tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Consumer-Driven Health Care
Authors: Regina E. Herzlinger, Ramin Parsa-Parsi
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Switzerland's consumer-driven health care system achieves universal insurance and high quality of care at significantly lower costs than the employer-based US system and without the constrained resources that can characterize government-controlled systems. Unlike other systems in which the choice and most of the funding for health insurance is provided by third parties, such as employers and governments, in the Swiss system, individuals are required to purchase their own health insurance. The positive results achieved by the Swiss system may be attributed to its consumer control, price transparency of the insurance plans, risk adjustment of insurers, and solidarity. However, the constraints the Swiss system places on hospitals and physicians and the paucity of provider quality information may unduly limit its impact. The Swiss health care system holds important lessons, including evidence about its feasibility and equity, for the United States, which is now embarking on its own consumer-driven health care system.
STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUSES AS OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Councilman Morgan, Solon A. Ellison, Harry M. Rose, Dan H. Moore
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1954)

Herpes simplex virus was visualized by the electron microscope in sections of infected chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Removal of the embedding methacrylate from relatively thick sections permitted large numbers of viral particles to be seen but caused extensive alteration of cellular components as well as variable distortion of viral structure. This distortion was characterized by disruption of particles and loss of central bodies, resulting in ring or empty shell forms. An inner structure of the virus was revealed in ultrathin sections from which the embedding plastic was not removed. The nuclei of infected cells contained small, dense, primary bodies (30 to 40 mmicro in diameter) as well as slightly larger and less dense particles (40 to 50 mmicro in diameter) surrounded by a single membrane (70 to 100 mmicro in diameter). In the cytoplasm most of the particles possessed a double outer membrane (120 to 130 mmicro in diameter). It is suggested that the initial site of viral development is restricted to the nucleus where primary bodies form and become enclosed by a single outer membrane. Upon release into the cytoplasm these particles appear to acquire a second outer membrane and presumably represent the mature virus.
Maternal obesity programs offspring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by innate immune dysfunction in mice
Authors: Angelina Mouralidarane, Junpei Soeda, Clara Visconti-Pugmire, Anne-Maj Samuelsson, Joaquim Pombo, Xanthi Maragkoudaki, Adil Butt, Ruma Saraswati, Marco Novelli, Guiseppe Fusai, Lucilla Poston, Paul D. Taylor, Jude A. Oben
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract The global prevalence of obesity-induced liver disease (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAFLD) is rising. Suggested causes include a role for in utero influences of maternal obesity compounded by the availability of energy-dense foods throughout postnatal life. Using a physiologically relevant model, we investigated the role of the innate immune system in liver injury induced by maternal obesity followed by a postnatal obesogenic diet. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard or obesogenic diet before and throughout pregnancy and during lactation. Female offspring were weaned onto a standard or obesogenic diet at 3 weeks postpartum. Biochemical and histological indicators of dysmetabolism, NAFLD and fibrosis, analysis of profibrotic pathways, liver innate immune cells, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated at 3, 6, and 12 months. Female offspring exposed to a postweaning obesogenic diet (OffCon-OD) demonstrated evidence of liver injury, which was exacerbated by previous exposure to maternal obesity (OffOb-OD), as demonstrated by raised alanine aminotransferase, hepatic triglycerides, and hepatic expression of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, alpha smooth muscle actin, and collagen ( P &lt; 0.01). Histological evidence of hepatosteatosis and a more-robust NAFLD phenotype with hepatic fibrosis was observed at 12 months in OffOb-OD. A role for the innate immune system was indicated by increased Kupffer cell numbers with impaired phagocytic function and raised ROS synthesis ( P &lt; 0.01), together with reduced natural killer T cells and raised interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18. Conclusion: Maternal obesity in the context of a postnatal hypercalorific obesogenic diet aggressively programs offspring NAFLD associated with innate immune dysfunction, resulting in a comprehensive phenotype that accurately reflects the human disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
IMPROVED METHOD FOR REFILLING IN ARTIFICIAL PNEUMOTHORAX
Authors: H. F. Gammons
Journal: JAMA (1918)

