tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dr. C. Henri Leonard replies to Congressman Corliss, who evidently misrepresents a large number of his constituents.
Authors: C. Henri Leonard
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Detroit, Mich., June 11, 1898. Hon.John B. Corliss, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. <h3>My Dear Sir:</h3> —Yours of June 10th duly at hand. In reply to the same allow me to say that your "firstly" and "secondly" are but quibblings over terms. So far as the medical profession of the United States is concerned we do not care whether you " introduce" a bill, or "report" it to the House; the effect on the profession, if the bill be passed, remains the same. If you have been unjustly "sacrificed" for doing your " duty," why that is nothing that concerns us as medical men. What we are concerned in is your "doings," whether that be in accordance with your so-called " duty," or in accordance with what your medico-political constituents may wish you to do for them. " Duty," then, as you term it, is to be pitted against the powers that
Differential proteomics analysis of the surface heterogeneity of dextran iron oxide nanoparticles and the implications for their in vivo clearance
Authors: Dmitri Simberg, Ji-Ho Park, Priya P. Karmali, Wan-Ming Zhang, Sergei Merkulov, Keith McCrae, Sangeeta N. Bhatia, Michael Sailor, Erkki Ruoslahti
Journal: Biomaterials (2009)
Estrogenic hormone action in the heart: regulatory network and function
Authors: F Babiker
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the industrialised countries and display significant gender-based differences. Estrogen plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart disease and is able to modulate the progression of cardiovascular disease. The focus on the beneficial influence of estrogen is gradually shifting from the vascular system to the myocardium. The presence of functional estrogen receptors in the myocardium has been demonstrated. Estrogen is important for cardiovascular baseline physiology and modulates the myocardial response under pathological conditions. Here we summarise the current knowledge of the regulatory network of estrogenic action in the myocardium and its effects on cardiovascular function.
A Glossary of Radiation Terminology
Authors: Saul Aronow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THIS article consists of two parts. The first is a short glossary of three sets of terms concerned with the physics of radiation. The second discusses the concept of the range of numerical magnitudes that enter into an analysis of the nuclear-bomb problem.The first set of definitions refers primarily to the source of the radiation, the second is related to the target of the radiation, and the third applies to problems of nuclear warfare and protection.Radiation TerminologySource of the Radiation Isotope — one of the several masses that atoms of a particular chemical element may assume. The . . .
DITHRANOL PASTE FOR PSORIASIS.
Authors: R. H. SEVILLE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1966)

Journal Article DITHRANOL PASTE FOR PSORIASIS. Get access R. H. SEVILLE, M.D., M.R.C.P. R. H. SEVILLE, M.D., M.R.C.P. Beaumont Hospital, Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 78, Issue 5, 1 May 1966, Pages 269–272, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12221.x Published: 01 May 1966
Anybody's Sentinel
Authors: Leon Banov
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I appreciate Dr. Kelvin's rescue. He is really "on the Ball." However, I do not believe any surgeon has a clear cut claim to the "sentinel pile." My letter stated that Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie did not leave a written description of anything which resembles the sentinel pile. Dr. Kelvin agrees. My letter pointed out that 19th century books on rectal diseases by British and Continental surgeons do not associate the term with Brodie, as is found in 20th century books on proctology by American surgeons. Dr. Kelvin, in effect, says the same thing. My letter concluded: "By whom, when, how, or where the eponym, the sentinel pile of Brodie, was introduced into medical usage continues to be a mystery of medical history." Where is Dr. Kelvin's rescue? In the mid 19th century, Mayo (1833), Velpeau (1847), Syme (1854), Bodenhamer (1868), and Allingham (1871) described the lesion
Lack of interleukin-6/glycoprotein 130/signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 signaling in hepatocytes predisposes to liver steatosis and injury in mice
Authors: Daniela C. Kroy, Naiara Beraza, Darjus F. Tschaharganeh, Leif E. Sander, Stephanie Erschfeld, Arne Giebeler, Christian Liedtke, Hermann E. Wasmuth, Christian Trautwein, Konrad L. Streetz
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

A deregulated cytokine balance is involved in triggering the sequence from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, ultimately leading to liver fibrosis and cancer. To better define the role of proinflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines in hepatocytes we investigated the role of IL-6 and its shared receptor, glycoprotein 130 (gp130), in a mouse model of steatohepatitis. IL-6(-/-) mice were fed a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Conditional gp130 knockout and knockin mice were used to achieve hepatocyte-specific deletion of gp130 (gp130(Deltahepa)), gp130-dependent rat sarcoma (Ras)-(gp130(DeltahepaRas)), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-(gp130(DeltahepaSTAT)) activation. CDE-treated IL-6(-/-) mice showed a significant hepatic steatosis at 2 weeks after feeding. The mice rapidly developed elevated fasting blood glucose, insulin serum levels, and transaminases. To better define IL-6-dependent intracellular pathways, specifically in hepatocytes, we next treated gp130(Deltahepa) mice with a CDE diet. These animals also developed a marked steatosis with hyperglycemia and displayed elevated insulin serum levels. Additionally, gp130(Deltahepa) animals showed an imbalanced inflammatory response with increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha and decreased adiponectin messenger RNA levels. Dissecting the hepatocyte-specific gp130-dependent pathways revealed a similar disease phenotype in gp130(DeltahepaSTAT) mice, whereas gp130(DeltahepaRas) animals were protected. In CDE-treated mice lack of gp130-STAT3 signaling was associated with immune-cell-infiltration, jun kinase-activation, a blunted acute-phase-response, and elevated transaminases. Furthermore, gp130(Deltahepa) and gp130(DeltahepaSTAT) mice showed beginning signs of liver fibrosis compared to gp130(DeltahepaRas) mice and controls.During CDE treatment mice lacking IL-6 and gp130-STAT signaling in hepatocytes are prone to hepatic metabolic changes and inflammation. This ultimately leads to progressive steatohepatitis with signs of liver remodeling. Thus, the presented model allows one to further dissect the role of IL-6/gp130-type signaling in hepatocytes during fatty liver degeneration to define new therapeutic targets in metabolic liver diseases.
The acute respiratory distress syndrome in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 47 patients
Authors: S Bucciarelli
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a non-cardiogenic form of pulmonary oedema characterised by severe hypoxaemia refractory to oxygen therapy, with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs. It can be precipitated by various serious medical and surgical conditions, including systemic autoimmune diseases. The "catastrophic" variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an accelerated form of this systemic autoimmune condition which results in multiorgan failure because of multiple small vessel occlusions.To analyse the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with catastrophic APS who develop ARDS.Cases with ARDS were selected from the web site based international registry of patients with catastrophic APS (CAPS registry) (http://www.med.ub.es/MIMMUN/FORUM/CAPS.HTM) and their characteristics examined.Pulmonary involvement was reported in 150 of 220 patients with catastrophic APS (68%) and 47 patients (21%) were diagnosed as having ARDS. Nineteen (40%) of these patients died. Pathological studies were undertaken in 10 patients and thrombotic microangiopathy was present in seven. There were no differences in age, sex, precipitating factors, clinical manifestations, or mortality between catastrophic APS patients with and without ARDS.ARDS is the dominant pulmonary manifestation of catastrophic APS. Thus the existence of ARDS in the context of an APS makes it necessary to rule out the presence of the catastrophic variant of this syndrome.
Response and acclimatisation of symptomless smokers on changing to a low tar, low nicotine cigarette.
Authors: G Woodman, S P Newman, D Pavia, S W Clarke
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Ten symptomless smokers were switched from their usual cigarette to a low tar, low nicotine test cigarette for two weeks to investigate their immediate response and subsequent acclimatisation to the test cigarette. The tar (T) and nicotine (N) yields of the test cigarettes were T = 3.8 mg, N = 0.6 mg; the median yields of the usual cigarettes were T = 16.4 mg, N = 1.4 mg. The subjects were monitored over a six week period comprising a control period (usual cigarette), a test period (test cigarette), and a return period (usual cigarette), each lasting two weeks. The inhaled smoke volume (smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette which is subsequently inhaled) was measured with a non-invasive radiotracer technique. Puffing indices were recorded using an electronic smoking analyser and flowhead cigarette holder. Measurements were made at the beginning of the control period, at the beginning and end of the test period, and at the end of the return period. Subjects kept records of their cigarette consumption during each of the three periods. Apart from a small change in puff duration, cigarettes were smoked in the same way during the control and return periods. Mean and total puff volumes increased with the low tar, low nicotine cigarette but did not change from the beginning to the end of the test period. There was no significant change between the control, test, and return periods for mean inhaled smoke volume, total inhaled smoke volume, or cigarette consumption. It is concluded that when smokers are switched to a low tar, low nicotine cigarette the puff volume increases but there is no change in the inhaled smoke volume or daily consumption.
