tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Resistance to Parental DBA/2 Grafts: Independence From the &lt;italic&gt;H-2&lt;/italic&gt; Locus. II. Studies With Friend Virus-Induced Leukemia Cells&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Gustavo Cudkowicz, Giovanni B. Rossi, Jamil R. Haddad, Charlotte Friend
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

Friend virus-induced leukemia cells of an established tissue culture line grew less well on transplantation into (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 and (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice than into syngeneic DBA/2 mice. In colonizing the spleens of irradiated or nonirradiated animals, 1.6 × 106 cells grafted intravenously were 2–6 times less efficient in “resistant” hybrids than in susceptible DBA/2 mice. The differential was greater when 106 cells were transplanted subcutaneously and formed solid tumors locally. Hybrid resistance to subcutaneous cell growth was stronger in male than in female mice. In segregating progeny of the backcross (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 × DBA/2, the ratio of resistant to susceptible animals was compatible with genetic control by a single autosomal locus not associated with the marker genes T (Brachyury or Short tail), A (Agouti), and d (dilute) in linkage groups IX, V, and II, respectively. The properties of hybrid resistance to DBA/2 leukemia cells were similar to those described for nonleukemic DBA/2 bone marrow and spleen cells. Characteristic features were the relative weakness of resistance, the sex influence, and the independent assortment in backcross progeny mice of the genetic determinant of resistance and markers of linkage groups IX.
Mastectomy Retaining Nipple as well as Areola
Authors: L E Hughes
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2001)

Mr Gordon and his colleagues describe mastectomy with areola preservation (NEAT) in carefully selected cases, and point out the advantage of areola preservation for the patient (April 2001 JRSM, pp. 185-186). However, preservation of the outer nipple can further improve cosmesis without compromising oncological principles.

Experience with total duct excision has shown that a demarcation exists between the outer dermo-fibromuscular covering of the nipple and the central duct core. This plane may be utilized to remove the apex of the nipple containing the duct orifices, together with the central duct core, while preserving the outer nipple. This operation, designated ‘core nipple duct excision’, is readily combined with mastectomy. It leaves a diminished (but much appreciated by the patient) nipple in continuity with the areola.

The details of the operation and the relevant oncological considerations have been described fully1. Case 3 in Gordon's paper would be eminently suited to this procedure, as would all cases where low-grade cancer is reasonably distanced from the nipple ducts, as required for the NEAT operation.
Accident &amp; Emergency Department's Response to Patients' Inquiries by Telephone
Authors: G Singh, D Barton, G G Bodiwala
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1991)

A prospective survey of all telephone calls for medical advice to the Accident & Emergency Department of Leicester Royal Infirmary was undertaken. The objectives of the study were to quantitate the frequency and circumstances related to these inquiries. Over the study period of 10 days, details of 154 telephone calls were recorded. The results demonstrated the perception of the general public, that the A & E department was the most logical place to contact. Only 30% (46) attempted to seek advice from their general practitioner prior to calling the department.
Study design cannot support link between intracranial haemorrhage, antidepressants, and NSAIDs
Authors: Benjamin D Bray
Journal: BMJ (2015)

We developed an intradermal (ID) challenge cynomolgus macaque (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) model of scrub typhus, the leading cause of treatable undifferentiated febrile illness in tropical Asia, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i>. A well-characterized animal model is required for the development of clinically relevant diagnostic assays and evaluation of therapeutic agents and candidate vaccines. We investigated scrub typhus disease pathophysiology and evaluated two <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> 47-kDa, Ag-based candidate vaccines, a DNA plasmid vaccine (pKarp47), and a virus-vectored vaccine (Kp47/47-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particle) for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against homologous ID challenge with <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> Karp. Control cynomolgus macaques developed fever, classic eschars, lymphadenopathy, bacteremia, altered liver function, increased WBC counts, pathogen-specific Ab (IgM and IgG), and cell-mediated immune responses. Vaccinated macaques receiving the DNA plasmid pKarp47 vaccine had significantly increased <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i>–specific, IFN-γ–producing PBMCs (<i>p</i> = 0.04), reduced eschar frequency and bacteremia duration (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01), delayed bacteremia onset (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), reduced circulating bacterial biomass (<i>p</i> = 0.01), and greater reduction of liver transaminase levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.03) than controls. This study demonstrates a vaccine-induced immune response capable of conferring sterile immunity against high-dose homologous ID challenge of <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> in a nonhuman primate model, and it provides insight into cell-mediated immune control of <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> and dissemination dynamics, highlights the importance of bacteremia indices for evaluation of both natural and vaccine-induced immune responses, and importantly, to our knowledge, has determined the first phenotypic correlates of immune protection in scrub typhus. We conclude that this model is suitable for detailed investigations into vaccine-induced immune responses and correlates of immunity for scrub typhus.
Measuring patient safety practices in a simulated environment to enhance postgraduate medical training
Authors: Shairana Naleem, Indranil Chakravorty
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction

Patient safety has risen to the top of the healthcare policy agenda in the NHS. However although high-fidelity medical simulations have been shown to be educationally effective there remains no validated tool reliably measuring patient safety practices.

Aims

We present a study exploring the design of a new patient safety assessment tool.

Methods

The Georges Patient Safety in Simulation assessment tool (GPSS) was piloted on our regional Core Medical Training (CMT) simulation based learning (SBL) programme, assessing 38 trainees across South London.

Key design information was obtained from the National Patient Safety Agency and mapped onto the CMT curriculum. The tool consisted of four key domains

View this table:

Key Patient Safety Domains Measured by the GPSS





:

Consenting trainees were assessed at the start and end of the programme, marked using the GPSS by two independent assessors.

Results

The effect size on the GPSS Total Score was 0.63 (p < 0.001), therefore the impact of SBL upon patient safety practices was found to be statistically significant overall.

![Figure][1] 



Conclusion

The GPSS has highlighted that patient safety practices may be reliably measured ultimately leading to optimisation of these values in clinical practice.

 [1]: pending:yes
The double loop gain in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Joost G. van den Aardweg, John M. Karemaker
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Obstructive sleep apneas usually occur in a periodic breathing pattern. This is probably due to instability of the respiratory control system. Using a simple model of the chemoreflex feedback loop, the tendency to develop periodic breathing can be described by the ‘double loop gain’ (1). In mathematical terms, the double loop gain equals the squared coherence between an input and an output variable of the respiratory control system (a frequency-dependent correlation coefficient, ranging from 0 to 1). The hypothesis was tested that the double loop gain is increased (> 0.7) during obstructive apneas.

In 20 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, the double loop gain was derived using a wavelet analysis of O2 saturation and ventilation derived from nasal pressure. The resulting gain is a function of time and frequency for different time scales.

In all patients, a significantly increased double loop gain was found during obstructive apneas and hypopneas. The gain was > 0.7 in 63.4 ± 13.9% (SD) of the time and was associated with periodic breathing (period of 68.2 ± 22.5 sec). On average, 84.6 ± 13.7% of the apneas occurred in episodes in which the double loop gain was significantly increased.

Conclusion: it is possible to derive the double loop gain from O2 saturation and nasal pressure during obstructive apneas. An increased gain was associated with the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea, in keeping with the idea that the periodic breathing results from chemoreflex activity. Assessment of the double loop gain makes it possible to characterize sleep apnea patients according to their tendency to develop periodic breathing.

