tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antioestrogens in Treatment of Breast Cancer: Value of Nafoxidine in 52 Advanced Cases
Authors: H. J. G. Bloom, E. Boesen
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The synthetic non-steroidal antioestrogen nafoxidine (U-11, 100A) was given by mouth to 52 women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, in 85% of whom the disease had become resistant to, or relapsed after, previous endocrine treatment. The objective response rate (complete or partial regression of disease) among 48 cases treated for at least four weeks was 37%. Tumours in soft tissue seemed to respond better than skeletal metastases. The patients in all but one of the 52 cases were postmenopausal. Those who had had an objective response to previous hormone treatment had a greater chance of deriving benefit from nafoxidine than those who had been resistant to hormone treatment. Side effects of nafoxidine were dryness of skin, increased loss of scalp hair, and heightened sensitivity to sunlight. None were serious, and they could be lessened by protection from solar radiation or a decrease in dosage. No obvious depression of thyroid or adrenal function or obvious water retention or masculinization was seen. Cataract was a possible complication. This clinical trial was preceded by laboratory studies in which a transplantable oestrogen-dependent tumour in the Syrian hamster was notably inhibited by the administration of nafoxidine. This experimental model may prove useful in screening potentially useful antioestrogenic agents against breast cancer before a human trial.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressures as predictors of coronary heart disease in middle aged Norwegian men.
Authors: A Tverdal
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were compared as predictors of mortality from coronary heart disease in Norwegian men aged 35-49. A total of 39,207 men were followed up for an average of 8.9 years; 385 died of coronary heart disease. Diastolic blood pressure seemed to be the better predictor, the difference being most pronounced in the age group 35-39. At this age 26% more deaths from coronary heart disease were found in the upper quintile of diastolic blood pressure compared with the upper quintile of systolic blood pressure. At ages 45-49 there were almost the same numbers of deaths from coronary heart disease in the upper quintiles of systolic and diastolic pressures. These findings suggest that the relative predictive strength of systolic and diastolic blood pressure may be dependent on age. Furthermore, for very obese men the association between blood pressure and death from coronary heart disease is much weaker.
A CRITICISM OF CURRENT USAGE OF THE TERM "SEXUAL PSYCHOPATH"
Authors: KARL M. BOWMAN, MILTON ROSE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1952)

1. This paper has dealt with the definition of the term sexual psychopath (and suggested alternatives), with special reference to the difficulties that have been encountered in applying it for legal purposes. 2. The range of psychiatric opinion as to the definition and possible applications of the term is so broad and the relevant scientific data and formulations so tentative, that the term is nearly meaningless for diagnostic purposes. 3. The term sexual psychopath is used by psychiatrists not as a specific diagnostic label, but as a descriptive term necessary for administrative purposes. Social maladjustment in the sexual sphere is the main criterion for application of the term. 4. Therefore, until psychiatric nomenclature is further refined, it is important that tentative, clinically useful terminology relating to sexual personality pattern disorders not be forced into legal statutes as final and definitive. 5. There is a distinction between psychiatric and legal concepts and definitions f sexual abnormality. While psychiatry is concerned with the entire range of sexual behavior as clinical phenomena, either overt behavior or latent or repressed tendencies, the law is concerned only with sexual behavior that is dangerous or morally offensive. 6. Legal definitions of sexual psychopath make use of both psychiatric and legal terms but these terms are not themselves specific enough to justify their use in legal finding. 7. The sexual psychopath laws, based on inexact psychiatric terminology, have proved to be as ineffective administratively as the criminal sex laws. 8. Efforts to correct current unsatisfactory sex legislation take 2 main forms: (a) clarification of definitions in present laws, and (b) formulation of new legislation that will provide psychiatric consultation but will not depend for its application upon precise diagnosis. 9. Even though psychiatric concepts and definitions in the area of antisocial sexual behavior are still in the formative stage, psychiatric consultative services appear to offer the most fruitful approach to the problem of the sex offender.
Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Edited by N Kaplowitz, L D DeLeve. New York: Marcel Decker, 2003, pound195.00, pp 773. ISBN 0-8247-0811-3
Authors: S D Taylor-Robinson
Journal: Gut (2003)

