tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Why is the grass greener?
Authors: Barbara Starfield
Journal: BMJ (2005)

As well as learning from each other's existing systems, US and UK researchers have potential for collaborative research into improving health care 

Almost a century ago, the UK and US health systems diverged in a dramatic way. In the United Kingdom, parliament legislated on health insurance; subsequent seminal governmental reports and actions, such as the Dawson report on primary care after the first world war and the enactment of the NHS, set the stage for the current health services system. Despite several notable attempts at reform in the United States, particularly in the early 1930s, mid-1960s, and early 1990s, the US healthcare system remains much like it was a century ago, mired in a market oriented private system with private financing. The system makes only a nod towards public responsibility, mainly in the form of guaranteed financial access for elderly people (Medicare) and a fragmented and unstable system of financing and direct service for care of poor people (Medicaid and community health centres, respectively).

As a result, the United States lacks system-wide health policy making. By contrast, the NHS assumes responsibility for national health policy, the quality of care (for example, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence), and banning direct to consumer advertising of prescription medicines. The United Kingdom has a national director for primary care who, besides being responsible for policy in various aspects of primary care, is the country's official representative in international deliberations on primary care. The United States has no comparable position.

Despite these enormous differences between the two health systems, there remain possibilities for two-way learning. These fall into several groups: the importance of primary care as the infrastructure of a health system; information technologies for health services; quality of services; and equity in the attainment of health of populations.

World Health Organization documents on …
Surgical Aspects of Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: T. A. H. English, J. K. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Forty patients with a previous history of bacterial endocarditis were treated surgically between December 1967 and August 1971. Of 28 patients who had elective valve replacements there were four hospital deaths and one late death. Seven patients underwent emergency operation for intractable heart failure before completion of antibiotic treatment, six survived operation and there was one late death. Six patients had operations for infection on pre-existing valve substitutes, of whom three were treated as emergencies. There were two hospital and no late deaths. 78% of all patients were alive and well four years to nine months after operation. These results confirm that in addition to elective valve replacement surgery has an important role both in the treatment of intractable heart failure during the infective stage of bacterial endocarditis and in the eradication of infection on cardiac prostheses.
Gustatory Sweating
Authors: Warren T. Sutton, Otto H. Trippel
Journal: JAMA (1963)

GUSTATORY SWEATING has been erroneously thought to be a rare phenomenon as recently as 1961.<sup>1</sup>This misconception has been due in part to the relatively infrequent reporting of cases in the medical literature and in part to the rareness— until recently—of operations that may cause such a condition. In 1946, Langenskiold<sup>2</sup>reviewed the world literature, beginning with Baillarger's early report in 1853, and found only 90 cases, 60 of which were secondary to parotiditis. Since 1945, coincident with the increase in parotid surgery, there has been a marked increase in the number of cases noted and an increase in the incidence of the phenomenon after parotid surgery. This finding probably has been due to a more thorough search for minor examples of the condition and longer follow-up studies of patients who have undergone parotidectomy. In an excellent study of this subject, Glaister et al report that 15 out
Acromegaly Due to Secretion of Growth Hormone by an Ectopic Pancreatic Islet-Cell Tumor
Authors: Shlomo Melmed, Calvin Ezrin, Kalman Kovacs, Robert S. Goodman, Lawrence A. Frohman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

THE clinical features of acromegaly result directly or indirectly from sustained hypersecretion of growth hormone.1 2 3 Somatotroph-cell adenomas, or in rare cases hyperplasia, constitute the pathologic pituitary lesions causing acromegaly.4 , 5 Also in rare cases, acromegaly may be caused by ectopic somatotroph-cell adenomas in the sphenoid or parapharyngeal sinuses.4 , 5 Attention has recently been focused on the elaboration of growth hormone–releasing factors by carcinoid6 and pancreatic islet-cell tumors7 causing acromegaly. The structure of human growth hormone–releasing factor was, in fact, first elucidated from two such pancreatic tumor extracts, which were shown to stimulate growth hormone release both in vitro and in vivo.8 , 9 Ectopic . . .
Pulling the trigger on the living kind module
Authors: Peter M. Todd, Alejandro López
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Atran conjectures that a triggering algorithm for a living- kind module could involve inputs from other modules that detect animacy and intentionality. Here we further speculate about how algorithms for detecting specific intentions could be used to trigger between- or within-species categorization. Such categorization may be adaptively important in Eldredge's energy and information realms.
Barbara Elizabeth Mansell Lloyd
Authors: E. McKeown
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Barbara Elizabeth Mansell Lloyd (nee Eades) was born in Brearley House, Small Heath, to Albert Harpin Eades, a general practitioner, and his wife, Barbara, a nurse. She grew up in the practice house and attended King Edwards High School for Girls and Birmingham Medical School.

After qualifying she met Llewellyn Lloyd at Yardley Tennis Club and Yardley Old Church. They married in 1952. They just had time for a honeymoon in Scotland, in their caravan, before Llew was sent to Kuala Lumpur …
A mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary cortisol resistance.
Authors: D M Malchoff, A Brufsky, G Reardon, P McDermott, E C Javier, C H Bergh, D Rowe, C D Malchoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

The precise molecular abnormalities that cause primary cortisol resistance have not been completely described. In a subject with primary cortisol resistance we have observed glucocorticoid receptors (hGR) with a decreased affinity for dexamethasone. We hypothesize that a mutation of the hGR glucocorticoid-binding domain is the cause of cortisol resistance. Total RNA isolated from the index subject's mononuclear leukocytes was used to produce first strand hGR cDNAs, and the entire hGR cDNA was amplified in segments and sequenced. At nucleotide 2,317 we identified a homozygous A for G point mutation that predicts an isoleucine (ATT) for valine (GTT) substitution at amino acid 729. When the wild-type hGR and hGR-Ile 729 were expressed in COS-1 cells and assayed for [3H]-Dexamethasone binding, the dissociation constants were 0.799 +/- 0.068 and 1.54 +/- 0.06 nM (mean +/- SEM) (P < 0.01), respectively. When the wild-type hGR and hGR-Ile 729 were expressed in CV-1 cells that were cotransfected with the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, the hGR-Ile 729 conferred a fourfold decrease in apparent potency on dexamethasone stimulation of CAT activity. The isoleucine for valine substitution at amino acid 729 impairs the function of the hGR and is the likely cause of primary cortisol resistance in this subject.
A Preliminary Evaluation of 566C80 for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Judith Falloon, Joseph Kovacs, Walter Hughes, Donna O'Neill, Michael Polis, Richard T. Davey, Michael Rogers, Stephen LaFon, Irwin Feuerstein, Danny Lancaster, Mack Land, Carmelita Tuazon, Michael Dohn, Stephen Greenberg, H. Clifford Lane, Henry Masur
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

The drug 566C80 is an investigational hydroxynaphthoquinone that is active against Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in animal models. Initial studies in humans indicate that 566C80 is safe and has adequate bioavailability after oral administration.
Heterogeneity of Patients With Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Linkage to Autoimmunity Is Apparent Only in Those With Perceived Need for Insulin Treatment
Authors: Maria A. Radtke, Kristian Midthjell, Tom I. Lund Nilsen, Valdemar Grill
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE—Subjects with the diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) are more prone to need insulin treatment than those with type 2 diabetes. However, not all patients with LADA develop the need for insulin treatment, indicating the heterogeneity of LADA. We investigated this heterogeneity by comparing phenotypes of LADA with and without perceived need for insulin treatment (data obtained at times when diagnosis of LADA was not investigated) and also compared LADA and type 2 diabetes phenotypes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the all population–based Nord-Trøndelag Health study (n = 64,931), performed in 1995–1997. Data were assembled for individuals with LADA (n = 106) and type 2 diabetes (n = 943). RESULTS—In the comparison of individuals with LADA both with and without the need for insulin, insulin-treated subjects had higher titers of GAD antibodies (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and lower fasting C-peptide levels (P &amp;lt; 0.001). GAD antibodies and C-peptide correlated negatively (r = −0.40; P = 0.009). In the comparison of individuals with LADA and type 2 diabetes, all without the need for insulin, markers of metabolic syndrome were equally prevalent and pronounced. Age, C-peptide, and glucose levels were also similar. In the comparison of insulin-treated individuals with LADA and type 2 diabetes, more patients with LADA received insulin (40 vs. 22%, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and C-peptide levels were lower (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Patients with LADA were leaner but were still overweight (mean BMI 28.7 vs. 30.9 kg/m2 in type 2 diabetes, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the comparison of type 2 diabetic patients with and without insulin, insulin-treated subjects were more obese and had higher A1C and lower C-peptide levels (P &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—Our conclusions are that 1) the need for insulin treatment in LADA is linked to the degree of autoimmunity and β-cell failure, 2) subjects with LADA and type 2 diabetes without the need for insulin treatment are phenotypically similar, and 3) insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients is associated with both insulin resistance and β-cell insufficiency.
Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development
Authors: Christine Hacker, Ralf D. Kirsch, Xin-Sheng Ju, Thomas Hieronymus, Tatjana C. Gust, Christiane Kuhl, Thorsten Jorgas, Steffen M. Kurz, Stefan Rose-John, Yoshifumi Yokota, Martin Zenke
Journal: Nature Immunology (2003)
Hepatocellular phenotypein Vitro is influenced by biophysical features of the collagenous substratum
Authors: William J. Lindblad, Erin G. Schuetz, Kaye S. Redford, Philip S. Guzelian
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Hepatocytes maintained on different substrata in vitro possess strikingly different morphological and biochemical features. Rounded, multicellular aggregates of hepatocytes are seen if the cells are plated onto Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane, whereas a flattened, monolayer of hepatocytes is observed with Vitrogen. Hepatocellular protein synthesis is much greater on the Matrigel, although collagen biosynthesis appears selectively enhanced on Vitrogen-grown hepatocytes. We determined that denatured type I collagen could be substituted for Matrigel as the substratum, with the hepatocytes remaining the same both morphologically and biochemically. This suggested that the cells respond to the biophysical state of the extracellular matrix not only to protein sequences that determine a binding site. Measurement of steady-state messenger RNA levels within cells cultured onto different matrices indicated that the fluid substrate of either Matrigel or denatured type I collagen were facilitative for induction of cytochrome P-450b/e, which was not seen with the rigid type I collagen substrata. In contrast the messenger RNA level for the cytoskeletal protein actin was decreased on the fluid matrices, suggesting that the rounded cells had a lower requirement for this protein. These findings indicate that hepatocytes are responsive to the biophysical state of the extracellular matrix, which can lead to significant changes in gene expression by the cells.
Disability Evaluation and Principles of Treatment of Compensable Injuries
Authors: Henry L. Feffer
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Dr. McBride, an acknowledged pioneer in the field of disability evaluation, presents a revision of his classic text. The format has been made more attractive, and the type clearer. The content, however, still retains the basic faults of the first edition. The meat of this book as well as the author's interest obviously end on page 103. If the back cover were applied at this point, we would unquestionably have the finest treatise yet written on the subject, a book which should be required reading for every young physician doing industrial accident work. The composite schedule of disability ratings presented, however, tends to be too analytical and, as a result, confusing. It is comprehensive and an excellent source of reference, although the guide published byThe Journalin 1958 is more practical in its simplicity. This reviewer is forced to classify the last 450 pages of this book as padding.
Reduced antioxidative capacity in liver mitochondria from bile duct ligated rats
Authors: Stephan Krähenbühl, Christine Talos, Bernhard H. Lauterburg, Jürg Reichen
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative mechanisms were investigated in liver mitochondria from bile duct ligated rats (BDL rats) and correlated with the activity of enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain. In comparison to pair-fed control rats, BDL rats had increased concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) per gram of liver and per milligram of mitochondrial protein 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after surgery. The hepatic glutathione (GSH) content was decreased in BDL rats 28 days after surgery when expressed per gram of liver but equal between BDL and control rats when expressed per liver. The mitochondrial GSH content was decreased in BDL rats by 20% to 33% from day 7 after surgery. The concentrations of ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10, substances involved in electron transport and efficient antioxidants, were both decreased in BDL rats 14 and 28 days after surgery per gram of liver and per milligram of mitochondrial protein. When expressed per liver, ubiquinone-9 was decreased in BDL rats from day 7 after surgery. In comparison with controls, the decrease in total mitochondrial ubiquinone content in BDL rats averaged 52% 14 days and 38% 28 days after surgery. The activity of the succinate:ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase (complexes II and III of the electron transport chain) was decreased in BDL rats at days 7, 14, and 28 after surgery, and the activity of the ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase (complex IV) was reduced at 14 and 28 days after surgery. The mitochondrial concentration of TBARS showed a negative and the concentrations of GSH and ubiquinone a positive correlation with the activity of the succinate:ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase. We conclude that the mitochondrial concentration of antioxidants such as GSH and ubiquinone decreases in BDL rats, whereas the concentration of lipid peroxidation products increases. Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in BDL rats may at least partially result from oxidative damage to mitochondrial lipids and/or proteins. (Hepatology 1995;22:607-612.)
Alectinib: a novel second generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor for overcoming clinically-acquired resistance
Authors: Zilan Song, Meining Wang, Ao Zhang
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

The development of inhibitors for the tyrosine anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has advanced rapidly, driven by biology and medicinal chemistry. The first generation ALK inhibitor crizotinib was granted US FDA approval with only four years of preclinical and clinical testing. Although this drug offers significant clinical benefit to the ALK-positive patients, resistance has been developed through a variety of mechanisms. In addition to ceritinib, alectinib is another second-generation ALK inhibitor launched in 2014 in Japan. This drug has a unique chemical structure bearing a 5H-benzo[b]carbazol-11(6H)-one structural scaffold with an IC50 value of 1.9 nmol/L, and is highly potent against ALK bearing the gatekeeper mutation L1196M with an IC50 of 1.56 nmol/L. In the clinic, alectinib is highly efficacious in treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and retains potency to combat crizotinib-resistant ALK mutations L1196M, F1174L, R1275Q and C1156Y.
Gastroscopic and Histologic Observations on the Human Stomach 48 Hours After Gastric Freezing.
Authors: James B. Carey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964Gastroscopic and Histologic Observations on the Human Stomach 48 Hours After Gastric Freezing.James B. Carey Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.James B. Carey Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-723_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA group of patients in whom gastric freezing produced a definite reduction in concentrations of HCl hydrochloric and pepsin in the gastric juice were examined gastroscopically 48 hr after the freezing procedure. The most conspicuous change was pronounced pallor of the mucosa similar to that seen in severe anemia. There was moderate edema seen most prominently in the fields of the greater curvature. In some patients, small ecchymotic areas were observed, usually on the lesser curvature. Active bleeding was not evident nor was blood seen in the gastric pool. Motility was undisturbed.In several patients the gastric mucosa appeared entirely... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Minneapolis, Minnesota PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 723-723KeywordsAttentionBloodEdemaGastric mucosaGastroenterology and hepatologyHemorrhageHydrochloric acidMucous membranesPepsinsStomach Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Prediction of the risk of active tuberculosis in HIV-infection with an interferon-γ release assay
Authors: Susan Shin-Jung Lee, Hsi-Hsun Lin, Hung-Chin Tsai, Ih-Jen Su, Cheng-Len Sy, Kuang-Sheng Wu, Jui-Kuang Chen, Yao-Shen Chen, Chi-Tai Fang
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Genetic association of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor gene with sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kaoru Okuizumi, Osamu Onodera, Yoshio Namba, Kazuhiko Ikeda, Tokuo Yamamoto, Koji Seki, Akira Ueki, Shinichiro Nanko, Hajime Tanaka, Hitoshi Takahashi, Kiyomitsu Oyanagi, Hidehiro Mizusawa, Ichiro Kanazawa, Shoji Tsuji
Journal: Nature Genetics (1995)
Indocyanine Green Staining for Visualization of the Biliary System during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: K. Araki, K. Namikawa, J. Mizutani, M. Doiguchi, H. Yamamoto, H. Arai, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Ido, K. Uno, N. Hayashi
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)
Doxycycline for Tick Bites — Not for Everyone
Authors: Eugene D. Shapiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Recently, a panel of experts of the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommended that persons bitten by deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) should not routinely receive antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis.1 This recommendation was based on an assessment of the risks and the consequences of Lyme disease, as well as the costs, adverse effects, and efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Should those recommendations change after the report in this issue of the Journal by Nadelman et al. of a well-designed trial in which a single dose of doxycycline was 87 percent effective in preventing Lyme disease?2 The results of the study confirm that . . .
Comparison of selected physiological variables among different weight-category Indian elite male boxers
Authors: None Neha, None Ajita, Rajdeep Kaur
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The present study is aimed to compare the selected physiological parameters among the different weight categories of boxers (light, medium and heavy). 36 subjects were recruited from Indian male sportspersons belonging to boxing national camps that were held at the Netaji Subhas, National Institute of Sports, Patiala, Punjab, during the period of study. The obtained F ratios for peak power of three weight categories is statistically non-significant, as the calculated F values (0.094) are less than the table value. There are significant differences in anaerobic power index between light and heavy weight categories (p&lt;0.05). There are significant differences in grip strength between light and heavy weight categories (p&lt;0.05). The obtained F ratios for recovery heart rate (bpm) of three weight categories is statistically non-significant, as the calculated F values (1.138) is less than the table value. Keeping in view of the demand of various sports in physical and physiological attributes, the middle-weight category of boxers need to improve their anaerobic power.
Increase of doxorubicin sensitivity by doxorubicin-loading into nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Luc Barraud, Philippe Merle, Emilienne Soma, Lydie Lefrançois, Sylviane Guerret, Michèle Chevallier, Catherine Dubernet, Patrick Couvreur, Christian Trépo, Ludmila Vitvitski
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
GANGRENE OF THE EAR.
Authors: S. S. BISHOP
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Gangrene affecting the ear is a very rare disease. It is mentioned in but three out of seven books on the ear, in my library. I have never seen a case in private practice, nor in my service at the various hospitals and dispensaries, until the following one appeared at my clinic at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary: Jan. 8, 1896, George T., 2 years old, was admitted as a house case. Five months ago he was placed by his mother in an orphan asylum. Two months ago suppuration of the right middle ear developed and continued to the present time, and five days since, the concha turned black and emitted a foul stench. The characteristics of the pulpy form of hospital gangrene were present, and Dr. Lieberthal, the dermatologist, who saw the case with me, confirmed the diagnosis of gangrene. The necrotic process involved both anterior and
Conscience and nuclear war
Authors: A M Carroll
Journal: BMJ (1984)

corresponding increase in the use of glucose as well as sucrose in processed foods has resulted in the consumption of sugars in the United Kingdom remaining static for the past 30 years.4In 1982 figures from the Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries, and Food showed that the total amount of sugars moving into production in the United Kingdom was 46-2 kg (101 lb) per person.7This figure excludes sugars in imported goods and also naturally occurring sugars.While some sugars produced are not consumed, there is no reason to suppose that this small wastage figure has fluctuated greatly.The public health problem represented by the high consumption of refined sugars in the United Kingdom is therefore not solving itself.Food manufacturers would inform the choice of consumers by stating on the label the percentage of all sugars contained in foods.