tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BOUNDARIES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH FIELD
Authors: MATTHIAS NICOLL
Journal: JAMA (1926)

At no time in the world's history has there been, as now, such widespread recognition of the paramount importance of the public health to the welfare and happiness of the people. Nations, states, communities, official and nonofficial agencies, and hosts of individuals are demanding and obtaining the adoption of measures and means for the protection and betterment of physical and mental health to an extent that could not have been considered possible a quarter of a century ago. The growth of public health activities constitutes one of the striking phenomena and characteristics of the present generation. Public health has become the password which opens national doors to those who would promote also the cause of religion, education and international trade. It is the one subject which internationals, however uncongenial and mutually suspicious, can and do discuss without acrimony, political chicanery and hostility engendered in real or fancied wrongs. It is
Occult ischemic necrosis of skeletal muscle.
Authors: W R Taylor, D I Prosser
Journal: BMJ (1990)

low plasma concentrations of free cyanide dicobalt edetate itself can be toxic.'A second approach is to use sodium nitrite, which converts haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, though in a patient whose oxygen delivery is already compromised by a high carboxyhaemoglobin concentration a further decrease in the haemoglobin available for oxygen transport can be dangerous.We therefore recommend use of the safer intravenous antidote sodium thiosulphate,3 whose distribution is enhanced by the vasodilator amyl nitrite.4
776 ESTABLISHMENT OF A POTENT ANTI-HBsAg RESPONSE AND DURABLE IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTROL OF VIREMIA WITH SHORT TERM IMMUNOTHERAPY AFTER REP 9AC-INDUCED HBsAg SEROCLEARANCE IN CHRONIC HBV INFECTION
Authors: M. Al-Mahtab, M. Bazinet, A. Vaillant
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Molecular mechanisms of synaptic consolidation during sleep: BDNF function and dendritic protein synthesis
Authors: Clive R. Bramham
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Insights into the role of sleep in the molecular mechanisms of memory consolidation may come from studies of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). This commentary posits a specific contribution of sleep to LTP stabilization, in which mRNA transported to dendrites during wakefulness is translated during sleep. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor may drive the translation of newly transported and resident mRNA.
Effect of Volume Recruitment on Response to Surfactant Treatment in Rabbits with Lung Injury
Authors: MARTIN KRAUSE, TORSTEN OLSSON, AMY B. LAW, ROBERT A. PARKER, DANIEL P. LINDSTROM, HÅKAN W. SUNDELL, ROBERT B. COTTON
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We determined if surfactant treatment effect can be enhanced by mechanical volume recruitment during surfactant administration by measuring functional residual capacity, tidal volume, the alveolar portion of tidal volume, dynamic compliance of the respiratory system, a/A ratio, and PaCO2 by measuring before and after surfactant administration to rabbits with lung injury induced by airway lavage. There was improvement in all lung function indices when surfactant was given with volume recruitment, but when surfactant was given without volume recruitment, the only index to show significant improvement was a/A ratio of oxygenation. These results support the hypothesis that mechanical recruitment of terminal airspaces from a previously unventilated compartment will enhance the effectiveness of surfactant replacement by facilitating the distribution of instilled surfactant to this compartment.
Transferring the Terminally Ill
Authors: Stuart E. Lind
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

A growing awareness of the high cost of medical care has prompted doctors, hospitals, and third-party payers to reexamine many medical practices. Rules have been generated, particularly by insurance carriers, that seek to make medical practice more efficient, thereby reducing health-care costs.Medicare is the largest single insurer covering hospital costs for patients over 65. Thus, its rules and regulations have a greater impact on physicians and patients than those of any other single carrier. In an effect to reduce costs, Medicare has defined "levels of care," which seek to define the needs and capabilities of patients and hospitals.Payment . . .
