tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Emergency contraception: is it time to change method?
Authors: A. Webb
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The Yuzpe method of using combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception has been available for 25 years; prevents 75% of pregnancies that would have occurred if no treatment were used; has an excellent safety record; and is contraindicated only in patients with a history of thromboembolism, migraine at presentation, or a history of migraine with aura. However, this method has side effects of nausea and vomiting, and the World Health Organization recently reported that use of levonorgestrel alone is effective and associated with fewer side effects. No additional research has been conducted on the timing or dosage of the estrogen-progestogen method, but some dose-effectiveness studies have been performed on mifepristone. Mifepristone, however, is not widely available. The levonorgestrel studies found a negative correlation between the interval from unprotected intercourse to treatment and effectiveness but concluded that levonorgestrel was more effective than the combined method (this study found a lower effectiveness for the combined method than previously reported). Given that each method is effective, consideration of whether the new one should be adopted must take into account the fact that the levonorgestrel is currently not licensed for this use, is not prepared in convenient dosages, and is more expensive and less available. Introduction of new methods of emergency contraception should augment choices rather than replace other methods.
Abstract 1917: Immunological Tumor Maps: a Landscape of Infiltrating Immune Cells in Colorectal Cancer Based on Complete Tissue Section Analyses
Authors: Niels Halama, Inka Zoernig, Niels T. Foged, Peter Schirmacher, Dirk Jaeger, Niels Grabe
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract In colorectal cancer (CRC) large scale tissue microarray (TMA) based quantitative immune cell counts using immune cell surface molecules (CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, and CD45RO) have identified the number of infiltrating immune cells to be potentially better predictors for patient survival than the classical TNM system. The spatial heterogeneity of immune cells may not be well reflected in the highly selected, and typically small (0,6-1 mm2) tissue cores of the TMA. This represents an obstacle in the individual prognosis prediction or classification of a single patient. To investigate this aspect, the localization and distribution of immune cell subpopulations based on the analysis of complete tissue sections by a dedicated novel staining and imaging system were performed. Using a specialized staining platform and whole slide imaging &amp; analysis by virtual microscopy (VM), immunological “tumor maps” were generated. These tumor maps are based on cell densities in fields of 1mm2 size, visualizing intratumoral heterogeneity for the surface markers CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, and CD45RO. In total, an area of 867 mm2 was automatically evaluated with an average of 48 mm2 of evaluated tumor tissue per patient slide. Cell counts varied within a patient significantly, ranging from 0 to up to 2550 cells / mm2. Further analyses revealed, that sampling of single field counts within the tumor can only yield clear diagnostic decisions for a fraction of the analyzed patients, with ambiguous decisions for 11 out of 20 patients. Interestingly, the overall degree of heterogeneity also varied between patients, with lower heterogeneity found only in samples with lower cell counts. No samples with a homogeneous high cell density distribution were observed. The observed variability has implications for the individual prognosis prediction and represents the first spatial quantitative study of immune cells in a set of CRC primary tumors. The presented tumor maps therefore are a suitable tool to visualize heterogeneity. Furthermore, whole slide imaging &amp; analysis by VM is essential in the identification of prognostic markers as well as in their subsequent application. In the future, spatial marker signatures could contribute to individual patient classification. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1917.
Role of Electrophysiological Studies in Predicting Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Early Repolarization Syndrome
Authors: Saagar Mahida, Nicolas Derval, Frederic Sacher, Antoine Leenhardt, Isabel Deisenhofer, Dominique Babuty, Jürg Schläpfer, Luc de Roy, Robert Frank, Sinikka Yli-Mayry, Philippe Mabo, Thomas Rostock, Akihiko Nogami, Jean-Luc Pasquié, Christian de Chillou, Josef Kautzner, Laurence Jesel, Philippe Maury, Benjamin Berte, Seigo Yamashita, Laurent Roten, Han S. Lim, Arnaud Denis, Pierre Bordachar, Philippe Ritter, Vincent Probst, Mélèze Hocini, Pierre Jaïs, Michel Haïssaguerre
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Stroke in Young Adults
Authors: Graeme J. Hankey
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Alexithymia and Movie Preferences
Authors: Howard Berenbaum
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1993)

