tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR
Authors: E. GELLHORN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1941)

1. Hypoglycemia leads to a general decrease in cortical activity, measurable by a delay in and an inaccuracy of mental functions. This condition is accompanied by typical changes in the electroencephalogram and in the electrocorticogram which indicate a diminution in the oxidative state of the cortex (Hoagland). 2. Insulin hypoglycemia produces a state of increased excitability of sympathetic centers. This is shown by an increased blood pressure response to anoxia and to CO2 at low blood sugar levels. It is further indicated by the increased blood pressure rise on raised intracranial pressure during the hypoglycemic state. Since the increased response to CO2 and to increased intracranial pressure persists after elimination of the chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus area and of the arch of the aorta, it follows that low blood sugar increases sympathetic responses not only in response to reflex stimuli but also to stimuli acting directly on the centers. Another indication of increased excitability of the sympathetico-adrenal system in hypoglycemia is the fact that the blood sugar rise observed during a brief period of anoxia is more marked in the hypoglycemic animal than it is at a normal blood sugar level. 3. This increased sympathetic excitability is linked up with a sympathetico-adrenal discharge occurring during hypoglycemia. To the well known signs of such a discharge is added the fact that the CO2-tension of the arterial blood and of the alveolar air decreases in hypoglycemia. If, however, coma supervenes, the CO2-tension in the alveolar air rises. This may be taken as an indication of a generally decreased excitability of the brain. 4. The increased sympathetico-adrenal discharge occurring in insulin hypoglycemia tends to lead to a restoration of normal conditions (homeostatis) not only by the glycogenolytic action of adrenalin on the liver but also by its depressing action on the sympathetic centers via the carotid sinus. 5.If hypoglycemia and anoxia are combined for several hours, a condition results in which homeostatic regulations break down by the failure of adrenalin to produce glycogenolysis. Under these conditions the excitability of the brain is altered since the animals do not respond with convulsions to extreme degrees of hypoglycemia. 6. The excitability of the autonomic system is not altered by an increased blood sugar level resulting from the injection of glucose. However, a rise of blood sugar resulting from reflex stimulation of autonomic centers by painful stimuli or by injection of metrazol or adrenalin is accompanied by a generally increased excitability and a fall in the CO2-tensions of the arterial blood.
Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (CO2 GAP) in patients with arterial pulmonary hypertension: A pilot study
Authors: Marcelo Rocha, Fabrício Costa, José Erirtônio Façanha Barreto
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance that can lead to right failure and death. Right ventricular (RV) function is a major determinant of functional capacity and prognosis in PAH, with a reduced survival in patients with decreased cardiac index. Several studies have already shown that venous-to-arterial CO2 difference (CO2 GAP: PvCO2 minus PaCO2) is inversely correlated to cardiac index (CI) in septic and non-septic circulatory failure. Objectives : To analyze the value of the CO2 GAP in PAH patients and its relationship with the cardiac index. Methods : The right heart catheterization was performed using the Seldinger technique with a 8F sheath inserted via the basilica vein. Cardiac output was measured using thermodilution technique. Results : We analyzed 26 patients with PAH (80% women and 20% men). 86% were classified as WHO group 1(34% had idiopathic PAH) and 7% were WHO group 4 (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension). Most patients were in NYHA functional class II (50%) and the mean 6-min walk distance was 451 meters. At the time of enrollment, 78% were treated with pulmonary vasodilators (39% sildenafil alone and 39% sildenafil + bosentana). CI, CO2 GAP and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) were compared by Pearson correlation. We found a negative correlation between CI and CO2 GAP (R square 0,15 and p: 0,04) and a positive correlation between CI and venous O2 saturation (R square 0,44 and p: 0,0002). Conclusion : In PAH patients, the CO2 GAP may be a useful tool to analyze right ventricular function. Future research should analyze its value in the prognosis of PAH patients.
Increased cough responsiveness in guinea pigs with respiratory syncytial virus infection and its neurogenic mechanism
Authors: XinMin Ye, Chunli Liu, Nanshan Zhong, Jing Zhao, Ruchong Chen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Objective:  To investigate the role of neurogenic inflammation in increasing cough responsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) -infected guinea pigs   Methods:  Fifty guinea pigs were randomly divided into a control group and four RSV-inoculated groups: post-infection day (PID) 6, 12, 28 and 42. cough responsiveness, airway inflammation, RSV antigen and nucleic acid, substance P (SP) protein content and expression, and neurokinin receptor 1 (NK1) mRNA expression were evaluated and the correlation between cough responsiveness and SP and NK1 mRNA levels determined.   Results:  Cough responsiveness of infected groups was significantly higher than control and reached a peak at PID 12. Inflammatory cells and lymphocytes increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue pathology showed airway inflammation without pneumonia. RSV RNA content was highest at PID 6 and then gradually decreased. SP peaked at PID 28 and remained high at PID 42, SP protein staining could be seen in lung tissue. NK1 mRNA levels were also significantly increased at PID 12, 28 and 42. cough responsiveness was positively correlated with and SP and NK1 mRNA levels.   Conclusion:  The increase in cough responsiveness was consistent with the clinical features of cough caused by RSV. The accompanying increase in SP and its receptor with the positive correlation between these parameters and cough responsiveness suggests that neurogenic inflammation may play a decisive role in the increase in cough responsiveness and cough induced by RSV.
Immunotherapy of a Murine Leukemia Virus-Infected, Chemically Induced Murine Sarcoma With Antiviral Antibodies&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: E C Ward, J D Iglehart, K J Weinhold, D P Bolognesi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

Many murine tumor models associated with murine leukemia virus(es) (MuLV) have been successfully treated by passive administration of antiviral antibodies. There is a large body of virus-negative tumors, however, which are lowly antigenic and thus refractory to such approaches. Therefore, an investigation was done for determination of whether such tumors could be rendered susceptible to passive serum therapy by introduction of MuLV antigens onto the tumor cell surface. For this purpose a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibro-sarcoma from inbred C57BL/6J mice was chosen. Following infection of the tumor in vitro with Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), the tumor was found to be susceptible to treatment with a high-titered heterologous anti-F-MuLV gp71 antiserum. The specificity of the treatment was determined by conduction of the therapy on the uninfected parental tumor, in which case there was no effect. In addition, therapy could be initiated at time points when demonstrable tumors were present and successfully treated animals were resistant to rechallenge with the infected tumor. Thus conversion of a lowly antigenic virus-negative tumor to an MuLV-positive antigenic tumor rendered such growths susceptible to immunologic management.
Late-breaking abstract: High-resolution CT findings and inter-observer concordance for acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with home ultrasonic humidifiers
Authors: Atsushi Kitamura, Hiroshi Nakaoka, Kouhei Okafuji, Yutaka Tomishima, Torahiko Jinta, Naoki Nishimura, Naohiko Chohnabayashi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

[Introduction]  Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with home ultrasonic humidifiers (humidifier lung) is relatively rare. There have been few reports of the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings of this disease. We examined clinical characteristics and the HRCT findings in patients with humidifier lung and evaluated inter-observer concordance for certain radiologic features.  [Patients and Methods]  The study subjects were 9 patients who were diagnosed with humidifier lung at our hospital between April 2012 and May 2014. In addition to ascertaining clinical information, the CT images of each subject were evaluated independently by seven respiratory specialists and two respiratory residents.  [Results]  Positive individual reporting of CT findings and the rates of inter-observer concordance were, respectively, pleural effusion (2/9, 88.9%), mediastinal lymphadenopathy (1/9, 88.9%), thickening of bronchial vascular bundles (0/9, 61.0%), centrilobular granular shadows (6/9, 83.0%), and pan-lobular ground-glass opacity (9/9, 94.3%). Centrilobular granular shadows were observed only in patients whose duration from beginning of inhalation to onset of symptoms is more than three months. No other correlation was found between clinical characteristics and CT findings.  [Conclusions]  All patients had pan-lobular ground-glass opacity on HRCT, with high rate of inter-observer concordance. This feature is therefore a useful marker for humidifier lung. The presence of centrilobular granular shadows suggest the duration from inhalation to onset exceeds three months.
Etoposide combined with cyclophosphamide plus vincristine compared with doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide plus vincristine and with high-dose cyclophosphamide plus vincristine in the treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the lung: a randomized trial of the Bristol Lung Cancer Study Group.
Authors: W K Hong, C Nicaise, R Lawson, J A Maroun, R Comis, J Speer, D Luedke, M Hurtubise, V Lanzotti, J Goodlow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1989)

A total of 353 patients with previously untreated small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) were accrued in this multicenter trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following three regimens: cyclophosphamide 1,000 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) day 1, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 IV day 1, and etoposide 50 mg/m2 IV day 1, followed by etoposide 100 mg/m2/day orally days 2 through 5 (CEV); cyclophosphamide 1,000 mg/m2 IV day 1, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 IV day 1, and doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 IV day 1 (CAV); cyclophosphamide 2,000 mg/m2 day 1 and vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 IV day 1 (CV). Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. Treatment groups were comparable with respect to extent of disease, age, sex, performance status, and metastatic sites. No significant differences in response rates, response duration, or survival could be detected in limited disease, although there appeared to be a trend favoring CEV. Among extensive-disease patients, response duration on the CEV regimen was longer than on the CV regimen or the CAV program (P less than .001). The superiority of the CEV regimen was also demonstrated in the survival analysis in which differences attained statistical significance (P = .01). In this group the median survival was increased from 29 weeks on CV to 31 weeks on CAV and 39 weeks on CEV. Myelosuppression was the most frequent toxicity. It was more severe with CV than CEV or CAV. Most nonhematologic side effects were comparable among the three treatment groups. However, the high doses of cyclophosphamide in the CV regimen produced a higher incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis than in the CEV or CAV programs (P less than .001). Cardiotoxicity only occurred in the CAV group (P = .05). The addition of etoposide to the CV regimen resulted in significantly longer response duration and survival without increased toxicity. Similarly, the substitution of etoposide for the doxorubicin in the CAV regimen was associated with prolonged survival and reduced cardiotoxicity.
Volume assured pressure support ventilation for chronic ventilatory failure in COPD
Authors: Sandip Banerjee, Marcus Pittman, Rebecca Chadwick, Atul Gulati, Masood Ali, Michael Davies, Nick Oscroft, Tim Quinnell, Phillipa Lawson, John Shneerson, Ian Smith
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction & Methods 

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is used to treat chronic ventilatory failure complicating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This randomised prospective study compared the effectiveness of a volume assured pressure support ventilator (VAPS - iVAPS, Resmed) with a pressure controlled ventilator (PCV - NIPPY 3, B&D Electromedical) in this patient group.

Results 

Forty subjects (19 male) were recruited with these demographics (mean & standard deviation): age 66.9 (8.2) years; BMI 28.2 (7.0); smoking 46.5 (31.3) pack years; FEV1 27 (10.2) % predicted. They were randomised 20 to each treatment limb and at baseline there were no differences between the two groups.

View this table:

Outcomes pre-treatment and at 1-month (p values compared to pre-treatment values)





Mean hours of use between VAPS and PCV were not significantly different [6.0 (+/-2.7) vs 5.9 (+/-2.4) hours respectively).There was a trend towards shorter time to initiate VAPS compared to PCV (3.4 vs 4.7 days respectively, p=0.071). During the trial period 2 patients from each arm died.

Conclusion 

In patients with COPD and chronic ventilatory failure, VAPS achieves similar improvements in overnight oximetry and daytime PaCO2 compared to PCV. VAPS is a well tolerated and effective treatment for chronic ventilatory failure in this patient group. A longitudinal trial investigating survival may now be warranted.
Advances in Breast Surgery, 2002-2012
Authors: Stephen B. Edge
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

The past 40 years have brought dramatic changes in breast cancer treatments, resulting in a 30% reduction in breast cancer mortality. This is largely the result of new concepts tested in a steady stream of large, well-designed, coordinated clinical trials. Early trials showed that extended surgery ("local therapy") does not improve mortality over less aggressive surgery. Trials conducted in the 1970s and 1980s clearly showed that radical surgery involving removal of the breast provides no outcome advantage over breast-conserving therapy (BCT). One concern with BCT has been a higher rate of local recurrence compared with mastectomy, with initial studies before the routine use of systemic therapy reporting rates of 10% to 20% with BCT. Modern series define a risk of local recurrence after BCT of 2% to 5%, about the same as with mastectomy. The improvement is partly due to improved standards in surgery, radiation oncology, and pathology. However, it is primarily due to the use of systemic endocrine and chemotherapy. BCT is appropriate for most women with breast cancer. This article explores the advancements in breast surgery over the past 10 years.
Abstract 17263: Comparison of Full Coverage Versus Spot Drug-Eluting Stenting for De Novo Coronary Artery Stenoses at 12-month Follow-up: Subgroup Analysis from The RESET Trial
Authors: Seunghwan Kim, Dong-Ho Shin, Jung-Sun Kim, Byeong-Keuk Kim, Young-Guk Ko, Donghoon Choi, Myeong-Ki Hong, Yangsoo Jang
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background: In the Drug-eluting stents era, the introduction of drug-eluting stents has resulted in the use of longer or multiple, overlapping drug-eluting stents in patients with diffusely disease...
Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1033 pneumococci isolated from children in Greece during 2001–2004
Authors: I. Paraskakis, D.A. Kafetzis, A. Chrisakis, H. Papavasilliou, H. Kirikou, A. Pangalis, L.S. Tzouvelekis, T. Athanasiou, N.J. Legakis
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2006)
5-HTTLPR genotype potentiates the effects of war zone stressors on the emergence of PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms in soldiers deployed to iraq
Authors: Michael J. Telch, Christopher G. Beevers, David Rosenfield, Han-Joo Lee, Albert Reijntjes, Robert E. Ferrell, Ahmad R. Hariri
Journal: World Psychiatry (2015)

Exposure to war zone stressors is common, yet only a minority of soldiers experience clinically meaningful disturbance in psychological function. Identification of biomarkers that predict vulnerability to war zone stressors is critical for developing more effective treatment and prevention strategies not only in soldiers but also in civilians who are exposed to trauma. We investigated the role of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype in predicting the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive and anxiety symptoms as a function of war zone stressors. A prospective cohort of 133 U.S. Army soldiers with no prior history of deployment to a war zone, who were scheduled to deploy to Iraq, was recruited. Multilevel regression models were used to investigate associations between 5-HTTLPR genotype, level of war zone stressors, and reported symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety while deployed to Iraq. Level of war zone stressors was associated with symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety. Consistent with its effects on stress responsiveness, 5-HTTLPR genotype moderated the relationship between level of war zone stressors and symptoms of emotional disturbance. Specifically, soldiers carrying one or two low functioning alleles (S or LG) reported heightened symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety in response to increased levels of exposure to war zone stressors, relative to soldiers homozygous for the high functioning allele (LA). These data suggest that 5-HTTLPR genotype moderates individual sensitivity to war zone stressors and the expression of emotional disturbance including PTSD symptoms. Replication of this association along with identification of other genetic moderators of risk can inform the development of biomarkers that can predict relative resilience vs. vulnerability to stress.
Young men being treated for cancer are more likely than women to make fertility preservation arrangements, US study shows:
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Among patients with cancer, young men being treated with drugs that may affect their fertility are much more likely to take part in discussions over fertility preservation arrangements than are young women, but uptake in both sexes remains low, concludes a US study published in Cancer .1 Better strategies are needed for dealing with reproductive issues among young patients with cancer, it says.