A novel biliary stent loaded with 125I seeds in patients with malignant biliary obstruction: Preliminary results versus a conventional biliary stent
Authors: Hai-Dong Zhu, Jin-He Guo, Guang-Yu Zhu, Shi-Cheng He, Wen Fang, Gang Deng, Yong-Lin Qin, Guo-Zhao Li, Douglas M Coldwell, Gao-Jun Teng
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura
Authors: Tobias Freilinger, Verneri Anttila, Boukje de Vries, Rainer Malik, Mikko Kallela, Gisela M Terwindt, Patricia Pozo-Rosich, Bendik Winsvold, Dale R Nyholt, Willebrordus P J van Oosterhout, Ville Artto, Unda Todt, Eija Hämäläinen, Jèssica Fernández-Morales, Mark A Louter, Mari A Kaunisto, Jean Schoenen, Olli Raitakari, Terho Lehtimäki, Marta Vila-Pueyo, Hartmut Göbel, Erich Wichmann, Cèlia Sintas, Andre G Uitterlinden, Albert Hofman, Fernando Rivadeneira, Axel Heinze, Erling Tronvik, Cornelia M van Duijn, Jaakko Kaprio, Bru Cormand, Maija Wessman, Rune R Frants, Thomas Meitinger, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, John-Anker Zwart, Markus Färkkilä, Alfons Macaya, Michel D Ferrari, Christian Kubisch, Aarno Palotie, Martin Dichgans, Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
A SAFE METHOD OF ANESTHETIZING CHILDREN WITH ETHYL CHLORID
Authors: Joseph E. Lumbard
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Ethyl chlorid is a serviceable anesthetic, though it has limitations. Its proper field is in the induction stage, as a preliminary to ether anesthesia for children. For adults, I have found that nitrous oxid is better; but it may also be used as an adjunct to ether for adults. Its greatest field is with children under 10 years of age. Most of the textbooks on general anesthesia rely on the loss of consciousness as the indication to stop its administration. This is too indefinite and dangerous. <h3>PROCEDURE</h3> To administer ethyl chlorid, a Yankauer mask is covered with eight or ten layers of gauze for children under 8 years of age, and from ten to fifteen layers for older children. The mask is placed over the mouth and nose, and the child is asked to count slowly. The ethyl chlorid is slowly dropped, never sprayed, over different parts of the mask,
Abstract LB-13: Hyaluronic acid-based CD44 targeted nanoparticle delivery of combination MDR1 siRNA/paclitaxel to overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer
Authors: Xiaoqian Yang, Arun lyer, Francis hornicek, Mansoor Amiji, Zhenfeng Duan
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract A major obstacle in the success of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer is the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Overexpression of the MDR1 gene and corresponding P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pumps is one of the best characterized MDR mechanisms. Although MDR1 siRNA based strategies are emerging as highly promising approaches to reverse MDR, the systemic delivery still remains a great challenge. In the present study, CD44 targeting hyaluronic acid (HA) based self-assembling nanoparticle systems were designed with MDR1 siRNA to evaluate its delivery efficiency and combination anticancer therapeutic efficacy with paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that HA-poly(ethyleneimine)/HA-poly(ethylene glycol) (HA-PEI/HA-PEG) nanoparticle successfully delivered MDR1 siRNA into MDR ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV-3TR and OVCAR8TR. Western blot analysis, calcein AM retention assay, and MTT assay further demonstrated that HA-PEI/HA-PEG nanoparticles loaded with MDR1 siRNA efficiently down-regulated the expression of MDR1 and inhibited the functional activity of Pgp, and subsequently increase cell sensitivity to paclitaxel. HA-PEI/HA-PEG/MDR1 siRNA nanoparticle therapy followed by paclitaxel treatment produced a significant inhibitory effect on the drug-resistant tumor growth as compared with control groups in MDR ovarian cancer xenograft mouse models. These results indicated CD44-targeted HA-PEI/HA-PEG nanoparticle platform is an effective siRNA delivery system for potential siRNA-based anticancer therapeutics in ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Xiaoqian Yang, Arun lyer, Francis hornicek, Mansoor Amiji, Zhenfeng Duan. Hyaluronic acid-based CD44 targeted nanoparticle delivery of combination MDR1 siRNA/paclitaxel to overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-13. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-13
Insights into the Mechanism of Organ-Specific Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Mark A. Rubin
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2014)

