tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immunization of US Children With Hemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide Vaccine
Authors: Stephen L. Cochi
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>type b (HIB) is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. Efforts are under way to develop vaccines immunogenic in children younger than 18 months, but clinical efficacy of a previously developed HIB polysaccharide vaccine has already been established in children aged 18 months or older. We developed a cost-effectiveness model to evaluate immunizing US children with this HIB polysaccharide vaccine pending development of a more immunogenic product. The model permitted comparison of the impact of alternative strategies for use of the vaccine, including universal use at 18 or 24 months of age, use of a second dose after primary immunization, and use in high-risk groups such as day-care-center attendees. Universal vaccination at 18 or 24 months of age resulted in similar estimates of disease prevented, as a consequence of the higher expected efficacy and duration of immunity for the vaccine when given at 24 months. Overall, the implementation of routine childhood immunization against HIB at 18 months of age was the most cost-effective strategy. Universal vaccination at 18 months of age combined with a second dose for day-care—center attendees would substantially increase the number of cases prevented, with a minimal increase in costs. Universal vaccination with a two-dose schedule beginning at 18 months of age could prevent the most disease. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:521-529)
Effects of Change of Head, Limb and Body Position on Cephalic Circulation
Authors: James F. Toole
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

DON'T move — you'll perturb your homeostasis! Changing from the recumbent to the erect position results in profound readjustments in cerebral circulatory dynamics; even moments of the arm affect cephalic circulation. Furthermore, within that mobile isthmus, the neck, the arteries and the veins that supply the brain and the cervical cord are subjected to mechanical stresses whenever the head moves. Some of these effects are the subject of this review.The human body sacrifices much structural strength to have a neck. What purpose does the neck serve? Some suggest that its use is limited to joining the head to the . . .
Eat Right<i>and</i>Take a Multivitamin
Authors: Godfrey P. Oakley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Since the mid-1970s, 25 percent of American adults have regularly consumed a multivitamin containing 400 μg of folic acid. The current evidence suggests that people who take such supplements and their children are healthier. This evidence raises the question of whether physicians and other health care professionals should recommend that all adults take a multivitamin daily.“Folate” is the generic term for compounds that have vitamin activity similar to that of pterolymonoglutamic acid (also called folic acid), the chemical that is added to supplements or fortified foods. Folic acid is synthetic, heat stable, and approximately twice as bioavailable as the . . .
CD4 T Cell Cytokine Differentiation: The B Cell Activation Molecule, OX40 Ligand, Instructs CD4 T Cells to Express Interleukin 4 and Upregulates Expression of the Chemokine Receptor, Blr-1
Authors: Sarah Flynn, Kai-Michael Toellner, Chandra Raykundalia, Margaret Goodall, Peter Lane
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

This report investigates the role of OX40 ligand (OX40L) and its receptor, OX40, expressed on activated B and T cells, respectively, in promoting the differentiation of T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4 T cells. These molecules are expressed in vivo by day 2 after priming with T cell– dependent antigens. Their expression coincides with the appearance of immunoglobulin (Ig)G switch transcripts and mRNA for interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ, suggesting that this molecular interaction plays a role in early cognate interactions between B and T cells. In vitro, we report that costimulation of naive, CD62Lhigh CD4 T cells through OX40 promotes IL-4 expression and upregulates mRNA for the chemokine receptor, blr-1, whose ligand is expressed in B follicles and attracts lymphocytes to this location. Furthermore, T cell stimulation through OX40 inhibits IFN-γ expression in both CD8 T cells and IL-12–stimulated CD4 T cells. Although this signal initiates IL-4 expression, IL-4 itself is strongly synergistic. Our data suggest that OX40L on antigen-activated B cells instructs naive T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells and migrate into B follicles, where T cell–dependent germinal centers develop.
Interaction between human CD2 and CD58 involves the major beta sheet surface of each of their respective adhesion domains.
Authors: A R Arulanandam, A Kister, M J McGregor, D F Wyss, G Wagner, E L Reinherz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The CD58 binding site on human CD2 was recently shown by nuclear magnetic resonance structural data in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis to be a highly charged surface area covering approximately 770A2 on the major AGFCC'C" face of the CD2 immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) NH2-terminal domain. Here we have identified the other binding surface of the CD2-CD58 adhesion pair by mutating charged residues shared among CD2 ligands (human CD58, sheep CD58, and human CD48) that are predicted to be solvent exposed on a molecular model of the Ig-like adhesion domain of human CD58. This site includes beta strand residues along the C strand (E25, K29, and K30), in the middle of the C' strand (E37) and in the G strand (K87). In addition, several residues on the CC' loop (K32, D33, and K34) form this site. Thus, the interaction between CD2 and CD58 involves the major beta sheet surface of each adhesion domain. Possible docking orientations for the CD2-CD58 molecular complex are offered. Strict conservation of human and sheep CD58 residues within the involved C and C' strands and CC' loop suggests that this region is particularly important for stable formation of the CD2-CD58 complex. The analysis of this complex offers molecular insight into the nature of a receptor-ligand pair involving two Ig family members.
Altered cell-mediated immunity to group A haemolytic streptococcal antigens in chronic plaque psoriasis
Authors: BARBARA S. BAKER, A. V. POWLES, A. K. MALKANI, H. LEWIS, H. VALDIMARSSON, L. FRY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The proliferative lymphocyte response to sonicated group A, beta-haemolytic streptococci (Strep-A) was measured by thymidine incorporation in 78 patients with psoriasis (guttate, chronic plaque or both). Lymphocytes from 72 of these patients were also cultured with streptokinase/streptodornase (SK/SD), and 20 of the patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were further tested with PPD, Candida albicans and sonicated Streptococcus mutans, a bacterial type not associated clinically with psoriasis. The median stimulation index (SI) of the psoriasis group to the Strep-A preparation was significantly higher than that of a group of 27 non-psoriatic individuals (P less than 0.05). Within this group, only the patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (n = 42) showed a significantly increased proliferative response compared to the non-psoriatic controls (median SI = 123.8 and 31.9, respectively, P less than 0.01). Although the lymphocyte response of the chronic plaque group to SK/SD was also markedly higher than that of the control group, this difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition, these patients did not show significantly increased responses to any of the other antigens tested, including S. mutans. No correlation was observed between the degree of proliferation to Strep-A and disease extent or activity. Similarly, ASO titres, which were raised in 11 out of 23 guttate and three out of nine chronic plaque psoriasis patients tested, did not correlate with the proliferative responses observed.
1109. Single-Cell Observations of Intracellular Gene Delivery Particles: pH Buffering and Trafficking
Authors: Swaroop Mishra, Rajan P. Kulkarni, Scott E. Fraser, Mark E. Davis
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

For a number of polyplex formulations, enhanced gene delivery efficiency has been correlated with an inherent pH-buffering capacity or incorporation of pH-buffering components. In vitro monitoring of the intracellular pH-buffering action of these formulations has generally been studied using techniques that provide average results from populations of cells. To improve the understanding of the pH-buffering function and how it affects gene delivery, we have incorporated the pH-sensitive marker SNARF-4F in a variety of gene delivery particles and examined the in vitro intracellular trafficking of these formulations by laser scanning confocal microscopy. We are able to follow the individual vesicles in time and space within single live cells by this method and to average over many vesicles and cells to compare to previously reported results. This is the first example of spatiotemporal intracellular pH measurements of the localized environments experienced by gene delivery vehicles. We have examined polyplexes with (e.g. branched polyethylenimine) and without (e.g poly-L-lysine) pH-buffering capacity and have compared unstabilized polyplexes with those salt-stabilized through the incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol). The method applied here allows us to evaluate and describe kinetics of the various polyplexes' intracellular pH-buffering capacity and trafficking. In conjunction with quantitative assessments of nucleic acid uptake to cells and reporter gene expression, these studies offer new information on the contributions and limitations of pH-buffering components to polyplex gene delivery.
The effects of epinephrine infusion in patients with von Willebrand's disease.
Authors: F R Rickles, L W Hoyer, M E Rick, D J Ahr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Epinephrine infusion causes variable increases in the components of the Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) complex in patients with von Willebrand's disease. The increase in antihemophilic factor procoagulant activity was greater than that of Factor VIII-related antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in two patients with von Willebrand's disease. Similar increases in the three individual factors were demonstrated in two other patients. A 4-10-fold increase in Factor VIII-related properties was identified in each of these individuals after infusion. One patient has been studied with very severe von Willebrand's disease; none of the Factor VIII-related properties increased despite two infusions of epinephrine. Bleeding times were normalized or remained normal in the two patients whose von Willebrand factor activity was greater than 25 U/100 ml. It remained prolonged in those three patients whose von Willebrand factor activity levels remained below that concentration. The increase in procoagulant activity was transient in all patients and t 1/2 values were estimated to be between 0.8 and 3.4 h.
Fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonellas and campylobacters from humans
Authors: E J Threlfall, J A Frost, B Rowe
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In Piddock's editorial on fluoroquinolone resistance it was stated that Salmonella typhimurium with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and campylobacter resistant to fluoroquinolones have been isolated from animals and retail poultry.1 Unfortunately, information about the incidence of fluoroquinolone resistant S typhimurium and campylobacter from human infections was not provided, nor was there any reference to underlying epidemiological events leading to the development of resistance.

The Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens is the national reference centre for salmonellas from humans in England and Wales. …
Protection from interleukin 1 induced destruction of articular cartilage by transforming growth factor beta: studies in anatomically intact cartilage in vitro and in vivo.
Authors: H.M van Beuningen, P.M van der Kraan, O.J Arntz, W.B van den Berg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

The modulation of interleukin 1 (IL-1) effects on proteoglycan metabolism in intact murine patellar cartilage by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro TGF-beta (400 pmol/l) had no effect on basal proteoglycan degradation. Proteoglycan degradation induced by IL-1, however, was suppressed by TGF-beta in serum free medium alone and in medium supplemented with 0.5 micrograms/ml insulin-like growth factor 1. This suggests a specific regulatory role for TGF-beta under pathological conditions. In contrast with the suppression of breakdown, synthesis of proteoglycans was stimulated by TGF-beta for both basal and IL-1 suppressed proteoglycan synthesis in cultures without insulin-like growth factor. In the presence of insulin-like growth factor no extra effect of TGF-beta on proteoglycan synthesis was observed. With insulin-like growth factor, however, TGF-beta potentiated the ex vivo recovery of IL-1 induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Analogous to the in vitro effects, TGF-beta injected intraarticularly suppressed IL-1 induced proteoglycan degradation. Furthermore, TGF-beta injected into the joint counteracted IL-1 induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. This indicates that in vivo also TGF-beta can ameliorate the deleterious effects of IL-1 on the cartilage matrix.
At the Sea's Edge
Authors: F. Coe
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Ad Libitum1 March 1994At the Sea's EdgeF. Coe, MDF. Coe, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-5-199403010-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Come, dear pilot,I would make my way to the salt sea,For I have cried my fill,And to all I ever lovedHave said goodbye;What I could ever sayI have said,What comfort I could takeFrom other handsI have taken,Unmoor me, nowAnd set me free,I would rangeUpon the roaming seaAlone with dolphins and whalesTo keep my company,And all the rocking stars,My light to be;I hear the sea windsSing to me,Like wind in the singing leavesOf my beloved poplar tree,That once sang me asleep.I ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Previousarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1994Volume 120, Issue 5Page: 436KeywordsHeartSalts ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 March 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Economic Incentives and Use of the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ari B. Friedman
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Flow-mediated and reflex changes in large peripheral artery tone in humans.
Authors: E A Anderson, A L Mark
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Studies of peripheral blood vessels in humans have focused primarily on regulation of blood flow and vascular resistance, which are thought to reflect small vessel caliber. Recent studies in animals have identified flow-mediated and neurogenic changes in large artery diameter. This study tested for flow-mediated dilatation and reflex constriction of the brachial artery in humans. A dual-crystal pulsed Doppler system was used to measure brachial artery diameter and blood flow proximal to the antecubital fossa. To test for flow-mediated dilatation, flow through the brachial artery was altered by an occluding cuff placed on the forearm distal to the site of brachial artery flow and diameter measurement. Control blood flow was 123 +/- 20 ml/min, and brachial artery diameter was 4.74 +/- 0.17 mm (mean +/- SEM). By inflating the distal occluding cuff (distal circulatory arrest), flow was reduced through the brachial artery to 21 +/- 5 ml/min (p less than 0.005), and brachial artery diameter was reduced to 4.35 +/- 0.20 mm (p less than 0.001). By deflating the distal occluding cuff after 10 minutes (reactive hyperemia), brachial artery flow was increased to 358 +/- 55 ml/min (p less than 0.001), and diameter was increased to 5.6 +/- 0.19 mm (p less than 0.001). These interventions did not change systemic arterial pressure and, as measured in three subjects, caused only small changes in local brachial artery distending pressure. Thus, both increased and decreased brachial artery blood flow produced significant changes in brachial artery diameter without altering arterial distending pressure. These data provide evidence for flow-mediated dilatation in humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Counterpoint: Glucose Monitoring in Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Thomas A. Buchanan, Siri L. Kjos
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

It was once fashionable for theological scholars to debate the number of angels that could dance on the head of a pin. The debates were quite heated, narrowly focused, and unencumbered by facts. They made for great controversy but solved no real problems (lots of heat, no light). In many respects, ongoing debates about the nuances of glucose monitoring for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are analogous to those past debates about dancing angels. The debates are heated, they are focused on very small nuances in the management of GDM that have minor if any impact on the outcomes of pregnancies complicated by GDM, and they are generally unencumbered by hard facts. While generating considerable heat, the debates shed very little real light on optimization of perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by GDM. In this counterpoint, we briefly summarize the major limitations of such a narrow focus on the nuances of glucose monitoring and control in the antepartum management of GDM. We will address the topic at two levels: 1 ) whether there really are optimal times to measure glucose levels in women with GDM, and 2 ) whether all patients really need to perform glucose self-monitoring.

Among clinicians and investigators working in the field of GDM, the debate rages on whether pregnant patients should measure their glucose levels before or after meals and, if after, how long after eating. Ammunition in favor of one timing or another comes largely from analyses of correlations between maternal glucose levels and fetal outcomes, such as rates of macrosomic (>4,000 g …
Multiple lesion coronary intervention is associated with higher mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: The stent PAMI trial
Authors: Gregory G. Pellizzon, Kishore Harjai, Srinivas Addala, Anthony Ochoa, Gregg W. Stone, David A. Cox, Lorelei Grines, Judith A. Boura, Bruce R. Brodie, William W. O'Neill, Cindy L. Grines
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Renal Insufficiency in the Absence of Albuminuria and Retinopathy Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Holly J. Kramer
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is more heterogeneous than in type 1 DM. Reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) among individuals with type 2 DM may not always be due to classic diabetic glomerulosclerosis, which is associated with albuminuria and retinopathy.To determine the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), defined as a GFR less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area (BSA) in the absence of microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy among adults with type 2 DM.Cross-sectional analysis of adults aged 40 years or older with type 2 DM in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of the total civilian US noninstitutionalized population conducted from 1988-1994.The GFR per 1.73 m2 BSA, calculated with serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and serum albumin levels using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study prediction equation; albuminuria, assessed using spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio; and presence of retinopathy, determined with fundus photography.Overall, 13% (sampled n = 171) of adults with type 2 DM (n = 1197) had CRI with a population estimate of 1.1 million. Among these adults with CRI, diabetic retinopathy was noted in 28% (n = 58), while the frequencies of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were 45% (n = 64) and 19% (n = 47), respectively. Retinopathy and albuminuria (microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria) were both absent in 30% (n = 51) of adults with type 2 DM and CRI. The population estimate of adults with type 2 DM and CRI in the absence of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria was approximately 0.3 million.A substantial burden of CRI among persons with type 2 DM in the United States is likely due to renal parenchymal disease other than classic diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Approaches to screening renal disease in the type 2 DM population should incorporate assessment of GFR in addition to monitoring urine albumin excretion and funduscopic changes to ensure that individuals with type 2 DM and CRI not due to diabetic glomerulosclerosis will receive appropriate intervention.
A Pathologic Exhibit for the A. M. A.
Authors: Parks Ritchie
Journal: JAMA (1899)

St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 13, 1899. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I wish to express my hearty approval of the plan of acquiring a permanent pathologic exhibit for theAmerican Medical Association, as outlined in the article by Dr. F. B. Wynn, published in theJournalof December 2, It seems to me practicable and of unquestioned value. Truly, yours,