The goal of this study was to further our understanding of the relationship between the ability to identify one's emotions and the kinds of emotion arousing experiences that people prefer. One hundred and eighty-six undergraduate students completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and a questionnaire inquiring about subjects' movie preferences. Individuals who reported having difficulty identifying their emotions were more likely than those without such difficulty to prefer negatively valenced movies relative to happy movies. Individuals who had both high levels of depression and alexithymia were more likely to prefer fear-arousing rather than anger-arousing movies.
Phase II Trial of the Anti-CD19 Bispecific T Cell–Engager Blinatumomab Shows Hematologic and Molecular Remissions in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Max S. Topp, Nicola Gökbuget, Gerhard Zugmaier, Petra Klappers, Matthias Stelljes, Svenja Neumann, Andreas Viardot, Reinhard Marks, Helmut Diedrich, Christoph Faul, Albrecht Reichle, Heinz-August Horst, Monika Brüggemann, Dorothea Wessiepe, Chris Holland, Shilpa Alekar, Noemi Mergen, Hermann Einsele, Dieter Hoelzer, Ralf C. Bargou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a dismal prognosis. CD19 is homogenously expressed in B-precursor ALL and can be targeted by the investigational bispecific T cell-engager antibody blinatumomab. A phase II trial was performed to determine clinical activity in this patient cohort.Thirty-six patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor ALL were treated with blinatumomab in cycles of 4-week continuous infusion followed by a 2-week treatment-free interval in a single-arm study with a dose-finding stage and an extension stage. The primary end point was complete remission (CR) or CR with partial hematologic recovery (CRh). Major secondary end points included minimal residual disease (MRD) response, rate of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) realization, relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and incidence of adverse events (AEs).Median age was 32 years (range, 18 to 77 years). Twenty-five patients (69%) achieved a CR or CRh, with 88% of the responders achieving an MRD response. Median OS was 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.5 to 14.9), and median RFS was 7.6 months (95% CI, 4.5 to 9.5). Thirteen responders (52%) underwent HSCT after achieving a CR or CRh. The most frequent AE during treatment was pyrexia (grade 1 or 2, 75%; grade 3, 6%). In six patients with nervous system or psychiatric disorder AEs and in two patients with cytokine release syndrome, treatment had to be interrupted or discontinued. These medical events were resolved clinically.The data support further investigation of blinatumomab for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory ALL in a larger confirmatory study.
USE OF 320 DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATING PATIENTS WITH CHEST PAIN IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: IMPACT ON DURATION OF STAY AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE DETECTION
Authors: David E. Winchester, Preeti Jois, Steven M. Kraft, David C. Wymer, James A. Hill
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Methods to Improve Efficacy of Intravesical Mitomycin C: Results of a Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: J. L.-S. Au, R. A. Badalament, M. G. Wientjes, D. C. Young, J. A. Warner, P. L. Venema, D. L. Pollifrone, J. D. Harbrecht, J. L. Chin, S. P. Lerner, B. J. Miles
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Background: Intravesical chemotherapy (i.e., placement of the drug directly in the bladder) with mitomycin C is beneficial for patients with superficial bladder cancer who are at high risk of recurrence, but standard therapy is empirically based and patient response rates have been variable, in part because of inadequate drug delivery. We carried out a prospective, two-arm, randomized, multi-institutional phase III trial to test whether enhancing the drug's concentration in urine would improve its efficacy. Methods: Patients with histologically proven transitional cell carcinoma and at high risk for recurrence were eligible for the trial. Patients in the optimized-treatment arm (n = 119) received a 40-mg dose of mitomycin C, pharmacokinetic manipulations to increase drug concentration by decreasing urine volume, and urine alkalinization to stabilize the drug. Patients in the standard-treatment arm (n = 111) received a 20-mg dose without pharmacokinetic manipulations or urine alkalinization. Both treatments were given weekly for 6 weeks. Primary endpoints were recurrence and time to recurrence. Treatment outcome was examined by use of Kaplan–Meier analysis with log-rank tests. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Patients in the two arms did not differ in demographics or history of intravesical therapy. Dysuria occurred more frequently in the optimized arm but did not lead to more frequent treatment termination. In an intent-to-treat analysis, patients in the optimized arm showed a longer median time to recurrence (29.1 months; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.0 to 44.2 months) and a greater recurrence-free fraction (41.0%; 95% CI = 30.9% to 51.1%) at 5 years than patients in the standard arm (11.8 months; 95% CI = 7.2 to 16.4 months) and 24.6% (95% CI = 14.9% to 34.3%) (P = .005, log-rank test for time to recurrence). Improvements were found in all risk groups defined by tumor stage, grade, focality, and recurrence. Conclusions: This study identified a pharmacologically optimized intravesical mitomycin C treatment with statistically significantly enhanced efficacy.
EXTERMINATION OF VERMIN INFESTING TROOPS
Authors: E. J. Cross
Journal: BMJ (1915)