Abstract Summary: Lucas and colleagues nominate transmembrane serine protease type II (TMPRSS2) as an important player in the initiation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer. Cancer cells maintain androgen receptor–regulated cytoplasmic TMPRSS2 expression, which facilitates EMT invasion and metastasis in model systems through hepatocyte growth factor and c-MET signaling. In addition to providing a rationale for potentially targeting this organ-specific enabler of metastatic disease progression, this study also highlights the importance of understanding how organ/tissue–specific genes are co-opted in the context of cancer. Cancer Discov; 4(11); 1262–4. ©2014 AACR. See related article by Lucas et al., p. 1310
Activation of mononuclear phagocytes and its relationship to asplenia and phosphatidylserine exposing red blood cells in hemoglobin E/β‐thalassemia patients
Authors: Wansa Banyatsuppasin, Punnee Butthep, Vichai Atichartakarn, Ammarin Thakkinstian, Napaporn Archararit, Kovit Pattanapanyasat, Suporn Chuncharunee
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Aged or abnormal red blood cells with exposed phosphatidylserine (PSRBCs) are cleared from the circulation by splenic macrophages. In asplenic patients, other mononuclear phagocytic cells in tissues and in circulation may function in this capacity. To better understand these changes and the relationship among splenic status, PS-RBCs, blood monocytes, and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), a product of mononuclear phagocyte activation, patients with hemoglobin E/β-thalassemia (E/β-Thal) were studied. Whole blood of 20 nonsplenectomized, 20 splenectomized E/β-Thal patients, and 20 healthy subjects was assayed for PS-RBCs; for monocytes, activated monocytes, and monocyte response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation; and serum was assayed for TNF-α. Asplenic E/β-Thal patients had significantly increased (P < 0.05) amounts of PS-RBCs, monocytes, activated monocytes, and levels of serum TNF-α. The amount of PS-RBCs correlated with levels of serum TNF-α, but the amount of activated monocytes did not correlate with either the amount of PS-RBCs or levels of serum TNF-α. Monocyte response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in asplenic patients was not as efficient as in the other patients or in normals (77 vs. 404, and 304 folds increment, respectively). The results suggest that splenectomy in E/β-Thal patients led to an increased amount of PSRBCs and activation in the mononuclear phagocytic system.
Survivors, Victims, and Perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust
Authors: Norman R. Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (1982)

This book delineates the social setting and the process of organizing the extermination of millions according to National Socialist philosophy. As Hamburg notes in his foreword, the "level of sophistication in modern organization and technology" that the Germans brought to this work was unique—railway schedules, euphemisms for murder, classifications of Gypsies, Jews, Poles, and political prisoners, the architectural design and chemistry of mass murder. Also detailed are the use of inmates as cards for political negotiation and the resistance of some Italian Fascists and German clergymen. There is a section on the victims, telling how survivors coped in the camps and afterwards, and about the psychotherapy of survivors and what happens to their children. A general model of stress and coping under extreme conditions is developed by Benner, Roskies, and Lazarus. A final section deals with the perpetrators. There are diaries and autobiographical material from guards and prominent Nazis, as
Parkin acts as a transcription factor modulating presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 promoter transactivations
Authors: Eric Duplan, Jean Sévalle, Julien Viotti, Thomas Goiran, Charlotte Bauer, Paul Renbaum, Ephrat Levy-Lahad, Clément A Gautier, Olga Corti, Nathalie Leroudier, Frédéric Checler, Cristine da Costa
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2013)

Background Parkin is associated to autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease. Parkin acts as an E3-ubiquitin ligase involved in the proteasome-mediated degradation of various substrates. It has been suggested that pathogenic mutations of parkin, abolishing its ubiquitin-ligase activity, could explain the accumulation of proteins and lead to neuronal death by apoptosis. However, besides this function, additional parkin-dependent cellular pathways exist. We demonstrated that parkin is a direct transcriptional repressor of the tumor suppressor p53 [1]. p53 regulates the expression and functions of presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2), two members of the gamma secretase complex involved in the production of the amyloid b peptide (Ab) and parkin could control the homeostasis of intracellular Ab. These findings prompted us to investigate whether parkin could control presenilins and if so, whether it is via a direct transcriptional control of PS promoters or indirectly, via p53.
