tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Restoration of the strictured gullet
Authors: R. Nicks
Journal: Thorax (1973)

<b>Nicks, R. (1973).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>28</b>, 498-510. <b>Restoration of the strictured gullet.</b> Local plastic procedures which restore the lumen of the oesophagus are a satisfactory mode of treatment for patients with localized strictures, provided the remainder of the oesophagus is healthy and that a valvular sphincteric mechanism is restored. Replacement of the irretrievably damaged oesophagus by an isoperistaltic graft of jejunum or colon in its original bed at a single operation is safe and satisfactory. In some circumstances retrosternal replacement is preferred. Subcutaneous placement is reserved for situations where viability is doubtful. Experimental and clinical experience indicates that healthy isolated interposed grafts of the right length function well provided there is a free outflow from the stomach. Grafts which are initially too short, or which have undergone terminal necrosis and are exteriorized to the anterior chest wall, will elongate in time, permitting subsequent retrosternal replacement and cervical anastomosis. The terminal segment of oesophagus damaged by caustic stricture should be excised as a prophylaxis against cancer in later life.
Talking about Treatment
Authors: Kenneth M. Kessler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Letters4 January 2000Talking about TreatmentKenneth M. Kessler, MDKenneth M. Kessler, MDUniversity of Miami School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33101 (Kessler)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-1-200001040-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Does Dr. Steiner (1) mislead his hypothetical hypertensive patient when he uses the relative risk reduction to advise that therapy will produce an “individual” reduction in cardiovascular events over 5 years of 30%? Isn't this true only if the patient is among the 17.5% (Pc) who will have an event without therapy? Isn't there an 82.5% chance (1 − Pc) that this patient will not have an event and therefore cannot benefit from treatment? Because we do not know the subgroup to which this patient belongs, isn't the patient's individual risk reduction the absolute risk reduction of ...Reference1. Steiner JF. Talking about treatment: the language of populations and the language of individuals. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:618-22. LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Kenneth M. Kessler, MDAffiliations: University of Miami School of Medicine; Miami, FL 33101 (Kessler) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoTalking about Treatment: The Language of Populations and the Language of Individuals John F. Steiner Talking about Treatment John C. Peirce Talking about Treatment Bimal P. Jain Talking about Treatment Benjamin Djulbegovic , Gary H. Lyman , and Iztok Hozo Talking about Treatment Richard Saitz Metrics 4 January 2000Volume 132, Issue 1Page: 93KeywordsAbsolute risk reductionCardiovascular therapyDeath ratesRelative risk ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 4 January 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
γ-interferon treatment inhibits collagen deposition in murine schistosomiasis
Authors: Mark J. Czaja, Francis R. Weiner, Shizuko Takahashi, Marie-Adele Giambrone, Peter H. Der Van Meide, Huub Schellekens, Luis Biempica, Mark A. Zern
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Since interferons have been shown to affect the synthesis of matrix proteins such as collagen in several in vitro systems, the potential role of γ–interferon in inhibiting hepatic fibrosis was investigated. Hepatic cells, consisting primarily of hepatocytes, were treated with recombinant γ–interferon for 24 hr. Northern blot hybridization showed that γ–interferon treatment caused a profound decrease in pro–α2(I)collagen mRNA levels but an increase in β–actin mRNA content. The effects of γ–interferon were then studied in an in vivo model of hepatic fibrogenesis, murine schistosomiasis. Schistosoma –infected mice were treated with daily i.m. injections of γ–interferon for a 4–week period starting 4 weeks after the initial infection. γ–Interferon treatment decreased collagen deposition as determined by histologic evaluation and measurement of total liver collagen content. Northern blots showed Types I and III procollagen mRNA levels for treated, infected animals to be only 32 and 29% that of infected controls, but β–actin mRNA levels were significantly elevated. These results indicate a potential role for γ–interferon as an antifibrogenic agent in vivo .
TYPHOID FEVER IN INFANTS.
Authors: I. N. LOVE
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Time out of mind the general sentiment in the profession has been in favor of the thought that typhoid fever is not a disease incident to early childhood; but when we remember that the Eberth bacillus is the definite cause of the disease and that it is usually carried through polluted drinking water, the query may well be presented, Why should children who drink water escape typhoid fever any more than those of larger growth?  Age materially affects the liability to the disease, it being especially a disease of youthful vigorous individuals of 15 to 30 years. It is true that above that age it is much less frequent, although cases have been observed as late as 60 or even 70 years of age. Formerly it was often said that young children were never attacked, but Strumpell truthfully remarks: This was because the disease was not recognized, for in reality
Does the new paradigm in ape-language research ape behaviorism?
Authors: Joseph J. Pear
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Although Shanker &amp; King (S&amp;K) disregard the behavioral paradigm, their arguments are reminiscent of those in Skinner's Verbal Behavior (1957). Like S&amp;K, Skinner maintained that communication is not appropriately characterized as the transmission of information between individuals. In contrast to the paradigm advocated by S&amp;K, however, the behavioral paradigm emphasizes prediction and control as important scientific goals.
Biliary Mucosal Bridges
Authors: H. Miyake, J. Kamiya, M. Nagino, K. Uesaka, N. Yuasa, K. Oda, T. Sano, T. Arai, Y. Nimura
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

