tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Caring for Old People in New York and London: The ‘Nurses’ Aide’ Interviews<sup>1</sup>
Authors: C Godlove, G Dunn, H Wright
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1980)

As part of a comparative study of the institutionalized elderly in London and New York, random samples of nurses' aides, nursing assistants and care assistants were interviewed. It is shown that the two long-term care `systems' employ very similar people to provide basic care services, but far more in-service training is provided for New York staff. A detailed analysis of tasks performed suggests that New York staff may be more likely than their London counterparts to carry out technical `nursing' procedures and to be actively involved in physical rehabilitation. The preferences of staff in caring for more or less dependent people showed considerable cross-national agreement, almost half of the total respondents reporting that they preferred immobile patients. Some of the reasons they gave are presented and the implications of this finding discussed.
The Use of Drugs in Psychiatric Interviews: Some Interpretations Based on Controlled Experiments
Authors: IAN STEVENSON, JOHN BUCKMAN, BURKE M. SMITH, JACK D. HAIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

In a series of controlled interviews using drugs, patients exhibited less expression of emotion than is usually reported in drug interviews. This remained true even when freer conditions were instituted. The general research ambiance may have inhibited patients and perhaps interviewers. Nevertheless, many patients reported improvement in feelings and symptoms; these improvements showed no correlation with the expression during the interview of negative affects or with derepression. Desuppression did correlate with indications of improvement. The authors conclude that drugs may provide a chemical buffer against negative feelings and thus enable the patient to talk about stressful experiences and integrate them with his current situation.
Why Does Postpsychotic IQ Decline in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia?
Authors: Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Barbara Keller, Amy K. Smith, Susan Hamburger, Sanjiv Kumra, Judith L. Rapoport
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

The authors' goal was to examine whether the postpsychotic decline in full scale IQ during adolescence for patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia is due to a dementing process or simply failure to acquire new information and skills.Linear regression was used to determine the rate of change for scaled and raw scores on subtests of 31 patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. The resulting slopes were examined and related to changes in the patients' brains determined by magnetic resonance imaging.Three postpsychotic subtest scaled scores declined significantly: picture arrangement, information, and block design. In contrast, there was no decline in the non-age-corrected (raw) scores for any subtest. A significant correlation was found between decrease in hippocampal volume and a smaller increase in raw score on the information subtest.The decline during adolescence in the full-scale IQ of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia does not reflect dementia but, rather, an inability to acquire new information and abilities.
Psychiatric Consultation to a Filipino Community in Hawaii
Authors: BENJAMIN B. C. YOUNG, J. DAVID KINZIE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The authors describe a predominantly Filipino village in Hawaii that underwent drastic economic and social changes without disintegrating. They conclude that with the right ingredients of leadership, community planning organizations, and a sense of community identity, change can be dealt with effectively and with a minimum of psychiatric disruption.
Abstract 289: Retinoblastoma Gene Deletion Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis and Apoptosis in Response to Pressure Overload
Authors: Paul B Ammann, Takanobu Yamamoto, Peiyong Zhai, Junichi Sadoshima
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is a universal cell cycle regulator in mammals. When the Rb protein is phosphorylated by Cyclins/Cdks, it dissociates from E2F, and Rb-dependent E2F repression is subsequently inactivated. Furthermore, the Rb protein has also been implicated in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes (CMs). To elucidate the role of Rb in response to mechanical stress, we conducted transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in cardiac-specific Rb knockout mice (cRb-KO) in vivo (C57BL/6J). Cardiac-specific deletion of Rb was achieved by crossing Rb flox/flox mice with αMHC-Cre mice. Under basal conditions, 3- to 5-month-old cRb-KO mice showed increased heart weight (HW) (left ventricular weight/ tibial length (TL): 5.93 ± 029 vs. 4.76 ± 0.14, p&lt; 0.01), increased apoptosis as determined by TUNEL staining (0.12% vs. 0.02%, p&lt; 0.05) and a trend towards cardiac dysfunction (-dP/dt: 4320 ± 388 vs. 5933 ± 489 mmHg/sec, p &lt; 0.05) compared to control mice (Rb flox/flox) Following 2 weeks of TAC, cRb-KO mice showed increased heart weight (HW/TL: 8.58 ± 0.35 vs. 7.50 ± 0.24, p &lt; 0.05), cardiac dysfunction (ejection fraction (EF): 51.1% ± 4.0 vs. 74.3% ± 0.9, p &lt; 0.01) , increased apoptosis as determined by TUNEL staining (0.48% vs. 0.05%, p &lt; 0.01) and increased fibrosis as determined by Masson’s Trichrome staining (1.84% vs. 1.03%, p &lt; 0.05) compared to Rb flox/flox mice after TAC. In response to 4 weeks of TAC, cRb-KO mice showed increased heart weight (HW/TL: 12.93 ± 085 vs. 9.32 ± 0.34, p &lt; 0.01), lung weight (LW) (LW/TL: 18.35 ± 2.66 vs. 10.21 ± 1.93, p &lt; 0.01), cardiac dysfunction (EF: 34.5% ± 8.3 vs. 64.3% ± 8.9, p &lt; 0.01), increased apoptosis as determined by TUNEL staining (0,42% vs. 0,18%, p &lt; 0.05) and increased fibrosis as determined by Masson’s Trichrome staining (4.2 % vs. 1.1 %, p &lt; 0.05) compared to Rb flox/flox mice after TAC. Pressure gradients were similar between the cRb-KO mice submitted to 2 and 4 weeks of TAC and their respective controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that endogenous Rb plays an important role in mediating cell survival in CMs and negatively regulates cardiac hypertrophy at baseline. Furthermore, we showed that the Rb protein is important for the maintenance of cardiac function in response to pressure overload.
Changes in respiratory resistance to low dose carbachol inhalation and to pneumatic trouser inflation are correlated
Authors: AM Lorino, F Lofaso, H Lorino, A Harf
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Inflation of the leg compartments of pneumatic trousers increases thoracic blood volume. The resultant response in respiratory impedence was investigated in nine normal volunteers, and compared with the response to increasing doses of inhaled carbachol. Respiratory impedance was measured by the forced oscillation technique (4-32 Hz), and respiratory resistance at zero frequency (R0) was extrapolated from linear regression analysis of resistive impedance versus frequency. The mean increase in R0 was 31% after inhalation of 125 micrograms carbachol, and 21% after inflation of pneumatic trousers. The percentage changes in R0 following pneumatic trouser inflation highly correlated those induced by inhalation of 125 micrograms carbachol (r = 0.98) Our data demonstrate that, even in normal subjects, pneumatic trouser inflation causes an increase in respiratory resistance, which can be predicted by the response to a low dose of carbachol. These results support the assumption that cholinergic agents might not only be bronchoconstrictors but also vasodilators of the bronchial vessels. At a low dose, the vasodilating action of carbachol could be the major factor involved in the respiratory response.
Microfluidic Chip for Site‐Specific Neuropharmacological Treatment and Activity Probing of 3D Neuronal “Optonet” Cultures
Authors: Anat Marom, Sanjeev Kumar Mahto, Erez Shor, Janna Tenenbaum‐Katan, Josué Sznitman, Shy Shoham
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

The study introduces a "brain-on-a-chip" microfluidic platform that hosts brain-like 3D cultures ("optonets") whose activity and responses to flowing drugs are recorded optically. Optonets are viable, optically accessible 3D neural networks whose characteristics approximate cortical networks. The results demonstrate the ability to monitor complex 3D activity patterns during extended site-specific, reversible neuropharmacogical exposure, suggesting an interesting potential in drug screening.
Trimodality Bladder Preservation Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Ronald C. Chen, William U. Shipley, Jason A. Efstathiou, Anthony L. Zietman
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

Potentially curative treatments for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are underused, especially in the elderly. Trimodality bladder preservation therapy, which includes a maximally safe transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, followed by concurrent chemoradiation, fulfills this currently unmet need. In multiple prospective clinical trials and large institutional series, trimodality therapy has demonstrated excellent 5-year overall survival rates of 48% to 65%, comparable to those reported in cystectomy studies. Approximately 75% to 80% of long-term survivors maintain their native bladders, which tend to function well and allow patients to maintain excellent quality of life. Salvage cystectomy for patients who develop a local invasive recurrence can be performed with acceptable operative complication rates, and results in excellent long-term disease control and survival outcomes. For patients with MIBC who are noncystectomy candidates, or select patients who are motivated to keep their native bladders, trimodality bladder preservation therapy is recognized by the International Consultation on Urological Diseases-European Association of Urology and the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Bladder Cancer as an effective alternative to radical cystectomy, and should be considered. In the future, biomarkers may allow improved selection of patients for whom trimodality bladder preservation therapy is most likely to succeed.
Disturbed Cartilage and Joint Homeostasis Resulting From a Loss of Mitogen‐Inducible Gene 6 in a Mouse Model of Joint Dysfunction
Authors: Michael A. Pest, Bailey A. Russell, Yu‐Wen Zhang, Jae‐Wook Jeong, Frank Beier
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

Objective Mitogen‐inducible gene 6 (MIG‐6) regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in synovial joint tissues. Whole‐body knockout of the Mig6 gene in mice has been shown to induce osteoarthritis and joint degeneration. To evaluate the role of chondrocytes in this process, Mig6 was conditionally deleted from Col2a1 ‐expressing cell types in the cartilage of mice. Methods Bone and cartilage in the synovial joints of cartilage‐specific Mig6 ‐deleted (knockout [KO]) mice and control littermates were compared. Histologic staining and immunohistochemical analyses were used to evaluate joint pathology as well as the expression of key extracellular matrix and regulatory proteins. Calcified tissue in synovial joints was assessed by micro–computed tomography (micro‐CT) and whole‐skeleton staining. Results Formation of long bones was found to be normal in KO animals. Cartilage thickness and proteoglycan staining of articular cartilage in the knee joints of 12‐week‐old KO mice were increased as compared to controls, with higher cellularity throughout the tissue. Radiopaque chondro‐osseous nodules appeared in the knees of KO animals by 12 weeks of age and progressed to calcified bone–like tissue by 36 weeks of age. Nodules were also observed in the spine of 36‐week‐old animals. Erosion of bone at ligament entheses was evident by 12 weeks of age, by both histologic and micro‐CT assessment. Conclusion MIG‐6 expression in chondrocytes is important for the maintenance of cartilage and joint homeostasis. Dysregulation of EGFR signaling in chondrocytes results in anabolic activity in cartilage, but erosion of ligament entheses and the formation of ectopic chondro‐osseous nodules severely disturb joint physiology.
Decision Making in Advanced Cancer of the Head and Neck: Variation in the Views of Medical Specialists
Authors: E J Maher, A F Jefferis
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1990)

Forty specialists were asked about their management of three theoretical patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck. Reasons for variation were explored by considering the influence of perceived aims of treatment (radical or palliative), together with a number of factors relating to the tumour, the lymph nodes, and the patients' personal circumstances. The perceived aim of treatment was the most important determinant as to treatment modality but, when chances of influencing survival were small, there was disagreement as to the appropriate aim and subjective value judgements became influential. More careful analysis of the initial decision-making process is needed if new clinical trials are to significantly affect clinical practices.
SH3BGRL3 Protein as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Urothelial Carcinoma: A Novel Binding Partner of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Authors: Cheng-Yao Chiang, Chin-Chen Pan, Hong-Yi Chang, Ming-Derg Lai, Tzong-Shin Tzai, Yuh-Shyan Tsai, Pin Ling, Hsiao-Sheng Liu, Bi-Fang Lee, Hong-Ling Cheng, Chung-Liang Ho, Shu-Hui Chen, Nan-Haw Chow
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery has clinical benefit. To identify novel biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma, we performed quantitative proteomics on pooled urine pairs from patients with and without urothelial carcinoma.Shot-gun proteomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and stable isotope dimethyl labeling identified 219 candidate proteins. The potential implication of SH3 domain binding glutamic acid-rich protein like 3 (SH3BGRL3) was examined by immunoblotting of the urine (n = 13) and urothelial tumors (n = 32). Additional immunohistochemistry was performed on bladder cancer array (n = 1145) and correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Then, biologic functions and signaling pathways of SH3BGRL3 were explored using stable cell lines.The detectable urine SH3BGRL3 in patients with urothelial carcinoma was positively associated with higher histologic grading and muscle invasiveness of urothelial carcinoma. SH3BGRL3 is expressed in 13.9% (159/1145) of bladder cancer cohort and is positively associated with muscle invasion (P = 0.0028). SH3BGRL3 expression is associated with increased risk of progression in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (P = 0.032). SH3BGRL3 expression is significantly associated with a high level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in bladder cancer (P < 0.0001). SH3BGRL3 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and proliferation of urothelial carcinoma in vitro. SH3BGRL3 interacts with phosphor-EGFR at Y1068, Y1086, and Y1173 through Grb2 by its proline-rich motif, and activates the Akt-associated signaling pathway.Evaluation of SH3BGRL3 expression status or urine content may identify a subset of patients with bladder cancer who may require more intensive treatment. SH3BGRL3 deserves further investigation as a cotargeting candidate for designing EGFR-based cancer therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5601-11. ©2015 AACR.
Moral therapy and the problem of morale
Authors: L Sederer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1977)

The author reviews the history of moral therapy and the lessons and warnings it holds for modern psychiatry. Custodial management replaced moral therapy in this country in the late 1800s because of inadequate manpower and fiscal resources, a lack of charismatic leaders, the increasing lack of control over admissions and discharge, and other factors. One "solution" to the unacceptable conditions of custodial care was an increased faith in science and technology; humanistic medical science became scientism, and patients suffered. Morale is essential to the provision of moral therapy, and the increasing emphasis on somatic therapies has strained the union of morale and moral treatment. The author believes that the profession can reaffirm its identity and distinguish itself through the appropriate provision of humane, psychosocial care--the essence of moral therapy.
The role of circulating mitochondrial DNA in modulating airway inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Xiaoou Li, Tao Wang, Yongchun Shen, Dan Xu, Lian Liu, Fuqiang Wen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Introduction Recent studies proved mitochondrial DNA fragments (mtDNA) were released to the extracellular space and closely involved in modulating native immune response. However, the role of extracellular mtDNA in pathogenesis of COPD is unclear

Objective We measured circulating mtDNA level and pro-inflammatory factors in COPD patients and investigate the role of its specific receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)

Methods 122 COPD patients and 79 controls were recruited. mtDNA copies(specific mitochondrial gene ND1,CYTB,COXIII)in patients serum and supernatants of airway epithelium cells were determined using qRT-PCR.TNF-a,IL-8,CRPwere assayed by multiplexing ELISA. Further investigation on TLR9 in CSE induced cell signaling activation was performed at RNA and protein level using antagonist.

Results In COPD patients, serum mtDNA increased significantly with increasing severity. mtDNA level in smokers was 1.3 fold higher compared to non-smokers(ND1copies 5.9±1.3x10^4Vs4.6±1.1x10^4,p<0.05).There is an elevation of IL-8 level in patients compared to controls(4.86±2.26Vs6.14±3.12ng/ml,p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed serum mtDNA COXIII was positively correlated with IL-8 (r=0.375,p=0.033).Abundant mtDNA was found to release extracellularly from 16HBE and H292 when induced by CSE. The expression of TLR9 significantly increased in a dose and time-dependent manner and blockage of TLR9 inhibited CSE induced MAPK signaling pathway activation

Conclusions : Elevation of circulating mtDNA level is found prevalent in patients with increasing COPD severity and positively correlated with IL-8. Extracellular mtDNA may play an essential role in modulating airway inflammation in COPD.
Ways of coping with asthma in everyday life: Validation of the Portuguese version
Authors: Sόnia Martins, Mário R. Simões, João A. Fonseca, Lia Fernandes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  This study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of Portuguese version of scale Ways of Coping with Asthma in Everyday Life – WCAEL (Aalto et al, 2002), developed to measure coping in everyday life in asthmatic adults.   Methods:  Cross-sectional study with 253 patients, both sexes, with asthma diagnose, recruited consecutively from the Allergy & Asthma outpatient clinic (HSJoao/Porto). Exclusion criterion were: psychiatry disease and alcohol/drugs abuse. A subsample of 247 patients were evaluated with the following scales (Portuguese versions): Ways of Coping with Asthma in Everyday Life - WCAEL, Problem Solving Inventory – PSI and Asthma Control Questionnaire – ACQ. A subsample of40 patients was reassessed after four weeks. These patients also were classified according severity of asthma (GINA, 2006) and the duration of the illness.   Results:  The participants were mostly females (78.5%), with a mean (sd) age of 40.6 (15.3) years. The majority (78.7%) had severe persistent asthma and the mean duration of the illness was 20.8 (15.4) years. In the final factor analysis of principal component method (varimax rotation) 4 factors were extracted (explaining 46.3% of total variance). The internal consistency values were moderate (α=0.56-0.77). WCAEL showed significant associations with ACQ, as well as good reproducibility over time (r  s  =0.58-0.76).   Conclusion:  This study data support the reliability, construct and criterion validity of the Portuguese version of WCAEL seems a promising scale for assessment the coping with asthma in everyday life.
Organ Cultures of Mouse Mammary Tumors in Various Hormonal Environments: An Ultrastructural Study&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Susan Fiske Michelson, Francoise Hague-Nau
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1969)

