tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of a rehydration intervention on markers of hydration status in tennis players
Authors: K Chheda, S Reeves, K Cooke
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Tennis players have repeatedly been shown to present with signs of dehydration before training or competition. To date no study has investigated the role of post-exercise rehydration in tennis players. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a post-training rehydration strategy on markers of hydration status in high-performance tennis players. Using a nonblinded randomised crossover design the participants (12 male elite tennis players; mean±SD; age 21±2 years, national ranking 13±8; range 2-25) completed their normal daily training and dietary routine followed by ad libitium consumption (CON) of a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (Lucozade Sport Hydro Active PLUS; 4 g carbohydrate and 91 mg sodium per 100 ml) or 20 ml per kg body mass (EXP) of the same solution. An array of markers of hydration status were assessed after rest days (baseline) and each training and intervention day (CON, EXP) including but not limited to: urine osmolality (first morning void, freezing point depression method); total body water, intra and extracellular water (multifrequency bioelectrical impedance). All markers of hydration status were measured in the morning before any activity or meals and normalised as a percentage of baseline. A magnitude-based inferences approach1 was used to determine the main effect of the intervention on the markers of hydration status. The mean (±SD% normalised to baseline) in CON vs EXP for urine osmolality, total body water, extracellular and intracellular water were 104±25% vs 95±31%; 99±2% vs 100±2%; 100±2% vs 102±7% and 98±5% vs 100±2%. The probability of a beneficial or positive effect on these markers of hydration status was 87%, 67%, 84% and 59%, respectively. The probability of a harmful or negative effect was 2%, 3%, 8% and 4%, respectively. Therefore this post-exercise rehydration intervention has an unclear effect as the probability of a negative effect on these markers of hydration status was too great.
BMA's response
Authors: James Johnson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

By raising important issues about representation and accountability in the BMA earlier this year, Nizam Mamode has done the BMA a service. Any member organisation representing an important professional grouping ought to be able to show that it is fully responsive to the needs and concerns of members whenever it is challenged, especially from within.

Mr Mamode's first criticism is of the practice of reimbursing members of the BMA Council for demonstrable monetary loss while on association business. As he acknowledges, he has benefited from this arrangement, receiving a payment of £21 900 in 2000. Although he was compensated for losing part of his NHS salary, the BMA's practice has been to compensate members for monetary loss, whether it is from NHS or private practice. The BMA could stop compensation for losses from private practice while continuing to reimburse other sorts of loss, but this would unfairly discriminate against some members, particularly those who work exclusively in the private sector.

It is right that we should consider how, or indeed whether, to reward people for time spent working for their representative association. I have benefited from the BMA's compensation scheme but accept that there are powerful arguments in favour of remunerating doctors for what they do for the association, rather than compensating them for lost earnings.

Every member of the BMA receives a …
High-Resolution, Real-Time Ultrasonography in the Preoperative Location of Parathyroid Tumors
Authors: Anthony J. Edis, Titus C. Evans
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

ON theoretic grounds, B-mode ultrasonography is an ideal tool for studying the parathyroids. It is a safe, noninvasive method, and operation of the equipment requires no special skills. To date, however, conventional diagnostic ultrasound instruments have lacked the necessary resolving power for accurate delineation of parathyroid tumors. Although computed tomography has proved useful in locating mediastinal parathyroid tumors,1 it does not reliably allow discrimination between parathyroid and thyroid tissue in the neck. There is also the unique problem, in patients facing reoperation, of "sparkler" artifacts produced by metal clips that have been used for hemostasis or for marking unresected glands . . .
Survival After Renal Transplantation-Reply
Authors: Friedrich K. Port, Robert A. Wolfe, Elizabeth A. Mauger
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —Dr Mackow raises questions about possible biases in our comparison of survival probabilities in dialysis patients vs cadaveric renal transplant recipients based on the Michigan Kidney Registry. Although this study reduced the major biases of previous studies, including patient selection and time to transplant, while describing the early vs late risk following transplantation, there is no design that can eliminate all biases except the prospective randomized approach, which is not feasible for this comparison.  The results that Mackow finds to be the most surprising appear more plausible when one considers that of all dialysis patients, those with glomerulonephritis as the cause of end-stage renal disease have the lowest mortality risk and those with diabetic end-stage renal disease the highest mortality risk. 1,2 Thus, the survival benefit from transplantation would be expected to have a relatively small impact on the already good outcomes for dialysis patients with glomerulonephritis.
Surgical Correction of Absence of Proximal Segment of Left Pulmonary Artery
Authors: GEORGE E. GREEN, EDMUND H. REPPERT, SIDNEY Q. COHLAN, FRANK C. SPENCER
Journal: Circulation (1968)

