tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Why There Are No Essential Genes on Plasmids
Authors: Samuel J. Tazzyman, Sebastian Bonhoeffer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids are important for the evolution of prokaryotes. It has been suggested that there are differences between functions coded for by mobile genes and those in the "core" genome and that these differences can be seen between plasmids and chromosomes. In particular, it has been suggested that essential genes, such as those involved in the formation of structural proteins or in basic metabolic functions, are rarely located on plasmids. We model competition between genotypically varying bacteria within a single population to investigate whether selection favors a chromosomal location for essential genes. We find that in general, chromosomal locations for essential genes are indeed favored. This is because the inheritance of chromosomes is more stable than that for plasmids. We define the "degradation" rate as the rate at which chance genetic processes, for example, mutation, deletion, or translocation, render essential genes nonfunctioning. The only way in which plasmids can be a location for functioning essential genes is if chromosomal genes degrade faster than plasmid genes. If the two degradation rates are equal, or if plasmid genes degrade faster than chromosomal genes, functioning essential genes will be found only on chromosomes.
The Contribution of Dental Amalgam to Urinary Mercury Excretion in Children
Authors: James S. Woods, Michael D. Martin, Brian G. Leroux, Timothy A. DeRouen, Jorge G. Leitão, Mario F. Bernardo, Henrique S. Luis, P. Lynne Simmonds, John V. Kushleika, Ying Huang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundUrinary mercury concentrations are widely used as a measure of mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. No studies have evaluated the relationship of these measures in a longitudinal context in children.ObjectiveWe evaluated urinary mercury in children 8–18 years of age in relation to number of amalgam surfaces and time since placement over a 7-year course of amalgam treatment.MethodsFive hundred seven children, 8–10 years of age at baseline, participated in a clinical trial to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of dental amalgam in children. Subjects were randomized to either dental amalgam or resin composite treatments. Urinary mercury and creatinine concentrations were measured at baseline and annually on all participants.ResultsTreatment groups were comparable in baseline urinary mercury concentration (~ 1.5 μg/L). Mean urinary mercury concentrations in the amalgam group increased to a peak of ~ 3.2 μg/L at year 2 and then declined to baseline levels by year 7 of follow-up. There was a strong, positive association between urinary mercury and both number of amalgam surfaces and time since placement. Girls had significantly higher mean urinary mercury concentrations than boys throughout the course of amalgam treatment. There were no differences by race in urinary mercury concentration associated with amalgam exposure.ConclusionsUrinary mercury concentrations are highly correlated with both number of amalgam fillings and time since placement in children. Girls excrete significantly higher concentrations of mercury in the urine than boys with comparable treatment, suggesting possible sex-related differences in mercury handling and susceptibility to mercury toxicity.
MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF B LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: S. M. Fu, H. G. Kunkel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Hemagglutination and fluorescent antibody studies have provided strong evidence for the unavailability or absence of specific antigenic sites on membrane-bound IgM which are present in serum and intracellular IgM. Antisera specific for different parts of the molecule indicated that a portion but not all of the Fc was involved. Absorption experiments with normal and leukemic viable B lymphocytes failed to remove a population of Fc antibodies found in IgM-specific antisera. Similar findings were made for IgD, the other major membrane immunoglobulin of human peripheral blood B cells. Various interpretations of these observations are discussed. The most likely possibility appears that the C-terminal portion of the heavy chains of the immunoglobulin molecule is buried in the membrane.
MISCARRIAGE PRODUCED BY GUNSHOT WOUND PENETRATING THE UTERUS.
Authors: J. A. BAUGHMAN
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Mrs. J. M., living near this place, seven months advanced in pregnancy, while descending a flight of steps holding a child in one arm and a loaded rifle in the opposite hand, dropped the weapon in such a manner as to discharge it, the ball entering her right thigh back of and a little below the trochanter major. It ranged upward through the obturator foramen, through the broad ligament into the uterus and amniotic sac, liberating the fluid contents thereof through the os uteri. I was hastily summoned, and went prepared to make an abdominal incision if necessary. Although American born, she belonged to the race of the great unwashed, and my first act was to borrow from a kind neighbor some linen, of the sort akin to godliness, enough to dress the patient and her bed, after I had administered a prescription of<i>sapo domesticus</i>and<i>aqua communis</i>applied
Polychlorinated Biphenyls Disturb Differentiation of Normal Human Neural Progenitor Cells: Clue for Involvement of Thyroid Hormone Receptors
Authors: Ellen Fritsche, Jason E. Cline, Ngoc-Ha Nguyen, Thomas S. Scanlan, Josef Abel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental chemicals that accumulate in adipose tissues over the food chain. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that PCBs influence brain development. Children who are exposed to PCBs during development suffer from neuropsychologic deficits such as a lower full-scale IQ (intelligence quotient), reduced visual recognition memory, and attention and motor deficits. The mechanisms leading to these effects are not fully understood. It has been speculated that PCBs may affect brain development by interfering with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Because most of the data are from animal studies, we established a model using primary normal human neural progenitor (NHNP) cells to determine if PCBs interfere with TH-dependent neural differentiation. NHNP cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in culture, and they express a variety of drug metabolism enzymes and nuclear receptors. Like triiodothyronine (T3), treatment with the mono-ortho-substituted PCB-118 (2,3',4,4 ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.01-1 microM) leads to a dose-dependent increase of oligodendrocyte formation. This effect was congener specific, because the coplanar PCB-126 (3,3',4,4 ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl) had no effect. Similar to the T3 response, the PCB-mediated effect on oligodendrocyte formation was blocked by retinoic acid and the thyroid hormone receptor antagonist NH-3. These results suggest that PCB-118 mimics T3 action via the TH pathway.
Cutaneous Gallium Uptake in Patients with AIDS with Mycobacterium Avium-lntracellulare Septicemia
Authors: S J Allwright, P R Chapman, V F Antico, S M Gruenewald
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Gallium imaging is increasingly being used for the early detection of complications in patients with AIDS. A 26-year-old homosexual man who was HIV antibody positive underwent gallium imaging for investigation of possible Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Widespread cutaneous focal uptake was seen, which was subsequently shown to be due to mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) septicemia. This case demonstrates the importance of whole body imaging rather than imaging target areas only, the utility of gallium imaging in aiding the early detection of clinically unsuspected disease, and shows a new pattern of gallium uptake in disseminated MAI infection.
10-minute consultation: Dyspepsia
Authors: B. C Delaney
Journal: BMJ (2001)

