tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Europe in transition: Biomedical research from eastern Europe may be under-represented
Authors: Vasiliy Vlassov
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Time to wake up to cancer's tollEditor-As exemplified by your theme issue on Africa of 1 October, cancer has remained comparatively neglected in Africa although increasingly prevalent: 70% of people with cancer live in the economically developing world, where by 2020 the annual death toll is predicted to reach 20 million. 1 In sub-Saharan Africa measures to prevent cancer emphasised in the developed world-such as smoking cessation and screening-are not nationally adopted.One third of African cancers are preventable, but the influence of tobacco companies with mass media advertising and high crop payments is real.Traditional cancers, such as gastric and hepatocellular carcinoma, and newer cancers, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma, are increasing in incidence. 2 3 Patients' expectations for oncological treatment are low in Africa.Lack of money, or a concern not to place their family in debt, prevents many from seeking medical help. 4 Lack of awareness of predisposing factors, warning symptoms or signs of cancer, or treatment options mean that patients present late.Cost and difficulty of travel over rough terrain also discourage service use.After diagnosis patients may tend to look for peace of mind and spiritual comfort rather than a physical cure.In Africa disease modifying cancer treatment and basic control of symptoms are largely absent.Even when analgesia is available, patients with cancer may experience severe and inadequately managed pain, as health professionals underprescribe strong analgesics, fearing drug dependency. 5 Individual sub-Saharan countries cannot tackle the challenges of cancer in isolation.A new, cooperative approach and research base are being advocated for preventing, treating, and palliating cancer to bridge the gap between developed and developing nations.
Tissue reactions under piezoelectric shockwave application for the fragmentation of biliary calculi.
Authors: C Ell, W Kerzel, N Heyder, W Rodl, H Langer, U Mischke, J Giedl, W Domschke
Journal: Gut (1989)

The tissue reactions that occurred during piezoelectric shockwaves for the fragmentation of biliary calculi were investigated in 10 surgically removed stone containing human gall bladders and in acute (six dogs) and chronic (six dogs) animal experiments. Before and after shockwave (500, 1500 or 3000) in the anaesthetised dogs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic imaging (MRI) and laboratory tests were done; treatment was carried out under continuous ultrasonographic control. Shockwave applications to the human gall bladders resulted in disintegration of the stones with no macroscopically or microscopically detectable tissue changes. In acute animal experiments, small haematomas were observed in all six animals at surfaces, but also inside the liver and gall bladder (max diameter 25 mm). Perforation or intra-abdominal or pleural bleeding did not occur. In chronic experiments, no macroscopic, and only slight microscopic residual lesions (haemosiderin deposits) were seen three weeks after shockwave. In almost all instances, the lesions were detected by CT, MRI, and ultrasonography, while laboratory tests were negative.
Silence Masks Prevalence of Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
REPORT OF A CASE OF EXTRACTION OF CATARACT IN A NEGRO SAID TO BE 116 YEARS OLD.Read in the Section on Ophthalmology, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: FRANK TRESTER SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Lack of time will prevent me from making any extended remarks.I must take the next train for Chicago.The great objection to Förster's operation lies in the fact that not only the lens but the cornea and iris also are subjected to mechanical irritation, which is apt to produce cloudiness of the cornea and iritis.A further drawback is that the
Chronic Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Carrier State
Authors: Edward Tabor, Leonard B. Seeff, Robert J. Gerety
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

