tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Disease in the Immunosuppressed Patient
Authors: James H. Shelhamer, Galen B. Toews, Henry Masur, Anthony F. Suffredini, Philip A. Pizzo, Thomas J. Walsh, David K. Henderson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Pulmonary complications, both infectious and non-infectious, are an important cause of morbidity in patients with various types of immunosuppression. The appropriate response to these clinical problems requires an understanding of pulmonary host defense and of the various types of systemic immunosuppression. Infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications may vary according to the type of immunosuppression as well as to the degree and duration of immunosuppression. Appropriate clinical management also requires an understanding of the clinical problems commonly seen in specific groups of immunosuppressed patients and an understanding of the sensitivity, specificity, and potential complications associated with the available diagnostic approaches to those patients. Because respiratory disease in these patient groups may progress rapidly to respiratory failure, an expeditious evaluation based on the knowledge of likely causes of respiratory disease and prompt specific or empiric therapy are indicated. Specific sets of algorithms for the evaluation of both focal and diffuse pulmonary disease may facilitate such an evaluation. In addition, an aggressive approach to the prevention of pulmonary disease including immunization, prophylaxis, and immunomodulation (for example, colony stimulating factors) may be warranted in specific subgroups at risk.
Analysis of Breast Cancer Mortality and Stage Distribution by Age for the Health Insurance Plan Clinical Trial
Authors: K. C. Chu, C. R. Smart, R. E. Tarone
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Journal Article Analysis of Breast Cancer Mortality and Stage Distribution by Age for the Health Insurance Plan Clinical Trial Get access Kenneth C. Chu, Kenneth C. Chu * 2Early Detection Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD. *Correspondence to: Dr. Kenneth C. Chu, Blair Building, Room 7A01, National Institutesof Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Charles R. Smart, Charles R. Smart 2Early Detection Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert E. Tarone Robert E. Tarone 5Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics Section, Biostatisticsn Branch, Division of cancer Etiology, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, MD. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 80, Issue 14, 21 September 1988, Pages 1125–1132, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/80.14.1125 Published: 21 September 1988 Article history Received: 26 January 1988 Revision received: 06 May 1988 Accepted: 19 May 1988 Published: 21 September 1988
Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death. Autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular occlusion.
Authors: E Falk
Journal: Circulation (1985)

Extensive microscopic examination of epicardial arteries and myocardium was performed in 25 cases of sudden death due to acute coronary thrombosis. Eighty-one percent of the thrombi had a layered structure with thrombus material of differing age, indicating that they were formed successively by repeated mural deposits that caused progressive luminal narrowing over an extended period of time. This episodic growth of the thrombus was accompanied by intermittent fragmentation of thrombus in 73% of the cases, with peripheral embolization causing microembolic occlusion of small intramyocardial arteries associated with microinfarcts. The period of unstable angina before the final heart attack was, in all but one of 15 patients, characterized by such an ongoing thrombotic process in a major coronary artery where recurrent mural thrombus formation seemed to have alternated with intermittent thrombus fragmentation. The culmination of this "dynamic" thrombotic process in total vascular occlusion caused the final infarction and/or sudden death.
Corrigendum to ‘Prolonged survival upon ultrasound-enhanced doxorubicin delivery in two syngenic glioblastoma mouse models’ [Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 187 (10 August 2014), Pages 74–82]
Authors: Zsofia Kovacs, Beat Werner, Anahita Rassi, Jörn Oliver Sass, Ernst Martin-Fiori, Michele Bernasconi
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Acid-Base Balance of Cisternal and Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid in Hospital Patients
Authors: Fred Plum, Richard W. Price
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Abstract Simultaneous samples of cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid were obtained in 59 observations in 47 hospitalized patients, and the pH, carbon dioxide tension, and bicarbonate concentration were measured and compared with those in arterial blood. Eighteen patients also had simultaneous measurements of jugular venous blood. A consistent difference between the two cerebrospinal-fluid compartments was noted, with the pH lower (mean difference ± S.D., -0.039 ± 0.034) and the carbon dioxide tension higher (mean difference ± S.D., + 3.8 ± 5.2 mm Hg) in the lumbar region. Mean bicarbonate concentrations were equal in the two sites. The carbon dioxide tension of the cisternal fluid was about 1 mm Hg higher than the arithmetic mean of the arterial and jugular venous values. The reasons for the cisternal-lumbar difference in carbon dioxide tension were not established, but it is likely that they reflect differences in the ratio of local metabolism to blood flow in these regions. Differences between lumb...
US panel recommends annual CT screening for people at high risk of lung cancer
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Smokers and former smokers at high risk of lung cancer should be screened yearly with low dose CT scans, say new draft recommendations issued by the US Preventive Services Task Force.1

Lung cancer kills about 160 000 Americans a year, making it the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. By comparison, colorectal cancer takes the lives of just over 51 000 men and women in the US each year. Smoking is thought to be responsible for 85% of cases of lung cancer.

