tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Response to Community Disasters
Authors: Carol S. North, Betty Pfefferbaum
Journal: JAMA (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> Exposure to a disaster is common, and one-third or more of individuals severely exposed may develop posttraumatic stress disorder or other disorders. A systematic approach to the delivery of timely and appropriate disaster mental health services may facilitate their integration into the emergency medical response. <h3>Objective</h3> To review and summarize the evidence for how best to identify individuals in need of disaster mental health services and triage them to appropriate care. <h3>Evidence Review</h3> Search of the peer-reviewed English-language literature on disaster mental health response in PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Academic Search Complete, and Google Scholar (inception to September 2012) and PILOTS (inception to February 2013), using a combination of subject headings and text words (<i>Disasters</i>,<i>Natural Disasters</i>,<i>Mental Health</i>,<i>Mental Health Programs</i>,<i>Public Health Services</i>,<i>Mental Disorders</i>,<i>Mental Health Services</i>,<i>Community Mental Health Services</i>,<i>Emergency Services Psychiatric</i>,<i>Emotional Trauma, Triage</i>, and<i>Response</i>). <h3>Findings</h3> Unlike physical injuries, adverse mental health outcomes of disasters may not be apparent, and therefore a systematic approach to case identification and triage to appropriate interventions is required. Symptomatic individuals in postdisaster settings may experience new-onset disaster-related psychiatric disorders, exacerbations of preexisting psychopathology, and/or psychological distress. Descriptive disaster mental health studies have found that many (11%-38%) distressed individuals presenting for evaluation at shelters and family assistance centers have stress-related and adjustment disorders; bereavement, major depression, and substance use disorders were also observed, and up to 40% of distressed individuals had preexisting disorders. Individuals with more intense reactions to disaster stress were more likely to accept referral to mental health services than those with less intense reactions. Evidence-based treatments are available for patients with active psychiatric disorders, but psychosocial interventions such as psychological first aid, psychological debriefing, crisis counseling, and psychoeducation for individuals with distress have not been sufficiently evaluated to establish their benefit or harm in disaster settings. <h3>Conclusion and Relevance</h3> In postdisaster settings, a systematic framework of case identification, triage, and mental health interventions should be integrated into emergency medicine and trauma care responses.
Ventricular and pulmonary artery volumes in patients with absent pulmonary valve. Factors affecting the natural course.
Authors: S Hiraishi, L M Bargeron, J B Isabel-Jones, G C Emmanouilides, W F Friedman, J M Jarmakani
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Right and left ventricular (RV and LV) volumes were determined in 19 patients with absent pulmonary valve syndrome using Simpson's rule and area-length methods. The volume of the proximal right pulmonary artery (RPAV) was calculated at maximal and minimal size using the area-length method. Patient groups included four newborns who responded to medical management (group 1A), seven critically ill newborns who died (group 1B), four infants ages 1-10 months (group 2) and four children ages 2-8 years (group 3). The RV end-diastolic volume in groups 1B and 2 was significantly greater than that in groups 1A and 3. The RV ejection fraction in groups 1B and 2 was significantly less than that in normal patients and groups 1A and 3. Maximal RPAV correlated well with RV stroke volume and end-diastolic volume. The maximal RPAV in group 1B was significantly greater than that in groups 1A and 3. Pulmonary arterial compliance was greater than normal in all groups, and the compliance in group 1B was more than two times that in the other groups. We conclude that the increased right pulmonary artery compliance and pulmonary regurgitation in patients with absent pulmonary valve contribute to bronchial obstruction and right-heart failure and are the causes of the high morbidity and mortality in these patients. The management should be directed to the alleviation of bronchial obstruction and right-heart failure.
Skeletal concentrations of lead, cadmium, zinc, and silver in ancient North American Pecos Indians.
Authors: J E Ericson, D R Smith, A R Flegal
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Bone samples of 14 prehistoric North American Pecos Indians from circa 1400 A.D. were analyzed for lead, cadmium, zinc, and silver by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to establish the baseline levels of these elements in an ancient North American population. Measurements of outer and inner bone fractions indicate the former were contaminated postmortem for lead, zinc, and cadmium. The contamination-adjusted average (mean +/- SD) level of lead (expressed as the ratio of atomic lead to atomic calcium) in bones of the Indians was 8.4 +/- 4.4 x 10(-7)), which was similar to ratios in bones of ancient Peruvians (0.9 to 7.7 x 10(-7)) and significantly lower than ratios in bones of modern adults in England and the United States (210 to 350 x 10(-7]. The adjusted average concentrations (microgram per gram dry weight) of biologic cadmium, silver, and zinc in the Pecos Indian bones were 0.032 +/- 0.013, 0.094 +/- 0.044, and 130 +/- 66, as compared to concentrations of 1.8, 0.01 to 0.44, and 75 to 170 in the bones of modern people, respectively. Therefore, cadmium concentrations in Pecos Indian bones are also approximately 50-fold lower than those of contemporary humans. These data support earlier findings that most previously reported natural concentrations of lead in human tissues are erroneously high and indicate that natural concentrations of cadmium are also between one and two orders of magnitude lower than contemporary concentrations.
SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF SEPTIC FOCI
Authors: L. Abrahamson
Journal: BMJ (1931)