NON-A, non-B hepatitis is a major health problem, present in up to 89 per cent of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis1 and 25 per cent of hospitalized patients with sporadic hepatitis.2 Experimental transmission to chimpanzees of human non-A, non-B hepatitis3 4 5 6 7 and passage of an agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis to additional chimpanzees8 have demonstrated the cause to be a transmissible agent or agents and provided an animal model for further study of the disease. These studies and others have led to the development of experimental assays designed to detect antigen–antibody systems present in serum9 , 10 and liver11 associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. . . .
Lack of dehydroepiandrosterone in type I and II hereditary angioedema and role of danazol in steroid hormone conversion
Authors: V. Thon, P. Härle, J. Schölmerich, P. Kuklinek, J. Lokaj, R. H. Straub
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is successfully treated with danazol, a therapeutic steroid compound. To investigate hormones of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis in patients with HAE with and without danazol. Methods: We included 16 patients with type I HAE, nine patients with type II HAE, and 16 healthy subjects. Serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), free testosterone, and 17β‐oestradiol were measured. Results: Serum levels of ACTH were markedly decreased in patients with type II HAE compared to the other groups ( P &lt; 0.001). Serum cortisol was similar between groups but danazol treatment decreased cortisol levels, particularly in women ( P = 0.019). Serum levels of DHEA were significantly decreased in all patients with type I and II HAE compared to controls ( P &lt; 0.05), which was only partly dependent on prior danazol therapy as patients without danazol had also decreased serum levels of DHEA ( P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, free testosterone serum levels were markedly increased in patients under danazol ( P &lt; 0.005) and the ratio of 17β‐oestradiol/free testosterone was significantly decreased in these patients ( P &lt; 0.005). Conclusions: This study demonstrated decreased DHEA in patients with type I and II HAE independent of danazol therapy, which was particularly evident in women. It also demonstrates that danazol induced a marked up‐regulation of free testosterone in relation to precursors and downstream 17β‐oestradiol. In HAE, there seems to be a primary lack of the adrenal androgen DHEA.
Treatment of Septic Peritonitis
Authors: J. C. Barker
Journal: BMJ (1920)

and Surgeon to the Method Episcopal Hospital, has made a most import?^observation in regard to the treatment of septic Vf1.tomtis.Not only does the idea seem to be good, w en Pu^ into practice it appears to have worked ol* well, which is the true criterion and the proper tea ?arting from certain anatomical details, showing very different degree in which the upper and por ions of the peritoneal cavity are connected with rest of the lymphatic system, and going on to clinical observation that, while the presence of sepw inflammation in the upper or diaphragmatic in stinal part of the peritoneum is extrewe angei ous, a very considerable degree of septicity exist in the pelvis without serious consequences so as it is shut off from the general peritoneal cavity> was led to the practice which he recommends in
The hidden handicap
Authors: J. Haworth
Journal: BMJ (2001)

I have a 70 decibel loss of hearing in my right ear, a result of the, fortunately unilateral, Meniere's syndrome that precipitated my premature retirement three and a half years ago. The sudden, unannounced, and disabling attacks of vertigo no longer occur, but I am left with persistent tinnitus in my left ear, together with the hearing impediment already mentioned. Fortunately I have no hearing loss …
Exchange of carbon dioxide in the pregnant rhesus monkey: multicompartmental analysis of carbon dioxide kinetics
Authors: Kotaro Suzuki, Albert A. Plentl, Karlis Adamsons
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The exchange of carbon dioxide in the pregnant rhesus monkey has been studied quantitatively using sodium bicarbonate-(14)C and applying the model of a system of seven compartments. The transfer rates among the various compartments, compartment sizes, and the rate of production of carbon dioxide by fetus and mother were determined with a computer programmed to fit the theoretical model to the data by adjusting the parameter values of the model until a "best fit" was obtained. It was confirmed that the exchange of carbon dioxide between fetal and maternal blood across the placenta is rapid, that between fetal blood and amniotic fluid is slow, and that there is no appreciable exchange between maternal blood and amniotic fluid. The mean net production of CO(2) by fetus was 0.476 +/-0.0402 mmoles/kg.min, and that by mother was 0.373 +/-0.0279 mmoles/kg.min.
The Importance of Fragmented QRS in Evaluation of Cardiac Iron Burden, in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major
Authors: Nermin Bayar, Erdal Kurtoğlu, Şakir Arslan, Zehra Erkal, Burak Deveci, İsa Öner Yüksel, Erkan Köklü, Selçuk Küçükseymen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Venoarterial Bypass in Hypothermia
Authors: James S. Dorsey
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Referring to the article "Recovery After Prolonged Asystolic Cardiac Arrest in Profound Hypothermia: A Case Report and Literature Review" by Southwick and Dalglish (1980;243:1250), their discussion of treatment did not include cardiopulmonary bypass as an aid in resuscitation and rewarming. Cardiopulmonary bypass has been advocated for core rewarming after accidental profound hypothermia.<sup>1,2</sup> I recently resuscitated a 60-year-old man who was asystolic for 120 minutes because of profound accidental hypothermia (initial rectal temperature 26 °C). After 90 minutes of external cardiac compression and attempts to rewarm using warm blankets, water-heated mattresses, intravenous infusions of warm saline solution, and gastric and bladder lavages, the patient was given a venoarterial bypass using the right femoral artery and vein. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass with flow rates of 800 to 1,000 mL/min was used to gradually rewarm and help maintain the circulation during the remainder of the asystolic period. Venoarterial bypass at
Drug firms must cut price of pneumonia vaccine, says MSF
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The global drug companies GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer are being urged to cut the price of the pneumonia vaccine in poor countries to less than $5 (£3.30; €4.61) a child.

The charity Medecins Sans Frontieres has launched a campaign calling on the companies to be transparent about the amount they charge for the vaccine. It said that the lowest price it was aware of was around $10 a dose. The charity also claimed that the firms stop countries disclosing the price they pay for the vaccine.

In January MSF published figures showing that the …
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk for Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease in Women
Authors: David Conen, Brendan M. Everett, Tobias Kurth, Mark A. Creager, Julie E. Buring, Paul M Ridker, Aruna D. Pradhan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Smoking has a well-documented detrimental effect on risk for myocardial infarction and stroke, but less information is available regarding peripheral artery disease (PAD), particularly among women.To prospectively assess the association of current smoking status, cumulative smoking exposure, and smoking cessation with incident symptomatic PAD in women.Prospective cohort study.U.S. female health care professionals in the Women's Health Study.39,825 women with no cardiovascular disease who were prospectively followed for a median of 12.7 years.Incidence of symptomatic PAD. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare PAD risk across smoking categories.178 confirmed PAD events occurred. Across the 4 smoking categories (never, former, <15 cigarettes/d, and ≥15 cigarettes/d), age-adjusted incidence rates were 0.12, 0.34, 0.95, and 1.63 per 1000 person-years of follow-up, respectively. Multivariate adjustment had little effect on this relationship (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs], 3.14 [95% CI, 2.01 to 4.90], 8.93 [CI, 5.02 to 15.89], and 16.95 [CI, 10.77 to 26.67], respectively, vs. women who never smoked). Additional adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels among women with available blood samples (28,314 participants, 117 events) attenuated risk estimates (HR, 5.58 [CI, 2.61 to 11.93] for smoking <15 cigarettes/d and 9.52 [CI, 5.17 to 17.53] for smoking ≥15 cigarettes/d). Lifetime exposure showed a strong dose-response relationship; fully adjusted HRs for smoking abstinence of fewer than 10, 10 to 29, and 30 or more pack-years were 2.52 (CI, 1.49 to 4.25), 6.75 (CI, 4.33 to 10.52), and 11.09 (CI, 6.94 to 17.72), respectively. Compared with current smokers, the adjusted HRs for fewer than 10 years, 10 to 20 years, more than 20 years, or lifelong abstinence were 0.39 (CI, 0.24 to 0.66), 0.28 (CI, 0.17 to 0.46), 0.16 (CI, 0.10 to 0.26), and 0.08 (CI, 0.05 to 0.12), respectively.The use of symptomatic PAD as the a priori primary end point excludes asymptomatic disease.Among initially healthy women, smoking is a potent risk factor for symptomatic PAD and was associated with subclinical inflammation. Smoking cessation substantially reduces risk for PAD, but an increased occurrence of PAD persists even among former smokers who maintain abstinence.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Cancer Institute.
ExStroke Pilot Trial of the effect of repeated instructions to improve physical activity after ischaemic stroke: a multinational randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Gudrun Boysen, Lars-Henrik Krarup, Xianrong Zeng, Adam Oskedra, Janika Kõrv, Grethe Andersen, Christian Gluud, Anders Pedersen, Marianne Lindahl, Lotte Hansen, Per Winkel, Thomas Truelsen
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objectives</b> To investigate if repeated verbal instructions about physical activity to patients with ischaemic stroke could increase long term physical activity. <b>Design</b> Multicentre, multinational, randomised clinical trial with masked outcome assessment. <b>Setting</b> Stroke units in Denmark, China, Poland, and Estonia. <b>Participants</b> 314 patients with ischaemic stroke aged ≥40 years who were able to walk—157 (mean age 69.7 years) randomised to the intervention, 157 (mean age 69.4 years) in the control group. <b>Interventions</b> Patients randomised to the intervention were instructed in a detailed training programme before discharge and at five follow-up visits during 24 months. Control patients had follow-up visits with the same frequency but without instructions in physical activity. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Physical activity assessed with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) at each visit. Secondary outcomes were clinical events. <b>Results</b> The estimated mean PASE scores were 69.1 in the intervention group and 64.0 in the control group (difference 5.0 (95% confidence interval −5.8 to 15.9), P=0.36. The intervention had no significant effect on mortality, recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or falls and fractures. <b>Conclusion</b> Repeated encouragement and verbal instruction in being physically active did not lead to a significant increase in physical activity measured by the PASE score. More intensive strategies seem to be needed to promote physical activity after ischaemic stroke. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinical Trials NCT00132483
WEST FRANKFORT COAL MINE DISASTER
Authors: John E. Summers
Journal: JAMA (1952)

At approximately 7:33 p. m., C. S. T., Dec. 21, 1951, an explosion occurred in the Orient no. 2 coal mine, owned by the Chicago, Wilmington &amp; Franklin Coal Corporation, killing 119 men and hospitalizing 5 others. This was the worst mine disaster in the United States since 1928 and the second deadliest occurring in the Illinois coal mines. The worst coal mine disaster recorded occurred at Monongah, W. Va. in 1907, when 361 men were killed. <h3>THE MINE</h3> The Orient no. 2 coal mine is located 3 miles north-west of West Frankfort, Ill., and 70 miles southeast of St. Louis. The mine was opened 29 years ago and is the largest shaft coal mine in the world, with a daily output of 9,500 tons of coal. It holds a world record for coal mined during an eight hour shift, 15,152 tons. The mine covers an area of 12 square
Beware of individual differences
Authors: Peter Borkenau, Nadine Mauer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Most judgmental biases are found at the level of samples, but do not apply to each person; they reflect prevailing, but not universal, response tendencies. We suggest that it is more promising to study differences between biased and unbiased persons, and between easier and more difficult tasks, than to generalize from a majority of research participants to humans in general.
WHAT CASES OF PLACENTA PREVIA CAN BE BEST TREATED BY CESAREAN SECTION?
Authors: FRANCIS D. DONOGHUE
Journal: JAMA (1902)

