tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Can prebiotics and probiotics improve therapeutic outcomes for undernourished individuals?
Authors: Paul O Sheridan, Laure B Bindels, Delphine M Saulnier, Gregor Reid, Esther Nova, Kerstin Holmgren, Paul W O'Toole, James Bunn, Nathalie Delzenne, Karen P Scott
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

It has become clear in recent years that the human intestinal microbiota plays an important role in maintaining health and thus is an attractive target for clinical interventions. Scientists and clinicians have become increasingly interested in assessing the ability of probiotics and prebiotics to enhance the nutritional status of malnourished children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with non-communicable disease-associated malnutrition. A workshop was held by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP), drawing on the knowledge of experts from industry, medicine, and academia, with the objective to assess the status of our understanding of the link between the microbiome and under-nutrition, specifically in relation to probiotic and prebiotic treatments for under-nourished individuals. These discussions led to four recommendations: (1) The categories of malnourished individuals need to be differentiated To improve treatment outcomes, subjects should first be categorized based on the cause of malnutrition, additional health-concerns, differences in the gut microbiota, and sociological considerations.(2) Define a baseline "healthy" gut microbiota for each category Altered nutrient requirement (for example, in pregnancy and old age) and individual variation may change what constitutes a healthy gut microbiota for the individual.(3) Perform studies using model systems to test the effectiveness of potential probiotics and prebiotics against these specific categories These should illustrate how certain microbiota profiles can be altered, as members of different categories may respond differently to the same treatment.(4) Perform robust well-designed human studies with probiotics and/or prebiotics, with appropriate, defined primary outcomes and sample size These are critical to show efficacy and understand responder and non-responder outcomes. It is hoped that these recommendations will lead to new approaches that combat malnutrition. This report is the result of discussion during an expert workshop titled "How do the microbiota and probiotics and/or prebiotics influence poor nutritional status?" held during the 10th Meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) in Cork, Ireland from October 1–3, 2012. The complete list of workshop attendees is shown in Table 1.
It could fulfil our dreams
Authors: F. McLellan
Journal: BMJ (1997)

This holiday season I'm dreaming … of an online scientific paper that is flexible, accessible, and exceptionally friendly for its diverse users. Like most dreams, this one takes no account of cost, technical feasibility, or any of the other headaches of publishers and proprietors. It does acknowledge that authors may already feel overburdened with publication tasks and that readers may be overwhelmed by enormous amounts of information. So despite the virtually limitless terrain of cyberspace, my online paper of the future is still marked by a core IMRAD [introduction, methods, results, and discussion] or other conventional structure, economy of expression, judicious presentation of …
Correction: Henry Clay and the Great State of Kentucky
Authors: William N. Henderson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —I am writing to correct a statement made by Dr Martensen 1 in his otherwise excellent appreciation of Oliver Wendell Holmes, in which he refers to  Carolina Senator Henry Clay's Fugitive Slave Act.  Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, although born in Virginia, spent his entire and very productive political career representing the state of Kentucky in both houses of Congress, first as one of the longest-serving speakers of the house, and then twice serving in the Senate, being brought out of retirement in 1849 by the threat of a country divided over the hot question of slavery. He was forced to retire because of health again in 1852, dying a few months thereafter.  John Calhoun was the noted South Carolina senator, who although an ally of Clay in the early days, rather bitterly parted company with Clay because of the latter's attempts to gain a settlement
Reporting Institutional Review Board Approval and Patient Consent-Reply
Authors: Drummond Rennie
Journal: JAMA (1997)

We appreciate receiving the information on the research by Drs Olson and Jobe 1 published in June 1996. Our MEDLINE search on November 13, 1996, just before we submitted our Editorial, failed to disclose the publication of their article due to a delay in indexing.  Coincidently, BMJ showed considerable initiative in further exploring these issues in a series of articles 2-5 and followup letters. 6 We strongly urge interested readers to consult this thoughtful collection introduced with a challenging commentary by the editor, Dr Richard Smith. 2
Oral Azole Drugs as Systemic Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Alastair J.J. Wood, Jackson A. Como, William E. Dismukes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Amphotericin B was the treatment of choice for patients with systemic fungal disease from the time of its introduction in the late 1950s until recently1. However, since the introduction of ketoconazole in 1981, fluconazole in 1990, and itraconazole in 1992, these antifungal azoles, which unlike amphotericin B can be given orally, have been increasingly used as therapy for the systemic mycoses. Despite the lack of direct comparisons of the efficacy of these drugs and amphotericin B in many fungal diseases, physicians have been influenced by the efficacy, safety, and ease of administration of the azoles. For many of the . . .
Cytokines and nitric oxide derivatives (NO) after variceal bleeding: correlation with portal and splenic blood flows
Authors: C. Chagneau, F. Kaffy, C. Borderie, J.C. Lecron, C. Millet, A. Wahl, M. Piriou, L. Tailboux, M. Beauchant, C. Silvain
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
'Pre-Olympic' Games, Now in Progress, Demand World-class Medical Teamwork
Authors: Virginia M. Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1987)

