tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Lesions Associated with Oxygen Therapy and Artificial Ventilation
Authors: Gerald Nash, John B. Blennerhassett, Henning Pontoppidan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

CLINICIANS concerned with the care of patients requiring mechanical artificial ventilation have been impressed by the occasional development of gradually progressive deterioration of pulmonary function, apparently unrelated to the disease that necessitated the respiratory assistance. These patients have increasing reduction in pulmonary compliance and vital capacity, with consequent hypoxia, are difficult to wean from the ventilator and often die of pulmonary insufficiency.1 Many have had no respiratory or cardiac disease before the use of the ventilator. Clinicians have referred to this symptom complex as the "respirator lung syndrome." At autopsy in such cases the unusual gross and microscopical appearance of . . .
The distribution of 3H-digoxin in normal and acutely hyperkalaemic dogs
Authors: L. M. Morgan, P. F. Binnion
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1970)

The distribution of tritiated digoxin in canine tissues in normal and acutely hyperkalaemic states is described. The reasons for the reduced myocardial uptake of the glycoside in the presence of hyperkalaemia are discussed.
Hematopoietic-specific Stat5-null mice display microcytic hypochromic anemia associated with reduced transferrin receptor gene expression
Authors: Bing-Mei Zhu, Sara K. McLaughlin, Risu Na, Jie Liu, Yongzhi Cui, Cyril Martin, Akiko Kimura, Gertraud W. Robinson, Nancy C. Andrews, Lothar Hennighausen
Journal: Blood (2008)
Pharmacokinetics and molecular detoxication.
Authors: J R Cashman, B Y Perotti, C E Berkman, J Lin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pharmacokinetic parameters used from in vivo and in vitro studies that are important in order to understand the major conceptual approaches of toxicokinetics and the disposition of environmental chemicals. In vitro biochemical information concerning the detoxication of environmental chemicals is also presented. The discussion leads to a more complete appreciation for the use of in vitro measurements for in vivo correlations. The concept of interspecies scaling in the interpolation and extrapolation of fundamental biochemical metabolic processes is illustrated with a number of examples. Additional examples of in vitro-in vivo correlations are presented in the evaluation of the impact of chemical exposure to humans. Finally, several important metabolic detoxication enzymes are presented, including the mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases as well as carboxylesterases and glucuronosyltransferases, to provide insight into the processes of chemical detoxication in mammalian tissue and blood. Because interspecies scaling and the pharmacokinetics of chemical disposition have already shown their usefulness in understanding some examples of chemical disposition, our summary focuses on showing the usefulness of the pharmacokinetic equations and providing confidence in using the approach for in vitro-in vivo correlations. Ultimately, the presentation may provide the reader with a conceptual framework for future evaluation of the human health risks associated with environmental toxicants.
Health inequalities and social dynamics in Europe
Authors: Denny Vågerö, Mall Leinsalu
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Lawlor and colleagues make the valid point that health inequalities are dynamic and change over time and between countries.1 Unexpectedly, in Estonia and Portugal they found that a high level of insulin resistance is more common among children of more highly educated parents. They ask whether this is because of the new wealth of these families, perhaps a preference for Western style “junk” food?

A well known, but often ignored, fact is that the social distribution of risk factors, disease, and mortality varies by disease entity, time period, and country. “Anomalies,” or deviations from the standard pattern of poorer people having poorer health, include breast cancer and malignant melanoma. Certain risk factors for heart disease, such as smoking or obesity, may previously have been more common among people …
BCR-ABL Is Not an Immunodominant Antigen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Frank Grünebach, Valbona Mirakaj, Valdete Mirakaj, Martin R. Müller, Tim Brümmendorf, Peter Brossart
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract In the present study, we analyzed the involvement of the BCR-ABL protein in the induction of antigen-specific CTL in order to develop an immunotherapeutic approach in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). To accomplish this, we generated dendritic cells (DC) in vitro and electroporated them with various sources of RNA harboring the chimeric bcr-abl transcript. These genetically engineered DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells for the induction of CTLs. By applying this approach, we found that the CTLs induced by DCs transfected with RNA extracted from bcr-abl–positive K-562 cells or CML blasts lysed DCs transfected with the corresponding RNA, but failed to recognize epitopes derived from the chimeric BCR-ABL fusion protein in 51Cr-release assays. In contrast, they were able to lyse autologous DCs electroporated with RNA isolated from patients with acute myeloid leukemia, indicating that antigens shared among these malignant cells are involved and recognized by these CTLs. In patients with CML in complete cytogenetic remission during IFN-α treatment, we detected some reactivity of CD8+ T cells against BCR-ABL in IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, which was weaker as compared with proteinase 3 (PR3)- or prame-directed responses, suggesting that the BCR-ABL protein is less immunogenic as compared with other CML-derived antigens. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(11): 5892-900)
More mothers are dying from causes related to obesity
Authors: Lisa Hitchen
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Deaths from cardiac causes, often linked to obesity, are now the commonest type of death among women during pregnancy and childbirth, finds the latest three year report into why mothers die in pregnancy and childbirth in the United Kingdom.

The report from the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health, covering 2003-5, reports a shift from the last report, which found that suicide was the leading cause of overall mortality. The number of suicides fell from 58 in 2000-2 to 37 in 2003-5.

Deaths from acquired ischaemic and other acquired cardiac disease accounted for 44 of all the 48 deaths from cardiac causes (91%), up from 35 out of 44 cardiac deaths (79%) in the last report, said Gwyneth Lewis, director of the inquiry. The number of deaths from congenital heart disease fell from nine (20% of all cardiac deaths) in 2000-2 to four (8%) in 2003-5.

“Most cardiac …
Familial CD8 deficiency due to a mutation in the CD8α gene
Authors: Oscar de la Calle-Martin, Manuel Hernandez, Jose Ordi, Natalia Casamitjana, Juan I. Arostegui, Isabel Caragol, Monserrat Ferrando, Moises Labrador, Jose L. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Teresa Espanol
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

CD8 glycoproteins play an important role in both the maturation and function of MHC class I-restricted T lymphocytes. A 25-year-old man, from a consanguineous family, with recurrent bacterial infections and total absence of CD8+ cells, was studied. Ab deficiencies and ZAP-70 and TAP defects were ruled out. A missense mutation (gly90→ser) in both alleles of the immunoglobulin domain of the CD8α gene was shown to correlate with the absence of CD8 expression found in the patient and two sisters. Conversely, high percentages of CD4–CD8–TCRαβ+ T cells were found in the three siblings. A novel autosomal recessive immunologic defect characterized by absence of CD8+ cells is described. These findings may help to further understanding of the role of CD8 molecules in human immune response.
Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity
Authors: Ma Isabel Lucena, Raquel Camargo, Raúl J. Andrade, Carlos J. Perez-Sanchez, Felipe Sanchez De La Cuesta
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

This study was performed to compare the assessments of drug–induced liver injury obtained with 2 methods, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) scale and the recently validated Maria &amp; Victorino (M&amp;V) clinical scale, in cases submitted to a registry of hepatotoxicity. A total of 215 cases of hepatotoxicity reported with a structured reporting form were evaluated by 3 independent experts. Because of the use of multiple drugs, 228 ratings were generated. The probability of the diagnosis was classified as definitive, probable, possible, unlikely, or excluded, and evaluated for consistency with a weighted κ statistical test. Absolute agreement between the 2 scales was observed in 42 cases (18%, weighted κ 0.28) with disagreement of 1 level in 108 cases (47%), and of 2 levels in 70 cases (31%). The best correlation between the 2 scales was obtained for drug–induced liver injury involving a suggested immunoallergic mechanism: the disagreement was 1 level or less in 72% of the cases (34 of 48), compared with 60% of the cases (85 of 141) that involved a presumed idiosyncratic metabolic mechanism. The lowest agreement (6%) was observed in cases with evidence of cholestasis. No agreement was found in cases of fulminant hepatitis or death. The CIOMS scale showed better discriminative power and produced assessments closer to those of specialists. The performance of the M&amp;V scale was poor in reactions with long latency periods ( i.e., amoxycillin/clavulanic acid), evolution to chronicity after withdrawal (cholestatic pattern), or death.
Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982
Authors: James C. Robinson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Using 1982 data from 5732 US hospitals, we found that costs were substantially higher in hospitals operating in more competitive local environments than in hospitals in less competitive environments. After controlling for wage rates, patient case mix, state regulatory programs, and hospital teaching role, average costs per admission were found to be 26% higher in hospitals in the most competitive markets (more than ten hospitals within a 24-km radius) than in hospitals with no competitors within a 24-km radius. Average costs per patient-day were 15% higher in the most competitive markets than in hospitals with no neighbors. These findings on the cost implications of nonprice competition among hospitals suggest that the new modes of hospital payment will have a greater disruptive impact on hospital behavior in areas with many, rather than few, hospitals. In anticipating the effects of new modes of payment on hospital behavior, policymakers should consider the nature of quality competition as well as price competition within local markets.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Shock
Authors: J. S. Gravenstein
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Reader, when you meet a patient in shock, read section 4 of this book and see how to insert the needle, check the pH, massage the heart, and treat with fluids and drugs. Thumb back then to section 3 to diagnose what you have started to treat. Back further to study the pathophysiology of the disease that may be responsible for the shock. That is the concept of this book. Fourteen authors wrote the first three sections; only two, Weil and Shubin, the last (and best), on clinical management of shock. Perhaps the two principal authors had an advantage since they could write about their great experience in a shock research unit and about how they treat their patients. In contrast, the chapters on pathophysiology and diagnosis must have presented many difficulties. The authors tried to prepare limited yet sufficient discussions of concepts, to provide ample yet selective literature references,
Increased IL-22 expression by synovial Th17 cells during late stages of arthritis is controlled by IL-1 and enhances bone degradation
Authors: R. J. Marijnissen, M. I. Koenders, R. L. Smeets, M. H. Stappers, C. Nickerson-Nutter, L. A. Joosten, A. M. Boots, W. B. van den Berg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Interleukin (IL)-22 is commonly regarded as a mediator in antimicrobial responses as well as a mediator in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Although IL-22 and IL-22R have been identified in the inflamed synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients, the source of IL-22 and contribution to disease pathogenicity remains to be established. <h3>Material and methods</h3> The production of IL-22 by T helper cells was assessed. Naive murine T cells were cultured in vitro under Th1, Th2, iTreg and Th17 polarising conditions. Cytokines were measured in the culture supernatants, and effect on differentiation was analysed by flowcytometry. In addition, the in vivo role of IL-22 was investigated in the spontaneous arthritic IL-1Ra−/− mice. Inflamed ankle synovia were isolated and mRNA levels of IL-22 and