tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins
Authors: Karen K. Hsiao, David R. Borchelt, Kristine Olson, Rosa Johannsdottir, Cheryl Kitt, Wael Yunis, Sherry Xu, Chris Eckman, Steven Younkin, Donald Price, Costantino Iadecola, H. Brent Clark, George Carlson
Journal: Neuron (1995)

Transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing human (Hu) or mouse (Mo) Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP695) die early and develop a CNS disorder that includes neophobia and impaired spatial alternation, with diminished glucose utilization and astrogliosis mainly in the cerebrum. Age at onset of neophobia and age at death decrease with increasing levels of brain APP. HuAPP transgenes induce death much earlier than MoAPP transgenes expressed at similar levels. No extracellular amyloid was detected, indicating that some deleterious processes related to APP overexpression are dissociated from formation of amyloid. A similar clinical syndrome occurs spontaneously in approximately 20% of nontransgenic mice when they reach mid- to late-adult life, suggesting that APP overexpression may accelerate a naturally occurring age-related CNS disorder in FVB/N mice.
Complications of Colonoscopy in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System
Authors: Theodore R. Levin, Wei Zhao, Carol Conell, Laura C. Seeff, Diane L. Manninen, Jean A. Shapiro, Jane Schulman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Background: Information about colonoscopy complications, particularly postpolypectomy bleeding, is limited. Objective: To quantify the magnitude and severity of colonoscopy complications. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: Kaiser Permanente of Northern California. Patients: 16 318 members 40 years of age or older undergoing colonoscopy between January 1994 and July 2002. Measurements: Electronic records reviewed for serious complications, including hospital admission within 30 days of colonoscopy for colonic perforation, colonic bleeding, diverticulitis, the postpolypectomy syndrome, or other serious illnesses directly related to colonoscopy. Results: 82 serious complications occurred (5.0 per 1000 colonoscopies [95% CI, 4.0 to 6.2 per 1000 colonoscopies]). Serious complications occurred in 0.8 per 1000 colonoscopies without biopsy or polypectomy and in 7.0 per 1000 colonoscopies with biopsy or polypectomy. Perforations occurred in 0.9 per 1000 colonoscopies (CI, 0.5 to 1.5 per 1000 colonoscopies) (0.6 per 1000 without biopsy or polypectomy and 1.1 per 1000 with biopsy or polypectomy). Postbiopsy or postpolypectomy bleeding occurred in 4.8 per 1000 colonoscopies with biopsy (CI, 3.6 to 6.2 per 1000 colonoscopies). Biopsy or polypectomy was associated with an increased risk for any serious complication (rate ratio, 9.2 [CI, 2.9 to 29.0] vs. colonoscopy without biopsy). Ten deaths (1 attributable to colonoscopy) occurred within 30 days of the colonoscopy. Limitations: 99.3% (16 204) of colonoscopies were nonscreening examinations. The rate of complications may be lower in a primary screening sample. The small number of observed adverse events limited power to detect risk factors for complications. Conclusions: Colonoscopy with biopsy or polypectomy is associated with increased risk for complications. Perforation may also occur during colonoscopies without biopsies.
BRITISH OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
Authors: W. C. W. Nixon
Journal: BMJ (1956)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Recent work has shown that higher-order interactions can increase the stability, promote the diversity, and better explain the dynamics of ecological communities. Yet, it remains unclear whether the perceived benefits of adding higher-order terms into population dynamics models come from fundamental principles or a simple mathematical advantage given by the nature of multivariate polynomials. Here, we develop a general method to quantify the mathematical advantage of adding higher-order interactions in ecological models based on the number of <i>free</i>-equilibrium points that can be engineered in a system (i.e., equilibria that can be feasible or unfeasible by tunning model parameters). We apply this method to calculate the number of free-equilibrium points in Lotka-Volterra dynamics. While it is known that Lotka-Volterra models without higher-order interactions only have one free-equilibrium point regardless of the number of parameters, we find that by adding higher-order terms this number increases exponentially with the dimension of the system. Our results suggest that while adding higher-order interactions in ecological models may be good for prediction purposes, they cannot provide additional explanatory power of ecological dynamics if model parameters are not ecologically restricted.
Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 1604 men and women in working populations in north-west London.
Authors: J Slack, N Noble, T W Meade, W R North
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in men and women vary with age, and so-called "normal" limits should take account of this. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations were measured in 1027 men and 577 women in five working populations in north-west London, and lipoprotein electrophoresis and quantitative analyses of lipoprotein concentrations were also performed. In men the best fit between serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, on the one hand, and age, on the other, was given by a curvilinear relationship expressed as a quadratic regression. In women the best fit was given by a linear regression. White men had higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than Black men, and these differences were reflected in the distributions of the lipoproteins. There were no differences between values in White and Black women. Young women on oral contraceptives had lipid concentrations similar to those of older women not on these preparations. These data suggest that the adoption of concentrations of serum cholesterol (275-300 mg/100 ml (7-1-7-8 mmol/l) and triglycerides (175-200 mg/100 ml (2-0--2-3 mmol/l) recommended by a recent report on the prevention of coronary disease as limits above which special attention should be given to the management of hyperlipidaemia could result in as few as 2% of younger men or as many as 31% of older men being selected for treatment.
New and Current Clinical Imaging Techniques to Study Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Harvey O. Coxson, John Mayo, Stephen Lam, Giles Santyr, Grace Parraga, Don D. Sin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by both small airway and parenchymal abnormalities. There is increasing evidence to suggest that these two morphologic phenotypes, although related, may have different clinical presentations, prognosis, and therapeutic responses to medications. With the advent of novel imaging modalities, it is now possible to evaluate these two morphologic phenotypes in large clinical studies using noninvasive or minimally invasive methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). In this article, we provide an overview of these imaging modalities in the context of COPD and discuss their strengths as well as their limitations for providing quantitative COPD phenotypes.
Metapneumovirus is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in infants
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

In a substantial proportion of lower respiratory tract infections in children where no virus can be cultured, human metapneumovirus infection is a leading cause of the infection in the first years of life. The resulting spectrum of disease is similar to that seen with respiratory syncytial virus.

In 2001, researchers in the Netherlands first isolated the new virus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract infection. This RNA virus is closely related to avian pneumovirus. In a new study, researchers sought to define more clearly the aetiological role of this virus in lower respiratory tract infections in previously healthy young children ( New England Journal of …
A mass in the liver
Authors: A. Mentzer, M. Jacobs
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 38 year old woman presented with a three day history of fever, generalised myalgia and arthralgia, and the sensation of difficulty when breathing in. She had poorly localised discomfort in the left diaphragmatic region on deep inspiration. Her stools had been loose over the preceding three days but she had no other symptoms. Three days before presentation she had returned from a three week trip to Western Australia and 18 months earlier she had travelled to Vietnam.

On examination she appeared well but was febrile at 38.0°C. She was tachypnoeic at 22 breaths/min, but all other observations were normal. Examination of all other systems was unremarkable. Blood tests showed severe neutrophilia (18.9×109/L; reference range 2.0-8.1), a raised C reactive protein (354 mg/L; reference value <10; 1 mg/L=9.52 nmol/L), and normal renal and liver biochemistry. Chest radiography and urinalysis were normal.

After two days of empirical treatment with intravenous co-amoxiclav (1.2 g three times daily) and oral doxycycline (200 mg once daily), her condition had not changed. She continued to have fevers up to 39.5°C, and her inflammatory markers remained high. Blood cultures taken at presentation were negative.

Computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with intravenous contrast showed a rim enhancing abscess in the left lobe of the liver and a filling defect in the portal vein consistent with portal vein thrombosis. 



### 1 What is the differential diagnosis?

#### Short answer

The main differential diagnosis of a large mass in the liver is a pyogenic or an amoebic liver abscess. A hepatic cyst complicated by haemorrhage or secondary infection could also present in a similar clinical way.

#### Long answer

The clinical presentation and computed tomography findings (figure …
Dust And Airborne Concentrations Of Endotoxins In Strasbourg And In A Rural Environment (Haut-Doubs)
Authors: F. de Blay, G. Reboux, A. Casset, S. Roussel, K. Humbert, B. Sudre, R. Piarroux, J. Dalphin
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
ABC of Atrial Fibrillation: DRUGS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: G. Y H Lip, R. D S Watson, S. P Singh
Journal: BMJ (1995)

One of the most important principles of using antiarrhythmic drugs for controlling any arrhythmia is to treat only patients who are symptomatic, have malignant arrhythmias (such as ventricular fibrillation), or are haemodynamically compromised (for example, with hypotension or heart failure). If a patient has only mild and infrequent symptoms, treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs should be avoided. This strategy is justified by evidence of substantial morbidity associated with such treatment and worsened long term prognosis, particularly if class I agents are used. Many antiarrhythmic drugs also depress cardiac function and may precipitate heart failure, and most can aggravate or cause an arrhythmia (arrhythmogenesis or proarrhythmic effect). #### Vaughan-Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs can be used for rate control of chronic atrial fibrillation, cardioversionof atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion, and control of symptoms (including as a prophylaxis in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation). Antithrombotic prophylaxis with warfarin or aspirin should also be given. Prescribing habits for atrial fibrillation,however, vary greatly, perhaps reflecting uncertainty about what the best drug is and a lack of scientific evidence from controlled trials. #### An approach to drug management of atrial fibrillation Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
High-resolution analysis of chromosome copy number alterations in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, with single nucleotide polymorphism-typing microarrays
Authors: S-i Fujiwara, Y Yamashita, N Nakamura, Y L Choi, T Ueno, H Watanabe, K Kurashina, M Soda, M Enomoto, H Hatanaka, S Takada, M Abe, K Ozawa, H Mano
Journal: Leukemia (2008)
Once-Daily Aminoglycoside Dosing
Authors: Tuan T. Dinh
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 February 1997Once-Daily Aminoglycoside DosingTuan T. Dinh, MSc, RPh and Rosemarie Hatala, MD, MScTuan T. Dinh, MSc, RPhMcMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author and Rosemarie Hatala, MD, MScMcMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-4-199702150-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We appreciate Dr. Baxter's perspective on the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in his practice. For the specific use of aminoglycosides in synergistic combination against gram-positive organisms, guidelines have recommended lower doses administered several times per day [1]. Similar dosing adjustments have not been established for synergistic use of once-daily aminoglycosides. All studies reviewed in our meta-analysis administered a once-daily aminoglycoside in combination with other antibiotics, usually β-lactam drugs.Although once-daily aminoglycosides reach peak levels (>6 to 10 mg/L for gentamicin and netilmicin) that are higher than those seen with conventional multiple-daily dosing methods and may reach lower trough ...References1. Bisno AL, Dimukes WE, Durack DT, Kaplan EL, Karchmer AW, Kaye D, et al. Antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and staphylococci. JAMA. 1989; 261:1471-7. Google Scholar2. Begg EJ, Barclay ML, Dufful SB. A suggested approach to once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1995; 39:605-9. Google Scholar3. Hyatt JM, McKinnon PS, Zimmer GS, Schentag JJ. The importance of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate markers to outcome: focus on antibacterial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995; 28:143-60. Google Scholar4. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, Nightingale CH, Ross JW, Quintiliani R. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995; 39:650-5. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 February 1997Volume 126, Issue 4Page: 330KeywordsAntibioticsAttentionCreatinineDrugsRenal failureSystematic reviews Issue Published: 15 February 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Shock: pathogenesis and therapy.
Authors: Bronson S. Ray
Journal: JAMA (1963)

This report of the international symposium on shock, held in Stockholm in June, 1961, is made up of 31 presentations followed by discussions. There were 41 participants, a number of whom were from related fields. The papers of Rushmer and Fine both stress the urgency of differentiating between reversible and irreversible shock. L.-E. Gelin underlines the importance of differentiating between neurogenic shock, acute hemorrhagic shock, traumatic and toxic shock, especially in fluid-substitution therapy. Six papers deal with the cardiovascular events in shock. The role played by the kidney, though obvious, is illuminated by some new and interesting information. Endocrine functions, blood volume, blood aggregation and viscosity are factors whose importance is becoming increasingly apparent. Several papers referring to the occurrence and development of acidosis elucidate biochemical events in shock, and several participants stress the significance of the toxins and endotoxins. Convincing proof is afforded of the importance of preventing irreversible
Clinical trials treating focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should measure patient quality of life
Authors: Debbie S. Gipson, Howard Trachtman, Frederick J. Kaskel, Milena K. Radeva, Jennifer Gassman, Tom H. Greene, Marva M. Moxey-Mims, Ronald J. Hogg, Sandra L. Watkins, Richard N. Fine, John P. Middleton, V.M. Vehaskari, Susan L. Hogan, Suzzane Vento, Patti A. Flynn, Leslie M. Powell, June L. McMahan, Norman Siegel, Aaron L. Friedman
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Food allergen avoidance – the patient's viewpoint
Authors: M. Hazel Gowland
Journal: Allergy (2001)

The profile of potentially fatal food allergies has altered in recent years. The vigilance required for allergen avoidance when shopping or eating out depends on information which is often hidden or misleading. Families with allergic children suffer social exclusion and stress, made worse by a serious shortage of specialist patient care. Those who die are usually teenagers and young adults who suffer from severe allergic asthma or anaphylaxis after eating away from the home. A recognised manufacturing standard would endorse businesses seeking to remove the risk of allergen cross‐contamination, whilst the integration of allergy into training for caterers and environmental health professionals would influence and inform foodservice businesses.
P67 Lung Nodule Follow-Up Survey of London and East of England Hospitals: What Are We Actually Doing?
Authors: Z Mangera, S Isse, DYL Tang, R Gupta, P James, DK Mukherjee, JT Samuel, KV Wadsworth, B Yung
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> The widespread use of computed tomography (CT), to investigate both lung and non-lung pathology has led to the finding of increasing numbers of incidental pulmonary nodules. The BTS is currently in the process of developing guidelines on the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules, due 2013. We aim to establish current practise with pulmonary nodule follow up, including the use of low dose thin-section techniques and lung nodule volumes, both of which have been recommended to enhance patient safety and diagnostic accuracy respectively. <h3>Methods</h3> We developed a structured questionnaire in order to survey 60 hospital trusts in the London and East of England region between May-July 2012. The named lung cancer lead was emailed/faxed with a 40% response rate. <h3>Results</h3> All hospitals followed a local trust guideline, based partly on Fleischner Society recommendations. On discovery of an incidental lung nodule 80% of radiology departments alerted a respiratory physician and 20% the referring doctor only. 67% of hospitals reviewed patients in specialist lung cancer clinic initially, the remainder being seen in general respiratory. Follow up methods varied between hospitals, with 29% being followed up in clinic, 29% by telephone and 42% by letter. For follow up scans 52% of departments used conventional “staging” CT chest, 29% used dedicated low dose CT protocols and 19% used unehanced CT scans. The majority of departments scanned the entire lung (62%), 20% used limited slices and 20% used a combination as part of follow up. Only 15% of departments used lung nodule volume measurements routinely, with a further 20% having access on request. <h3>Conclusions</h3> There is significant variation both in the way patient’s are followed-up as well as the methods of scanning deployed. Some trusts have developed streamlined pathways to monitor patients, without using valuable clinic slots. The chest physician is very much reliant on the organisation and expertise of their radiology department, with a significant majority not having access to low dose CT or lung nodule volumes. It is a crucially important area that requires continued improvement, both in achieving earlier cancer detection, balanced against the need for limiting the radiation dose.
Post-pituitary Extract in Obstetrics
Authors: T. N. A. Jeffcoate
Journal: BMJ (1948)

SIR,-The information on the new move on the above subject contained in your leading article (Aug.14, p. 343) and in the report of the first meeting of the new Central Consultants and Specialists Committee (Supplement, p. 81) will come as a surprise and shock to many specialists who have been thinking that as far as the B.M.A. was concerned the manner of their representa-
High-throughput DNA sequence analysis reveals stable engraftment of gut microbiota following transplantation of previously frozen fecal bacteria
Authors: Matthew J. Hamilton, Alexa R. Weingarden, Tatsuya Unno, Alexander Khoruts, Michael J. Sadowsky
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is becoming a more widely used technology for treatment of recurrent Clostridum difficile infection (CDI). While previous treatments used fresh fecal slurries as a source of microbiota for FMT, we recently reported the successful use of standardized, partially purified and frozen fecal microbiota to treat CDI. Here we report that high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed stable engraftment of gut microbiota following FMT using frozen fecal bacteria from a healthy donor. Similar bacterial taxa were found in post-transplantation samples obtained from the recipients and donor samples, but the relative abundance varied considerably between patients and time points. Post FMT samples from patients showed an increase in the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, representing 75–80% of the total sequence reads. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were less abundant (< 5%) than that found in patients prior to FMT. Post FMT samples from two patients were very similar to donor samples, with the Bacteroidetes phylum represented by a great abundance of members of the families Bacteroidaceae, Rikenellaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, and were largely comprised of Bacteroides, Alistipes and Parabacteroides genera. Members of the phylum Firmicutes were represented by Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and unclassified Clostridiales and members of the Firmicutes. One patient subsequently received antibiotics for an unrelated infection, resulting in an increase in the number of intestinal Proteobacteria, primarily Enterobacteriaceae. Our results demonstrate that frozen fecal microbiota from a healthy donor can be used to effectively treat recurrent CDI resulting in restoration of the structure of gut microbiota and clearing of Clostridum difficile.
Autophagy in cardiovascular biology
Authors: Sergio Lavandero, Mario Chiong, Beverly A. Rothermel, Joseph A. Hill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been widely characterized in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity appears to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the potential for targeting autophagy therapeutically and our vision for where this exciting biology may lead in the future.