tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cytokines affect pseudomonas binding to tracheal cells via a neutrophil-mediated process.
Authors: S Raoof, M M Grant, M S Niederman, M A Poehlman, A F Matin, F A Khan, A M Fein
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Critical illness is often associated with gram-negative bacterial colonization of the airways, increasing the risk of nosocomial pneumonia. Cytokines, released in response to endotoxin, might contribute to this phenomenon by causing changes in epithelial cell binding of bacteria. To investigate this possibility, human monocytes and hamster pulmonary macrophages were cultured without or with Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 micrograms/ml) for 4 and 24 h. Hamster and human tracheal epithelial cells were treated with supernates from monocyte cultures for 24 h, and subsequent binding of 14C-labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the epithelial cells was measured (percent adherence). In separate experiments, recombinant human (rh) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (25 to 100 ng/ml) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) (2,000 to 8,000 pg/ml) were added to hamster monolayers. Neither monocyte supernates nor purified cytokines were toxic to the epithelial cells for up to 48 h. There was no significant change in P. aeruginosa adherence to either hamster or human tracheal epithelial cells after 24 h of exposure to culture supernates from either endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes or hamster macrophages. Similarly, purified rhTNF and rhIL-1 exposure did not increase bacterial adherence. However, when polymorphonuclear leukocytes were coincubated with the monocyte supernates and epithelial cells, P. aeruginosa adherence was significantly increased. Moreover, this effect was enhanced by an epithelial cell-derived substance. Thus, while inflammatory cytokines may participate in enhancing bacterial colonization of the lung in vivo, they do not do so by a direct action on tracheal epithelial cells but can act via a neutrophil-dependent mechanism.
OUTPATIENT HERNIORRHAPHY FOR INFANTS
Authors: Warren E. Wheeler
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Once in a while someone comes up with a good reason to break with tradition. In a recent issue of the<i>American Journal of Diseases of Children</i>, Otherson and Clatworthy make a good case for performing herniorrhaphies on infants as outpatients. For surgeons this is truly a break with tradition. Otherson and Clatworthy are concerned with the disadvantages of conventional hospitalization of children. To be sure, others have been concerned before them and have spent a lot of time, thought, and energy trying to correct these disadvantages. In spite of these efforts, hospitalization still leads to cross-infection; this can be documented if one takes the trouble to look for nuisance colds and diarrhea which appear after hospitalized infants go home. Hospitalization of small children still leads to undesirable emotional trauma, in large part the result of separation from the mother—a difficult thing to prevent in most hospitals because separation is
DEMONSTRATION OF VIRAL ANTIGEN p24 IN CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES OF TWO PATIENTS WITH HUMAN T-CELL LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA VIRUS (HTLV) POSITIVE LYMPHOMA
Authors: Jörg Schüpbach, M.G Sarngadharan, DouglasW Blayney, V.S Kalyanaraman, PaulA Bunn, RobertC Gallo
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Cushioning of the Body By the Buttocks
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Ashley Montagu's article (<b>198</b>:51, 1966) on the value of the buttock in cushioning the body prompts me to call attention to a special adaptation to pressure in the region over the ischial tuberosities. In studying regional variations in pigments and vascularity (<i>Amer J Anat</i><b>65</b>:1, 1939), I was struck by the richness of arterial supply limited to that part of the buttocks overlying each tuberosity, and comparable to that of the palms and soles. A moderate epidermal ISCHIAL FAT PAD ABDOMINAL PANNICULUS thickening may be seen here in older subjects. The fat over the tuberosities is compacted into fine lobules, separated by much connective tissue, as in the palms and soles. As in those regions, the fat does not tend to shrink in cases of malnutrition. The Figure shows the ability of this special fat pad to withstand pressure. Blocks of fat of approximately equal
