tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Aspirin Use and Colorectal Cancer: Post-Trial Follow-up Data from the Physicians' Health Study
Authors: Til Sturmer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Background: In contrast to most observational studies, the randomized Physicians' Health Study found no association between aspirin use and colorectal cancer after 5 years. Objective: To determine the effect of randomly assigned aspirin treatment and self-selected aspirin use on the incidence of colorectal cancer after 12 years and to identify factors influencing the self-selection of regular aspirin use. Design: Randomized clinical trial and prospective cohort study. Setting: Male physicians throughout the United States. Patients: 22 071 healthy male physicians who were 40 to 84 years of age in 1982. Intervention: 325 mg of aspirin every other day. In 1988, the aspirin arm of the randomized trial was stopped early. Participants then chose to receive either aspirin or placebo for the rest of the study. Measurements: Annual questionnaires asking about aspirin use and other variables, including occurrence of cancer. Results: Colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 341 patients during the study period. Over 12 years of follow-up, random assignment to aspirin was associated with a relative risk for colorectal cancer of 1.03 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.28). Various gastrointestinal symptoms and diagnoses were strong predictors of less frequent aspirin use in 1988. The relative risk for colorectal cancer in persons who used aspirin frequently after 1988 was 1.07 (CI, 0.75 to 1.53). Conclusions: In the Physicians' Health Study, both randomized and observational analyses indicate that there is no association between the use of aspirin and the incidence of colorectal cancer. The low dose of aspirin used and the short treatment period may account for the null findings. However, other characteristics associated with the use of aspirin in observational studies remain a plausible alternative explanation.
Occurrence and ultrastructural localization of duck hepatitis B virus in the liver of ducks after experimental infection
Authors: Toshikazu Uchida, Koyu Suzuki, Mariko Esumi, Masayuki Arii, Masashi Oomura, Toshio Shikata
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

A sequential study was performed to investigate the occurrence and localization of duck hepatitis B virus in the liver of domestic ducks utilizing the indirect immunoperoxidase method and electron microscopy. Seventeen ducklings were injected intravenously with duck hepatitis B virus-positive serum within 24 hr after hatching and were subsequently sacrificed on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 27th and 44th day after injection. Nine ducklings were not injected and were used as a negative control. Duck hepatitis B virus DNA by spot hybridization using a [ 32 P]-labeled probe occurred in trace amounts on the 2nd day and in large amounts on the 4th day after inoculation. Immunoreactivity for DHBV was seen in the hepatocytes, sporadically on the 2nd day and diffusely on the 4th day, and also in the biliary epithelial cells on the 27th day. Both kinds of cells revealed staining in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus. Virus particles were recognized by electron microscopy in the hepatocytes beginning on the 4th day. The hepatocytes had many incomplete virus particles, 40 to 61 nm in diameter, and a few complete virus particles, 40 nm in diameter, in the cisternae of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula. Such particles and the endoplasmic reticulum showed reaction products for duck hepatitis B virus by immunoelectron microscopy. There were clusters of core particles, 27 nm in diameter, in the hyaloplasm around peroxisomes where an assembly of cores appeared to occur. No conspicuous virus particles were recognized in the biliary epithelial cells. The similarities and differences in virus localization between duck hepatitis B virus and hepatitis B virus are discussed.
Probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota
Authors: Marcus Rauch, Susan Lynch
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

In a recent publication we examined whether high abundance of a probiotic species, Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus GG(LGG), impacted the overall composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota of 6 month-old infants at high risk for asthma development. Profound GI microbiota restructuring and the establishment of significantly more even and putatively, functionally redundant consortia were characteristic of high LGG abundance. Here we discuss, in the context of more recently published data, support for the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of probiotic supplementation on human health lies in the formation of a stable and resilient gut ecosystem enriched for species that exert a concerted beneficial effect on the host immune system via direct and indirect mechanisms.
An Introduction to Dynamic Psychiatry
Authors: Albert J. Stunkard
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Still another book on psychiatry! In these days when we are all experiencing an information input overload, an author must have very good reason to add to the literature. Knight Aldrich has such good reason, for An Introduction to Dynamic Psychiatry is a superb short introduction to modern psychodynamic thinking. Indeed, for certain audiences—the internist, the general practitioner, the pediatrician, in fact, anyone who has occasion to function as a family physician—this may well be the best work now available. Remarkably readable, filled with fascinating illustrative clinical vignettes, the book leads the reader with deceptive ease through the whole complex body of psychodynamic psychiatry. Clinical considerations are uppermost throughout, and at the end one is left with the experience of having been counselled in some of the most important aspects of medical practice by a wise and humane physician.  In a felicitous way we are introduced to the psychopathological by
Importance of case definition to monitor ongoing outbreak of chikungunya virus on a background of actively circulating dengue virus, St Martin, December 2013 to January 2014
Authors: R Omarjee, C M Prat, O Flusin, S Boucau, B Tenebray, O Merle, P Huc-Anais, S Cassadou, I Leparc-Goffart
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2014)

Since 5 December 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been demonstrated to circulate in the Caribbean, particularly on Saint Martin. This region is facing a concomitant dengue virus (DENV) outbreak. Of 1,502 suspected chikungunya cases, 38% were confirmed chikungunya and 4% confirmed dengue cases, with three circulating serotypes. We report in addition 2.8% CHIKV and DENV co-infections. This study highlights the importance of the case definition for clinicians to efficiently discriminate between DENV infection and CHIKV infection.
Decisions to Abate Life-Sustaining Treatment for Nonautonomous Patients
Authors: Robert F. Weir
Journal: JAMA (1990)

PHYSICIANS often feel impelled to initiate and continue the complete range of modern medical procedures to prolong the lives of critically ill patients. A tragic consequence is that patients who lack decision-making capacity are sometimes given life-sustaining treatment that is not consistent with the patients' previous preferences, not in the patients' best interests, and not wanted by their families. Why are such cases sometimes handled this way? The reasons are multiple. First, cases involving adult patients who lack decision-making capacity often have medical and nonmedical uncertainties not commonly present in other cases. Some of the uncertainty concerns the questionable decision-making status of patients who have a diminished or fluctuating capacity to make health care decisions because of shock, mental illness, clinical depression, or organic brain syndrome. Other problems arise in cases with patients who have a substantial incapacity to make decisions because of mental retardation, brain damage, severe dementia, or
Definition(s) of Anxiety
Authors: Daniel R. Kohli
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> To quote a recent editorial, "Why are medical journals often dull?" Now let's have PhD Cattell learnedly define—that is, now that we know about anxiety— happiness, anger, fear, frustration, jealousy, etc, etc. Anxiety is a usual, normal feeling sensed by individuals who are aware of assault, threat of assault, or imagined assault. Everyone knows what it feels like. There isn't much more to it than that. Why lay it on so thick? Or is this part of PhD training? Happiness is a pleasant feeling sensed when one is doing something for the pleasure of doing it. I agree with the editorial "To Have Been or Not to Have Been" in the same issue (p 849), let's throw out the third person and relate our experiences. Feeling guilty is an inappropriate, neurotic guilt feeling, and there certainly must be a lot of physicians whose mothers told them that
Mobilization permits reliable ELISPOT detection of long-term memory T cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 without in vitro expansion
Authors: Jaya Ghosh, Alyssa Mills, Marie Wunsch, Edith Karacsony, Wenji Zhang, Jodi Hanson, Paul V Lehmann
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts One of the major deficiencies of all current T cell assays (tetramer, ICS, ELISPOT, proliferation) is that they frequently produce false-negative data. This is the case, for example when one attempts to detect the antigen-specific T cells months or years after vaccinations, for
Warts in primary schoolchildren: prevalence and relation with environmental factors
Authors: F.M. van Haalen, S.C. Bruggink, J. Gussekloo, W.J.J. Assendelft, J.A.H. Eekhof
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Warts are very common in primary schoolchildren. However, knowledge on wart epidemiology and causes of wart transmission is scarce.To determine the prevalence of warts in primary schoolchildren and to examine the relation with environmental factors in order to provide direction for well-founded recommendations on wart prevention.In this cross-sectional study, the hands and feet of 1465 children aged 4-12 years from four Dutch primary schools were examined for the presence of warts. In addition, the children's parents completed a questionnaire about possible environmental risk factors for warts.Thirty-three per cent of primary schoolchildren had warts (participation rate 96%). Nine per cent had hand warts, 20% had plantar warts and 4% had both hand and plantar warts. Parental questionnaires (response rate 76%) showed that environmental factors connected to barefoot activities, public showers or swimming pool visits were not related to the presence of warts. An increased risk of the presence of warts was found in children with a family member with warts [odds ratio (OR) 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.6] and in children where there was a high prevalence of warts in the school class (OR per 10% increase in wart prevalence in school class 1.6, 95% CI 1.5-1.8).One-third of primary schoolchildren have warts. This study does not find support for generally accepted wart prevention recommendations, such as wearing protective footwear in communal showers and swimming pool changing areas. Rather, recommendations should focus on ways to limit the transmission of wart viruses within families and school classes.
Studies on Starling's Law of the Heart
Authors: MAURICE M. AYGEN, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1962)

This investigation was designed to study the mechanical properties of human myocardium in vivo, and to ascertain whether Starling's law applies to the human ventricle by determining whether the length of a segment of myocardium influences its force of contraction. A modified Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arch was sewn to the right ventricle of 10 patients and to the left ventricle of one patient at the time of operation. This instrument permitted the controlled alteration of the length of the myocardial segment to which it was attached, as well as the measurement of the tension exerted by this segment of myocardium throughout the cardiac cycle. In all 11 patients studied it was noted that as myocardial length was increased, the end-diastolic tension tended to rise slightly at first, but with further stretching the end-diastolic tension increased more strikingly. As the segment was stretched the maximal systolic tension, which it developed, increased more than did its resting tension. Thus, within limits, the active or developed tension rose as the myocardial segment increased in length. In five patients the active tension declined after the myocardial segment had been stretched to values ranging between 15 and 50 per cent above baseline length, i.e., a descending limb of the length-active tension relationship was evident. No change in duration of active tension occurred with progressive stretching of the myocardial segment, and changes in the rate of development of tension paralleled the changes in the active tension. In six patients the segment of myocardium was stretched progressively and was then permitted to shorten in the opposite direction. Hysteresis of the myocardium was demonstrated, since, at any given myocardial segment length, the resting and the maximal tensions were higher when the segment was being lengthened than when it was being shortened. These observations provide a description of the mechanical properties of functioning human myocardium and indicate that this tissue behaves in accordance with the Frank-Starling principle.
Glucocorticoid receptor localization in normal and asthmatic lung.
Authors: I M Adcock, T Gilbey, C M Gelder, K F Chung, P J Barnes
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

The localization and distribution of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA and protein was investigated in human lung obtained from transplant donors and recipients by in situ hybridization, RNA blot analysis, immunolocalization, and Western analysis. Subjects were either nonasthmatic or had mild asthma requiring only beta(2)-agonists. No difference in amount of GR mRNA was found in total RNA isolated from nonasthmatic or asthmatic donor lung. In situ hybridization showed the highest concentration of GR mRNA in the alveolar walls and vascular endothelium and smooth muscle, with lesser amounts in the airway epithelium and smooth muscle. There was no change in the level or sites of expression of GR mRNA between normal and asthmatic subjects. Immunolocalization of GR confirmed the in situ hybridization data. There was no change in the level or sites of expression of GR, in either the lung or airway, between normal and asthmatic subjects. Immunolocalization of GR in bronchial biopsies from two normal and asthmatic subjects confirmed the localization and distribution of GR. Western analysis and mobility shift assays confirmed no differences in GR levels between the two subject groups. The localization of GR mRNA and protein to specific cell types within lung and airway will make it possible to study the cellular targets of glucocorticoid therapy in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma.
Chronic nitric oxide inhibition in utero produces persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn lambs.
Authors: J R Fineman, J Wong, F C Morin, L M Wild, S J Soifer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is associated with chronic intrauterine events. Acute nitric oxide (NO) inhibition attenuates the normal increase in pulmonary blood flow at birth. We investigated whether chronic NO inhibition in utero causes persistent pulmonary hypertension. 11 fetal lambs received either a continuous infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (an NO synthesis inhibitor) or 0.9% saline. Before infusion, acetylcholine (dependent upon endogenous NO production) and sodium nitroprusside (which releases its own NO) produced potent pulmonary vasodilation. After 10.5 +/- 1.5 d of infusion, acetylcholine did not produce pulmonary vasodilation in N omega-nitric-L-arginine-treated fetal lambs, but did in saline-treated fetal lambs; sodium nitroprusside produced pulmonary vasodilation in both groups. Immediately after birth, at 140 d of gestation, during the 3-h study period, mean pulmonary arterial pressure did not decrease in N omega-nitro-L-arginine-treated lambs; the increase in pulmonary blood flow and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance were markedly attenuated compared to saline-treated lambs. These hemodynamic derangements were reversed by L-arginine. There were no anatomic abnormalities in the pulmonary circulation. Chronic NO inhibition in utero reproduces many of the physiologic derangements of PPHN. Intrauterine events which result in endothelial dysfunction and inhibition of NO may produce the physiologic derrangements of PPHN.
Whither the Chronic Disease Hospital?
Authors: Mathew H. M. Lee
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the commentary, "Whither the Chronic Disease Hospital?" (234:709, 1975), Dr Ruskin calls attention to the frequently complex medical needs of the long-term or chronically ill patient population, with stress on their rehabilitation needs. Dr Ruskin's analysis of the problem is valid, but in my view, his proposed solution for meeting these needs is oversimplified and, to a degree, inaccurate. The medical needs of long-term patients vary widely and should be met in more than one medical setting. The medical rehabilitation institute that Dr Ruskin proposes has an important place in the pattern of care. It should stress rehabilitation, however, and not purport to provide total care for long-term patients who may only occasionally have unusual medical needs. The skilled nursing facility as it is being defined under the Medicare and Medicaid programs is a far cry from the definition offered by Dr Ruskin, which is that
Enkephalins stimulate leukemia cell migration and surface expression of CD9.
Authors: W Heagy, K Duca, R W Finberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Opioid peptides have been implicated in the regulation of tumor growth and biology; however, little attention has been given to the mechanisms that are involved. In this study we show that physiological concentrations of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide methionine-enkephalin (MET-ENK) and the synthetic enkephalins D-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Gly(ol)5 and D-Ala2, D-Leu5 are stimulants for the in vitro migration of pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia (ALL) cells. Activation of the human pre-B ALL cell lines NALM 6 and LAZ 221 with MET-ENK resulted in both an increase in their migration and an augmentation in the surface expression of the leukemia cell marker CD9. The opiate receptor antagonist naloxone reversed these enkephalin-induced effects on the leukemia cells. When the pre-B ALL cells were preincubated with an anti-CD9 mAb before challenge with MET-ENK their migration to the enkephalin was markedly reduced. These studies show that endogenous and synthetic opioid peptides are stimulants for pre-B ALL cell migration and suggest that CD9 is important in the regulation of leukemia cell motility.
Review: Approved and some off-label preventive drugs reduce migraine frequency in episodic migraine
Authors: Alexander W. Chessman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

ACP Journal ClubOctober 15, 2013Review: Approved and some off-label preventive drugs reduce migraine frequency in episodic migraineAlexander W. Chessman, MDAlexander W. Chessman, MDMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA (A.W.C.)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-02011 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationShamliyan TA, Choi JY, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Preventive pharmacologic treatments for episodic migraine in adults. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:1225-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23592242Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Neurology: Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA (A.W.C.) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics October 15, 2013Volume 159, Issue 8Page: JC11KeywordsAdverse eventsAdverse reactionsAnticonvulsantsAntidepressantsClinical trialsDrug administrationDrug regulationDrug safetyDrugsFoodGlobal healthHeadachesLibrariesMigraineNauseaNetwork analysisNeurologySafetyVomiting Issue Published: October 15, 2013 CopyrightCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
The <i>bcl-2</i> Gene Product Prevents Programmed Cell Death of Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Danielle de Moissac
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background To formally test whether the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2 would prevent programmed cell death in cardiac muscle cells provoked by p53, a known trigger of apoptosis in a variety of different cell types, we used replication defective adenovirus encoding either the bcl-2 and p53 genes to deliver bcl-2 and p53 to ventricular myocytes with high efficiency and uniformity. Methods and Results Vital staining of ventricular myocytes revealed a significant (7-fold, P &lt;.05) increase in myocyte cell death in the presence of p53 in contrast to uninfected cells or those infected with a control virus. In addition, in the presence of p53, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation observed by Hoescht 33258 staining and terminal transferase deoxynucleotide end labeling indicated a significant increase in apoptotic cardiac nuclei compared with control cells, confirming the hypothesis that p53 alone is sufficient to trigger apoptosis of ventricular myocytes. Moreover, a significant increase in transcription of the bax promoter was seen in the presence but not in the absence of p53 compared with control cells. Expression of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-2 in ventricular myocytes was sufficient to prevent ventricular myocyte death and apoptosis provoked by p53. Importantly, the antiapoptotic effects of bcl-2 were independent of altered p53 expression or localization of p53 to cardiac nuclei. However, p53 dependent transcription of bax was repressed 4-fold ( P &lt;.05) by bcl-2 , suggesting a tentative link between p53-mediated apoptosis and the protective properties conferred by bcl-2 in ventricular myocytes. Conclusions To our knowledge, the data provide the first indication for the operation of bcl-2 in ventricular myocytes as an antiapoptotic factor.
The Only Outlet
Authors: J. Peter Cegielski
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The presentation was the culmination of 2 years' work. "Diarrheal disease remains the major threat to the life and health of children in the world, especially in developing countries such as this one . . ." There was no outlet for the overhead projector: the European-type plug with two round pins did not fit the African-type outlets with three square holes. We decided an x-ray viewing box would be adequate to illuminate my carefully prepared transparencies. ". . . Parasitic intestinal infections cause a large proportion of these cases of diarrhea . . ." Only one electrical outlet worked and it was located in the ward itself, where the light box was already plugged in. My audience was small—only the staff physicians and nurses of ward 17, the pédiatrie diarrhea ward. ". . . Since the advent of this era of HIV infection, the distribution and manifestations of infectious diseases are changing. Certain pathogens are associated with the immunodeficiency state caused by HIV and increasing evidence of the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against others . . ."