The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Robert L. Goldenberg
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate whether zinc supplementation during pregnancy is associated with an increase in birth weight. <h3>Design.</h3> —A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Outpatient clinic and delivery service at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Five hundred eighty medically indigent but otherwise healthy African-American pregnant women with plasma zinc levels below the median at enrollment in prenatal care, randomized at 19 weeks' gestational age. Women were subdivided by the population median body mass index of 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>into two groups for additional analyses. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Women who were taking a non—zinc-containing prenatal multivitamin/mineral tablet were randomized to receive either a daily dose of 25 mg of zinc or a placebo until delivery. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Birth weight, gestational age at birth, and head circumference at birth. <h3>Results.</h3> —In all women, infants in the zinc supplement group had a significantly greater birth weight (126 g,<i>P</i>=.03) and head circumference (0.4 cm,<i>P</i>=.02) than infants in the placebo group. In women with a body mass index less than 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, zinc supplementation was associated with a 248-g higher infant birth weight (<i>P</i>=.005) and a 0.7-cm larger infant head circumference (<i>P</i>=.007). Plasma zinc concentrations were significantly higher in the zinc supplement group. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Daily zinc supplementation in women with relatively low plasma zinc concentrations in early pregnancy is associated with greater infant birth weights and head circumferences, with the effect occurring predominantly in women with a body mass index less than 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:463-468)
Personality Changes in the First Year of Psychiatric Residency Training
Authors: ROBERT O. PASNAU, STEPHEN J. BAYLEY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The literature describes significant personality change in first-year psychiatric residents. Although the authors found no perceptible changes in basic personality patterns in a group of first-year residents at a major university, two positive findings did emerge: an intra-group similarity in MMPI profiles and a marked increase in depression. Data from several sources indicated that the "psychiatric personality" could be distinguished early in the resident's career, differing in interests and attitudes, motives, and background from that of nonpsychiatric physicians.
Influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype on angiotensin II-stimulated human endothelial cells and in patients with hypertension
Authors: C RONCAL, J ORBE, J RODRIGUEZ, M BELZUNCE, O BELOQUI, J DIEZ, J PARAMO
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

We examined the influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) genotype on Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced PAI-1 expression by human endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of AT1-receptor blocker losartan, and screened for this polymorphism in relation to plasma PAI-1 and arterial pressure in apparently healthy subjects.Genotyped cultured HUVEC were incubated with Ang II (10(-8) M) with or without losartan up to 24 h. PAI-1 mRNA was determined in cell extracts and protein and activity assessed in supernatants and extracellular matrix (ECM). Ang II increased PAI-1 mRNA and activity in a genotype-dependent manner, higher values observed for 4G/4G HUVEC compared with 4G/5G and 5G/5G genotypes (p<0.05). Laser confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis showed increased PAI-1 protein within ECM in Ang II-stimulated cultures. PAI-1 expression and protein secretion induced by Ang II in 4G/4G HUVEC was completely inhibited by preincubation with 0.05 microM losartan (p<0.01), indicating an AT1-mediated effect. In a group of hypertensives homozygous for the 4G allele, PAI-1 antigen was significantly increased (51.0+/-10.1 ng/ml) compared with normotensives (28.3+/-4.0 ng/ml) and hypertensives carrying the 5G allele (p<0.05).The 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism determines the endothelial PAI-1 upregulation by Ang II and the inhibitory response to losartan. Analysis of PAI-1 genotypes may help identifying subgroups of hypertensives at higher cardiovascular risk.