For some little time I have been refilling my patients treated by artificial pneumothorax by a more satisfactory method than I had heretofore used. I have been using a 20 gage, 1¼ inch steel needle for injecting the cocain, and have then attached to the needle, after the syringe has been removed, a tuberculin syringe which has been previously attached to the rubber tubing from the bottle containing the air to be used, the air having been passed through a solution of mercuric chlorid for sterilization. While the caliber of this needle is much smaller than that of the Shortle refill needle, the oscillations of the manometer have been very satisfactory. This method renders the operation relatively simple and harmless, in that a knife is not used, and the pleura is punctured only once, when the cocain is injected. The air does not enter the pleural cavity so rapidly, there
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEUCORRHOEA
Authors: A. Sharman
Journal: BMJ (1935)

in the light of subsequent experience, a distended coil of ileum could clearly be seen, but it was not recognized at the time owing to a lack of appreciation of the character- istics of the distended ileum.In this case also no examination in the vertical position was made.Most of the control cases showed nothing resembling the obstructed cases.Reflex or paralytic distension of the colon, however, gave a similar gaseous distension pattern to that of organic obstruction.It is stated that the same applies to paralytic distension of the small gut, but in the present investigation there was no opportunity of confirming this.A case of chronic obstruction of the colon gave a similar picture to that of the acute obstructions, so that the test by itself does not indicate that the obstruction is complete.Discussion and Conclusions It seems clear that plain x-ray examinations of the abdomen provide a test for intestinal obstruction which, provided that the facilities are available, can be per- formed quickly and without undue disturbance of the patient, and which may give diagnostic information of the greatest value.In certain cases the information it gives may be decisive.On the other hand, it must be recognized that the test is occasionally associated with difficulties in interpretation.These diminish with experience and as the quality of the x-ray picture improves, but they may still be present even with a perfect picture and after a fair experience of the test.They are most marked in obstructions of the ileum.In addition, the test is no indication of the acuteness of the obstruction, nor does it distinguish between mechanical and paralytic obstructions.The position at present would appear to be that in many cases a plain x-ray picture of the abdomen gives positive
Amplification of band q22 of chromosome 21, including AML1, in older children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an emerging molecular cytogenetic subgroup
Authors: J Soulier, L Trakhtenbrot, V Najfeld, J M Lipton, S Mathew, H Avet-Loiseau, M De Braekeleer, S Salem, A Baruchel, S C Raimondi, S D Raynaud
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
Abstract 3400: Stem-like tumor cells confer drug resistant properties to mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: HyunJoo Jung, McCarty Nami
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Hematological malignancies harbor sub-populations of cancer-initiating cells (C-ICs) that play important roles in contributing to tumor initiation, progression and drug-resistance. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy regimens as well as new antibody-based therapeutic interventions. We recently observed clonogenic cancer-initiating cells in human MCL (MCL-ICs) and showed that MCL initiating activities were enriched in the cells that lack the prototypic B cell marker CD19. We discovered that MCL-ICs are highly tumorigenic and display self-renewal capacities in vivo; in contrast, CD45+CD19+ MCL cells, which constitute the vast majority of cells within the tumors, show no self-renewal capacities and greatly reduced tumorigenicity. Given the newly appreciated roles of cancer-initiating cells in the drug resistance of cancers, it is critical to investigate whether MCL-ICs play roles in drug resistance of human MCL. We have discovered MCL-ICs were more resistant to several clinically-relevant chemotherapeutic agents in combination or in a single regimen compared to CD45+CD19+ cells. The drug resistance of MCL-ICs was largely due to quiescent properties with enriched ABC transporters. In conclusion, designing novel therapies to kill MCL-ICs may prevent relapse and increase patient survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3400. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3400
Sally Clark pathologist removed from Home Office list
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Alan Williams, the forensic pathologist who failed to disclose the results of microbiology tests about Sally Clark's second son at her murder trial, was last week struck off the list of home office accredited pathologists.