This is part of a series of occasional articles on common problems in primary care A man complains of recurrent epigastric pain, which he has had periodically for many years. He has been prescribed proton pump inhibitors several times, and he buys antacids over the counter at other times. He is fed up with pills and wants to know what is wrong. View this table: Summary of evidence of effectiveness of treatments for dyspepsia
Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: can we afford it?
Authors: D P M Symmons
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Cost is now a factor in selecting treatment

The introduction of biological agents into the therapeutic armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has ushered in a new era for rheumatologists in more ways than one. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies provide clear evidence that the use of these agents is associated with a greater proportion of responders and a better response than with conventional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate (MTX).1–9 However, these drugs are substantially more expensive than conventional DMARDs. This means that, whether we like it or not (and most of us don’t like it), cost is now one of the factors we have to consider when selecting treatment for patients with RA. Perhaps for the first time rheumatologists are having to take part in the process of healthcare policy making and endeavour to understand the language of cost effectiveness analysis (CEA). CEA compares the incremental cost of an intervention (in this case anti-tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) therapy) over the cost of conventional treatment with its incremental health benefit.10

The paper published in this issue of the Annals by Bansback et al is based on a CEA funded by Abbott Laboratories, the manufacturers of adalimumab, for submission to the Swedish Government.11 It is to be welcomed that the work is published in an academic peer reviewed journal because health economic modelling is as much a legitimate scientific endeavour as the RCTs which led to the drug being licensed.

The first question posed by healthcare purchasers when …
The Suicidal Child
Authors: Christopher H. Hodgman
Journal: JAMA (1987)

"One more accident and that ought to do it," Brian, aged 9 years, remarks in one of many arresting case examples in an impressive book. A monograph that discusses virtually every aspect of self-destruction in children,<i>The Suicidal Child</i>is balanced in its emphasis: psychoanalytic, cognitive, and psychopharmacological aspects of the problem and its treatment each receive equal time. Devoted to suicide in childhood, the work avoids the common error of labeling all patients younger than 19 years as "children," so this is not a book about the more common problem of adolescent suicide. Nevertheless, its lucid explication of the problem in childhood is of value to anyone interested in suicide prevention at any age. As Brian's comment suggests, children can contemplate self-destruction even at an early age. Whether or not we believe younger patients understand death's permanence, we can surely agree with Pfeffer's assertion that a child's death sought
Self-management of Chronic Disease
Authors: Joseph Rukeyser, Clemens Steinbock, Bruce D. Agins
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System: S Sherlock, J Dooley. London: Blackwell, 2002, pound85.00, colour, pp 706. ISBN 0-6320-5582- 0
Authors: J Rodes
Journal: Gut (2003)

The book by Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock and James Dooley may be considered one of the great classics among texts dedicated to clinical training, and has undoubtedly had extraordinary success. Eleven editions have now been published in English, and it has been translated into many other tongues, including Spanish, French, German, Japanese, and Italian. This book must surely be counted in any list …
Metabolic effect of sodium selenite: Insulin-like inhibition of glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in the isolated perfused rat liver
Authors: Michael Roden, Martin Prskavec, Clemens Fürnsinn, Ibrahim Elmadfa, Jürgen König, Barbara Schneider, Oswald Wagner, Werner Waldhäusl
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Selenium, an essential trace element, has been shown to decrease plasma glucose concentrations of diabetic rats. To study the short-term effects of selenium on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, isolated perfused livers of fed Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously infused with sodium selenite for 90 minutes. This resulted in an immediate elevation of selenium in the effluent perfusate (3.3 +/- 0.1, 16.1 +/- 0.4, 30.3 +/- 1.6, and 118.9 +/- 0.8 mumol/L at infusion of 10, 50, 100, and 500 mumol/L sodium selenite, respectively). Basal hepatic glucose production decreased in a dose-dependent manner within 60 minutes of low-dose sodium selenite infusion (10: 0.60 +/- 0.20, 50: 0.21 +/- 0.40, and 100 mumol/L: 0.21 +/- 0.09 mumol.min-1.g-1 liver; P < .05 vs. zero time), while it was transiently increased by 500 mumol/L sodium selenite (1.11 +/- 0.18 mumol.min-1.g-1 liver; P < .05). Glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis was suppressed by 50% (P < .05) at 1.8 nmol/L insulin and by 90% (P < .001) at 10 mumol/L sodium selenite. That selenium concentration did not affect glutathione peroxidase activities in liver and perfusate erythrocytes within 60 minutes. Toxic effects of high-dose selenite (500 mumol/L), but not of low-dose selenite (10 mumol/L) infusion, were indicated by increased hepatic glucose (P < .05), lactate (P < .01), and lactate dehydrogenase (P < .001) release as well as histologically by degeneration and necrosis of periportal hepatocytes. In conclusion, low-dose selenite exerts a potent insulinlike effect on hepatic glycogenolysis in vitro by counteracting glucagon action, whereas high-dose selenite may severely impair liver function.
PREDICTION OF ONE-YEAR MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES UNDERGOING PCI FROM THE ACUITY (ACUTE CATHETERIZATION AND URGENT INTERVENTION TRIAGE STRATEGY) TRIAL VALIDATION OF THE LOGISTIC CLINICAL SYNTAX SCORE
Authors: Vasim Farooq, Yvonne Vergouwe, Philippe Genereux, Tullio Palmerini, Christos V. Bouranats, Adriano Caixeta, Hector Garcia, A. Kappetein, Marie-angèle Morel, Marco Valgimigli, Stephan Windecker, Keith Dawkins, Ewout Steyerberg, Patrick Serruys, Gregg Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Phylogenetic Analysis and Classification of the Fungal bHLH Domain
Authors: J. K. Sailsbery, W. R. Atchley, R. A. Dean
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

The basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) domain is an essential highly conserved DNA-binding domain found in many transcription factors in all eukaryotic organisms. The bHLH domain has been well studied in the Animal and Plant Kingdoms but has yet to be characterized within Fungi. Herein, we obtained and evaluated the phylogenetic relationship of 490 fungal-specific bHLH containing proteins from 55 whole genome projects composed of 49 Ascomycota and 6 Basidiomycota organisms. We identified 12 major groupings within Fungi (F1–F12); identifying conserved motifs and functions specific to each group. Several classification models were built to distinguish the 12 groups and elucidate the most discerning sites in the domain. Performance testing on these models, for correct group classification, resulted in a maximum sensitivity and specificity of 98.5% and 99.8%, respectively. We identified 12 highly discerning sites and incorporated those into a set of rules (simplified model) to classify sequences into the correct group. Conservation of amino acid sites and phylogenetic analyses established that like plant bHLH proteins, fungal bHLH–containing proteins are most closely related to animal Group B. The models used in these analyses were incorporated into a software package, the source code for which is available at www.fungalgenomics.ncsu.edu.
False Screening Claims Undermine Breast Cancer Detection Efforts
Authors: Jill Waalen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article False Screening Claims Undermine Breast Cancer Detection Efforts Get access Jill Waalen Jill Waalen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 22, 21 November 1990, Pages 1739–1740, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.22.1739 Published: 21 November 1990
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Lung Transplantation Successfully Treated With Stent Implantation
Authors: Pablo Pazos-López, Miriam Piñeiro-Portela, Alberto Bouzas-Mosquera, Jesús Peteiro-Vázquez, Nicolás Vázquez-Gonzalez, Fernando Rueda-Nuñez, José Duro-Tacón, Ricardo Fernández-Prado, María José Martínez-Sapiña, Alfonso Castro-Beiras
Journal: Circulation (2010)
Abstract 2579: Capsaicin inhibits β-catenin signaling in pancreatic cancer cells by disrupting nuclear β-catenin/TCF-1 complex: critical role of STAT-3
Authors: Kartick C. Pramanik, Srinivas Reddy Boreddy, Sanjay K. Srivastava
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract β-catenin/TCF signaling plays an important role in normal development. However, its aberrant activation is associated with several cancers including pancreatic cancer. In our previous study, we have shown that capsaicin-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells was associated with mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of capsaicin on β-catenin/TCF signaling. In a concentration and time-dependent study, we observed that capsaicin treatment inhibits the activation of disheveled (Dsh) and phosphorylation of STAT-3 at Tyr705 in L3.6PL, Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Capsaicin treatment activated GSK-3β by inhibiting its phosphorylation and further activated APC and Axin multicomplex leading to the ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin. Pre-treatment of cells with MG-132 blocked capsaicin-mediated proteasomal degradation of β-catenin. The expression of TCF-1 and β-catenin-responsive proteins c-myc and cyclin D1, were also decreased in response to capsaicin treatment. Significant cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP was observed in all the cell lines. To establish the involvement of β-catenin in capsaicin-induced apoptosis, cells were treated with LiCl or SB415286, inhibitors of GSK-3β. Our results reveal that capsaicin treatment suppressed LiCl-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling. Our results further showed that capsaicin blocked the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and TCF-1. The immunoprecipitation results also indicated that capsaicin treatment reduced the interaction of β-catenin with TCF-1 in the nucleus. Interestingly, STAT-3 over expression or STAT-3 activation by IL-6, significantly increased the levels of β-catenin and attenuated the effects of capsaicin in inhibiting β-catenin signaling. These observations indicate the direct regulation of β-catenin by STAT-3 in our model. Taken together, our results suggest that capsaicin-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells was associated with the inhibition of β-catenin signaling due to the dissociation of β-catenin/TCF-1 complex leading to apoptosis, and this process was orchestrated by STAT-3. [Supported in part by R01 grants CA106953 and CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2579. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2579
Spectrum of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infection in Children
Authors: Savita Pahwa, Mark Kaplan, Senih Fikrig, Rajendra Pahwa, M. G. Sarngadharan, Mikulas Popovic, Robert C. Gallo
Journal: JAMA (1986)

This study was done to gain insight into the clinical spectrum and immunologic disturbances resulting from infection with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) in children. Serum antibody to p41 antigen of HTLV-III and/or direct evidence of HTLV-III in lymphocytes was considered indicative of HTLV-III/LAV infection. In 36 children with HTLV-III/LAV infection, a wide clinical spectrum was noted, ranging from asymptomatic (seven children) to symptomatic, the latter including 14 children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Microcephaly was noted in five symptomatic infants. Immunologic dysfunction was noted in all symptomatic and in two asymptomatic children. Panhypogammaglobulinemia was noted in one child. Two asymptomatic children who were HTLV-III antibody negative had virologic evidence of HTLV-III infection. All of 20 mothers who were studied were HTLV-III antibody positive and had immunologic abnormalities but only nine were symptomatic, indicating that apparently healthy women may transmit HTLV-III/LAV infection to their offspring. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:2299-2305)
Hepatic (Na+, K+)–Atpase: A Current View of Its Structure, Function and Localization in Rat Liver As Revealed by Studies With Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Hyam L. Leffert, Dale B. Schenk, Jeffrey J. Hubert, Harold Skelly, Mark Schumacher, Reginald Ariyasu, Mark Ellisman, Katherine S. Koch, Gilbert A. Keller
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

Correspondence) concerning the topology of rat hepatocyte (Na+,K+)-ATPase (4-6).Apart from the fact that this enzyme (the so-called "sodium pump") is crucial for regulating cellular volume (7), differentiation and proliferation (8), the issue of its whereabouts in the plasma membrane is particularly relevant to the mechanism of bile acid and water transport from sinusoidal to canalicular spaces.Theories of these processes depend on where and to what extent the sodium pump is distributed in cell surfaces adjacent to either one or both of these spaces (4-6, 9, 10, Yousef I. et al., op cit., Correspondence and Blitzer, B. and Boyer.J., op cit., Correspondence).In this report, we summarize experimental results which strongly suggest that hepatocyte sodium pumps are distributed asymmetrically, with an increased pump site density on canalicular as opposed to sinusoidal and lateral domains (2, 3, 11, Leffert, H. et al., unpublished observations).New observations on the abundance and structural properties of hepatic (Na+,K+)-ATPase will be presented.Some of the quantitative and qualitative implications of these observations are discussed.