tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A murine model of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome induced by 1,1'-ethylidenebis (L-tryptophan).
Authors: R M Silver, A Ludwicka, M Hampton, T Ohba, S A Bingel, T Smith, R A Harley, J Maize, M P Heyes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) is a recently described disease that has been associated with the ingestion of L-tryptophan containing trace amounts of several impurities. The first such contaminant to be identified and linked epidemiologically to the EMS epidemic was 1,1'-ethylidenebis(L-tryptophan) (EBT), but its role in the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome has been controversial. We report the development of inflammation and fibrosis affecting the dermis and subcutis, including the fascia and perimyseal tissues, after the daily intraperitoneal administration of EBT to female C57BL/6 mice. Such changes are accompanied by increased numbers of mast cells, many of which appear to be degranulating. Plasma levels of quinolinic acid, a metabolic product of L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, are reduced initially, and then become elevated when inflammation and fibrosis are more pronounced. The nature and location of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and fibrosis, as well as the presence of mast cells and alterations of L-tryptophan metabolism, are consistent with findings reported in patients with EMS. This murine model suggests that EBT may have been one of the mediators of EMS and should facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of EMS.
Reducing the risk of retained swabs after vaginal birth: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency
Authors: T. Lamont, A. Dougall, S. Johnson, D. Mathew, J. Scarpello, E. Morris
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Swabs are used by obstetricians and midwives during vaginal birth and perineal suturing to clean and absorb blood. They can be difficult to identify once soaked in blood and are occasionally left inside the vagina by mistake. This error can cause fever, infection, pain, secondary postpartum haemorrhage, and psychological harm.

Between April 2007 and March 2009, 99 incidents of swabs left in the vagina after birth were reported by healthcare staff in England and Wales. Thirty four of these reports described signs of infection. Litigation claims for the same period showed a further 18 relevant cases.

A typical incident report reads: “Day 8 post NB [Neville Barnes] forceps delivery felt something coming out of vagina. On examination, large swab removed from vagina; swabs taken. Temperature 38°c. Commenced intravenous erythromycin (allergic to penicillin) and metronidazole.”

In perioperative settings, there are established processes for recording and counting swabs. Some of these routine checks could be adapted for use in maternity services, while recognising the range of birth environments.

This summary is based on a new safety report (known as a “rapid response report” or …
IPSS-independent prognostic value of plasma CXCL10, IL-7 and IL-6 levels in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: A Pardanani, C Finke, T L Lasho, A Al-Kali, K H Begna, C A Hanson, A Tefferi
Journal: Leukemia (2011)

Recent studies suggest a powerful prognostic value for plasma cytokine levels in primary myelofibrosis (interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15 and C–X–C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)) and large-cell lymphoma (IL-2R, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, CXCL9 and CXCL10). To examine the possibility of a similar phenomenon in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), we used multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure 30 plasma cytokines in 78 patients with primary MDS. Compared with normal controls (n=35), the levels of 19 cytokines were significantly altered. Multivariable analysis identified increased levels of CXCL10 (P<0.01), IL-7 (P=0.02) and IL-6 (P=0.07) as predictors of shortened survival; the survival association remained significant when the Cox model was adjusted for the International Prognostic Scoring System, age, transfusion-need or thrombocytopenia. MDS patients with normal plasma levels of CXCL10, IL-7 and IL-6 lived significantly longer (median survival 76 months) than those with elevated levels of at least one of the three cytokines (median survival 25 months) (P<0.01). Increased levels of IL-6 were associated with inferior leukemia-free survival, independent of other prognostic factors (P=0.01). Comparison of plasma cytokines between MDS (n=78) and primary myelofibrosis (n=127) revealed a significantly different pattern of abnormalities. These observations reinforce the concept of distinct and prognostically relevant plasma cytokine signatures in hematological malignancies.
Health problems of anaesthetists and their families.
Authors: C M Conway
Journal: BMJ (1979)

validity because of differences of definition.Internal comparison between the "exposed" and control infants in Dr Tomlin's survey shows no overall significant difference in malformation rates (26 of 277 v 4 of 92, X(2)= 1-72, P-0-2).In summary, Dr Tomlin's survey, while provocative, adds little that is concrete to the existing literature on the possible relationship between exposure to anaesthetic agents and outcome of pregnancy.
The modern management of incisional hernias
Authors: D. L. Sanders, A. N. Kingsnorth
Journal: BMJ (2012)

#### Summary points

Before the introduction of general anaesthesia by Morton in 1846, incisional hernias were rare. As survival after abdominal surgery became more common so did the incidence of incisional hernias.1 Since then, more than 4000 peer reviewed articles have been published on the topic, many of which have introduced a new or modified surgical technique for prevention and repair. Despite considerable improvements in prosthetics used for hernia surgery, the incidence of incisional hernias and the recurrence rates after repair remain high. Arguably, no other benign disease has seen so little improvement in terms of surgical outcome.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We searched PubMed from 1970-2012 and Embase and the Cochrane Library from inception using the terms “hernia” and “incisional” (using the Boolean operator AND) and “ventral” (using the Boolean operator OR). The reference lists were also used to identify studies of interest. Both authors independently identified publications for inclusion and differences were resolved by discussion. We gave priority to research published in the past five years and highly regarded older publications.