On the face of it, this hardback does not sound like a very good bedtime read and splashing out £195 might seem a little extravagant for what might appear to be some dry tome that would readily gather dust on a shelf. It was therefore with some trepidation that I received this ostensibly uninviting 773 page beige and green covered book, and turning the pages quickly, the casual reader might still be deceived into casting it into the nether regions of a desk drawer or the dimmer corners of an office. However, I am pleased to say that these were all poorly grounded misapprehensions, because this is an …
Liver function in early Lyme disease
Authors: H W Horowitz, B Dworkin, G Forseter, R B Nadelman, C Connolly, B B Luciano, J Nowakowski, T A O'Brien, M Calmann, G P Wormser
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

To evaluate the frequency, pattern, and severity of liver function test abnormalities in patients with Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans (EM), 115 individuals with no other identifiable cause for liver function test abnormalities who presented with EM between July 1990 and September 1993 were prospectively evaluated. For individuals with abnormal liver function tests, common causes of hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, and C, were excluded. A local control group was used for comparison. Forty–six (40%) patients had at least one liver test abnormality, and 31 (27%) had more than 1 abnormality compared with 19 (19%) and 4 (4%) of controls, respectively ( P &lt; .01 for each comparison). γ–Glutamyl transpeptidase (28%) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (27%) were the most frequently elevated liver function tests among Lyme disease patients. Anorexia, nausea, or vomiting was reported by 30% of patients, but did not occur more frequently in patients with elevated liver function tests compared with those with normal values. Patients with early disseminated Lyme disease were more likely to have elevated liver function studies (66%) compared with patients with localized disease (34%) ( P = .002). After antibiotic treatment, elevated liver function tests improved or resolved in most patients. Liver function test abnormalities are common in patients with EM but were mild, most often not associated with symptoms, and improved or resolved by 3 weeks after the onset of antibiotic therapy in most patients.
Glucocorticoid receptors, in vitro steroid sensitivity, and cytokine secretion in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Ana Paula de Carvalho, Panzeri Carlotti, Paulo Benedito Franco, Lucila Leico Elias, Inalda Facincani, Elaine Lourenço, Cardeal Costa, Norma Foss, Ayrton Custódio Moreira, Margaret de Castro
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
COXSACKIE B, MUMPS, RUBELLA, AND CYTOMEGALOVIRUS SPECIFIC IgM RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE-ONSET INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IN BRITAIN, AUSTRIA, AND AUSTRALIA
Authors: J.E. Banatvala, G. Schernthaner, E. Schober, L.M. De Silva, Jennifer Bryant, M. Borkenstein, D. Brown, M.A. Menser, M. Silink
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
The Simplicity and Safety of Arterial Puncture
Authors: Thomas L. Petty
Journal: JAMA (1966)

A KNOWLEDGE of the arterial pH carbon dioxide tension (PCO<sub>2</sub>) and oxygen tension (PO<sub>2</sub>) is highly desirable and at times imperative in the diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency during the use of oxygen therapy in the management of hypoxic states and during continuous ventilatory assistance in respiratory failure.<sup>1-3</sup> The availability of modern electrode methods for the measurement of pH, PCO<sub>2</sub>, and PO<sub>2</sub><sup>4 -7</sup>and the Astrup tonometric method for PCO<sub>2</sub><sup>8</sup>have made blood gas and pH analyses relatively simple to perform. Despite this fact, numerous recent reports stress indirect methods of estimating arterial pH, PCO<sub>2</sub>, and PO<sub>2</sub>. Analysis of arterialized earlobe blood<sup>9,10</sup>or "arterialized" venous blood<sup>1</sup>has been recommended. Estimation of the PCO<sub>2</sub>by using collection of expired air has also been described.<sup>11,12</sup> The most frequently cited reasons for use of other than arterial blood to learn
Comparative Study of NPH Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) and NPH Bovine Insulin in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: M Marre, A Tabbi-Anneni, H Tabbi-Anneni, R Assan
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