A mucosal bridge is an unusual endoscopic feature that may arise anywhere in the alimentary tract. It is a well-known finding secondary to inflammatory bowel disease [1], and sporadic cases have been described at other sites, including the esophagus, prepylorus, and vocal cord. We present here a case with two different types of biliary mucosal bridge.
Oligospermia in a Patient Receiving Imatinib Therapy for the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Authors: Tara Seshadri, John F. Seymour, Grant A. McArthur
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

To the Editor: We report the development of oligospermia in a young man treated with imatinib for the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Imatinib was developed as a selective inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase that is constitutively activated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It also potently inhibits other normal cellular tyrosine kinases, c-abl, c-arg, and the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem-cell factor (c-kit). Imatinib has been successfully used therapeutically against these kinases in other malignant diseases, including the hypereosinophilic syndrome.1 The role of these tyrosine kinases in normal cellular function is still being elucidated, and their inhibition by imatinib . . .
Bone Marrow Metastases in an Otherwise Operable Gall Bladder Cancer
Authors: Ameya D. Puranik, Nilendu Purandare, Archi Agrawal, Sneha Shah, Venkatesh Rangarajan
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Primary carcinoma of gall bladder is a highly aggressive malignancy, most often detected in late stage in majority of the affected patients. It commonly spreads to the adjacent liver parenchyma and, via lymphatics, to mesenteric nodes. Extra-abdominal metastatic sites are extremely rare, with lung being the commonest site. We report a rare occurrence of isolated asymptomatic bone marrow metastases from gall bladder cancer, in the absence of locoregional adenopathy, detected on whole-body F-FDG PET/CT at initial staging.
DRG Miscoding: Error or Intent?
Authors: Margret Amatayakul
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —As noted by Hsia et al 1 in their August 19, 1992, article addressing medical reimbursement accuracy, the American Health Information Management Association was under contract with the Health Care Financing Administration Office of Inspector General to reabstract medical records used in the study. Certainly the authors state the results of our reabstraction accurately, but since our members are primarily responsible for coding medical records in hospitals and increasingly for physician practices, we believe it is imperative to have a clear and unbiased understanding of the results and to differentiate results from assumptions.  First, the abstract states that a  50.7%±2.6% of [diagnosis related group] DRG errors overreimbursed the hospitals. The use of nonsignificant and 50.7% seem incongrous. Only when it is recognized that therefore 49.3% of errors underreimbursed hospitals does the nonsignificance of the difference of 1.4% become apparent. The conclusion in the abstract also requires
880-5 Optimizing dosimetry with high dose intracoronary gamma radiation 21 Gy for patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis
Authors: Ron Waksman, Rebecca Torguson, Ellen Pinnow, Donna J Whitman, Afework GebreEyesus, Rosanna Chan, Eduard Cheneau, Andrew E Ajani, Michael Porrazzo, Lowell F Satler, Augusto D Pichard, Kenneth M Kent, Joseph Lindsay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Jaundice and malaise in a middle aged man
Authors: H. J Fellows, H. R Dalton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 52 year old man was referred to the jaundice hotline clinic by his general practitioner with symptoms of malaise and lethargy over one year and a seven day history of jaundice. Apart from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy eight years earlier, he had no other relevant medical history and took no drugs. On examination, he was jaundiced but had no other abnormal physical signs.