and total acidity followed more or less normal curves.Free HCl went up to about 30 (N /10 NaOH) one and a quarter to one and a half hours after partaking of-the meal, and the total acidity to 55.There was no odour in any of the samples, and no blood, bile, or lactic acid; starch was present up to one and a half hours, and resting juice amounted to 10 c.cm.Throughout the long courses of treatment with liver, ventriculin, and multiple vitamins, reticulocytes never exceeded 2 per cent., and usually they -could be found only after long searching.Under treatment with multiple vitamins the patient, for the first time, showed steady and marked improvement, which reached its maximum degree (3,840,000 red cells per c.mim.) at the end of about 'two and a half months.At this point, however, in spite
Pavlovian conditioning as a product of selection
Authors: William J. Rowland
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Biologists recognize Pavlovian conditioning as a mechanism by which individuals can adaptively modify their social and nonsocial behavior quickly to relevant features of the natural environment. This commentary supports Domjan et al.'s point that psychologists could gain important insights by broadening the range of species and behaviors they study and by continuing to adopt a functional perspective to investigate Pavlovian conditioning and other forms of learning.
Clinical Application of Sensitive Troponin Assays
Authors: David A. Morrow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Despite the pervasive measurement of cardiac troponin for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the continued evolution of assays and guidelines for their application has created uncertainty among many practitioners regarding the use of cutoff values for clinical interpretation. As such, many clinicians may not welcome more sensitive assays for troponin. Nevertheless, professional societies have advocated for improved analytic performance of commercial assays, resulting in a current generation of widely used troponin assays that are more sensitive than their predecessors. In this issue of the Journal, important studies by Keller et al.1 and Reichlin et al.2 reveal the advantages and limitations . . .
Case-marking systems evolve to be easy to learn and process
Authors: Maggie Tallerman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Christiansen &amp; Chater (C&amp;C) suggest that language is itself an evolutionary system, and that natural languages “evolve” to be easy to learn and process. The tight economy of the world's case-marking systems lends support to this hypothesis. Only two major case systems occur, cross-linguistically, and noun phrases are seldom overtly case-marked wherever zero-marking would be functionally practical.
A Randomized Withdrawal, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Tolerability of Tapentadol Extended Release in Patients With Chronic Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Aaron I. Vinik, Douglas Y. Shapiro, Christine Rauschkolb, Bernd Lange, Keith Karcher, Deborah Pennett, Mila S. Etropolski
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of tapentadol extended release (ER) for the management of chronic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).Adults with moderate to severe DPN pain were titrated to tapentadol ER 100-250 mg bid during a 3-week open-label period; patients with ≥1-point reduction in pain intensity (11-point numerical rating scale) at end of titration were randomized to receive placebo or tapentadol ER (optimal dose from titration) for 12 weeks (double-blind, fixed-dose maintenance phase). The primary end point was mean change in average pain intensity from the start to week 12 (last observation carried forward [LOCF]) of the double-blind maintenance phase.A total of 358 patients completed the titration period; 318 patients (placebo, n = 152; tapentadol ER, n = 166) were randomized and received one or more doses of double-blind study medication. Mean (SD) pain intensity (observed case) was 7.33 (1.30) at the start and 4.16 (2.12) at week 3 of the open-label titration period (mean [SD] change, -3.22 [1.97]). The mean (SD) change in pain intensity (LOCF) from start of double-blind treatment to week 12 was as follows: placebo, 1.30 (2.43); tapentadol ER, 0.28 (2.04; least squares mean difference, -0.95 [95% CI -1.42 to -0.49]; P < 0.001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (≥10%) in the tapentadol ER group during the double-blind maintenance phase were nausea (21.1%) and vomiting (12.7%).Tapentadol ER (100-250 mg bid) was effective and well tolerated for the management of moderate to severe chronic pain associated with DPN.
A wing and a prayer: the tale of an in-flight emergency
Authors: Osman A Dar
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Two weeks in Africa: fishing, hunting, snorkelling, fresh papaya, and daily barbeques. Oh, and visits to all my relatives. The flight out to the continent of my birth started well enough. Snack, nap, snack, nap. But I awoke several hours into the flight to find three members of the cabin crew huddling around the passenger in front of me. When I heard one of them say, “It might be a good idea to bring some oxygen,” I found myself rousing from my slumber, inexorably and possibly quite against my will. I heard myself whisper, with some trepidation, “I’m a doctor, can I be of any help?” The relief on their faces was immediately evident.

