tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alternative paradigmatic hypotheses cannot be fairly evaluated from within one's own paradigmatic assumptions
Authors: Steven Lehar
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

To avoid endless and futile debate, critics of an alternative paradigmatic hypothesis cannot simply state their own paradigmatic assumptions as if they were plain fact while dismissing those of the opposition as self-evidently absurd, because it is exactly those initial assumptions that are brought into question by the paradigmatic proposal. Perceived incredibility is no valid ground for rejection of a paradigm whose alternatives are at least equally incredible, and arguably more so.
Physicians poor at prevalence and positive predictive value
Authors: P. R. Billings
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In 1978, Casscells et al<sup>1</sup>reported the findings of a survey concerned with physician appreciationthe limitations of laboratory testtesting in the process of clinical decinsion. Physicians have generallyrmedpoorly on tests assaying the use of quantitative informinformation.<sup>1,2</sup>A large number licati-nsng decision theory tenets such as tetenets such as test ificity,sitive p-edictive valupositive predictive have subsequently<sup>3,4</sup>redappeared.<sup>3,4</sup>study of clinical decisions has become a fundable research toptopic, athe utilization of Bayes' thetheorem in clinical settings is discussed in the curricula most medical schools. We estim-te that oneone articlech month, requiring some rudrudimentaryowle-ge of decision thetheory and/or Bayes' theorem in order to be properly analyzed,blished in one of the mathe major medical journals. We asked whether increasing exposure to concepts of decision theory in medical school, postgraduate training, in the medical literature might be associated with improved results on a question requiring appreciation of a
Doctors question whether all blood transfusions are effective and necessary
Authors: Richard Smith
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Background/Aim: The diagnostic accuracy (DA) for patients with acute pancreatitis (AcPa) has been rarely evaluated. Patients and Methods: In the AcPa study group, there were 22 patients versus 1,311 patients in the non-AcPa group. The clinical history-taking variables (CHT) (n=22), clinical signs &amp; tests details (CST) (n=14), and laboratory analyses (n=3) were recorded in each patient. Meta-analytical techniques were used to detect the summary sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) estimates for each data set; CHT, CST, and diagnostic scores (DS). Results: In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under curve (AUC) values for i) CHT, ii) CST, and iii) DS were as follows: i) AUC=0.640 (95%CI=0.550-0.730); ii) AUC=0.588 (95%CI=0.520-0.656), and iii) AUC=0.943 (95%CI=0.910-0.976). The differences between these AUC values (roccomp analysis) are as follows: i) versus ii) p=0.155; i) versus iii) p&lt;0.0001; ii) versus iii) p&lt;0.0001. Conclusion: The new DS introduced in this study proved to be far superior to both symptoms and signs &amp; tests in its DA for AcPa, as demonstrated by HSROC analysis.
Vitamin A Supplements — Too Good Not to Be True
Authors: Gerald T. Keusch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Malnutrition and infectious diseases are a deadly combination in vulnerable preschool children. Morbidity and mortality from infections, particularly those causing acute and prolonged diarrhea or acute lower respiratory disease, are dramatically increased when the infections are superimposed on a state of chronic undernutrition. This interaction was clearly described in 1968 in a now classic monograph by Scrimshaw et al.1 Because of their concept of a cyclical relation between malnutrition and infectious disease, most interventions have targeted the elimination of severe protein-energy malnutrition, first by providing increased quantities of better-quality protein and more recently by focusing on adequate energy sources. These . . .
THE CONSIDERATION AND CURE OF CHRONIC TUBERCULAR CONSUMPTION OF THE LUNGS.Read in the Section of Practice of Medicine and Physiology, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: ASA F. PATTEE
Journal: JAMA (1891)

In the preparation of this paper I have endeavored to be as concise as possible consistent with clearness; I have employed the terms phthisis, tuberculosis and pulmonary consumption as expressing the same pathological condition. The progressive tendency of the tubercle of phthisis is of a fibrous nature, or a leaning toward healing or health; becoming through this means a self-limiting condition. The direct reverse of the tubercle of cancerous and other inflammatory ulceration. I have for many years maintained by theory, and shown by actual results, that pulmonary tuberculosis may be cured, even after extensive degeneration of lung tissue has taken place; provided the constitution has not become vitiated by disease or other causes, or its recuperative powers destroyed by old age. We now find this assertion copiously substantiated by eminent authority. Given suitable handling, in all that the term implies, and the extent of the depredation will take
Phenelzine and oedema.
Authors: D L Dunleavy
Journal: BMJ (1977)

observers have noted, that night visiting rates are higher in the north of England and in Scotland.2 -4 Finally, while congratulating Mr Buxton and his colleagues on their excellent paper, I consider their last paragraph to be mistaken.Each doctor must decide, and then take responsibility for, any action following a request for a night call.This will depend on his knowledge of the patient and the circum- stances, and not on any 'consensus' of explicit criteria.
Vector integration is nonrandom and clustered and influences the fate of lymphopoiesis in SCID-X1 gene therapy
Authors: Annette Deichmann, Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina, Manfred Schmidt, Alexandrine Garrigue, Martijn H. Brugman, Jingqiong Hu, Hanno Glimm, Gabor Gyapay, Bernard Prum, Christopher C. Fraser, Nicolas Fischer, Kerstin Schwarzwaelder, Maria-Luise Siegler, Dick de Ridder, Karin Pike-Overzet, Steven J. Howe, Adrian J. Thrasher, Gerard Wagemaker, Ulrich Abel, Frank J.T. Staal, Eric Delabesse, Jean-Luc Villeval, Bruce Aronow, Christophe Hue, Claudia Prinz, Manuela Wissler, Chuck Klanke, Jean Weissenbach, Ian Alexander, Alain Fischer, Christof von Kalle, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Recent reports have challenged the notion that retroviruses and retroviral vectors integrate randomly into the host genome. These reports pointed to a strong bias toward integration in and near gene coding regions and, for gammaretroviral vectors, around transcription start sites. Here, we report the results obtained from a large-scale mapping of 572 retroviral integration sites (RISs) isolated from cells of 9 patients with X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) treated with a retrovirus-based gene therapy protocol. Our data showed that two-thirds of insertions occurred in or very near to genes, of which more than half were highly expressed in CD34+ progenitor cells. Strikingly, one-fourth of all integrations were clustered as common integration sites (CISs). The highly significant incidence of CISs in circulating T cells and the nature of their locations indicate that insertion in many gene loci has an influence on cell engraftment, survival, and proliferation. Beyond the observed cases of insertional mutagenesis in 3 patients, these data help to elucidate the relationship between vector insertion and long-term in vivo selection of transduced cells in human patients with SCID-X1.
Prevalence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Northern India
Authors: K. L. Wig, R. P. Malhotra, N. L. Chitkara, S. P. Gupta
Journal: BMJ (1962)

MEDICTALIRNALconservative treatment, and can be radically accelerated with the restoration of a near normal blood flow only by direct arterial surgery.The direct operative approach may be worth considering in aorto-iliac lesions where the long-term results are good, but in general the longterm outcome of arterial surgery below the inguinal ligament is not yet satisfactory enough to warrant this form of treatment when claudication is the only symptom.Sympathectomy exerts its maximal influence on the blood supply to the skin, and if the arterial inflow into the area is not overwhelmingly reduced, then sympathetic denervation should be followed by a worth-while increase in cutaneous blood flow.This concept is supported by the results in this clinical study, and our patients with early nutritional disturbance benefited from sympathectomy.We regard mild rest pain and associated sensory disturbances, with or without areas of localized gangrene, as indications for the operation.Sympathectomy is, however, ineffective in the more advanced stages of developing major gangrene, and it is in this latter group of patients, in whom loss of the limb is threatened, that we believe direct arterial surgery has an important place.Summary 412 patients with atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower limb were followed for periods varying from 3 to 12 years.The mortality rate during the period of observation was 21 % and the overall limb-amputation rate was 10%.Certain factors influencing the fate of the limb are described.The outcome in patients treated by lumbar sympathectomy is compared with that of similar patients not treated surgically.Sympathectomy did not materially alter the long-term result when performed for intermittent claudication but was beneficial at the stage of early nutritional impairment.We thank Mr. M. P. Curwen for statistical advice and Miss W. Smith
Souvenir of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association.
Authors: LOTANANNA F. HAY
Journal: JAMA (1894)

A CARD FROM MRS. HAY. Hot Springs, Ark., Nov. 30, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —On November 23, the wheels and flying sparks took from me the most enthusiastic and charming assembly of people it has ever been my good fortune to know, and after many miles lay between us I received an exquisite token, a circular pin, of richest gold, with a diamond in the center; its rays showed me plainly the brilliancy of the givers. I do not thank them "<i>four or five times</i>," but four or five million times. Yours appreciatively,
Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine/Diazepam Binding Inhibitor Receptor: Biological Role in Steroidogenic Cell Function*
Authors: VASSILIOS PAPADOPOULOS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1993)

BENZODIAZEPINES, a class of drugs that includes compounds such as diazepam (Valium), are frequently prescribed because of their anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, musclerelaxant, and hypnotic properties. It has been shown that the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines are mediated via a specific receptor complex located in the central nervous system (CNS); benzodiazepines bind to a domain that allosterically regulates chloride channel gating by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), on GABAA receptors (1–3). In 1977, while searching for specific benzodiazepine receptors, Braestrup and Squires (4) observed the presence of high density radiolabeled diazepam binding sites in the kidney. Since then, numerous papers have reported that this class of benzodiazepine binding sites is present apparently in all tissues examined including the CNS (Section III). Because of their abundance in peripheral tissues and in order to distinguish them from the GABAA or central benzodiazepine receptors, this class of benzodiazepine binding sites was named “peripheral-type benzodiazepine-type benzodiazepine binding sites.” Moreover, in the last 5 yr several studies reported physiological roles for these binding sites and they were then termed “peripheraltype benzodiazepine receptors” (PBRs) (5–8). However, there are a number of names that have been assigned to this receptor:
4G/5G Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Are Associated with Pneumonia
Authors: Sachin Yende, Derek C. Angus, Jingzhong Ding, Anne B. Newman, John A. Kellum, Rongling Li, Robert E. Ferrell, Joseph Zmuda, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Tamara B. Harris, Melissa Garcia, Kristine Yaffe, Richard G. Wunderink
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Rationale: Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 inhibits urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, required for host response to infection. Whether variation within the PAI-1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to infection is unknown.Objectives: To ascertain the role of the 4G/5G polymorphism and other genetic variants within the PAI-1 gene. We hypothesized that variants associated with increased PAI-1 expression would be associated with an increased occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Methods: Longitudinal analysis (>12 yr) of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition cohort, aged 65–74 years at start of analysis.Measurements and Main Results: We genotyped the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism and six additional single nucleotide polymorphisms. Of the 3,075 subjects, 272 (8.8%) had at least one hospitalization for CAP. Among whites, variants at the PAI4G,5G, PAI2846, and PAI7343 sites had higher risk of CAP (P = 0.018, 0.021, and 0.021, respectively). At these sites, variants associated with higher PAI-1 expression were associated with increased CAP susceptibility. Compared with the 5G/5G genotypes at PAI4G,5G site, the 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes were associated with a 1.98-fold increased risk of CAP (95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.2; P = 0.006). In whole blood stimulation assay, subjects with a 4G allele had 3.3- and 1.9-fold increased PAI-1 expression (P = 0.043 and 0.034, respectively). In haplotype analysis, the 4G/G/C/A haplotype at the PAI4G,5G, PAI2846, PAI4588, and PAI7343 single nucleotide polymorphisms was associated with higher CAP susceptibility, whereas the 5G/G/C/A haplotype was associated with lower CAP susceptibility. No associations were seen among blacks.Conclusions: Genotypes associated with increased expression of PAI-1 were associated with increased susceptibility to CAP in elderly whites.
Electroshock Treatment: Two Novel Problems
Authors: RALPH N. WHARTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

The use of EST on two depressed patients with unusual medical complications is reviewed. The author concludes that this therapy should not be used when a diagnosis of hyperkaliemia and periodic paralysis is made. However, EST is judged safe for elderly patients with epicardial pacemakers; in fact, a pacemaker may be helpful in such cases.
Proposal for changes in cystoscopic follow up of patients with bladder cancer and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy
Authors: R R Hall, M K B Parmar, A B Richards, P H Smith
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A famous surgeon observed that the most important instrument for the management of superficial bladder cancer was a typewriter because it facilitated the organisation of the regular follow up examinations that are so important in controlling this disease. Cystoscopic follow up must be lifelong, and the cost, in the broadest sense, to both patient and health service is considerable. A recent study has suggested that the conventional frequency of bladder examinations may not be necessary and that most patients could be spared many cystoscopies. Instillation of cytotoxic drugs in the bladder has been shown to reduce the recurrence of tumours destroyed endoscopically and the development of new tumours elsewhere in the bladder. Because intravesical instillations are inconvenient, expensive, and may be toxic they have been reserved for patients thought to be at greatest risk of recurrence. However, two clinical trials have shown that a single cytotoxic instillation may be beneficial for low risk patients. If this is verified in everyday practice, the routine use of intravesical chemotherapy for all patients at the time of initial treatment could reduce the need for cystoscopies even further. Such changes should improve the quality of life of the 7000 new patients with superficial bladder cancer each year in England and Wales and allow savings to be made in the NHS.
373. Use of Lentiviral and Adeno-Associated Vectors for Targeted Gene Inactivation in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Sabrina Arena, Elisa Vigna, Luigi Naldini, Alberto Bardelli
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Homologous recombination (HR) is the process by which DNA strands containing extensive sequence similarities exchange variable nucleic acid portions thus allowing the formation of a new DNA molecule. Targeted gene inactivation is the most definitive method for evaluating the function of a gene within a specific cell type or organism. We are interested in exploiting HR-mediated gene targeting to assess the role of oncogenic alleles in cancer development.
Is Resistance Futile?
Authors: Kerri Akaya Smith, Steven M. Kawut
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

steps that will be taken if the initial laryngoscopy or other technique fails so there is a rational plan in place.Implementing this approach should dramatically decrease the incidence of lifethreatening complications that commonly occur during the endotracheal intubation of critically ill patients.Expertise in the use of video laryngoscopy, intubating supraglottic airway devices, and awake fiberoptic intubation may facilitate difficult airway management as well (16)(17)(18).What is next?As we await external validation of this approach, the question we ask is how to reduce complications and mortality during intubations in the ICU.Preexisting hypoxia, hypotension, myocardial ischemia, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation may make it unlikely that severe complications can be completely eliminated, but we need to strive to minimize them.There is a paucity of research on this issue.The MACOCHA score (maybe as part of a structured checklist used with every patient undergoing endotracheal intubation) will provide a standardized evaluation to facilitate conducting the much-needed intervention trials by objectively identifying the patients at low risk for difficult endotracheal intubation.
Safety and efficacy of long-term adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) for lamivudine-resistant (LAM-R) HBV in HIV infected patients
Authors: Yves Benhamou, M. Bochet, V. Thibault, V. Calvez, M.H. Fievet, Mark Sullivan, Carol Brosgart, Hamid Namini, T. Poynard, C. Katlama
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Polypharmacy in Skilled-Nursing Facilities
Authors: Jack L. Segal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 April 1993Polypharmacy in Skilled-Nursing FacilitiesJack L. Segal, MDJack L. Segal, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Kudos to Beers and colleagues [1], butso what's new? Their conclusions about the inappropriate prescribing of medication in skilled-nursing facilities were the same as ours in the late 1970s [2, 3]. Tragically, little has changed [1, 4, 5]. Perhaps the UCLA banner or the RAND Corporation escutcheon can provide a sorely needed cudgel to those who acquire a significant portion of their livelihood as caregivers in skilled-nursing facilities. I, for one, however, have begun to lose hope.References1. Beers HM, Ouslander JG, Fingold SF, Morgenstern H, Reuben DB, Rogers W, et al. Inappropriate medication prescribing in skilled-nursing facilities. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:684-9. Google Scholar2. Segal JL. National Health Insurance, Panel on Drugs. Testimony before the subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, 20 November 1975. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1976:1290-4; no. 63-795-0. Google Scholar3. Segal JL, Thompson JF, Floyd RA. Drug utilization and prescribing patterns in a skilled nursing facility: the need for a rational approach to therapeutics. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1979; 27:117-22. Google Scholar4. The Little Hoover Commission. Report on the Medical Care of California's Nursing Home Residents: Inadequate Care, Inadequate Oversight. Commission on California State Government Organization and Economy; 1989:1-71. Google Scholar5. The Little Hoover Commission. Skilled Nursing Homes: Care Without Dignity. Commission on California State Government Organization and Economy; 1991:1-90. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 April 1993Volume 118, Issue 8Page: 649-651KeywordsBeerCaregivers Issue Published: 15 April 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Quantitative Trait Loci for Hypercalciuria in a Rat Model of Kidney Stone Disease
Authors: Richard R. Hoopes, Robert Reid, Saunak Sen, Claude Szpirer, Peter Dixon, Anna A.J. Pannett, Rajesh V. Thakker, David A. Bushinsky, Steven J. Scheinman
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