(1) Van den Aardweg, J.G., and Karemaker, J.M. AJRCCM 2002; 165: 1041-1047.
Characterization of Obstructive Airway Disease in Family Members of Probands with Asthma
Authors: CAROLIEN I. M. PANHUYSEN, EUGENE R. BLEECKER, GERARD H. KOETER, DEBORAH A. MEYERS, DIRKJE S. POSTMA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

To investigate the genetic susceptibility to asthma, we developed an algorithm to classify the phenotype of each family member enrolled in a family study on the genetics of asthma. This algorithm was applied to 92, two- and three-generation families, identified through a subject (proband) with asthma first diagnosed 25 yr previously. The algorithm consisted of five classes based on the presence or absence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), respiratory symptoms, smoking, airways obstruction, and bronchodilator reversibility. All family members were classified as: (1) definite asthma; (2) probable asthma; (3) unclassifiable airway disease; (4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); (5) unaffected (without clinical evidence of asthma and COPD). Thirteen of the 92 probands (14%) could not be classified as asthmatic when retested 25 yr later because of loss of BHR, loss of bronchodilator reversibility, or a current history of cigarette smoking. Of the 265 first-degree offspring, 49 (18%) were classified as having definite asthma (Class 1), and 22 (8%) as probable asthma (Class 2). A large number of offspring with clinical evidence of asthma did not have a prior physician's diagnosis of asthma, and offspring in Class 1 (definite asthma), with and without a physician's diagnosis, had similar clinical and physiologic characteristics. These results support the usefulness of this approach to classify subjects with asthma for genetic epidemiologic studies and show that reliance on a prior physician's diagnosis may result in misclassification or underdiagnosis. Characterization of the offspring in this family study showed that there is familial clustering, which supports the presence of a hereditary component in asthma.
Abstract 15097: LOX-1 is Required for the Adiposal Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice
Authors: Rieko Takanabe-Mori, Koh Ono, Naoya Sowa, Hiromichi Wada, Tomohide Takaya, Noriko Satoh-Asahara, Akira Shimatsu, Masatoshi Fujita, Tatsuya Sawamura, Koji Hasegawa
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a receptor for oxidized LDL, and is strongly expressed in endothelial cells at an early stage of atherosclerosis. LOX-1 expr...
Immune Status of the Primary Host Toward Its Own Methylcholanthrene-Induced Sarcomas&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Jan Stjernswärd
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1968)

The immune status of 55 mice toward their own sarcomas induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was tested by immediate transplantation of small graded doses of tumor cells after the primary tumor was removed by radical surgery. An increased susceptibility was found in comparison with that of untreated syngeneic controls whose right hind legs were amputated and, to a lesser extent, with that of MCA-exposed syngeneic hosts. Mice preirradiated with 350–400 R before tumor transplantation supported the growth of the isografts slightly better than MCA-exposed hosts. Pretreatment of syngeneic hosts with Bacillus-Guérin 6–72 hours before tumor transplantation also facilitated takes. First-generation isografts of another MCA-induced primary tumor were not accepted as well by the host whose primary tumor had been excised, as were its own autografts. Thus the increased susceptibility to the autochthonous tumor possibly reflects partial tolerance in the primary host to its own MCA-induced sarcoma.
Prognostic Importance of Quantitative Exercise Doppler Echocardiography in Asymptomatic Valvular Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Patrizio Lancellotti, Florence Lebois, Marc Simon, Christophe Tombeux, Christophe Chauvel, Luc A. Pierard
Journal: Circulation (2005)

In patients with asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis, exercise testing may help to stratify the clinical risk. However, data are limited, and the role of quantitative exercise Doppler echocardiography has never been investigated.Sixty-nine consecutive patients with severe asymptomatic aortic stenosis (aortic valve area <1 cm2) who prospectively underwent quantitative Doppler echocardiographic measurements at rest and during semisupine exercise test were followed up for 15+/-7 months. Of these, 26 had an abnormal response to exercise [occurrence of > or =1 of the following findings: angina, dyspnea, > or =2 mm ST segment depression, or fall or small (<20 mm Hg) rise in systolic blood pressure during the test] and 18 presented cardiac events during follow-up (symptoms in 2 patients, acute pulmonary edema in 2, aortic valve replacement in 12, and cardiac death in 2). In univariate analysis, patients who had cardiac events exhibited a higher increase in both peak (29+/-16 versus 22+/-14 mm Hg; P=0.019) and mean (23+/-8 versus 12+/-7 mm Hg; P=0.000003) transvalvular pressure gradients, whereas the left ventricular ejection fraction reached at peak stress was lower. These patients experienced more frequently symptoms during exercise (14 of 18 versus 12 of 51; P=0.0008). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, independent predictors of cardiac events were as follows: an increase in mean transaortic pressure gradient by > or =18 mm Hg during exercise (P=0.0015), an abnormal exercise test (P=0.0026), and an aortic valve area <0.75 cm2 (P=0.0031). Exercise Doppler echocardiographic findings provided incremental prognostic value over resting echocardiographic and exercise electrocardiographic parameters.Quantitative Doppler exercise echocardiography could be useful to identify a high-risk subset of patients with asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis and help for clinical decision making.
Seroepidemiologic Studies of Bovine Papillomavirus Infections&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Herbert Pfister, Barbara Huchthausen, Gerd Gross, Harald zur Hausen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