An elderly man had had chest pain for some 20 minutes. I thought it strange that no announcement had been made asking whether a doctor was on board. Neither I nor the crew spoke the man’s language. With a series of hand gestures the man communicated that he had a crushing chest pain. He was sweating and breathing rapidly. I tilted his …
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: New Insights into Biology and Therapy
Authors: Kenneth A. Foon
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Purpose: To review the recent advances in the biologic and clinical research of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Data Identification: English-language literature search using MEDLINE (1980 to 1990) and CANCERLIT (1980 to 1990), review of meeting abstracts and reports, and an extensive manual search of bibliographies of identified articles. Study Selection: Approximately 800 articles, abstracts, and book chapters were selected for analysis. Data Extraction: The literature was reviewed and 227 articles were selected as representative of the important advances in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Results of Data Synthesis: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a disease of lymphocytes that appear to be mature but are biologically immature. These B lymphocytes arise from a subset of CD5-B cells that appear to have a role in autoimmunity. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is likely a multistep process, initially involving a polyclonal expansion of CD5-B cells followed by transformation of a single cell. Chromosome studies indicate that trisomy 12 is the most common abnormality, followed by 14q+, 13q, and Hq. These abnormalities portend a poor prognosis. Recent progress in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia involves three new drugs: fludarabine, pentostatin, and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Recent preliminary results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation present insights into the potential curability of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin can prevent or delay moderate bacterial infections in persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Conclusion: Major advances in the biologic research of chronic lymphocytic leukemia have resulted in new understanding of this complex disease. New therapies, such as those with intravenous immunoglobulin and fludarabine, may lead to improved outcome.
Does adenosine protect the heart by acting on the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Authors: Kanigula Mubagwa
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

See article by Zucchi et al. [9] (pages 326–333) in this issue. 

Ischemic heart diseases still constitute the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized countries; hence a great deal of research is devoted at understanding the underlying mechanisms and at finding means to prevent, delay or attenuate ischemic injury. Intracellular ion homeostasis is altered during ischemia, with the concentrations of H+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and phosphate increasing markedly (see Ref. [1]). This disturbance of cellular homeostasis, especially the intracellular Ca2+ (Cai) overload, is considered to play a key role in the cell damage during ischemia and reperfusion, and procedures that reduce the Cai rise do protect the myocardium by attenuating or delaying ischemic/reperfusion injury. The increased Cai is supposed to cause cell damage by activating excessive ATP utilization as well as lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes. How the Cai overload is brought about is still not fully clear, but it is accepted that both a large cytosolic redistribution of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (especially early during ischemia) and an entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular compartment (especially late during ischemia or during reperfusion) are involved (see Refs. [1,2] and references therein).

Ca2+ is accumulated at high concentration within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), thanks to an active transport by the SR Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and to the presence of Ca2+-binding proteins within the SR. Ca2+ release occurs mainly via the ryanodine receptors. IP3 receptors also constitute Ca2+ release channels, but their role in cardiac function remains heretofore unclear. During brief ischemic periods, the ability of the SR to release Ca2+ is largely maintained, with the contractile failure resulting from a desensitization of the myofilaments. However, ischemia causes progressive … 

* Tel.: +32-16-347-132; fax: +32-16-347-139
Serum tumour markers: how to order and interpret them
Authors: C M Sturgeon, L C Lai, M J Duffy
Journal: BMJ (2009)

#### Summary points 

Tumour markers are molecules that may be present in higher than usual concentrations in the tissue, serum, urine, or other body fluids of patients with cancer.1 2 3 Serum tumour markers may aid cancer diagnosis, assess prognosis, guide choice of treatment, monitor progress during and after treatment, and/or be used as screening tests. Conservative estimates suggest that in the United Kingdom alone close to 15 million such measurements are made each year.

If tumour markers are requested and interpreted correctly, they undoubtedly help clinical management. Somewhat alarmingly, however, a recent audit in a single Greek hospital found that only about 10% of requests for tumour markers were appropriate.4 The cost of inappropriate testing of tumour markers was estimated to be about €23 974 (£21 000; $35 000) a month, even without including the cost of unnecessary second level follow-up investigations such as colonoscopy and ultrasonography.4 However, awareness of the limitations of tumour markers is crucial not only because of the economic implications of their misuse but even more importantly …
Bringing Biocuration to China
Authors: Zhang Zhang, Weimin Zhu, Jingchu Luo
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2014)