Centchroman, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, as a contraceptive and for the management of hormone‐related clinical disorders
Authors: M.M. Singh
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2001)

DL-Centchroman (67/20; INN: Ormeloxifene)1,2 synthesized at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, is a nonsteroidal once-a-week oral contraceptive. It was introduced in Delhi in July, 1991,3-5 marketed in India in 1992 as Saheli and Choice-7 (Hindustan Latex Ltd., Thiruvananthapuram) and Centron (Torrent Pharmaceuticals India Ltd., Ahmedabad),4,6 and included in the National Family Welfare Programme in 1995.5 According to post-marketing surveillance,5 ∼100,000 women were using this pill and ∼1100,000 menstrual cycles were covered until 1996. It is a unique need-oriented contraceptive being effective when taken immediately after coitus or routinely as a weekly pill2,5-19 and has the advantage of less frequent administration. Its contraceptive action is quickly reversible. It has long terminal serum halflife of 168 hr in women and exhibits duration of anti-implantation/estrogen antagonistic action of 120 hr, despite a short (24.1 hr) serum halflife, in the rat. In lactating women, it is excreted in milk in quantities considered unlikely to cause any deleterious effect on suckling babies.20, 21 In phase II and III multicentric trials as a contraceptive, children born of method-and-user failure pregnancies showed normal milestones, without any congenital anomaly. Reports of its promising action in the management of certain hormone-related clinical disorders are available. It has an excellent therapeutic index and is considered safe for chronic administration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 21, No. 4, 302–347, 2001
The Chloroplast Genomes of the Green Algae Pyramimonas, Monomastix, and Pycnococcus Shed New light on the Evolutionary History of Prasinophytes and the Origin of the Secondary Chloroplasts of Euglenids
Authors: Monique Turmel, Marie-Christine Gagnon, Charley J. O'Kelly, Christian Otis, Claude Lemieux
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Because they represent the earliest divergences of the Chlorophyta and include the smallest known eukaryotes (e.g., the coccoid Ostreococcus), the morphologically diverse unicellular green algae making up the Prasinophyceae are central to our understanding of the evolutionary patterns that accompanied the radiation of chlorophytes and the reduction of cell size in some lineages. Seven prasinophyte lineages, four of which exhibit a coccoid cell organization (no flagella nor scales), were uncovered from analysis of nuclear-encoded 18S rDNA data; however, their order of divergence remains unknown. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequences of the scaly quadriflagellate Pyramimonas parkeae (clade I), the coccoid Pycnococcus provasolii (clade V), and the scaly uniflagellate Monomastix (unknown affiliation) were determined, annotated, and compared with those previously reported for green algae/land plants, including two prasinophytes (Nephroselmis olivacea, clade III and Ostreococcus tauri, clade II). The chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans and the euglenid Euglena gracilis, whose chloroplasts originate presumably from distinct green algal endosymbionts, were also included in our comparisons. The three newly sequenced prasinophyte genomes differ considerably from one another and from their homologs in overall structure, gene content, and gene order, with the 80,211-bp Pycnococcus and 114,528-bp Monomastix genomes (98 and 94 conserved genes, respectively) resembling the 71,666-bp Ostreococcus genome (88 genes) in featuring a significantly reduced gene content. The 101,605-bp Pyramimonas genome (110 genes) features two conserved genes (rpl22 and ycf65) and ancestral gene linkages previously unrecognized in chlorophytes as well as a DNA primase gene putatively acquired from a virus. The Pyramimonas and Euglena cpDNAs revealed uniquely shared derived gene clusters. Besides providing unequivocal evidence that the green algal ancestor of the euglenid chloroplasts belonged to the Pyramimonadales, phylogenetic analyses of concatenated chloroplast genes and proteins elucidated the position of Monomastix and showed that the Mamiellales, a clade comprising Ostreococcus and Monomastix, are sister to the Pyramimonadales + Euglena clade. Our results also revealed that major reduction in gene content and restructuring of the chloroplast genome occurred in conjunction with important changes in cell organization in at least two independent prasinophyte lineages, the Mamiellales and the Pycnococcaceae.
INTERPRETATION OF ABDOMINAL PAIN
Authors: HENRY F. KRAMER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In the experience of all physicians, patients have come complaining of abdominal pain without visible pegs on which to hang a diagnosis. An attempt to characterize the pain by questions concerning the kind of pain, time of occurrence, relation to meals, radiation and what relieves the pain is met with vague and unsatisfactory answers. With these questions answered, the attention can often be directed to one particular organ. In a gastro-enterologic clinic, indefinite abdominal pain accompanies almost every case, and a few such cases have been chosen to illustrate how troublesome these symptoms can be, not only to the patient but also to the diagnostician.  Pain in the abdominal cavity does not always indicate the source of trouble by its location. The causes of such pain are many; and the relation between the pain and the diseased organ responsible is not always readily apparent. One is tempted to inquire as