US ATHLETES currently are competing in the Pan-American Games in Indianapolis. Keeping them fit for competition is the main task of the US medical team, a job that the chief physician says often calls for resourcefulness because of the unique demands of sports medicine. For example, "an injury of lesser severity for you or me could be devastating for an elite athlete," says William A. Grana, MD, the chief physician. "These people have to be ready to compete all the time. They can't just take three or four days off." The US medical contingent includes Grana, an Oklahoma City orthopedic surgeon; orthopedic surgeons David Joyner, MD, Camp Hill, Pa, and Melvin Hayashi, MD, Thousand Oaks, Calif; family practitioner Richard Levandowski, MD, Princeton, NJ; Joseph Perlman, MD, a plastic surgeon from Waco, Tex; and about 25 other persons, primarily trainers. They have been in Indianapolis since July 30. Although most athletes
Nonsurgical Treatments for Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Authors: H. Worth Boyce
Journal: JAMA (1975)

For years physicians have attempted to develop nonsurgical methods to slow or stop upper gastrointestinal bleeding. There is obvious need for a safe and effective nonoperative method for producing gastrointestinal hemostasis, especially for patients who are poor surgical risks. Gastric hypothermia by lavage of the stomach with iced water or saline is believed by many to be the safest and simplest way to reduce bleeding from the stomach.<sup>1,2</sup>Palmer<sup>1</sup>has reported that about two thirds of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhages either are slowed or stopped by iced water in his experience with more than 1,400 patients. Some argue that lavage is unproved, but until a better method is devised, gastric cleansing and cooling likely will remain the first step in diagnostic preparation and therapy of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In the early 1960s, hypothermia machines were placed on the market to produce gastric freezing as treatment for peptic ulcer
Lord Reith and I
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1998)

He was bigger even than I expected, well over six feet though then almost 80: a vast crag of a man, slow moving but upright, the famous shrapnel scar in his left cheek still deep after more than 50 years.

The occasion was one peculiar to the ancient Scottish universities: a rectorial installation. Malcolm Muggeridge had been our candidate. The founding father of the British Broadcasting Corporation was his guest. And—probably because I was a medical student and might therefore know what to do if he died—I had been detailed to …
Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Release-Activated Ca2+ Channels With A High Selectivity for Ca2+ Identified by Patch–Clamp Recording in Rat Liver Cells
Authors: Grigori Rychkov, Helen M. Brereton, Lyn M. Harland, Gregory J. Barritt
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Repetitive waves of increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration play a central role in the process by which hormones regulate liver function. Maintenance of these Ca2+ waves requires Ca2+ inflow through store-operated Ca2+ channels. The properties and mechanism(s) of activation of these channels are not well understood. Store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs) in the H4-IIE rat liver cell line were studied by whole-cell patch clamping. Depletion of Ca2+ in intracellular stores by intracellular perfusion with either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) or thapsigargin in the presence of 10 mmol/L ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), or with 10 mmol/L EGTA alone, activated an inward current that reversed at a membrane potential above +40 mV. In physiologic extracellular medium, this inward current was carried exclusively by Ca2+ and was blocked by a variety of di- and trivalent cations. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, the inward current was carried by monovalent cations. This current was 10 to 30 times larger than that observed in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and permitted the detection of single-channel events that corresponded to a single-channel conductance of about 40 pS. Both the Ca2+ and Na+ inward currents were blocked by the calmodulin antagonist, N-(6-amino hexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (W7), but not by calmidazolium or calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II fragment 290-309. It is concluded that liver cells possess plasma membrane Ca2+ channels that have a high selectivity for Ca2+, are activated by a decrease in the concentration of Ca2+ in intracellular stores through a mechanism that is unlikely to involve calmodulin, and are involved in re-filling intracellular Ca2+ stores during Ca2+ signaling.
A Prospective Randomized Open Label Phase III Study of Maintenance Gemcitabine Versus Best Supportive Care Following Platinum-Paclitaxel Chemotherapy for Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: S.L. Jakhar, S. Narayan, A. Kapoor, S.K. Beniwal, M.K. Singhal, P. Kumari, G. Singh, S. Kumari, H.S. Kumar, M.R. Bardia
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Short QT Syndrome
Authors: Fiorenzo Gaita, Carla Giustetto, Francesca Bianchi, Christian Wolpert, Rainer Schimpf, Riccardo Riccardi, Stefano Grossi, Elena Richiardi, Martin Borggrefe
Journal: Circulation (2003)