ABC of Sports Medicine: Fitness for older people
Authors: A Young, S Dinan
Journal: BMJ (1994)

### Benefits Throughout life the health benefits of regular, vigorous, physical activity far outweigh the hazards. Moreover, the hazards can be reduced by education and guidance of participants. ### Prevention of disease Regular exercise helps prevent conditions important in old age, notably osteoporosis, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, and probably stroke. ### Prevention of disability Not only does regular exercise have important effects in preventing disease but its effects in preserving function are also important. Appropriate physical training improves the functional abilities of people with disabling symptoms of intermittent claudication, angina pectoris, heart failure, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Even frail older patients with multiple disabilities may also derive functional benefits from graded physical training. Even healthy older people lose strength (the ability to exert force) at some 1-2% a year and power (force × speed) at some 3-4% a year. In addition, many older people have further problems because they have chronic disease. The resulting weakness has important functional consequences for the performance of everyday activities. A similar argument applies for endurance capacity. Regular exercise increases strength, endurance, and flexibility. In percentage terms, the improvements seen in older people are similar to those in younger people. For example, in a recent study in our laboratory, women aged 75 to 93 training three times a week for 12 weeks increased their strength by 24-30%, equivalent to a “rejuvenation” of strength by 16- 20 years. ### Prevention of immobility For severely disabled people, immobility itself brings substantial hazards. For them just movement itself, even in the absence of a training effect, is crucial in preventing, for example, faecal impaction (and incontinence), deep vein thrombosis (and pulmonary embolism), and gravitational oedema (and skin ulceration). #### Preventive effects of exercise Disease, such as: Disability caused by: Immobility, which can cause:
The Fourth Walter Wile Hamburger Memorial Lecture, Institute of Medicine of Chicago
Authors: ANDRÉ COURNAND
Journal: Circulation (1950)

A review of present day knowledge of the pulmonary circulation in man is presented. In particular the state of the lesser circulation in normal man at rest and under conditions of exercise and acute anoxia is defined in detail in order to provide the physiologic background against which to present the accumulated data in patients with certain types of chronic cardiopulmonary diseases.
Treatment with the Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737 in combination with interferon α specifically targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Min Lu, Jiapeng Wang, Yan Li, Dmitriy Berenzon, Xiaoli Wang, John Mascarenhas, Mingjiang Xu, Ronald Hoffman
Journal: Blood (2010)
Intravenous Zoledronic Acid in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Ian R. Reid, Jacques P. Brown, Peter Burckhardt, Zebulun Horowitz, Peter Richardson, Ulrich Trechsel, Albert Widmer, Jean-Pierre Devogelaer, Jean-Marc Kaufman, Philippe Jaeger, Jean-Jacques Body, Maria Luisa Brandi, Johann Broell, Raffaele Di Micco, Andrea Riccardo Genazzani, Dieter Felsenberg, Joachim Happ, Michael J. Hooper, Jochen Ittner, Georg Leb, Hans Mallmin, Timothy Murray, Sergio Ortolani, Alessandro Rubinacci, Maria Sääf, Goran Samsioe, Leon Verbruggen, Pierre J. Meunier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Bisphosphonates are effective agents for the management of osteoporosis. Their low bioavailability and low potency necessitate frequent administration on an empty stomach, which may reduce compliance. Gastrointestinal intolerance limits maximal dosing. Although intermittent intravenous treatments have been used, the optimal doses and dosing interval have not been systematically explored.