A pathology disciplinary tribunal for the Home Office ruled that Dr Williams “fell short of the standards required of a Home Office accredited forensic pathologist in failing to refer in his postmortem report to the microbiological tests which he had commissioned.”

Mrs Clark's …
Stromal Responses among Common Carcinomas Correlated with Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Julia L-Y. Chen, Iñigo Espinosa, Albert Y. Lin, Olivia Y-W. Liao, Matt van de Rijn, Robert B. West
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

We have previously characterized a tumor stroma expression signature in a subset of breast tumors that correlates with better clinical outcome. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this stromal signature, termed the "DTF fibroblast" (desmoid-type fibromatosis) signature, is specific to breast cancer or is a common stromal response found in different types of cancer.The DTF fibroblast signature was applied to gene expression profiles from five ovarian, five lung, two colon, and three prostate cancer expression microarray datasets. In addition, two different tissue microarrays of 204 ovarian tumors and 140 colon tumors were examined for the expression of previously characterized protein markers of DTF fibroblast signature. The DTF fibroblast stromal response was then correlated with clinicopathologic features.The DTF fibroblast signature is robustly present in ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Both expression microarray data and immunohistochemistry show that the subset of ovarian tumors with strong DTF fibroblast signature expression has statistically significant, worse survival outcomes. No reproducible survival differences were found in either the lung or the colon cancers. The prostate cancers failed to show a DTF fibroblast signature. Multivariant analysis showed that DTF fibroblast signature was significantly more prognostic than the proliferation status in ovarian carcinomas.Our results suggest that the DTF fibroblast signature is a common tumor stroma signature in different types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Our findings provide further insight into the DTF fibroblast stromal responses across different types of carcinomas and their potential as prognostic and therapeutic targets.
First-pass gastric mucosal metabolism of ethanol is negligible in the rat.
Authors: T Smith, E G DeMaster, J K Furne, J Springfield, M D Levitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Ethanol metabolism by gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is thought to be an important determinant of peripheral ethanol time-concentration curves (AUCs) in rats and humans. We quantitated this metabolism in rats by measuring the gastric absorption of oral ethanol (0.25 g/kg) and the gastric venous-arterial (V-A) difference of ethanol versus ethanol metabolites (acetate, acetaldehyde, and bicarbonate). Over 1 h, approximately 20% of the ethanol was absorbed from the stomach and 70% was emptied into the duodenum. The gastric V-A difference of ethanol metabolites was less than 4% of that of ethanol. Thus, gastric metabolism accounted for less than 1% (less than 4% of 20% absorbed) of the dose. This negligible metabolism was predictable from the low affinity of gastric ADH for ethanol. In contrast, gastric ADH has a high affinity for octanol, and 66% of this compound was metabolized during gastric absorption. Evidence supporting gastric metabolism of ethanol largely derives from the lower AUCs observed after oral than after intravenous administration; however, we observed increasingly higher AUCs with increasingly rapid portal vein infusions of identical ethanol doses. We conclude that gastric metabolism of ethanol is negligible in the rat, and differences in AUCs ascribed to gastric metabolism may reflect differences in ethanol absorption.
Sirtuin 3–dependent mitochondrial dynamic improvements protect against acute kidney injury
Authors: Marina Morigi, Luca Perico, Cinzia Rota, Lorena Longaretti, Sara Conti, Daniela Rottoli, Rubina Novelli, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Ariela Benigni
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a public health concern with an annual mortality rate that exceeds those of breast and prostate cancer, heart failure, and diabetes combined. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage are drivers of AKI-associated pathology; however, the pathways that mediate these events are poorly defined. Here, using a murine cisplatin-induced AKI model, we determined that both oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage are associated with reduced levels of renal sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Treatment with the AMPK agonist AICAR or the antioxidant agent acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) restored SIRT3 expression and activity, improved renal function, and decreased tubular injury in WT animals, but had no effect in Sirt3-/- mice. Moreover, Sirt3-deficient mice given cisplatin experienced more severe AKI than WT animals and died, and neither AICAR nor ALCAR treatment prevented death in Sirt3-/- AKI mice. In cultured human tubular cells, cisplatin reduced SIRT3, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, while restoration of SIRT3 with AICAR and ALCAR improved cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, our results indicate that SIRT3 is protective against AKI and suggest that enhancing SIRT3 to improve mitochondrial dynamics has potential as a strategy for improving outcomes of renal injury.
The MARS feasibility trial: conclusions not supported by data – Authors' reply
Authors: Judith M Bliss, Gill Coombes, Liz Darlison, John Edwards, James Entwisle, Lucy S Kilburn, David Landau, Loic Lang-Lazdunski, Mary O'Brien, Ken O'Byrne, Julian Peto, Suresh Senan, Michael Snee, James Spicer, Carol Tan, Gill Thomas, Tom Treasure, David Waller
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
HLA-B27 associated cross-reactive marker on the cells of New Zealand patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: L E McGuigan, A F Geczy, J K Prendergast, J P Edmonds, H H Hart, H V Bashir
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

We have previously shown that antibodies raised in rabbits to certain enteric bacteria will specifically lyse, in a 51Cr release assay, the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 80% of HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (B27+ AS+) but not the PBL of HLA-B27 positive normal controls (B27+ AS-). Other laboratories have been unable to reproduce these findings. This study was designed to ascertain whether this lack of reproducibility was due to a peculiarity of our B27+ AS+ patients or to technical difficulties in the complement mediated 51Cr release assay. We have shown in this blind study that the PBL of 16 out of 18 B27+ AS+ patients from a New Zealand population were lysed by our antisera but none of the PBL of 20 B27+ AS- normal controls were lysed. The phenomenon of 9cross reactivity9 between certain enteric bacteria and B27+ AS+ PBL is not confined to the Sydney AS population.
Detection of T-cell receptor delta gene rearrangement in T-cell malignancies by clonal specific polymerase chain reaction and its application to detect minimal residual disease
Authors: David W. Chan, Raymond Liang, Y. L. Kwong, Vivian Chan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

A clonal-specific polymerase chain reaction technique to detect T-cell receptor delta gene rearrangement in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was evaluated. It was applied to detect minimal residual disease. A sensitive and specific technique to detect minimal residual disease for T-cell malignancies was explored. Southern analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect the rearranged V-D-J segment of T-cell receptor delta (TCR delta) gene from malignant cell specimens of patients with leukemia and lymphoma of T-cell lineage. The PCR product was sequenced and from the DNA sequences of the V-D-J region, a 3' anti-sense primer was designed and synthesized for clonal specific PCR (CS-PCR). T-cell receptor delta (TCR-delta) gene rearrangement was studied in 40 cases of acute leukaemia and lymphoma of T-cell lineage at diagnosis. Using Southern analysis, the positive rates were 28 and 32% for the 18 T-lymphoma and 22 T-ALL, respectively. A one stage Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect the rearrangement in Southern positive cases and the PCR positive rates were 80 and 86%, respectively. The PCR technique had a sensitivity of 0.1%. Serial follow-up marrow specimens were available from 4 T-ALL patients following chemotherapy for monitoring of minimal residual disease. Their PCR products were DNA sequenced. A 3' primer was designed for each case for a clonal specific (CS) PCR. The technique had a sensitivity of 0.003%. It was applied to detect minimal residual disease in serial follow-up marrow samples. The first patient had persistent negative CS-PCR results and enjoyed continuous remission for more than 3 years. The second patient with negative one stage PCR but positive CS-PCR results had eventual relapse of leukaemia. The other two patients never achieved a morphological remission. These preliminary results appeared to support the usefulness of these PCR techniques in detecting minimal residual disease and predicting relapses for ALL. However, further clinical correlation in larger populations of patients is necessary.
Evidence for sodium-dependent active urea secretion in the deepest subsegment of the rat inner medullary collecting duct.
Authors: A Kato, J M Sands
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Active reabsorption of urea appears in the initial IMCD (IMCD1) of rats fed a low-protein diet. To determine whether active urea transport also occurs in the deepest IMCD subsegment, the IMCD3, we isolated IMCDs from the base (IMCD1), middle (IMCD2), and tip (IMCD3) regions of the inner medulla from rats fed a normal protein diet and water ad libitum. IMCDs were perfused with identical perfusate and bath solutions. A significant rate of net urea secretion was present only in IMCD3s. Replacing perfusate Na+ with NMDG+ reversibly inhibited net urea secretion but replacing bath Na+ with NMDG+ or perfusate Cl- with gluconate- had no effect. Net urea secretion was significantly inhibited by: (a) 250 microM phloretin (perfusate); (b) 100 nM triamterene (perfusate); (c) 1 mM ouabain (bath); and (d) cooling the tubule to 23 degrees C. Net urea secretion was significantly stimulated by 10 nM vasopressin (bath). Next, we perfused IMCD3s from water diuretic rats (given food ad libitum) and found a significant, fivefold increase in net urea secretion. In summary, we identified a secondary active, secretory urea transport process in IMCD3s of normal rats which is upregulated in water diuretic rats. This new urea transporter may be a sodium- urea antiporter.
Clinicopathological features of long-term survivors for advanced biliary tract cancer and impact of the number of lymph nodes involved
Authors: Shogo Kobayashi, Hiroaki Nagano, Shigeru Marubashi, Koichi Kawamoto, Hiroshi Wada, Hidetoshi Eguchi, Masahiro Tanemura, Koji Umeshita, Yuichiro Doki, Masaki Mori
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2013)
The new ethics of research into terrorism
Authors: E. Jones, K. Bhui
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The recent terrorist attacks in Mumbai have increased pressure on authorities not only to discover ways to prevent such attacks but also to undermine the appeal of radical groups set on violence. However, in May 2008 a postgraduate student studying Islamic terrorism at Nottingham University was arrested for possessing a copy of the “al-Qaeda handbook.”1 Although the student was released without charge after six days, Colin Campbell, the university’s vice chancellor, warned researchers that if they accessed terrorist material they “run the risk of being investigated and prosecuted on terrorism charges.” This incident marks a change of attitude towards those who undertake research into the psychology behind criminal acts of violence and terrorism. Academics should be mindful of infringing antiterrorism laws and may need to protect themselves when applying for ethical permission by setting out a process to balance research activity, confidentiality, and public safety.

The introduction of wide ranging legislation designed to identify and detain terrorist suspects raises new ethical questions. In the past no medical school academic studying murder or paedophilia would have …
Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous oestradiol.
Authors: B de Lignieres, M Vincens, P Mauvais-Jarvis, J L Mas, P J Touboul, M G Bousser
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous oestradiolRoughly 60% of women with migraine relate the periodicity of their headaches to their menstrual cycles, and about a quarter of these women have their headaches exclusively at the time of menstruation.1 2 The physiological withdrawal of oestrogen during the premenstrual phase of the cycle has been suggested to be the precipitating event leading to these menstrual attacks.3We investigated the effect of treatment with percu- taneous oestradiol on menstrual migraine attacks.
Over-the-Counter Cold Remedies
Authors: Denise Luks, Matt Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —We wish to call attention to several deficiencies in the recent Review of over-the-counter cold medications by Drs Smith and Feldman. 1 The literature on cold medicines is rife with methodological problems, including the use of multiple evaluations with P values at levels appropriate for a single comparison, inattention to the question of clinical relevance, and massaging data to find significance. These problems are illustrated in the three articles cited by Smith and Feldman as supporting the value of chlorpheniramine in the treatment of the common cold.  In the 1979 study published in JAMA by Howard et al, 2 the total symptom score of placebo and treatment groups were compared at 24 different times, yet statistical significance was defined at the P equal to .10 level. Although the total number of comparisons is unclear to us, at least 65 comparisons of different outcome measures were made in this