Outcome of patients with systemic rheumatic disease admitted to medical intensive care units.
Authors: B Godeau, A Boudjadja, J F Dhainaut, B Schlemmer, C Chastang, F Brunet, J R Le Gall
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

The outcome of patients admitted to intensive care units is known to be influenced by such factors as age, previous health status, severity of disease, and diagnosis. To estimate the outcome of such patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and to determine if the severity of these diseases unfavourably influences the prognosis at the time of admission to a medical intensive care unit, the clinical courses of all patients with systemic rheumatic disease admitted to two medical intensive care units between January 1978 and December 1988 were studied retrospectively. Sixty nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 16), necrotising vasculitis (n = 19), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19), and other systemic rheumatic diseases (n = 15) were included. The mean (SD) age on admission into the medical intensive care unit was 53 (17) years and the mean simplified acute physiological score was 12 (5.5). The principal diagnoses on admission were infectious complications (29/69 patients) and acute exacerbation of the systemic rheumatic disease (19/69 patients). The death rate in the medical intensive care unit was 33% (23/69 patients) and was similar to that of a non-selected population with comparable simplified acute physiological score. The death rate in hospital was 42% (29/69 patients). Infection was the main cause of death in the medical intensive care unit (19/23 patients) and the infection was mainly acquired in the unit. Only the simplified acute physiological score on admission was a statistically significant prognostic factor: the simplified acute physiological score in patients who died was 15 (5.2) v 9.9 (4.7) for survivors. Long term outcome analysis showed that 83% (33/40 patients) of patients were still alive after admission to the medical intensive care unit with a follow up time between two months and nine years (mean 38 months). The death rate was relatively high and was mainly due to nosocomial infections. It was not different, however, from that of nonselected patients and the long term prognosis was highly favourable. This shows that the complications are often reversible, particularly infectious applications, and justifies admission to the medical intensive care unit of this group of patients.
Selective trophic effect of L-carnitine in type I and IIa skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: Paolo Giovenali, Daniela Fenocchio, Giuseppe Montanari, Corrado Cancellotti, Stefania D'Iddio, Umberto Buoncristiani, Maurizio Pelagaggia, Rodolfo Ribacchi
Journal: Kidney International (1994)
Sound Advice for Conducting Clinical Trials
Authors: David P. Byar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Many medical investigators now think that prospective randomized clinical trials offer the most reliable way of comparing alternative treatments. Although the concepts of randomized trials are quite widely understood, most physicians would be unsure how to plan and carry out a study, and useful statistical advice is hard to come by. Unfortunately, even investigators who have already reported quite good studies frequently lack adequate knowledge of the principles of statistics, especially as applied to clinical trials, and the statistical literature does not readily yield the simple, practical essentials required. Fortunately, 10 experienced British and American biostatisticians have compiled a report . . .
Is the NHS only a means of delivering healthcare?
Authors: G. Forbes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates ionizing radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a genotoxic anti-cancer drug that induces apoptosis in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation. However, the involvement of ceramide in NCS-evoked nuclear events such as DSB-activated ATM has not been clarified. Here, we found that nuclear ceramide increased by NCS mediated apoptosis through the enhanced assembly of ATM and the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (MRN) complex proteins in human lymphoblastoid L-39 cells. NCS induced an increase of ceramide production through activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and suppression of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) upstream of DSB-mediated ATM activation. In ATM-deficient lymphoblastoid AT-59 cells compared with L-39 cells, NCS treatment showed a decrease of apoptosis even though ceramide increase and DSBs were observed. Expression of wild-type ATM, but not the kinase-dead mutant ATM, in AT-59 cells increased NCS-induced apoptosis despite similar ceramide accumulation. Interestingly NCS increased ceramide content in the nucleus through nSMase activation and SMS suppression and promoted colocalization of ceramide with phosphorylated ATM and foci of MRN complex. Inhibition of ceramide generation by the overexpression of SMS suppressed NCS-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of ATM activation and assembly of the MRN complex. In addition, inhibition of ceramide increase by the nSMase inhibitor GW4869 prevented NCS-mediated activation of the ATM. Therefore, our findings suggest the involvement of the nuclear ceramide with ATM activation in NCS-mediated apoptosis. <b>Significance Statement</b> We demonstrate that regulation of ceramide with neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and sphingomyelin synthase in the nucleus in double-strand break–mimetic agent neocarzinostatin (NCS)-induced apoptosis. We also showed that ceramide increase in the nucleus plays a role in NCS-induced apoptosis through activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated/Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex in human lymphoblastoid cells.
