tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Morbidity of juvenile onset inflammatory bowel disease: effects on education and employment in early adult life.
Authors: A Ferguson, D M Sedgwick, J Drummond
Journal: Gut (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> Interictal discharges (IIDs) and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) are neurophysiologic biomarkers of epilepsy. In this study, we use custom poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) microelectrodes to better understand their microscale dynamics. <h3>Methods</h3> Electrodes with spatial resolution down to 50µm were used to record intraoperatively in 30 subjects. For IIDs, putative spatiotemporal paths were generated by peak-tracking, followed by clustering. For HFOs, repeating patterns were elucidated by clustering similar time windows. Fast events, consistent with multi-unit activity (MUA), were covaried with either IIDs or HFOs. <h3>Results</h3> IIDs seen across the entire array were detected in 93% of subjects. Local IIDs, observed across &lt;50% of the array, were seen in 53% of subjects. IIDs appeared to travel across the array in specific paths, and HFOs appeared in similar repeated spatial patterns. Finally, microseizure events were identified spanning 50-100µm. HFOs covaried with MUA, but not with IIDs. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Overall, these data suggest micro-domains of irritable cortex that form part of an underlying pathologic architecture that contributes to the seizure network. <h3>Significance</h3> Microelectrodes in cases of human epilepsy can reveal dynamics that are not seen by conventional electrocorticography and point to new possibilities for their use in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. <h3>Highlights</h3> PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes with at least 50µm spatial resolution uniquely reveal spatiotemporal patterns of markers of epilepsy High spatiotemporal resolution allows interictal discharges to be tracked and reveal cortical domains involved in microseizures High frequency oscillations detected by microelectrodes demonstrate localized clustering on the cortical surface
Whole Organ Grafts of the Stomach
Authors: Richard C. Lillehei, Jerrold K. Longerbeam, William R. Scott
Journal: JAMA (1963)

PREVIOUSLY we found that removal of the entire small bowel of the dog with later reimplantation as an autograft after as long as 5 hr storage in vitro was well tolerated. Such dogs apparently suffered no ill effects from the procedure other than a temporary steatorrhea which abated as soon as lymphatic regeneration occurred in 2 to 4 weeks following the procedure, thus providing once again the normal avenue for fat absorption. Moreover, bowel motility has remained normal despite the severance of neural connections with the central nervous system and the dogs have survived without incident for several years.<sup>1-4</sup> The experience gained in small blood vessel anastomoses in transplanting the bowel proved of great value in making whole organ autografts of the stomach, which are dealt with in this paper. Here again the procedure of removing the stomach, storing it in vitro for up to 5 hr at
Recommendations of the Royal Commission
Authors: J. R. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Rapid sensory adaptation is observed across all sensory systems, and strongly shapes sensory percepts in complex sensory environments. Yet despite its ubiquity and likely necessity for survival, the mechanistic basis is poorly understood. A wide range of primarily in-vitro and anesthetized studies have demonstrated the emergence of adaptation at the level of primary sensory cortex, with only modest signatures in earlier stages of processing. The nature of rapid adaptation and how it shapes sensory representations during wakefulness, and thus the potential role in perceptual adaptation, is underexplored, as are the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. To address these knowledge gaps, we recorded spiking activity in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the upstream ventral posteromedial (VPm) thalamic nucleus in the vibrissa pathway of awake male and female mice, and quantified responses to whisker stimuli delivered in isolation and embedded in an adapting sensory background. We found that cortical sensory responses were indeed adapted by persistent sensory stimulation; putative excitatory neurons were profoundly adapted, and inhibitory neurons only modestly so. Further optogenetic manipulation experiments and network modeling suggest this largely reflects adaptive changes in synchronous thalamic firing combined with robust engagement of feedforward inhibition, with little contribution from synaptic depression. Taken together, these results suggest that cortical adaptation in the regime explored here results from changes in the timing of thalamic input, and the way in which this differentially impacts cortical excitation and feedforward inhibition, pointing to a prominent role of thalamic gating in rapid adaptation of primary sensory cortex. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Rapid adaptation of sensory activity strongly shapes representations of sensory inputs across all sensory pathways over the timescale of seconds, and has profound effects on sensory perception. Despite its ubiquity and theoretical role in the efficient encoding of complex sensory environments, the mechanistic basis is poorly understood, particularly during wakefulness. In this study in the vibrissa pathway of awake mice, we show that cortical representations of sensory inputs are strongly shaped by rapid adaptation, and that this is mediated primarily by adaptive gating of the thalamic inputs to primary sensory cortex and the differential way in which these inputs engage cortical sub-populations of neurons.