It is not my intention to go over the whole subject of placenta previa and the various methods of treatment, because this has been done so thoroughly in the past two years as to be unnecessary. It is worthy of remark, however, that the importance of this condition has been forcibly brought home to the profession by the advocates of Cesarean section, and the treatment of this serious condition has taken on new interest. At the time when I reported<sup>1</sup>the first entirely successful Saenger-Cesarean section for placenta previa there was little on record of value regarding the frequency and mortality in the various forms of this complication. At that time I had delivered but one case with placenta previa, and that only partial, in which rupture of the membranes allowed the head to engage, and mother and child survived, but I had in mind other cases with less
F-18 FDG Uptake in Cutaneous Metastases From Breast Cancer
Authors: Sunita Borkar, Neeta Pandit-Taskar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are rare with a reported incidence between 0.7% and 10%. Among all malignancies the highest incidence of cutaneous metastasis is seen in breast cancer. We report the detection of distant dermal metastases from breast cancer on F-18 FDG PET imaging. A 73-year-old woman with metastatic left breast cancer was referred for F-18 FDG PET/CT scan, which showed multiple FDG avid lesions along cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules in the posterior neck, bilateral proximal arms, anterior chest wall, and trunk. A punch biopsy of a right lower chest wall lesion revealed invasive ductal carcinoma involving the deep dermis.
Antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: A. L. W. Po
Journal: BMJ (1999)

General practice p 1106) 

Is there an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with antidepressant therapy? Most clinicians probably think this unlikely Indeed, despite spontaneous case reports,1–3 most drug reference sources, including the British National Formulary and the Data Sheet Compendium , do not mention any such association. In this issue, however, de Abajo et al report that there is indeed an increased risk with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (p 1106).4 Moreover, they suggest a possible interaction with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, leading to an increased risk far beyond a simple additive effect. How robust are these results and what are the implications for clinical practice?

Retrospective observational studies are always subject to confounding, and the present case-control study is no exception. However, this study seems to be less prone to it. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is not generally known to be associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, so channelling bias5 is less likely. The more obvious possible confounders were carefully adjusted for and the database used is respected for the quality of its data. Therefore, …
Effect of Changes in Cycle Length on Diastolic Depolarization Produced by Ouabain in Canine Purkinje Fibers
Authors: LARRY D. DAVIS
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Isolated canine papillary muscle-false tendon tissue preparations stimulated at a cycle length of 630 msec were treated with ouabain (2.1 x 10 -7 M ) until an increase in the slope of diastolic depolarization of Purkinje fibers was produced. Then the effects of changes in cycle length on the slope were tested. Sustained shortening of the cycle length increased the slope, and sustained lengthening had the opposite effect. An abrupt decrease in cycle length caused by a stimulus during phase 3 of a driven beat induced an increase in the slope of diastolic depolarization for one or more subsequent cycles. This procedure occasionally led to the spontaneous generation of an action potential which propagated into surrounding tissue. Suspension of stimulation often was followed by spontaneous beats. Shortening of the cycle length decreased the time of onset and increased the number and frequency of spontaneous beats. These effects were correlated with increases in the slope of diastolic depolarization. The diastolic depolarization of Purkinje fibers in false tendons was increased earlier and to a greater degree by ouabain than was the depolarization of Purkinje fibers on the muscle surface. These findings suggest that enhancement of diastolic depolarization of Purkinje fibers to the point of spontaneous discharge of action potentials may be a common means by which digitalis produces a variety of ventricular arrhythmias observed in intact animals.
Role of Vegetarianism, Smoking, and Hydroxocobalamin in Optic Neuritis
Authors: N. H. Wadia, M. M. Desai, E. V. Quadros, D. K. Dastur
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Only 20 patients with optic neuritis of unknown aetiology could be collected in Bombay over a period of two and a half years. Only six of them were smokers and only three (one a non-smoker) had bilateral centrocaecal scotomata similar to those found in tobacco amblyopia. In 11 untreated patients the serum vitamin B(12) and plasma thiocyanate levels were estimated and found to show no significant differences from those in normal control subjects. Treatment with hydroxocobalamin in the majority of cases and with cyanocobalamin, corticotrophin, or prednisolone in the rest showed equally good results; spontaneous improvement was seen in one case.No significant role could be assigned to smoking (cyanide) or to vegetarianism in the production of optic neuritis in these patients; nor was there any evidence of depletion of total (cyanide-extracted) B(12) or of an increase in the proportion of non-cyanide-extracted B(12) in the serum.