tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Four Years' Experience of an Undergraduate Medical Nutrition Course
Authors: J Powell-Tuck, Carolyn Summerbell, G Holsgrove, J S Garrow
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1997)

In 1992 the medical colleges of The Royal London and St Bartholomew's hospitals launched a new curriculum in which basic medical sciences were to be integrated with early exposure to clinical medicine in the first phase. The curriculum was to be modular and integrative, combining clinical and medical-science-based teaching of body systems, rather than the traditional teaching by departmental discipline. We describe the inception, content and evaluation of a 7-day course on nutrition which was developed as part of this curriculum. It was rated highly by the students, whose feedback led to important modifications. The programme works well in practice, and could provide a useful guide for other schools about to set up nutrition courses for medical students.
Thermotolerance in the Murine Jejunum&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: K J Henle
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

The heat sensitivity of the murine jejunum from C3H/HeJ mice and its capacity to develop thermotolerance were measured. Exteriorized loops of murine jejunum were heated in water baths at temperatures of 43-46 degrees C for various times. Animal mortality was used to calculate the median lethal dose by day 7 (LD50/7) in minutes as a function of temperature. The LD50/7 value was independent of the length of the intestinal loop, the presence of serum in the heating medium, prior starvation of animals, and fluid replacement post heating. The time-temperature plot for the LD50/7 values had an exponential slope constant of -0.71 degrees C-1, similar to that for other normal tissues. A heat treatment of 5 minutes at 45 degrees C increased the LD50/7 (total time at 45 degrees C) from 5.9 minutes to 13.0 and 15.6 minutes for 1- and 3-day fractionation intervals, respectively. Death after intestinal heating was associated with septicemia and reached a peak on days 2 and 3 post hyperthermia. Gentamicin (0.1 mg/mouse/day) increased the LD50/7 at 45 degrees C from 5.9 to 9.6; however, septicemia was still noted in dying, gentamicin-treated mice. Additional antibiotics did not further increase the LD50/7. Heat fractionation with gentamicin increased the LD50/7 (total time at 45 degrees C) to 23.0 and 12.5 minutes at 45 degrees C for 1- and 3-day intervals, respectively. These data suggest that thermotolerance plays a significant role in the intestinal heat response, but that the heat damage to intestinal barriers against bacterial septicemia may be superimposed on the cellular damage to the crypt-villus system.
Diuretic response in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: characteristics and clinical outcome—an analysis from <scp>RELAX‐AHF</scp>
Authors: Adriaan A. Voors, Beth A. Davison, John R. Teerlink, G. Michael Felker, Gad Cotter, Gerasimos Filippatos, Barry H. Greenberg, Peter S. Pang, Bruce Levin, Tsushung A. Hua, Thomas Severin, Piotr Ponikowski, Marco Metra
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2014)

Aims We studied the characteristics and clinical outcome related to diuretic response and the effects of serelaxin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure ( AHF ). Methods and results RELAX‐AHF was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, enrolling 1161 patients admitted to hospital for AHF who were randomized to 48 h i.v infusions of placebo or serelaxin (30 µg/kg per day) within 16 h from presentation. Diuretic response was defined as Δ weight kg/[(total i.v. dose)/40 mg] + [(total oral dose)/80 mg)] furosemide (or equivalent loop diuretic dose) up to day 5. Median diuretic response was −0.42 (−1.00, −0.14) kg/40 mg. A poor diuretic response was independently associated with Western‐like region (Western Europe, North America, Israel, and Poland), lower diastolic blood pressure, the absence of oedema, higher blood urea nitrogen, and lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase and potassium (all P &lt; 0.01). Randomization to serelaxin was associated with lower doses of i.v. loop diuretics and slightly less weight loss, resulting in a neutral effect on diuretic response. Worse diuretic response was independently associated both with less relief of dyspnoea, measured with a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) at day 5 (primary endpoint; P = 0.0002), and with a higher risk of cardiovascular death or rehospitalization for heart failure or renal failure through day 60 (secondary endpoint, P &lt; 0.0001), but not with increased 180‐day cardiovascular mortality ( P = 0.507). Conclusions In patients hospitalized for AHF , a poor diuretic response was associated with a poor in‐hospital and early post‐discharge clinical outcome. Serelaxin had a neutral effect on diuretic response. Trial registration: NCT00520806
The 1992 Cournand Lecture. Asthma: past, present and future
Authors: ST Holgate
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

