tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relation of Ultrasonic Backscatter and Acoustic Propagation Properties to Myofibrillar Length and Myocardial Thickness
Authors: Patrick D. O’Brien, William D. O’Brien, Theodore L. Rhyne, David C. Warltier, Kiran B. Sagar
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Ultrasonic backscatter demonstrates a cardiac cycle-dependent modulation. The exact mechanism of the modulation is under debate. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a change in size and configuration of myofilaments from systole to diastole alters acoustic propagation properties and backscatter.In vivo measurements were made of integrated backscatter at 5 MHz (IBR5), followed by in vitro measurements of ultrasonic attenuation, speed, and heterogeneity index using a scanning laser acoustic microscope at 100 MHz. Studies were performed in canine hearts (16) arrested in systole (8) with calcium chloride or arrested in diastole (8) with potassium chloride. Sarcomere length was measured with a calibrated eyepiece on a Ziess microscope. Wall thickness was measured with calipers. The attenuation coefficient of 220 +/- 34 dB/cm during systole was significantly higher than the coefficient of 189 +/- 24 dB/cm during diastole (P < .01); the IBR5 of -44.7 +/- 1.2 dB during systole was significantly greater than the IBR5 of -47.0 +/- 1.0 dB during diastole (P < .01); the ultrasonic speed of 1591 +/- 11 m/s during systole was higher than the speed of 1575 +/- 4.2 m/s during diastole (P < .01); and the heterogeneity index of 7.4 +/- 1.8 m/s during systole was significantly lower than the index of 9.0 +/- 2.0 m/s during diastole (P < .02). The sarcomere length of 1.804 +/- 0.142 microns during diastole was significantly higher than the length of 1.075 +/- 0.177 micron during systole (P < .01). Wall thickness was significantly greater during systole than during diastole (20 +/- 3 versus 9 +/- 3 mm, P < .01).Ultrasonic backscatter and propagation properties are directly related to sarcomere length and myocardial thickness and may be responsible for cardiac cycle-dependent variation in backscatter.
Reasoning, argumentation, and cognition
Authors: Keith Frankish
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract This commentary does three things. First, it offers further support for the view that explicit reasoning evolved for public argumentation. Second, it suggests that promoting effective communication may not be the only, or even the main, function of public argumentation. Third, it argues that the data Mercier and Sperber (M&amp;S) cite are compatible with the view that reasoning has subsequently been co-opted to play a role in individual cognition.
Simultaneous Measurement of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Peripheral Turnover Kinetics in Man
Authors: John T. Nicoloff, James C. Low, Jean H. Dussault, Delbert A. Fisher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) kinetics in man have been difficult to define presumably due to the interference of iodoproteins generated during the peripheral metabolism of T(3). The use, in the present study, of an anion-column chromatographic method for separation of serum T(3) as well as thyroxine (T(4)) from these iodoproteins has overcome this technical handicap. Simultaneous measurement of serum (125)I-T(3) and (131)I-T(4) kinetics were performed in 31 subjects from the clinical categories of euthyroid, primary hypothyroid, thyrotoxic and posttreatment hypothyroid Graves' disease, factitial thyrotoxic, and idiopathically high and low thyroxinebinding globulin states. The normal mean T(3) fractional turnover rate (kT(3)) was 0.68 (half-life = 1.0 days), increased in toxic Graves' disease patients to 1.10 (half-life = 0.63 days), and decreased in primary hypothyroid patients to 0.50 (half-life = 1.38 days). The mean T(3) equilibration time averaged 22 hr except in hypothyroid and high thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) patients where the equilibration period was delayed by 10 hr. The mean T(3) distribution space in normal subjects was 38.4 liters. This was reduced in subjects with high TBG levels (26 liters) and increased in patients with low TBG and in all hyperthyroid states (53-55 liters). The normal serum T(3) concentration was estimated by radioimmunoassay to be 0.106 mug/100 ml. Combined with the mean T(3) clearance value of 26.1 liters/day, the calculated T(3) production rate was 27.6 mug/day. The mean T(3) production rate increased to 201 mug/day in thyrotoxic Graves' disease patients and was reduced to 7.6 mug/day in primary hypothyroid subjects. T(3) production rate was normal in subjects with altered TBG states. The ratio of T(3) to T(4) production rate in normal subjects was 0.31 and was unchanged in patients with altered TBG values. This ratio was increased in all Graves' disease patients with the highest value being 0.81 in the posttreatment hypothyroid Graves' disease group. This apparent preferential production of T(3) may have been responsible for the retention of rapid turnover kinetics for T(3) and T(4) observed in treated Graves' disease patients. The finding that factitial thyrotoxic patients also displayed similar rapid T(3) and T(4) turnover kinetics indicates that these alterations are not a unique feature of Graves' disease per se. When comparing the peripheral turnover values for T(3) and T(4) in man, it is apparent that alterations in metabolic status and serum TBG concentration influence both hormones in a parallel manner; however, changes in metabolic status seem to have a greater influence on T(3) kinetics while alterations in TBG concentrations have a greater effect on T(4). These observations probably relate to the differences in TBG binding affinity and peripheral tissue distribution of these two hormones.
The Boiled Fontanelle In Caida de Mollera
Authors: Carol J. Lindstrom
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  An incongruity arose in the article,  'Fallen Fontanelle' (Caida de Mollera) A Variant of the Battered Child Syndrome, by Guarnaschelli et al (222:1545, 1972). In the case report, the authors state ... no external signs of trauma were noted.... In the next paragraph, they state that the infant's grandmother had subjected the infant to a series of therapeutic maneuvers. The last of these consisted of holding the infant upside down by his ankles with his head partially immersed in boiling water....  I do not understand how an infant's head that has been immersed in boiling water can be free of signs of trauma two days later!  The authors refer to Clark and Foster as sources for the folk treatment of fallen fontanelle.  Fourth, the child is held by his ankles, with the crown of his head dipped into a pan of boiling water. After two or three minutes,
Generation of hyaline cartilaginous tissue from mouse adult dermal fibroblast culture by defined factors
Authors: Kunihiko Hiramatsu, Satoru Sasagawa, Hidetatsu Outani, Kanako Nakagawa, Hideki Yoshikawa, Noriyuki Tsumaki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Repair of cartilage injury with hyaline cartilage continues to be a challenging clinical problem. Because of the limited number of chondrocytes in vivo, coupled with in vitro de-differentiation of chondrocytes into fibrochondrocytes, which secrete type I collagen and have an altered matrix architecture and mechanical function, there is a need for a novel cell source that produces hyaline cartilage. The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has provided a tool for reprogramming dermal fibroblasts to an undifferentiated state by ectopic expression of reprogramming factors. Here, we show that retroviral expression of two reprogramming factors (c-Myc and Klf4) and one chondrogenic factor (SOX9) induces polygonal chondrogenic cells directly from adult dermal fibroblast cultures. Induced cells expressed marker genes for chondrocytes but not fibroblasts, i.e., the promoters of type I collagen genes were extensively methylated. Although some induced cell lines formed tumors when subcutaneously injected into nude mice, other induced cell lines generated stable homogenous hyaline cartilage–like tissue. Further, the doxycycline-inducible induction system demonstrated that induced cells are able to respond to chondrogenic medium by expressing endogenous Sox9 and maintain chondrogenic potential after substantial reduction of transgene expression. Thus, this approach could lead to the preparation of hyaline cartilage directly from skin, without generating iPS cells.
Typhoid Fever in Young Children
Authors: T. O. Mulligan
Journal: BMJ (1971)

One hundred and fifty cases of typhoid in infants and young children are reported. In children over 5 years of age the features resembled those in adults, but in those under this age they were often nonspecific including fever, convulsions, diarrhoea, and vomiting. Attention is drawn to the importance of a blood culture in anaemic afebrile children who develop rigors and high fever after blood transfusions.
THROMBOSIS OF THE JUGULAR VEINS.
Authors: HELEN BALDWIN
Journal: JAMA (1897)

When Lasègue in 1879 reported a case of phlebitis of the neck, he stated that after painstaking search, he was unable to find a similar observation published, either in France or elsewhere. Since then a number of cases of this kind have been reported, yet they are sufficiently rare to make each one of peculiar interest. The following record is that of a patient admitted to the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, in the service of Dr. Josephine Walter, to whom I am indebted for these clinical notes. Ida D., aged 19 years, American, seamstress. Admitted to hospital Nov. 30, 1896. <h3>Family history.</h3> Negative. Mother died from an accident, father and two brothers living and well. <h3>Personal history.</h3> Measles when 8 years old. Rheumatic fever when 10 years old, with two subsequent attacks on two succeeding years. Her heart has troubled her from early childhood, beating rapidly whenever
Income inequality, individual income, and mortality in Danish adults: analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies
Authors: M. Osler, E. Prescott, M. Gronbak, U. Christensen, P. Due, G. Engholm
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To analyse the association between area income inequality and mortality after adjustment for individual income and other established risk factors.Analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies. The relation between income inequality in small areas of residence (parishes) and individual mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazard analyses.Two population studies conducted in Copenhagen, Denmark.13 710 women and 12 018 men followed for a mean of 12.8 years.All cause mortality.Age standardised mortality was highest in the parishes with the least equal income distribution. After adjustment for individual risk factors, parish income inequality was not associated with mortality, whereas individual household income was. Thus, individuals in the highest income quarter had lower mortality than those in the lowest quarter (adjusted hazard ratio for men 0.51 (95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.59) and for women 0.60 (0.54 to 0.68)).Area income inequality is not in itself associated with all cause mortality in this Danish population. Adjustment for individual risk factors makes the apparent effect disappear. This may be the result of Denmark's welfare system, based on a Nordic model.
Bone Metastases in Pheochromocytoma Optimal Timing of I-123 MIBG Scintigraphy
Authors: ANTONY K.W. LAU, PAUL J. ROACH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

The optimal timing of I-123 MIBG scintigraphy in the evaluation of pheochromocytoma is unknown. Although some centers perform early imaging, many delay imaging until 24 hours after injection. The authors describe the case of a bony metastasis in the left femur that was detected 5 hours after injection, but which was not visualized at 24 hours.
Regulation of ZAP-70 Intracellular Localization: Visualization with the Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Joanne Sloan-Lancaster, Weiguo Zhang, John Presley, Brandi L. Williams, Robert T. Abraham, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Lawrence E. Samelson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

To investigate the cellular dynamics of ZAP-70, we have studied the distribution and regulation of its intracellular location using a ZAP-70 green fluorescent protein chimera. Initial experiments in epithelial cells indicated that ZAP-70 is diffusely located throughout the quiescent cell, and accumulates at the plasma membrane upon cellular activation, a phenotype enhanced by the coexpression of Lck and the initiation of ZAP-70 kinase activity. Subsequent studies in T cells confirmed this phenotype. Intriguingly, a large amount of ZAP-70, both chimeric and endogenous, resides in the nucleus of quiescent and activated cells. Nuclear ZAP-70 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation via the T cell receptor, indicating that it may have an important biologic function.
Combined Pharmacologic/Nonpharmacologic Intervention in Individuals at High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Alan J. Garber
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to grow, and it is predicted that, unless effective prevention and control measures are implemented, the global prevalence of the disease will exceed 366 million by 2030 (1). Type 2 diabetes is associated with considerable morbidity, excess mortality, and substantial costs (2–4). A recent statement issued by the American Diabetes Association estimates that in the U.S., the cost of diabetes in 2007 was $174 million. However, the actual national burden is likely to exceed this figure because it does not include the social costs of intangibles such as care provided by nonpaid caregivers. Overall costs are expected to increase further because of the projected rise in the proportion of the population over the age of 65 years. Therefore, if successful, early intervention to delay or prevent the development of diabetes offers enormous potential benefit to individuals, health care systems, and society.

Current diagnostic criteria for overt diabetes include a fasting plasma glucose concentration of ≥126 mg/dl or a 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose concentration of ≥200 mg/dl during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (5). The term “pre-diabetes” has recently been adopted to describe conditions in which blood glucose levels are elevated, but not above the American Diabetes Association–defined level for diabetes; it includes the presence of impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose concentration of 100–125 mg/dl) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (a 2-h post-challenge plasma glucose concentration of 140–199 mg/dl) (6). Most individuals with pre-diabetes will eventually develop overt diabetes. In the American Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), the annual rate of development of diabetes in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose was ∼10% (7).

There is evidence that microvascular disease typically associated with diabetes is also observed in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (8). A recent analysis …
Efficient intracellular siRNA delivery strategy through rapid and simple two steps mixing involving noncovalent post-PEGylation
Authors: Won-Ho Kong, Dong-Kyung Sung, Yong-Ho Shim, Ki Hyun Bae, Philippe Dubois, Tae Gwan Park, Jin-Hoon Kim, Soo-Won Seo
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2009)
A sphingosine kinase 1 mutation sensitizes the myocardium to ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Z JIN, J ZHANG, Y HUANG, H HOOVER, D VESSEY, J KARLINER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

Sphingosine kinase (SphK) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid. SphK is involved in ischemic preconditioning (IPC). To date no studies in genetically altered animals have examined the role of SphK1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and IPC.Wild-type and SphK1 null mouse hearts were subjected to IR (50 min global ischemia and 40 min reperfusion) in a Langendorff apparatus. IPC consisted of 2 min of global ischemia and 2 min of reperfusion for two cycles. At baseline, there were no differences in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +/-dP/dtmax, and LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) between SphK1 mutant and wild-type (WT) mouse hearts. In the mutants, total SphK enzyme activity was reduced by 44% and S1P levels were decreased by 41%. SphK1 null hearts subjected to IR exhibited more cardiac damage compared with WT: LVDP and +/-dP/dtmax decreased, LVEDP increased, and infarct size increased (n=6, P<0.05). Apoptosis was markedly enhanced in SphK1 mutant IR mouse hearts. IPC was cardioprotective in WT hearts, but this protection appeared to be ineffective in SphK1 null hearts. There was no change in infarct size in the IPC+IR group compared to the IR group in the null hearts (50.1+/-5.0% vs 45.0+/-3.8%, n=6, P=NS). IPC remained ineffective in the null hearts even when the index ischemia time was shortened by 10 min.Deletion of the SphK1 gene sensitizes the myocardium to IR injury and appears to impair the protective effect of IPC. These data provide the first genetic evidence that the SphK1-S1P pathway is a critical mediator of IPC and cell survival.
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Prostate and Bleeding
Authors: I. A. Kellock, N. Gallagher
Journal: BMJ (1958)

MEDICAL JOURNAL (Lewis and Maxfield, 1954).Pleural and pulmonary complications have been noted to follow enucleation; also hiatus hernia and oesophagitis when resection has been performed. Summary and ConclusionLeiomyomas of the oesophagus were once incidental post-mortem findings, but recently they have usually been diagnosed and removed surgically.In cases of long-standing dysphagia, without loss of weight in young and middle-aged patients, this tumour has to be con- sidered.Investigations, particularly barium-swallow examination, lead to the diagnosis.The diagnosis of the tumour is important because most, if not all, leiomyomas of the oesophagus can be cured by enucleation.We have presented two cases, pre-operatively diag- nosed and surgically treated by enucleation.
Risk for Serious Gastrointestinal Complications Related to Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Sherine E. Gabriel, Liisa Jaakkimainen, Claire Bombardier
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To describe the relative risk for serious gastrointestinal complications due to nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exposure among NSAID users as well as in selected subgroups. Design: Overview and meta-analysis. Data Identification: A literature search of English-language studies examining the association between NSAIDs and adverse gastrointestinal events for the period 1975 to 1990 identified using MEDLINE and communicating with three internationally recognized experts. Data Analysis: A qualitative summary of study characteristics and a critical appraisal of study quality were done. The results of 16 primary studies were selected and combined statistically. Summary estimates were weighted by sample size and quality score. Main Results: The overall odds ratio of the risk for adverse gastrointestinal events related to NSAID use, summarized from 16 studies (9 case-control and 7 cohort) was 2.74 (95% Cl, 2.54 to 2.97). The summary odds ratios were as follows: elderly patients, (aged ≥ 60 years), 5.52 (Cl, 4.63 to 6.60); patients under 65 years of age, 1.65 (Cl, 1.08 to 2.53); women, 2.32 (Cl, 1.91 to 2.82); and men, 2.40 (Cl, 1.85 to 3.11). The summary odds ratio for NSAID users receiving concomitant corticosteroids compared with NSAID users not receiving corticosteroids was 1.83 (Cl, 1.20 to 2.78). The summary odds ratio for the first gastrointestinal event was 2.39 (Cl, 2.16 to 2.65). The relative risk for a subsequent or unspecified gastrointestinal event was 4.76 (Cl, 4.05 to 5.59). The summary odds ratio for less than 1 month of NSAID exposure was 8.00 (Cl, 6.37 to 10.06); for more than 1 month but less than 3 months of exposure, the summary odds ratio was 3.31 (Cl, 2.27 to 4.82); and for more than 3 months of exposure, the summary odds ratio was 1.92 (Cl, 1.19 to 3.13). Conclusions: Users of NSAIDs are at approximately three times greater relative risk for developing serious adverse gastrointestinal events than are nonusers. Additional risk factors include age greater than 60 years, previous history of gastrointestinal events, and concomitant corticosteroid use. Another possible risk factor is the first 3 months of NSAID therapy. The risk for serious gastrointestinal events appears to be equal among men and women. These data represent summary statistics from 16 studies and cannot be considered generalizable to all NSAID users.
Medical Residencies: Quantity or Quality?
Authors: Frank Davidoff
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Editorials15 May 1989Medical Residencies: Quantity or Quality?Frank Davidoff, MDFrank Davidoff, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-10-757 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptEvery March 15 since 1985 the internal medicine community has read the residency match results in much the same way priests read entrails millenia ago: to interpret the past and to prognosticate. Internists make a career of reading entrails, and in the case of the match they read trouble.Indeed, the 1989 match just reported (1) shows the downward trend in selection of categorical internal medicine residencies by U.S. medical students continuing: 259 fewer students this year than last; 827 or 21% fewer students this year than in 1985, the "peak" year for the discipline. Family practice also experienced a...References1. Graettinger J. Internal medicine in the National Resident Matching Program 1978-1989. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:682-3. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Taylor A. How to Choose a Medical Specialty. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1986. Google Scholar3. Mizrahi . Getting Rid of Patients. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 1986. Google Scholar4. Konner M. Becoming a Doctor. New York: Viking; 1987. Google Scholar5. Seline N. Study and comparison of transition of medical education programs from hospital inpatient to ambulatory training programs: final report, executive summary. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Health Professions. Contract No HRSA 240-86-0068, 20 November 1987. Google Scholar6. Ludmerer K. Learning to Heal. New York: Basic Books; 1985. Google Scholar7. Bosk C. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1979. Google Scholar8. Schon D. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1987. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: American College of Physicians Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByCall nights and patient careWhat Is a Curriculum?Jack Ende, MD, Frank Davidoff, MDReimbursement and Declines in Internal Medicine TrainingAlbert D. Roberts, MD 15 May 1989Volume 110, Issue 10Page: 757-758KeywordsResidency Issue Published: 15 May 1989 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Enhanced gene expression promoted by the quantized folding of pDNA within polyplex micelles
Authors: Kensuke Osada, Tomonori Shiotani, Theofilus A. Tockary, Daigo Kobayashi, Hiroki Oshima, Sorato Ikeda, Ronald J. Christie, Keiji Itaka, Kazunori Kataoka
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)