tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work and Animal Parasitology, Including Bacteriological Keys, Zoological Tables and Explanatory Clinical Notes.
Authors: Edward Rhodes Stitt
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Lactulose Challenge Determines Visceral Sensitivity and Severity of Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Boris Le Nevé, Rémi Brazeilles, Muriel Derrien, Julien Tap, Denis Guyonnet, Lena Ohman, Hans Törnblom, Magnus Simrén
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
Clinical and laboratorial variables useful in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions secondary to tuberculosis or lymphoma
Authors: Roberta Sales, Francisco Vargas, Lisete Teixeira, Roberto Onishi, Eduardo Genofre, Caroline Oliveira, Leila Antonangelo
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Tuberculosis (TB) and Lymphoma (LYM) represent two important causes of lymphocytic effusions. Due to the similarity of clinical and laboratorial features between these clinical conditions, the differential diagnosis frequently represents a challenge to the physicians.   Objective:  To describe clinical and laboratory variables capable to differentiate these diseases.   Methods:  We analyzed pleural fluid of 159 patients with TB or LYM. Clinical (gender, age and symptoms), Biochemical (glucose, protein, LDH, cholesterol, triglycerides, amylase and ADA) and Cytological analyses were evaluated.   Results:  In both groups there was a male predominance. Age and symptoms duration were significantly higher in LYM patients, while complaining of night sweats was more common in TB.   Conclusion:  The overlap observed in the results reinforces the difficulty in differentiating these two clinical entities. Although, high proteins and ADA levels suggest TB, the judicious cytological examination is crucial to establish the diagnosis.
Increased expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) as a possible mechanism for the protective effect of cilostazol against hepatic steatosis
Authors: Byung Hun Jeon, Yong-ho Lee, Mi Ra Yun, Soo Hyun Kim, Byung Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong-Soo Cha
Journal: Metabolism (2015)
Patient Selection for Salvage Cryotherapy for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radiation Therapy
Authors: Louis L. Pisters, Paul Perrotte, Shellie M. Scott, Graham F. Greene, Andrew C. von Eschenbach
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1999)

PURPOSE: Our objective was to identify clinical pretreatment factors associated with early treatment failure after salvage cryotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1995, 145 patients underwent salvage cryotherapy for locally recurrent adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Treatment failure was defined as an increasing postcryotherapy serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of more than or equal to 2 ng/mL above the postcryotherapy nadir or as a positive posttreatment biopsy. We evaluated the following factors as predictors of treatment failure: tumor stage and grade at initial diagnosis, type of prior therapy, stage and grade of locally recurrent tumor, number of positive biopsy cores at recurrence, and precryotherapy PSA level. RESULTS: Among patients with a prior history of radiation therapy only, the 2-year actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 74% for patients with a precryotherapy PSA less than 10 ng/mL and 28% for patients with a precryotherapy PSA more than 10 ng/mL, P &lt; .00001. The DFS rates were 58% for patients with a Gleason score of less than or equal to 8 recurrence and 29% for patients with a Gleason score greater than or equal to 9 recurrence, P &lt; .004. Among patients with a precryotherapy PSA less than 10 ng/mL, DFS rates were 74% for patients with a prior history of radiation therapy only and 19% for patients with a history of prior hormonal therapy plus radiation therapy, P &lt; .002. CONCLUSION: Patients failing initial radiation therapy with a PSA more than 10 ng/mL and Gleason score of the recurrent cancer more than or equal to 9 are unlikely to be successfully salvaged. Patients failing initial hormonal therapy and radiation therapy are less likely to be successfully salvaged than patients failing radiation therapy only.
IgE‐mediated facilitated antigen presentation underlies higher immune responses in peanut allergy
Authors: V. Turcanu, A. C. Stephens, S. M. H. Chan, F. Rancé, G. Lack
Journal: Allergy (2010)