His laboratory findings were: bilirubin 135 µmol/l (normal range 3-17), alkaline phosphatase 971 U/l (3-110), alanine aminotransferase 154 U/l (3-35), albumin 35 g/l (35-45).

Ultrasound of the liver showed coarse echotexture and no intrahepatic biliary duct dilatation. Views of the common bile duct were poor owing to overlying bowel gas.

The patient went on to have endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as an outpatient (fig 1⇓).



Fig 1 Results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 





### Short answers

### Long answers

#### 1 Diagnosis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed beading and ectasia (fig 2⇓; small arrows) as a result of multifocal stricturing and dilatation of …
Chromosomal translocations independently predict treatment failure, treatment-free survival and overall survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with cladribine
Authors: E Van Den Neste, V Robin, J Francart, A Hagemeijer, M Stul, P Vandenberghe, A Delannoy, A Sonet, V Deneys, S Costantini, A Ferrant, A Robert, L Michaux
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
Full steam ahead on to the rocks
Authors: J. M. Orrell
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The bankers’ SS Greed is Good may have hit the rocks and the captain been bailed out, leaving little people to suffer, yet the government follows the same market fantasy and steers the SS NHS onwards, ignoring McKee’s lighthouse.1

To answer McKee’s questions. Point one: follow the money. The corporations who fund US/UK …
Interleukin-18 stimulates hematopoietic cytokine and growth factor formation and augments circulating granulocytes in mice
Authors: Takeharu Ogura, Haruyasu Ueda, Katsushi Hosohara, Risa Tsuji, Yuki Nagata, Shin-ichiro Kashiwamura, Haruki Okamura
Journal: Blood (2001)
Abuse of Medical Students
Authors: Bill Straw
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To the Editor. —  The most telling statistic in your recent articles on medical student abuse1-3is that 50% of students thought their own classmates were abusive or corrupt. This indicates that abusive faculty and residents are not a product of the system, but are simply brought up through the system.  Many physicians are intelligent, goal oriented, and aggressive. A small subset of these exist in a persistent social vegetative state, from high school until the end of residency. They are shallow, one-dimensional people, and the only positive aspects of their life are the knowledge they have obtained and their position in the academic power structure in their big teaching programs.  The problem arises because these people have absolutely no interpersonal social skills. They may appear to act appropriately with patients, but it is simply role playing, a skill learned to obtain a good grade. At the end of
Consent for surgery for psychiatric patients.
Authors: N Kosky
Journal: BMJ (1993)

In the laboratory we have shown hypertension in the common femoral vein in a pig undergoing laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.When pneumoperitoneum was established, the femoral venous pressure rose from 4 mmHg to 9 mmHg.With duplex Doppler scanning of the common femoral vein in humans we have shown a considerable reduction in peak blood flow velocity and shortening of the flow cycle during the respiratory phase on two occasions, with a return to normal venous blood flow characteristics on removal of the intraperitoneal gas.These cases highlight the potential for thromboembolism with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Our early experimental work suggests that the aetiology may be increased venous stasis caused by the raised intra-abdominal pressure associated with pneumoperitoneum.Also, these procedures, in contrast to gynaecological laparoscopy, are performed in the reverse Trendelenberg position, which would compound any venous stasis already present.Further work must be performed to document the incidence and aetiology of deep venous throm- bosis and effective prophylaxis during prolonged therapeutic laparoscopy.Until these issues have been resolved all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be regarded as at risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.They should have some intraoperative measure to reduce venous stasis of the lower limbs as well as routine preoperative and postoperative prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis.
588 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF LENS CULINARIS AGGLUTININ ISOFORM 3 (AFP-L3) AND DES-GAMMA-CARBOXY PROTHROMBIN (DCP) FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HCC IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS
Authors: A. Sangiovanni, R. Romeo, M. Iavarone, S. Vavassori, C. Della Corte, M. Colombo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
On Removal of the Uterine Appendages
Authors: T. Savage
Journal: BMJ (1887)

The X-chromosome is among the largest human chromosomes. It differs from autosomes by a number of important features including hemizygosity in males, an almost complete inactivation of one copy in females, and unique patterns of recombination. We used data from the Catalog of Published Genome Wide Association Studies to compare densities of the GWAS-detected SNPs on the X-chromosome and autosomes. The density of GWAS-detected SNPs on the X-chromosome is 6-fold lower compared to the density of the GWAS-detected SNPs on autosomes. Differences between the X-chromosome and autosomes cannot be explained by differences in the overall SNP density, lower X-chromosome coverage by genotyping platforms or low call rate of X-chromosomal SNPs. Similar differences in the density of GWAS-detected SNPs were found in female-only GWASs (e.g. ovarian cancer GWASs). We hypothesized that the lower density of GWAS-detected SNPs on the X-chromosome compared to autosomes is not a result of a methodological bias, e.g. differences in coverage or call rates, but has a real underlying biological reason – a lower density of functional SNPs on the X-chromosome versus autosomes. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that (i) the overall SNP density of X-chromosome is lower compared to the SNP density on autosomes and that (ii) the density of genic SNPs on the X-chromosome is lower compared to autosomes while densities of intergenic SNPs are similar.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy treated with plasmapheresis
Authors: HILARY C. HUBBARD, B. PORTNOY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

A young woman developed severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the beginning of her second pregnancy: her disease was extremely difficult to control and the baby died unexpectedly when 8 weeks old. She became very ill at the same time in her third pregnancy; plasmapheresis appeared to make her management easier, and the 7‐month‐old baby is doing well.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with plasmablastic/plasmacytoid features are associated with TP53 deletions and poor clinical outcome
Authors: I Simonitsch-Klupp, I Hauser, G Ott, J Drach, J Ackermann, J Kaufmann, A Weltermann, H T Greinix, C Skrabs, C Dittrich, D Lutz, R Pötter, C Mannhalter, K Lechner, A Chott, U Jaeger
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
Repeated Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis Development in Innominate Arteries of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Knockout Mice
Authors: Paul D. Hockings, Toby Roberts, Graham J. Galloway, David G. Reid, Dorothy A. Harris, Martin Vidgeon-Hart, Pieter H.E. Groot, Keith E. Suckling, G. Martin Benson
Journal: Circulation (2002)

In vivo methods to evaluate the size and composition of atherosclerotic lesions in animal models of atherosclerosis would assist in the testing of antiatherosclerotic drugs. We have developed an MRI method of detecting atherosclerotic plaque in the major vessels at the base of the heart in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice on a high-fat diet.Three-dimensional fast spin-echo magnetic resonance images were acquired at 7 T by use of cardiac and respiratory triggering, with approximately 140- micro m isotropic resolution, over 30 minutes. Comparison of normal and fat-suppressed images from female LDLR(-/-) mice 1 week before and 8 and 12 weeks after the transfer to a high-fat diet allowed visualization and quantification of plaque development in the innominate artery in vivo. Plaque mean cross-sectional area was significantly greater at week 12 in the LDLR(-/-) mice (0.14+/-0.086 mm2 [mean+/-SD]) than in wild-type control mice on a normal diet (0.017+/-0.031 mm2, P<0.01). In the LDLR(-/-) mice, but not control mice, increase in plaque burden at week 12 relative to week 1 was also highly significant (P=0.001). Lumen cross section was not significantly different between time points or groups. MRI and histological assessments of plaque size were closely correlated (R=0.8). The lumen of proximal coronary arteries could also be visualized.This is the first report of in vivo detection of aortic arch atherosclerosis in any animal model. The method could significantly assist rapid evaluation of experimental antiatherosclerotic therapies.
Poor nations are told to scale up strategies to prevent and treat diarrhoea in children
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Developing countries need to scale up measures that have been proved to prevent and treat diarrhoea among children, say Unicef and the World Health Organization. Every year 1.5 million children aged under 5 years die from diarrhoea, more than 80% of them in Africa and south Asia, they say in a report.

