tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN SCARLET FEVER.
Authors: W. K. JAQUES
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Since Chicago has achieved the distinction of being a great city, scarlet fever, in forms more or less severe, has been present. During the summer and autumn of 1897, Dr. I. N. Abt found it prevalent in a light form among the poorer classes of Poles and Bohemians in certain parts of the city. The cases were so light that physicians were seldom called, and no intelligent action was taken to restrict contagion. An epidemic resulted. The health department, while realizing the danger, was crowded by more serious matters, and the afflicted communities enjoyed the blessing of becoming immunized while the disease was in its mildest form. From these localities the fever has gradually spread until it has included the entire city. In the autumn of 1898, when the reported cases of scarlet fever were greatly increased, Dr. Wynkoop of the city laboratory, while examining a culture from a scarlet
THE POINT OF ELECTION AND MODES OF INVASION IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: J. O. COBB
Journal: JAMA (1918)

In this review of the modes of invasion in pulmonary tuberculosis, all minor avenues of entrance of the bacillus have been disregarded, and only inhalation and ingestive methods will be considered. It is generally accepted by pathologists that the first stage of pulmonary tuberculosis is an involvement of the glandular and lymphatic structures of the lungs. Postmortem and roentgenographic evidence seems to prove that tuberculous foci are not established in lung tissue proper until after the peribronchial glands have been seriously damaged by the invading organisms. This is the so-called pretuberculous stage of the disease. In hundreds of reported necropsies, especially of children, foci in the peribronchial glands were the only demonstrable lesions in the body. This analogy has also been reported in comparative pathology, especially in cattle, which have been more carefully examined than other animals. In pseudotuberculosis of sheep and cattle, the pulmonary glands are first involved. Pulmonary
S83 Levels of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Airway of Children with Cystic fibrosis are not related to Serum Vitamin D Concentration
Authors: RM Thursfield, A Bush, EWFW Alton, JC Davies
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> There is convincing evidence of the clinical health benefits of adequate vitamin D in many respiratory diseases but the evidence in cystic fibrosis (CF) is unclear. There are increasing data on the role of vitamin D as an immunomodulatory agent and it is thought, from <i>in-vitro</i> data, that this may be via induction of the antimicrobial peptides, LL37 and HβD-2. We hypothesised that antimicrobial peptide levels would be increased in children with adequate vitamin D and this could account for reported improvements in lung function via improved airway defence. <h3>Aims and methods</h3> The main aim was to establish if a relationship exists between vitamin D and antimicrobial peptides, LL37 and HβD-2, and whether any clinically beneficial effects of adequate vitamin D exist in children with CF. Bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) supernatant levels of LL37 and HβD-2 were by measured by ELISA and serum 25(OH)D<sub>2</sub> by mass spectrometry coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. <h3>Results</h3> Samples were collected from 120 children with CF (58% female); median age (range) 6.9 (0.1–17.6) years. One third of patients were vitamin D insufficient (&lt;50 nmol/L). Median 25(OH)D<sub>2</sub> was 57 nmol/L (range 7–191 nmol/L). LL37 ranged from 0.1–21.9 ng/mL with median value of 0.49 ng/mL and HβD-2 from &lt;15.6 - &gt;1000 pg/ml, median 150 pg/ml. LL37 was significantly correlated with serum neutrophils (r= 0.4, P&lt;0.0001), BALF total cell count (r=0.7, p&lt;0.0001), and BALF neutrophil differential (r= 0.5, p&lt;0.0001). These relationships were not seen with HβD-2. Contrary to our hypothesis neither LL37 nor HβD-2 correlated with vitamin D and no differences were seen between vitamin D ‘adequate’ and ‘insufficient’ patients. There was no association seen between vitamin D and FEV<sub>1</sub> (r<sup>2</sup>=0.01, p=0.4). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our results demonstrate that there is not a relationship between serum 25(OH)D2 and BALF HβD-2 or LL37. If vitamin D is involved in the induction of such defence peptides <i>in-vivo</i>, the impact of this on protein levels may be limited in the degradative environment of the inflamed airway. In addition, we found no clinical or physiological effects of vitamin D deficiency. If any beneficial effect of vitamin D on respiratory health does exist in CF, it is small and not mediated via the antimicrobial pathway.
Regional variations in the incidence of upper urinary tract stones in England and Wales.
Authors: D J Barker, S P Donnan
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Data from the Hospital In-patient Enquiry were used to define the regional patterns of hospital discharge rates for upper urinary tract stones and renal colic in England and Wales. By combining the rates for stones and colic, and by distinguishing emergency from planned admissions, the biases produced by repeated admissions of the same patient and by regional variations in diagnosis and coding may be reduced. There are regional variations in incidence of upper urinary tract stones: Wales and the southern regions of England have a generally higher incidence than northern regions. These variations may be related to regional differences in diet or occupation; or they may partly depend on associations between stone incidence and atmospheric temperature, exposure to ultraviolet irradiation, and hardness of drinking water.
Effect of Aging on HbA1c in a Working Male Japanese Population
Authors: Yoshiaki Hashimoto, Azusa Futamura, Miharu Ikushima
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether there is any change in HbA1c with age and to determine the effects of body mass index (BMI), exercise, and family history of diabetes on this change. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 7,664 male Japanese workers aged 20–59 years was performed. All subjects received a physical examination that included measurement of HbA1c as an indicator of plasma glucose level. The subjects were classified according to their ages and BMIs, and any relationship with HbA1c levels was evaluated. Information on physical activity and family history of diabetes was obtained by a questionnaire. RESULTS In all BMI groups, HbA1c increased with age. The greatest increase in HbA1c was observed in the 40- to 49-year-old age-group in subjects with a BMI ≤26 kg/m2 and in the 30- to 39-year-old age-group in subjects with a BMI &amp;gt;26. HbA1c in the subjects aged 20–29 years did not change with BMI. In contrast, HbA1c in subjects aged 30–59 years was significantly higher in those with a BMI &amp;gt;26 when compared with those with BMI ≤20. The age-dependent increase in HbA1c was greater in subjects with a positive rather than negative family history of diabetes. This age-dependent increase was not affected by active participation in sporting activities of mild to moderate intensity for 3 or more days per week. CONCLUSIONS The age-dependent increase in HbA1c may be a consequence of the aging process itself. Furthermore, both BMI and a hereditary predisposition to diabetes, but not active participation in sports, affect this age-dependent increase in HbA1c.
CHEMICAL RECTAL STRICTURE
Authors: CURTICE ROSSER
Journal: JAMA (1931)

The injection of solutions of phenol in oil into hemorrhoidal plexuses or under the rectal mucosa has become in recent years a procedure whose execution is limited only to those able to secure an anoscope and syringe of appropriate size. I have seen twenty-four persons in the past five years whose rectal complaint dated from this procedure. Nodule formation in the submucosa of the lower rectum was a common result in this group. This submucosal tumefaction has been so common an observation in the proctoscopy of previously injected patients in this section as to suggest that some degree of palpable induration is a usual sequence, although ordinarily silent symptomatically. The permanence of the lesion when once formed is attested by discovery of similar nodules when the injections were made eighteen or twenty years before. Of the twenty-four patients mentioned, twelve gave a variety of symptoms, including severe rectal neuralgia, chronic
Consumer Advertising Can Be Misleading
Authors: Karl Rickels
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

I would like to thank PLoS Medicine for publishing Lacasse and Leo's important and methodical Essay that debunks the "chemical imbalance" advertisements for psychiatric drugs [1].Why would the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve such ads?Our human rights group, MindFreedom International, has been asking that question for a long time.On behalf of MindFreedom, US Senator Ron Wyden contacted the FDA for an explanation about why they approve such advertising.In their responsewhich took over one year to receive-the FDA could cite no scientifi c literature or studies.It turns out there's a good reason that the FDA can't fi nd any scientifi c evidence for the claims of a "chemical imbalance" in these ads: the scientifi c evidence in support of the serotonin hypothesis is very weak.Readers who would like more information about the psychiatric industry's advertising suggesting a "chemical imbalance" in depression may be interested in the following:(1) MindFreedom's debate with Pfi zer, manufacturer of Zoloft, available at http:⁄⁄www.mindfreedom.org/mindfreedom/pfi zerlies.shtml,and (2) a historic debate with the American Psychiatric Association resulting from MindFreedom's 2003 hunger strike, available at http:⁄⁄www.mindfreedom.org/mindfreedom/hungerstrike.shtml
Surgery computer: a quiet revolution for general practice.
Authors: F M Akerman
Journal: BMJ (1984)

This paper shows how a well planned computer system can transform a practice's programme of prevention and surveillance, for long the Cinderella subjects in our Health Service. It was not necessary to employ specially trained staff to operate the computer and our receptionists adapted quickly and successfully: in fact, a new and interesting job coordinating the new routines has evolved which will include the preparation and presentation of a wide range of practice statistics. After initial hostility the computer has been accepted by the staff and its ability to increase the efficiency of the practice at all levels is now well recognised. Attention to the manual records, including updating summary sheets, was a vital part of our transition, and satisfactory office routines for recording all information daily is as essential. Since the computer was introduced the accuracy of our filing has improved dramatically. Rates of uptake for all immunisations and cervical cytology examinations are much better and the surveillance of various groups, whether by health visitors, nurses, or doctors, is no longer haphazard. The costs are within the scope of any practice, but positive encouragement by government (probably financial) would make acceptance of computers more likely. This would certainly encourage practitioners to take the initiative in prevention and surveillance, thereby ensuring that general practice remains the focus of a patient's overall care in the next decades.
Direct-Vision Stenting: The Way Forward for Malignant Oesophageal Obstruction
Authors: O. Rathore, A. Coss, S. Patchett, H. Mulcahy
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and Study Aims: Self-expanding metallic stents now form the mainstay of treatment for palliation of dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. These stents are generally inserted under fluoroscopic guidance. However, both the internal and external marking of the tumour can be inaccurate and time-consuming, and access to fluoroscopic facilities is sometimes limited. We prospectively assessed the use of a method of stent insertion under direct vision without the aid of fluoroscopy. Patients and Methods: A total of 50 consecutive patients presenting with obstructive symptoms secondary to inoperable oesophageal cancers were included in the study. We used either the 7-cm or the 11-cm covered Choo stent (MI-Tech Ltd., Seoul, South Korea). Results. A total of 52 stents were inserted under direct vision. The procedure generally took less than 15 minutes and good palliation was achieved without complications. Fluoroscopic assistance was required in only one patient. Conclusions: Direct-vision stent insertion is simple, safe, effective, and only rarely requires fluoroscopic assistance. The technique may be of particular use in centres with limited access to fluoroscopy.
The effect of collagen I mimetic peptides on mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and differentiation, and on bone formation at hydroxyapatite surfaces
Authors: Kristin M. Hennessy, Beth E. Pollot, William C. Clem, Matthew C. Phipps, Amber A. Sawyer, Bonnie K. Culpepper, Susan L. Bellis
Journal: Biomaterials (2009)
UNWARRANTED USE OF PHOTOGRAPH BY ANGIER CHEMICAL COMPANY
Authors: Alice Hamilton
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —A few days ago I received in my mail an advertisement of an emulsion of cod liver oil, made by the Angier Chemical Company, Boston. My photograph is on the cover of the advertisement and my name under it. No explanation is given. The inference may be that I am connected with the exploitation of this emulsion. The truth is that this is the first time I ever heard of it; I do not know where the photograph was secured and never gave permission for its use. It is, to say the least, an unwarrantable invasion of privacy, but it also lays me open to suspicion of being interested in the sale of a proprietary remedy. The advertisement has been widely circulated and apparently sent simultaneously to all parts of the country, so that any protest which might be made would come too late. I wish nevertheless
Search for evidence of a viral aetiology for inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: H H Yoshimura, M K Estes, D Y Graham
Journal: Gut (1984)

The aetiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Crohn9s disease, and ulcerative colitis, is still obscure. A viral aetiology has been proposed, based in part on reports that filtrates prepared from tissues of patients with inflammatory bowel disease induce cytopathic effects in tissue culture cells. Our attempts to culture viruses in many cell lines from filtrates prepared from the tissue of 95 patients have been negative, except for one case in which cytomegalovirus was isolated from the tissue of a Crohn9s disease patient. Our studies confirm previous reports that intestinal tissue filtrates induce cytopathic effects in inoculated cell cultures, but the effect we observed is non-specific; cytopathic effects were induced in most cell lines tested and with similar frequency irrespective of whether the intestinal filtrates were prepared from Crohn9s disease patients, ulcerative colitis patients, or non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. Electron microscopy studies of tissue culture cells exhibiting cytopathic effects have not revealed virus particles. Characterisation of the cytopathic effect inducing factor showed that it was incapable of serial passage in tissue culture, too small to be a conventional virus, resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet light, and heat stable. Our results suggest that the observed cytopathic effect was caused by a non-replicating cytotoxic factor, or factors, released from intestinal tissues of both inflammatory bowel disease and non-inflammatory bowel disease patients.
John Angus Black
Authors: S. Lock
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Polymathic paediatrician dedicated to ethnic minority needs



When John Black landed by ship at Singapore five days after the Japanese surrender he was faced with an unsolved problem: restoring to normality starving and emaciated civilians and allied former prisoners of war. As the doctors who entered the German concentration camps had found, nobody knew what diet was the most suitable, but too rapid a food intake might cause circulatory collapse and death, probably because of acute thiamine deficiency. The solution, Black and a colleague found and later published, was a graded diet starting with condensed milk, beaten eggs, sugar, and protein hydrolysate, together with multivitamins and antimalarials.1 The striking results included a weight gain of 2.5 kg in a week (these captives had lost 16-18 kg on average) along with a great increase in morale.

