tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Response to Dahlquist
Authors: Michael Hummel, Anette-G. Ziegler
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

There are important differences between the prospective studies from birth and the case-control studies of type 1 diabetes. First, the prospective studies have been performed on subjects who have relatives with type 1 diabetes and, therefore, have the so-called familial type 1 diabetes, a minority of all type 1 diabetes cases. None of the case-control studies have examined risk factors in individuals having a relative with the disease. A second difference is that prospective studies examine the relationship between environmental factors and the development of islet autoimmunity. This is very important because 1 ) most of the environmental factors examined (breast-feeding, introduction of cow's milk, vaccinations, etc.) are likely to have causative effects early in life and 2 ) as we have previously shown, islet autoantibodies appear early in life; …
ABC of major trauma. Scoring systems for trauma.
Authors: D W Yates
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Previous articles in this series have emphasised the importance of an aggressive, integrated, interdisciplinary approach to trauma care by an experienced team that has immediate access to operating theatres and intensive care facilities.Many of the recommendations can be expected to incur appreciable additional costs.Will this money be well spent?Which changes are most effective in improving patient care and are there any which Cost-benefit analysis of trauma care produce unexpected delays or complications?InputTo answer these questions about a system which has to respond to Anatomical injury patients with an almost infinite constellation of injuries is a major challenge Physiological derangement in clinical measurement and audit.Clearly, statistical analysis must replace Treatment anecdote and dogma, but the complexity of the task should not be Variations in the system of care underestimated. Variations in patient careThe effects of injury may be defined in terms of input-an anatomical Output component and the physiological response -and output-mortality and Survival: alive or dead?* Consistent hospital scoring * Improved necropsy reports Long term objectives More sensitive scales to include: * Biomechanical measurements * More sensitive physiological assessment * Biochemical analyses
Roentgen Examinations in Acute Abdominal Diseases
Authors: Martin W. Donner
Journal: JAMA (1975)

For many years this book by Professor Frimann-Dahl has been the classical text on the radiologic diagnosis of acute abdominal diseases. It is primarily based on the information contained on plain films of the abdomen, without the use of contrast media or the application of invasive special procedures. Recently, roentgenographic examinations in acute abdominal disorders have become even more important because of increasing numbers of patients with blunt trauma to the abdomen, many resulting from traffic accidents. Here, the diagnosis from plain films of the abdomen is often critical to determine the need or timing of surgery. Hence, it is desirable to extract from plain films the information they provide and interpret the findings in context with the clinical signs and symptoms. The present edition comprises chapters discussing the important and frequently difficult differential diagnosis between mechanical and paralytic ileus, the effect of impairment in blood supply due to functional
Virological profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis C and “apparent” or “occult” HBV infection
Authors: G. Squadrito, M.E. Orlando, T. Pollicino, I. Cacciola, G. Cerenzia, A. Picciotto, R. Siciliano, A. Craxì, G. Colucci, G. Raimondo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
Aspiration of the retrocalcaneal bursa.
Authors: J J Canoso, J R Wohlgethan, A H Newberg, M R Goldsmith
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

We aspirated the retrocalcaneal bursa in cadavers to determine the characteristics of bursal fluid. A small amount of clear, viscous fluid was constantly present in the bursa. Leucocyte count was low, and the mucin clot test was good. With the same technique we aspirated the retrocalcaneal bursae of 4 patients. Three had Reiter9s syndrome; the bursal fluid was inflammatory, and symptoms promptly resolved after local corticosteroid injection. The fourth patient presented with heel pain; intracellular, positively birefringent crystals were present in the aspirate, consistent with the diagnosis of pseudogout.
Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided access to the heart
Authors: A. Fritscher-Ravens, A. Ganbari, C. Mosse, P. Swain, P. Koehler, K. Patel
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

See also: Commentaire de travail de A. Fritscher-Ravens et al., pp. 385Endoscopy 2007; 39(05): 483-483DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306959
SYMPTOMS IN EARLY STAGES OF INDUSTRIAL PLUMBISM
Authors: ROY R. JONES
Journal: JAMA (1935)

My purpose in this paper is to review briefly, from the point of view of the industrial physician, the various signs and symptoms commonly associated with plumbism and to discuss more fully some of those observations which may usually be considered of the greatest value in its early diagnosis. It is obvious to those acquainted with this problem in industry that efforts to reduce the incidence of industrial plumbism will be greatly handicapped if emphasis is not placed on such observations as may be considered presumptive evidence of lead absorption or lead intoxication.  From an early date medical literature has been replete with reports dealing with the toxic effects of lead. With few exceptions the signs and symptoms considered in the present discussion have been fully described by early medical workers. Later scientists are to be given credit for experimental studies made to determine the action of lead on the
Croonian Lectures on Matter and Force
Authors: H. B. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1868)

On the Three S/ages ofour Ideas regarding the Union of Matter and Force in the Abiological Sciences."But though the natural works of God can never by any possibility come in contradiction with the higher things which belong to our future existence, and must with everything concerning him ever glorify him, still I do not think it at all necessary to tie the study of the natural sciences and religion together."FARADAY, MS.MR.PRESIDENT,-I must begin this course of lectures by assuring you that I am fully sensible of my rashness in venturing to bring before you a subject which may be thought to be more metaphysical than physical, and to be too difficult to be of any practical utility; but I venture to take the great chance of failure, because I hold that the clearness and breadth or dimness and narrowness of our ideas regarding matter alnd force must constitute a good or a bad foundation of all the knowledge we possess, not only in medicine, but in every other science.In the history of the development of scientific knowledge, whether in mankind, nations, or individuals, ideas of matter and force are found to become gradually more clear and more broad; and, as soon as clearer and more connected ideas are obtained, they immediately lead to fresh investigations; and on this account, if for no other cause, it is desirable
Studies on Mono- and Diiodohistidine. I. THE IDENTIFICATION OF IODOHISTIDINES FROM THYROIDAL IODOPROTEINS AND THEIR PERIPHERAL METABOLISM IN THE NORMAL MAN AND RAT
Authors: J. C. Savoie, P. Thomopoulos, F. Savoie
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

The problem as to whether iodohistidines are normally biosynthetized in thyroglobulin and thyralbumin has been examined both in man and the rat. Evidence has been obtained for the first time that diiodohistidine (DIH) is present in both species in these two iodoproteins. The biosynthesis of monoiodohistidine (MIH) in the thyroglobulin of the normal rat has been confirmed and extended to rat thyralbumin and to human thyroid iodoproteins.
Genotype-phenotype analysis of the Crohn's disease susceptibility haplotype on chromosome 5q31
Authors: A Armuzzi
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background and aims:</b> Recent molecular data suggest that genetic factors may underlie the disease heterogeneity observed in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). A locus on chromosome 5q has been implicated in susceptibility to CD, and recently refined by linkage disequilibrium mapping to a conserved 250 kb haplotype (5q31). No data regarding the contribution of this locus to clinical phenotype exist. In this case control study, we investigated the contribution of this haplotype to both susceptibility and phenotype of CD and UC. <b>Patients and methods:</b> We studied 330 Caucasian CD and 457 UC patients recruited from a single UK centre. Association with disease susceptibility and phenotype was analysed with haplotypes reconstructed from three single nucleotide polymorphisms chosen to span this susceptibility region. Evidence for possible genetic epistasis between <i>IBD5</i> and NOD2/CARD15 was sought. <b>Results:</b> Linkage disequilibrium across this region was confirmed, with two haplotypes comprising 88% of all chromosomes. Susceptibility to CD, but not to UC, was associated with homozygosity for a common haplotype, H2 (p<sub>c</sub>=0.002; relative risk (RR) 2.0). Genotype-phenotype analyses demonstrated that this association was particularly strong in patients with perianal disease (p<sub>c</sub>=0.0005; RR 1.7), especially in individuals homozygous for this haplotype (p<sub>c</sub>=0.0005; RR 3.0). Importantly, no association with H2 was found in 186 patients without perianal disease. No evidence of epistasis between <i>IBD5</i> and NOD2/CARD15 was demonstrated. <b>Conclusions:</b> The <i>IBD5</i> risk haplotype is associated with CD only. Genotype-phenotype analysis reveals that the strongest association is observed in patients with perianal CD. While the precise gene involved is unclear, these data provide further molecular evidence for a genetic basis of the clinical heterogeneity of CD.
Prognosis of Melanoma
Authors: David N. Silvers
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In their article entitled "Malignant Melanoma in Black American and White American Populations" (1982;248:1856), Dr Reintgen and associates present data that purport to demonstrate "the aggressive nature of this disease in the American black." In their study, 60% (20) of the 31 cases of melanoma in blacks occurred on the sole of the foot or subungually, while less than 3% (75) of the more than 2,500 white patients had volar or subungually situated melanoma. Although the authors state that they controlled variables such as the site of the primary lesion and the level of tumor invasion, I had a difficult time identifying specific data in the article that compared the black volar and subungual lesions with the subset of lesions occurring at these same anatomic sites in the white patients. My experience with volar and subungual melanomas in both blacks and whites is that they are typically
Convection-enhanced delivery of nanoliposomal CPT-11 (irinotecan) and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in rodent intracranial brain tumor xenografts
Authors: Michal T. Krauze, Charles O. Noble, Tomohiro Kawaguchi, Daryl Drummond, Dmitri B. Kirpotin, Yoji Yamashita, Erika Kullberg, John Forsayeth, John W. Park, Krystof S. Bankiewicz
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2007)

We have previously shown that convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of highly stable nanoparticle/liposome agents encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs is effective against intracranial rodent brain tumor xenografts. In this study, we have evaluated the combination of a newly developed nanoparticle/liposome containing the topoisomerase I inhibitor CPT-11 (nanoliposomal CPT-11 [nLs-CPT-11]), and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) containing the topoisomerase II inhibitor doxorubicin. Both drugs were detectable in the CNS for more than 36 days after a single CED application. Tissue half-life was 16.7 days for nLs-CPT-11 and 10.9 days for Doxil. The combination of the two agents produced synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro. In vivo in U251MG and U87MG intracranial rodent xenograft models, CED of the combination was also more efficacious than either agent used singly. Analysis of the parameters involved in this approach indicated that tissue pharmacokinetics, tumor microanatomy, and biochemical interactions of the drugs all contributed to the therapeutic efficacy observed. These findings have implications for further clinical applications of CED-based treatment of brain tumors.
Sodium Selenite Se 75
Authors: Ralph R. Cavalieri
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Brain scanning, with any of several radioactive pharmaceutical agents, permits the accurate localization of intracranial lesions. Bone scanning, with radioactive strontium, allows the detection of localized disease of the skeleton. However, none of the agents in current use is specific for tumors. In an attempt to improve the diagnostic accuracy of radioisotope scanning, the usefulness of a new agent, selenite Se 75, has been studied in patients with intracranial disease and in cases of localized lesions of bone. Compared with conventional brain-scanning agents, selenite was equally effective in detecting intracranial tumors and yielded fewer abnormal scans in cases of cerebrovascular disease. In the patients with bone lesions, localization of selenite occurred in tumors and uniformly normal scans were obtained in nonneoplastic disease. Because of its relative specificity for tumors, selenite is of value, particularly when used in combination with conventional scanning agents, in the diagnosis of tumors of brain and bone.
Streptokinase for Acute Ischemic Stroke With Relationship to Time of Administration
Authors: Geoffrey A. Donnan, Stephen M. Davis, Brian R. Chambers, Peter C. Gates, Graeme J. Hankey, John J. McNeil, David Rosen, Edward G. Stewart-Wynne, Roger R. Tuck
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objectives.</h3> —To determine whether the administration of 1.5 million units of streptokinase intravenously within 4 hours of the onset of acute ischemic stroke would reduce morbidity and mortality at 3 months and whether outcomes may be better for those receiving therapy within 3 hours of stroke onset compared with those receiving it after 3 hours. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 3-month follow-up. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 340 patients, aged 18 to 85 years, with moderate to severe strokes were randomized from 40 centers throughout Australia from June 1992 to November 1994. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Administration of 1.5 million units of streptokinase or placebo intravenously in 100 mL of normal saline over 1 hour. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Combined death and disability score (Barthel index &lt;60) 3 months after the stroke. <h3>Results.</h3> —Using an intention-to-treat analysis with a combined death and disability score at 3 months after stroke as the primary end point, we found a nonsignificant overall trend toward unfavorable outcomes for streptokinase vs placebo (relative risk [RR] of unfavorable outcome, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-1.58) and an excess of hematomas (13.2% [12.6% symptomatic] in the treated group, 3% [2.4% symptomatic] for placebo [<i>P</i>&lt;.01] ). However, poor outcomes were confined to patients receiving therapy more than 3 hours after stroke onset (RR of unfavorable outcome, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.80-1.86). In contrast, among the 70 patients who were entered into the trial within 3 hours of stroke onset, there was a trend toward improved outcomes for those who received streptokinase (RR of unfavorable outcome, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.28-1.58), and this outcome pattern was significantly better than for those receiving therapy after 3 hours (<i>P</i>=.04). Streptokinase administration resulted in excess deaths in the group treated after 3 hours (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.18-3.35), but not among those treated within 3 hours (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.38-3.21). <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The administration of streptokinase within 4 hours of acute ischemic stroke increased morbidity and mortality at 3 months. While treatment within 3 hours of stroke was safer and associated with significantly better outcomes than later treatment, it showed no significant benefit over placebo. The timing of thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke is critical.
William (“Bill”) George Edge
Authors: Barbara Edge
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>SUMMARY</h3> To elucidate factors involved in rhizosheath formation, wild type (WT) barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. cv. Pallas) and a root hairless mutant, <i>bald root barley</i> (<i>brb</i>), were investigated with a combination of physiological, biochemical and immunochemical assays. When grown in soil, WT barley roots bound ∼5-fold more soil than <i>brb</i> per unit root length. High molecular weight (HMW) polysaccharide exudates of <i>brb</i> roots had less soil-binding capacity than those of WT root exudates. Carbohydrate and glycan monoclonal antibody analyses of HMW polysaccharide exudates indicated differing glycan profiles. Relative to WT plants, root exudates of <i>brb</i> had reduced signals for arabinogalactan-protein (AGP), extensin and heteroxylan epitopes than <i>brb</i>. In contrast, the <i>brb</i> root exudate contained ∼25-fold more detectable xyloglucan epitope relative to WT. Epitope detection chromatography indicated that the increased detection of xyloglucan in <i>brb</i> exudates was due to enhanced abundance of a neutral polymer. Exudate preparations from <i>brb</i> had decreased amounts of an acidic form of xyloglucan associated with root-hair located glycoprotein and heteroxylan epitopes and with soil-binding properties. Therefore, in addition to physically structuring soil particles, root hairs facilitate rhizosheath formation by releasing a soil-binding polysaccharide complex. <h3>One sentence summary</h3> The root exudate of a root hairless mutant of barley, relative to wild type, has an altered pattern of polysaccharide epitopes and lesser amounts of an acidic soil-binding polysaccharide complex.
The Disease Detectives: Deadly Medical Mysteries and the People Who Solved Them
Authors: Hilda Slive
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Two of the most popular subjects for books are mysteries and medicine. Put them together and you have the medical-mystery book, a combination that is hard to beat. Gerald Astor's book is a welcome addition to this ever-growing list because it focuses on the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Information is long overdue about this federal agency, which is our front line of defense against the worldwide spread of communicable disease. Most persons outside the health field become aware of it only through dramatic news coverage of such diseases as legionnaires', toxic shock syndrome, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Astor records the stories of these diseases, but there are also chapters on many other CDC investigations. This is particularly the story of the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) branch of the CDC. Astor follows the day-to-day activities of its officers as they search for causes of outbreaks of cholera, bubonic plague,
Complex working environment, not poor training, blamed for drug errors
Authors: M. Pownall
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The NHS should introduce a standard drug chart to reduce the risk of prescribing errors, say researchers who analysed mistakes in medication orders across 19 hospitals.

Tim Dornan, professor of medicine and clinical education at the University of Manchester, who led the research said, “There is a high degree of complexity in the working environment and introducing a standard drug chart in the NHS is a simple move to reduce that. At the moment if you go to a different hospital, there will be a different pro forma used and filling in the drug chart will be different.

“When a human being is making decisions whatever makes it easier to do the right thing will help reduce errors.” The NHS in …
The sins of expertness and a proposal for redemption
Authors: D. L Sackett
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Two decades ago I was an expert on the subject of compliance with therapeutic regimens. I enjoyed the topic enormously, lectured internationally on it, had my opinion soughtby other researchers and research institutes, and my colleagues and I ran international compliance symposiums and wrote two books, chapters for several others, and dozens of papers about it. Whether at a meeting or in print, I was always given the last word on thematter.

> There are still far more experts around than is healthy 

It then dawned on me that experts like me commit two sins that retard the advance of science and harm the young. Firstly, adding our prestige to our opinions gives the latter far greater persuasive power than they deserve on scientific grounds alone. Whether through deference, fear, or respect, others tend not to challenge them, and progress towards the truth is impaired in the presence of an expert. The second sin of expertness is committed on grant …
Relevance of beta receptor blockade to the negative inotropic effect induced by metabolic acidosis
Authors: J. C. MARSIGLIA, H. E. CINGOLANI, N. C. GONZALEZ
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

Acute metabolic acidosis was followed by a decrease in myocardial contractility in the heart-lung preparation. However, myocardial performance was not affected by acidosis in preparations previously treated with propranolol. It is proposed that the negative inotropic effect of metabolic acidosis was related to a decrease in response of the myocardium to circulating catecholamines and not to a direct depressing effect of acidosis upon the myocardium.
SELECTION OF RATE VERSUS RHYTHM CONTROL FOR TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: RESULTS FROM THE ORBIT-AF REGISTRY
Authors: Benjamin Steinberg, DaJuanicia Holmes, Michael Ezekowitz, Peter Kowey, Kenneth Mahaffey, Roger Mills, Gerald Naccarelli, James Reiffel, Eric Peterson, Jonathan Piccini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
The Unturned Stone
Authors: Christopher J. Goulet, Richard H. Moseley, Claude Tonnerre, Iqbal S. Sandhu, Sanjay Saint
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 20-year-old man was transferred to an academic medical center for further evaluation of diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Two months before admission, he presented to a community hospital with dull, intermittent pain in the right lower quadrant. A colonoscopy performed at that time revealed patchy erythema, edema, and ulcerations from the transverse colon to the cecum. The terminal ileum also appeared inflamed and had linear ulcerations.