Establishment, characterization, and long-term maintenance of cultures of human fetal hepatocytes
Authors: Catherine A. Lázaro, Emma J. Croager, Claudia Mitchell, Jean S. Campbell, Changpu Yu, Jessica Foraker, Jonathan A. Rhim, George C.T. Yeoh, Nelson Fausto
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Cultured human hepatocytes have broad research and clinical applications; however, the difficulties in culturing rodent and human hepatocytes are well known. These problems include the rapid loss of the hepatocytic phenotype in primary culture and the limited replicating capacity of the cultured cells. We describe the establishment of serum–free primary cultures of human fetal hepatocytes (HFHs) that retain hepatocytic morphology and gene expression patterns for several months and maintain sufficient proliferative activity to permit subculturing for at least 2 passages. Initially, HFH cultures contained 2 main cell types that morphologically resembled large and small hepatocytes. The fetal hepatocytes expressed α–fetoprotein (AFP), cytokeratin (CK) 19, albumin, and other hepatic proteins. Treatment of the cultures with oncostatin M (OSM) increased cell size and enhanced cell differentiation and formation of bile canaliculi, probably through an effect on hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α. Approximately 1 month after plating, multiple clusters of very small cells became apparent in the cultures. These cells had very few organelles and are referred to as blast–like cells. Flow cytometric analysis of these cells showed that they express oval cell/stem cell markers such as CD90 (Thy–1), CD34, and OV–6 but do not stain with antibodies to β 2 –microglobulin. HFH cultures maintained for 9 to 12 months produced grossly visible organoids containing ductular structures that stained for CK18, CK19, and AFP. In conclusion, HFH cultures, which might contain a population of hepatic stem cells, constitute an excellent tool for a variety of studies with human hepatocytes, including the mechanisms of viral infection.
Cytomegalovirus Infection Impairs the Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway
Authors: Michael Weis, Thomas N. Kledal, Ken Y. Lin, Shyam N. Panchal, S. Z. Gao, Hannah A. Valantine, Edward S. Mocarski, John P. Cooke
Journal: Circulation (2004)

We hypothesized that cytomegalovirus (CMV) may contribute to the vasculopathy observed in cardiac allograft recipients by impairing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. We focused on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, the endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase) as a potential mediator of the adverse vascular effect of CMV.Heart transplant recipients manifested elevated plasma ADMA levels compared with healthy control subjects. Transplant patients with CMV DNA-positive leukocytes had higher plasma ADMA concentrations and more extensive transplant arteriopathy (TA). Human microvascular endothelial cells infected with the CMV isolates elaborated more ADMA. The increase in ADMA was temporally associated with a reduction in the activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH, the enzyme that metabolizes ADMA). Infected cultures showed high levels of oxidative stress with enhanced endothelial production of superoxide anion.CMV infection in human heart transplant recipients is associated with higher ADMA elevation and more severe TA. CMV infection in endothelial cells increases oxidative stress, impairs DDAH activity, and increases ADMA elaboration. CMV infection may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and TA by dysregulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway.
Color Atlas of Chest Trauma and Associated Injuries
Authors: Earle W. Wilkins
Journal: JAMA (1983)

"Encyclopedic reference" is a pertinent description of this first of a two-volume treatise on thoracic trauma. It represents the consecutive experience from 1962 to 1972 at the Service de Chirurgie Générale et Thoracique "A" of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. This included 1,800 cases of severe trauma with the development of as many as 200 items of information for each casualty. Volume 1 consists of six chapters: general considerations, deceleration and crush injury, penetrating-perforating wounds, blunt trauma, fluid collections, and pulmonary trauma. Volume 2 will be devoted to five additional chapters on trachea and bronchi, heart and pericardium, aorta and great vessels, diaphragm, and esophagus. Each volume has its own complete bibliography and adequate index. The conceptual basis for the volume, as expressed by the authors in their introduction, is "that x-rays and photographs give a more favorable and concrete account of the dynamics of physio-pathological processes than
Problems of short stature. I--Adults.
Authors: M Lindley
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Adults of restricted growth are as varied in their personalities, occupations, and medical concerns as any other adults.They expect to be treated as such, and not to be mistaken for children, clowns, or creatures from another planet.Whether patients are 2 38 m (4 feet 10 inches) or 1-34 m (3 feet 5 inches), they naturally merit the same courteous treatment afforded to other patients, being recognised as individuals rather than interesting cases of rare syndromes.But their rarity may make special demands on a doctor's skill.Even if achondroplasia is a memory from student days, it is likely that many doctors have never come across any of the other forms of restricted growth.So when a very small person appears for a consultation, a doctor may have much to learn.