Microglia are highly dynamic immune cells of the CNS and their dynamism is proposed to be regulated by neuronal activities. However, the mechanisms underlying neuronal regulation of microglial dynamism have not been determined. Here, we found an increased number of microglial primary processes in the hippocampus during KA-induced seizure activity. Consistently, global glutamate induced robust microglial process extension toward neurons in both brain slices and in the intact brain <i>in vivo</i>. The mechanism of the glutamate-induced microglial process extension involves the activation of neuronal NMDA receptors, calcium influx, subsequent ATP release, and microglial response through P2Y12 receptors. Seizure-induced increases in microglial process numbers were also dependent on NMDA receptor activation. Finally, we found that P2Y12 KO mice exhibited reduced seizure-induced increases in microglial process numbers and worsened KA-induced seizure behaviors. Our results elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication that may be potentially neuroprotective in the epileptic brain.
Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young-Adult Nutrition Issues in IDDM
Authors: Stuart J Brink
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

Although insulin is life sustaining for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), the meal plan is of critical importance for avoiding hyperglycemia, preventing hypoglycemia, and maintaining metabolic balance. Consistency, timing, composition, and caloric content of food intake and physical activity, age, sex, growth, and pubertal status alter meal-plan needs. Self-monitoring of blood glucose should be used to individualize the meal plan. The general American Diabetes Association recommendations suggest that 50–65% of total calories be from carbohydrates from foods with a lower glycemic index and/or high fiber content. Protein should contribute 12–20% of total calories and fat &amp;lt;30%, with &amp;lt;10% saturated fat and &amp;lt;300 mg/day cholesterol. More severe fat restriction should be considered in individuals with persistent lipid abnormalities when compared with sex- and ageadjusted values. Calories should be sufficient for growth and development, with growth data obtained several times a year and plotted on standardized weight, height, and velocity charts. Blood pressure should be similarly plotted on age- and sex-standardized curves. All meal plans should be individualized, but certain circumstances require special attention in IDDM patients: 1) lack of minerals or vitamins in a youngster who is a picky eater; 2) eating disorders (i.e., obesity, bulimia, anorexia nervosa); 3) specific gastrointestinal diseases (i.e., Crohn's disease, celiac disease, giardiasis, or IgA deficiency); 4) low iron stores because of associated achlorhydria and positive gastroparietal antibodies; 5) alternative sweeteners, especially in pregnant women and very young children; 6) mineral balance changes that may occur with increased soluble fiber intake and episodes of hyperglycemia with or without ketosis/ketoacidosis; 7) changes in physical activity that require nutritional counterbalancing; and 8) intensified insulin therapy (including multidose insulin and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) associated with more frequent hypoglycemia and increased risk of obesity—both conditions potentially amenable to appropriate nutrition counseling.
Deprivation payments should be based on enumeration districts
Authors: A. Hastings
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Pitfalls in the interpretation of tumour markers ED1TOR,-We do not agree with H S Pandha and colleagues that poor sensitivity and specificity of assays cause a major problem in the measurement of a fetoprotein concentrations.'Measurements of a fetoprotein are used in several clinical situations, including to diagnose and monitor neoplastic disorders (such as germ cell tumours and hepa- tomas) and in antenatal screening for Down's syndrome and neural tube defects.Modem immunoassays for a fetoprotein have adequate sensitivity, and it is important for clinical labora- tories to use an assay that is specific for a feto- protein but that adequately detects all its molecular forms in view of the variety of clinical settings in which a fetoprotein is measured.In specific cases, identification of the particular form of a fetoprotein secreted may be valuable, but this is not generally required.Although concentrations of both a fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin were initially raised in the case reported, the authors do not comment on the absence of any increase in the concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin concomitant with the second increase in a fetoprotein concentration.This might have suggested that this increase in a fetoprotein concentration was not due to recurrence of the primary tumour.However, recurrent tumour deposits or metastases may not secrete the same tumour markers (or may not secrete them in the same proportions) as the primary tumour, and this may cause particular difficulty with heterogeneous tumours such as teratomas.
Influence of age on general practitioners' definition and treatment of hypertension
Authors: J E C Dickerson, M J Brown
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Recent guidelines on management of hypertension may unwittingly have focused some attention on the question of when treatment should start in younger patients. Although younger patients have a high relative risk of premature vascular disease,1 they gain little from treatment in short term studies. The implication from the Medical Research Council trials of treatment in hypertension2 3 and the British Hypertension Society guidelines4 is that the cut off point for treatment falls from a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg in younger patients without coexistent risk factors to one of 90 mm Hg in elderly patients (see figure). Since general practitioners manage most patients with hypertension we investigated whether current practice mirrors existing guidelines and, in particular, whether the cut off point for treatment changes with patient age.

Questionnaires, endorsed by the British Hypertension Society and identified by number only, were sent to 200 …
High rate of acquired resistance to tuberculosis among HIV-infected subjects of Chennai, South India
Authors: R. Vignesh, P. Balakrishnan, E.M. Shankar, K.G. Murugavel, S. Hanas, A.J. Cecelia, S.P. Thyagarajan, S. Solomon, N. Kumarasamy, K.H. Mayer
Journal: Journal of Infection (2007)
DIABETIC TREATMENT SIMPLIFIED
Authors: F. C. Eve
Journal: BMJ (1925)

FEW wil deny, least of all general practitioners, that the treatment of diabetes has now beoeme very complicated, and, in my opinion, there is a real danger of the main issues becoming fogged in a cloud of bewildering details.The main issues are: (1) the quantity of sugar excreted day by day; (2) the presence or absence of ketones; (3) treatment by regulating the quantity and quality of the diet, or by giving insulin if dietetics prove inadequate; (4) the blood sugar (in special cases).The ground can be cleared by distinguishing clinically between cases of simple glycosuria, which are common and usually unimportant, and stubborn diabetes, which is uncommon and serious.This paper deals with genuine diabetics who are living at home.Measurement of the Daily Excretion of Sugar.
Eosinophil Derived LTC4 Acts Via CysLT2R to Promote Skin Thickening and Collagen Deposition in a Mouse Model of Allergic Skin Inflammation
Authors: M.K. Oyoshi, R. He, C.N. Lewis, K.F. Austen, Y. Kanaoka, R.S. Geha
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Reduced Graft Rejection with Good HLA-A and B Matching in High-Risk Corneal Transplantation
Authors: Sanfilippo F, MacQueen Jm, Vaughn Wk, Foulks Gn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

We examined the effect of matching for HLA-A and B antigens on the success of corneal transplantation in a single-center, prospective, masked study that began in March 1979. The study involved 97 consecutive recipients at high risk because of prior corneal graft rejection or serious vascularization of the native cornea. Donor corneas were selected on the basis of ABO-blood-group compatibility, a negative lymphocyte crossmatch, and optimal HLA-A and B matching; all clinical personnel were "masked" to the degree of HLA matching during the study. Among 38 patients receiving corneas with a good HLA match (two or more antigens), only 8 (21 percent) had graft rejection, as compared with 29 of 59 (49 percent) with a poor match (no or one antigen) (P less than 0.010). The mean (+/- SE) difference in rejection-free graft survival increased with time: 88.4 +/- 5.5 percent versus 73.5 +/- 5.9 percent at six months, and 80.1 +/- 7.5 percent versus 38.5 +/- 7.9 percent at two years. Cox multiple regression analysis, which included the HLA-A and B match and nine other potential confounding variables and risk factors also identified a significant (P less than 0.009) relative risk (4.6) of rejection reactions as well as irreversible graft rejection (P less than 0.016; relative risk, 11.2) with poor HLA-A and B matching. Our findings indicate that good HLA-A and B matching yields a significant long-term benefit in reducing the number of episodes of graft rejection and subsequent failure in high-risk recipients of corneal transplants.
Increased Expression of Axl Tyrosine Kinase After Vascular Injury and Regulation by G Protein–Coupled Receptor Agonists in Rats
Authors: Matthew G. Melaragno, Daniel A. Wuthrich, Veronica Poppa, Denzil Gill, Volkhard Lindner, Bradford C. Berk, Marshall A. Corson
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase originally identified as a transforming gene product in human myeloid leukemia cells. Cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells also express Axl, where it has been proposed that Axl may play a role in cell proliferation. In the current study, we tested the hypotheses that Axl expression would parallel neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid, and that Axl expression would be regulated by growth factors present at sites of vascular injury. Ribonuclease protection assay showed dynamic increases in Axl mRNA in vessels, with peak expression 7 and 14 days after injury. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed these results and demonstrated that Axl protein expression was localized primarily to cells of the neointima after injury. Northern blot analysis indicated increased mRNA expression for the secreted Axl ligand, Gas6, in injured carotids, with a time course paralleling that of Axl upregulation. Axl and Gas6 expression were temporally correlated with neointima formation, suggesting a role for Axl signaling in this process. Other studies, performed in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, revealed positive regulation of Axl mRNA expression by thrombin or angiotensin II but not by basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, or transforming growth factor-β 1 . Western blot analysis confirmed these results, showing that Axl protein expression was specifically increased by thrombin or angiotensin II. Our results implicate Axl as a potential mediator of vascular smooth muscle migration and proliferation caused by vascular injury and G protein–coupled receptor agonists.
Risk of biodegradable stent-induced hypergranulation causing re-stenosis of a gastric conduit after esophageal resection
Authors: A. Fischer, D. Bausch, P. Baier, A. Braun, H. Richter-Schrag
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

Biodegradable stents are increasingly used to treat benign gastrointestinal strictures [1] [2]. Here, we report on two patients who developed persistent vomiting after thoraco-abdominal esophageal resection for cancer and perforation. Assessments by endoscopy and imaging studies demonstrated a severe stricture of the distal gastric conduit in both patients ([Fig. 1]), which were thought likely to be due to low-flow ischemia of the gastric conduit.