A prolonged QT interval is associated with a risk for life-threatening events. However, little is known about prognostic implications of the reverse-a short QT interval. Several members of 2 different families were referred for syncope, palpitations, and resuscitated cardiac arrest in the presence of a positive family history for sudden cardiac death. Autopsy did not reveal any structural heart disease. All patients had a constantly and uniformly short QT interval at ECG. Six patients from both families were submitted to extensive noninvasive and invasive work-up, including serial resting ECGs, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, exercise testing, Holter ECG, and signal-averaged ECG. Four of 6 patients underwent electrophysiological evaluation including programmed ventricular stimulation. In all subjects, a structural heart disease was excluded. At baseline ECG, all patients exhibited a QT interval <or=280 ms (QTc <or=300 ms). During electrophysiological study, short atrial and ventricular refractory periods were documented in all and increased ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation in 3 of 4 patients. The short QT syndrome is characterized by familial sudden death, short refractory periods, and inducible ventricular fibrillation. It is important to recognize this ECG pattern because it is related to a high risk of sudden death in young, otherwise healthy subjects.
Age-Based Rationing and Women
Authors: Nancy S. Jecker
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The expense of caring for growing numbers of older individuals can create strong incentives to ration health care based on age. While not directed explicitly at women, this form of rationing would affect women disproportionately because more women than men occupy the ranks of older Americans. A proper understanding of age-based rationing requires attention to gender issues. Once gender issues are taken into account, age-based rationing appears to perpetuate broader gender inequities in the society. This position is supported by three arguments. First, although age-based rationing leads to inequalities between age groups, the inequalities it produces between the sexes are more ethically troubling. Second, these departures from equality cannot be justified even when they benefit society at large by enabling investments in other health care priorities. Finally, since older women represent a disadvantaged and vulnerable group, age-based rationing is difficult to justify even if our obligation to protect the vulnerable is minimal.
Hemophagocytosis causes a consumptive anemia of inflammation
Authors: Erin E. Zoller, Jennifer E. Lykens, Catherine E. Terrell, Julio Aliberti, Alexandra H. Filipovich, Peter M. Henson, Michael B. Jordan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2011)

Cytopenias of uncertain etiology are commonly observed in patients during severe inflammation. Hemophagocytosis, the histological appearance of blood-eating macrophages, is seen in the disorder hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and other inflammatory contexts. Although it is hypothesized that these phenomena are linked, the mechanisms facilitating acute inflammation-associated cytopenias are unknown. We report that interferon γ (IFN-γ) is a critical driver of the acute anemia observed during diverse microbial infections in mice. Furthermore, systemic exposure to physiologically relevant levels of IFN-γ is sufficient to cause acute cytopenias and hemophagocytosis. Demonstrating the significance of hemophagocytosis, we found that IFN-γ acts directly on macrophages in vivo to alter endocytosis and provoke blood cell uptake, leading to severe anemia. These findings define a unique pathological process of broad clinical and immunological significance, which we term the consumptive anemia of inflammation.
Immunogenicity of polysaccharides from type III, group B Streptococcus.
Authors: C J Baker, M S Edwards, D L Kasper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The immunogenicity and safety of two polysaccharides isolated from type III, group B Streptococcus, were tested in adults selected for existing low concentrations of natural antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this organism. Both vaccine preparations (trichloroacetic acid and EDTA) were found to lack pyrogenicity and toxicity for experimental animals. A single 50-microgram subcutaneous injection of either polysaccharide in human subjects elicited significant increase in antibody concentration in immunized compared with control individuals receiving phosphate-buffered saline. Antibody responses were maximal by 2 wk and remained at 21 wk after immunization. Vaccine-induced antibody was primarily of the IgG class. Of the two vaccines, the larger molecular size polysaccharide was significantly more immunogenic. Although no systemic reactions were recorded, mild transient local reactions occurred in 45% of vaccinees.
Primary Amenorrhea
Authors: Georgiana M. Jagiello
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Eighteen cases of primary amenorrhea were studied endocrinologically and cytogenetically. A wide range of phenotypic expression and sex chromosome constitution was found, predominantly the typical picture of Turner's syndrome with an XO constitution in eight patients. Three cases of an XO/XX sex chromosome complement were found with varied somatic and gonadal manifestations of each stem line. One case of an XO/XY complement was noteworthy because of clitoral hypertrophy with total absence of testicular tissue. One case of XO/X"y" complement fulfilled the criteria for "mixed gonadal dysgenesis." Three cases of XX constitution with diverse clinical pictures were found. A heretofore unreported triad of primary amenorrhea, X-ring chromosome constitution, and severe diabetes mellitus in two cases was of particular interest.
Missed neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Authors: M. Fink
Journal: BMJ (1992)