Unlike other abdominal wall hernias, which occur through anatomical points of weakness, incisional hernias occur through a weakness at the site of abdominal wall closure. Why, unlike primary abdominal wall hernias, are the results after repair so poor? Perhaps it is because in the repair of incisional hernias several problems need to be overcome: a multilayered wall structure of different tissue properties in constant motion has to be sutured; positive abdominal …
Nearly 23 000 people in England aged under 18 have diabetes, survey shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A national survey has found that 22 947 people in England under the age of 18 years have diabetes, the vast majority of whom have type 1 diabetes.

The survey was carried out as part of ongoing efforts to improve the care of people with diabetes and is one of the developments reviewed in the sixth annual report, published this week, on the national service framework for diabetes.

The data are needed to improve the provision of diabetes services, the report says. They show that 20 488 of the 21 136 young people who gave the classification of their diabetes had type 1 diabetes, 328 had type 2 diabetes, and 320 had other types.

Commenting on the findings, the health minister Ann Keen said, “For the first time we now know how many children and young people have diabetes in England, and the results of the study we undertook to provide this information will be central to understanding the variability in provision of care for this group.”

The report calls for more action to improve the control of blood glucose in children and young people with diabetes, after figures for 2007-8 …
Cromolyn Sodium Prophylaxis Inhibits Pulmonary Proinflammatory Cytokines in Infants at High Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: ROSE M. VISCARDI, JEFFREY D. HASDAY, KARL F. GUMPPER, VICKI TACIAK, ANDREW B. CAMPBELL, TIMOTHY W. PALMER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

An imbalance of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α , IL-1 β , and the neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8 and inhibitors (e.g., soluble TNF receptors and IL-1ra) in the lung during the first week of life may contribute to prolonged pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has anti-inflammatory effects in asthma, a disease with many similarities with BPD. In a prospective, randomized, blinded study, we examined whether early DSCG therapy inhibits proinflammatory cytokines in infants at risk for BPD. Twenty-six infants who were identified as high risk ( ⩾ 75% probability) for oxygen-dependency at 28 d by a 12-h predictive score and survived 48 h were randomized to nebulized DSCG 20 mg (n = 13) or 2 cc NS (control, n = 13) every 6 h from Day 3 to Day 28. Lung lavage was collected on Day 3 (pre-study) and Day 7 and analyzed for cell count and differential and TNF- α , sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-1 β , IL-1ra, and IL-8 concentrations. The groups' pre-study lavage cytokine concentrations were similar, but TNF- α and IL-8 concentrations were 3.6- and 4.9-fold lower in the DSCG group on Day 7 compared with levels in the control group. Soluble TNF receptors were unaffected by DSCG. There was a trend towards lower IL-1 β levels in DSCG-treated infants on Day 7, but IL-1ra levels were unaffected by DSCG therapy. Three control subjects, but no DSCG-treated infants, died during the study period (p = 0.07). There were no significant differences between survivors of the two groups for oxygen-dependency at 28 d (100% control subjects; 85% DSCG). These results suggest that nebulized DSCG may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in the lungs of infants ⩽ 1,000 g at risk for BPD.
England sets standards to reduce hospital acquired infection
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Standards designed to reduce the incidence of hospital acquired infection, including the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria, were announced for England this week by the Department of Health.

Speaking at a conference in London on governance in the NHS, health minister John Denham announced the new standards for NHS hospitals on infection control—part of the wider introduction of 18 new standards for the assessment of the performance across the service. He said: “One of the most important areas covered …
Cytomegalovirus Syndrome in Children With Acute Leukemia
Authors: Ayten Cangir
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The incidence of cytomegalic inclusion disease (CMID) has shown a significant increase in recent years in children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia<sup>1,2</sup>and in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs following renal transplantation.<sup>3,4</sup>The clinical course of CMID in two children with acute leukemia who died with extensive interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been described.<sup>2</sup>The simultaneous use of several antineoplastic agents apparently suppresses immunologic responses to a clinically significant degree. Antiviral effects of floxuridine (2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine or FUDR) have been demonstrated conclusively. In infected tissue cultures, floxuridine prevents the formation of infectious CMV particles and of intranuclear inclusions; these effects may be prevented by simultaneous treatment of the infected culture with thymidine.<sup>5</sup>In the previously reported case of a child with CMID complicating acute leukemia, floxuridine therapy produced transient improvement.<sup>2</sup> The purpose of this paper is to evaluate further the effects of floxuridine
a synthesis of many levels of constraints as a modern view of development
Authors: derek harter, shulan lu
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