The hypoglycemic potencies of human insulin (recombinant DNA) and bovine NPH insulin were compared in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. The same dosages of the two preparations were alternately injected, for two successive 5-day periods, on a twice-a-day schedule. Blood glucose profiles were monitored by finger pricking 6 times/day. Slight but significant differences in glucose time appeared, suggesting that human NPH insulin acts faster than bovine NPH, and for a shorter time.
Inhibition of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by novel interaction with the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase
Authors: Kenneth R. Hallows, Viswanathan Raghuram, Bruce E. Kemp, Lee A. Witters, J. Kevin Foskett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an ATP-gated Cl– channel that regulates other epithelial transport proteins by uncharacterized mechanisms. We employed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the COOH-terminal 70 residues of CFTR to identify proteins that might be involved in such interactions. The α1 (catalytic) subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was identified as a dominant and novel interacting protein. The interaction is mediated by residues 1420–1457 in CFTR and by the COOH-terminal regulatory domain of α1-AMPK. Mutations of two protein trafficking motifs within the 38–amino acid region in CFTR each disrupted the interaction. GST-fusion protein pull-down assays in vitro and in transfected cells confirmed the CFTR-α1-AMPK interaction and also identified α2-AMPK as an interactor with CFTR. AMPK is coexpressed in CFTR-expressing cell lines and shares an apical distribution with CFTR in rat nasal epithelium. AMPK phosphorylated full-length CFTR in vitro, and AMPK coexpression with CFTR in Xenopus oocytes inhibited cAMP-activated CFTR whole-cell Cl– conductance by approximately 35–50%. Because AMPK is a metabolic sensor in cells and responds to changes in cellular ATP, regulation of CFTR by AMPK may be important in inhibiting CFTR under conditions of metabolic stress, thereby linking transepithelial transport to cell metabolic state.
Structural Genomic Variation and Personalized Medicine
Authors: Charles Lee, Cynthia C. Morton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

The ultimate goal of personalized medicine is to comprehensively identify genetic differences among persons and to correlate specific genetic features (or combinations of genetic features) with the differential risk of human diseases or the efficacy of certain therapeutic interventions. This goal is likely to be achieved when we are able to identify all relevant forms of genetic variation in each person and are able to interpret this information in a clinically meaningful manner.The Human Genome Project revealed a very high degree of similarity between the DNA sequences of any two persons. These similarities unite us as a species. On . . .
The Impact of Early Specialization on the Clinical Competence of Residents
Authors: Joseph S. Gonnella, J. Jon Veloski
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Abstract To study the relation between first-year postgraduate training and performance on a test of general clinical competence, we analyzed results on the Part III National Board Examination according to the type of residency chosen by 1514 graduates of Jefferson Medical College between 1970 and 1979. The results show that physicians in family medicine, internal medicine, or flexible programs score higher on Part III than do those in surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, psychiatry, or pathology, even after correction for their performance on Part II of the boards. Although these differences could be due to other factors, we suggest that in the first year of some residency programs, knowledge and skills in broad areas of medicine are not being sufficiently emphasized, and that changes are needed to strengthen the residents' general capabilities. (N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:275–7.)
Death on the roads: Should we advocate daytime running lights?
Authors: Richard G Henderson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Editor-Walker et al show convincingly that drivers and other occupants of heavy four wheel drive vehicles are safer in crashes than those in smaller or lighter vehicles and those on foot or cycle. 1 They also show that drivers of these vehicles use mobile phones more often and seat belts less often than drivers of other cars.But by conflating mobile phone use (which distracts drivers) and non-use of seat belts (which makes drivers feel less safe) as equally important examples of illegal and dangerous practices they have sown confusion and undermined the prospect of a constructive approach to road safety.Using mobile phones and not using seatbelts have opposing consequences for other road users.The distraction caused by mobile phones increases the threat to others, but the non-use of seat belts decreases it.As the authors note, deaths of pedestrians, cyclists, and rear seat passengers increased (by 8%, 13%, and 28% respectively) after laws mandating the use of seat belts in front seats were introduced in the United Kingdom.
Explaining Divorce to Children
Authors: Samuel Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

In the current decade, 25% of marriages in this country end in legal divorce. Two of every three divorces involve offspring, thus affecting more than half a million children. Some 300,000 desertions and 250,000 illegitimate births annually add to these statistics. One of every four minor children lives in a broken home. The problem looms ominously large. Edited by Rabbi Earl A. Grollman, who has also contributed a prologue and the most poetic chapter in the book, this brief volume fulfills a distinct need, although somewhat imperfectly. Contributors from all relevant ranks have written thoughtful, often moving essays. All emphasize preference for secure, one-parent households over striferidden, overwrought homes with two parents. Fewer disturbed children, less juvenile delinquency, and greater emotional security occur in the former milieu. Divorce is better than a hate-ridden, quarrel-filled marriage. However, if at all possible, divorce even though ultimately inevitable, should be postponed until the
Strength of association between umbilical cord pH and perinatal and long term outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: G. L. Malin, R. K. Morris, K. S. Khan
Journal: BMJ (2010)

To evaluate the association between umbilical cord pH at birth and long term outcomes.Systematic review and meta-analysis.Medline (1966-August 2008), Embase (1980-August 2008), the Cochrane Library (2008 issue 8), and Medion, without language restrictions; reference lists of selected articles; and contact with authors.Studies in which cord pH at birth was compared with any neonatal or long term outcome. Cohort and case-control designs were included.51 articles totalling 481 753 infants met the selection criteria. Studies varied in design, quality, outcome definition, and results. Meta-analysis carried out within predefined groups showed that low arterial cord pH was significantly associated with neonatal mortality (odds ratio 16.9, 95% confidence interval 9.7 to 29.5, I(2)=0%), hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (13.8, 6.6 to 28.9, I(2)=0%), intraventricular haemorrhage or periventricular leucomalacia (2.9, 2.1 to 4.1, I(2)=0%), and cerebral palsy (2.3, 1.3 to 4.2, I(2)=0%).Low arterial cord pH showed strong, consistent, and temporal associations with clinically important neonatal outcomes that are biologically plausible. These data can be used to inform clinical management and justify the use of arterial cord pH as an important outcome measure alongside neonatal morbidity and mortality in obstetric trials.
In vitro Hepatic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Kuan–Der Lee, Tom Kwang–Chun Kuo, Jacqueline Whang–Peng, Yu–Fen Chung, Ching–Tai Lin, Shiu–Huey Chou, Jim–Ray Chen, Yi–Peng Chen, Oscar Kuang–Sheng Lee
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

This study examined whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are stem cells originated from embryonic mesoderm, are able to differentiate into functional hepatocyte–like cells in vitro . MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, and the surface phenotype and the mesodermal multilineage differentiation potentials of these cells were characterized and tested. To effectively induce hepatic differentiation, we designed a novel 2–step protocol with the use of hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M. After 4 weeks of induction, cuboidal morphology, which is characteristic of hepatocytes, was observed, and cells also expressed marker genes specific of liver cells in a time–dependent manner. Differentiated cells further demonstrated in vitro functions characteristic of liver cells, including albumin production, glycogen storage, urea secretion, uptake of low–density lipoprotein, and phenobarbital–inducible cytochrome P450 activity. In conclusion , human MSCs from different sources are able to differentiate into functional hepatocyte–like cells and, hence, may serve as a cell source for tissue engineering and cell therapy of hepatic tissues. Furthermore, the broad differentiation potential of MSCs indicates that a revision of the definition may be required. (Hepatology 2004;40:1275-1284.)
Hyperresponsive TH2 cells with enhanced nuclear factor-κB activation induce atopic dermatitis–like skin lesions in Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Nagoya mice
Authors: Yoshiyuki Tenda, Masakatsu Yamashita, Motoko Y. Kimura, Akihiro Hasegawa, Chiori Shimizu, Masayuki Kitajima, Atsushi Onodera, Akane Suzuki, Nobuo Seki, Toshinori Nakayama
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Subclinical activation of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and anti-CMV immune response in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: W.-D. Döcke, C. Kiessling, M. Worm, M. Friedrich, A. Pruss, M. Weitz, S. Prösch, F. Kern, H-D. Volk, W. Sterry, K. Asadullah
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Microbiological infections are considered to be of pathophysiological importance in atopic dermatitis (AD). As yet, no information is available regarding cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in this disease. This, however, is of interest because of the high prevalence of latent infections in the general population, the frequent reactivation in inflammatory diseases, and the immunomodulating capacity of CMV.To investigate the prevalence of latent CMV infection, the frequency of active CMV infection, and the immune response to CMV in patients with moderate to severe AD. Methods To detect active infection we analysed CMV antigen expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 patients with moderate to severe AD in comparison with 53 healthy volunteers. We used three monoclonal antibodies recognizing different CMV-encoded antigens and immunocytological staining (alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase technique).Patients with AD had a higher mean frequency of CMV-positive PBMC: 2.25 per 10 000 vs. 0.74 per 10 000 in controls (P = 0.001) as well as a higher incidence of CMV antigenaemia: 29.6% vs. 7.5% (P < 0.01). Seropositivity for anti-CMV IgG antibodies indicated subclinical activation of latent infection. Remarkably, a clearance of CMV antigenaemia was observed during anti-eczematous treatment. Significantly higher plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, which is involved in CMV reactivation, and interleukin-12, which is crucial for an antiviral cellular immune response, were observed in AD patients in comparison with healthy volunteers. Furthermore, a significantly enhanced frequency of circulating activated HLA-DR+ T cells especially in CMV-seropositive AD patients (19.3% vs. 13.5% in seronegative AD patients vs. 10.2% in controls) suggested that the active CMV infection triggers a cellular immune response. This was also supported by a high frequency of CMV-specific interferon-gamma-producing T cells in CMV-seropositive patients with AD.Our data suggest that active, subclinical CMV infection is more frequent in patients with moderate to severe AD and may have immunopathophysiological relevance.
Transsexualism—Problems in Treatment
Authors: HOWARD J. BAKER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

Problems in the treatment of transsexualism, a unique disorder of psychosexual orientation, stem in part from physicians' difficulty in differentiating between it and other psychosexual disorders with similar features and from the physicians' unsympathetic attitudes. The author cites studies indicating that traditional psychotherapies have been unsuccessful in altering gender identity once it is established and points out the general success of the sex-conversion operation.
Company pays over $81m for allegedly promoting topiramate for unapproved uses
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Two subsidiaries of drug giant Johnson & Johnson have agreed to pay fines of more than $81m (£56m; €65m) for allegedly illegal promotion of the epilepsy drug topiramate (Topamax) for psychiatric uses, the US Justice Department announced on 24 May.

Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical LLC, one of the subsidiaries, pleaded guilty to one count of misdemeanour for promoting topiramate for uses that were not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was ordered to pay a criminal fine of $6.14m.

The government says that the company promoted topiramate for unapproved uses …
The Chair of Insecurity
Authors: Franz J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Dear "Old Timer,"Having once started writing to you, I find myself incapable of stopping. You, in turn, must be surprised at the bacteria-like proliferation of words that has taken place since you planted your inoculating note in an all too susceptible medium. The fact is that our exchange of letters affords a welcome vent to an editor verbally confined by the very status of his publication. In this Journal, so often cited for its "prestige," the traditional unsigned editorial is necessarily weighty, its anonymity indicative of a deliberate Journal position or opinion, and certainly not — as some . . .
Effect of Terplex/VEGF-165 gene therapy on left ventricular function and structure following myocardial infarction VEGF gene therapy for myocardial infarction
Authors: David A. Bull, Stephen H. Bailey, Jeffrey J. Rentz, James S. Zebrack, Minhyung Lee, Sheldon E. Litwin, Sun Wan Kim
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2003)