The association of asthma with the release of inflammatory mediators, through a mechanism that involves the immune system, has taken almost 100 years to evolve. While studies on lung tissue from patients who had died from asthma pointed to inflammation of the airways as a major lesion, clinicians have, until relatively recently, preferred to consider the disease more in terms of airways dysfunction rather than the cause(s) of this dysfunction. Bronchial mucosal biopsy and lavage has reaffirmed the view that asthma is a special type of airway inflammation involving mast cells and eosinophils which is orchestrated by T-lymphocytes of a Th2-like phenotype. Through cytokine release, these cells upregulate the function of mast cells and eosinophils. However, other factors are now considered important in the maintenance and chronicity of the inflammatory response both through tissue remodelling (e.g. fibrosis) and through the secretion of cytokines from epithelial, endothelial and constitutive mesenchymal cells. Evidence is accumulating that these events are genetically-linked although this is likely to involve multiple genes. Of special importance is the role of the environment both in the induction of allergen sensitised airways and the subsequent inflammatory response that follows. Included in these are intrauterine events, early life exposure to allergens, pollutants and viruses. If prevention of asthma is to be a future target for intervention, then future work should concentrate on those early genetic and environmental factors that initiate the inflammatory response rather than relying on strategies that attempt to reverse established disease.
Pulmonary primary adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis, treatment and outcome
Authors: Fatma Chermiti Ben Abdallah, Dalel Achour, Sadok Boudaya, Amel Chtourou, Sofia Taktak, Ridha Mahouachi, Ali Ben Kheder
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  Adenocarcinoma (ADC) was individualized within primary lung cancers from part their epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary particularities.   Objective:  To describe diagnosis, managment and outcome of primary lung adenocarcinoma.   Methods:  Retrospective study including 79 patients in whom diagnosis of primary lung ADC was made in our department between January 2002 and December 2010.   Results:  All patients were males with mean age of 60 years. 94,9% of them were smokers. Functional signs were dominated by chest pain (41 patients) and sputum (36 patients). The chest radiograph showed proximal opacity in 47 patients. The histological diagnosis was allowed by bronchial biopsy in 44% of cases, trans-thoracic biopsy in 19% of cases, surgical biopsy in 25% of cases, pleural biopsy in 4% of cases and biopsy of remote metastasis in 8% of cases. Tumoral cells expressed CK7 in 32% of cases, TTF1 in 9% of cases, CK20 in 1,2% of the cases, EMA in 2,5% of the cases, CK5/6 in 2,5% of cases, Napsine in 4% of the cases, Kl1 in 4% of cases and PanCK in 1,2% of cases. 60% of the patients had cancer at stage IV. Surgery was performed in 20 patients (lobectomy in 19 patients and pneumonectomy in 1 patient). The chemotherapy was administrated in 49% of the patients. Curative radiotherapy was performed in 4 patients and palliative in 19 patients. Symptomatic treatment was decided in 26 patients. Recurrence after surgical treatment was noted in 50% of cases after a mean delay of 229,37 days. Mean survival of all patients was of 355,92 days.  Concusion: Diagnosis of pulmonary ADC is based on histological study. Most of our patients have metastatic disease when diagnosed explaining poorer prognosis.
Abstract 13643: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D3 Lowers Aldosterone in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Rebecca S Boxer, Brian J Schmotzer, Anna Liner, Teresa Carman, Mark E Dunlap, Gregory Stefano, Brian D Hoit
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a risk of cardiac events including HF. Studies of animal models indicate that vitamin D down-regulates RAS. There is a scarcity of data regarding...
Mantel-Haenszel Analysis of Oxford Data. II. Independent Effects of Fetal Irradiation Subfactors23
Authors: G. W. Kneale, A. M. Stewart
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

A Mantel-Haenszel analysis of fetal irradiation subfactors indicated that most of the "extra" X-rayed cases in the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were radiation induced. First trimester exposures were rare but probably ten times more dangerous than later exposures. Ratios of observed: expected numbers of cancer deaths were lower for children with abnormal X-rays than for other X-rayed children, and lower for recent than remote exposures. The first of these differences was probably due to several antenatal conditions having positive associations with obstetric radiography and several causes of early (noncancer) deaths; the second one was probably due to a progressive lowering of film doses between 1940 and the present time. A rare cause of fetal irradiation (hydramnios), whose associations with congenital defects are well documented, led to the discovery that two faults in the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death have contributed to mistaken ideas about the etiology of childhood cancers: Neoplasms were not listed among the official causes of stillbirths, and cystic tumors of the kidneys and lungs of infants were not listed as neoplasms.
Spatial Distribution of Disease: Three Case Studies&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: S Selvin, G Shaw, J Schulman, D W Merrill
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1987)

Maps transformed so as to have constant density of residential population were used to analyze the spatial distribution of disease in three specific areas. Each area had received recent attention because of suspected environmental pollution. The area adjacent to the Rocky Flats Facility (CO) was examined to identify any association between possible plutonium releases and increases in lung cancer or leukemia incidence. The industrial area of northern Contra Costa County (CA) was studied to explore a relationship between petrochemical industrial emissions and histologic-specific lung cancers. Finally, a suspected increase in the risk of congenital cardiac defects possibly related to pollution of the Santa Clara County (CA) water supply was investigated. No evidence of elevated risk of disease was found to be associated with either the Rocky Flats Facility or the polluted water of Santa Clara County. An increase in lung cancer, found by other investigators in earlier years, was shown to persist in association with industrial emissions in Contra Costa County.
Current Epidemiology of Septic Shock
Authors: Djillali Annane, Philippe Aegerter, Marie Claude Jars-Guincestre, Bertrand Guidet
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIX 1APPENDIX 2:ReferencesCITING ARTICLES
&lt;italic&gt;Brief Communication:&lt;/italic&gt; Carcinogenicity of N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea: Possible Role of Excision Repair of O&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;-Methylguanine From DNA
Authors: P Kleihues, G P Margison
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

The persistence in DNA of methylated purines produced by intravenous administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in various rat tissues. In contrast to 7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine, O6-methylguanine was removed less rapidly from DNA of the brain, the principal target organ in MNU carcinogenicity, than from DNA of the liver, which is not susceptible to the carcinogenic action of MNU.ln the kidney, which occasionally develops tumors after a high dose of MNU, O6-methylguanine was lost at a rate between that of brain and liver.
Abstract 1539: National Study of Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Middle-Aged Women in Korea
Authors: Sang Hui Chu, Eun Jin Choi, Sue Kim, Ji-Soo Yoo, Hee Soon Kim, Eui-Geum Oh, Yangsoo Jang
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome) and morbidity are more prevalent in middle-aged women than in men of the same age in Korea. CVD related deaths rate number one among Korean women and have surpassed morbidity in men since 1992. This study, the first national Korean survey to focus on CVD in middle-aged women, aimed to assess current awareness and knowledge of CVD risk factors, as well as risk reduction activities among Korean middle-aged women. Methods and Results: A face-to-face survey of a nationally representative random sample of Korean women aged 40 – 64 years was conducted in July-August, 2006. Of the 1004 respondents surveyed, 47.9% were pre-menopausal, 8.6% peri-menopausal, and 43.5% post menopausal. CVD risk awareness, knowledge, and preventive actions to decrease risk were evaluated by use of a standard questionnaire, which included a modified version of the AHA National Study on Women’s Awareness of Heart Disease Questionnaire (1997, 2000, 2003). Awareness and knowledge of CVD among respondents were very low in terms of considering CVD as the most worrisome health problem after menopause (5.2%), perceiving CVD as the leading cause of death in women (19.8%), identifying HDL cholesterol as beneficial (8.5%), and LDL as harmful (6.7%). While many respondents reported checking blood pressure in the past year (88.2%), more than half did not receive blood glucose (50.3%) or total cholesterol testing (67.8%). Few respondents could correctly identify health ranges for fasting blood sugar (10.8%) or total cholesterol (4.5%). Respondents reported various lifestyle measures to prevent CVD, and while education and economic status were positively associated with taking preventive actions, body mass index was negatively associated. Conclusion: Nurses have been involved in general health promotion in Korea but this study underscores the need to specifically target middle-aged women to promote general awareness and knowledge of CVD risk, particularly interventions that focus on women who are overweight and of low socio-economic status. This work was supported by the 2006 Health Promotion Research Fund from the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Altered expression of claudin 5 isotype modulates tight junctions permeability in experimental LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice
Authors: Vassiliki Karavana, Constantinos Glynos, Dimitris Toumpanakis, Konstantinos Loverdos, Kyriakos J. Revelos, Spyros Zakynthinos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

INTRODUCTION: Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) are characterized by lung injury, endothelial barrier disruption and changes in integrity and expression levels of Claudins (CLDN), a key component of endothelial tight junctions. CLDN5 is expressed and augments permeability in lung endothelial cells. This study aims to investigate CLDN5 expression levels in LPS-induced ALI in mice. METHODS: Lung injury was induced in adult male C57BL/6 mice, by intratracheal LPS administration. Animals sacrificed at 6h, 12h and 24h after LPS administration. Lung tissues were harvested, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained, and the histological score of ALI was assessed according to the American Thoracic Society scoring system. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess CLDN5 cellular localization while its expression levels were verified by Western blotting. RESULTS: LPS administration induced ALI as was verified by increased BALF cellularity, protein content, and the histological score. CLDN5 immunoreactivity was distributed along the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. The pulmonary protein expression of CLDN5 was increased as early as 6 hrs after LPS administration by 3.4 fold above the control group (p= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: LPS administration in mice exhibited an early increase of CLDN5 protein expression levels in ALI which may have contributed to augmented paracellular permeability and inflammation. Observations accrued from this study not only elucidate the pathophysiology of this form of injury but also point to novel approaches in its treatment.
Peak oxygen consumption improves in inoperable, but not operable, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after treatment with pulmonary arterial hypertension drugs
Authors: Athanasios Charalampopoulos, J. Simon R. Gibbs, Rachel J. Davies, Hannah Tighe, Kevin Murphy, Luke S. Howard
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: The effect of therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) on the exercise capacity of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is variable.  Aims and objectives: We tested the hypothesis that patients with inoperable CTEPH (CTEPH-INOP) were more likely to respond well to PAH drugs, displaying a more PAH-like physiology, than those with operable CTEPH (CTEPH-OP), by using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX).  Methods: We analyzed CPX data of all patients diagnosed with CTEPH at a single PH centre between February 2009 and March 2013, who were treated with PAH drugs and had undergone at least two incremental CPX, one before and at least one after starting on treatment. Suitability for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was decided by a multidisciplinary team at a PEA expert centre.  Results: The CTEPH-INOP group included 14 and the CTEPH-OP 26 patients. There was no difference in demographics and baseline haemodynamics. Unlike CTEPH-OP, CTEPH-INOP had a significantly higher peak VO2 (increased by 12 %, p=0.001) and workload (p=0.002) post-treatment. CTEPH-INOP increased their PaCO2 (p=0.04), lactate (p=0.01) and oxygen pulse (p=0.05) post-treatment. Unlike CTEPH-OP, CTEPH-INOP increased respiratory exchange ratio (p=0.008) and displayed a trend towards lower heart rate reserve (p=0.09) post-treatment.  Conclusions: 1. CTEPH-INOP are more likely to respond to PAH therapy than CTEPH-OP, 2.Following treatment, CTEPH-OP remained limited by ventilatory factors, unlike CTEPH-INOP in whom the better response to treatment seems to be related to amelioration of heart failure syndrome.
Treatment of Primary Progressive Hodgkin’s and Aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Is There a Chance for Cure?
Authors: Andreas Josting, Marcel Reiser, Ulrich Rueffer, Bernd Salzberger, Volker Diehl, Andreas Engert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