To obtain an in vitro system capable of producing the Bittner virus in quantity and amenable to an ultrastructural study, mammary tumors of mice (PS strain) were grown in organ cultures with the use of a technique of culture on stainless-steel grids mounted in specially devised petri dishes. Mammotropin, somatotropin, and estrogen were added in various combinations and at various doses to a basic medium that always contained insulin. After 5 and 9 days of culture, the tumor fragments were prepared for ultrastructural examination. The ultrastructure of the tumors at the end of cultivation was well preserved and a certain degree of differentiation could occur in vitro. This ultrastructure was hardly modified in the presence of the various hormones used. Finally and most important, virus production was abundant. All stages of formation of virus by budding at the surface membrane consistently occurred in all cases.
Thyroid Neoplasms in Sheep Fed Radioiodine&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Sidney Marks, Leo K. Bustad
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1963)

This paper reports the development of thyroid adenomas in 11 sheep 4 to 8 years old, fed daily quantities of I131 ranging from 1.5 to 135 μc. The occurrence of adenomas in 4 sheep and a fibrosarcoma in a fifth was previously reported. This gives an incidence of 16 animals with thyroid neoplasms out of 19 treated. Exposure to I131 was either continuous from conception or initiated at an age of 15 months. The radiation doses to the thyroid glands were estimated to range from 7000 to over 100,000 rad for the affected animals. Thyroid adenomas in control sheep were limited to animals 10 years of age or older but were identical in appearance to those of the experimental animals. The histologic characteristics of the adenomas are described.—J Nat Cancer Inst 30: 661–673, 1963.
Cardiotonic agents affect pulmonary vessels in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS)
Authors: Annette Dorothea Rieg, Rolf Rossaint, Stefan Uhlig, Christian Martin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  Cardiotonic agents play a major role in the therapy of heart failure. Apart from their effects on ventricular contractility and systemic afterload, they may affect the tone of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and pulmonary veins (PVs). However, in particular the responses of PVs to cardiotonic agents are only poorly defined.   Aims and objectives:  We investigated the effects of α- and β-adrenergic agents as well as vasopressin in PAs and PVs to clarify their potential role in pulmonary hypertension (PH) or lung edema and coexisting heart failure.   Methods:  After terminal anaesthesia with pentobarbital, PCLS were prepared from female Dunken Hartley guinea pigs and investigated by video microscopy. Concentration-response curves of various cardiotonic drugs were analyzed in PAs and PVs.    Results:  After stimulation with α1-adrenergic agents, PAs contracted up to 80.5% ± 3, in respect to the initial vessel area, whereas β2-adrenergic agents showed only little effect. In contrast, after stimulation of α1-receptors PVs contracted up to 77% ± 2.6 and relaxed due to activation of β2-receptors up to 124.7% ± 2.8. Notably, inhibition of β2-receptors unmasked the α1-mimetic effect of (nor)epinephrine. Vasopressin contracted PVs up to 76.4% ± 7.4, without any effect on PAs.   Conclusion:  Thus, vasoconstriction of PVs enhances capillary and venous hydrostatic pressures and promotes the development of lung edema. Our findings suggest that (nor)epinephrine in combination with unselective β-blockers and vasopressin might be harmful in patients with left heart failure. Further, α1-mimetic agents might exacerbate a pre-existing PH and a failing right ventricle by contracting PAs, whereas vasopressin might not.