative effect. The structurally different Na(+)-H+ exchange blocker 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride hydrochloride had comparable inhibitory effects on neointimal area and DNA content, whereas 5-methylsulfonyl-2-piperidino-benzoyl guanidine hydrochloride, a position isomer of Hoe 694 lacking Na(+)-H+ exchange blocking properties, did not suppress neointima formation. The effect of Na(+)-H+ exchange blockers on neointima formation depended on the duration of drug application. Maximal suppression was achieved only when Hoe 694 was applied throughout the entire experiment for 14 days. This inhibitory effect of Na(+)-H+ exchange blocker application for the first 2 weeks following injury lasted for 2 months. In conclusion, the results of the present study reveal a potential role of Na(+)-H+ exchange for smooth muscle cell proliferation in vascular disease.
Fractalkine/CX3CL1 protects striatal neurons from synergistic morphine and HIV-1 Tat-induced dendritic losses and death
Authors: Masami Suzuki, Nazira El-Hage, Shiping Zou, Yun-Kyung Hahn, Mary E Sorrell, Jamie L Sturgill, Daniel H Conrad, Pamela E Knapp, Kurt F Hauser
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2011)

Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 are abundantly expressed in the CNS. Fractalkine is an unusual C-X3-C motif chemokine that is important in neuron-microglial communication, a co-receptor for HIV infection, and can be neuroprotective. To assess the effects of fractalkine on opiate-HIV interactive neurotoxicity, wild-type murine striatal neurons were co-cultured with mixed glia from the striata of wild-type or Cx3cr1 knockout mice ± HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine. Time-lapse digital images were continuously recorded at 20 min intervals for up to 72 h using computer-aided microscopy to track the same cells repeatedly.Co-exposure to Tat and morphine caused synergistic increases in neuron death, dendritic pruning, and microglial motility as previously reported. Exogenous fractalkine prevented synergistic Tat and morphine-induced dendritic losses and neuron death even though the inflammatory mediator TNF-α remained significantly elevated. Antibody blockade of CX3CR1 mimicked the toxic effects of morphine plus Tat, but did not add to their toxicity; while fractalkine failed to protect wild-type neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1-/--null glia against morphine and Tat toxicity. Exogenous fractalkine also normalized microglial motility, which is elevated by Tat and morphine co-exposure, presumably limiting microglial surveillance that may lead to toxic effects on neurons. Fractalkine immunofluorescence was expressed in neurons and to a lesser extent by other cell types, whereas CX3CR1 immunoreactivity or GFP fluorescence in cells cultured from the striatum of Cx3cr1-/- (Cx3cr1GFP/GFP) mice were associated with microglia. Immunoblotting shows that fractalkine levels were unchanged following Tat and/or morphine exposure and there was no increase in released fractalkine as determined by ELISA. By contrast, CX3CR1 protein levels were markedly downregulated.The results suggest that deficits in fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling contribute to the synergistic neurotoxic effects of opioids and Tat. Importantly, exogenous fractalkine can selectively protect neurons from the injurious effects of chronic opioid-HIV-1 Tat co-exposure, and this suggests a potential therapeutic course for neuroAIDS. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection are not certain, findings that exogenous fractalkine reduces microglial motility and fails to protect neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1-/- mixed glia suggest that fractalkine may act by interfering with toxic microglial-neuron interactions.
Cardiomyopathy and abnormal mitochondrial function
Authors: J. Marin-Garcia, M. J Goldenthal
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Cardiomyopathy and abnormal mitochondrial function Get access Jose Marin-Garcia, Jose Marin-Garcia Pediatric Cardiology Group of New Jersey, 75 Raritan Avenue. Highland Park, NJ 08904, USA: J Marin-Garcia, M J Goldenthal. Correspondence to Dr Marin-Garcia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael J Goldenthal Michael J Goldenthal Pediatric Cardiology Group of New Jersey, 75 Raritan Avenue. Highland Park, NJ 08904, USA: J Marin-Garcia, M J Goldenthal. Correspondence to Dr Marin-Garcia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 4, April 1994, Pages 456–463, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.4.456 Published: 01 April 1994 Article history Received: 08 September 1993 Accepted: 18 November 1993 Published: 01 April 1994
A DICEPHALOUS MONSTER.
Authors: HUGH B. CAFFEY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

No apex beat was visible, and to my surprise none could be felt, nor could any sound be heard in the usual locality.Per- cussion gave moderately dull note at the fifth rib, passing into dulness lower down and continuing the costal margin.Examination of the right side cleared up the anomaly, as there was no sign there of the usual liver dulness, while the apex beat was easily found in the fifth space, one-half inch inside the mammary line.The spleen was located within the usual limits, but on the right side.Percussion and ausculta- tion of the apices did not encourage the belief that the lungs were transposed.The boy made an uneventful recovery.Cases of transposed viscera are uncommon, but one in which the conservation of life is dependent on this con- dition is possibly unique.
Porphyrin Excretion and Hemoglobin Synthesis in a Case of Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Frank L. Iber, Emile Taxay, Kurt Nassau, Irvin C. Plough
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

RECENT advances in the knowledge of porphyrin biochemistry have shown that porphobilinogen is a normal intermediate compound in the synthesis of the protoporphyrin of heme.1 , 2 Porphobilinogen results first from the combination of succinic acid and glycine to form δ-aminolevulinic acid; two molecules of this compound condense in turn to form porphobilinogen (Fig. 1),2 , 4 As shown by the work of Gibson et al.,5 porphobilinogen is the precursor not only of protoporphyrin but also of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin. It has been suggested that uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin are by-products of the synthesis of protoporphyrin from porphobilinogen.6 In another view, uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin may . . .