tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Deprivation and health: Deprivation contributes to chronic illness
Authors: S Fowle, S Stewart-Brown
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - Margaret Eames and colleagues report that social deprivation and premature mortality are strongly linked.[1][1] We recently examined the relation between deprivation and the prevalence of limiting longstanding illness (standardised for age and sex) among 0-64 year olds for electoral wards
99mTc-Pertechnetate Angiography and Sulfur Colloid Scans in Epidermoid Cyst of Spleen
Authors: P M FITZER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1976)

Initial sulfur colloid scans of an epidermoid cyst showed a central area of absent uptake in an enlarged spleen. No perfusion was demonstrated during arterial or blood pool phases of intravenous99mTc-pertechnetate angiography.
363 VIROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A LARGE PROSPECTIVE COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B NEWLY SEEN IN HEPATOLOGY REFERENCE CENTERS IN FRANCE IN 2008-2010
Authors: S. Chevaliez, C. Rodriguez, P. Chevallier, S. Larrat, V. Brodard, C. Brouard, C. Larsen, C. Semaille, J.-M. Pawlotsky
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Increased α1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile responses of human skeletal muscle resistance arteries in chronic limb ischemia
Authors: Y Jarajapu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Recently, we have shown augmented contractile responses of skeletal muscle resistance arteries to noradrenaline in patients with critical limb ischemia. We investigated whether this increased sensitivity in skeletal muscle resistance arteries is due to either α1- or α2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses or both. Methods: Skeletal muscle resistance arteries were isolated from the proximal (non-ischemic) and distal (ischemic) parts of limbs amputated for critical limb ischemia and mounted on a small vessel wire myograph. Cumulative concentration response curves of the vessel segments to noradrenaline, phenylephrine and brimonidine were obtained in the presence or the absence of the selective antagonists, prazosin and RS79948. Results: Noradrenaline and phenylephrine produced almost equal maximal contractile responses. Brimonidine responses were smaller and were almost abolished by 0.1 μM RS 79948 while those of phenylephrine and noradrenaline were not affected. Prazosin reduced the maximum responses to brimonidine, shifted the concentration response curves of noradrenaline and phenylephrine rightwards giving pKB values of 9.86 and 9.33, respectively. Maximum responses produced by all three agonists in distal vessels were significantly higher than those obtained in proximal vessels. Conclusions: Noradrenaline contractile responses in skeletal muscle resistance arteries are predominantly mediated by α1-adrenoceptors. Both α1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses are increased in the arteries from ischemic regions that may aggravate the decreased blood flow to the limbs due to arterial occlusion.
Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation: the Role of Endoscopy
Authors: P. J. Thuluvath, P. R. Pfau, M. B. Kimmey, G. G. Ginsberg
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Biliary complications are important causes of early and late postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation and are seen in 10-20 % of the patients. The common biliary complications include bile leaks, stones or debris, and anastomotic strictures. Less common complications are hilar strictures, intrahepatic strictures, and papillary stenosis/dysfunction. The complications are similar in living-donor and cadaveric liver transplantations, except for a higher incidence of bile leaks among living-donor transplant recipients. The clinical presentation of post-liver transplant bile duct complications is often subtle, and noninvasive imaging studies may sometimes fail to detect mild but clinically significant stenoses or small leaks. Early recognition and prompt treatment of biliary complications following liver transplantation reduces the morbidity and improves long-term graft and patient survival. In this report, we discuss the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis, treatment options, and the outcome for patients with biliary complications following liver transplantation.
Bionic Limbs: Clinical Reality and Academic Promises
Authors: Dario Farina, Oskar Aszmann
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2014)

Several new neuroprosthetic systems provide sensation via direct nerve stimulation, constituting an important step forward in achieving sensory-motor integration and embodiment of bionic limbs (Tan et al . and Ortiz-Catalan et al ., this issue; Raspopovic et al ., 5 Feb 2014 issue, 222ra19).
A.D.A.M. (Animated Dissection of Anatomy for Medicine). CD-ROM program
Authors: F Kristmundsdottir
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A.D.A.M. Software, 1899 Powers Ferry Road, Suite 460, Marietta, GA 30067, USA Distributed in the UK by Churchill Livingstone

The main difficulty in studying anatomy is the destructive nature of the dissection process. Several anatomy departments in Britain have been examining ways of improving the teaching of gross anatomy. The most radical approach has been to scale down, or even to abandon, dissection and to replace it with prosections and teaching methods that use computer aided learning.

