tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Schizophrenia – A Review of Development, Evidence and Implementation
Authors: Nicholas Tarrier
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2005)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders were once thought to be impervious to psychological treatments; however, there is accumulating evidence that cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) can result in significant clinical benefit to these patients. &lt;i&gt;Aim:&lt;/i&gt; This paper aims to describe the development and adaptation of CBT in the treatment of schizophrenia, to summarise the evidence to support CBT as a viable treatment and to outline some of the issues in ‘rolling out’ this treatment into normal clinical settings. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; A number of clinical models of CBT have been developed and these typically consist of a variety of clinical methods with different models providing differing emphasis. Twenty controlled trials of CBT in schizophrenia in which 739 patients were included are reviewed. These studies have a mean effect size for CBT of 0.37 (SD 0.39). There is consistent evidence that CBT reduces persistent positive symptoms in chronic patients and may have modest effects in speeding recovery in acutely ill patients. The evidence of CBT reducing relapse rates is equivocal, although targeted early intervention is promising. The available evidence suggests that CBT can be utilised effectively in routine clinical practice. However, the dissemination of novel psychological treatments into widespread clinical practice is not without difficulty, and issues pertaining to the ‘roll-out’ of CBT are discussed. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; CBT as an adjunct treatment shows considerable promise for the future treatment of schizophrenia.
ABC of mental health: Schizophrenia
Authors: T. Turner
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Schizophrenia is a relatively common form of psychotic disorder (severe mental illness). Its lifetime prevalence is nearly 1%, its annual incidence is about 10-15 per 100 000, and the average general practitioner cares for 10-20 schizophrenic patients depending on the location and social surroundings of the practice. It is a syndrome with various presentations and a variable, often relapsing, long term course. Although schizophrenia is publicly misconceived as "split personality," the diagnosis has good reliability, even across ages and cultures, though there is no biochemical marker. Onset before the age of 30 is the norm, with men tending to present some four years younger than women. Clues as to aetiology are tantalising, and management remains endearingly clinical. Evidence for a genetic cause grows stronger: up to 50% of identical (monozygotic) twins will share a diagnosis, compared with about 15% of non-identical (dizygotic) twins. The strength of genetic factors varies across families, but some 10% of a patient's first degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) will also be schizophrenic, as will 50% of the children of two schizophrenic parents. Premorbid abnormalities of speech and behaviour may be present during childhood. The role of obstetric complications and viral infection in utero remains unproved. Enlarged ventricles and abnormalities of the temporal lobes are not uncommon findings from computed tomography of the brain. Thus, a picture is emerging of a genetic brain disorder, enhanced or brought out by subtle forms of environmental damage. Symptoms are characterised most usefully as positive or negative, although the traditional diagnostic subcategories (hebephrenic, paranoid, catatonic, and simple) have mixtures of both ### Positive symptoms and signs #### Clinical features suggesting diagnosis of schizophrenia Running commentary on person's actions Two or more voices discussing the person Voices speaking the person's thoughts
TCT-848 Impact on Mortality of Non-Infarct Related Artery Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Stephen O'Connor, Thomas Hovasse, Thierry Lefevre, Francesca Sanguineti, Carlos J. Garcia Alonso, Thierry Unterseeh, Marie-Claude Morice, Hakim Benamer, Philippe Garot, Yves Louvard
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Merck cleared in personal injury case against Vioxx
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Ethanol yield per degree Brix has been shown to vary from area to area, and somewhat from year to year (4,5,9). These differences were verified statistically in 1981 and 1982. Two explanations were evident for the variations in the ethanol per °Brix. Grapes that are non-irrigated and slightly shriveled tend not to crush easily. These higher sugared grapes then release sugar during the holding period prior to pressing or, with red grapes, during fermentation. The original must sample will indicate a lower °Brix than the real °Brix of the must later. The other explanation is fruit low in nitrogen grows fewer yeast; hence, less sugar is converted into cellular material, and a higher efficiency of ethanol production results. Dry land vineyards generally have fruit of a lower yeast nutrient content. These observations were verified by analytical data and calculations.
Successful nonsurgical management of perforation complicating endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasms
Authors: M. Fujishiro, N. Yahagi, N. Kakushima, S. Kodashima, Y. Muraki, S. Ono, K. Kobayashi, T. Hashimoto, N. Yamamichi, A. Tateishi, Y. Shimizu, M. Oka, K. Ogura, T. Kawabe, M. Ichinose, M. Omata
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and study aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a novel technique used for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia. One of its major limitations, however, is the complication of perforation. Patients and methods: We included in our study all the cases of perforation that occurred during ESD procedures for gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia between February 2000 and February 2005. Clinical outcomes after perforation were investigated. Results: Perforation was experienced at 27 lesions in 27 patients (four in the esophagus, fourteen in the stomach, seven in the colon, and two in the rectum). Fibrosis under the lesions was confirmed histologically in seven patients (26 %). Immediate closure using endoclips was performed in all patients except for three asymptomatic patients in whom a stomach perforation was first noticed when free air was noticed on a radiograph the morning after the ESD procedure. Air accumulation was detected radiographically in 21 patients (78 %). The mean duration of antibiotic treatment was 6.7 days and the patients were fasted for a mean period of 5.3 days. The mean maximum body temperature was 37.3 °C, the mean white blood cell count was 9733/mm3, and the mean C-reactive protein level was 5.0 mg/dl. All the patients were discharged well from the ward after a mean time of 12.1 days after ESD, and no recurrence caused by tumor spread from the perforation occurred in any patient after a median follow-up period of 36 months (range 9 - 52 months). Conclusion: Successful nonsurgical management after ESD complicated by perforation is a highly feasible option if intensive conservative treatments are used following immediate endoscopic closure of the perforation.
Ethics and in-vitro fertilisation
Authors: M. Potts
Journal: BMJ (1982)