the presenting features.All three patients were assessed and investigated by a neurologist, and no other diagnoses were obtained.Nystagmus, unsteady gait, and cranial palsies other than cranial nerve VI have, however, rarely been described in association.'The close temporal relation of the symptoms (including atypical symptoms and signs and lumbar puncture opening pressures) and successful treatment of the patients' myeloma strongly suggests an association but of course is not conclusive.Other mechanisms may be at playthe aetiology ofmononeuritis multiplex in myeloma remains obscure.Total protein content, sugar, and cytology of cerebrospinal fluid were all entirely within normal limits in all three cases.The computed tomo- graphy appearances were also normal (ventricles; no mass effect) apart from the empty sella as shown in our table.We agree that dural sinus thrombosis has to be excluded in patients presenting with benign intra- cranial hypertension.Our radiologists were specifically asked to exclude the possibility on the basis of contrast enhanced computed tomography scans.Magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography would be more sensitive methods but we did not feel they were justified as the presenting features were chronic in onset, the protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was not raised, and there were no red cells to suggest venous infarction.Most
Evaluation of portable haemoglobinometer in general practice.
Authors: R G Neville
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The HemoCue system for estimating haemoglobin was evaluated within urban general practice. It gave excellent results when used within a laboratory environment (on 103 paired samples) but disappointing ones when evaluated by practice nurses within general practice (on 235 paired samples). The most likely source of error was inadequate mixing of the blood specimens before sampling, which might be obviated by using a rotating mixer. It is emphasised that equipment intended for use in general practice should be evaluated under normal working conditions envisaged.
Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice
Authors: Nancy S. Jecker
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
AN IMPROVED URINAL
Authors: Ralph R. Landes
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The "Improved Urinal," reported inThe Journal, July 9, page 1129, is not new, and the proposal that it can substitute for an indwelling urethral catheter in the management of incontinence is misleading and dangerous. Since early in World War II, and probably before then, it has been used for disoriented patients who had suffered head injuries.<i>These patients were capable of emptying their bladders completely</i>—but were not able to indicate their need for a urinal and thus urinated in bed. The apparatus, therefore, kept the patients and their beds dry. Since World War II it has been in extensive use in all Service and VA hospitals for patients with paraplegia who are able to<i>empty their bladders</i>but have hypertonic bladders that empty precipitously and without warning. This apparatus, connected to a leg-bag, allows them to stay dry. For reasons unknown, it has been called
Treatment of acute mountain sickness
Authors: A. J Pollard
Journal: BMJ (1995)

problem of stratification and selection for admission to those units.Finally, it is worth emphasising that not all investigations are of unproved value and that effective strategies for managing high risk patients do exist.We can avoid surgery altogether, and, indeed, quantification of risk may be particularly important in those operations, such as carotid endarterectomy, in which the benefit of surgery disappears at a given (and low) rate of perioperative complications.'As we stated in our last paragraph, further studies are urgently needed; these should not only assess methods of stratifying risk but also evaluate their effectiveness in reducing morbidity.Until such evidence is forthcoming, our article sum- marises the best methods available.
Intra-arterial Beta Irradiation Prevents Neointimal Hyperplasia in a Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Restenosis Model
Authors: Vitali Verin, Youri Popowski, Philip Urban, Jacques Belenger, Mireille Redard, Manuel Costa, Marie-Claude Widmer, Michel Rouzaud, Philippe Nouet, Eugène Grob, Michael Schwager, John M. Kurtz, Wilhelm Rutishauser
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Intra-arterial gamma irradiation has been shown to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The use of beta emitters should allow similar effects while inducing less undue tissue irradiation radioprotection problems. Methods and Results Flexible 90-yttrium ( 90 Y) coils inside a centering balloon were used to allow homogeneous intra-arterial dose delivery. One carotid and one iliac artery of 21 hypercholesterolemic rabbits were deendothelialized and then irradiated. Four dose schedules were studied: (1) control (dilated, nonirradiated); (2) 6 Gy; (3) 12 Gy; and (4) 18 Gy. Arterial specimens were histologically evaluated at 8 days and at 6 weeks. For all radiation doses at 8 days compared with controls, there was a significant decrease in bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells (245±93 cells/cm in control, 42±27 in 6 Gy, 72±107 in 12 Gy, and 2±2 in 18 Gy groups; P &lt;.001) and in total neointimal cells (891±415 cells/cm in control, 79±43 in 6 Gy, 192±264 in 12 Gy and 22±13 in 18 Gy groups; P &lt;.0002). At 6 weeks, computer-derived histological percent area stenosis was reduced from 26±10% in the control group to 1±1.3% in the 18 Gy group ( P &lt;.0001), but lower doses had no significant effect. Conclusions Administration of intra-arterial beta irradiation with a 90 Y source is technically feasible and compatible with an ordinary catheterization laboratory environment. A dose of 18 Gy effectively induces long-term inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia.