tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Exogenous thioredoxin prevents ethanol-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in mouse liver
Authors: Jessica I. Cohen, Sanjoy Roychowdhury, Patricia M. DiBello, Donald W. Jacobsen, Laura E. Nagy
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Ethanol-induced liver injury is characterized by increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, and cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. Thioredoxin (Trx), a potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory molecule with antiapoptotic properties, protects animals from a number of inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of ethanol on Trx or its role in ethanol-induced liver injury are not known. Female C57BL/6 mice were allowed ad libitum access to a Lieber-deCarli ethanol diet with 5.4% of calories as ethanol for 2 days to acclimate them to the diet, followed by 2 days with 32.4% of calories as ethanol or pair-fed control diet. Hepatic Trx-1 was decreased by ethanol feeding; daily supplementation with recombinant human Trx (rhTrx) prevented this ethanol-induced decrease. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that administration of rhTrx during ethanol exposure would attenuate ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production, and apoptosis. Mice were treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of either 5 g/kg of rhTrx or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Conclusion: Ethanol feeding increased accumulation of hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, expression of hepatic tumor necrosis factor α, and resulted in hepatic steatosis and increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. In ethanol-fed mice, treatment with rhTrx reduced 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation, inflammatory cytokine expression, decreased hepatic triglyceride, and improved liver enzyme profiles. Ethanol feeding also increased transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells, caspase-3 activity, and cytokeratin-18 staining in the liver. rhTrx treatment prevented these increases. In summary, rhTrx attenuated ethanol-induced increases in markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine expression, and apoptosis. (Hepatology 2009.)
Case-control studies
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Researchers used a case-control study to investigate whether passive smoking during childhood was associated with lung cancer in adulthood. Passive smoking in childhood was recorded using self completed questionnaires. Participants were recorded as exposed to smoking if anyone smoked regularly where the participant lived as a child. Those individuals with diagnosed lung cancer were more likely to have been exposed to smoking in childhood than those without diagnosed lung cancer (72.8% v 53.4%; P<0.001).1 Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
A paper that changed my practice
Authors: Anne Holmes
Journal: BMJ (2007)

It was an article in the Observer newspaper about 10 years ago describing how an English and French family had exchanged their 9 year old daughters for six months. Subsequently, my eldest daughter, and then all of my children, went on to do exchanges in France and Germany. You might think that this experience would have little relevance to my practice as a GP, but it shows transformative learning at …
Myofibrillar and actomyosin adenosine-tri-phosphatase in experimental aortic insufficiency
Authors: B. Swynghedauw, P. Bouveret, M. Durand, P.-Y. Hatt, F. Lemaire, V. Piguet, M.-T. Dronne, H. Guillemot, A. Sag, F. Wanstok
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1971)

Experimental heart hypertrophy with or without failure was induced in rabbits by aortic insufficiency without thoracotomy. Heart myofibrillar ATPase measured with azide was normal in animals with recent aortic insufficiency sacrificed before the 10th day and low in chronic animals. Enzymatic activity was correlated with the duration of aortic insufficiency, but no clear relationship was observed with symptoms of failure. Natural actomyosin ATPase was measured with a low and a high ionic strength medium and was normal in chronic and recent insufficiency. Superprecipitation of actomyosin and EGTA sensitivity of Mg-ATPase were also normal. Myofibrillar content in adenylate kinase and nucleotidase was very low. RNA of the first pellet obtained after actomyosin extraction was high in recent insufficiency and also in animals killed after the third month.