Effect of Reduced Dietary Sodium on Blood Pressure
Authors: Julian Paul Midgley
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To ascertain whether restriction of dietary sodium lowers blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive individuals. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —An English-language computerized literature search, restricted to human studies with Medical Subject Heading terms, "hypertension," "blood pressure," "vascular resistance," "sodium and dietary," "diet and sodium restricted," "sodium chloride," "clinical trial," "randomized controlled trial," and "prospective studies," was conducted. Bibliographies of review articles and personal files were also searched. <h3>Trial Selection.</h3> —Trials that had randomized allocation to control and dietary sodium intervention groups, monitored by timed sodium excretion, with outcome measures of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were selected by blinded review of the methods section. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Two observers extracted data independently, using purposedesigned forms, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —The 56 trials that met our inclusion criteria showed significant heterogeneity. Publication bias was also evident. The mean reduction (95% confidence interval) in daily urinary sodium excretion, a proxy measure of dietary sodium intake, was 95 mmol/d (71-119 mmol/d) in 28 trials with 1131 hypertensive subjects and 125 mmol/d (95-156 mmol/d) in 28 trials with 2374 normotensive subjects. After adjustment for measurement error of urinary sodium excretion, the decrease in blood pressure for a 100-mmol/d reduction in daily sodium excretion was 3.7 mm Hg (2.35-5.05 mm Hg) for systolic (<i>P</i>&lt;.001) and 0.9 mm Hg (-0.13 to 1.85 mm Hg) for diastolic (<i>P</i>=.09) in the hypertensive trials, and 1.0 mm Hg (0.51-1.56 mm Hg) for systolic (<i>P</i>&lt;.001) and 0.1 mm Hg (-0.32 to 0.51 mm Hg) for diastolic (<i>P</i>=.64) in the normotensive trials. Decreases in blood pressure were larger in trials of older hypertensive individuals and small and nonsignificant in trials of normotensive individuals whose meals were prepared and who lived outside the institution setting. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Dietary sodium restriction for older hypertensive individuals might be considered, but the evidence in the normotensive population does not support current recommendations for universal dietary sodium restriction. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1996;275:1590-1597)
Cancer Screening in Elderly Patients
Authors: Louise C. Walter, Kenneth E. Covinsky
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Considerable uncertainty exists about the use of cancer screening tests in older people, as illustrated by the different age cutoffs recommended by various guideline panels. We suggest that a framework to guide individualized cancer screening decisions in older patients may be more useful to the practicing clinician than age guidelines. Like many medical decisions, cancer screening decisions require weighing quantitative information, such as risk of cancer death and likelihood of beneficial and adverse screening outcomes, as well as qualitative factors, such as individual patients' values and preferences. Our framework first anchors decisions through quantitative estimates of life expectancy, risk of cancer death, and screening outcomes based on published data. Potential benefits of screening are presented as the number needed to screen to prevent 1 cancer-specific death, based on the estimated life expectancy during which a patient will be screened. Estimates reveal substantial variability in the likelihood of benefit for patients of similar ages with varying life expectancies. In fact, patients with life expectancies of less than 5 years are unlikely to derive any survival benefit from cancer screening. We also consider the likelihood of potential harm from screening according to patient factors and test characteristics. Some of the greatest harms of screening occur by detecting cancers that would never have become clinically significant. This becomes more likely as life expectancy decreases. Finally, since many cancer screening decisions in older adults cannot be answered solely by quantitative estimates of benefits and harms, considering the estimated outcomes according to the patient's own values and preferences is the final step for making informed screening decisions.
F-18 FDG PET/CT in Giant Cell Arteritis With Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Authors: Dalton Alexandre dos Anjos, Renata Fockink dos Anjos, Wagner Diniz de Paula, Alaor Barra Sobrinho
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

F-18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) is increasingly being used in the diagnosis of inflammatory disorders. We present a case of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a 64-year-old woman, identified on F-18 FDG PET/CT scanning during workup for an unknown primary tumor. This case highlights the importance of metabolic imaging in the assessment of extent and activity of large vessel vasculitis and related conditions.
Nutritional needs in environmental intoxication: vitamin E and air pollution, an example.
Authors: D B Menzel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

Dietary vitamin E affects the susceptibility of mice and rats to ozone and nitrogen dioxide, suggesting a free radical mechanism of toxicity. Conventional peroxidation does not completely explain the effects of alterations of lung fatty acid composition on both nitrogen dioxide and ozone toxicity. A new scheme is proposed based on the cyclization of beta, gamma-allylic peroxyl free radicals to monocyclic and bicyclic peroxides to explain the relationship between diet and toxicity. Similar results are likely with other toxicants producing peroxidation as a mechanism of toxicity. Such cyclic peroxides may mimic or interfere with the prostaglandin system. Several chronic diseases may be exacerbated through such a subtle toxic mechanism. The level of vitamin E needed for protection against peroxidation toxicity may be much greater than the present U. S. dietary intake.
Cotherapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I and insulin improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. RhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group.
Authors: K M Thrailkill, T Quattrin, L Baker, J E Kuntze, P G Compton, P M Martha
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of 12 weeks of cotherapy with recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) and insulin on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 223 patients who ranged in age from 11-66 years and were randomized in a double-blind study to receive 12 weeks of treatment with twice-daily subcutaneous injections of placebo (n = 54), or rhIGF-I at a dose (A.M/P.M) of 40/40 micrograms/kg (n = 56), 80/40 micrograms/kg (n = 57), or 80/60 micrograms/kg (n = 56), while continuing to receive standard insulin therapy. Patients were instructed to test blood glucose levels four times daily and adjust insulin doses to optimize blood glucose control. HbAlc, insulin requirements, body weight, and parameters of the IGF-IGF-binding protein axis were assessed before and during treatment. RESULTS: All groups were comparable at baseline with respect to mean age, gender distribution, duration of diabetes, HbAlc, and BMI. Cotherapy with rhIGF-I/insulin produced a mean decrease in HbAlc of 1.2%, compared with a 0.7% decrease in HbAlc for patients receiving intensified insulin therapy alone (P &amp;lt; or = 0.01). Subjects receiving rhIGF-I/insulin cotherapy also decreased their daily insulin usage by 11-19%, compared with a 7% increase in insulin usage reported by the placebo group. Moreover, the incidence of hypoglycemia was similar in subjects treated with rhIGF-I/Insulin cotherapy compared with those treated with insulin alone, despite the better glycemic control of the former group. The 40/40 dose of rhIGF-I was well tolerated. Higher doses of rhIGF-I did not further improve efficacy yet were associated with unacceptable levels of adverse events, including edema, jaw pain, and early worsening of retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that rhIGF/insulin cotherapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes better than optimized insulin management alone; longer-term trials would be required to determine an acceptable benefit-risk profile.
Dose-Dense Chemotherapy As Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer
Authors: Carl D. Atkins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Citron et al [1] have tested the hypothesis that outcome is improved with increased dose density of chemotherapy.Although it is not stated, it is likely that the dose-dense arms received considerably more granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) than the conventionally scheduled arms.An assumption is that G-CSF had no effect other than increasing neutrophil count and activity against infection.However, G-CSF has been found to stimulate other potentially antitumor immune functions, including chemotaxis [2], adhesion [3], pre-B cells [4], and T helper cell type 2-inducing dendritic cells [5].G-CSF can also have an anti-inflammatory effect [6].Inflammation is thought to play an important role in cancer, and an antiinflammatory approach to cancer treatment has been proposed [7].Is the improved outcome due to increased dose density of chemotherapy, to increased G-CSF use, or both?To answer that question, an appropriate trial would be "dose-dense" adjuvant chemotherapy (with scheduled G-CSF) versus "standard" adjuvant chemotherapy (with scheduled G-CSF in the same dose) versus "standard" adjuvant chemotherapy (with G-CSF as clinically indicated).