To determine differences in prognosis between primary progressive Hodgkin's disease (HD) and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), we retrospectively analyzed patients with progressive lymphoma who were treated with different salvage chemotherapy regimens including high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) followed by autologous stem-cell support (ASCT).One hundred thirty-one patients with primary progressive lymphoma (HD, n = 67; NHL, n = 64) were enrolled. Primary progressive disease was defined as disease progression during first-line chemotherapy or only transient response (complete or partial response lasting </= 90 days) after induction treatment. Patients 60 years or younger with progressive lymphoma were eligible to receive HDCT with ASCT.The overall response rate after salvage chemotherapy for patients with primary progressive HD and NHL was 33% and 15%, respectively. Twenty-five HD patients (37%) received HDCT. Most patients with NHL had progressive disease under salvage treatment, with only six patients (10%) receiving HDCT. Of those, only two patients were alive and in continuous complete remission 3 and 12 months after HDCT. No patient with NHL survived longer than 26 months after first diagnosis. Actuarial OS after 5 years was 19% for all HD patients; 53% for HD patients receiving HDCT, and 0% for patients who did not receive HDCT. In HD patients, multivariate regression analysis identified chemosensitive disease on salvage treatment (P =.0001) and HDCT (P =.031) as significant prognostic factors for freedom from treatment failure. Significant prognostic factors for OS are chemosensitive disease (P =.0005), HDCT (P =.039), and B symptoms at the time of progress (P =.046).There are striking differences in the prognosis of patients with progressive HD and aggressive NHL. The prognosis of progressive NHL patients is dismal. Most patients have rapidly progressive disease after salvage treatment and are, therefore, excluded from HDCT programs. In contrast, progressive HD patients can achieve long-term survival after HDCT.
Abstract 12308: Non-Cardiac Death in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: From ATTEND Registry
Authors: Kohei Wakabayashi, Naoki Sato, Dai Yumino, Katsuya Kajimoto, Yasushi Sakata, Takehiko Keida, Yuichiro Minami, Masayuki Mizuno, Kuniya Asai, Hiroshi Suzuki, Ryo Munakata, Koji Murai, Teruo Takano
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background: The mortality of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is still relatively high. ADHF patients commonly have multiple co-morbidities and the cause of death in these patients is not a...
Adjuvant Active Specific Immunotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer With an Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283
Authors: Jules E. Harris, Louise Ryan, Herbert C. Hoover, Robert K. Stuart, Martin M. Oken, Al B. Benson, Edward Mansour, Daniel G. Haller, Judith Manola, Michael G. Hanna
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

A randomized phase III clinical trial of adjuvant active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell-bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was conducted to determine whether surgical resection plus ASI was more beneficial than resection alone in stage II and III colon cancer patients.Patients (n = 412) with colon cancer (297 with stage II disease, 115 with stage III disease) were randomly allocated to an observation arm or to a treatment arm in which they received three weekly intradermal vaccine injections of 10(7) irradiated autologous tumor cells beginning approximately 4 weeks after surgery. The first two weekly injections also contained 10(7) BCG organisms. Patients were observed for determination of time to recurrence and disease-free and overall survival.This was a negative study in that after a 7.6-year median follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcomes between the treatment arms. However, there were disease-free survival (P =.078) and overall survival (P =.12) trends in favor of ASI when treatment compliance was evaluated, ie, patients who received the intended treatment had a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to the third vaccination (induration >/=5 mm). Also, the magnitude of the DCH response correlated with improved prognosis. The 5-year survival proportion was 84.6% for those with indurations greater than 10 mm, compared with 45.0% for those with indurations less than 5 mm.When all randomized patients were evaluated, no significant clinical benefit was seen with ASI in surgically resected colon cancer patients with stage II or III colon cancer. However, there was an indication that treatment compliance with effective immunization results in disease-free and overall survival benefits.