Based on its evaluation of available evidence, the task force panel …
Burden of Diabetes on the Ability to Work
Authors: Marie-Claude Breton, Line Guénette, Mohamed Amine Amiche, Jeanne-Françoise Kayibanda, Jean-Pierre Grégoire, Jocelyne Moisan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common disease (1) that places a considerable economic burden on society. An estimated 171 million people were suffering from diabetes in 2000, and this number could total 366 million by 2030 (1). Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases, and it often appears in middle age (2). In 2010, the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. was 11.3 and 26.9% among individuals aged 20 years or over and 65 years or older (2), respectively.

In 2007, costs related to diabetes in the U.S. were an estimated $174 billion; $116 billion in direct costs and $58 billion in indirect costs (3). Direct costs include the cost of personal expenditures, drugs, and health care services, whereas indirect costs include lost productivity at work. Lost productivity at work may be measured through absenteeism (time lost from work due to illness), presenteeism (time at work impaired due to illness), productivity (time lost from work due to illness plus time at work impaired due to illness), or early retirement (retirement before the official retirement age due to illness).

Lost productivity at work is an important concern for employees, employers, and society. Moreover, the complications related to diabetes are a major cause of disability, reduced quality of life, and death (4). Employees with diabetes may stop working prematurely (5–8) and may experience unemployment (7,9–12), which could translate into a reduction in earned income and savings (13) and loss of self-esteem (14). For employers too, lost productivity due to absenteeism (6,8,13,15–23), presenteeism (17), and early retirement (5–7) is an important economic issue.

To the best of our knowledge, there are no published systematic reviews answering the following question: Do individuals …
Reduced left ventricular compliance in human mitral stenosis. Role of reversible internal constraint.
Authors: C P Liu, C T Ting, T M Yang, J W Chen, M S Chang, W L Maughan, W Lawrence, D A Kass
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND The mechanisms of depressed left ventricular (LV) pump performance in human mitral stenosis (MS) remain poorly understood, because reduced filling alone affects many hemodynamic measurements. Therefore, pressure-volume relations were examined in nine subjects with MS and compared with eight age-matched normal controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Data were obtained by conductance catheter/micromanometer technique with transient inferior vena cava occlusion used to alter load and generate pressure-volume relations. In a subset of patients (n = 5), data were obtained both acutely and at 3 months (n = 4) after balloon valvuloplasty. MS patients had reduced cardiac output (3.3 +/- 0.9 versus 5.6 +/- 1.7 l/min) and end-diastolic volume (68.0 +/- 6.9 versus 115 +/- 31 ml) versus controls (p less than 0.001), with a mean transvalvular gradient of 14 +/- 6 mm Hg and estimated valve area of 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm2. Systolic function as assessed by the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was virtually the same in MS and control subjects. In contrast, end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in MS were consistently shifted leftward and had an increased slope (lower compliance) at matched pressure ranges (6.5 +/- 3.0 versus 2.2 +/- 0.53 ml/mm Hg at a mean diastolic pressure of 8 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). This change was not a result of reduced LV filling or probably of increased right heart loading. Valvuloplasty acutely returned chamber compliance to near normal, a change that was sustained at 3-month follow-up. Systolic function was little altered at this time. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate an impairment of diastolic function in human MS that can be acutely reversed by balloon valvuloplasty. Lowered LV compliance probably results from a functional restriction caused by ventricular attachment to a thickened and immobile valve apparatus.
Pigeon‐serum‐induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the dog
Authors: K. E. Reijula1, B. Bota, V. P. Kurup, P. S. Clifford, H. Choi, R.L Coon, J. N. Fink
Journal: Allergy (1995)