The potentially toxic effect of anticancer therapy on future fertility is a major issue for adolescents and young adults with …
Comparison of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) with Capizzi methotrexate plus asparaginase (C-MTX/ASNase) in children and young adults with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL): A report from the Children’s Oncology Group Study AALL0232.
Authors: E. C. Larsen, W. L. Salzer, M. Devidas, J. B. Nachman, E. A. Raetz, M. L. Loh, N. A. Heerema, A. J. Carroll, J. M. Gastier-Foster, M. J. Borowitz, B. L. Wood, C. L. Willman, N. J. Winick, S. Hunger, W. L. Carroll
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

3 The full, final text of this abstract will be available in Part II of the 2011 Annual Meeting Proceedings, distributed onsite at the Meeting on June 4, 2011, and as a supplement to the June 20, 2011, issue of Journal of Clinical Oncology.
Positive end-expiratory pressure affects the value of intra-abdominal pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome in newborn with diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Dmytro Dmytriiev, Kateryna Dmytriieva, Oleksander Nazarchuk, Konstantyn Bercun, Anatoliy Staradub, Konstantyn Dmytriiev
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  To examine the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on intraabdominal pressure (IAP) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in newborn with diaphragmatic hernia.   Methods:  Thirty sedated and mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS admitted to a twenty-bed surgical medical ICU were included. All patients were studied with sequentially increasing PEEP (0, 6 and 12 cm H2O) during a PEEP trial.   Results:  Age was 5±1,7 days, weight was 1770, 4±302,0 g, SAPS II was 44±14 and PaO2/FIO2 was 192±53 mmHg. The IAP was 9,2±0,5 mmHg at PEEP 0 (zero end-expiratory pressure, ZEEP), 10,8±0,8 mmHg at PEEP 6 and 13,4±0, 6 mmHg at PEEP 12 (P    Conclusions:  PEEP is a contributing factor that impacts IAP values. It seems necessary to take into account the level of PEEP whilst interpreting IAP values in patients under mechanical ventilation.
Common codes for situated interaction
Authors: Paul Cisek, John F. Kalaska
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

A common code for integrating perceptions and actions was relevant for simple behavioral guidance well before the evolution of cognitive abilities. We review proposals that representation of to-be-produced events played important roles in early behavior, and evidence that the neural mechanisms supporting such rudimentary sensory predictions have been elaborated through evolution to support the cognitive codes addressed by TEC.
Prediction of drug response using genomic signatures from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia
Authors: Kavitha Venkatesan, Nicolas Stransky, Adam Margolin, Anupama Reddy, Pichai Raman, Dmitriy Sonkin, Michael Jones, Christopher Wilson, Sungjoon Kim, Markus Warmuth, William Sellers, Joseph Lehar, Jordi Barretina, Giordano Caponigro, Levi Garraway, Michael Morrissey
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Accurate prediction of patient drug response is required for successful personalized medicine. Cancer is a disease resulting from myriad genetic alterations. Accordingly, it should be possible to predict drug response of specific cancers using genetic and molecular signatures. To aid this effort, an ongoing collaboration established between Novartis and the Broad Institute called the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) has (i) comprehensively characterized genome-scale mRNA expression, copy number alteration and mutation profiles for nearly 1000 cancer cell line models spanning many tumor types and (ii) profiled ~500 of these cell lines against ~1000 anticancer compounds. Using these data, we are developing a scalable, extensible predictive modeling framework based on various supervised learning methods that include both categorical classification and linear regression approaches to predict compound sensitivity. By cross-validation of the generated models against test data sets, we quantitatively estimated model performance. Our initial results validate several preexisting genetic predictors of sensitivity. In addition, our models reported 70% or higher sensitivity and specificity for a number of compounds and yielded interesting potentially novel predictive features that, in some cases, outperform previously existing genetic predictors of sensitivity. Our integrative approach demonstrates that pharmacological profiling of large, genomically annotated cancer model systems, coupled with systematic predictive modeling, can uncover novel predictors of drug response and may ultimately aid patient stratification. This talk is also presented as Poster A4.