Abstract Biocuration involves adding value to biomedical data by the processes of standardization, quality control and information transferring (also known as data annotation). It enhances data interoperability and consistency, and is critical in translating biomedical data into scientific discovery. Although China is becoming a leading scientific data producer, biocuration is still very new to the Chinese biomedical data community. In fact, there currently lacks an equivalent acknowledged word in Chinese for the word “curation”. Here we propose its Chinese translation as “审编” (Pinyin: shěn biān), based on its implied meanings taken by biomedical data community. The 8th International Biocuration Conference to be held in China (http://biocuration2015.tilsi.org) next year bears the potential to raise the general awareness in China of the significant role of biocuration in scientific discovery. However, challenges are ahead in its implementation.
Too deep or not deep enough?
Authors: E. Downes
Journal: BMJ (1992)

hepatitis B virus is already fraught with difficulties.A good response (>100 mU antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen/ml) is achieved in only 76-4% of adults and is less likely with increasing ages; the vaccine is expensive, and uptake among health service workers is low.6These problems must not be compounded by use of an inappropriate site of injection.
Insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 protease, and growth hormone-binding protein in lipodystrophic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients
Authors: Steen B. Haugaard, Ove Andersen, Birgitte R. Hansen, Hans Ørskov, Ulrik B. Andersen, Sten Madsbad, Johan Iversen, Allan Flyvbjerg
Journal: Metabolism (2004)
Regulation of lipoprotein lipase immunoreactive mass in isolated human adipocytes.
Authors: P A Kern, J M Ong, J W Goers, M E Pedersen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Previous studies of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) have focused on enzyme catalytic activity, and have not measured the LPL protein directly. To study the regulation of the LPL protein, an antibody against purified bovine LPL was used. To demonstrate the specificity of the antiserum, adipose homogenates were Western blotted, and adipocytes were radiolabeled and the cell homogenates immunoprecipitated, yielding a single specific band at 53 kD. Breakdown products of LPL were demonstrated at 35 and 20 kD by Western blotting. An ELISA for human adipose LPL was established, in which LPL was sandwiched between affinity-purified antibody and biotinylated affinity-purified antibody. The standard curves for bovine LPL and human adipose LPL were parallel, and LPL activity correlated strongly with LPL immunoreactive mass. Thus, the bovine LPL standard curve was used to estimate LPL immunoreactive mass from human adipose tissue. The regulation of LPL activity and immunoreactive mass were compared in cultured adipocytes in the presence an absence of insulinlike growth factor-I/somatomedin C (IGF-I), insulin, and fetal bovine serum. IGF-I and a high insulin concentration (70 nM) stimulated only the heparin-releasable (HR) component of LPL activity and immunoreactive mass, and neither IGF-I nor insulin affected LPL specific activity. In contrast, 10% fetal bovine serum stimulated HR activity, HR mass, and cellular extractable (EXT) immunoreactive mass, with no effect on EXT activity. This resulted in a decrease in EXT specific activity in response to serum. The effects of the locally produced nucleosides adenosine and inosine were studied in a similar manner. As with serum, adenosine stimulated HR activity, HR mass, and EXT immunoreactive mass, resulting in a decrease in EXT specific activity. Inosine stimulated an increase in HR activity and HR mass, but had no effect on EXT, and thus did not change LPL specific activity. Thus, a sensitive ELISA for adipose tissue LPL has been developed using a specific, well-characterized antibody. Regulation of human LPL immunoreactive mass was demonstrated in vitro by IGF-I, serum, high concentrations of insulin, adenosine, and inosine. This method will permit further investigations into the regulation of the LPL protein.
Physical chemical evidence of structural weakness in coronary arterial calcification
Authors: D. W FOREMAN, J. C MITCHELL, P. B BAKER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

Physical-chemical properties of calcified human coronary arteries were obtained through 857 electron probe microanalyses of samples of endarterectomy tissue from 12 patients and by X-ray and electron diffraction from separate samples. The calcific phase exhibited a weight percentage calcium to phosphorus ratio of 2.5 (SEM 0.15), a density of 2.95 (0.02) g.cm-3, and a crystalline unit cell volume of 530 (0.5) A3, or 53 (0.05) nm3. The phase has been characterised as a phosphorus deficient dahllite variant of apatite in which the crystal structure has been weakened by the incorporation of water molecules and tetrahedral hydroxyl groups in isomorphic substitution conforming with the McConnell-type defect. Isomorphic substitution within the apatitic cell appears sufficient to suggest that the crystal structure of the mineral deposit is weakened to the extent that means might be sought to attack the early formation of the pathological deposition.
Metal sensitivity in patients with a hinge arthroplasty of the knee.
Authors: M Webley, A Kates, M L Snaith
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1978)

Fifty patients who had received a hinge arthroplasty of the knee were investigated for possible metal sensitivity. Patients were patch tested against all the metal constituents of the prosthesis. Positive patch tests were found in 32% of patients. Seventeen patients had either lossening or a persistent sterile discharge from the knee. No correlation was found between these complications and metal sensitivity. It was concluded that metal sensitivity is probably not a primary factor in the pathogenesis of complications, particularly loosening.