“Reducing these deaths depends largely on delivering lifesaving treatment of low osmolarity oral rehydration salts and zinc tablets to all children in need,” note Ann Veneman, Unicef’s executive director, and Margaret Chan, WHO’s director general, in a foreword to the study.

However, the …
A HIGH LOADING DOSE OF CLOPIDOGREL REDUCES MYOCARDIAL INFARCT SIZE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION: A MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDY
Authors: Young Bin Song, Joo-Yong Hahn, Sang-Chol Lee, Yeon Hyeon Choe, Jae K. Oh, Seung-Hyuk Choi, Jin-Ho Choi, Sang Hoon Lee, Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Prevalence and incidence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in Swedish teenagers
Authors: E. Norrman, L. Nyström, E. Jönssö, N. Stjernberg
Journal: Allergy (1998)

In 1987, we studied the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in 1112 grade-eight students in the town of Umeå, northern Sweden. The present study is based on the same cohort, reinvestigated in 1991. We aimed to estimate the changes in the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis and to examine some presumed risk factors of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. A postal questionnaire on present asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, symptoms from the upper and lower airways, and the need for medication was used. Questions about living conditions, smoking, and present education were also included. The questionnaire was answered by 89% (990) of the subjects. The prevalence of self-reported asthma was 10.8% (boys 7.9%, girls 13.7%). The incidence rate/year was 1.1%, the remission rate/year was 5.7%, and the relapse rate/year was 10%. The risk factors for developing asthma appeared to be atopy, having a family history of asthma or rhinoconjunctivitis, and smoking. The prevalence of self-reported rhinoconjunctivitis was 14.3% (boys 15.6%, girls 13.1%). The incidence rate/year was 1%, the remission rate/year was 22%, and the relapse rate/year was 11%. Stopping smoking and having no family history of rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma appeared to favor remission in rhinoconjunctivitis.
Congenital Hypothyroidism Control Programs
Authors: Jerald R. Schenken
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  Biochemical screening appears to have become a  way of life in recent decades. The benefits of these screening programs are being weighed against the overall cost of the program by physicians, public health personnel, and politicians.  The total cost of screening programs is often difficult to evaluate. The actual analytical cost may represent only a small part. All costs should be listed. These costs include those associated with the physician's order (especially if an infant is ill, premature, or not receiving an adequate diet), transcription by the nurse, etc, notification of the laboratory, obtaining the specimen by the phlebotomists (often requiring the help of others), preparation of a laboratory log, packaging and mailing of the specimen (if required), receipt of the results, and later notification of the physician, medical records, and state health laboratory.  The cost of reagents, quality control, external proficiency testing, duplicates and repeated
All scientific content of the BMJ should declare authors' conflicts of interest
Authors: D. F Marshall
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR— The BMJ 's practice of declaring any conflict of interest that the authors of papers may have encourages critical appraisal. In medical literature, however, as in politics, attempts to make public the interests of policymakers, sometimes voluntarily, seem now to require reinforcement. The BMJ has published a news item about the New England Journal of Medicine 's failure to mention a conflict of interest for the reviewer of a book linking environmental pollutants to cancer.1

The BMJ risks similar revelations because …