sensitivity.Furthermore, it has already been shown to be an effective drug in the therapy of nodular acne3 and might therefore also be a means of investigating inflammatory pathways in skin disease.In dermatology there would therefore seem to be a case for this drug to be available at least on a research basis, and further work on its molecule would be highly desirable.Hysterical banning is as un- desirable as hysterical advertising.
Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Present Antigen to CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells and Induce Foxp3<sup>+</sup>Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Marcus Gereke, Steffen Jung, Jan Buer, Dunja Bruder
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Rationale: Although the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECIIs) in respiratory immunity has become increasingly appreciated, their precise function in the induction and regulation of T-cell reactivity to self-antigen remains poorly understood.Objectives: To investigate the role of AECII in the initiation of T-cell reactivity to alveolar self-antigen, and to clarify their function in the peripheral induction of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells.Methods: To dissect the complex cellular and molecular functions of AECIIs in lung inflammation and immune regulation, we use a transgenic mouse model for CD4+ T-cell–mediated pulmonary inflammation.Measurements and Main Results: Here we report that AECIIs present endogenously expressed antigen on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules to CD4+ T cells. Epithelial antigen display was sufficient to induce primary T-cell activation and pulmonary inflammation. Upon inflammation, AECIIs induce the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by a mechanism involving antiproliferative soluble factors, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Whereas, in acute inflammation, TGF-β appears to be the dominant factor to induce regulatory T cells, other AECII-derived factors can substitute for and/or synergize with TGF-β in chronic pulmonary inflammations.Conclusions: AECIIs are capable of priming naive CD4+ T cells, demonstrating an active participation of these cells in respiratory immunity. Moreover, AECIIs display as yet unrecognized functions in balancing inflammatory and regulatory T-cell responses in the lung by connecting innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to establish peripheral T-cell tolerance to respiratory self-antigen.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF Tc-99m TETROFOSMIN IN SENSITIVE AND MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT RODENT AND HUMAN BREAST TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: J. Bannerman, J. R. Bollinger, I. Boxen, B. W. Berry, P. Firby, N. G. Hartman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Bannerman, J.; Bollinger, J. R.; Boxen, I.; Berry, B. W.; Firby, P.; Hartman, N. G. Author Information
The Recent Death from Chloroform at Bristol
Authors: J. Snow
Journal: BMJ (1858)

importance of position in the treatment of fracture, and espe- cially in those in which, from the patient's debauched habits or bad constitution, the soft parts are prone to take on the phagedfenic form of ulceration.It shows arlso the great ra- pidity with which this ulceration occurs, and is also an exam- ple of the very speedy union which sometimes takes place in compound fracture after an attack of phageduena.The treat- ment which was adopted is that which is now, we believe, though variously modified in detail, universally adopted in principle in the London hospitals-namely, tonics and stimu- lants.The disease itself is one far less often seen at the pre- sent time than a few years ago, when there was a regular epi- demic of it in many of the metropolitan hospitals.
Vitiligo and Pernicious Anemia
Authors: Fritz Egli, Roland Walter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A 45-year-old woman with a 17-year history of vitiligo (panel A) was evaluated because of persistent fatigue. She was found to have pancytopenia (white-cell count, 3200 per cubic millimeter; hemoglobin level, 8.1 g per deciliter; and platelet count, 147,000 per cubic millimeter) with macrocytosis (mean corpuscular volume, 125 μm3) and hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Panel B; hematoxylin and eosin, ×100). The serum vitamin B12 level was 84 pmol per liter (normal range, 220 to 660). The serum folate level was normal. Erythroid hyperplasia with left-shifted megaloblastic erythropoiesis and giant metamyelocytes (Panel C, arrow; hematoxylin and eosin, ×100) was seen . . .
Residual factor VII activity and different hemorrhagic phenotypes in CRM+ factor VII deficiencies (Gly331Ser and Gly283Ser)
Authors: Mirko Pinotti, Daniela Etro, Debora Bindini, Maria Luisa Papa, Giuseppina Rodorigo, Angiola Rocino, Guglielmo Mariani, Nicola Ciavarella, Francesco Bernardi
Journal: Blood (2002)
Difficult Management of Glucose Homeostasis in a 21-Month-Old Child With Type 1 Diabetes and Unknown Glutaric Aciduria Type I: A Case Report
Authors: Marco Marigliano, Genan Anton, Alberto Sabbion, Anita Morandi, Grazia Morandi, Daniela Degani, Claudio Maffeis
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

A 21-month-old boy with previously diagnosed type 1 diabetes was admitted to our unit, presenting with glycometabolic failure (pH 7.30; base excess −11.9 mmol/L; blood glucose 17.3 mmol/L; HbA1c 10.4% [90 mmol/mol]; glycosuria; and ketonuria). During physical examination he was dehydrated and pale and presented with axial hypotonia with hyposthenia, poor head control, hypotonic legs, and hyporeflexia. His neurological clinical status became compromised after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes when he was 15 months old. During hospitalization, the management of blood glucose homeostasis was difficult because of a high level of glycemic variability. Hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes were associated with acute encephalopathic crises characterized by hypotonia, dyskinetic movements, difficulty swallowing, and episodes of opisthotonus with no loss of consciousness. For better control of blood glucose, subcutaneous insulin treatment was …
Liposome-entrapped antifibrotic agent prevents collagen accumulation in hypertensive pulmonary arteries of rats.
Authors: G J Poiani, F J Wilson, J D Fox, J M Sumka, B W Peng, W C Liao, C A Tozzi, D J Riley
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

We studied the therapeutic efficacy of an intravenously injected antifibrotic agent encapsulated in liposomes on inhibiting collagen accumulation in hypertensive blood vessels. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline (cHyp) in liposomes was injected into rats exposed to 10% O2, and drug effect was evaluated by measuring right ventricular pressure and hydroxyproline content of the pulmonary artery. Right ventricular pressure was 11 +/- 1 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) 5 days after a single intravenous injection of 200 mg/kg cHyp in liposomes compared with 14 +/- 1 mm Hg in rats injected with empty liposomes; hydroxyproline content was also reduced by cHyp treatment (87 +/- 6 versus 107 +/- 7 micrograms per vessel) (p less than 0.05 for both, n = 6-9). Injections of cHyp in liposomes every 5 days partially prevented hypertension and vascular collagen accumulation during a 3-week exposure to hypoxia, and the dose required was one tenth the dose of unencapsulated cHyp. Therapeutic doses of cHyp in liposomes injected for 6 months affected tensile properties of main pulmonary artery and aorta, but there were no apparent histological effects on other organs. Liposomes injected intravenously were identified in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The prolonged effect of a single injection of cHyp in liposomes may be due to uptake of the liposomes by the endothelium. Liposome delivery of drugs to the arterial wall may be useful in the study and treatment of hypertensive vascular disease.
Spinal cord compression secondary to extramedullary hematopoiesis: A noninvasive management based on MRI
Authors: Hani Hassoun, Lilly Lawn‐Tsao, Eugene R. Langevin, Ellen S. Lathi, Jiri Palek
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

Abstract We report the first case of spinal cord compression secondary to extramedullary hematopoiesis in which the diagnosis was made by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on the great advantage of this imaging test that visualizes the entire spine, the noninvasive approach to such patients, using low‐dose radiation therapy and guided by MRI is discussed. This management appears to be both efficacious and safe.
Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug combinations by the polyurethane sponge implantation model in the rat.
Authors: R Garrett, B Manthey, B Vernon-Roberts, P M Brooks
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

The anti-inflammatory effect of single doses and combinations of aspirin and commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was investigated by the polyurethane sponge implantation model of acute inflammation. Dose response curves were performed to delineate a suppressive (high) and nonsuppressive (low) dose of each drug prior to studying these doses in combination with aspirin. The results suggest that a combination of aspirin in either high or low dose does not increase the anti-inflammatory effect of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in this model of inflammation.
IgE antibody to fish gelatin (type I collagen) in patients with fish allergy
Authors: Masahiro Sakaguchi, Masako Toda, Testuya Ebihara, Shinkichi Irie, Hisae Hori, Atsushi Imai, Makoto Yanagida, Hiroshi Miyazawa, Hiroyuki Ohsuna, Zenro Ikezawa, Sakae Inouye
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
Purification and Properties of Cytidine Deaminase from Normal and Leukemic Granulocytes
Authors: Bruce A. Chabner, David G. Johns, C. Norman Coleman, James C. Drake, Warren H. Evans
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Cytidine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyses the deamination of both cytidine and its nucleoside analogues including the antineoplastic agents cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), has been partially purified from normal and leukemic human granulocytes. The purification procedure included heat precipitation at 70 degrees C, ammonium sulfate precipitation, calcium phosphate gel ion exchange, and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The enzyme has mol wt 51,000, isoelectric pH of 4.8, and maximum activity over a broad pH range of 5-9.5. The enzyme is stabilized by the presence of the sulfhydryl reagent, dithiothreitol. Cytidine deaminase from normal human granulocytes has a greater affinity for its physiologic substrate cytidine (K(m) = 1.1 x 10(-5) M) than for ara-C (8.8 x 10(-5) M) or 5-azaC (4.3 x 10(-4) M). Halogenated analogues such as 5-fluorocytidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine also exhibited substrate activity, with maximum velocities greater than that of the physiologic substrates cytidine and deoxycytidine. No activity was observed with nucleotides or deoxynucleotides. The relative maximum velocity of the enzyme for cytidine and its nucleoside analogues remained constant during purification, indicating that a single enzyme was responsible for deamination of these substrates. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) was found to be a strong competitive inhibitor of partially purified deaminase with a K(i) of 5.4 x 10(-8) M. The biochemical properties of partially purified preparations of cytidine deaminase from normal and leukemic cells were compared with respect to isoelectric pH, molecular weight, and substrate and inhibitor kinetic parameters, and no differences were observed. However, normal circulating granulocytes contained a significantly greater concentration of cytidine deaminase (3.52+/-1.86 x 10(3)/mg protein) than chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) cells (1.40+/-0.70 x 10(3) U/mg protein) or acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cells (0.19+/-0.17 x 10(3) U/mg protein). To explain these differences in enzyme levels in leukemic versus normal cells, the changes in cytidine deaminase levels associated with maturation of normal granulocytes were studied in normal human bone marrow. Myeloid precursors obtained from bone marrow aspirates were separated into mature and immature fractions by Ficoll density centrifugation. Deaminase activity in lysates of mature granulocytes was 3.55-14.2 times greater than the activity found in the lysates of immature cells. Decreased enzyme activity was also found in immature myeloid cells from a patient with CML as compared to mature granulocytes from the same patient. These observations support the conclusion that the greater specific activity of cytidine deaminase in normal mature granulocytes as compared to leukemic cells is related to the process of granulocyte maturation rather than a specific enzymatic defect in leukemic cells.
Compulsory Treatment of Addicts
Authors: A. J. Hawes
Journal: BMJ (1967)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The proportion of older adults in Western populations is increasing and there is, therefore, a need to define factors affecting maintenance of physical and cognitive health in old age. Variations in the Klotho (<i>KL</i>) gene, and specifically the <i>KL</i>-VS haplotype, have been identified by several authors as potentially influencing cognitive function and decline. We have attempted to verify the reported associations between <i>KL</i> variants, including the <i>KL</i>-VS haplotype, and cognitive function in up to 335,074 British Caucasian participants aged 40-79 years from the UK Biobank. We do not find evidence that <i>KL</i>-VS affects cognitive function or its decline with increasing age. We examined a further 244 <i>KL</i> variants and found that rs117650866 was associated with Prospective Memory, but could not replicate this in follow-up samples. In conclusion, there is insufficient evidence in the UK Biobank to support the concept that <i>KL</i> variants affect cognitive function or its rate of decline.
NHS budget rises slightly but money "will have to stretch further than ever"
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Spending on the NHS will rise by 0.4% in real terms over the next four years to reach a total of £114bn a year in 2014 (up from £104bn in 2010/11), chancellor of the exchequer George Osborne has announced in the first comprehensive spending review of the coalition government.

This is a fraction of the 6% annual increase in real terms spending that the NHS has enjoyed over the past decade and shows that the share of the gross domestic product allocated to the NHS will fall over the coming years.

Mr Osborne referred to the NHS as an “intrinsic part of the fabric of our country” and prioritised the health service for increased funds made available by savings in the welfare budget worth £7bn a year.

However, he said, “productivity in the NHS fell steadily in the past 10 years and that must not continue.”

John Appleby, chief economist at the King’s Fund, said that the increase of 0.1% a year in the NHS budget would soon be …
Chemico-genetic strategies to inhibit the leukemic potential of threonine aspartase-1
Authors: D Wünsch, V Fetz, D Heider, S Tenzer, C Bier, L Kunst, S Knauer, R Stauber
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2012)

Chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene with numerous partner genes are frequently found in acute myeloid (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although the pathomechanism of t(4;11)-mediated leukemia is still discussed, expression of the AF4•MLL fusion enhanced the repopulating potential of CD34+-cells, and led to the development of predominantly proB-ALL in a mouse model. The AF4•MLL protein contains cleavage-sites for Threonine Aspartase-1 (Taspase1). Upon processing by Taspase1, the AF4•MLL cleavage products form a protein complex resistant to SIAH-mediated degradation and activate oncogenic programs. Furthermore, Taspase1 is overexpressed in liquid and solid human cancers suggesting that Taspase1 is coopted to promote and sustain tumorigenesis. As genetic deletion of Taspase1 in the mouse produced no overt deﬁciencies, inhibition of Taspase1 may offer novel anticancer strategies, including the treatment of leukemias. Human Taspase1 encodes a protease of 420 amino acids (aa) cleaving substrates in trans by recognizing a conserved peptide motif (Q3[F,I,L,V]2D1↓G1’x2’D3’D4’). Unfortunately, Taspase1’s activity is not affected by common protease inhibitors, currently precluding the assessment of its clinical and therapeutic relevance. 
Here, we present our endeavors to target Taspase1’s oncogenic potential by (i) overexpression of inactive Taspase1 variants, and (ii) testing a putative Taspase1 inhibitor.