the debate of nativisim versus empiricism is over the relative importance of evolutionary versus ontogenetic mechanisms. this is mostly seen today as a false dichotomy. the synthesis of these positions provides a modern viewpoint of grounded category formation. this combined view places equal importance on feedback between these levels in guiding development, and is more appropriately compared to culturalist positions.
Cyclooxygenase-2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Pharmacologic Targets for Chemoprevention
Authors: Andrew J. Dannenberg, Scott M. Lippman, Jason R. Mann, Kotha Subbaramaiah, Raymond N. DuBois
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Understanding the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis provides insights that are necessary for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer. Chemoprevention, the use of drugs or natural substances to inhibit carcinogenesis, is a rapidly evolving aspect of cancer research. Evidence is presented that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are potential pharmacologic targets to prevent cancer. In this paper, we review key data implicating a causal relationship between COX-2, EGFR, and carcinogenesis and possible mechanisms of action. We discuss evidence of crosstalk between COX-2 and EGFR in order to strengthen the rationale for combination chemoprevention, and review plans for a clinical trial that will evaluate the concept of combination chemoprevention targeting COX-2 and EGFR.
Has cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis been oversold?
Authors: P. McKenna, D. Kingdon
Journal: BMJ (2014)

After the discovery of chlorpromazine in 1952 and the subsequent rise of biological psychiatry, the mainstream view of schizophrenia became that it was amenable only to drug treatment.But everything changed in 1997 when a pioneering trial found that drug resistant patients improved when given a form of cognitive therapy adapted to target delusions and hallucinations, two of the core "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia. 1 Many other trials-more than 50 to date-have since followed.
Steps Involved in Immortalization and Tumorigenesis in Human B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Transformed by Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Masanobu Sugimoto, Hidetoshi Tahara, Toshinori Ide, Yasuhiro Furuichi
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with the generation of various tumors, including Burkitt’s lymphoma. Human resting B cells from peripheral blood are easily transformed by EBV to actively proliferating B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These LCLs with normal diploid karyotypes have been believed to be “immortal”, without becoming tumorigenic. A series of recent studies, however, indicate that this initial, simple concept needs extensive reconsideration. Most LCLs from normal individuals are mortal because their telomeres shorten. Some LCLs are truly immortalized by developing strong telomerase activity and aneuploidy, accompanied by various other changes: down-regulation of p16/Rb; mutation of the p53 gene; modulation of apoptosis; and sensitivity to various chemical agents. Some post-immortal LCLs additionally develop the ability to form colonies in agarose and even become tumorigenic by developing the ability to grow in nude mice. The genetic background of LCLs markedly affects the frequency of immortalization. In summary, changes of B cells after infection by EBV are roughly divided into two steps: (a) transformation of B cells into LCLs caused by EBV proteins; and (b) immortalization and tumorigenesis of LCLs mainly regulated by the factors of host cells in cooperation with EBV proteins. The new concept as reviewed here is essential for the future study of tumorigenesis by EBV.
The pseudoscience of sexual orientation change therapy
Authors: Marshall Forstein
Journal: BMJ (2004)

An “old” problem with relevance today 

In the United States, as in Britain, homosexuality was medicalized and then pathologized in the early part of the last century. The diagnosis of homosexuality as a disease was based on untested and unproven theoretical psychoanalytic concepts that evolved in the Victorian era and were supported by religious doctrine. This led to the application of the physically and emotionally painful, and ultimately, harmful treatments described in the two articles published in this issue of BMJ USA (pp 155, 158). That such intrusive, dehumanizing treatments were even tolerated in the medical profession is testimony to the powerful social stigma and moral indignation surrounding homosexuality.

> equal rights for gay and lesbian people, social customs and religious institutions will continue to create unhealthy social conditions for people who come to accept their sexual orientation.

In 1957, American psychologist Evelyn Hooker, using validated and reliable psychological testing methods, demonstrated that reputable psychologists blinded to the sexual …
Hepatitis B Exacerbation with a Precore Mutant Virus Following Withdrawal of Lamivudine in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patient
Authors: D. Neau, E. Schvoerer, D. Robert, F. Dubois, H. Dutronc, H.J.A. Fleury, J.M. Ragnaud
Journal: Journal of Infection (2000)
The Road to Scientific Oblivion
Authors: Eugene Garfield
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Jacobs' failure to cite any literature on the<i>Science Citation Index (SCI)</i>, which he mentions in his letter on "The Importance of Not Being Cited" (<b>217</b>:698, 1971), might have privileged it with the oblivion he seems to applaud. But<i>SCI's</i>indexing staff called the letter to my attention. Jacob's citing himself and then decrying the end of oblivion puts self-citation to a new and curious use. Jacobs is mistaken, however, on two points. First, his article<sup>1</sup>was not completely buried in<i>Aerospace Medicine</i>where, admittedly, few physicians would see it. It may be true that his article "has not appeared in the bibliography of any scientific publication," but it is not true that it "thus has never been cited in the<i>Science Citation Index</i>." The article was abstracted inThe Journal(<b>190</b>:208, 1964), and the citations for both the paper and the abstract did
Endoscopic Polypectomy in the Proximal Colon
Authors: P. Deyhle, K. Seuberth, S. Jenny, L. Demling
Journal: Endoscopy (1971)

Referred to by: Considering the impact of the flexible polypectomy snareEndoscopy 2019; 51(02): 109-110DOI: 10.1055/a-0820-2966
Tigecycline use in critically ill patients: a multicentre prospective observational study in the intensive care setting
Authors: Philippe Montravers, Hervé Dupont, Jean-Pierre Bedos, Philippe Bret
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)

This prospective observational study aimed at describing prescription patterns of tigecycline and patient outcomes in 26 French intensive care units (ICU).Data of consecutive cases of adult patients treated with tigecycline were collected from the initiation until 7 days after the end of treatment. Response to treatment was classified as success, failure or undetermined and analyses were presented according to severity (SOFA score <7 or ≥7). Survival was recorded at 28 days.A total of 156 patients were included (64% male, age 60 ± 15 years). At inclusion, 53% had a SOFA score ≥7; 93% had received prior anti-infective agents. Tigecycline was given as first-line treatment in 47% of patients, mostly in combination (67%), for intra-abdominal (IAI 56%), skin and soft tissue (SSTI 19%) or other infections. A total of 76% of the treated infections were hospital-acquired. Bacteraemia was reported in 12% of patients. Median treatment duration was 9 days. Tigecycline was prematurely stopped in 42% patients. The global success rate was 60% at the end of treatment, and significantly higher with treatment duration more than 9 days (76 vs. 47%, P < 0.001). Success rate was 65% for patients alive at the end of treatment. Success rates tended to decrease with illness severity, immunosuppression, bacteraemia and obesity. Survival rate at day 28 was 85% in the whole cohort and significantly higher in the less severely ill patients (P < 0.001).Tigecycline success rates appear comparable to those reported in clinical studies in ICU with severe infections. Tigecycline could be an alternative in ICU patients.
The Diagnostic Interview
Authors: W. C. Ellerbroek
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This is a second edition of the author's well-received<i>Medical History Taking</i>(Hoeber, 1960), with a new title; the emphasis is on interviewer/interviewee relationship. The depth interview is presented as an optimum approach, appropriate to investigation of life styles and related psychophysiological disturbances. Particular attention is given to means of eliciting correlations between stresses and symptoms. Dr. Stevenson deserves great praise for his careful presentation of the importance and relevance of all aspects of the prenatal period; also laudable is his all-too-brief discussion of the use of language. The section on family history is very good, and includes a rapid method of sketching a family-tree diagram which would be useful in any routine workup. The psychiatrist-author urges the interviewer to maximize the values of both directive and nondirective methods, alternating these as may seem appropriate. A few of his suggested questions may appear to confirm patient delusions, an approach not
General practitioners and coronary care.
Authors: T J Orchard
Journal: BMJ (1976)

<h3>Abstract</h3> COVID-19 infections in adults often result in medical, neuropsychiatric, and unspecific symptoms, called Long COVID, and the premorbid functional status cannot be achieved. Regarding the course in children and adolescents, however, reliable data are not yet available. <h3>Objective</h3> 380 children and adolescents/young adults aged between 6 and 21 years, being treated for various psychiatric diseases in an outpatient clinical service, were examined for COVID-19 infections and Long COVID symptoms following a structured protocol. <h3>Results</h3> Three patients had COVID-19; one patient had symptoms of Long COVID in his medical history, but they could not be objectivized in an in-depth neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological assessment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Long COVID seems to occur rarely in children and adolescents. Objectivizing the symptoms is a difficult task that requires various diagnostic considerations.