Peanut allergy poses significant healthcare problems, because its prevalence is increasing in many countries, and it is rarely outgrown. To explore the immunological mechanisms that underlie peanut allergy and tolerance, we compared the peanut-specific responses of peanut-allergic (PA) and nonallergic (NA) individuals.We measured peanut-specific peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation using tritiated thymidine. The frequency of peanut-specific T cells amongst PBMC was determined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labelling. The role of IgE-dependent facilitated antigen presentation (FAP) in modulating proliferation was investigated by depleting IgE from plasma with anti-IgE-coated beads and then assessing PBMC proliferation in the presence of IgE-depleted or nondepleted plasma.We found that peanut-specific PBMC proliferation is higher and peaks earlier in PA than in NA donors. We investigated the immunological mechanisms that could underlie these differences. We found that both PA and NA have memory responses to peanut, but the frequency of peanut-specific T cells is higher in PA than in NA. Facilitated antigen presentation could cause both the higher proliferation and precursor frequency in PA. Facilitated antigen presentation activity in vitro was confirmed by showing that IgE depletion decreases proliferation, while adding IgE back restores it.Our results identify FAP as a mechanism that underlies higher responses to peanut in PA. In these individuals, high levels of peanut-specific IgE could furthermore maintain long-term allergic T-cell responses. We raise the question whether, in the future, therapies targeting IgE such as anti-IgE antibodies may be used to suppress these T-cell responses.
APACHE II Scoring System on a General Intensive Care Unit: Audit of Daily APACHE II Scores and 6-Month Survival of 691 Patients Admitted to a General Intensive Care Unit between May 1990 and December 1991
Authors: N N Campbell, M A Tooley, S M Willatts
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1994)

In this paper we present a detailed analysis of the use of the APACHE II (acute physiological and chronic health evaluation) scoring system on all of the patients admitted to the general intensive care unit at the Bristol Royal Infirmary over a 20-month period. The 6-month survival of 691 adult medical and surgical patients following intensive care was recorded and this data was analysed with admission and daily APACHE II scores using a relational database. Our data confirms the relationship between admission APACHE II scores and outcome, with mean scores decreasing as duration of survival increases. We also demonstrate that the best day one scores are approximately 50% less than the admission score, irrespective of outcome, indicating the benefit of intensive care. By contrast, however, the scores on day one have either not improved or have worsened since admission, reflecting the importance of the pre-morbid health status of the patient in determining outcome from intensive care.
Bevacizumab plus interferon-alpha versus interferon-alpha monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results of overall survival for CALGB 90206
Authors: B. I. Rini, S. Halabi, J. Rosenberg, W. M. Stadler, D. A. Vaena, J. N. Atkins, J. Picus, P. Czaykowski, J. Dutcher, E. J. Small
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

LBA5019 The full, final text of this abstract will be available in Part II of the 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings, distributed onsite at the Meeting on May 30, 2009, and as a supplement to the June 20, 2009, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. [Table: see text]
Small-cell carcinoma of the lung: derivation of a prognostic staging system.
Authors: U Sagman, E Maki, W K Evans, D Warr, F A Shepherd, J P Sculier, R Haddad, D Payne, J F Pringle, J L Yeoh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1991)

Retrospective data on 22 pretreatment attributes were evaluated in 614 patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). The series included 284 patients with limited disease (LD) and 328 patients with extensive disease (ED) managed between 1974 and 1986. Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate analysis and by the Cox multivariate regression model. Recursive partition and amalgamation algorithm (RECPAM), two clustering methods well suited for obtaining strata and adapted for censoring survival data, were developed and used in the formulation of a new prognostic staging system. In univariate analysis, prognosis was significantly influenced by extent of disease (DE), the number of metastatic sites, and the detection of mediastinal spread in LD. Poor performance status (PS), male sex, and advanced age were negatively correlated with survival, as were increased serum levels of alkaline phosphates (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), total WBC count (WBCC), and low platelet count and low serum sodium. The Cox model identified plasma LDH and mediastinal spread as the only significant factors in LD; the influence of PS, number of metastatic sites, bone metastasis, brain metastasis, and platelet count were identified as significant in ED. The RECPAM model identified four distinct risk groups defined in a classification tree by the following eight attributes: DE, PS, serum AP, serum LDH, mediastinal spread, sex, WBCC, and liver metastasis. The four groups were distinguished by median survival times of 59, 49, 35, and 24 weeks, respectively (P = .0001). Interactions among prognostic factors are emphasized in the RECPAM classification model as evidenced by reassignment of patients across conventional staging barriers into alternate prognostic groups. The advantages of using RECPAM over the more conventional Cox regression techniques for a new staging system are discussed.
The effect of dasatinib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the regression of pulmonary fibrosis in mice
Authors: Ozgecan Kayalar, Oznur Yilmaz, Fusun Oztay
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by an increased in number of fibroblast/myofibroblast and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. This study focused the first time the effects of dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the myofibroblast activation and the synthesis of collagen-I in mice lung with PF induced by bleomycine (BLM).  PF was induced by intratracheal BLM instillation in mice. Adult mice were divided 4 groups: mice dissected after 21 st  days of the first BLM (0.08 mg/kg) injection (I) and their controls (II), mice treated with dasatinib (2 mg/kg) during one week after 14 days of the first BLM injection and dissected in the 21 st  days of experiment (III) and their controls (IV). Fibrosis score and myofibroblast activation were determined under microscope, while it was analyzed the expression of collagen-I, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phospho-platelet derivated growth factor receptor-alpha (p-PDGFR-α), phospho-Abelson kinase (c-Abl) and phospho-ERK by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR in the lung.  BLM treatments resulted in increased in the fibroblast proliferation, expressions of collagen-I, α-SMA, p-PDGFR-α, p-ERK, and p–c-Abl in the fibrotic lung. These alterations in fibrotic lung were regressed by dasatinib. Thus it was decreased fibrosis score to 3 from 5. Dasatinib treatments were limited myofibroblast activation and collagen-I synthesis, by the inhibition of PDGFR-α and cytoplasmic c-Abl in PF. The present study represented the using of dasatinib as a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-fibrotic effect in the regression of PF.
Association with emphysema on computed tomography and lung cancer in smokers
Authors: Min Ki Lee, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jung Seop Eom
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background: Lung cancer is attributable largely to tobacco consumption. Also, several studies have explored the impact of emphysema as measured by chest computed tomography (CT) on the risk of lung cancer. Despite this strong association, only a minority of smokers develop emphysema or lung cancer.  Objectives: To explore that distinguishes lung cancer with and without emphysema on CT in smokers.  Methods: We reviewed retrospectively smoking patients with pathologically proved primary lung cancer. Emphysema was graded on CT by two readers, using a standardized rubric.  Results: Six hundred and thirty-four out of 1113 lung cancer patients evaluated from January 2009 to May 2013. The mean age of the patients was 65 years and 579 (91.3%) patients were male. Three hundred and twelve (49.2%) patients had emphysema on CT chest. The most common histologies were squamous (245 (38.6%)), adenocarcinoma (206 (32.5%)), small cell carcinoma (120 (18.9%)) and others (63 (9.9%)). The non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with emphysema were more likely to have squamous histology (p=0.009) and early stage (I to IIIA) (p=0.033). Multivariate analysis revealed that old age, advanced stage and emphysema on CT were significant poor prognostic factors in 384 patients who were treated for lung cancer.  Conclusion: In this study, NSCLC patients with the emphysema were more likely to have squamous histology and early stage, but showed significantly poor prognosis.  References  1. Ueda K, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6730-6736  2. Smith BM, et al. Lung cancer 2012;77:58-63.
Abstract P254: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Childhood Obesity and Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Christa Ice, Abhinav Mittal, Nicholas Corridoni, William Neal
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic with implications of future health problems including dyslipidemia. Recent studies suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely associated with adolescent weight in developed countries. No such patterns have been found linking SES with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is an inherited disorder of high low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The goal of this study was to explore parental SES associations with childhood obesity and FH in a rural Appalachian population. Methods: Data included 52,002 5th grade children from the Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities (CARDIAC) project. Body Mass Index (BMI) was defined as the percentage difference from median BMI (BMI%diff) corrected for age and gender. LDL was obtained via fasting lipid profiles. FH was defined as LDL ≥190mg/dl. SES was determined by self-reported head of household education level (including 8th grade education, some high school, high school graduate or GED, some college, college graduate, and completed graduate school). Analysis included ANOVAs with pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s HSD and nonparametric procedures. Results: There was a clear inverse relationship between SES and obesity as shown in Figure 1; all pairwise comparisons were significant (p&lt;0.0001). The prevalence of FH was 0.2%; there were no significant association with the SES groups. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between higher weight status (after controlling for age and gender) and lower SES, but no moderating relationship of SES on FH. The prevalence of obesity is generally higher in Appalachian children than the rest of the country; identifying modifiable risk factors play an important role in treatment. Targeting initiatives to combat childhood obesity within the context of SES may be the optimal approach leading to better future outcomes - especially in children with additional co- morbidities like FH.
Website of the Week: Domestic violence
Authors: Chibuzo Odigwe
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Domestic violence, the subject of a paper in this week's BMJ (p 621), cuts across several fields—medicine, law, religion, and politics. There are many references to it on the internet—a search on www.google.com using the term “domestic violence” brings up nearly three million sites—and a number of dedicated sites that offer useful information and links.

One of these comes from the California based Family Violence Prevention Fund (www.endabuse.org), which has sought to end violence against women and children around the world for more than two decades. One of the links it offers is towards a programme that targets impressionable boys and young men and aims to change their attitudes and behaviour towards women and girls.

V-Day is a global movement to stop violence against women and girls (www.vday.org). It is funded and directed by playwright Eve Ensler, author of the hit show The Vagina Monologues, and organises rallies and advocacy campaigns.

The Seattle based Faith Trust Institute, formerly known as the Centre for Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence, offers a religious perspective—Jewish, Christian, and Islamic—on domestic violence (www.cpsdv.org).

It is chilling to note that last year in South Africa the number of children and families exposed to domestic violence increased by 80% (www.childwelfaresa.org.za). While there is a paucity of data relating to other developing countries, there are advocacy groups in operation, although they tend not to host websites, probably because their budgets are tight.

The developed world has a number of research centres offering resources and links relating to domestic violence. One example comes from the Johns Hopkins Center for Communications Programs (www.endvaw.org), which includes a news and events section with articles from magazines and papers from around the world.
Current perspectives on aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer.
Authors: P E Goss, K M Gwyn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1994)

PURPOSE AND DESIGN: One way to deprive hormone-dependent breast cancer of estrogen is to prevent its synthesis. This is achievable by inhibiting the aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P-450arom) enzyme complex responsible for the ultimate step in estrogen production. A new generation of specific and selective aromatase inhibitors is currently under investigation. The purpose of this review is to outline the preclinical test systems for screening these inhibitors, to summarize the preclinical and clinical data published to date, and to discuss the future application of these inhibitors in the management of breast cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Disadvantages to the use of earlier inhibitors are described. In vitro and in vivo experiments that reflect the potency and selectivity of new inhibitors are highlighted. From preliminary clinical trials, these inhibitors appear to have excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and produce few side effects when administered orally. Activity against postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer has been demonstrated for the agents reviewed. They are all now in phase III testing to determine their relative efficacy in this setting. Their application in combination with both hormone therapy and chemotherapy, in premenopausal metastatic disease, and in the adjuvant setting in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women remains to be defined.
Cell Sheet‐Based Tissue Engineering for Organizing Anisotropic Tissue Constructs Produced Using Microfabricated Thermoresponsive Substrates
Authors: Hironobu Takahashi, Teruo Okano
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

In some native tissues, appropriate microstructures, including orientation of the cell/extracellular matrix, provide specific mechanical and biological functions. For example, skeletal muscle is made of oriented myofibers that is responsible for the mechanical function. Native artery and myocardial tissues are organized three‐dimensionally by stacking sheet‐like tissues of aligned cells. Therefore, to construct any kind of complex tissue, the microstructures of cells such as myotubes, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes also need to be organized three‐dimensionally just as in the native tissues of the body. Cell sheet‐based tissue engineering allows the production of scaffold‐free engineered tissues through a layer‐by‐layer construction technique. Recently, using microfabricated thermoresponsive substrates, aligned cells are being harvested as single continuous cell sheets. The cell sheets act as anisotropic tissue units to build three‐dimensional tissue constructs with the appropriate anisotropy. This cell sheet‐based technology is straightforward and has the potential to engineer a wide variety of complex tissues. In addition, due to the scaffold‐free cell‐dense environment, the physical and biological cell–cell interactions of these cell sheet constructs exhibit unique cell behaviors. These advantages will provide important clues to enable the production of well‐organized tissues that closely mimic the structure and function of native tissues, required for the future of tissue engineering.