ABSTRACT. Hypercalciuria is the most common risk factor for kidney stones and has a recognized familial component. The genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rat is an animal model that closely resembles human idiopathic hypercalciuria, with excessive intestinal calcium absorption, increased bone resorption, and impaired renal calcium reabsorption; overexpression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in target tissues; and calcium nephrolithiasis. For identifying genetic loci that contribute to hypercalciuria in the GHS rat, an F2 generation of 156 rats bred from GHS female rats and normocalciuric WKY male rats was studied. The calcium excretion was six- to eightfold higher in the GHS female than in the WKY male progenitors. Selective genotyping of those F2 rats with the highest 30% and lowest 30% rates of calcium excretion was performed, scoring 98 markers with a mean interval of 23 cM across all 20 autosomes and the X chromosome. With the use of strict criteria for significance, significant linkage was found between hypercalciuria and a region of chromosome 1 at D1Rat169 (LOD, 2.91). Suggestive linkage to regions of chromosomes 4, 7, 10, and 14 was found. The proportion of phenotypic variance contributed by the region on chromosome 1, with appropriate adjustments, was estimated to be 7%. Candidate genes encoding the VDR and the calcium-sensing receptor were localized to regions on rat chromosomes 7 and 11, respectively, but the suggestive quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7 was not in the region of the VDR gene locus. Identification of genes that contribute to hypercalciuria in this animal model should prove valuable in understanding idiopathic hypercalciuria and kidney stone disease in humans. E-mail scheinms@upstate.edu
1093-143 Is there an association of high-sensitive C-reactive protein with coronary calcium? The Heinz Nixdorf recall study
Authors: Axel Schmermund, Andreas Stang, Susanne Moebus, Stefan Mohlenkamp, Nils Lehmann, Klaus Mann, Karl-Heinz Jockel, Raimund Erbel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Sustained Improvement in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension during Six Years of Treatment with Sublingual Isoproterenol
Authors: Daniel A. Pietro, Kenneth A. LaBresh, Robert M. Shulman, Edward D. Folland, Alfred F. Parisi, Arthur A. Sasahara
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

PRIMARY pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease, which usually results in death three to seven years after the onset of symptoms. In selected patients symptomatic improvement for up to two to three years has been reported with drug regimens that lower pulmonary-artery pressure. Unfortunately, progression of pulmonary hypertension almost always continues, regardless of the initial, apparently beneficial hcmodynamic effects. This report demonstrates sustained relief of symptoms and improvements in exercise capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics during six years of therapy with sublingual isoproterenol.Case ReportA 36-year-old man was in good health until September 1976, when he had exercise-induced dyspnea and . . .