tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of Aerobic Physical Exercise on Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Men: The DNASCO Study
Authors: Rainer Rauramaa, Pirjo Halonen, Sari B. Väisänen, Timo A. Lakka, Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, Aloys Berg, Ilkka M. Penttilä, Tuomo Rankinen, Claude Bouchard
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Background: Although regular physical activity is recommended for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, no data are available on its antiatherosclerotic effects in the general population. Objective: To determine whether progressive aerobic exercise compared with usual activity slows progression of atherosclerosis in men. Design: A 6-year randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Eastern Finland. Participants: 140 middle-aged men randomly selected from the population registry. Intervention: Low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Measurements: Atherosclerosis was quantitated ultrasonographically as the mean intima–media thickness in the carotid artery at baseline and at years 2 through 6. Results: On the basis of intention-to-treat analyses, a 19.5% net increase (P < 0.001) in ventilatory aerobic threshold was evident in the exercise group after 6 years. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were statistically nonsignificantly lower in the exercise group than in the control group (P > 0.2). The progression of intima–media thickness in the carotid artery did not differ between the study groups (P > 0.2). A subgroup analysis that excluded men taking statins showed that the 6-year progression of intima–media thickness, adjusted for smoking and annual measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, was 40% less in the exercise group (0.12 mm [95% CI, −0.010 to 0.26 mm]) than in the control group (0.20 mm [CI, 0.05 to 0.35 mm]). Limitations: Only middle-aged white men were included. The intervention included mainly aerobic exercises. Conclusions: Aerobic physical exercise did not attenuate progression of atherosclerosis, except in a subgroup of men not taking statins.
Prophylaxis Against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
Authors: Stephen J. Gabin
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Castellano and Nettleman<sup>1</sup>suggest guidelines for conclusions about the prophylaxis of<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>pneumonia (PCP) on the basis of a hypothetical situation analyzed by an extremely simple mathematical model. The simplicity of the Markov model, in fact, demanded that the authors ignore several documented clinical facts. As an example, the authors assumed that recurrence of PCP and risk of death remain constant during the study period and that the risks are equal among all patients in a defined "state." They also assumed that the risk of death is equal among those who have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for 2 months or 10 years. This does not reflect clinical reality. Because patients in such a state are considered equal in terms of risk, the model combines not only patients who have had AIDS for disparate lengths of time but also patients who have been receiving zidovudine
Endoscopic Hemostasis of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding with Histoacryl: Last Resort Before Surgery
Authors: K. Y. Y. Kok, C. K. Kum, P. M. Y. Goh
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

Five patients presented with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, underwent diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. The source of bleeding was identified in each case. Two patients had a large chronic gastric ulcer, one had a stress ulcer, one had a gastric ulcer with hypertrophic gastropathy, and one had a malignant infiltration of the second part of the duodenum. Conventional first-line therapeutic modalities failed to induce hemostasis in these bleeding lesions. Hemostasis was successfully achieved in each case using an endoscopic intralesional injection of Histoacryl. This agent may represent a last resort for endoscopic hemostasis before surgery.
The Oncogenic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant <i>Xiphophorus</i> Melanoma Receptor Kinase Induces Motility in Melanocytes by Modulation of Focal Adhesions
Authors: Svenja Meierjohann, Elisabeth Wende, Anita Kraiss, Claudia Wellbrock, Manfred Schartl
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract One of the most prominent features of malignant melanoma is the fast generation of metastasizing cells, resulting in the poor prognosis of patients with this tumor type. For this process, cells must gain the ability to migrate. The oncogenic receptor Xmrk (Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase) from the Xiphophorus melanoma system is a mutationally activated version of the epidermal growth factor receptor that induces the malignant transformation of pigment cells. Here, we show that the activation of Xmrk leads to a clear increase of pigment cell motility in a fyn-dependent manner. Stimulation of Xmrk induces its interaction with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the interaction of active, receptor-bound fyn with FAK. This results in changes in FAK activity and induces the modulation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. Overexpression of dominant-negative FAK shows that the activity of innate FAK and a receptor-induced focal adhesion turnover are a prerequisite for pigment cell migration. Our findings show that in our system, Xmrk is sufficient for the induction of pigment cell motility and underlines a role of the src family protein tyrosine kinase fyn in melanoma development and progression. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3145-52)
Skin signs in the diagnosis of thallium poisoning
Authors: None Tromme, None Van Neste, None Dobbelaere, None Bouffioux, None Courtin, None Dugernier, None Pierre, None Dupuis
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

A 45-year-old man developed a painful and rapidly progressive sensory-motor polyneuropathy associated with confusion and convulsions. This resulted in hypoventilation and led to respiratory failure and coma. A rapid and diffuse alopecia occurred after 3 weeks in the intensive care unit. Examination of hair roots under polarized light detected dystrophic anagen hairs with dark bands caused by empty spaces in the disorganized cortex. These dark zones were originally reported in patients with thallium poisoning and a toxicological investigation confirmed thallium exposure. The classical systemic symptoms and the various dermatological signs are reviewed, and the origins of contamination and physiopathology discussed.
Severe Sequence-Specific Toxicity When Capecitabine Is Given After Fluorouracil and Leucovorin
Authors: Ivo M. Hennig, Jay D. Naik, Sarah Brown, Alex Szubert, David A. Anthoney, David P. Jackson, Alan M. Melcher, S. Michael Crawford, Christopher Bradley, Julia M.B. Brown, Matthew T. Seymour
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Options for single-agent fluoropyrimidine adjuvant therapy after bowel cancer resection include intravenous fluorouracil with leucovorin (FU/LV) or oral capecitabine. These treatments have similar efficacy but differ in convenience and toxicity. We therefore wished to compare their overall acceptability to patients.Patients scheduled for adjuvant single-agent fluoropyrimidine therapy were randomly assigned to receive once-weekly FU/LV (425 mg/m(2) FU, 45 mg LV) for 6 weeks, followed by two 3-week cycles of capecitabine (1,250 mg/m(2) twice daily, days 1 through 14), or the same treatments but in reverse order. After 12 weeks, the patients were asked which treatment they preferred, and received the preferred treatment for an additional 12 weeks. The primary end point was patient preference.After 40 of the planned 74 patients had been randomly assigned, real-time adverse event monitoring led to early trial closure because of excess sequence-specific toxicity. Eleven of 14 patients (79%) receiving capecitabine as their second treatment experienced grade >/= 3 toxicity. This compared with five of 18 patients (28%) receiving capecitabine as the first treatment, and no patients receiving FU/LV as the first treatment (zero of 16) or the second treatment (zero of 12). Similar imbalances were seen in the proportion of patients requiring interruption of treatment.In chemotherapy-naïve patients, capecitabine produced more toxicity than FU/LV, but at levels in line with previously reported data. However, treatment with capecitabine after FU/LV caused markedly increased toxicity, indicating a sequence-specific interaction. The mechanism has not been determined, but interaction with intracellularly retained folate after FU/LV therapy is a possibility. Oncologists need to be aware of this risk if considering crossing patients over from FU/LV to capecitabine-based regimens.
Ethnic and Racial Differences in Diabetes Care
Authors: Denise E. Bonds, Daniel J. Zaccaro, Andrew J. Karter, Joe V. Selby, Mohammed Saad, David C. Goff
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes and its complications disproportionately affect African Americans and Hispanics. Complications could be prevented with appropriate medical care. We compared five processes of care and three outcomes of care among African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (1993–1998) of participants with known diabetes. African Americans and Hispanics were compared with non-Hispanic whites from the same region. Five process measures (treatment of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, albuminuria, and coronary artery disease) and three outcome measures (control of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) were evaluated. RESULTS—Comparison groups were similar in baseline characteristics. African Americans and Hispanics were equally likely as their non-Hispanic white comparison group to receive treatment for diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, albuminuria, and coronary artery disease, although treatment rates for hyperlipidemia and albuminuria were poor for all groups. African Americans were more likely to have poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c &amp;gt;8.0%: OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.26–3.94). Both African American and Hispanics were significantly more likely to have borderline or poorly controlled hypertension than non-Hispanic whites (blood pressure &amp;gt;130–140/85–90 or &amp;gt;140/90 mmHg: African American/non-Hispanic white OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.57–6.59; Hispanic/non-Hispanic white 3.14, 1.35–7.3). CONCLUSIONS—The rates of treatment for diabetes and associated comorbidities are similar across all three ethnic groups. Few individuals in any ethnic group received treatment for hyperlipidemia and albuminuria. Ethnic disparities exist in control of diabetes and hypertension. Programs should be tested to improve overall quality of care and eliminate these disparities.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING FOLLOWING ETHYLENE ANESTHESIA
Authors: WILLIAM O'NEILL SHERMAN
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Recently, serious complications following ethylene anesthesia were encountered, with at least one fatality; another case which, in the light of subsequent events, could be ascribed to the same cause, and a third case in which the patient was dangerously asphyxiated. The clinical and laboratory findings point to carbon monoxide as the causative factor. We are not aware that any previous reference has been made to carbon monoxide as a source of difficulty in the use of ethylene in anesthesia. Therefore, this preliminary report is made for the purpose of calling attention to this grave possibility, and the necessity for more careful control of the purity of the ethylene used. <h3>CLINICAL FINDINGS</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —A white man, aged 39, of average weight and medium height, was admitted to the hospital suffering from a compound, comminuted fracture of the left leg; laceration of the forehead, with possible fracture of the frontal bone;
Greenwich asthma study
Authors: H. Parnell, N. Cooke
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Premaratne et al's study highlights the difficulties encountered in implementing the British Thoracic Society's guidelines for asthma in Greenwich,1 an inner city area which has a high incidence of urban deprivation with all its attendant problems known to have an impact on asthma and quality of life.2

When this study took place there was an explosion of asthma education for practice nurses, and it would have been useful to compare asthma knowledge and services within the control and intervention groups. The authors …
Exome sequencing identifies NMNAT1 mutations as a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis
Authors: Pei-Wen Chiang, Juan Wang, Yang Chen, Quan Fu, Jing Zhong, Yanhua Chen, Xin Yi, Renhua Wu, Haixue Gan, Yong Shi, Yanling Chen, Christopher Barnett, Dianna Wheaton, Megan Day, Joanne Sutherland, Elise Heon, Richard G Weleber, Luis Alexandre Rassi Gabriel, Peikuan Cong, KuangHsiang Chuang, Sheng Ye, Juliana Maria Ferraz Sallum, Ming Qi
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Endoscopic Therapy of Premalignant and Malignant Changes in the Stomach
Authors: H. Koch
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

Among a total of 34 patients with epithelial gastric polyps, premalignant or malignant polyps were discovered in ten cases, and removed with the aid of the polypectomy snare. Of six borderline lesions, some of which have been followed up for more than two years, none has developed into a carcinoma. One patient who presented with a malignant hyperplasiogenous polyp - an extremely rare finding - has so far remained free from cancer. In a further case with early carcinoma, Type I, two borderline lesions subsequently developed at different parts of the stomach, finally being followed by a second early carcinoma, Type IIc. One of the adenomas removed revealed a neoplastic transformation, so that immediate surgery was necessary. All in all, the results show that, under certain condition, endoscopic polypectomy can represent a valuable therapeutic procedure in premalignant and malignant changes in the stomach.
THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF OTOLOGIC CONDITIONS FOLLOWING SWIMMING AND DIVING
Authors: H. MARSHALL TAYLOR
Journal: JAMA (1923)

One of the most important otologic problems today is the prevention of aural infections which have resulted from the tremendous increase in popularity of the public bathing places, and which can be attributed directly to the sports of swimming and diving. A survey of the literature shows that the sanitarians and public health officials have been more alert to the importance of this phase of preventive medicine than the students of otology. One might also judge by the comparatively few replies to the questionnaires sent out by a committee of the American Public Health Association that the otologists have not given them the assistance and cooperation which they desire and deserve.  Perhaps there is no department of sanitation which has been studied so long as that of public bathing places. It is a matter of historical record that the ancients had methods of filtration 400 years before Christ, and that
4′-(9-Acridinylamino) Methanesulfon-m-Anisidide (AMSA): A New Drug Effective in the Treatment of Adult Acute Leukemia
Authors: SEWA S. LEGHA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Sixty-two adults with previously treated acute leukemia were treated with 4′-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) with a total dose of 150 mg to 1320 mg/m2 of body surface area given over 3 to 14 days intravenously. Of the 56 patients who received an adequate trial, 13 achieved a complete remission and six had a partial remission. The best therapeutic results were observed when AMSA was used at a dose level of 75 to 90 mg/m per day for 7 days, which resulted in nine complete remissions among 30 patients. Eleven of 38 patients with myeloblastic leukemia achieved complete remission, and three of 13 with lymphoblastic disease achieved partial remission. Complete remissions were observed in nine of 39 patients who were refractory to cytarabine and anthracyclines, indicating a lack of cross-resistance between these drugs and AMSA. The median duration of remission was 12 weeks, and the median survival of responders was 28.5 weeks. The major toxicity of AMSA therapy was severe myelosuppression resulting in frequent infections during induction therapy. Our results indicate that AMSA has significant activity against refractory adult acute leukemia and deserves further evaluation.
A CASE OF HERNIA OF THE BLADDER ASSOCIATED WITH AN INGUINAL HERNIA, WITH REFERENCE TO THREE OTHER RECENT CASES
Authors: H. J. Curtis
Journal: BMJ (1903)

MTz BmAL 69 is invaded by bile-containing matter from the duodenum, it hastens to relieve itself of such abnormal contents through the oesophagus.The fact that free hydrochloric acid may, as would be expected, be present in the stomach contents, makes it highly improbable that the vomiting is due to excessive microbic accumulation and activity in the stomach, such as might result from stagnation of mucus, etc., in a quiescent visCUS.To recapitulate: i.A certain proportion (27 per cent.) of patients with gastric ulcer vomit while on exclusively rectal feeding.2. In some instances this may be due to oral infection, while in others it may possibly be the reflex result of rectal injections.
Detecting proliferating cell nuclear antigen in archival rodent tissues.
Authors: A Greenwell, J F Foley, R R Maronpot
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

The detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous cell replication marker, has lacked sensitivity in paraffin-embedded archival tissues fixed in formalin. An enhanced immunohistochemical procedure to detect PCNA has been successfully applied to rat and mouse tissues. Tissue sections are heated in a microwave oven in the presence of an antigen-retrieval solution of heavy-metal salts. Positive immunostaining of S-phase cells, an indication of DNA replicative activity, has been consistently obtained in tissues fixed for more than 24 months in formalin and in paraffin blocks stored for up to 19 months. Use of this technique will allow retrospective staining of rodent tissues from previously conducted toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
Reticulon 3 aggregation and its role in the formation of dystrophic neurites
Authors: Riqiang Yan
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

'Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is characterized by the presence of Ab plaques, which results in a progressive neuronal degeneration and subsequent cognitive decline. Dendrites and axons in the region surrounding the plaques may become damaged and swollen, forming what are known as dystrophic neurites (DNs). However, the mechanisms by which DNs affect cognitive function in AD patients are not understood. Methods While characterizing the reticulon (RTN)/Nogo family of proteins, which have been shown to negatively regulate BACE1 activity, we found that RTN3, which is primarily neuronally expressed, accumulates in a distinct population of DNs called RTN3 Immunoreactive Dystrophic Neurites (RIDNs) in the brains of AD patients and in APP transgenic mice, an animal model for AD. More importantly, transgenic mice overexpressing RTN3 (Tg-RTN3) produce RIDNs in the hippocampus at a young age, while wild-type mice produce similar RIDNs only at older ages. Results The importance of RIDNs in relation to cognitive decline is further evidenced by the finding that Tg-RTN3 mice where RIDNs are present show impaired learning and spatial memory, reduced spine density and synaptic plasticity. Molecular characterization of RIDNs indicates that RIDNs contain RTN3 aggregates and inducible expression of RTN3 in a mouse model reveals that RTN3 aggregates are formed irreversibly. Conclusion Together, our results suggest that inhibition of RTN3 aggregation is a promising approach for improving cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s pathology.
Preparing for the next flu pandemic
Authors: Wei Shen Lim, Anne Thomson, Paul Little
Journal: BMJ (2007)

New clinical guidelines focus on coordinating services and standardising care

In the past three years, the incidence of infection with the H5N1 variant of avian flu has increased in humans in southeast Asia during periods corresponding to winter and spring in the northern hemisphere.1 More cases of H5N1 infection in humans increase the chances that the virus will adapt towards efficient transmission between humans and therefore of a flu pandemic. 

The United Kingdom is well advanced in its preparations for a flu pandemic.2 The British Infection Society, British Thoracic Society, Health Protection Agency, and Department of Health have recently developed and published provisional guidelines on the clinical management of pandemic flu.3 These guidelines cover the clinical management of children and adults with flu during a pandemic. 

In interpandemic years when influenza is circulating in the community, presentation with acute fever and new (or in chronic lung disease, worsening) cough is highly predictive of flu in adults.4 In a pandemic, key predictive features may change as a result of altered thresholds …
The effect of anemia on the ventilatory response to transient and steady-state hypoxia.
Authors: T V Santiago, N H Edelman, A P Fishman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The effects of anemia upon the ventilatory responses to transient and steady-state hypoxia were studied in unanesthetized goats. Responses to transient hypoxia (inhalation of several breaths of nitrogen) were considered to reflect peripheral chemoreceptor and non-chemoreceptor influences of hypoxia upon ventilatory control. In all goats, severe anemia (hemoglobin 3.1-4.8 g/100ml) markedly heightened the responses to transient hypoxia (from a mean of 0.27 to a mean of 0.75 liter/min/percent fall in SaO2). This phenomenon was substantially reversed by alpha-adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine, 5 mg/kg). In contrast, the ventilatory responses to steady-state hypoxia were unaffected by severe anemia. These data suggest that severe anemia enhances the peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated response to hypoxia through a mechanism involving the alpha-adrenergic system. It also appears that a ventilatory depressant effect of hypoxia which is not mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors is also enhanced by severe anemia, thereby preventing an increase in the steady-state ventilatory response to hypoxia. Finally, experiments involving variation in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin suggested that O2 tension rather than O2 availability in arterial blood is the major determinant of peripheral chemoreceptor activity.