Recent advances: HIV infection II
Authors: C. Beiser
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Despite recent impressive advances in antiretroviral therapy and the hope they bring for further delaying the onset of AIDS and even for cure of HIV infection, we are left with the need to prevent and treat the opportunistic complications that come with a diagnosis of AIDS.Worldwide, most people infected with HIV do not have access to antiretroviral drugs or to treatment and prophylaxis for many of the complications of HIV infection.In the developing world, therefore, prevention of HIV infection is receiving attention.This article summarises some recent advances in the aetiology, treatment, and prophylaxis of the opportunistic complications of HIV infection as well as progress in HIV prevention in the developing world.
Challenges in Identifying Asthma Subgroups Using Unsupervised Statistical Learning Techniques
Authors: Mattia C. F. Prosperi, Umit M. Sahiner, Danielle Belgrave, Cansin Sackesen, Iain E. Buchan, Angela Simpson, Tolga S. Yavuz, Omer Kalayci, Adnan Custovic
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: Unsupervised statistical learning techniques, such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and hierarchical clustering (HC), have been used to identify asthma phenotypes, with partly consistent results. Some of the inconsistency is caused by the variable selection and demographic and clinical differences among study populations.Objectives: To investigate the effects of the choice of statistical method and different preparations of data on the clustering results; and to relate these to disease severity.Methods: Several variants of EFA and HC were applied and compared using various sets of variables and different encodings and transformations within a dataset of 383 children with asthma. Variables included lung function, inflammatory and allergy markers, family history, environmental exposures, and medications. Clusters and original variables were related to asthma severity (logistic regression and Bayesian network analysis).Measurements and Main Results: EFA identified five components (eigenvalues ≥ 1) explaining 35% of the overall variance. Variations of the HC (as linkage-distance functions) did not affect the cluster inference; however, using different variable encodings and transformations did. The derived clusters predicted asthma severity less than the original variables. Prognostic factors of severity were medication usage, current symptoms, lung function, paternal asthma, body mass index, and age of asthma onset. Bayesian networks indicated conditional dependence among variables.Conclusions: The use of different unsupervised statistical learning methods and different variable sets and encodings can lead to multiple and inconsistent subgroupings of asthma, not necessarily correlated with severity. The search for asthma phenotypes needs more careful selection of markers, consistent across different study populations, and more cautious interpretation of results from unsupervised learning.
Crystal-Induced Arthropathy
Authors: Donald Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1979)

CURRENTLY, there are two well-known articular disorders associated with abnormal accumulation of crystals within the joint. In one, gout, clinical abnormalities generally antedate roentgenographic findings by many years, and the roentgenograms serve primarily to record the extent of disease and its response to therapy; in the second, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease, roentgenographic analysis may allow accurate diagnosis in patients who demonstrate nonspecific symptoms and signs or, in some cases, who are entirely asymptomatic. This report emphasizes characteristic roentgenographic findings in both of these crystal-induced disorders and discusses important considerations in the differential diagnosis of these conditions from other articular diseases.  Gout  Although roentgen alterations may accompany the initial bouts of gouty arthritis, the roentgenographic evaluation of most patients with clinical evidence of gout spanning many years will show no important changes. After years of intermittent episodic arthritis, chronic tophaceous gout may develop in association with permanent roentgenographic
Glucagon and the Regulation of Blood Sugar
Authors: Rachmiel Levine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Those interested in the riddle of diabetes have always been intrigued by the role of the hormonal "antagonists" to insulin in the causation and maintenance of the diabetic state. An early candidate for the office of "diabetogenic factor" was, of course, epinephrine (when it was still called adrenalin). However, no support could be found for its role in the nontransient chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes, even though insulin and epinephrine might appear to "oppose" each other in an acute pharmacologic experiment. Far more serious were the claims of some of the pituitary hormones and of the glucocorticoids of the adrenal glands. . . .
The problem with publications
Authors: E. C. Omoregie
Journal: BMJ (2010)

It is drummed into medical students and doctors across the world that, to get ahead, you need to get published. “Getting published” is often used as a catch-all term to refer to any writing that might boost academic credentials—presentations, leaflets, full papers, abstracts, guidelines, and so on.

In my first foundation year, I was no different from any other junior struggling to pull myself out of that cohort of trainees who wouldn’t get a …