Volcanic Ash and the Respiratory Immune System - Possible Mechanisms behind Reported Infections
Authors: Bob Weinhold
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Ash plumes erupting from volcanoes can cause a range of health effects following exposure either to the initial emissions or to deposited material that becomes resuspended days, months, or years later.Researchers from the United States, Iceland, and Australia now report in EHP evidence that exposure to volcanic ash may both foster bacterial growth in the respiratory system and weaken the ability of the immune system to limit that growth, possibly contributing to respiratory infections that have been documented in relation to past eruptions. 1ach year eruptions occur at about 50-70 above-sea locations; eruptions have been documented for about 550 volcanoes in all, and roughly 1,300 have been active at some point in the past 10,000 years. 2 Some of this activity generates ash plumes that affect potentially millions of people.Volcanic ash can contain significant quantities of respirable particles of rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, and eruptions also emit hazardous gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. 3he 20 March 2010 eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull (pronounced, roughly, AY-yah-FYET-lah-YOH-kuhl), another larger eruption on 14 April 2010, and ongoing volcanic activity through late May 2011 ejected numerous major ash plumes that spread far and wide.For the current study, the researchers primarily used one sample of this ash that was collected on the ground 15 April 2010 at a location 58 km from the volcano.The ash was composed of a complex mixture of aluminosilicate volcanic glass and minerals including iron, titanium, manganese, zinc, strontium, and barium.The researchers used a ubiquitous and potent
One year outcomes in patients with acute lung injury randomised to initial trophic or full enteral feeding: prospective follow-up of EDEN randomised trial
Authors: D. M. Needham, V. D. Dinglas, O. J. Bienvenu, E. Colantuoni, A. W. Wozniak, T. W. Rice, R. O. Hopkins
Journal: BMJ (2013)

To evaluate the effect of initial low energy permissive underfeeding ("trophic feeding") versus full energy enteral feeding ("full feeding") on physical function and secondary outcomes in patients with acute lung injury.Prospective longitudinal follow-up evaluation of the NHLBI ARDS Clinical Trials Network's EDEN trial41hospitals in the United States.525 patients with acute lung injury.Randomised assignment to trophic or full feeding for up to six days; thereafter, all patients still receiving mechanical ventilation received full feeding.Blinded assessment of the age and sex adjusted physical function domain of the SF-36 instrument at 12 months after acute lung injury. Secondary outcome measures included survival; physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning; quality of life; and employment status at six and 12 months.After acute lung injury, patients had substantial physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments, reduced quality of life, and impaired return to work. Initial trophic versus full feeding did not affect mean SF-36 physical function at 12 months (55 (SD 33) v 55 (31), P=0.54), survival to 12 months (65% v 63%, P=0.63), or nearly all of the secondary outcomes.In survivors of acute lung injury, there was no difference in physical function, survival, or multiple secondary outcomes at 6 and 12 month follow-up after initial trophic or full enteral feeding.NCT No 00719446.
Coombs' Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factors in Takayasu's Arteritis
Authors: Susumu Kanzaki
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Takayasu's arteritis is recognized as an arteritis that may involve the aorta and its branches. Although the etiology of this disease is unknown, there is speculation that an autoimmune mechanism is responsible.<sup>1</sup>We report a case of this disease in a 4-year-old girl in whom Coombs' antibodies and rheumatoid factors were detected. The appearance of these autoantibodies suggests that an autoimmunologic mechanism is in operation. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 4-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital because of fever. Three months before admission she had a high fever for a month; blood studies revealed leukocytosis and an elevated sedimentation rate. Seven days before admission the fever recurred and persisted. Treatment was not started. At the time of physical examination, bilateral radial pulses were absent. There was a systolic ejection murmur maximal at the second left intercostal space, and systolic bruits over the right and left
Alu and LINE1 Distributions in the Human Chromosomes: Evidence of Global Genomic Organization Expressed in the Form of Power Laws
Authors: Diamantis Sellis, Astero Provata, Yannis Almirantis
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Spatial distribution and clustering of repetitive elements are extensively studied during the last years, as well as their colocalization with other genomic components. Here we investigate the large-scale features of Alu and LINE1 spatial arrangement in the human genome by studying the size distribution of interrepeat distances. In most cases, we have found power-law size distributions extending in several orders of magnitude. We have also studied the correlations of the extent of the power law (linear region in double-logarithmic scale) and of the corresponding exponent (slope) with other genomic properties. A model has been formulated to explain the formation of the observed power laws. According to the model, 2 kinds of events occur repetitively in evolutionary time: random insertion of several types of intruding sequences and occasional loss of repeats belonging to the initial population due to "elimination" events. This simple mechanism is shown to reproduce the observed power-law size distributions and is compatible with our present knowledge on the dynamics of repeat proliferation in the genome.