The developers of ADAM claim that it is “the Gray's Anatomy of the 21st century.” The ADAM packages come in three formats, Essentials, Standard, and Comprehensive. ADAM Comprehensive is primarily aimed at medical students. This packages offers simulated dissection either by system or by region. It also offers comparison of the structure with radiographic and magnetic resonance images in addition to the histological appearance of that structure. The ADAM CD-ROM program consists of thousands of overlapping illustrations of the body, starting with the skin and continuing …
Ethacrynic Acid EFFECTS ON THE COCHLEAR POTENTIALS IN NORMAL AND HIGH BLOOD OXYGEN
Authors: Jiri Prazma, John B. Pecorak
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The effect of ethacrynic acid (EA) at different blood O(2) saturations on cochlear potentials of guinea pigs was investigated. All 18 young healthy guinea pigs received 50 mg/kg/h of EA intravenously and were divided into three groups: first group, normal (90.00+/-6.30-86.17+/-4.83 mm Hg); second group, lower Po(2) (78.00+/-4.74-70.00+/-4.42 mm Hg); and third group, high Po(2) (174.40+/-13.41-179.00+/-26.15 mm Hg). The partial pressure of oxygen (Po(2)), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(2)), and the pH of the blood were measured before EA administration and at the end of the experiment (3 h later) by drawing blood samples from the contralateral carotid artery. Cochlear potentials-endocochlear potential (EP), cochlear microphonics (CM), and action potentials (AP)-were recorded by standard methods from the first turn of the cochlea. Experimental data seem to indicate that elevation of the Po(2) to 174-179 mm Hg during relatively high doses of EA treatment prevents the declines in cochlear potentials which were observed in the first and second groups (normal and lower Po(2)), and preserves active ion transport which is responsible for the generation of cochlear potentials. These data suggest a means by which to reduce the ototoxic effect of EA and possibly indicates a method of treatment for hearing loss which developed after the administration of EA.
Remarks on a Case of Phlegmonous Gastritis
Authors: T. Whipham
Journal: BMJ (1884)

that the sympt9ms of motor irritatiou and pgalysis are, in the later stages of the disease, almost invariably cqm- p14ated, witll -sensory and trophic disturbances, sach as anaxsthesia, paralysis of the bladder, bed-sores, muscu4r atrophy, etc.,
Artifactual Hypoglycemia Associated with Leukemia
Authors: James B. Field, Hibbard E. Williams
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE causes of hypoglycemia are many and have been discussed in some detail in recent reviews.1 , 2 Recently, we have studied a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (white-cell count of 291,000) who exhibited hypoglycemia on several occasions. The absence of symptoms of hypoglycemia, despite reported blood sugars as low as 42 mg. per 100 ml., suggested that the hypoglycemia might be an artifact and related to continued glycolysis by the large number of leukocytes present in the blood between the time the blood was drawn and the blood sugar actually determined. Although the blood was collected in bottles containing fluoride it . . .
Preferences, beliefs, and heuristics
Authors: Toshio Yamagishi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Alternative interpretations are proposed for the finding that market integration is positively related to fair behavior in experimental games. Market activities may produce market relevant concepts and stories that interpret experimental games as incidences of social exchange, and thus may enhance the relevance of (1) market-related preferences or (2) a decision heuristic designed for social exchange.
Comment: The Effect of Delay in Treatment on Prognosis
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Common sense and experience would dictate that delay in treatment would worsen the prognosis. Nevertheless, one of the underlying currents in the literature is that treatment has little effect on the ultimate survival in the patients with breast cancer. In fact, statistics can be quoted to support the view that delay in treatment may actually improve prognosis. This contradicts the axiom that early diagnosis and early treatment result in better cure rates. Let us examine the evidence. The first discordant note was sounded in 1932 by Lewis and Reinhoff<sup>19</sup>who noted that the average length of survival after operation increased with the delay prior to surgery. This conclusion becomes even more remarkable when one notes that survival rates and the average duration of survival are calculated from the date of surgery rather than from the onset of symptoms (Table 5). For delays of more than three years the survival
Genetic defects in lipoprotein metabolism. Elevation of atherogenic lipoproteins caused by impaired catabolism
Authors: R. W. Mahley
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Certain proteins (called apolipoproteins B and E) on the surface of lipoprotein particles are responsible for mediating the binding of cholesterol-rich particles to specific lipoprotein receptors on the surface of cells and represent a major pathway controlling blood cholesterol levels. Three important disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, which provide insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the elevation of specific atherogenic lipoproteins, are the following: (1) Type III hyperlipoproteinemia results from specific mutations in apolipoprotein E that prevent the normal binding of chylomicron remnants and very-low-density lipoprotein remnants to lipoprotein receptors. Patients with this disorder who have elevated levels of these remnant lipoproteins develop atherosclerosis. (2) Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 results from a single amino acid substitution in apolipoprotein B that prevents low-density lipoprotein from binding normally to the low-density lipoprotein receptor and elevates plasma cholesterol levels. (3) Familial hypercholesterolemia, which results in elevated levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein and premature atherosclerosis, is caused by a variety of mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor that interfere with the normal binding of lipoproteins to this receptor. These observations not only provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for normal lipoprotein metabolism, but also highlight the potential role of specific lipoproteins in atherogenesis.
Identification of a Giardia krr1 Homolog Gene and the Secondarily Anucleolate Condition of Giaridia lamblia
Authors: De-Dong Xin, Jian-Fan Wen, De He, Si-Qi Lu
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Giaridia lamblia was long considered to be one of the most primitive eukaryotes and to lie close to the transition between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but several supporting features, such as lack of mitochondrion and Golgi, have been challenged recently. It was also reported previously that G. lamblia lacked nucleolus, which is the site of pre-rRNA processing and ribosomal assembling in the other eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the identification of the yeast homolog gene, krr1, in the anucleolate eukaryote, G. lamblia. The krr1 gene, encoding one of the pre-rRNA processing proteins in yeast, is actively transcribed in G. lamblia. The deduced protein sequence of G. lamblia krr1 is highly similar to yeast KRR1p that contains a single-KH domain. Our database searches indicated that krr1 genes actually present in diverse eukaryotes and also seem to present in Archaea. However, only the eukaryotic homologs, including that of G. lamblia, have the single-KH domain, which contains the conserved motif KR(K)R. Fibrillarin, another important pre-rRNA processing protein has also been identified previously in G. lamblia. Moreover, our database search shows that nearly half of the other nucleolus-localized protein genes of eukaryotic cells also have their homologs in Giardia. Therefore, we suggest that a common mechanism of pre-RNA processing may operate in the anucleolate eukaryote G. lamblia and in the other eukaryotes and that like the case of “lack of mitochondrion,” “lack of nucleolus” may not be a primitive feature, but a secondarily evolutionary condition of the parasite.
Acute ventilatory failure secondary to a sigmoid volvulus.
Authors: J M Cereda, J C Chevrolet
Journal: Thorax (1983)

In view of the recent increase in interest in respiratory muscle dysfunction as one of the causes of respiratory fail- ure, we would like to report a case of acute respiratory failure secondary to a sigmoid volvulus in which extreme abdominal distension appeared to impede the action of the respiratory muscles. Case reportAn 84 year old woman was found comatose in the early morning and was admitted to hospital.Before this episode she had been reasonably well but had taken one Moduretic (amiloride 5 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg) tablet in the morning for mild cardiac failure.There was no history of chronic airflow obstruction, trauma, psychiatric illness, cigarette smoking, or alcohol abuse.On examination she was comatose, unresponsive to painful stimuli, atonic, and areflexic.The pupils were equal and constricted and they -reacted slightly to light.The oculocephalic and corneal reflexes were absent.There were no signs of trauma, liver disease, or meningitis.She was afebrile and appeared to be slightly centrally cyanosed.The pulse was irregular at 90-100 beats/min, and the blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg.There were no signs of heart failure.Breathing was shallow but regular at 15 breaths/ min.The findings at chest auscultation were unremarkable.The abdomen was immobile, distended, and tympanitic.
Ratio of Late to Early T-Wave Peak Amplitude in 24-h Electrocardiographic Recordings as Indicator of Symptom History in Patients With Long-QT Syndrome Types 1 and 2
Authors: Matti Viitasalo, Lasse Oikarinen, Heikki Swan, Kathryn A. Glatter, Heikki Väänänen, Heidi Fodstad, Nipavan Chiamvimonvat, Kimmo Kontula, Lauri Toivonen, Melvin M. Scheinman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Genetics and Epigenetics — Nature's Pen-and-Pencil Set
Authors: Roger G. Gosden, Andrew P. Feinberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

The sequence of the four nucleotides of the genetic code is like an indelible ink that, with rare exceptions, is faithfully transcribed from cell to cell and from generation to generation. But on top of this code lies another one, literally "epigenetic," which is represented by methyl groups added to the DNA base cytosine, as well as covalent changes in histone proteins around which the DNA is coiled. This epigenetic information is more like a code written in pencil in the margins around the DNA. Although the genome largely distinguishes one person from another, the epigenome, or epigenetic information, distinguishes . . .
Diagnosis and management of cervical cancer
Authors: Patrick Petignat, Michel Roy
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than half a million new cases diagnosed in 2005.1 The disease disproportionately affects the poorest regions—more than 80% of cases are found in developing nations, mainly in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent.1 Cervical cancer is an important cause of early loss of life as it affects relatively young women. Important advances have taken place in the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer in recent years. Surgery or chemoradiotherapy can cure 80-95% of women with early stage disease (stages I and II) and 60% with stage III disease (table⇓).2 3 4 5

View this table:

 
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging classification (FIGO 1995, Montreal): cervical carcinoma



#### Summary points

We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles published from 1966 to March 2007 (PubMed and Cochrane database) using a combination of the terms “cervical cancer”, “diagnosis”, and “management”. Variables of interest were cervical cancer, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, complications of treatment, recurrence, and follow-up. Much of the clinical management discussed in this review was based on meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and phase III randomised controlled trials (RCTs). 

Infection with high risk types of human papillomavirus is the main cause of cervical cancer.6 This has obvious implications for primary prevention (vaccination) and secondary …
Waived and Nonwaived Tests: The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act
Authors: I. Bruce Rosenzweig
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —Drs Ferris and Fischer 1 make a good point when they write that the clinical laboratory industry is making great strides in developing methodologies and instrumentation to make laboratory testing easier. It is true that almost anyone can perform many of the assays in a clinical laboratory with just a modicum of training. Their article implies that it requires very little training to perform laboratory testing and that the rules according to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) for waived and nonwaived tests appear to be arbitrary, partly because of a lack of criteria for establishing test complexity. However, the ease of performing tests was really not the issue or the reason for CLIA in the first place. The purpose of the act was to ensure the reliability of results obtained from a clinical laboratory. How is this purpose achieved if any test can be
Patient Subsets Benefiting from Adjuvant Therapy Following Surgical Resection of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Bruce E. Johnson, Michael S. Rabin
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of therapy for some patients with stages I, II, and III breast and colon cancer. The therapeutic efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical resection of early stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been less clear. A meta-analysis was reported in 1995 of patients who underwent surgical resection for early stage NSCLC and were then randomized to either observation or chemotherapy. This meta-analysis showed a 13% reduction in the hazard ratio of death, leading to a 5% absolute improvement in survival 5 years after the start of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy treatment compared with observation only. Multiple prospective randomized trials for patients with NSCLC were planned and undertaken to attempt to validate the observations of the meta-analysis. Six trials with ≥150 patients with early stage NSCLC (stages I-IIIA) on each arm have been reported in the last 2 years. Four of the six trials show a survival advantage for the patients with early stage NSCLC treated with adjuvant chemotherapy compared with those who underwent observation. The survival benefit in these four studies varies from a 4% to a 16% survival advantage at 4 to 5 years after the start of chemotherapy. The hazard ratio of death for the patients treated with chemotherapy ranged from 0.61 to 0.86 compared with patients on observation. Thus, the information available at the current time supports the administration of chemotherapy for patients with stages IB and II NSCLC. Further research will be needed to define the role of adjuvant chemotherapy and its use in conjunction with chest radiotherapy for the treatment of patients with resected stages IA and IIIA NSCLC.
GLYCOSURIA IN DIPHTHERIA
Authors: Cleon Melville Hibbard, Michael J. Morrissey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1899)

(1) There is a transitory glycosuria in diphtheria, which is found frequently in the severe cases and is usually present in the fatal ones. (2) This glycosuria is often associated with albuminuria. (3) Injections of diphtheria antitoxin are occasionally followed for a few days by a slight glycosuria.
Who Shall Inherit the Earth?
Authors: John S. Chapman
Journal: JAMA (1971)

A newly published book<sup>1</sup>will stimulate all thoughtful physicians. The authors, Paul and Anne Ehrlich, are biologists, and their concern stems from the "population explosion." Basically, their thesis is neo-Malthusian: population can increase logarithmically while resources can increase only arithmetically. "Resources" applies not only to sources of nutrition, but to soil, water, air, and all "lifesupport" systems on this planet. In the long view, there can be no dispute that humans can reproduce to some infinite point, and equally none that all resources are finite. In a natural, nontechnological system the results of disparity between medium and population areentirely predictable. But some biologists suspect there may be other factors than predation, disease, and limitation of sustenance that control population levels. (Robert Ardrey is a most vocal popularizer of these other possibilities, especially in The Territorial Imperative [1966] and in his current book, The Social Contract [1970].) If these other
Diagnosis by Gastrophotography
Authors: Basil I. Hirschowitz
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This book, in line with a recent publishing trend, represents a compromise between the high cost of publishing good color plates and the need to present endoscopic material in color. The book is, then, simply a vehicle for the 45 color transparencies, without which it would be at best very superficial, except in the discussion and amplification of the 1962 Japan Endoscopy Society classification of gastric cancer, where the text could survive by itself and the transparencies amply illuminate the section. The material in this section differs from that usually encountered at endoscopy outside of Japan. There is an introduction dealing with the history of gastric photography—largely the advances in Japanese instrumentation—followed by short sections describing normal gastrocamera anatomy, gastritis, gastric ulcer, benign gastric tumors, gastric cancer, the postoperative stomach, and a few miscellaneous slides. The 35-mm transparencies are of better than usual quality for copies of color enlargements, but
Belladonna Poisoning Simulating Puerperal Insanity.
Authors: R. Abrahams
Journal: JAMA (1898)

New York City, June 25, 1898. Mrs. G., 26 years old, was delivered last January of an anacephelous male child. Labor was short and natural. Two days after, to prevent the secretion of milk with the consequent painful distention of the breasts, a belladonna plaster was applied to each gland in addition to the usual bandage compression. The nipples were not covered by the plasters. In about twelve hours I was hurriedly called to my patient and found her condition as follows: Flushed face, pulse 100 and good; temperature 100.5 degrees and quite actively delirious. She sang, whistled, laughed, cried and made futile attempts to get out of bed and house. Finding no appreciable cause for the combined disturbance of body and mind, puerperal insanity suggested itself as the most probable diagnosis. The second visit was made sixteen hours after the first; the woman's condition was found to be much