In a 14-month-old patient who had been repeatedly hospitalized for recurrent pulmonary infections, cardiac angiography found "absence" of the left pulmonary artery, but thoracic aortography demonstrated that a rudimentary patent ductus filled a distal patent pulmonary artery. There was a coexistent vascular ring with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery. At surgical exploration it was possible to mobilize the distal left pulmonary artery and perform a direct anastomosis between the left pulmonary artery and the main pulmonary artery. This is perhaps the first patient in whom such an operation has been performed. It is emphasized that the absence of a pulmonary artery on pulmonary angiography does not indicate that the entire pulmonary artery is absent. The presence of a patent and surgically reconstructable distal pulmonary artery can be determined only by aortography or possibly by surgical exploration.
Pulmonary gangrene and the air crescent sign.
Authors: J M Reich
Journal: Thorax (1993)

BACKGROUND: A study was carried out to increase familiarity with the aetiology, pathogenesis, and radiographic features that characterise pulmonary gangrene. PATIENTS: Four patients with one of the disorders vasoinvasive aspergillosis, infarcted tuberculous cavity, chronic necrotising aspergillosis, and gangrene due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected because they showed the variations of the typical radiographic pattern and illustrated the pathogenesis. A fifth case is also presented, in which pulmonary gangrene was simulated by the invagination of a loculated pleural effusion into the wall of a contiguous lung abscess. CONCLUSIONS: Evolution of a crescent or rim of air within a homogeneous shadow is the feature that both heralds the development and facilitates the recognition of pulmonary gangrene. It is most often the result of vascular thrombosis induced by the infecting organism. The outcome of treatment is often unfavourable, principally because of the severity of the predisposing systemic or local underlying disorder, although a delay in diagnosis, possibly due to unfamiliarity with the radiographic pattern, may have contributed to the adverse outcome in some instances.
Insulin Resistance: The Metabolic Syndrome X
Authors: Mary T. Korytkowski
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Medical Writings: Book Notes4 January 2000Insulin Resistance: The Metabolic Syndrome XMary T. Korytkowski, MDMary T. Korytkowski, MDUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Korytkowski)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-1-200001040-00025 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Reaven GM, Laws A, eds. 374 pages. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 1999. $145.00. ISBN 0896035883. Order phone 973-256-1699.Field of medicine: Endocrinology and metabolism, cardiology, and internal medicine.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Endocrinologists, cardiologists, and internists.Purpose: To summarize the role of insulin in the metabolic syndrome X or the insulin-resistance syndrome.Content: The first part focuses on genetic, environmental, ethnic, and lifestyle factors that contribute to variability in insulin action among populations. The second part covers the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome X, with a chapter on each target site for insulin action—the insulin receptor, skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Korytkowski) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 4 January 2000Volume 132, Issue 1Page: 96KeywordsDiabetes mellitusEndocrinologyInsulinInsulin resistanceLipid metabolismMetabolic syndromeObesityPathogenesisSkeletal musclesSoftware tools Issue Published: 4 January 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Jet Lag Ketoacidosis
Authors: C. K. Tashima
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We encountered an instructive illustration of the influence of air travel on the control of diabetes. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> In a 25-year-old man with frank diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetes had been proved at age 10. He had experienced only one episode of diabetic coma (at age 12). He has been taking 80 units of isophane insulin suspension (Lente Iletin) each morning. He left Chicago for Hawaii at 10 AM, having taken 80 units of insulin at the usual 7 AM. He ate well in flight and arrived in Honolulu five hours later. In spite of the meals while flying, he ate dinner again at 7:30 PM, Hawaiian time. The following morning he took 80 units of insulin, but four hours later nausea and vomiting began. He sought medical attention the next day. He was drowsy, flushed, and dehydrated, and he hyperventilated. The blood glucose level was 433
Myeloid Metaplasia: A Study of 98 Cases.
Authors: David S. Rosenthal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968Myeloid Metaplasia: A Study of 98 Cases.David S. Rosenthal, M.D., William C. Moloney, M.D., F.A.C.P.David S. Rosenthal, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, William C. Moloney, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1171_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptStudies have been carried out over the past 14 years at the Boston City Hospital on 98 cases of myeloid metaplasia (MM). Of these patients, 41 are dead, 30 are alive, and 27 have been lost to follow-up. In addition to the usual clinical and laboratory data, investigations included leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, red cell enzymes, serum B12and folate levels, marrow biopsy, and cytogenic studies. These findings were compared with studies on 93 cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). The difficulties of differentiating MM from CGL are well-known, and 7 cases initially classified as MM were found to be CGL... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Boston, Massachusetts PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1171-1172KeywordsBiopsyBone marrowClinical laboratoriesEnzymesFolic acidPhosphatasesResearch laboratories ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
Multi-institutional Study of Symptomatic Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic or Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Fernando P. Secin, Thomas Jiborn, Anders S. Bjartell, Georges Fournier, Laurent Salomon, Clément Claude Abbou, George P. Haber, Inderbir S. Gill, Laura E. Crocitto, Rebecca A. Nelson, José R. Cansino Alcaide, Luis Martínez-Piñeiro, Michael S. Cohen, Ingolf Tuerk, Claude Schulman, Troy Gianduzzo, Christopher Eden, Roxelyn Baumgartner, Joseph A. Smith, Kim Entezari, Roland van Velthoven, Gunter Janetschek, Angel M. Serio, Andrew J. Vickers, Karim Touijer, Bertrand Guillonneau
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Interleukin-17F Induces Pulmonary Neutrophilia and Amplifies Antigen-induced Allergic Response
Authors: Naruhito Oda, Paola B. Canelos, David M. Essayan, Beverly A. Plunkett, Allen C. Myers, Shau-Ku Huang
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Interleukin (IL)-17F is a recently described human cytokine belonging to the IL-17 gene family, but its in vivo function remains to be determined. To this end, a full-length mouse IL-17F cDNA sequence with a 483-bp coding region sequence was first identified. Pulmonary gene transfer of an IL-17F expression construct (pcDNAmIL-17F) in mice was used to investigate its regulatory role. The results showed first that a significant increase in the number of neutrophils was seen in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of IL-17F–transduced mice, concomitant with increased expression of genes encoding C-X-C chemokines and inflammatory cytokines when compared with mock and phosphate-buffered saline control animals. Mucosal transfer of the IL-17F gene in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice before antigen (Ag) challenge enhanced the levels of Ag-induced pulmonary neutrophilia, but not eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucin gene expression. However, no significant change in the levels of Th2 cytokine expression was noted. A significant enhancement of ventilatory timing in response to inhaled methacholine was also seen in IL-17F–transduced, Ag-sensitized mice, whereas a small but significant increase was found in IL-17F–transduced, naive mice. These results suggest a role for IL-17F in the induction of neutrophilia in the lungs and in the exacerbation of Ag-induced pulmonary inflammation.
Intravital microscopy of capillary hemodynamics in sickle cell disease.
Authors: H H Lipowsky, N U Sheikh, D M Katz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Direct intravital microscopic examinations were made in nailfold capillaries in subjects with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS red cells). In the resting state, capillary red cell (rbc) flux exhibited greater intermittence compared with normal subjects, which increased with painful crisis. In crisis-free HbSS subjects, capillary occlusion and red cell sequestration occurred in only 8.2% of all capillaries and diminished to 5.8% during crisis, possibly due to sequestration of less deformable rbcs in other organs. Velocities of rbc's (Vrbc) were measured by video techniques under resting conditions and during postocclusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) induced by a pressure cuff around the finger. Resting Vrbc was normal in crisis-free HbSS subjects, averaging 0.7 mm/s. In contrast, Vrbc was significantly elevated during crisis, to 0.98 mm/s, apparently due to compensatory arteriolar dilation. Crisis subjects exhibited a significantly depressed PORH with the ratio of peak red cell velocity to resting values reduced by 15% due to a loss of vasodilatory reserve, whereas crisis-free subjects exhibited a normal response. A 55% increase in the time to attain peak Vrbc was attributed to resistance increases, possibly resulting from red cell and leukocyte-to-endothelium adhesion during the induced ischemia.
The new BMJ online archive
Authors: T. Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A single search can find any article published in the BMJ since 1840