Oral tolerance, an active immunologic process mediated by multiple mechanisms
Authors: Howard L. Weiner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Oral tolerance, the specific suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route, probably evolved to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to food proteins and bacterial antigens present in the mucosal flora. As with other forms of immunologic tolerance, oral tolerance also provides mechanisms to suppress pathologic reactivity against self and, thus, to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
Abstract 1782: Recombinant B7-DCIg enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced Th1 and anti-bladder cancer immune responses in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jonathan R. Henning, Matthew J. Knudson, Sol Langermann, Michael A. O'Donnell, Linda Liu, Yi Luo
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction and Objective: B7-DCIg, AMP-224, is a recombinant Fc fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of B7-DC fused to the hinge and Fc domain of IgG. B7-DCIg interacts with PD-1, reduces the dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, and promotes an effective antitumor response. In vitro M. tuberculosis stimulation of human PBMC upregulates PD-1 expression in T cells. We proposed to test if B7-DCIg could enhance BCG-induced anti-bladder cancer immune responses. Methods: For in vitro evaluation of B7-DCIg on BCG induction of immune responses, mouse splenocytes were prepared and cultured in the absence or presence of Pasteur strain BCG and/or different doses of B7-DCIg for 3 days, followed by ELISA analysis of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in culture supernatants. For in vivo evaluation of B7-DCIg on BCG induction of immune responses, mice were treated twice weekly with intravesical (i.b.) PBS plus intraperitoneal (i.p.) PBS, i.b. BCG (0.1 OD/dose) plus i.p. IgG2a (400 μg/dose), or i.b. BCG (0.1 OD/dose) plus i.p. B7-DCIg (400 μg/dose). The bladders were collected after treatments 2, 4 and 6, and analyzed for IFN- γ as well as other mRNAs by RT-PCR. ImageJ software was used to quantify PCR products on agarose gels. To evaluate the effect of B7-DCIg on BCG treatment of bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice were implanted i.b. with luciferase-expressing MB49 (MB49-Luc) bladder cancer cells at day 0 and treated with i.b. BCG (0.1 OD/dose) plus i.p. B7-DCIg (400 μg/dose) twice weekly starting at day 1 for a total of 6 treatments. Control mice were treated with i.b. PBS plus i.p. PBS or i.b. BCG plus i.p. IgG2a. Bioluminescence was measured with Xenogen IVIS imaging at days 7, 14, and 21. At day 23 mice were euthanized and bladder weights measured. Results: B7-DCIg enhanced BCG-induced splenocyte IFN- γ production in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. B7-DCIg also enhanced BCG-induced bladder expression of IFN- γ and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNAs in vivo. In the orthotopic tumor model, BCG treatment reduced bladder weight by 53% (p = 0.0503 vs. PBS-treated group). Combination of BCG with B7-DCIg further reduced bladder weight by 5% (p = 0.0257 vs. PBS-treated group). In addition, the combination treatment also led to a delay in tumor growth by bioluminescence compared to BCG-treated group. Conclusions: B7-DCIg enhanced BCG-induced Th1 and anti-bladder cancer immune responses in mice. B7-DCIg may serve as a potential agent in combination with BCG for the treatment of bladder cancer in humans. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1782. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1782
ADRENAL APOPLEXY OCCURRING DURING CORTICOTROPIN THERAPY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: David A. W. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Corticotropin has recently been employed in the treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis with favorable results.<sup>1</sup>We are reporting a case of ulcerative colitis treated unsuccessfully with corticotropin, death occurring after the development of a clinical picture of acute adrenal insufficiency. At autopsy the adrenals showed bilateral massive hemorrhages of the type associated with the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. <h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> The patient was a 51-year-old Scottish woman with a 14 year history of recurrent attacks of diarrhea, passage of blood and mucus, and frequent episodes of nausea and vomiting. The attacks occurred at about two week intervals and lasted for about two weeks. Supportive treatment and diet had been used until January, 1952, when postprandial pain and excessive gas developed in the right upper abdominal quadrant. At the same time, the colitis was intensified. Roentgenograms revealed poor function of the gallbladder, and in February a cholecystectomy was performed. At
Prognostic DNA methylation patterns in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia are predefined by stem cell chromatin marks
Authors: Stefan Deneberg, Philippe Guardiola, Andreas Lennartsson, Ying Qu, Verena Gaidzik, Odile Blanchet, Mohsen Karimi, Sofia Bengtzén, Hareth Nahi, Bertil Uggla, Ulf Tidefelt, Martin Höglund, Christer Paul, Karl Ekwall, Konstanze Döhner, Sören Lehmann
Journal: Blood (2011)
Management of Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Charles H. Fuller, Charles W. Robertson, Reginald H. Smithwick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

SINCE no thoroughly reliable means of prevention of venous thromboembolic disease exists the major concern of the physician or surgeon remains the management of the established case. The purpose of this report is to review the experience with the management of this disease at the Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals over a ten-year period and the lessons learned from this experience. All such cases diagnosed from January 1, 1949, through December 31, 1958, were reviewed. Each distinct clinical episode was counted as a "case." When thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism occurred simultaneously the case was classified as one of pulmonary embolism. During the . . .
Competence, reflective equilibrium, and dual-system theories
Authors: Wesley Buckwalter, Stephen Stich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract A critique of inferences from “is” to “ought” plays a central role in Elqayam &amp; Evans' (E&amp;E's) defense of descriptivism. However, the reflective equilibrium strategy described by Goodman and embraced by Rawls, Cohen, and many others poses an important challenge to that critique. Dual-system theories may help respond to that challenge.