Using Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts to Control Variceal Bleeding before Liver Transplantation
Authors: Ernest J. Ring, John R. Lake, John P. Roberts, Roy L. Gordon, Jeanne M. LaBerge, Alexandra E. Read, Martina R. Sterneck, Nancy L. Ascher
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Design: Prospective, uncontrolled trial. Setting: University medical center with an active liver transplant program. Patients: Thirteen patients referred for liver transplantation with either active variceal hemorrhage or recurrent variceal hemorrhage despite sclerotherapy; four patients had been previously treated with surgical portosystemic shunts. Intervention: An intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created via a transjugular approach to the hepatic veins using expandable, flexible metallic stents. Measurements: Portal pressures before and after the creation of the shunt, the direction of portal blood flow at differing diameters of the shunts, procedure-related complications, and outcome in terms of survival, liver transplantation, and recurrent variceal bleeding. Main Results: The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was placed successfully in 13 patients, and bleeding was controlled acutely in all 13. After the procedure, the mean portal pressure decreased from 34 ± 8.9 cm H2O to 22.4 ± 5.4 cm H2O (P < 0.001). No complications were associated with the procedure; however, two patients died of causes unrelated to the procedure. Seven patients subsequently underwent liver transplantation and are doing well, and three patients are being managed conservatively. Bleeding recurred in one patient 102 days after the procedure secondary to shunt occlusion caused by neointimal proliferation. Conclusion: Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is apparently safe and effective therapy for variceal hemorrhage in patients referred for liver transplantation.
Body composition and calcium metabolism in adult treated coeliac disease.
Authors: S Bode, C Hassager, E Gudmand-Hoyer, C Christiansen
Journal: Gut (1991)

Twenty two treated adult patients with coeliac disease (aged 20-70 years) were examined. Body composition was assessed from anthropometry and directly measured by dual photon absorptiometry. Bone mineral content was measured in the spine (dual photon absorptiometry) and at two forearm sites (single photon absorptiometry). Compared with age matched healthy subjects, treated coeliac patients had lower body mass index (-5%, p less than 0.05) and lower directly measured total body fat mass (-30%, p less than 0.001). They also had decreased bone mineral content (-9 to -13%, p less than 0.01) in the spine and in the forearms. The serum concentrations of albumin, D vitamin binding protein, and iron were reduced (-6 to -22%, p less than 0.01), but otherwise blood and urine analyses were normal. We conclude that this group of treated adult coeliac patients had a reduced fat mass and bone mineral content compared with the general population.
Comparison of Methods to Diagnose Sarcoidosis
Authors: Marjolein Drent, Robert P. Baughman
Journal: JAMA (2013)

To the Editor Dr von Bartheld and colleagues1 reported that among patients with suspected stage I/II pulmonary sarcoidosis undergoing tissue confirmation, the use of endosonographic nodal aspiration compared with bronchoscopic biopsy resulted in greater diagnostic yield.
The Hospitalized Elderly
Authors: Jerome S. Tobis
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The White House Conference on Aging of 1981 has awakened much of the American public to the importance of the elderly as a political constituency. The marked rise in our country in the percentage of people 65 years or older from 4% in 1900 to 1196 today<sup>1</sup>reflects in part a reason for this awakening. Concomitant with this rise in the population of the elderly is the anticipation that federal expenditures for this group will increase from 25% of the federal budget for 1981 to above 3296 by the year 2000. With these major demographic and economic changes, community services—including health care—must be vigorously reassessed to meet more effectively the needs—and demands—of this politically powerful segment of our society. This population of people older than 65 years contributes to 2396 of hospital discharges and 3596 of total hospital days and experiences 5096 longer stays in hospital.<sup>2</sup> In this
Multiple Genetic Loci for Bone Mineral Density and Fractures
Authors: Unnur Styrkarsdottir, Bjarni V. Halldorsson, Solveig Gretarsdottir, Daniel F. Gudbjartsson, G. Bragi Walters, Thorvaldur Ingvarsson, Thorbjorg Jonsdottir, Jona Saemundsdottir, Jacqueline R. Center, Tuan V. Nguyen, Yu Bagger, Jeffrey R. Gulcher, John A. Eisman, Claus Christiansen, Gunnar Sigurdsson, Augustine Kong, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Kari Stefansson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Bone mineral density influences the risk of osteoporosis later in life and is useful in the evaluation of the risk of fracture. We aimed to identify sequence variants associated with bone mineral density and fracture.We performed a quantitative trait analysis of data from 5861 Icelandic subjects (the discovery set), testing for an association between 301,019 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and bone mineral density of the hip and lumbar spine. We then tested for an association between 74 SNPs (most of which were implicated in the discovery set) at 32 loci in replication sets of Icelandic, Danish, and Australian subjects (4165, 2269, and 1491 subjects, respectively).Sequence variants in five genomic regions were significantly associated with bone mineral density in the discovery set and were confirmed in the replication sets (combined P values, 1.2x10(-7) to 2.0x10(-21)). Three regions are close to or within genes previously shown to be important to the biologic characteristics of bone: the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand gene (RANKL) (chromosomal location, 13q14), the osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) (8q24), and the estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) (6q25). The two other regions are close to the zinc finger and BTB domain containing 40 gene (ZBTB40) (1p36) and the major histocompatibility complex region (6p21). The 1p36, 8q24, and 6p21 loci were also associated with osteoporotic fractures, as were loci at 18q21, close to the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappaB gene (RANK), and loci at 2p16 and 11p11.We have discovered common sequence variants that are consistently associated with bone mineral density and with low-trauma fractures in three populations of European descent. Although these variants alone are not clinically useful in the prediction of risk to the individual person, they provide insight into the biochemical pathways underlying osteoporosis.
Elsie May Lewis
Authors: Constance E Fozzard
Journal: BMJ (2005)

In 1982, when the AIDS epidemic was in its infancy, it took an unusually prescient person to recognise that this was a disease like no other.One such person was Alvin Novick, professor of biology at Yale University and a former clinician.The term AIDS had only just been coined.President Reagan had not mentioned the word in public (that took him a further three years), though his press secretary had joked about AIDS in a press briefing.The virus had yet to be identified; the first AIDS drug, AZT (zidovudine), was not to reach the marketplace for another five years.Alvin Novick, then aged 58, ended his 30 year study of bat sonar systems to confront the crisis.He ceased doing laboratory science and devoted the rest of his life-a further 20 years-to tackling AIDS.Insightful, decisive, compassionate, and rigorous in everything he did, Novick was ahead of his time on almost every issue.From the beginning, he pressed for safeguards at blood banks.He researched the legal, ethical, public policy, and community development aspects of HIV/AIDS, and he was interested in every aspect of the disease, including AIDS education and prevention; risk reduction for people who injected drugs; the ethical issues surrounding ethnographic research; surveillance; confidentiality; testing; the conduct of clinical trials; tuberculosis and AIDS; the behavioural epidemiology of AIDS; and home and terminal care for patients-he founded Connecticut's AIDS hospice.Novick wanted drug users included in clinical trials, not least to enhance their access to health care.He also researched post-exposure prophylaxis, the use of law to regulate behaviour, the systematic oppression of people who were vulnerable to AIDS infection or were infected; drug adherence; and vertical transmission.
Corticosteroids and ibuprofen in cystic fibrosis
Authors: I. M BALFOUR-LYNN, C. DEZATEUX
Journal: Thorax (1999)

Venous aneurysm of the azygos arch is a very rare cause of mediastinal mass and is usually an incidental finding on chest radiography.Nowadays the diagnosis is made by non-invasive tests such as thoracic CT scanning and/or magnetic resonance imaging.The case is described of an asymptomatic woman in whom a mediastinal mass due to an azygos vein aneurysm was diagnosed by non-invasive procedures, the aetiology of which, in all probability, was idiopathic.
DESENSITIZATION OF HAY-FEVER PATIENTS BY INJECTION AND LOCAL APPLICATION
Authors: A. H. W. CAULFEILD
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The localized desensitization which may take place after one has produced a reaction in testing a patient against pollens or proteins has been outlined by MacKenzie and Baldwin.<sup>1</sup>Their preliminary experiments showed the degree and duration of the cutaneous exhaustion which might follow an initial test. At this time they anticipated "the probability that by local application of pollen or dandruff extracts to the mucous membrane of the nose and throat of patients with allergic rhinitis the reactivity might here also be abolished." The observation on my part, that specific cutaneous sensitization might disappear over night from a very considerable part of the same forearm which previously had been tested and found positive, led me to consider the possibilities of applying therapeutically the principles underlying the phenomenon. This change in local reactivity was drawn to my attention by the more or less routine testing of both bronchial asthmatic and
Does Koch's Comma-Bacillus Produce a Peculiar Poison?
Authors: J. Berdez
Journal: BMJ (1885)

THE PRISTIS MDIOAL 'JOURNIL.Nt*.7 188b.- were widely separated at the knees, and the buttocks were unduly prominent posteriorly, while the limbs were neither inlverted nor everted.In the gluteal region, behind the trochanters, whieh were placed above the normal level, no tumours could be felt or be rer - dered prominent by inversion of the limbs, as in traumatic and patho- logical dislocations of the hip.Traction of the limbsS, lwhile the clild lay on her back, did not alter their lengtlh, or cause the trochanters to descend from their abnormal level.The child lhad been born with- out any delay or abnormality in the labour, heal foremost.The dis-
The Chase for the RIG-I Ligand—Recent Advances
Authors: Martin Schlee, Gunther Hartmann
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Multicellular organisms evolved efficient host-defense mechanisms to sense viruses and to block their replication and spread. Invertebrates and plants mainly rely on RNA interference (RNAi) for antiviral defense. In mammals, the initiation of antiviral defense mechanisms is largely based on the detection of viral nucleic acids by innate receptors: retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I)–like helicases (RLHs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RLHs play a pivotal role in sensing viral RNA and DNA in the cytoplasm of cells. RLHs, like Dicer of the RNAi pathway, belong to the phylogenetically conserved DExD/H-box family of helicases. Unlike TLRs, RLHs are functional in all somatic cells. Activation of RIG-I triggers antiviral responses including type I interferon (IFN), inflammasome activation and proapoptotic signaling. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the ligand structures detected by RIG-I, and conclude with the molecular definition of the RIG-I ligand: short double-stranded blunt-end 5′-triphosphate RNA. The recent information on the RIG-I ligand now allows the design of short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) oligonucleotides that are ideally suited alone or in combination with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) for the treatment of viral infection and cancer. Multicellular organisms evolved efficient host-defense mechanisms to sense viruses and to block their replication and spread. Invertebrates and plants mainly rely on RNA interference (RNAi) for antiviral defense. In mammals, the initiation of antiviral defense mechanisms is largely based on the detection of viral nucleic acids by innate receptors: retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I)–like helicases (RLHs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RLHs play a pivotal role in sensing viral RNA and DNA in the cytoplasm of cells. RLHs, like Dicer of the RNAi pathway, belong to the phylogenetically conserved DExD/H-box family of helicases. Unlike TLRs, RLHs are functional in all somatic cells. Activation of RIG-I triggers antiviral responses including type I interferon (IFN), inflammasome activation and proapoptotic signaling. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the ligand structures detected by RIG-I, and conclude with the molecular definition of the RIG-I ligand: short double-stranded blunt-end 5′-triphosphate RNA. The recent information on the RIG-I ligand now allows the design of short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) oligonucleotides that are ideally suited alone or in combination with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) for the treatment of viral infection and cancer.
TCT-213 Safety And Efficacy Of A Novel Multi-Electrode Renal Denervation Catheter In Resistant Hypertension: 3 Month Data From The EnligHTN I Trial
Authors: Stephen Worthley, Costas Tsioufis, Matthew Worthley, Ajay Sinhal, Derek Chew, Ian Meredith, Yuvi Malaiapan, Vasilios Papademetriou
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Partial purification and characterization of a peptide with growth hormone-releasing activity from extrapituitary tumors in patients with acromegaly.
Authors: L A Frohman, M Szabo, M Berelowitz, M E Stachura
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity has been detected in extracts of carcinoid and pancreatic islet tumors from three patients with GH-secreting pituitary tumors and acromegaly. Bioactivity was demonstrated in 2 N acetic acid extracts of the tumors using dispersed rat adenohypophyseal cells in primary monolayer culture and a rat anterior pituitary perifusion system. The GH-releasing effect was dose responsive and the greatest activity was present in the pancreatic islet tumor. Small amounts of activity were also found in two other tumors (carcinoid and small cell carcinoma of lung) unassociated with GH hypersecretion. Each of the tumors contained somatostatin-like immunoreactivity but the levels did not correlate with the net biologic expression of the tumor. Sephadex G-75 gel filtration indicated the GH-releasing activity to have an apparent molecular size of slightly greater than 6,000 daltons. The GH-releasing activity was adsorbed onto DEAE-cellulose at neutral pH and low ionic strength, from which it could be eluted by increasing ionic strength. The GH-releasing activity was further purified by high pressure liquid chromatography using an acetonitrile gradient on a cyanopropyl column to yield a preparation that was active at 40 ng protein/ml. Partially purified GH-releasing activity, from which most of the bioactive somatostatin had been removed, increased GH release by pituitary monolayer cultures to five times base line. Enzymatic hydrolysis studies revealed that the GH-releasing activity was resistant to carboxypeptidase, leucine-aminopeptidase, and pyroglutamate-amino-peptidase but was destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin, indicating that internal lysine and/or arginine and aromatic amino acid residues are required for biologic activity and that the NH2-terminus and CO9H-terminus are either blocked or not essential. The results provide an explanation for the presence of GH-secreting tumors in some patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type I, and warrant the addition of GH-releasing activity to the growing list of hormones secreted by tumors of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell types.
Insulin Resistance and Congestive Heart Failure--Reply
Authors: E. Ingelsson
Journal: JAMA (2005)

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Acute rejection is associated with antibodies to non-Gal antigens in baboons using Gal-knockout pig kidneys
Authors: Gang Chen, Hua Qian, Thomas Starzl, Hongtao Sun, Bertha Garcia, Ximo Wang, Yishai Wise, Yuanqing Liu, Ying Xiang, Laura Copeman, Weihua Liu, Anthony Jevnikar, William Wall, David K C Cooper, Noriko Murase, Yifan Dai, Wanyu Wang, Yuliang Xiong, David J White, Robert Zhong
Journal: Nature Medicine (2005)