IL-22R were quantified. IL-1Ra−/− mice were treated with neutralising anti-IL-22 antibodies. Furthermore, synovial cells were isolated and sorted into (CD3, CD19 and CD11b) fractions and analysed for cytokine production. <h3>Results</h3> In vitro tests showed that Th17 differentiated T cells produce high IL-22 levels after IL-1 and IL-23 stimulation. Interestingly, the authors found a synergistic increase in the IL-22 production after combining IL-1 and IL-23. During long-term cultures, this synergy of IL-1 and IL-23 on the IL-22 production remained, but the balance shifted towards a more prominent role for IL-23. In vivo, IL-17 was upregulated in mildly and severely inflamed tissue, while IL-22 and IL-22R were merely upregulated in severely inflamed synovia. Anti-IL-22 treatment of IL-1Ra−/− mice significantly reduced inflammation and bone erosion, suggesting an important role of IL-22 in IL-1-driven joint destruction. Isolating single cells from the inflamed synovia revealed that IL-22 was mainly produced by T cells. Furthermore, most IL-22 positive T cells co-expressed IL-17 and were increased in the severely inflamed. The cellular data confirm the involvement of Th17 cells in early and late phases of arthritis whereas the involvement of IL-22 by Th17 cells becomes manifest in the later phase of arthritis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> IL-22 expression is elevated during early phase of Th17 differentiation caused by IL-1 or IL-23 alone and in synergy. Moreover, a temporal role of IL-22 induction was found for both cytokines. Neutralising IL-22 during experimental arthritis protects against severe joint pathology, revealing an important role for IL-22 during chronic synovial inflammation. IL-17<sup>+</sup>IL-22<sup>+</sup> T cells were found to be te main IL-22 producers.
Does Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Do More Harm Than Good?
Authors: Agnes I. Vitry
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Letters1 December 2009Does Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Do More Harm Than Good?Agnes I. Vitry, PhDAgnes I. Vitry, PhDFrom University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Schwartz and colleagues (1) found that including drug facts boxes in direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs improved consumers' knowledge of drug benefits and harms. Although this seems laudable, I have several concerns. First, the drug facts box may give more legitimacy to DTCA but is unlikely to counteract the negative effects, increasing the medicalization of everyday life and the neglect of lifestyle issues. Including drug facts boxes does not address the issue of pictures and slogans used in advertisements that may convey a misleading message. For example, the picture in the Amcid advertisement used in the ...References1. Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG. Using a drug facts box to communicate drug benefits and harms: two randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:516-27. [PMID: 19221371] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Garattini S, Chalmers I. Patients and the public deserve big changes in evaluation of drugs. BMJ. 2009;338:b1025. [PMID: 19336489] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Hailey D, Nordwall M. Survey on the involvement of consumers in health technology assessment programs. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2006;22:497-9. [PMID: 16984683] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Carling C, Kristoffersen DT, Herrin J, Treweek S, Oxman AD, Schünemann H, et al. How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial. PLoS One. 2008;3:3693. [PMID: 19030110] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Agnes I. Vitry, PhDAffiliations: From University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUsing a Drug Facts Box to Communicate Drug Benefits and Harms Two Randomized Trials Lisa M. Schwartz , Steven Woloshin , and H. Gilbert Welch Does Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Do More Harm Than Good? Steven Woloshin and Lisa M. Schwartz Metrics Cited byLeveraging Health Communication Research to Inform Regulation of Direct-to-Consumer Ads for Prescription Medications: a Comment on O’Donoghue et al. 1 December 2009Volume 151, Issue 11Page: 823-824KeywordsArteriesAspirinConflicts of interestDecision makingDrug informationDrug marketingDrug regulationDrugsEating habits ePublished: 1 December 2009 Issue Published: 1 December 2009 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2009 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Slovak patients use health services less since charges were imposed
Authors: K. Krosnar
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Slovak health minister Rudolf Zajac has said that a new payment system whereby patients contribute towards the cost of medical treatment has been a huge success in cutting unnecessary visits to doctors.

Since charges were introduced in June, the number of visits to general practitioners has fallen by 30%, and the numbers of appointments for specialists and of hospital stays have been cut by 25%.

“We had to act to stop abuse of the health system. I am pleased that we have managed to significantly cut unnecessary visits to doctors, while the level of charges means that it will not discourage people who …
Progress report. Normal and abnormal food intake.
Authors: R J Hall
Journal: Gut (1975)

Progress report Normal and abnormal food intakeThe control of food intake is of central importance in the maintenance of physiological energy balance.Nevertheless, knowledge of appetite control in man is fragmentary.Food intake is altered according to prevailing energy requirements; when these are increased by, for example, lactation', growth2, exercise3 or a cold environment4'5 intake is increased.Appetite control occurs on a basis of alternating hunger and satiety, the degree of hunger and the amount of food needed to produce satiety being altered by demands for energy at any given moment.This pattern provides a background but it can be modified or over- ridden by higher influences such as custom, pleasure and the psychological state of the individual.Until recently the major control imposed on food intake was the avail- ability of food as the abundance of food in the western hemisphere is a relatively new situation.In such circumstances fine control mechanisms to diminish slight, but chronic, overeating are not often called upon although short-term mechanisms to prevent gross overeating are still necessary.This may be important when considering why what seems, at first sight, to be a basic physiological mechanism should break down so frequently in the face of unlimited availability of food.The result of this breakdown is obesity. Physiological Mechanisms Controlling Food Intake APPETITE CONTROL CENTRES HypothalamusIn many species the hypothalamus is an important site at which energy requirements are translated into feeding behaviour.Bilateral lesions in the ventromedial nuclei result in hyperphagia and obesity6'7 whereas lesions in the lateral nuclei result in diminished appetite6.The ventromedial nucleus acts as a satiety centre which controls a chronically active feeding centre in the lateral nucleus. Other brain centresAppetite is also influenced by areas of the brain outside the hypothalamus8'9' 10,11 and the role of the extrahypothalamic sites has been comprehensively reviewed by Grossman12.The limbic system provides an important pathway by which higher influences such as emotion, pain and custom can affect autonomic and hypothalamic function including appetite control13. CONTROL MECHANISMSAppetite control can be differentiated into short-and long-term mechanisms.The short-term mechanisms regulate the size and frequency of meals and must act rapidly since satiety occurs even before absorption of a meal is 744on August 14, 2023 by guest.
Role of sphingosine kinase 1 in allergen-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Rainer V. Haberberger, Christoph Tabeling, Sue Runciman, Birgitt Gutbier, Peter König, Manfred Andratsch, Hartwig Schütte, Norbert Suttorp, Ian Gibbins, Martin Witzenrath
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
The "urban factor" and lung cancer: cigarette smoking or air pollution?
Authors: B W Carnow
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Data are presented which suggest that cigarette smoking, and to a lesser degree, urban pollution as indexed by benzo[a]pyrene are etiologic factors in the causation of lung cancer. The dose--response relationship to benzo[a]pyrene to lung cancer death rate in the urban community was estimated by using data on lung cancer deaths among coke oven workers. It appears to be an excess of 2--5 mumg/m3 of benzo[a]pyrene per 100,000 population, suggesting that a lifetime community exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on a continuing basis may have a greater impact on lung deaths in the community than that considered by the Royal College of Physicians.
Weight Reduction and Increased Physical Activity to Prevent the Progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A 4-Year Observational Postintervention Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Henri Tuomilehto, Juha Seppä, Matti Uusitupa, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Helena Gylling, for the Kuopio Sleep Apnea Group
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Error in Title in: Weight Reduction and Increased Physical Activity to Prevent the Progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A 4-Year Observational Postintervention Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Long term use of sumatriptan
Authors: D K Lloyd, W S G Arnold
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - M J Osborne and colleagues report on a patient who developed a pattern of daily headaches and used excessive daily doses of sumatriptan.1 They suggest that the long term use of sumatriptan could have led to a dependent state. The patient had a 50 year history of incapacitating migraine attacks refractory to other treatments, but his attacks were …
THE CARDIOTOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: G. L. Cantoni, Alan W. Bernheimer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

1. The mechanism of sensitization of the isolated frog' heart to a product of the hemolytic streptococcus has been investigated. The sensitization depends upon the release from the isolated heart of a substance which inhibits the action of the cardiotoxin. The inhibitor is released upon the first (sensitizing) administration of cardiotoxin, but not upon the second (contracture-producing) administration. 2. The inhibitor released by the heart neutralizes the lethal factor present in the streptococcal preparation employed. 3. Some of the properties of the inhibitor have been investigated.