tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Biology of Interactions: Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor Agents
Authors: Paul M. Harari, Gregory W. Allen, James A. Bonner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling inhibition represents a highly promising arena for the application of molecularly targeted cancer therapies. Evolving from several decades of systematic research in cancer cell biology, a series of EGFR inhibitors from both the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) class have been developed and promoted into clinical application. Several EGFR inhibitors have recently gained US Food and Drug Administration approval for cancer therapy in the United States (and many other countries), including the mAbs cetuximab and panitumumab, and the small molecule TKIs gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib. The rapidly expanding preclinical and clinical data contributing to these US Food and Drug Administration drug registrations validates a central role of the EGFR as an important molecular target in epithelial malignancies. In this review, we focus primarily on the biology of EGFR interactions. Through improved understanding of EGFR biology in human cancers, there is anticipation that more tumor-selective therapy approaches with diminished collateral normal tissue toxicity can be advanced. Many questions remain to be answered, particularly with regard to how best combine EGFR inhibitors with conventional cancer therapies, and how to select those patients (tumors) most likely to benefit from EGFR inhibition strategies.
Exacerbation of reperfusion arrhythmias by 1 adrenergic stimulation: a potential role for receptor mediated activation of sarcolemmal sodium-hydrogen exchange
Authors: M. Yasutake, M. Avkiran
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Stimulation of myocardial alpha 1 adrenoceptors causes (1) exacerbation of reperfusion induced arrhythmias, and (2) stimulation of sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchange. The aims of this study were to identify the alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtype involved in the former effect and to determine whether stimulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger may play a role in this phenomenon.Isolated rat hearts were subjected to independent perfusion of the left and right coronary beds. After 15 min of aerobic perfusion of both beds, the alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (0.1, 1, or 10 microM) was infused selectively into the left coronary bed for 2 min. The left coronary bed was then subjected to 7 min of zero flow ischaemia and 5 min of reperfusion.The incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation was increased from 0% in controls to 8%, 42%*, and 75%* with 0.1, 1, and 10 microM phenylephrine (*P < 0.05); this dose dependent effect occurred in the absence of significant intergroup differences in vascular resistance or heart rate. Similar infusion of methoxamine at 10 microM also increased the incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation from 13% to 88%*. Infusion of 10 microM phenylephrine during reperfusion alone did not affect the incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation. Infusion of the selective alpha 1A adrenoceptor antagonist WB4101 at 0.1, 1, or 10 microM for 2 min immediately before ischaemia (concomitantly with 10 microM phenylephrine) reduced the incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation from 83% to 75%, 25%*, and 0%*. Similar infusion of the selective alpha 1B adrenoceptor antagonist chloroethylclonidine (0.1 or 1 microM) or the selective beta 1 adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol (0.1 or 1 microM) did not reduce the incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation. The novel NHE-1 selective Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor HOE694 (10 microM), when infused into the left coronary bed before ischaemia (concomitantly with 10 microM phenylephrine) and throughout reperfusion, reduced the incidence of reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation from 83% to 25%*. In hearts that received 10 microM phenylephrine before ischaemia. HOE694 (10 microM) was partially effective when infused during reperfusion alone (ventricular fibrillation incidence reduced from 83% to 42%).(1) the exacerbation of reperfusion induced arrhythmias by alpha 1 adrenergic stimulation during ischaemia is mediated by the alpha 1A adrenoceptor subtype, and (2) increased Na+/H+ exchanger activity during ischaemia and reperfusion may play a causal role in this phenomenon.
A different route to health: implications of transport policies
Authors: C. Dora
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editorials by Brundtland and Pershagen 

Travel—how, where, and how often we do it—has major implications for the health of individuals and of the population.1 Transport activities impact on health, both negatively and positively; and transport policies are now a key determinant of health. Health has to be included on the transport policy agenda if gains are to be achieved, and health professionals have a key role in this. In this article on the implications of transport policies, I draw on an extensive review to which many experts contributed and which will soon be published as a book by the World Health Organisation. I also draw on the preparatory work for the charter on transport, environment, and health2 which was adopted at the ministerial conference on environment and health held in London this week.

### Summary points

### Physical activity

Cycling or walking can bring major health benefits—half an hour a day can halve the risk of developing heart disease. This …
Epidemiological data can be gathered with world wide web
Authors: G. Eysenbach, T. L Diepgen
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Editor—In their note, “Piloting patient attitudinal surveys on the web” Suchard et al rightly point out that the web is a powerful resource to use in developing surveys quickly and effectively.1 But the power of the web goes far beyond that. Psychologists and sociologists are already using the web for surveys,2 and there has also been a recent experiment to collect health status information for medical outcomes research with a web based questionnaire.3

The web …
Treatment Options for Malignant Pleural Effusions
Authors: Nick A. Maskell
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Myocarditis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: DAVID G. BORENSTEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Five patients with clinically overt myocarditis in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed in terms of associated clinical and serologic features. Myositis and antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were present in all. A retrospective review in 140 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, including three of these five, showed a highly significant association of myocarditis with myositis (P < 0.0005). The presence of antibodies to RNP in this small group did not attain statistical significance (P < 0.10). The pathologic findings in the one patient who died showed similar patterns of inflammation in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, suggesting the possibility of a generalized inflammatory process directed against striated muscle. Furthermore, although anti-RNP antibodies were found uniformly in these patients, their significance remains to be defined.
Acute ethanol exposure inhibits insulin signaling in the liver
Authors: Jiman He, Suzanne de la Monte, Jack R. Wands
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Chronic ethanol consumption may produce hepatic injury and impair the ability of the liver to regenerate principally through its action on insulin signaling. These effects are mediated by insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/Erk) pathway and by survival signals through phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt). Because a protein phosphatase, phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), has been reported to block insulin signaling through PI3K, we explored acute ethanol effects on signaling in the context of PTEN function. We measured upstream components of the insulin signal transduction pathway and Akt phosphorylation as an indicator of signaling through PI3K, including the generation of survival signals via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and Bcl-2–associated death promoter (BAD). In addition, the physical association between PTEN and PI3K regulatory (p85α) and catalytic (p110α) subunits was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo . In Huh-7 cells, there was no effect of acute ethanol exposure on tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, IRS-1, and the association of IRS-1 with PI3K. However, Akt phosphorylation was impaired. The association of PTEN with the PI3K p85α subunit was substantially increased and led to the inhibition of downstream insulin-mediated survival signals through Akt, GSK3β, and BAD; the ethanol effect was reversed by PTEN knockdown with small interfering RNA. These results were confirmed in the liver. Conclusion: Short-term ethanol exposure rapidly attenuates insulin signaling. The major cellular mechanism involves the increased association of PTEN with the PI3K p85α subunit, which results in reduced phospho-Akt formation and impaired downstream survival signaling. These findings may have relevance to acute toxic effects of ethanol on the liver. (Hepatology 2007.)
Vasectomy for Sterilization
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (1969)