Yet, despite rewarding service in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) in India and Malaysia from 1944 to 1947, Black persisted with …
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing cutaneous angiosarcoma with leukaemoid reaction arising on a burn scar
Authors: T. Nara, A. Hayakawa, A. Ikeuchi, N. Katoh, S. Kishimoto
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐producing cutaneous angiosarcoma with leukaemoid reaction arising on a burn scar Get access T. Nara, T. Nara Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566, Japan Takeshi Nara MD. E‐mail: nararing@koto.kpu‐m.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Hayakawa, A. Hayakawa Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Ikeuchi, A. Ikeuchi Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. Katoh, N. Katoh Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Kishimoto S. Kishimoto Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi‐Hirokoji, Kamigyo‐ku, Kyoto 602‐8566, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 149, Issue 6, 1 December 2003, Pages 1273–1275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05684.x Published: 01 December 2003 Article history Accepted: 15 June 2003 Published: 01 December 2003
Interpreting Disparate Responses to Cancer Therapy: The Role of Human Population Genetics
Authors: Michael L. Maitland, Anna DiRienzo, Mark J. Ratain
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Increasingly, investigators are recognizing differences in tumor biology, drug metabolism, toxicity, and therapeutic response among different patient populations receiving anticancer agents. These observations provide exciting opportunities to identify the factors most important for predicting individual variability in pharmacologically relevant phenotypes and consequently for personalizing the delivery of cancer therapy. Although pharmacogenomic differences may explain some of these disparities, rigorous investigation of both genetic and nongenetic differences is important to identify the variables most important for optimal selection and dosing of treatment for an individual patient. For example, pharmacogenetic tests currently used in cancer therapy, such as genotyping UGT1A1 to reduce the incidence of severe toxicity of irinotecan and sequencing epidermal growth factor receptor from tumors to identify somatic mutations conferring sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were developed without initial identification of interpopulation differences. Although interpopulation variability in toxicity and efficacy of these agents has been observed, the basis for these population differences remains only partially explained. Here, we review concepts of human population genetics to inform interpretations of disparate drug effects of cancer therapy across patient populations. Understanding these principles will help investigators better design clinical trials to identify the variables most relevant to subsequent individualization of a cancer therapy.
An Epidemiological Network Model for Disease Outbreak Detection
Authors: Ben Y Reis, Isaac S Kohane, Kenneth D Mandl
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background Advanced disease-surveillance systems have been deployed worldwide to provide early detection of infectious disease outbreaks and bioterrorist attacks. New methods that improve the overall detection capabilities of these systems can have a broad practical impact. Furthermore, most current generation surveillance systems are vulnerable to dramatic and unpredictable shifts in the health-care data that they monitor. These shifts can occur during major public events, such as the Olympics, as a result of population surges and public closures. Shifts can also occur during epidemics and pandemics as a result of quarantines, the worried-well flooding emergency departments or, conversely, the public staying away from hospitals for fear of nosocomial infection. Most surveillance systems are not robust to such shifts in health-care utilization, either because they do not adjust baselines and alert-thresholds to new utilization levels, or because the utilization shifts themselves may trigger an alarm. As a result, public-health crises and major public events threaten to undermine health-surveillance systems at the very times they are needed most. Methods and Findings To address this challenge, we introduce a class of epidemiological network models that monitor the relationships among different health-care data streams instead of monitoring the data streams themselves. By extracting the extra information present in the relationships between the data streams, these models have the potential to improve the detection capabilities of a system. Furthermore, the models' relational nature has the potential to increase a system's robustness to unpredictable baseline shifts. We implemented these models and evaluated their effectiveness using historical emergency department data from five hospitals in a single metropolitan area, recorded over a period of 4.5 y by the Automated Epidemiological Geotemporal Integrated Surveillance real-time public health–surveillance system, developed by the Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology on behalf of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. We performed experiments with semi-synthetic outbreaks of different magnitudes and simulated baseline shifts of different types and magnitudes. The results show that the network models provide better detection of localized outbreaks, and greater robustness to unpredictable shifts than a reference time-series modeling approach. Conclusions The integrated network models of epidemiological data streams and their interrelationships have the potential to improve current surveillance efforts, providing better localized outbreak detection under normal circumstances, as well as more robust performance in the face of shifts in health-care utilization during epidemics and major public events.
Familial disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in childhood: a human mycobacterial susceptibility gene?
Authors: M. Levin, M.J. Newport, Panos Kalabalikis, N. Klein, S. D'Souza, I.N. Brown, H.M. Lenicker, P. Vassallo Agius, E.G. Davies, A. Thrasher, J.M. Blackwell
Journal: The Lancet (1995)