Every BMJ article published since the journal’s first issue in October 1840 is now available online from bmj.com. This was achieved by digitally scanning 824 183 pages of the print journal. It cost about $1 (£0.68; €0.76) a page and was made possible by the extraordinary generosity of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the United Kingdom’s Wellcome Trust and Joint Information Systems Committee.

The journey began in 2000, when the BMJ announced it would be the first general medical journal to sign up with PubMed Central.1 This project, to create a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature, was masterminded by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information under the aegis of the NLM.2 Three years later, the NLM offered to digitise the archival content of publishers participating in PubMed Central to create complete digital archives of their journals. In return for permanent rights to archive and distribute the material freely through PubMed Central, the library offered to fund the cost of cover to cover scanning …
Impact of intranasal corticosteroids on asthma outcomes in allergic rhinitis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: S. Lohia, R. J. Schlosser, Z. M. Soler
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Given the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma, it can be hypothesized that reducing inflammation in the upper airway with intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) medications may improve asthma outcomes. The goal of this study was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy of INCS medications on asthma outcomes in patients with AR and asthma. Asthma-specific outcomes from randomized, controlled studies evaluating INCS medications in patients with AR were evaluated, including studies that compared INCS sprays to placebo, INCS sprays plus orally inhaled corticosteroids to orally inhaled corticosteroids alone, and nasally inhaled corticosteroids to placebo. Sufficient data for meta-analysis were retrieved for 18 trials with a total of 2162 patients. Asthma outcomes included pulmonary function, bronchial reactivity, asthma symptom scores, asthma-specific quality of life, and rescue medication use. The subgroup of studies comparing INCS spray to placebo had significant improvements in FEV1 (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.04-0.58), bronchial challenge (SMD = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.12-0.79), asthma symptom scores (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.30), and rescue medication use (SMD = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.01). Nasal inhalation of corticosteroids significantly improved morning and evening peak expiratory flow. There were no significant changes in asthma outcomes with the addition of INCS spray to orally inhaled corticosteroids. Thus, the results of this meta-analysis demonstrated that intranasal corticosteroid medications significantly improve some asthma-specific outcome measures in patients suffering from both AR and asthma. This effect was most pronounced with INCS sprays when patients were not on orally inhaled corticosteroids, or when corticosteroid medications were inhaled through the nose into the lungs. Overall, intranasal corticosteroid medications improve some asthma-specific outcome measures in patients with both AR and asthma. Further research is needed to clarify the role of INCS sprays as asthma-specific therapy, as well as the role of the nasal inhalation technique as a monotherapy in patients suffering from both asthma and AR.
HIV, Stigma, and Rates of Infection: A Rumour without Evidence: Authors' Reply
Authors: Daniel D Reidpath, Kit Yee Chan
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
Healthcare providers sometimes take part in torture and ill treatment, report alleges
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Healthcare workers in medical facilities, juvenile detention centres, orphanages, drug treatment centres, and other institutions are sometimes forced to withhold care or engage in treatment that intentionally or negligently inflicts severe pain or suffering for no legitimate medical purpose, Human Rights Watch claims. In its annual World Report for 2010 the group summarises major trends in human rights issues worldwide, and this year has a section documenting healthcare providers’ alleged complicity in torture or in cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment in countries throughout the world. The cases it highlights include: