tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study
Authors: K. K L Ong
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To identify predictors of postnatal catch-up growth from birth to two years and its relation to size and obesity at five years. <b>Design:</b> Regional prospective cohort study. <b>Setting:</b> Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood, United Kingdom. <b>Subjects:</b> 848 full term singletons from a 10% random sample of the Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Maternal birth weight, prepregnancy weight, pregnancy weight gain, height, smoking, and parity, and paternal height. Weight and length of infants at birth, two years, and five years expressed as standard deviation (SD) scores from the UK reference scores for 1990. Percentage fat mass and total fat mass (estimated from skinfolds) and waist circumference at five years. <b>Results:</b> Size at birth was representative of the national reference. Overall, 30.7% (260 of 848) of infants showed a gain in SD score for weight greater than 0.67 SD scores between zero and two years, indicating clinically significant catch-up growth. These children had lower weight, length, and ponderal index at birth than other children, and were more often from primiparous pregnancies. They also had taller fathers than other children, and their mothers had lower birth weights and were more likely to smoke during pregnancy. Children who showed catch-up growth between zero and two years were heavier, taller, and fatter (body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist circumference) at five years than other children. <b>Conclusions:</b> In this contemporary well nourished cohort, catch-up growth was predicted by factors relating to intrauterine restraint of fetal growth. Children who showed catch-up growth between zero and two years were fatter and had more central fat distribution at five years than other children. Mechanisms that signal and regulate early catch-up growth in the postnatal period may influence associations between small size at birth and risks for disease in adulthood.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Sulfasalazine and Its Metabolites in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease
Authors: Ulrich Klotz, Karlernst Maier, Christine Fischer, Klaus Heinkel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We studied the therapeutic efficacy of sulfasalazine and its metabolites sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid in nine patients with Crohn's disease and in 23 patients with ulcerative colitis. In a randomized, controlled trial, we treated 11 patients for six weeks with 1 g of sulfasalazine three times a day, seven patients with 0.5 g of sulfapyridine three times a day, and 14 patients with 0.5 g of 5-aminosalicylic acid suppositories three times a day. The clinical state of the disease was characterized by an activity index, quality of stool, and remission rate. In addition, we monitored plasma levels of sulfapyridine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and their acetylated metabolites. The initial activity index (mean +/- S.D.) was significantly reduced by sulfasalazine (from 245 +/- 129 to 100 +/- 71; P < 0.001) and by 5-aminosalicylic acid (from 251 +/- 65 to 90 +/- 93; P < 0.0001), but sulfapyridine was without benefit. Stool quality was also improved by sulfasalazine (82 per cent of the cases) and by 5-aminosalicylic acid (79 per cent). The highest remission rate was achieved with 5-aminosalicylic acid (86 per cent), followed by sulfasalazine (64 per cent) and sulfapyridine (14 per cent). Our investigations show that 5-aminosalicylic acid is the active moiety of sulfasalazine and that this effective metabolite may be an alternative to sulfasalazine in inflammatory bowel disease.
Cephaloridine and staphylococcal endocarditis.
Authors: H. A. Burgess, R. J. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1967)

administrative difficulties associated with the Mental Health Act were to become too great an additional burden, then, failing sufficient available money to build suitable modem treatment units offering moderate security in each region, many more unfortunate patients would have to be sent to the few remotely situated Special Hospitals, far from their homes and families.-Weare, etc.,
Phenolsulfonphthalein Excretion Test
Authors: George Dunea
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP [phenol red]) excretion test was developed by Rowntree and Geraghty in 1910, when chemical determinations were generally unavailable, and assessment of renal function was essentially limited to examination of the urine for protein and sediment. Some measure of popularity, however, had been achieved by tests which depended on the urinary excretion of a foreign dye, such as indigo carmine or methylene blue. The use of phenolsulfonphthalein for this purpose evolved from a search for a subcutaneous purgative, when the high urine excretion and the lack of toxicity of the dye became apparent.<sup>1</sup> <h3>Significance and Usefulness</h3> Phenolsulfonphthalein early assumed significance in several areas. It became one of the first widely used tests for measurement of renal function. The presence of phenolsulfonphthalein in the cortex of a dog with absent glomerular filtration provided the first acceptable evidence of tubular secretion by the mammalian kidney. Recognition of the removal
Effect of Intraluminal pH on the Absorption of Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid
Authors: A. Benn, C. H. J. Swan, W. T. Cooke, J. A. Blair, A. J. Matty, M. E. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The administration of pteroylmonoglutamic acid and either sodium bicarbonate or phenytoin sodium in normal subjects and epileptics results in lower serum levels of folic acid than when administered alone. Bicarbonate administration was shown to produce a more alkaline pH in the jejunum, while an alkaline pH was found in some epileptics on phenytoin therapy. The physicochemical mechanisms whereby folic acid absorption is reduced in an alkaline medium are considered, and the implications on folate absorption in other disease states are discussed. The mechanism by which phenytoin sodium alters the intrajejunal milieu is obscure.
Consultant input to children's intensive care at weekends keeps mortality at weekday rates
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Children admitted to intensive care units as out-of-hours emergencies in England and Wales were no more likely to die than those who arrived during normal working hours, a study has found.

The study looked at 86 000 admissions to 29 paediatric intensive care units in England and Wales between 2006 and 2011. 

The findings, published in the Journal of Pediatrics , showed that nearly half the children were admitted to intensive care units outside of working hours(40 948 (47%)). Risk adjusted mortality was no higher for those children admitted in the evenings and weekends than during the week (odds ratio 1.1, P=0.013). …
FDA approves tuberculosis drug
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved rifapentine (Priftin)—the first new antituberculosis drug to be licensed in 25 years.

Rifapentine is indicated for pulmonary tuberculosis but must be used in conjunction with other antituberculosis drugs. It is expected to increase patient compliance because it has a shorter treatment course than conventional drugs.

Current treatment …
Preventing Heart Failure and Improving Survival
Authors: Arthur J. Moss
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

The cause of death from heart disease is either heart failure or a malignant cardiac arrhythmia, with the latter mostly a result of ventricular fibrillation. In acquired cardiac disorders, these two terminal processes are related to an abnormal myocardial substrate that is characterized either by chronic scarring and fibrosis from ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy or by myocardial ischemia or infarction secondary to acute occlusive coronary artery disease. Chronic myocardial disease is frequently associated with dysfunctional cardiac remodeling with progressive enlargement and dilatation of the left ventricular chambers and a concomitant reduction in the left ventricular ejection fraction.Favorable reverse cardiac . . .
Control of substances hazardous to health.
Authors: A. Seaton
Journal: BMJ (1989)

on unwanted effects a judgment may be reached both in general and individual cases on whether its use is justified.Alzheimer's disease is after all a cruel and ultimately lethal disease, and, as with cancer, risky treatment may be acceptable if there are sound reasons to expect benefit from it.At present we have far too few hard facts either on the efficacy of tetrahydroaminoacridine or its dangers to justify its use other than as part of carefully regulated research.
Pressure measurement in oesophageal varices: preliminary report on a new non-invasive method.
Authors: P H Gertsch, J J Meister
Journal: Gut (1987)

Pressure in oesophageal varices has been measured either by using an invasive puncture technique, or a non-invasive pneumatic pressure sensor. Experience with these techniques and their limitations prompted a new way of measuring pressure in oesophageal varices. This was done by observing through a transparent plastic balloon fixed to the tip of a gastroscope the pressure equilibrium between the varix and the balloon. One hundred measurements on an experimental model showed the reliability of the system. Measurements on eight patients with the balloon followed immediately by the puncture technique, showed good correlation.
Is There Significance of the Choice of Prone versus Supine Position in the Treatment of Proximal Ureter Stones with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy?
Authors: Serdar G&ouml;kta&scedil;, Levent Pe&scedil;kircio&gbreve;lu, L&uuml;tfi Tahmaz, Yusuf Kibar, Do&gbreve;an Erduran, &Ccedil;etin Harmankaya
Journal: European Urology (2000)
COMPETITION OF HASTENS
Authors: Alfred A. Amkraut, Justine S. Garvey, Dan H. Campbell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

Groups of rabbits were injected with either bovine serum albumin, sheep red cell stroma, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin to which 2,4-dinitrophenyl and/or p-azophenyl arsonate groups had been coupled. Groups of animals received either doubly coupled antigen or an equivalent mixture of singly coupled antigens. Materials were injected intravenously as a solution or subcutaneously and intramuscularly in complete Freund's adjuvant. The presence of dinitrophenyl groups on the immunizing antigen could suppress, partially or completely, the antibody response to p-azophenyl arsonate when this hapten was located on the same molecule. Suppression was dependent on the ratio of haptenic groups on the molecule, appeared to be greatly affected by the method of immunization, and could be demonstrated in all three antigen systems. Partial suppression was manifested in decreased frequency and delayed appearance of the response as well as decreased maximal antibody titers. These findings appear irreconcilable with the possibility of direct clonal selection of antibody-producing cells by unprocessed antigen.
Relative value of ZAP-70, CD38, and immunoglobulin mutation status in predicting aggressive disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Laura Z. Rassenti, Sonia Jain, Michael J. Keating, William G. Wierda, Michael R. Grever, John C. Byrd, Neil E. Kay, Jennifer R. Brown, John G. Gribben, Donna S. Neuberg, Feng He, Andrew W. Greaves, Kanti R. Rai, Thomas J. Kipps
Journal: Blood (2008)
Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Peter P. Poulos, Elizabeth Johnson, Milton Prystowsky, John H. Donnelly
Journal: JAMA (1964)

In 50 patients with congenital heart disease, there were 21 types of defect. Only half of the patients could be followed medically. Half of the remaining infants died before surgery could be done. Autopsy revealed that 7 of 12 infants who died before surgery had cardiac defects that would have been amenable to surgery. A sick infant with congenital heart disease should have, at least, a selective cineangiocardiogram of the left atrium and right ventricle. An aggressive surgical approach is advocated for patients who fail to respond adequately to medical therapy, because two of three can be saved. Approximately 4,375 infants with congenital heart disease can be saved yearly in this country by early surgery.
Effects of Coronary Angioplasty, Coronary Bypass Surgery, and Medical Therapy on Employment in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Comparison Study
Authors: Daniel B. Mark
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To compare return-to-work rates after coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, and medical therapy in patients with coronary disease.Prospective cohort study.Tertiary care referral center.Between March 1986 and June 1990, we enrolled 1252 patients who were younger than 65 years, who had not had previous coronary revascularization, and who were employed. All patients were followed for 1 year.One-year employment status.After 1 year, 84% of patients who had coronary angioplasty were still working compared with 79% of patients who had bypass surgery and with 76% of patients who received medicine. After adjusting for the more favorable baseline characteristics of patients who had angioplasty (less severe coronary artery disease, better left ventricular function, and less functional impairment), however, no significant differences were noted in 1-year employment rates among the three groups. These adjusted 1-year return-to-work rates were 84% for angioplasty, 80% for surgery, and 79% for medicine (P > 0.05). In a random subset of 72 patients, 23 patients who had angioplasty returned to work after a median of 18 days (mean, 27 days) compared with 54 days (mean, 67 days) for 24 patients having bypass surgery and with 14 days (mean, 45 days) for 25 patients receiving medicine (P = 0.002).Patients who had coronary angioplasty were able to return to work earlier than those who had bypass surgery, but by 1 year no significant difference was noted in employment rates. Neither revascularization strategy improved employment rates when compared with initial treatment using medical therapy.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO MEDICAL SCHOOLS.
Authors: N. S. DAVIS
Journal: JAMA (1903)

During the last decade no question has excited more discussion among medical teachers than what should be the requirements for admission to college. These requirements have been steadily advanced, but as yet there is no settled conviction as to how far they shall be advanced. In other words, it has not been determined what are the ideal entrance requirements. In this country the existing requirements vary from what must be studied to complete the eighth grade of the grammar school to what is embraced in the complete curriculum of a college of arts or sciences. At least, the mean between these extremes is reached by all of the best schools of the country. It will not be long before a satisfactory completion of the subjects of a four-year high school course will be demanded for admission to all medical colleges, because the laws of many states under which physicians are
Microneedle mediated intradermal delivery of adjuvanted recombinant HIV-1 CN54gp140 effectively primes mucosal boost inoculations
Authors: Aditya Pattani, Paul F. McKay, Martin J. Garland, Rhonda M. Curran, Katarzyna Migalska, Corona M. Cassidy, R. Karl Malcolm, Robin J. Shattock, Helen O. McCarthy, Ryan F. Donnelly
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)

Dissolving polymeric microneedle arrays formulated to contain recombinant CN54 HIVgp140 and the TLR4 agonist adjuvant MPLA were assessed for their ability to elicit antigen-specific immunity. Using this novel microneedle system we successfully primed antigen-specific responses that were further boosted by an intranasal mucosal inoculation to elicit significant antigen-specific immunity. This prime-boost modality generated similar serum and mucosal gp140-specific IgG levels to the adjuvanted and systemic subcutaneous inoculations. While the microneedle primed groups demonstrated a balanced Th1/Th2 profile, strong Th2 polarization was observed in the subcutaneous inoculation group, likely due to the high level of IL-5 secretion from cells in this group. Significantly, the animals that received a microneedle prime and intranasal boost regimen elicited a high level IgA response in both the serum and mucosa, which was greatly enhanced over the subcutaneous group. The splenocytes from this inoculation group secreted moderate levels of IL-5 and IL-10 as well as high amounts of IL-2, cytokines known to act in synergy to induce IgA. This work opens up the possibility for microneedle-based HIV vaccination strategies that, once fully developed, will greatly reduce risk for vaccinators and patients, with those in the developing world set to benefit most.
New developments in lipid-lowering therapy: the role of inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.
Authors: J A Tobert
Journal: Circulation (1987)

HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion of hydroxymethylglutarate to mevalonate, an important early rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Since the discovery of compactin, the first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, by Endo et al. in 1976, several other inhibitors have been described. Those that have been investigated in the clinic include mevastatin (compactin), lovastatin (mevinolin), simvastatin (synvinolin), eptastatin (CS-514, SQ-31,000), and SRI-62320. These compounds are competitive inhibitors, with Ki values of the hydroxyacid forms of around 10(-9) M. Lovastatin (mevinolin, Mevacor), which is in the late stages of clinical development and has been administered to over 1000 subjects for up to 4 years, is the inhibitor on which the most information is available. It is given in single or divided doses of 20 to 80 mg/day, and is a very effective and usually well-tolerated lipid-lowering agent. At 40 mg bid, lovastatin produces the following approximate mean changes: total plasma cholesterol, -33%; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, -40%; very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, -35%; plasma triglycerides, -25%; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, +10%; apolipoprotein B, -20%. The substantial reduction in both LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (the principal protein component of LDL) indicates a reduction in the number of circulating LDL particles. The mechanism probably involves both decreased LDL production and increased LDL clearance.
Free and protein-bound tryptophan in serum of untreated patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: Mackenzie Walser, Sylvia B. Hill
Journal: Kidney International (1993)

In fasting sera from 46 untreated patients with chronic renal failure and in 22 normal subjects, non-protein-bound tryptophan, F, was separated by pH-controlled equilibrium dialysis. Total tryptophan, T, and F were measured by HPLC. Results in patients were related to gender, severity of chronic renal failure (as measured by radioisotopic glomerular filtration rate), protein intake (as measured by 24-hr urinary urea N excretion), and protein nutrition (as measured by serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin). T was subnormal in 59% of the patients. In seven hypoalbuminemic patients, F/T was markedly increased (approaching unity) but F was normal. In 39 non-hypoalbuminemic patients, F was again normal but F/T was often increased at glomerular filtration rates below 30 ml/min/3 m2 of height2, especially in females. T was significantly correlated with estimated protein intake (r = 0.54, P = 0.0004), even though neither F nor serum protein levels were correlated with it. We conclude that the serum level of free tryptophan is well-maintained in chronic renal failure, being uninfluenced by severity of renal insufficiency, voluntary protein intake, or serum protein concentrations. On the other hand, protein-bound tryptophan varies with protein intake, decreases markedly in hypoalbuminemic patients, and also decreases in many nonhypoalbuminemic patients (especially females) when the glomerular filtration rate falls below approximately 30 ml/min/3 m2 of height2.
Treatment of ACS in Diabetic Patients in Non-invasive versus Invasive hospitals of Saudi Arabia, A Prospect from MIDAS Registry
Authors: Abdulhalim Jamal Kinsara, Faisal A Batwa, Hattan J Moeminkhan, Jamal A Kensara, Adel M. Hasanin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Increased risk of cancer at multiple sites after gastric surgery for peptic ulcer.
Authors: C P Caygill, M J Hill, C N Hall, J S Kirkham, T C Northfield
Journal: Gut (1987)

Of 5018 patients who had undergone gastric surgery at St James Hospital, Balham, at least 25 years ago, death certificates have been received for 2768, whilst 1746 patients are still alive and are flagged (Office of Populations, Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) will notify us of their death and its cause) and only 504 could not be traced. Mortality from cancers of various organs has been determined using a 9years at risk9 calculation in five year bands. There was no increase in mortality risk from any cancers during the first 15 postoperative years, but from 20 years after operation there was a significant excess risk not only of cancer of the stomach (4.5-fold), but also of the large bowel (1.6-fold), bronchus (3.9-fold), pancreas (4.0-fold), biliary tract (9.1-fold), oesophagus (2.3-fold), bladder (2.4-fold), breast (4.0-fold), and cancer of all sites (3.3-fold). These findings are consistent with the production in the operated-upon stomach of circulating carcinogens with a 20 year latency period.
Interferon-β Production via Dectin-1-Syk-IRF5 Signaling in Dendritic Cells Is Crucial for Immunity to C. albicans
Authors: Carlos del Fresno, Didier Soulat, Susanne Roth, Katrina Blazek, Irina Udalova, David Sancho, Jürgen Ruland, Carlos Ardavín
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Use of the extended Phadebas RAST® panel in the diagnosis of mould allergy in asthmatic children
Authors: A. Koivikko, M. Viander, Å. Lanner
Journal: Allergy (1991)

The clinical significance of mould allergens in Phadebas RAST® panel was investigated in 121 asthmatic children. They were selected from a total population of 1649 patients. The patients were distributed into four groups, based on the combination of positive or negative skin prick tests (SPT) together with symptoms suggestive or not of mould sensitivity. Mould‐specific IgE antibodies were investigated using the original RAST panel ( Alternaria, Aspergilius, Candida, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium ) and a set of 10 additional mould‐allergen discs ( Aureobasidium, Batrytis, Currularia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Helminthosporion, Phama, Rhizopus, Stemphylium and Trichoderma ). The set of additional RAST dises revealed patients with mould‐reaginic antibodies not found with the original RAST panel. This occurred in four of 49 (8.2%) RAST positive (class 2) patients. The allergens most frequently positive were Cladosporium (in 28% of the patients). Candida (28%) and Helminthosporium (26%). A remarkable degree of simulataneous reactivity to almost all moulds rested was observed. Patients with multiple ( 7) mould sensitization were effectively pinpointed using any duplicate combination of Aureabasidium, Botryts, Candida, Cladesporium, Helminthosporium, Pencillium and Stemphylium.