Young people's health: the need for action
Authors: Russell M Viner, Maggie Barker
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Engaging adolescents with their health can prevent a lifetime of bad habits and should be a priority for an efficient future health service It is easy to understand why a national sickness service, as the NHS has been described, 1 might choose largely to ignore young people.The common perception is that young people are rarely ill.However, in setting out its plans for the NHS, the government is now calling for a shift to a service focusing on the whole of health and wellbeing. 2 3The national service framework for children, young people and maternity provides a lever for local change, but securing the short and longer term gains in population health and reducing health inequality will call for a much keener focus on the health of young people.
Health and Medicine on Television
Authors: George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, Nancy Signorielli
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

IN recent years, the medical community has become increasingly aware of the role of sociocultural influences — "life-style factors" — in shaping healthrelated conceptions and behavior. Our ongoing research project, called Cultural Indicators, has investigated the role of television in this process. The results indicate that television has become the mainstream of culture in the United States, bringing otherwise disparate and divergent styles of life closer together. The conceptions, values, and behavior that television cultivates in viewers appear to reflect the most recurrent patterns of representation found in its dramatic entertainment programs.Americans spend more time watching television than doing . . .
Leucocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in a model of intestinal inflammation.
Authors: H Arndt, K D Palitzsch, D C Anderson, J Rusche, M B Grisham, D N Granger
Journal: Gut (1995)

Leucocyte-endothelial cell adhesion is modulated by a variety of adhesion glycoprotein expressed on the surface of leucocytes and endothelial cells. Although in vitro studies show that these adhesion molecules mediate the decrease in leucocyte rolling velocity and the increase in leucocyte adherence and emigration associated with inflammation, there are few in vivo data to support this hypothesis. The aim of this study was to assess the role of leucocyte (CD11b/CD18) and endothelial cell (P- and E-selectin) adhesion molecules in mediating the leucocyte-endothelial cell adhesion elicited in rat mesenteric venules during a model of longlasting intestinal inflammation. Indomethacin was injected 48 and 24 hours before the experiment. The mesenteric microcirculation was observed by intravital microscopy in animals treated with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against either P-selectin, E-selectin, or CD11b/CD18. Leucocyte rolling velocity, and the number of adherent and emigrated leucocytes as well as vessel diameter and erythrocyte velocity were monitored in roughly 30 micron diameter postcapillary venules. Indomethacin treatment resulted in mucosal ulceration and granulocyte infiltration, and a corresponding inflammatory response in the mesentery, which was characterised by an increase in the number of adherent (eightfold) and emigrated (sixfold) leucocytes and a reduction (80%) in leucocyte rolling velocity. The indomethacin induced leucocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in mesenteric venules was significantly reduced by treatment with MAbs against either CD11b/CD18 or E-selectin, but not by the P-selectin MAb. These results suggest that both leukocyte (CD11b/CD18) and endothelial cell (E-selectin) adhesion molecules contribute to the granulocyte accumulation in a chronic model of intestinal inflammation.
Attendance and non-attendance for breast screening at the south east London breast screening service.
Authors: J. McEwen, E. King, G. Bickler
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVES--To ascertain the reasons for a low rate of response for breast screening. DESIGN--All relevant aspects of the organisational process examined, including general practitioners' notes. Non-responders visited and interviewed. SETTING--An inner city breast screening service working on the model advocated by the Forrest report. SUBJECTS--288 Women aged 50-64 registered with several general practices and invited for screening by post. MAIN OUTCOME--Determination of factors important for success of breast screening programmes. RESULTS--After five women were excluded by their general practitioners the response rate was 129 out of 283 (46%), but 99 (35%) of the women did not receive their invitations because of inaccuracies in the family practitioner committee's database and general practitioners failing to check women's addresses completely. CONCLUSIONS--Increased rates of response will depend on enabling general practitioners to check addresses and on an increased awareness of the importance of information.
Designs for Experiments — Parallel Comparisons of Treatment
Authors: Philip W. Lavori, Thomas A. Louis, John C. Bailar, Marcia Polansky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Clinical trials of medical treatments often compare two treated groups or a treated group with a separate but concurrent control group. We have examined a consecutive series of 47 such parallel studies reported in the Journal in 1978-1979, including 35 with random assignment to the treated or control group, to discover how this approach is actually used. A major strength of these studies as a group was the frequent use of randomized treatment assignment. Common problems included lack of sufficient detail about methods of randomization, failure to provide enough detail about patient sources, and insufficient use of multivariate statistical techniques and of statistical modeling. We emphasize the importance of avoiding bias by balancing prognostic factors when assigning patients to treatments, reducing bias by modeling the influence of prognostic factors on response, and increasing precision by modeling. We also advocate the careful consideration of the relevance of a treatment comparison within the study to the external world of clinical practice.