tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Improving Patient Compliance
Authors: STEPHEN A. ERAKER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

The problem of patient compliance, as well as the ability of the physician to understand, detect, and improve compliance, are described in relation to a new model of health decisions and patient behavior. The health decision model combines decision analysis, behavioral decision theory, and health beliefs. This model provides a framework for modifying general health beliefs; treatment recommendations; experience with therapeutic regimens and health care providers; patient knowledge and social interaction patterns. Physicians, guided by certain ethical restraints, are in a unique position of responsibility and opportunity to actively encourage patient compliance with treatment.
The Cardiotomy Trial
Authors: Fraser D. Rubens, Munir Boodhwani, Thierry Mesana, Denise Wozny, George Wells, Howard J. Nathan
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Reinfusion of unprocessed cardiotomy blood during cardiac surgery can introduce particulate material into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit, which may contribute to postoperative cognitive dysfunction. On the other hand, processing of this blood by centrifugation and filtration removes coagulation factors and may potentially contribute to coagulopathy. We sought to evaluate the effects of cardiotomy blood processing on blood product use and neurocognitive functioning after cardiac surgery.Patients undergoing coronary and/or aortic valve surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to receive unprocessed blood (control, n=134) or cardiotomy blood that had been processed by centrifugal washing and lipid filtration (treatment, n=132). Patients and treating physicians were blinded to treatment assignment. A strict transfusion protocol was followed. Blood transfusion data were analyzed using Poisson regression models. The treatment group received more intraoperative red blood cell transfusions (0.23+/-0.69 U versus 0.08+/-0.34 U, P=0.004). Both red blood cell and nonred blood cell blood product use was greater in the treatment group and postoperative bleeding was greater in the treatment group. Patients were monitored intraoperatively by transcranial Doppler and they underwent neuropsychometric testing before surgery and at 5 days and 3 months after surgery. There was no difference in the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the 2 groups (relative risk: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.57 at 5 days postoperatively; relative risk: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.90 at 3 months). There was no difference in the quality of life nor was there a difference in the number of emboli detected in the 2 groups.Contrary to expectations, processing of cardiotomy blood before reinfusion results in greater blood product use with greater postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. There is no clinical evidence of any neurologic benefit with this approach in terms of postoperative cognitive function.
Who Should Protect the Public? The Supreme Court and Medical Device Regulation
Authors: Russell Korobkin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A decade ago, Charles Riegel was undergoing a coronary angioplasty procedure when a balloon catheter ruptured. Complete heart block developed, and Riegel lost consciousness and had to undergo emergency coronary bypass surgery. A U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that Riegel could not sue Medtronic, the manufacturer of the catheter, for his injuries and resulting disability. The Supreme Court recently agreed to review that holding and will hear oral arguments later this fall. Its decision is expected by June 2008.The technical issue in the case is the proper interpretation of the 1976 Medical Device Amendments (MDA) to the federal Food, . . .
The Role of DDT in Malaria Control
Authors: Hans Rudolf Herren, Charles Mbogo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Assuming an average latency of 42 years, the authors predict that incidence rates will peak in 2009 and that diagnoses will peak in 2014.However, they caution that ongoing use of chrysotile asbestos (which has been implicated but not conclusively established as a cause of mesothelioma) and the release of asbestos fibers from older buildings during demolition or reno vation may slow the projected decline.
Downregulation of the male-specific hepatic microsomal steroid 16 alpha-hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450UT-A, in rats with portal bypass. Relevance to estradiol accumulation and impaired drug metabolism in hepatic cirrhosis.
Authors: E Cantrill, M Murray, I Mehta, G C Farrell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Elevated serum estradiol concentrations and specific changes in the biliary excretion of some androstenedione metabolites have been reported in male rats with portal bypass produced by portal vein ligation (PVL). In this study, the hypothesis that male-specific forms of cytochrome P-450 are altered after PVL was tested by measuring microsomal steroid hydroxylase activities. Consistent with earlier findings in the intact animal, androstenedione 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity was reduced after PVL to 44% of control (P less than 0.05). Other pathways of androstenedione hydroxylation, and total estrogen formation (after androstenedione aromatization) were unchanged. Although total estrogen formation was not different, a sevenfold greater proportion of estradiol was produced in PVL rat microsomes. Additional experiments revealed that PVL selectively reduced the rate of microsomal estradiol 16 alpha-hydroxylation (to 56% of control, P less than 0.02). Levels of cytochrome P-450UT-A, the microsomal steroid 16 alpha-hydroxylase, were lower after PVL (56% of control, P less than 0.05), so that the present observations are consistent with the earlier suggestion that portal bypass is associated with the selective downregulation of this enzyme. Since downregulation of cytochrome P-450UT-A also occurs in experimental hepatic cirrhosis, portal hypertension may well contribute significantly to altered drug metabolism in liver disease. Impaired hepatic elimination of androstenedione by hydroxylation may indirectly enhance extrahepatic aromatization of the androgen. The decreased activity of hepatic estradiol 16 alpha-hydroxylation after PVL would enhance the accumulation of estradiol, the biologically more potent estrogen.
