tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children
Authors: C. R. L. H. Cheung, D. A. Kelly
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now one of the most common reasons for referral for chronic liver disease in children and young people in the developed world.1 As in adults, NAFLD is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus but may also be present in several inherited disorders associated with insulin resistance, such as Alstrom syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome.2 Various studies have suggested NAFLD rates in children of 2.6-9.8%,3 rising to 10-77% among obese children.1 Childhood NAFLD has both similarities to and differences from adult NAFLD and, and as with adult NAFLD, presents diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment uncertainties.

Non-invasive diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography and alanine aminotransferase are as non-specific in children as in …
Measurement and reduction of occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics.
Authors: H T Davenport, M J Halsey, B Wardley-Smith, B M Wright
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The occupational exposure of hospital staff to inhaled anaesthetics was investigated using a personal sampling device that provides a measure of the average concentrations breathed by a person over a period of time, as distinct from the spot sampling in the general environment. The anaesthetist's average exposure to nitrous oxide and halothane during complete operating sessions was twice that expected from simple dilution of the escaping gases by the operating room ventilation. The sampling technique was also used to evaluate the effect of (1) redirection of the waste gas outflow; (2) active scavenging connected to the piped vacuum system. Short-period studies under controlled conditions in the operating theatres and anaesthesia induction rooms showed that the anaesthetist's exposure could be reduced two- or fourfold by redirecting the outflow and another four- to sixfold by active scavenging. Exposures during complete operating sessions were reduced two- to seven-fold by scavenging.
Myocardial Ischemia in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Mariko L. Ishimori, Rebecca Martin, Daniel S. Berman, Pavel Goykhman, Leslee J. Shaw, Chrisandra Shufelt, Piotr J. Slomka, Louise E.J. Thomson, Jay Schapira, Yuching Yang, Daniel J. Wallace, Michael H. Weisman, C. Noel Bairey Merz
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
The Weight-based Heparin Dosing Nomogram Compared with a Standard Care Nomogram
Authors: Robert A. Raschke
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To determine whether an intravenous heparin dosing nomogram based on body weight achieves therapeutic anticoagulation more rapidly than a standard care nomogram. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Two community teaching hospitals in Phoenix, Arizona, and Rochester, New York. Participants: One hundred fifteen patients requiring intravenous heparin treatment for venous or arterial thromboembolism or for unstable angina. Intervention: Patients were randomized to the weight-based nomogram (starting dose, 80 units/kg body weight bolus, 18 units/kg per hour infusion) or the standard care nomogram (starting dose, 5000-unit bolus, 1000 units per hour infusion). Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) values were monitored every 6 hours, and heparin dose adjustments were determined by the nomograms. Measurements: Activated partial thromboplastin times were measured using a widely generalizable laboratory method. The primary outcomes were the time to exceed the therapeutic threshold (APTT > 1.5 times the control) and the time to achieve therapeutic range (APTT, 1.5 to 2.3 times the control). Bleeding complications and recurrent thromboembolism were also compared. Results: Kaplan-Meier curves for the primary outcomes favored the weight-based nomogram (P < 0.001 for both). In the weight-based heparin group, 60 of 62 patients (97%) exceeded the therapeutic threshold within 24 hours, compared with 37 of 48 (77%) in the standard care group (P < 0.002). Only one major bleeding complication occurred (in a standard care patient). Recurrent thromboembolism was more frequent in the standard care group; relative risk, 5.0 (95% CI, 1.1 to 21.9). Conclusions: The weight-based heparin nomogram is widely generalizable and has proved to be effective, safe, and superior to one based on standard practice.
Genotoxicity of Therapeutic Intervention in Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Sederick C. Rice, Pamela Vacek, Alan H. Homans, Terri Messier, Jami Rivers, Heather Kendall, Barry A. Finette
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The survival rates of children treated for cancer have dramatically increased after the development of standardized multiple-modality treatment protocols. As a result, there is a rapidly growing population of pediatric cancer survivors in which the long-term genotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic intervention is unknown. To study the genotoxic effects of antineoplastic treatment in children, we performed a comparative analysis of the changes in the frequency of somatic mutations (Mfs) at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)-reporter gene in children treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). We measured HPRT Mfs from 130 peripheral blood samples from 45 children with ALL (13, low risk; 22, standard risk; and 10, high risk) from the time of diagnosis, as well as during and after the completion of therapy. We observed a significant increase in mean HPRT Mfs during each phase of therapy (diagnosis, 1.4 × 10−6; consolidation, 52.1 × 10−6; maintenance, 93.2 × 10−6; and off-therapy, 271.7 × 10−6) that were independent of the risk group treatment protocol used. This 200-fold increase in mean somatic Mf remained elevated years after the completion of therapy. We did not observe a significant difference in the genotoxicity of each risk group treatment modality despite differences in the compositional and clinical toxicity associated with these treatment protocols. These findings suggest that combination chemotherapy used to treat children with ALL is quite genotoxic, resulting in an increased somatic mutational load that may result in an elevated risk for the development of multi-factorial diseases, in particular second malignancies.
A world without polio. 'Future generations will know by history only...'
Authors: W. H. Foege
Journal: JAMA (1993)

It was fitting symbolism—the 10th anniversary of the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt—and the crowd gathered at the University of Michigan on April 12, 1955, was ready for a medical miracle. They were not disappointed. The announcement confirmed that the vaccine developed by Jonas Salk could protect against one of the greatest fears of summer. Future generations would be blissfully unaware of the blanket of anxiety that descended each year with the heat of August. That night, Edward R. Murrow had dinner with Jonas Salk and presented him with a watch engraved with the date that changed the world (oral communication, Jonas Salk, MD, September 9, 1992). See also p 1857. It would appear a simple step from the dramatic announcement of 1955 to the vision of a world free of polio presented by Robbins.<sup>1</sup>However, poliomyelitis eradication involves a long chain of interlinking events and it involves the
Increased plasma interleukin-8 concentrations in alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: Daniel L. B. Hill, Luis S. Marsano, Craig J. McClain
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Patients with alcoholic hepatitis often have hepatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and neutrophilia. Interleukin-8 is a cytokine that stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis and release of lysosomal enzymes. It is made by several types of cells, including fibroblasts, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. In this study, serial plasma interleukin-8 concentrations were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 40 consecutive patients with moderate-to-severe alcoholic hepatitis over a 6-mo period. Two control groups included 10 patients without clinically important liver disease admitted for treatment of alcohol dependence and 12 healthy male volunteers. The mean plasma interleukin-8 level on admission was markedly increased: 695 +/- 146 pg/ml in the alcoholic hepatitis patients. The alcohol-dependent control group and the normal volunteer controls had mean interleukin-8 concentrations of 106 +/- 28 pg/ml and 10 +/- 5 pg/ml, respectively. Initially increased interleukin-8 levels in alcoholic hepatitis patients decreased to a mean of 182 +/- 42 pg/ml over the first month; levels had decreased further to 124 +/- 79 pg/ml after 6 mo. Increased interleukin-8 concentrations in patients with alcoholic hepatitis suggest a role for interleukin-8 in the neutrophilia and hepatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of alcoholic hepatitis.
Industry-university research contracts are damaging
Authors: D. Packham
Journal: BMJ (2012)

It is widely recognised that many prominent drug companies exert a nefarious effect on clinical research through abusing university sponsorship and confidentiality agreements in research contracts. Angell’s long editorial experience at the New England Journal of Medicine led her to comment “[i]t is simply no longer possible to believe much of the clinical research . . . published.”1

Heneghan …
Chemotherapy of Infected Urines in Paraplegia
Authors: P. T. J. C. P. Warner
Journal: BMJ (1948)

The aetiology and pathology of superior mesenteric arterial occlusion are discussed, and arterial " stupor" is suggested as being of importance.The history, clinical findings, and course of a case of " spontaneous recovery" are detailed and the diagnosis and differential diagnosis noted.The causation of shock is discussed and suggestions are made as to its treatment.
Fetal breathing movements and other tests of fetal wellbeing: a comparative evaluation.
Authors: B J Trudinger, Y B Gordon, J G Grudzinskas, M G Hull, P J Lewis, M E Arrans
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Sixty pregnant women whose fetuses were considered to be at high risk were intensively studied with fetal and placental function tests. Fetal breathing movements were studied with real-time ultrasound and the amount of time spent breathing and the variability of the breath-to-breath interval were measured. A reduction in the amount of time the fetus spent making breathing movements and decreased variability were indicative of fetal compromise. When these results were compared with those of other tests of fetal wellbeing measurement of fetal breathing movements and ultrasound assessment of growth were more sensitive tests of fetal wellbeing than the biochemical measures (urinary oestrogen, human placental lactogen, pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein, and unconjugated oestriol concentrations) or fetal heart rate. The predictive value was highest with serum unconjugated oestriol but the results of other tests were similar. Study of fetal breathing movements or an ultrasonic assessment of growth may provide a better screening test for fetal compromise than biochemical estimations.
Do eicosanoids cause colonic dysfunction in experimental E coli 0157:H7 (EHEC) infection?
Authors: C J Bell
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The pathophysiology of enterohaemorrhagic<i>Escherichia coli</i> (EHEC) infection remains unclear. Eicosanoids have been implicated as pathophysiological mediators in other colitides. <h3>AIMS</h3> To determine if prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> (LTB<sub>4</sub>) contribute to mucosal inflammation and dysfunction in EHEC colitis. <h3>METHODS</h3> Ten day old rabbits were infected with EHEC. For five days after infection, mucosal synthesis of PGE<sub>2</sub> and LTB<sub>4</sub> was measured in distal colonic tissue from control and infected animals and<sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA permeability was assessed in vivo. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured and histological inflammation and damage were assessed at five days in control and infected animals and after treatment of infected animals with the LTB<sub>4</sub> synthesis inhibitor MK-886. In separate experiments, ion transport was measured in Ussing chambers, before and after in vitro addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. <h3>RESULTS</h3> LTB<sub>4</sub>synthesis was increased from day 2 after infection onwards and PGE<sub>2</sub> synthesis was increased on day 3. Mucosal permeability did not increase until day 5 after infection. MK-886 inhibited colonic LTB<sub>4</sub> production but did not reduce diarrhoea, inflammation, or mucosal damage. Electrolyte transport was not significantly altered on day 3 after infection. However, both Cl secretion and reduced Na absorption found on day 5 were partially reversed by indomethacin. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Tissue synthesis of PGE<sub>2</sub> and LTB<sub>4</sub> did not correlate temporally with EHEC induced inflammation or changes in mucosal permeability and ion transport. Cyclooxygenase inhibition partially reversed ion transport abnormalities but lipoxygenase inhibition did not affect mucosal inflammation or histological damage. We conclude that the contribution of eicosanoids to mucosal injury and dysfunction is more complex than previously suggested.
Observations on the Sequential Use of Tc-99m Phosphonate and Ga-67 Imaging in Untreated Primary and Secondary Malignant Tumors of the Head and Neck
Authors: CARL-JOHAN EDELING
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Scintigraphy using both Tc-99m phosphonate and Ga-67 was performed in 55 cases of untreated primary and secondary tumors of the head and neck. In 21 patients with primary tumors of jaws, eye, tongue, or parotid gland, Ga-67 scintigraphy visualized the primary tumor in all cases and metastases in 12. Scintigraphy using Tc-99m phosphonate dislosed primary bone involvement in 12 cases and skeletal metastases in two. In eight of 13 patients with metastatic lesions of jaws and skull, bone scintigraphy showed skeletal metastases. In seven of these patients, Ga-67 scintigraphy detected the primary tumor and in 11 cases detected metastases. Bone scintigraphy disclosed skeletal metastases in six of 21 patients with malignant neck tumors. In 13 of these patients, Ga-67 scintigraphy visualized the primary tumor, whereas it showed metastases in seven. It is concluded that Ga-67 scintigraphy should be used in the investigation of untreated primary or secondary malignant tumors of the head and neck. Bone scintigraphy may be indicated as an additional study in selected cases only.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Ketosis and Hypoglycaemia
Authors: W. Oakley
Journal: BMJ (1949)

KETOSISrhe presence of ketone bodies in the urine should be regarded as the initial stage of a process which, if allowed to progress, may result in diabetic coma.Whenever the urine is found to contain mu-h sugar it should also be tested for diacetic aeid, as it is in the early preclinical stage of ketosis that treatment is both simple and effective.Rothera's test with ammonlium sulphate, sodium nitro- prusside, and strong ammonia should be carried out first.If this is strongly positive, Gerhardt's ferric-chloride test should also be made.Rothera's test is by far the more sensitive, and may therefore be strongly positive when diacetic acid is present in concentrations too small to give a positive result with ferric chloride.An appreciation of this difference between the two tests will enable them to be used to give a rough quantitative idea of the intensity of the ketosis.A positive ferric-chloride test should always be regarded as indicating severe ketosis and the necessity for immediate treatment. Causes of KetosisKetosis is often present in untreated cases of moderately severe and severe diabetes, its presence being unassociated with any other morbid process.In treated diabetics ketosis may be the result of nothing more than inadequate control of the diabetes, but there is often some complicating factor present which causes an increase in the severity of the disease.This may be an acute infection such as gastro- enteritis, hepatitis, pyelitis, tonsillitis, or pneumonia, or a local condition such as an insulin abscess, carbuncle, or a septic condition of the feet, including gangrene.Gastro-enteritis rightly heads the list, as it is one of the commonest causes of severe ketosis and diabetic coma.This is because it not only aggravates the diabetes but also produces a state of starvation and dehydration, both of which favour the development of diabetic coma.Added to this, in some cases, is the false assumption that inability to retain food constitutes a reason for withholding insulin, the patient having been taught that an injection of insulin must be followed by food.It is important in this con- nexion to remember that stopping food and insulin in a severe diabetic is one of the quickest and most certain ways of producing ketosis and diabetic coma.For this reason, if a diabetic receiving insulin is unable to eat his normal diet he should always try to take the carbohydrate portion as milk, alone or with a proprietary milk drink, fruit drinks sweetened with glucose or sugar, bread and milk, toast or biscuits, and the usual dose of insulin.If no food can be retained the patient should take half the usual dose of insulin and get in touch with his doctor.
Intracellular target for photosensitization in cancer antiangiogenic photodynamic therapy mediated by polycation liposome
Authors: Yoshito Takeuchi, Kanae Ichikawa, Sei Yonezawa, Kohta Kurohane, Takayuki Koishi, Mamoru Nango, Yukihiro Namba, Naoto Oku
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2004)
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE NATURE OE AGGLUTININS, TOGETHER WITH FURTHER OBSERVATIONS UPON BACILLUS TYPHI ABDOMINALIS, BACILLUS ENTERITIDIS, BACILLUS COLI COMMUNIS, BACILLUS LACTIS AEROGENES, AND SOME OTHER BACILLI OF ALLIED CHARACTER
Authors: Herbert E. Durham
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1901)
Serum Albumin as a Nutritional Marker
Authors: ROBERT M. CRAIG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1987Serum Albumin as a Nutritional MarkerROBERT M. CRAIG, M.D.ROBERT M. CRAIG, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-327_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In reading the article by Allman and colleagues (1) on pressure sores among hospitalized patients, I noted the association between pressure sores and hypoalbuminemia. In the discussion, the authors suggested that the hypoalbuminemia may have been due to malnutrition. Other possible causes, including hepatic disease, kidney disease, protein-losing enteropathy, and weeping of albumin from the pressure sores, were offered as possibilities. However, I believe the most important factor may have been the patients' intercurrent illnesses and the consequent diminished protein synthesis.Very ill patients have diminished visceral protein stores, including serum proteins (2), despite increased or normal...References1. ALLMANLAPRADENOEL RCL. Pressure sores among hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:337-42. LinkGoogle Scholar2. CHRISTOUMCLEANMEAKINS NAJ. Host defense in blunt trauma: interrelationships between kinetics of anergy and depressed neutrophil function, nutritional status and sepsis. J Trauma. 1980;20:833-41. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SCOTTSCHMERMACDONALD RPM. The effect of starvation and repletion of fibronectin in man. JAMA. 1982;248:2025-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BUZBYMULLENMATTHEWA GJD. Prognostic nutritional index in gastrointestinal surgery. Am J Surg. 1980;139:160-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BAKERDETSKYWESSEN JAD. Nutritional assessment: a comparison of clinical judgement and objective measurements. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:969-72. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ROBERT M. CRAIG, M.D.Affiliations: Northwestern Memorial Hospital Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, IL 60611 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHyperparathyroidism Is Augmented by Ovariectomy in Nagase Analbuminemic RatsSwallowing disorders and nutritional support 1 February 1987Volume 106, Issue 2Page: 327-328KeywordsAlbuminsEnteropathiesMalnutritionNutritionPressure ulcersProtein synthesisProteinsRenal diseasesSerum albuminSerum proteins ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1987 PDF downloadLoading ...
Aquagenic pruritus associated with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Authors: JULIA A. NEWTON, A.K. SINGH, M.W. GREAVES, C.J.F. SPRY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) may develop associated skin disorders. We describe a patient who had xerosis since birth, but who first developed symptoms of aquagenic pruritus soon after he presented with HES. Photochemotherapy with psoralen and UVA treatment reduced his peripheral blood eosinophil count. The good response to treatment suggests that there was a close relationship between the dermatosis and the blood disorder.
Hyaluronan Facilitates Invasion of Colon Carcinoma Cells <b> <i>in Vitro</i> </b> via Interaction with CD44
Authors: Hyeong-Rok Kim, Marie A. Wheeler, Christopher M. Wilson, Joji Iida, David Eng, Melanie A. Simpson, James B. McCarthy, Kelli M. Bullard
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Hyaluronan (HA) and its biosynthetic enzymes, HA synthases (HAS1, 2, and 3) are thought to participate in cancer progression. We have shown previously that HA production and HAS3 expression are increased in metastatic colon carcinoma cells (SW620) when compared with cells isolated from a primary tumor (SW480). Because invasion of the extracellular matrix is a fundamental event in tumor growth and metastasis, we hypothesized that SW620 cells would show greater invasive capability than SW480 cells, that invasion is HA dependent, and that HA mediates invasion via interaction with a cell-surface receptor. Invasion into artificial basement membrane (Matrigel) was assessed in vitro. To assess HA functionality, HAS expression was inhibited in SW620 cells by transfection with antisense HAS constructs. Decreased HA secretion and retention in the transfectants were confirmed using competitive binding and particle exclusion assays. SW620 cells demonstrated greater invasion through Matrigel than did SW480 cells. Antisense transfection decreased Matrigel invasion by SW620 cells by >60%; addition of exogenous HA restored invasion. Because the cell-surface HA receptor CD44 has been implicated in cancer progression, HA-CD44 interaction was then inhibited by incubation with an anti-CD44 antibody. Anti-CD44 antibody impaired invasion into Matrigel by 95%. Taken together, these data suggest that pericellular HA is critical for colon carcinoma cell invasion and that this invasive capability is dependent on interaction with CD44.