tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Artificial Atrial Fibrillation in the Dog
Authors: JAN STRACKEE, ADRIAAN J. HOELEN, ARIAEN N. ZIMMERMAN, FRITS L. MEIJLER
Journal: Circulation Research (1971)

R-R interval sequences during artificial atrial fibrillation in dogs were studied in the same way as in patients in a previous study and compared with results obtained in dogs with spontaneous atrial fibrillation. Artificial atrial fibrillation was effected by right atrial stimulation in three closed-chest and one open-chest dog. The ventricular rhythm was studied by histograms and autocorrelograms. The ventricular dysrhythmia during artificial atrial fibrillation generally differed from that during true atrial fibrillation. Therefore the findings during artificial atrial fibrillation cannot be used without reservation to explain electrophysiological (or hemodynamic) phenomena in true atrial fibrillation.
A METHOD FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF CELLS AND BACTERIA IN PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: FOSTER M. JOHNS
Journal: JAMA (1923)

In the routine examination of prostatic secretion for the presence or absence of bacteria, and particularly gonococci, it is of the greatest importance to examine the cytoplasm of large numbers of pus cells. The small amount of pus that may be present is often so diluted with prostatic secretion that direct smears of the material are so thin as to make the finding of any number of pus cells a difficult task. The thicker parts of films dry slowly with consequent shrinking of the cytoplasm to a mere band surrounding the nucleus, within which it is almost impossible to recognize the morphologic appearance of organisms that may be present. The normal fluid itself also stains, making the examination of very thick areas impossible. After many attempts to devise a practical method of concentration of the cellular elements in prostatic secretion, the technic here described, which consists essentially of the use
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: A Review
Authors: D. Casadesus
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Since G. Buess introduced transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) in 1984, the technique has been increasingly used in the management of rectal adenomas and in selected cases of rectal carcinoma, with good results. For the purposes of this review a Medline literature search was performed in order to locate articles on the indications and the clinical and functional results of TEM. Further articles were obtained by manually searching the reference lists of identified papers. Emphasis was placed on reports from the past decade. Reviewing these papers, TEM appears to be an effective method of excising benign tumors and selected T1 carcinomas of the rectum. The place of this technique in the resection of advanced carcinomas has yet to be properly evaluated but its use for this indication has produced similar or better results than radical techniques. In conclusion, TEM is a safe procedure and can achieve good results in terms of local tumor resection, with lower recurrences rates, lower complication rates, and better survival rates than those of radical techniques.
Variation of initial serum bilirubin rise in newborn infants with type of illness
Authors: D.A. Benaron, F.W. Bowen
Journal: The Lancet (1991)

Hyperbilirubinaemia in newborn infants is generally regarded as a problem, and bilirubin itself as toxic metabolic waste, but the high frequency in newborn infants suggests that the excess of neonatal bilirubin may have a positive function. To investigate the hypothesis that bilirubin has a role as a free-radical scavenger, the rate of rise in serum bilirubin in the first few days of life was measured in 44 infants with five illnesses thought to enhance free-radical production and in 58 control infants. The infants were selected from 2700 consecutive births by exclusion of those with factors known to affect bilirubin metabolism, including enteral feeding. The control infants were those who seemed to be ill and received treatment, including restriction of enteral feeds, but in whom no illness, or disorders not related to free-radical production, were found. The mean serum bilirubin rise was significantly lower in the combined illness group than in the control group (36·1 [95% Cl 26·9-45·3] vs 66·7 [55·9-77·5] μmol.l-1.day-1; p<0·0001). In subgroup analyses the mean rises in infants with circulatory failure, neonatal depression/ asphyxia, aspiration syndromes, and proven sepsis were significantly lower than in controls matched for gestational age and birthweight, but rises in infants with respiratory distress and their matched controls did not differ. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that bilirubin is consumed in vivo as an antioxidant. Such consumption may operate in vivo in addition to the standard pathways for bilirubin metabolism (production, isomerisation, and excretion).
Endometriosis
Authors: John Fallon, James T. Brosnan, William G. Moran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

ENDOMETRIOSIS is a frequent, not a rare, disease. In a recent test period, controlled to the extent that during it all the clinic's operations were done by one operator, there were among the female patients 78 cases of acute appendicitis and 107 cases of microscopically verified endometriosis.The natural course of this disease is from various stages of severe pain through dyspareunia and sterility, with all the marital disharmonies attendant on those complications, to pelvic invalidism. Endometriosis, however, is one of the few diseases with proportionately serious results for which there is a specific treatment—castration. Less radical therapy is effective . . .
Breast Angiosarcoma
Authors: Wanzhen Zeng, Toncred M. Styblo, Shiyong Li, Julio N. Sepulveda, David M. Schuster
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Primary and secondary angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Radiographic features of breast angiosarcoma on mammography, ultrasound and MRI have been studied but F-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings have not been described. We present illustrations of FDG PET/CT findings of primary and secondary breast angiosarcoma, respectively. In both cases, intense FDG activity was demonstrated within the primary tumor as well as metastatic disease. FDG PET/CT imaging findings may be useful in initial staging and restaging patients with angiosarcomas. Follow-up studies can be used to document therapeutic response by showing interval resolution of FDG activity.
GE-02 * CLINICAL TARGETED EXOME-BASED SEQUENCING FOR CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH BRAIN TUMORS: INITIAL RESULTS OF AN INSTITUTE-WIDE PROJECT ON PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Authors: P. Bandopadhayay, S. Chi, K. Janeway, N. Pinches, H. Malkin, P. Manley, L. Goumnerova, M. Chang, M. Kieran, M. Harris, S. Ramkissoon, K. Ligon
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: PROFILE (DFCI#11-104) is a cancer center-wide project that aims to assess feasibility and utility of identifying genomic and potential targetable alterations in pediatric brain tumor patients. METHODS: Eligible patients/families are offered enrollment. Tumor tissues (FFPE and frozen) are collected, DNA extracted and a CLIA-certified platform is applied. First-generation platform, OncoMap, a multiplex mass spectrometry-based platform, detected mutations in 471 loci from 41 cancer genes. This has been replaced by a second-generation platform, OncoPanel, a multiplexed targeted exome-sequencing platform, which surveys 275 cancer genes to identify mutations and copy number variations, in addition to 90 introns from 30 genes to detect rearrangements. Alterations are tiered based on clinical significance and results are communicated to the treating physician. RESULTS: Between February 2013 and June 2014, 79 patients were enrolled. 25 had insufficient tumor tissue. Of the remaining 54, 33 have been profiled thus far (Oncomap = 4; Oncopanel = 29). Diagnoses include low-grade glioma (11), medulloblastoma (6), ependymoma (6), GBM (3), PNET/pineoblastoma (3), ATRT (1), AA (1), meningioma (1) and pituitary adenoma (1). Estimated mean tumor purity was 76%. We detected 401 mutations, including two GBM patients with high mutation rates (which accounted for 314 of 401 mutations detected). Of these, one had deletion of the mismatch-repair gene MSH2. Excluding these two patients, we identified 87 mutations, of which 20 have evidence for potential clinical utility (including investigational or preclinical evidence). Alterations with clinical trial relevance included gains/duplications of BRAF observed in two glioma patients; four medulloblastoma patients were noted to harbor subtype-related alterations of relevance for trial enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: We show that it is possible to perform comprehensive genomic analyses of known cancer genes in the setting of a research protocol. Significant challenges remain in determining the clinical impact of utilizing personalized genomic data and integrating these profiles into the therapeutic decisions for children with brain tumors.
A phase III, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of topical aminocaproic acid (Caprogel) in the management of traumatic hyphema
Authors: Dante J Pieramici, Morton F Goldberg, Michele Melia, Sharon Fekrat, Cynthia A Bradford, Alan Faulkner, Mark Juzych, John S Parker, Stephen D McLeod, Richard Rosen, Samuel H Santander
Journal: Ophthalmology (2003)
Derivation of a three compartment model describing disappearance of plasma insulin-131I in man
Authors: Abraham Silvers, Robert S. Swenson, John W. Farquhar, Gerald M. Reaven
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Insulin-(131)I was administered intravenously to normal subjects, to patients with maturity-onset diabetes and normal renal function, and to nondiabetic patients with renal failure. The ensuing plasma disappearance curves of immunoprecipitable radioactive insulin were determined, and these data were analyzed in a variety of ways. Firstly, fractional irreversible loss rates of insulin from plasma were calculated and found to be greatly diminished in patients with renal failure (t((1/2)) = 39 min), as compared with normal (t((1/2)) = 15 min) and diabetic subjects (t((1/2)) = 12 min). Secondly, plasma insulin-(131)I disappearance curves were resolved into sums of three exponentials by the method of "peeling," and values for the resultant three slopes and half-lives were determined. Patients with normal renal function had similar values for all parameters, while those patients with renal failure were differentiated on the basis of the slope of the last component, with a prolongation of its half-life to 275 min (approximately twice normal). Finally, a three pool model was formulated to describe the kinetics of plasma insulin disappearance in man, representing plasma (pool 1), interstitial fluid (pool 2), and all tissues in which insulin is utilized and degraded (pool 3). The proposed model adequately describing the disappearance curves of insulin-(131)I observed in all patients indicated that volumes (per cent body weight) of pool 1 (4.04) and pool 2 (10.11), calculated on the basis of the model and the experimental data, corresponded closely to estimates of plasma and interstitial fluid volumes obtained by independent means. It also demonstrated that patients with renal failure were characterized by a decreased removal rate of insulin from pool 3 and an increased recycling rate of insulin from pool 3 to pool 2. It is concluded that the proposed model represents a reasonable description of the kinetics of insulin distribution and degradation, and that its use provides quantitative insights into the physiology of insulin metabolism.
Positive and Negative Inotropic Effects of <scp>dl</scp> -Sotalol and <scp>d</scp> -Sotalol in Failing and Nonfailing Human Myocardium Under Physiological Experimental Conditions
Authors: Christian Holubarsch, Ralf Schneider, Burkert Pieske, Thorsten Ruf, Gerd Hasenfuss, Gustav Fraedrich, Herbert Posival, Hanjörg Just
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background dl -Sotalol has class III antiarrhythmic activity through prolongation of the repolarization phase of the action potential as well as β-adrenoceptor–blocking properties. Although the former effect was found to exert positive inotropic effects in animal experimental studies, the latter may be detrimental in heart failure due to negative inotropism. In contrast to dl -sotalol, d -sotalol is suggested to exert only positive inotropic effects, which were never tested in isolated human myocardium. Methods and Results Therefore, we investigated the effects of racemic dl -sotalol and its enantiomer d -sotalol in human right atrial muscle strip preparations and in left ventricular muscle strip preparations from nonfailing and end-stage failing human hearts. dl -sotalol and d -sotalol significantly ( P &lt;.01) increased peak developed force in atrial preparations by 14.0±3.4% and 16.7±3.8%, respectively, but had no effect in ventricular myocardium. In nonfailing ventricular myocardium, both dl -sotalol and d -sotalol shifted the dose-response curve for isoproterenol to higher concentrations ( P &lt;.01); however, dl -sotalol was 100-fold more effective than d -sotalol. In nonfailing myocardium, a positive force-frequency relation was found between 30 and 120 beats per minute, but isoproterenol was much more powerful in its inotropic effects. In failing myocardium, reduction in stimulation rate from 120 to 30 beats per minute increased peak developed force more pronounced than did the application of isoproterenol. Conclusions (1) d -Sotalol has no relevant β-adrenoceptor–blocking activity compared with dl -sotalol. (2) Neither dl -sotalol nor d -sotalol exhibit positive inotropic effects in human left ventricular myocardium. (3) Heart rate reduction increases contractile force in end-stage failing human myocardium due to an inverse force-frequency relation and thereby counteracts the potential negative inotropic properties of β-blockade.
Dreaming in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review of Phenomenology, Psychophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Lutz Wittmann, Michael Schredl, Milton Kramer
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2006)

This review summarizes the available knowledge on the phenomenology of posttraumatic dreams. Posttraumatic nightmares are reported by up to 70% of individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An extensive review of polysomnographic studies suggests that neither this high incidence nor the occurrence of posttraumatic nightmares throughout the sleep cycle can be explained by altered REM sleep parameters. The assumption that a reduction of dream recall may serve as a coping mechanism in PTSD patients is questionable. About 50% of posttraumatic dreams comprise exact replications of the traumatic events. Therefore dreams in PTSD do not have stereotypical content. Data characterizing non-replicative posttraumatic dreams and indicating a change in dream content over time must be considered preliminary. Occurrence of posttraumatic dreams is associated with psychopathological developments. Imagery Rehearsal Therapy has repeatedly been proven to be a valuable tool in treating patients suffering from posttraumatic dream disturbance. A deeper knowledge of posttraumatic dreams is essential for any theory of PTSD as well as for a better understanding of the overall function of dreaming.
The Relationship Between Glucagon and Prostaglandin F in Stimulating Canine Hepatic Bile Flow
Authors: D. L. Kaminski, Y. G. Deshpande
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Both glucagon and prostaglandin F2 alpha have been shown to stimulate a chloride-rich choleresis in dogs. This study was performed to ascertain the interrelationship between glucagon and prostaglandin F2 alpha in stimulating bile flow. The experiments were performed using dogs with chronic biliary and gastric fistulas. Initially, the effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on serum glucagon levels were evaluated. Glucagon administration increased bile volume and chloride secretion as did prostaglandin F2 alpha. Serum glucagon levels during prostaglandin F2 alpha administration were increased significantly over baseline values. During prostaglandin F2 alpha administration, the increase in serum glucagon concentration correlated well with the increase in hepatic bile flow. Administration of somatostatin, a hormone known to inhibit glucagon release, prevented the choleresis produced by prostaglandin F2 alpha while simultaneously eliminating the hyperglucagonemia. Subsequently, the effects of glucagon on bile prostaglandin F secretion and the effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibition on glucagon choleresis were evaluated. Bile prostaglandin F secretion increased from control values of 101 +/- 27 pg per min (mean +/- S.D.) during bile salt infusion alone to 1,498 +/- 1,086 pg per min during the administration of 1 microgram kg-1 hr-1 glucagon. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly decreased the choleresis, the increased bile chloride secretion and the increased bile prostaglandin F secretion produced by glucagon. The results of this study indicate that prostaglandin F2 alpha-stimulated bile flow is primarily the result of glucagon release and suggest that prostaglandin F2 alpha may be involved in glucagon secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: C Cuffari, S Hunt, T Bayless
Journal: Gut (2001)

The immunosuppressive properties of 6-mercaptopurine and its parent compound azathioprine are mediated by their intracellular metabolism into active 6-thioguanine (6-TG) metabolites. Measurement of erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels has been proposed as a useful clinical tool for assessing treatment efficacy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).The purpose of the study was to establish a therapeutic index of treatment efficacy based on measurement of erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels, and apply it clinically to guide therapy.Heparinised blood was obtained from 82 adult patients with IBD on long term (more than three months) antimetabolite therapy (63 Crohn's disease; 19 ulcerative colitis). Erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels were measured using reverse phase high performance chromatography, and correlated with treatment efficacy. In 22 patients with refractory Crohn's disease despite long term azathioprine therapy, their dosage was increased by 25 mg/day at eight week intervals as needed. Serial erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels were measured at each clinic visit and correlated with treatment efficacy.Clinical remission, as defined by a low disease index score in patients weaned off or on a low alternate day dose (<20 mg on alternate days) of corticosteroid, was achieved in 68% of patients on long term antimetabolite therapy. Treatment efficacy correlated with erythrocyte 6-TG levels greater than 250 pmol/8x10(8) red blood cells in patients with colonic and fistulising Crohn's disease (p<0.01) but not in patients with ileocolonic disease. Eighteen of 22 patients with incompletely responsive Crohn's disease achieved disease remission by optimising their dose of azathioprine therapy. Median (range) erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels increased from 194 (67-688) to 303 (67-737) pmol/8x10(8) red blood cells (p<0.05). Clinical response associated well with a reduction in corticosteroid requirements. Mean (SEM) white blood cell count decreased from 8.6 (0.9) to 6.9 (0.6) x10(3)/microl with adjustment in azathioprine dosage. No patient incurred azathioprine induced leucopenia.Measurement of erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels is helpful in determining the adequacy of azathioprine dosage and can be used to optimise the dose of antimetabolite therapy to achieve an improved clinical response without inducing leucopenia. Patients who are clinically refractory to azathioprine therapy despite achieving high erythrocyte 6-TG levels (>250) should be considered for adjunct or alternative forms of immunosuppressive therapy or surgery.
Comparison of Whole-gut Irrigation with Golytely (GOL) and with a Balanced Electrolyte Solution (BES) as Preparation for Colonoscopy
Authors: H. van der Heide, J.A. Lantink, E. Wiltink, G.N.J. Tytgat
Journal: Endoscopy (1986)

The cleansing results of whole-gut irrigation with golytely (GOL) or with a balanced electrolyte solution (BES) were compared in otherwise unprepared patients.
REPORT OF A CASE OF FRACTURE OF THE ATLAS VERTEBRA, WITH COMPLETE RECOVERY OF PATIENT.
Authors: ARTHUR HOLDING
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>Patient.</h3> —Male, aged 68, was referred to the Roentgen ray laboratory of the Albany Hospital by Dr. W. G. MacDonald, Albany, N. Y. Previous occupations, dectective, soldier in Confederate army. Present occupation, broker. <h3>Family History.</h3> —Father, mother, two brothers and two sisters died of tuberculosis. <h3>Past History.</h3> —He uses stimulants. Three years ago he was hit on the head with a brick; the blow rendered him unconscious for a few minutes, but beyond the swelling of the scalp, it did not injure him. <h3>Present Illness.</h3> —Nov. 16, 1905, when near the top of a flight of stairs composed of eight steps, while turning to one side to allow some ladies to pass in descending the stairs, he remembers losing his balance and beginning to fall backward; he made a futile grasp at the banister, but fell, landing at the bottom on the back of his head, neck and shoulders. He
THE ADVANTAGES OF EXPEDITIOUS SURGICAL WORK.
Authors: ROBERT T. MORRIS
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Previous to the days of anesthetics and of aseptic surgery, operators strove to complete their work in the shortest time possible, and the results of skill in this direction were appreciated. Under the influence of modern methods of protection for the patient, there came a tendency to devote more time to detail in operative technic, and this sometimes degenerated into "puttering." It is quite as important for the patient to retain his natural resistance after operation as it is for the surgeon to add artificial means for securing asepsis during operation. Mr. Tait was the first prominent exponent of this principle, but the special reasons for his success were not understood in his day. We now know that infections are met by the cell resistance of the individual, and the better the general resistance of the patient, the better his special cell resistance. A patient usually retains a great fund of natural resistance during