Bovine and human sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV 1 and 2) and human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV 1) in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Human sera did not react with BPV antigens, and bovine sera showed no evidence of antibodies against HPV 1. In contrast, 19% of all bovine sera tested reacted with BPV 1 and 2 antigens, and 35% of human sera revealed antibodies against HPV 1. No serologic evidence was obtained for heterologous infections of persons exposed preferentially to cattle (farmers, butchers, and patients with Q-fever).
Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in Nottinghamshire U.K.: prognosis of subtypes defined in the WHO-EORTC classification
Authors: E.M. Bessell, C.E. Humber, S. O’Connor, J.S.E. English, W. Perkins, P.D. Dickinson, A.N. Patel
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2012)

Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCL), with the exception of large B-cell lymphoma of leg type and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, are associated with an excellent prognosis. These lymphomas have become much better understood in recent years leading to the publication in 2005 of the World Health Organization-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification.To determine the relative frequency of occurrence of subtypes of PCBCL in a defined population, and the survival of patients with these subtypes.During the period 1987-2009, 61 consecutive patients with PCBCL were identified from the Nottingham Lymphoma Registry (population 1·1 million). After histological review, the number of patients with each subtype was as follows: marginal zone, 18; follicle centre, 14; diffuse large B cell, leg type, 16; diffuse large B cell, other sites, 12; and intravascular large B cell, one.The 5- and 10-year lymphoma-specific survival for patients with marginal zone lymphoma was 100%. The only patient with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma died from widespread disease in spite of chemotherapy. The 4-year lymphoma-specific survival for follicle centre cell lymphoma was 90%. Patients with the other subtypes had the following 5-year lymphoma-specific survival rates: diffuse large B cell, leg type, 61% and diffuse large B cell, other, 40%. The median age at diagnosis for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type was 82 years and as a consequence the 5-year overall survival was only 15%. There was a 3·4-fold increase in the incidence of PCBCL from the period 1987-1997 to the period 1998-2009.PCBCL is a rare disease (incidence around three per million population per year). It is, in our view, essential that it is diagnosed by a pathologist with an interest in cutaneous lymphoma and that the very different prognosis of the individual subtypes is appreciated by the treating clinician.
RANTES gene promoter polymorphisms -28C/G and -403G/A in children hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia
Authors: Katerina Haidopoulou, Theonymfi Doudouliaki, Styliani Pappa, Afroditi Sakellaropoulou, Pavlos Tsakiridis, Maria Emporiadou, Maria Xatzistylianou
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The course of community acquired pneumonia in children varies between patients and it is common belief that the innate immune system of the host plays an important role to the outcome of the infection. The chemokine RANTES is an important chemoattractant which attracts monocytes, T cells, NK cells and eosinophils into sites of inflammation.  Aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of -28C/G and -403G/A RANTES polymorphisms in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.  The study involved two groups of children. The first (group A) consisted of 60 children hospitalised with pneumonia, 37 boys, aged 5±0,44 years and the second (group B) consisted of 135 healthy children, 60 boys, aged 9,6±0,2 years with no history of respiratory infections.  The genotypes of all subjects were determined with PCR-RFLP assay.  According to the results, only the -28C/G RANTES promoter polymorphism is associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children. No association was found for the -403G/A polymorphism.
Hyposensitization with a Tyrosine Adsorbed Extract of <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i> in Adults with Perennial Rhinitis
Authors: A. D. Blainey, M. J. Phillips, S. Ollier, R. J. Davies
Journal: Allergy (1984)

Hyposensitization with a tyrosine adsorbed extract of Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus was effective in relieving symptoms in selected patients with perennial rhinitis due to this allergen who had responded poorly to topical application of steroids. There was a significant reduction in the nasal response to allergen after six weekly injections only in the actively treated group. But symptomatic improvement greater than that produced by placebo therapy was only evident after a further 10 months of monthly injections. Significantly more placebo‐treated patients considered that therapy was ineffective and withdrew from the study. Only one patient developed significant unwanted effects from the injection therapy and had to be withdrawn from the study. We conclude that hyposensitization with a tyrosine adsorbed extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus can be a safe and effective treatment for adults with perennial rhinitis due to this allergen who have responded poorly to nasal corticosteroids, and that those patients who eventually respond clinically are likely to have a diminished nasal response to allergen after the first 6 weeks of therapy.
Analysis of Infections and All‐Cause Mortality in Phase II, Phase III, and Long‐Term Extension Studies of Tofacitinib in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Stanley Cohen, Sebastião C. Radominski, Juan J. Gomez‐Reino, Lisy Wang, Sriram Krishnaswami, Susan P. Wood, Koshika Soma, Chudi I. Nduaka, Kenneth Kwok, Hernan Valdez, Birgitta Benda, Richard Riese
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

To determine the rate of infection and all-cause mortality across tofacitinib phase II, phase III, and long-term extension (LTE) studies in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Pooled data from studies of tofacitinib in patients with RA were analyzed. In these studies, tofacitinib was administered as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The cutoff date for inclusion of data was April 19, 2012.Across phase II, phase III, and LTE studies, 4,789 patients received tofacitinib (8,460 patient-years of exposure). The overall rate of serious infection was 3.09 events per 100 patient-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.73-3.49), and rates were stable over time. A Cox proportional hazards model showed that age, corticosteroid dose, diabetes, and tofacitinib dose were independently linked to the risk of serious infection. Lymphocyte counts of <0.5 × 10(3) /mm(3) were rare but were associated with an increased risk of treated and/or serious infection. Overall, all-cause mortality rates were 0.30 events per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.20-0.44).The overall risk of infection (including serious infection) and mortality rates in RA patients treated with tofacitinib appear to be similar to those observed in RA patients treated with biologic agents. The rates of serious infection were stable over time.
Reduced airway expression of cytoprotective CC10 in COPD patients and mice exposed to cigarette smoke
Authors: Francesca Polverino, Victor Pinto-Plata, Bartolome Celli, Caroline Owen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Clara cell protein (CC10) is the major secretory protein of Clara and is crucial for maintenance of airway epithelium in health. CC10 plasma levels are reduced in COPD patients, but the underlying reasons are unclear. We tested whether there is a blunted expression of CC10 in the airways of human and mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) which may contribute to impaired repair of airway epithelial injury in smoke-exposed animals.  Methods: Immunostaining and image analysis software were used to measure CC10 expression in airways in lung sections from 6 healthy controls vs. 6 patients with mild to moderately severe (M-M) COPD (Gold I-II) or severe to very severe (S-VS) COPD (Gold III-IV). We also immunostained lung sections from C57BL/6 WT mice exposed to air vs. CS for 1, 3, or 6 months.  Results: CC10 expression in airway epithelium was lower in all COPD patients vs. healthy human subjects (median=724.2X103 vs. 2806.4x103 FL Units/pixel2, respectively p  Conclusions: CC10 expression is reduced in airway epithelium in COPD patients including patients with mild disease. In addition, exposing the airways of mice to CS for 3-6 months reduces their CC10 expression. These results indicate that CC10 expression in airway epithelia may be a rapid and sensitive marker of smoke-induced airway injury.