It seems that despite the excellent literature distributed by the Simon Trust there are still a number of surgeons who are not fully conversant with some of the precautions necessary in connexion with this operation.  It is essential that patients have seminal specimens examined after the operation until 2 have been obtained which are free from spermatozoa.  In most patients this is about 4 to 5 weeks after the operation although others may take several months.  If however this has not occurred at the end of 3 months then the possibility of the presence of a second vas should be suspected.  This condition like congenital absence of the vas is uncommon.  It is obviously of vital importance when a sterilization operation is being performed.  If the patient is examined carefully beforehand it is possible to palpate the second vas quite easily and the operation can still be carried out through the usual small incisions.  I have also on 1 occasion seen a patient where the surgeon had in error ligated the artery instead of vas.  This should not occur if the operation is carried out under proper conditions with adequate lighting in an operating theatre.  It is unwise for it to be performed under lesser circumstances.  Another hazard sometimes overlooked is that patients collect the seminal specimens from a condom.  This is a danger as the presence of a spermicidal substance may be misleading when examining the fluid especially if the specimen had been sent by post and delayed.  Above all however I should like to stress the importance of making sure that the patient realizes that it is essential for him to use normal contraceptive precautions until azoospermia has been proved.(FULL TEXT)
Acute Laryngeal Obstruction After Endotracheal Anesthesia
Authors: Robert K. Stoelting
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Laryngeal edema as a complication of endotracheal anesthesia is a confusing subject. In the past, efforts were made to avoid tracheal intubation for fear of this complication. These fears were greater when children were involved. Even thoracic surgery was performed without endotracheal tubes, and it was over much surgical objection that "tubing a patient" became routine. Today, securing the airway with endotracheal tubes appears so successful that it is used to supplant or delay tracheotomy. Recently, complications of such long-term endotracheal intubation are being recognized. Postintubation laryngeal edema, however, is still a relatively rare complication of general endotracheal anesthesia. Recently, four cases of postintubation laryngeal edema occurred in our hospital during a ten-day period. All were in patients of pediatric age who were undergoing open-heart surgery. This near epidemic prompted us to search carefully for possible causes. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> This patient, a 4-year-old girl, weighed 15 kg
The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry.
Authors: Robert E. Hales, Stuart C. Yudofsky, John A. Talbott
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Part 1 Theoretical Foundations: The Neuroscientific Foundations of Psychiatry, Joseph T. Coyle and Steven E. Hyman Genetics, James A. Knowles et al Epidemiology of Mental Disorders, Jack D. Burke, Jr. and Darrel A. Reiger Normal Child and Adolescent Development, Theodore Shapiro and Margaret E. Hertzig Theories of the Mind and Psychopathology, Stephen S. Marmer. Part 2 Assessment: The Psychiatric Interview, Psychiatric History and Mental Status Examination, Stephen C. Scheiber Psychiatric Classification, Janet B.W. Williams Psychological and Neuropsychological Assessment, John F. Clarkin et al Laboratory and Other Diagnostic Tests in Psychiatry, John M. Morihisa et al. Part 3 Psychiatric Disorders: Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic Disorders, Michael G. Wise and Kevin F. Gray Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Richard J. Frances and John E. Franklin Jr. Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder and Delusional (Paranoid) Disorder, Donald W. Black and Nancy C. Andreasen Mood Disorders, Steven L. Dubovsky and Randall Buzan Anxiety Disorders, Eric Hollander et al Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions, James L. Levenson et al Somatoform Disorders, Ronald L. Martin and Sean H. Yutzy Factitious Disorders and Malingering, Martin H. Leamon and John Plewes Dissociative Disorders, David Spiegel Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders, Judith V. Becker and Richard J. Kavoussi Adjustment Disorder, James J. Strain et al Impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified, Michael G. Wise and John G. Tierney Personality Disorders, Katharine A. Phillips and John G. Gunderson Disorders Usually First Diagnozed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence, Charles W. Popper and Ronald J. Steingard Sleep Disorders, Thomas C. Neylan et al Eating Disorders - Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Obesity, Katherine A. Halmi Pain Disorders, Steven A. King and James J. Strain. Part 4 Psychiatric Treatments: Psychopharmacology and Electroconvulsive Therapy, Jonathan M. Silver et al Brief Dynamic Individual Psychotherapy, Hanna Levenson and Stephen F. Butler Psychoanalysis, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Supportive Psychotherapy, Robert J. Ursano and Edward K. Silberman Behaviour Therapy, W. Stewart Agras and Robert I. Berkowitz Cognitive Therapy, Jesse H. Wright and Aaron T. Beck Hypnosis, David Spiegel Group Therapy, Sophia Vinogradov and Irvin D. Yalom Family Therapy - Systems Approaches to Assessment and Treatment, Leslie B. Kadis and Ruth McClendon Treatment of Children and Adolescents, Stephen J. Cozza and Mina K. Dulcan. Part 5 Special Topics: Suicide, T.B. Ghosh and Bruce S. Victor Violence, Kenneth Tardiff Psychiatric Assessment of Female Patients, Vivien K. Burt and Victoria Hendrick Geriatric Psychiatry, Dan Blazer The Basics of Cultural Psychiatry, Ezra E.H. Griffith et al The Law and Psychiatry, Robert I. Simon. (Part contents)
Three More Learning Points
Authors: Ignacio Garcia-Doval
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

The study by Planche et al. [1] provides important new information addressing intracellular volume depletion in children with severe childhood malaria, but does not address the question of whether intravascular volume depletion (hypovolemic shock) is present.Using sophisticated methodology to determine total body water and extracellular water, they demonstrate a 6.7% defi cit in total body water and an 11.7% defi cit of intracellular water, providing an important indication of the volumes of fl uid that may be required to optimize hydration.The data, however, do not address the degree of fi lling of the intravascular compartment, nor should they be used to answer the question about the state of tissue and organ perfusion.Indeed, we believe that these new data present no confl ict with our previously reported fi ndings.Using methods to study critical illness physiology that are widely employed within pediatric intensive care units for interpretation of circulatory status, we have demonstrated evidence for hypovolemia in 53 Kenyan children with severe malaria complicated by metabolic acidosis [2].Our children were younger, had longer capillary refi lling times (>3 s), lower central venous pressures (mean 2.9 cm H 2 O) and higher creatinines (>80 µmol/l): all features of compensated hypovolemic shock.Furthermore, hypotension (systolic BP < 80 mm Hg) was present in 44% of children with severe acidosis (base defi cit >15).These fi ndings also indicate important baseline differences in two cohorts of children studied.We agree that reconsideration of guidelines for acute fl uid management is warranted, particularly when current recommendations await an adequate evidence base.Nevertheless, confl icting opinions on the question of volume status in children with severe malaria can be satisfactorily resolved only through prospective randomized trials that include both fl uid resuscitation and control groups.While the design and conduct of such trials will involve considerable challenges, optimal fl uid management will never be resolved on the basis of theoretical consideration alone.
TREATMENT OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS WITH VITAMIN E (ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL)
Authors: PETER G. DENKER
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Following the pioneer work of Evans and Burr,<sup>1</sup>who demonstrated that both male and female rats ceased to grow on diets deficient in vitamin E, many reports appeared in the subsequent ten years confirming these investigators' findings in various animals and clarifying the pathologic basis of the paralysis noted. Pappenheimer and Goettsch<sup>2</sup>produced paralyses, ataxia and tremors in growing chicks, ducks and rabbits following diets deficient in vitamin E, and Blumberg<sup>3</sup>likewise was able to obtain retardation of growth in young rats at the twelfth to the fourteenth week, with complete cessation at from eighteen to twenty-two weeks; the aforementioned conditions were completely corrected when vitamin E, in the form of wheat germ oil, was added to the diet. Interest in the effects of vitamin E was further increased when Ringsted<sup>4</sup>produced paresis in more mature rats on a diet deficient in vitamin E which did
Press Releases
Authors: Steven Woloshin, Lisa M. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (2002)

While medical journals strive to ensure accuracy and the acknowledgment of limitations in articles, press releases may not reflect these efforts.Telephone interviews conducted in January 2001 with press officers at 9 prominent medical journals and analysis of press releases (n = 127) about research articles for the 6 issues of each journal preceding the interviews.Seven of the 9 journals routinely issue releases; in each case, the editor with the press office selects articles based on perceived newsworthiness and releases are written by press officers trained in communications. Journals have general guidelines (eg, length) but no standards for acknowledging limitations or for data presentation. Editorial input varies from none to intense. Of the 127 releases analyzed, 29 (23%) noted study limitations and 83 (65%) reported main effects using numbers; 58 reported differences between study groups and of these, 26 (55%) provided the corresponding base rate, the format least prone to exaggeration. Industry funding was noted in only 22% of 23 studies receiving such funding.Press releases do not routinely highlight study limitations or the role of industry funding. Data are often presented using formats that may exaggerate the perceived importance of findings.
Infection: friend or foe to the development of asthma?
Authors: K-H. Carlsen, P.J. Sterk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Of the most common diseases among humans, respiratory infections are important causes of disease and disability in high-income countries 1 and some of the most common causes of death in low-income countries, especially among children 2.

Since the late forties and the early fifties, severe bacterial infections have decreased in frequency and severity in industrialized countries. At the same time, allergy and asthma have increased, starting at the same time but especially from the late seventies and eighties. In Norway, an epidemiological study from 85 health districts showed a lifetime prevalence of asthma of 0.4% among schoolchildren 3, whereas in the mid-nineties it was 10–12% 4. In 1966–1971, the risk of acquiring asthma increased by 2.33% compared to 1946–1950 in 15 industrialized countries in Europe 5. Strachan 6 formulated the hygiene hypothesis based upon the finding that children with siblings had fewer allergies than children without, and based this upon the finding that children with siblings had more respiratory infections early in life. Later findings, both epidemiological as well as basic scientific research 6, have supported this hypothesis. However, there are more complex relationships between infections and asthma (and allergy).

In this issue of European Respiratory Journal ( ERJ ), a new series of articles highlighting this topic from different points of view and based upon different types of scientific studies, starts with an article by von Mutius 7, taking up the epidemiological part of this problem. von Mutius 7 gives an impressive review of the existing epidemiological evidence.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of acute bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract disease during …
Histological changes in the gastric mucosa of chronic gastric ulcer patients treated with carbenoxolone
Authors: E Thomas, P Hall, I. G. Hislop
Journal: Gut (1973)

Serial direct vision gastric mucosal biopsies were obtained in 25 patients with a chronic lesser curve gastric ulcer. Morphological changes were assessed ;blind' in 15 patients who received carbenoxolone and in 10 untreated patients. Chronic gastritis was initially observed ;proximal' and ;distal' to the ulcer in 24 of the 25 patients. The mucosal changes were shown to persist in subsequent biopsies and appeared to be uninfluenced by therapy with carbenoxolone even when the ulcer had healed.
Common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor-1 mediates the transmigration of regulatory T cells and B cells across hepatic sinusoidal endothelium
Authors: Shishir Shetty, Christopher Weston, Tony Bruns, Ye Htun Oo, Nina Westerlund, Zania Stamataki, Janine Youster, Stefan Hubscher, Marko Salmi, Sirpa Jalkanen, Patricia F Lalor, David H Adams
Journal: The Lancet (2013)