A comparison of the phototumorigenic potential of 8-MOP and 5-MOP in hairless albino mice exposed to solar simulated radiation
Authors: A.R. YOUNG, I.A. MAGNUS, A.C. DAVIES, N.P. SMITH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Hairless albino mice have been treated with topically applied 8‐methoxypsoralen and 5‐methoxypsoralen at two concentrations and exposed to solar simulated radiation. Both these compounds significantly increased the incidence of cutaneous tumours when compared with controls irradiated after treatment with vehicle. This effect was related to psoralen concentration and at the two concentrations investigated there was no significant difference between the compounds.
The effects of Bcr-Abl on C/EBP transcription-factor regulation and neutrophilic differentiation are reversed by the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate
Authors: Christine Schuster, Karin Forster, Henning Dierks, Annika Elsässer, Gerhard Behre, Nicola Simon, Susanne Danhauser-Riedl, Michael Hallek, Markus Warmuth
Journal: Blood (2002)
Two cases of Merkel cell tumour arising in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: P. Ziprin, S. Smith, G. Salerno, R.D. Rosin
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been associated with an increased incidence of second neoplasms, especially skin cancers such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas. No association with the rarer skin cancer, the Merkel cell tumour (MCT), has previously been reported. Two patients with MCT had a previous diagnosis of CLL. MCT is an aggressive skin cancer, as up to 45% of patients have lymph node involvement at presentation and 5-year disease-free survival is as low as 30%. It is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas of the body, and ultraviolet radiation together with drug-induced or CLL-induced immunosuppression may be the underlying mechanism in the observed relationship between CLL and other skin cancers.
What is a monophasic action potential recorded by the Franz contact electrode?
Authors: M FRANZ
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

After over 20 years of successful use of the Franz contact electrode technique by many others and myself (over 1000 publications to date), the recent paper by Kondo et al. [1] claims that it is not the tip electrode, but rather the distant-from-tip or “ indifferent ” electrode that records the monophasic action potential (MAP). The introduction starts out by staging a contradiction between the classical MAP theory and the one stated by Franz [2] when in fact there is none really stated. The wording is confusing throughout their text and, in my view, of little help to foster the understanding of the complex issue of MAP genesis and recording. More important, the study by Kondo et al. [1] contains a plethora of methodological flaws of which only some can be addressed here.

The isolated canine wedge preparation used by the authors is small compared to the BARD catheter used in this study. Despite the authors' assertion, the BARD catheter is not “Franz-like”. It also is not drawn to proper scale in their figures. In reality, the BARD electrode shaft would look more like a “tower” sitting on the small isolated wedge preparation. The Franz catheter was designed for human and large animal hearts and in those has provided …
Contribution of functional variation in the <i>IL13</i> gene to allergy, hay fever and asthma in the NSHD longitudinal 1946 birth cohort
Authors: S. Black, A. S. Teixeira, A. X. W. Loh, L. Vinall, J. W. Holloway, R. Hardy, D. M. Swallow
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Genetic variants of the two adjacent genes, IL13 and IL4 have frequently been reported as being associated with susceptibility to atopy and asthma, both in adults and children, and some studies also suggest association with lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.In this study, we examined for the first time the effect of these variants in 2918 adults in a longitudinal birth cohort, the British National Survey of Health and Development, where there are extensive life style, developmental and environmental data. We examine two IL13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) IL13 rs20541 (R110Q) and rs1800925 (-1024C>T) and one IL4 SNP, rs2070874 (-33C>T) with likely function.We show that IL13 rs20541 and rs1800925 are each significantly associated with self-reported asthma and allergy, and that this association is not confounded by any of the known developmental and environmental risk factors for asthma and atopy, including in particular place of birth. IL13 rs20541 does however act as a confounder for the IL13 rs1800925 associations, meaning that there is no statistical support for rs1800925 having an independent effect. There is nevertheless evidence for interaction between smoking and rs1800925, with allergy as outcome. None of the SNPs showed association with measures of lung function, nor any interaction with the effect of smoking on lung function.In a longitudinal population cohort we have established a role for polymorphism of IL13 in determining susceptibility to both atopy and asthma.
THE CONTACT LENS PROBLEM
Authors: CONRAD BERENS
Journal: JAMA (1949)

The American Committee on Optics and Visual Physiology<sup>1</sup>has been interested in the contact lens problem for some time and authorized the investigation which is the basis for this report. This committee is composed of ophthalmologists from the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Association, the American Ophthalmological Society, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, and the Association for Research in Ophthalmology. Contact lenses were first suggested by Sir John F. W. Herschel, a British astronomer, in 1827. However, it was not until the latter part of the nineteenth century that wearable lenses were made chiefly by the Zeiss Optical Company in Jena, Germany. These lenses were used primarily for pathologic conditions which could not be corrected by spectacles. During the last few years considerable progress in the manufacturing and fitting of contact lenses has taken place in the United States. Not only are contact lenses now
Cold urticaria: tolerance induction with cold baths
Authors: Y.A. von Mackensen, M. Sticherling
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Journal Article Cold urticaria: tolerance induction with cold baths Get access Y.A. Von Mackensen, Y.A. Von Mackensen Dermatological Clinic, University Clinic Kiel, Kiel, Germany *Dermatological Clinic, University Clinic, Erlangen, Germany Correspondence: Y.A. von Mackensen, Tabea Clinic, Kösterbergstr. 32, 22587 Hamburg, Germany. E‐mail: yabuss@web.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Sticherling M. Sticherling Dermatological Clinic, University Clinic Kiel, Kiel, Germany *Dermatological Clinic, University Clinic, Erlangen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 157, Issue 4, 1 October 2007, Pages 835–836, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08109.x Published: 01 October 2007
Abstract 1650: Targeting of compensatory signaling pathways identified in a synthetic lethal screen leads to synergistic growth inhibition in bladder cancer cells
Authors: Mark J. Axelrod, Daniel Gioeli, Michael J. Weber
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Despite promising preclinical results, monotherapies that target deregulated signal transduction pathways often are insufficient to slow or shrink tumors in human patients. We hypothesize that multiple pathways within the cellular signaling network are altered in cancer cells, and that these pathways are acting in a redundant or compensatory manner to provide resistance against drugs targeting a single protein. A treatment plan consisting of multiple small molecules that inhibit these compensatory and redundant pathways should overcome this resistance. To discover pathways that act in a redundant or compensatory manner, we performed a screen that allows us to examine the cellular effects of blocking pathways both individually and in combination. We found that the combination of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor lapatinib in combination with the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 produced synergistic growth inhibition in UMUC-6 bladder cancer cells. In order to confirm that this effect was due to inhibition of the putative targets of these compounds, we substituted structurally distinct EGFR and PI3K inhibitors for lapatinib and LY294002 and obtained similar results. Cell cycle analysis of cells treated with this combination revealed an arrest in the G1 phase, which could explain the synergistic inhibition observed in the screen. In order to find a molecular mechanism for this synergistic effect, we performed Western blotting analysis of the cells treated with each drug individually and in combination. We found that treatment with LY294002 caused an increase in levels of phosphorylated SHC, and ERK, indicating that receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and possibly EGFR signaling is activated to compensate for PI3K pathway inhibition. Inhibition of ERK activity with PD325901 produced the same effect as EGFR inhibition, confirming the role of ERK as a compensatory signaling molecule for PI3K inhibition. Parallel RNAi experiments against SHC are currently ongoing. These data suggest that synthetic lethal screening with a library of targeted inhibitors of signaling proteins can be used to search for combinatorial effects and functionally identify compensatory and redundant relationships between different signaling components. This work paves the way for the development of rational combinatorial therapies for the effective treatment of bladder cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1650.
Uptake of thymidine labeled on carbon 2: A potential index of liver regeneration by positron emission tomography
Authors: Thierry M. Vander Borght, Luc E. Lambotte, Stanislas A. Pauwels, Charles C. Dive
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Noninvasive measurement of liver regeneration with positron emission tomography has been attempted with 11C-thymidine; however, results were unsatisfactory using thymidine labeled on its methyl group. To evaluate whether the specificity of the method could be improved by modifying the labeling position of the tracer, thymidine labeled on its methyl group with 3H and thymidine labeled on its carbon 2 with 14C were injected in 22 hepatectomized rats either 1 hr (when DNA synthesis is not increased) or 24 hr after the surgical procedure (when the rate of DNA synthesis is maximal). Liver samples taken 10, 30 and 120 min after injection showed that, in contrast to 3H-radioactivity, 14C-radioactivity measured in whole tissue allowed a clear discrimination between regenerating and nonregenerating livers. In addition, 14C-radioactivity measured in whole tissue of regenerating livers correlated with the DNA radioactivity 10, 30 and 120 min after injection of the tracer. In contrast, no such correlation was found with the methyl-labeled thymidine. Analysis of the radioactive material present in the non-DNA fraction using ion exchange disks and high-performance liquid chromatography showed that 2-C-labeled thymidine was incorporated into DNA without accumulation of labeled metabolites whereas, for the methyl-labeled thymidine, almost all radioactivity was related to degradative products. Therefore the evaluation of the liver regeneration with the 2-C-labeled thymidine, which does not require cellular fractionation, should be suited for noninvasive measurement with positron emission tomography.
Do We Need Axillary Staging for All Breast Cancers? A Cohort Study from Sweden. The Natural Course of Small Breast Cancer.
Authors: H. Sveinsdottir
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Introduction: Screening mammography, starting in the late eighties in Sweden, has improved the prognosis of breast cancer by detection of small breast cancer at an early stage.Thus, relatively fewer women have lymph node metastases at time of diagnosis. Data from a previous registry study from two Swedish regions showed that screening detected cancers &amp;lt;10mm and Elston Grade 1-2 had a low rate of pN1 (7%). This prospective study investigates if axillary surgery safely can be omitted in such a predefined low risk group of breast cancer.Methods: A prospective cohort study was designed, including patients from 5 out of 6 regions in Sweden. From 1997-2002 1584 patients, with invasive breast cancer ≤10mm, Nottingham Histological Grade (NHG) I or II, were included in the cohort. These included patients did not have any axillary surgery at all. They were clinically followed for 5 years.As a complement to the study registry all patients being alive 10 years after study start received a questionnaire on recurrence, latest cancer control and adjuvant therapy in 2007-2009.Cause of death was collected from the Swedish Death Registry.Of the 1584 patients, 12 were excluded from the cohort due to re-evaluated size and grade.Results: Median age at inclusion was 61 years (31-87) and tumor size 8mm (range 1-10 mm). 94% underwent breast conserving surgery and 2/3 of them had postoperative radiotherapy to the breast, according to local Regional Guidelines.160 of the included patients have died, only 18 (1,1%) in breast cancer. 1412 pat received the questionnaire and 96% of them answered. Of patients alive, 109 patients (7,7%) were diagnosed with a recurrence or a contralateral breast cancer.Type of first recurrences were: 22 (1,5%) in ipsilateral lymph nodes; 9 (0.6%) as single event and 13 breast + axillary relapses), 55 in the breast only (3,9% of total) and 23 (1,6%) had contralateral breast cancer. 9 patients had distant metastases as first event.31 patients have so far been diagnosed with distant metastases, but 13 are still alive. 10 year over all survival is 88,7%, and breast cancer specific survival 97,4%.Conclusion: After a median follow-up time of 8,8 years only 0,6% had metastases in the axilla as first event and 0,7% showed relaps in breast together with the axilla. 6,6% of the patients were diagnosed with a recurrence of the breast cancer, 1,5% with contralateral breast cancer and 1,1% had died from breast cancer. Promising results with low rate of events in the axilla still give us a responsibility of meticulous control of this cohort for many years to provide us with important information on the natural course of early breast cancer and the significance of excluded axillary surgical staging for small tumours, even in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1009.
Abstract B48: Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR evaluation of fixative effects in a model tissue system
Authors: Carl Millward, Mei-Lan Liu, Jennie Jeong, Ranjana Ambannavar, Hargita Kaplan, Francois Collin, Joffre Baker, Maureen Cronin
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The standard practice in hospital pathology laboratories is to preserve patient clinical tissue specimens as fixed, paraffin-embedded (FPE) tissue. FPE specimens are used for routine pathologic examination, immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, and a variety of molecular diagnostic assays. The results of these studies assist in determining the patient's clinical status and in therapeutic decision making. However, the methodology for tissue fixation is not standardized across laboratories and a number of different tissue fixatives are currently commercially available. The use of different tissue fixatives may significantly affect the performance of IHC and molecular diagnostic assays. The results of nine common tissue fixatives and their effects on both IHC- and RNA-based molecular assays are reported. Using human placenta as a model tissue system, nine common fixatives (B5, Bouin's, ethyl alcohol 70%, formalin, Hollandes, Penfix, Prefer, Zenker's, and zinc formalin) were compared for effects on six IHC assays and a panel of 42 gene targets by RT-PCR assays, as well as performance relative to fresh (RNAlater®) or frozen (OCT) unfixed tissue. The 42-gene panel assessed by RT-PCR included the six genes assessed by IHC. The IHC assays were scored using a semiquantitative method. For RT-PCR, raw assay scores were derived and subsequently normalized. Different fixatives resulted in varying effects on IHC and molecular assay performance. Per gene across each fixative, mRNA expression levels assessed by RT-PCR assays demonstrated wide variation, which could be largely corrected for by normalization. Variation in immunoreactivity as a function of tissue fixative was also observed with IHC assays. Compared to IHC, RT-PCR assays demonstrated greater sensitivity and were able to detect lower levels of gene expression, when the IHC assay gave negative results. Interestingly, fixative related effects were not always similar between IHC and RT-PCR assays. Therefore, it is recommended that the effects of tissue fixation be taken into consideration when performing data analysis and making comparisons between IHC and molecular diagnostic assays. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B48.