tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
American Medicine and World Health 1976
Authors: JOHN H. KNOWLES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Adding family planning and population programs to the list of tropical medicine components expands the definition of what might be called appropriate medicine for the developing countries. This comprehensive definition covers the topics of prime importance to the health and ultimate development of preindustrial societies. These topics are given low priority in all medical education. Nutrition has been left to the schools of public health. Schools of agriculture are interested in the quality and quantity of food production but not in the social and economic complexities of relating food production to the nutritional status of the population to be served. the variables are interdependent. In the world more than 3 billion people live on the margin of existence. High mortality contributes to high fertility rates because living children are the only available form of social security. Food production cannot keep pace. Malnutrition is a factor in at least 1/2 of the 45 million global deaths in those less than 5 years of age. In the Far East and Africa 25-30% of the population are undernourished. During the next 15 years the world may add 1 billion people to its present 4 billion and there may be 8 billion shortly after the year 2000. Of these 6.6 billion would be in developing countries. In Africa, South America, and the Middle East, surveys have shown that 96% of 1000 women in the third trimester of pregnancy and 75% of school children in South India were anemic. At least a 4% annual increase in food production is needed between now and the year 2000 to meet the needs of present malnutrition and projected population growth. The prospects of achieving this are not good. Also, of regional importance are vector borne and macroparasitic diseases and trachoma and yaws. Of universal importance are fecally related diseases and air-borne diseases. Malaria still persists in many areas with an estimated 1 million deaths annually. Recently the World Bank has paid increasing attention to provisions for health. In 1976 about 357 million dollrs is proposed for loans and credits for health-related projcts. Intra- and transnational migration of human populations is steadily increasing and has and will continue to spread disease. The potential for mass epidemics remains. Our global responsibility for training of public health workers from and for developing countries remains. Food, population, and health are the major independent variables in the global equation for the quality of life. The control of transmissible disease remains a vital undertaking for the American health establishment. We live in an increasing interdependent world. Many people and nations look to the U.S. to sustain its leadership in biomedical research and medical and public health education. An interdependent world cannot afford the stresses of ill health, poverty, and explosive population growth. We need resurgence of interest in public health, tropical medicine, and a change in individual and national life styles.
The Pain Divide between Men and Women
Authors: Jennifer Fisher Wilson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Current Clinical Issues21 March 2006The Pain Divide between Men and WomenJennifer Fisher WilsonJennifer Fisher WilsonSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-6-200603210-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The problem with treating pain, of course, is that no one can see it. And even though doctors are warned never to think that they know how much pain patients are experiencing, it happens all the time. “Put yourself in that position and you immediately misrepresent the patient and do them a misservice. The patient may end up undertreated,” said Allan I. Basbaum, PhD, professor and chair of the Department of Anatomy at University of California, San Francisco, and editor in chief of the journal Pain.Women are particularly likely to face this problem because they seek treatment for pain ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Jennifer Fisher WilsonDisclosures: None disclosed.E-mail:jenwilson@acponline.org. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHistorical Alternans in the Emergency Department (H.A.t.E.D.) for Pain: An Analysis of Patient Pain Descriptors to Attending and Trainee CliniciansA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Health Utility Estimates in Chronic Spontaneous UrticariaDopamine receptor D3 agonist (Pramipexole) reduces morphine-induced cardiac fibrosisThe Relationship between Pain, Disability, and Sex in African AmericansExploring pain in the Andes – learning from the Quichua (Inca) people experienceClinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Its Metabolites During Morphine Dose Titration for Chronic Cancer PainPain and Brain ChangesPain in young people aged 13 to 17 years with cerebral palsy: cross-sectional, multicentre European studySex Differences in Reported Pain Across 11,000 Patients Captured in Electronic Medical RecordsGender Differences in Multiple Underlying Dimensions of Health-related Quality of Life Are Associated with Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic StatusWomen’s Pain Management IssuesPain and the pharmacogenetics at the fuzzy border between pain physiopathology and pain treatmentResponse to Morphine in Male and Female Patients: Analgesia and Adverse EventsNociceptive Processing in the Cerebral CortexPain and Brain Changes 21 March 2006Volume 144, Issue 6 Page: 461-464 Keywords Analgesics Brain Drugs Emotions Estrogens Migraine Morphine Nociceptors Opioids Sex hormones ePublished: 21 March 2006 Issue Published: 21 March 2006 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2006 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Safety and Effectiveness of Predeposit Autologous Transfusions in Preteen and Adolescent Children
Authors: Arthur J. Silvergleid
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Although there is documentation in the literature of the safety and effectiveness of predeposit autologous transfusions among adult patients contemplating surgery, there are no comparable data for preteen and teenage children. We report our experience with 180 children between the ages of 8 and 18 years participating in a community blood center-based predeposit autologous transfusion program. Children as young as 8 years old and weighing as little as 27 kg predonated a prescribed amount of blood prior to elective orthopedic (169) or plastic (11) surgery. Only four children experienced a donor reaction; none of them was severe. No child was unable to donate the prescribed number of units. Eighty-eight percent of the children were able to supply their complete blood requirements, thus avoiding exposure to homologous blood. Our experience documents both the safety and effectiveness of predeposit autologous transfusions in preteen and adolescent children and should encourage existing predeposit autologous transfusion programs to extend participation to thousands of children for whom the opportunity to use their own blood is currently denied.
Reactions to Aerosol Medication in Infants and Children
Authors: Robert L. Harris
Journal: JAMA (1967)

An aerosol is defined as a suspension of liquid or solid particles in air or oxygen; the process of forming an aerosol is called nebulization. The purpose of aerosol treatment is to deposit these particles on the respiratory epithelium where a high local concentration can be achieved and exert its pharmacological effect. Hopefully, only a small amount of the particles will be absorbed, and thus, significant systemic and allergic effects will be avoided. In all likelihood, crude aerosol preparations have been used for medical purposes since antiquity. As early as the 12th century, a scientific treatise described the use of a simple aerosol (steam) in the treatment of asthma.<sup>1</sup>In recent years, with the development of more sophisticated techniques and equipment, aerosol therapy has greatly expanded in use. Even today, however, the problems involved in producing a stable particle of uniformly correct size, which will be nonhygroscopic and nonabsorbable
Case of Femoral Hernia
Authors: W. H. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1843)

<h3>Objectives</h3> A 2009 study of lumbar puncture (LP) found poor documentation. The current study, from the same hospital, aims to determine if quality of documentation has changed. Secondary outcomes include understanding of procedure &amp; investigations. <h3>Design</h3> Single-centre University Hospital. Retrospective study of medical notes. Sample population 147 people undergoing LP from 1 September 2010–28 February 2011. 50 adult cases assessed. <h3>Results</h3> Half of LPs (52%) were performed for suspected meningitis. Almost all patients (92%) underwent CT brain prior to LP. On average, imaging took place within 24 h of admission, &amp; LP after 2 days. As in 2009, documentation was poor, particularly for risk explanation, positioning, opening pressure, investigation requests, CSF results &amp; management plan. Recording of results &amp; management plan deteriorated significantly from 2009 to 2011 (p&lt;0.05). Paired serum samples were sent in only 45% of cases, &amp; PCR was requested in just 15% of suspected meningitis. Most CSF results were not diagnostic (95%) &amp; most patients are found not to have the condition for which LP was indicated. Only half of patients (54%) with suspected meningitis were documented as receiving parenteral antibiotics. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Though national guidelines support clinical assessment over brain imaging, most patients undergo CT before LP. The 2 day delay until LP is markedly longer than the 4 h recommended nationally in suspected meningitis. Documentation is poor &amp; continues to deteriorate. Antibiotics should be given immediately in suspected meningitis; failure in half may represent poor documentation or management. Though most CSF results are not diagnostic, LP should not be discouraged when indicated.
EFFECT OF BILE ON THE CLOTTING TIME OF BLOOD
Authors: Herbert Haessler, Marianne G. Stebbins
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

1. Within certain limits the clotting time of blood, of blood plasma, and of solutions of fibrin to which bile salts have been added, is proportional to the quantity of bile present. 2. The bile interferes with the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and not with the formation of thrombin.
Effect of propranolol and metoprolol on parathyroid hormone and calcitonin secretions in uraemic patients.
Authors: B Coevoet, C Desplan, J L Sebert, R Makdassi, M Andrejak, J D Gheerbrant, M Tolani, C Calmette, M S Moukhtar, A Fournier
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Nine uraemic patients not being treated by dialysis received intravenous propranolol 1 microgram/kg/min for 85 minutes after a priming dose of 1 mg. Fifteen days later, six of them received intravenous metoprolol 1.2 microgram/kg/min after a priming dose of 1.2 mg. Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin fell significantly after propranolol but not after metoprolol, whereas no change in plasma concentrations of ionised calcium and phosphate occurred with either drug. Heart rate fell similarly with both drugs. The fact that propranolol acutely suppressed PTH and calcitonin secretion in uraemic patients indicates that further studies are warranted to assess the long-term effects of the drug on the secretion of these hormones and on renal osteodystrophy. The contrast between the responses to propranolol and metoprolol supports the concept that PTH and calcitonin secretion is modulated through specific beta 2-receptors.
Repair of Mitral Incompetence Secondary to Ruptured Chordae Tendineae
Authors: DEV R. MANHAS, EUGENE A. HESSEL, LOREN C. WINTERSCHEID, DAVID H. DILLARD, K. ALVIN MERENDINO
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Twenty-two patients with ruptured chordae tendineae are presented. Etiology was rheumatic heart disease in seven patients, bacterial endocarditis in four patients, both rheumatic heart disease and endocarditis in two patients, trauma in one patient, and aortic regurgitation in one patient. Exact cause of rupture was unknown in seven patients. Plastic repair of the leaflet and/or posteromedial annuloplasty was done in all the patients. In two patients the annuloplasty broke down soon after the operation and necessitated valve replacement. There was one hospital death. One patient died two years after operation probably because of cerebral embolism; a large thrombus was found in the left atrium at autopsy. All survivors have been followed for 7 months to 8 years and, except for two, are either working full-time or leading an active life. In ruptured chordae early and five-year results after repair of the leaflet and/or posteromedial annuloplasty are very good irrespective of the left atrial enlargement and "V" wave size. Results were better in the rheumatic group than in the nonrheumatic group. In our opinion this method of treatment is superior to prosthetic valve replacement for this condition, except if the annulus is thin and attenuated.
Multicenter Low Energy Transvenous Atrial Defibrillation (XAD) Trial Results in Different Subsets of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Samuel Lévy, Philippe Ricard, Chu-Pak Lau, Ngai-Sang Lok, A.John Camm, Francis D Murgatroyd, Luc J Jordaens, Lukas J Kappenberger, Pedro Brugada, Kenneth L Ripley
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Innovation in sexual display
Authors: Joah R. Madden
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Much attention has been paid to innovative foraging methods, but little to innovative sexual displays. Innovations may be common in behavioural display, such as song or object use, and could occur in both male display form and female preferences. Similar evidence exists for innovation in display as in foraging methods, but in smaller quantities. Ramsey et al.'s methodology permits rigorous data collection in this field.
Optimization of gene expression in nonactivated circulating lymphocytes
Authors: Yufeng Zhang, Huanzhang Lu, Patricia LiWang, Uluhan Sili, Nancy Smyth Templeton
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Circulating lymphocytes are important target cells for the treatment of HIV-related and autoimmune diseases and for stimulating anti-tumor immunity. To date, gene transfection of these nonactivated cells after intravenous delivery of viral or nonviral vectors remains low although these circulating cells are highly accessible. Optimized lentiviral vectors currently can transduce less than 10% of nonactivated circulating lymphocytes. Here we report transfection of up to 15% of these nonactivated cells using liposomes directed to human CCR5 displayed on the surface of helper T cells and macrophages in transgenic mice. Attachment of modified MIP-1β to the surface of DNA–liposome complexes increased gene delivery and expression in nonactivated circulating lymphocytes approximately sixfold. In vitro data using these complexes to transfect PM1 cells that have elevated levels of CCR5 supported our data obtained in vivo. Therefore, ligands that bind to cell surface receptors on circulating lymphocytes can be used with optimized systemic liposomes to increase transfection and gene expression in these cells without activation.
Zoledronate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Mandible
Authors: Linh Ho, Vicki Quan, Robert Henderson
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

We report the PET-CT appearance of Zoledronate-related osteonecrosis of the mandible in a 54-year-old woman with right breast cancer with osseous and pulmonary metastases. Her treatment included surgery, chemotherapy and Zoledronate, and external beam radiation treatment. During the course of treatment, the patient developed osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to Zoledronate, which was biopsy-proven, for which Zoledronate was discontinued shortly after. Hybrid PET-CT was performed approximately 1 year after the discontinuation of Zoledronate. PET-CT images demonstrated diffuse, intense hypermetabolism in the mandible, consistent with documented osteonecrosis.
Maynard made me laugh
Authors: David Sowby
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2009)

Alan Maynard's statement that the Irish have moved to offer their population ‘free’ prescriptions1 made me laugh. Alas, he couldn't be more wrong. Six months ago, the financial shambles, brought about by banksters and weak regulators, caused the Irish government to remove free medical attention, including free prescriptions, from those lucky enough to have qualified for a ‘medical card’, but unfortunate to have a weekly income over €700. However, no-one has to pay more than €100 for medications in any month.

It's impossible to say how long this situation will last. Probably for a long time, since we’re expecting even more swingeing cuts in social services in the coming months.
Doctors at Table
Authors: A. H. T. Robb-Smith
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Doctors have approached food and drink from many different angles. Earliest, perhaps, are the treatises on health, of which the most famous is the<i>Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum</i>. In the delightful English translation by Sir John Harington, Queen Elizabeth's godson and reputed inventor of the water closet, the poem opens, The<i>Salerne Schoole</i>doth by these lines impart All health to<i>Englands King</i>, and doth advise From care his head to keepe, from wrath his heart, Drinke not much wine, sup light and soone arise, When meate is gone, long sitting breedeth smart... Use three Physicions still; first Doctor<i>Quiet</i>, Next Dr.<i>Merry-man</i>, and Doctor<i>Dyet</i>. The influence of the Regimen's tenets has been immense. Books on dietetics customarily recount the merits or demerits of various foodstuffs and beverages and advocate special diets. In 1515 Dr. Giovanni Savonarola, grandfather of the Florentine demagogue, discussed in his<i>Libreto</i>, all kinds of foodstuffs.
Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in an AIDS Patient Infected withLeishmania infantum
Authors: A.L. Ridolfo, C. Gervasoni, S. Antinori, M. Pizzuto, S. Santambrogio, D. Trabattoni, M. Clerici, M. Galli
Journal: Journal of Infection (2000)
Comparative effect sizes in randomised trials from less developed and more developed countries: a meta-epidemiological assessment
Authors: Orestis A Panagiotou, Despina G Contopoulos-Ioannidis, John P A Ioannidis
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundMany trials are done in developing countries without a longstanding tradition in research. We compared treatment effects from randomised trials conducted in developed versus developing countries.MethodsWe used data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify meta-analyses about mortality with at least one trial from a developing country and one from a developed country (WHO and International Monetary Fund classifications). Effect estimates of developed and developing countrieswere compared by calculating the relative relative risks (RRR) for each topic and the summary RRRs across all topics. Similar analyses were done for the respective primary outcomes.Findings139 mortality meta-analyses were eligible. 128 (92%) meta-analyses reported no significant differences between developed and developing countries. Differences were beyond chance in 11 (8%) cases showing more favourable effects in trials from developing countries. The summary RRR was 1·12 (95% CI 1·06–1·18, p<0·0001, I2=0%), suggesting significantly increased favourable effects in trials from developing countries. Results were similar for meta-analyses with significant effects for mortality (RRR 1·15, 95% CI 1·08–1·23, p<0·0001), meta-analyses with recent trials (1·14, 1·08–1·21, p<0·0001); and when excluding trials from developing countries that became developed (1·12, 1·06–1.18, p<0·0001). For the primary outcomes (n=127), 20 topics had significant differences in effects (more favourable in developing countries in 15 cases).InterpretationTrials from developing countries sometimes show significantly more favourable effects than trials in developed countries. On average, effects are more favourable in developing countries than in developed countries. These discrepancies show biases in reporting or study design and genuine differences in baseline risk or treatment implementation and should be considered when generalising evidence.FundingNone.
Access to Health Care for the Uninsured: The American Academy of Family Physicians
Authors: Howard Brody
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —As a family physician, I am proud that my specialty society has publicly advocated quick legislative action to extend insurance coverage to those fellow citizens who now lack access to health care.<sup>1</sup> Primary care physicians have both a special responsibility and a unique opportunity for leadership in reforming our health care system.<sup>2</sup>Ordinarily, when physicians advocate a plan calling for increased expenditures for health care, the public may suspect that the principal motive is the lining of their own pockets. Primary care physicians' incomes over the past 20 years, in stark contrast to subspecialists' incomes, have not even kept pace with the rise in the cost of living. Even under the new resource-based relative value scale, only modest fee increases in the primary care field are now predicted. Primary care physicians can therefore act as advocates for our less fortunate patients with the least taint
The OECD Program to Validate the Rat Hershberger Bioassay to Screen Compounds for <i>in Vivo</i> Androgen and Antiandrogen Responses: Phase 2 Dose–Response Studies
Authors: William Owens, L. Earl Gray, Errol Zeiger, Michael Walker, Kanji Yamasaki, John Ashby, Elard Jacob
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has completed phase 2 of an international program to validate the rodent Hershberger bioassay.The Hershberger bioassay is designed to identify suspected androgens and antiandrogens based on changes in the weights of five androgen-responsive tissues (ventral prostate, paired seminal vesicles and coagulating glands, the levator ani and bulbocavernosus muscles, the glans penis, and paired Cowper's or bulbourethral glands). Protocol sensitivity and reproducibility were tested using two androgen agonists (17alpha-methyl testosterone and 17beta-trenbolone), four antagonists [procymi-done, vinclozolin, linuron, and 1,1-dichoro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE)], and a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor (finasteride). Sixteen laboratories from seven countries participated in phase 2.In 40 of 41 studies, the laboratories successfully detected substance-related weight changes in one or more tissues. The one exception was with the weakest antiandrogen, linuron, in a laboratory with reduced sensitivity because of high coefficients of variation in all tissue weights. The protocols performed well under different experimental conditions (e.g., strain, diet, housing protocol, bedding, vehicle). There was good agreement and reproducibility among laboratories with regard to the lowest dose inducing significant effects on tissue weights.The results show that the OECD Hershberger bioassay protocol is reproducible and transferable across laboratories with androgen agonists, weak androgen antagonists, and a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. The next validation phase will employ coded test substances, including positive substances and negative substances having no androgenic or antiandrogenic activity.
267 THE PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA-101 NEGATIVELY REGULATES THE POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEIN ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: L. Xu, S. Beckebaum, G. Wu, X. Zhang, M. Lu, S. Iacob, A. Paul, G. Gerken, V.R. Cicinnati
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)