Specific chemical mediator release such as histamine and the prostaglandins (PG2a or PGD2) associated with headaches has been found in a few patients who were repeatedly challenged with specific foods, using DBPCFC techniques.
Do patients need to know they are terminally ill? Yes
Authors: E. Collis, K. E. Sleeman
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Emily Collis</b> and <b>Katherine Sleeman</b> say that decision making can be ethically sound only with a fully informed patient, but <b>Leslie Blackhall</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.f2560) thinks the concept of “terminal illness” is not clearly defined and that prognoses can never be certain
Genetic profile of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias with MYC translocations
Authors: Roberta La Starza, Chiara Borga, Gianluca Barba, Valentina Pierini, Claire Schwab, Caterina Matteucci, Anair G. Lema Fernandez, Anna Leszl, Gianni Cazzaniga, Sabina Chiaretti, Giuseppe Basso, Christine J. Harrison, Geertruy te Kronnie, Cristina Mecucci
Journal: Blood (2014)
Electrocardiographic Recognition of Left Ventricular Overwork.
Authors: H. Davis Dear
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 October 1964Electrocardiographic Recognition of Left Ventricular Overwork.H. Davis Dear, M.D., F.A.C.P.H. Davis Dear, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-61-4-800_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe potential value of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in recognition of disproportionate overload of the left ventricle has been recognized since Einthoven's time. Efforts to establish appropriate criteria have been hampered by lack of standards for definition of hypertrophy and by an increasing confusion of electrocardiographic and clinical terminology. The present study was based on three hypotheses: (1) criteria must be easily applicable in routine tracings, (2) the significance of the diagnosis of left ventricular overwork by whatever name is to direct the attention of the physician to that chamber, and (3) clinical evidence of a lesion that specifically requires a... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: H. Davis Dear, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Jackson, Miss. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1964Volume 61, Issue 4Page: 800-800KeywordsElectrocardiographyLeft ventricleLesions ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
The hepatic apelin system: A new therapeutic target for liver disease
Authors: Alessandro Principe, Pedro Melgar‐Lesmes, Guillermo Fernández‐Varo, Luis Ruiz del Arbol, Josefa Ros, Manuel Morales‐Ruiz, Mauro Bernardi, Vicente Arroyo, Wladimiro Jiménez
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Apelin is a peptide that plays an important role in heart physiology and pathophysiology, inflammation, and angiogenesis. We evaluated whether the endogenous apelin system is involved in the pathogenesis of the hepatic remodeling and cardiovascular and renal complications occurring in advanced liver disease. The circulating levels of apelin, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of apelin and apelin receptor, the immunohistological detection of apelin and apelin receptor, and the effects induced by the chronic administration of an apelin receptor antagonist on fibrosis and vessel density were evaluated in rats with cirrhosis and ascites and in control rats. The serum levels of apelin in patients with cirrhosis were also measured. Apelin levels were higher in rats with cirrhosis than in controls. Apelin mRNA showed a four-fold rise only in hepatic tissue, but not in the lung, heart, or kidney of rats with cirrhosis. These animals also showed hepatic apelin receptor mRNA levels 300 times higher than controls. Apelin was highly expressed by stellate cells, whereas apelin receptor was overexpressed in the hepatic parenchyma of animals with cirrhosis. Rats with cirrhosis treated with the apelin receptor antagonist showed diminished hepatic fibrosis and vessel density, improved cardiovascular performance, and renal function and lost ascites. Human patients also showed a marked increase in apelin levels.The selective hepatic activation of the apelin system, together with the drop in fibrosis and neoangiogenesis and the improvement in cardiovascular and excretory function resulting from apelin receptor blockade, points to the hepatic apelin system as a novel therapeutic target in liver disease.
Effects of selective vagal and stellate ganglion stimulation on atrial refractoriness
Authors: D. P. ZIPES, M. J. MIHALICK, G. T. ROBBINS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1974)

This study reports results of selective right and left vagosympathetic trunk (VST) and stellate ganglion stimulation (supra-maximal intensity) on atrial refractory period (ARP) in dogs. The effect of selective stellate stimulation on A-V conduction was also evaluated. During right and left VST stimulation, the region of the sinus node exhibited greater ARP shortening than most of the tested sites on the right atrium and all of the tested sites on the left atrium. The right VST exerted a greater effect on the right atrium than on the left atrium. Right VST stimulation shortened ARP at most tested right atrial sites more than did left VST stimulation. Selective vagal stimulation could result in three-fold difference in ARPs at the same electrode site. During right or left stellate ganglion stimulation, the refractory period change at any atrial site was usually minimal and often did not change at all. Supra-maximal right or left stellate stimulation shortened A-H (nodal) conduction by 50% or more in some experiments but shortened conduction time distal to the bundle of His by only 1 to 3 msec.
Effects of etanercept therapy on fatigue and symptoms of depression in subjects treated for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis for up to 96 weeks
Authors: R. Krishnan, D. Cella, C. Leonardi, K. Papp, A.B. Gottlieb, M. Dunn, C.F. Chiou, V. Patel, A. Jahreis
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Conflicts of interest: see Acknowledgments. Trial registration: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT00111449. Sir, Fatigue and depression have been associated with psoriasis.1, 2 Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, also have been linked to symptoms of fatigue3 and depression.4 Etanercept is a soluble TNF receptor‐Fc fusion protein that has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Results have been reported previously of a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind trial of etanercept or placebo in psoriasis.5 Herein, we report the longer‐term results from this study. After week 12, 591 subjects (95% of enrolled subjects) entered a second portion of the study in which all received open‐label etanercept 50 mg twice weekly. Of these, 233 subjects (77%) from the etanercept/etanercept group and 231 subjects (81%) from the placebo/etanercept group completed 84 weeks of open‐label etanercept.
MPs criticise government for ignoring doctors' advice on alcohol
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2010)

MPs have strongly criticised the UK government for being too close to the drinks industry and have backed calls for the introduction of minimum pricing for alcohol.

The health select committee’s report on alcohol states: “It is time the Government listened more to the Chief Medical Officer and the President of the Royal College of Physicians and less to the drinks and retail industry.

“Alcohol consumption has increased to the stage where the drinks industry has become dependent on hazardous drinkers for almost half its sales. In formulating its alcohol strategy the Government must be more sceptical about the industry’s claims that it is in favour of responsible drinking.”

The report says it is a myth put about by the drinks industry that increasing the price of alcohol would unfairly affect the majority of moderate drinkers. Instead it says that minimum pricing would mostly affect those who drink cheap alcohol—in particular, young binge drinkers and heavy drinkers on low incomes, the group …
Thermal, Metabolic, Blood, and Circulatory Adjustments in Prolonged Outdoor Exercise
Authors: L. G. C. E. Pugh
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Thermal, metabolic, and circulatory responses were studied in six hill-walkers taking part in a 28-mile (45-km.) walk in rough country in autumn and winter, air temperatures being 6 to 12° C. and –2 to 2° C., respectively. Though they were an apparently well-matched party, the walkers had to split into three pairs to avoid exhaustion. They adjusted their clothing so that mean skin temperatures were similar in both warm and cold conditions, the average value being 30·5° C. compared with the resting comfort range of 33 to 34·5° C. When, on the winter trial, skin temperatures were lowered by reduction of clothing, mean skin temperatures fell to 26·5 to 27·8° C., one subject showing a value of 21·3° C. These temperatures were associated with moderate discomfort from cold. Gut temperatures during exercise, measured with a radio pill, averaged 38·7 to 37·9° C. on the autumn exercise. Slightly lower values were observed in winter, but this was associated with slower walking rather than cold stress. A fat and a thin subject walking together with minimal clothing showed widely different temperature responses, the fatter subject having a lower skin temperature and higher gut temperature than his companion. These results were compared with other results on extreme cold stress and discussed in relation to hypothermia. Heart rate and blood pressure findings were unremarkable, except for increased post-exercise heart rates and standing/lying heart rate differences, and a tendency to postural hypotension associated with exhaustion. Blood volume was not reduced in exhaustion and there were no significant changes in blood electrolytes or other constituents apart from a small rise in potassium. Ketonuria developed in all subjects.
Recurrence of the Acute HIV Syndrome after Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy in a Patient with Chronic HIV Infection: A Case Report
Authors: J. Michael Kilby
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Clinical and virologic consequences of temporary interruption of HIV therapy are incompletely understood. Objective: To describe a febrile illness that was consistent with the acute HIV syndrome and occurred after interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Design: Case report. Setting: University clinic. Patient: HIV-infected man. Measurements: Plasma viral load, lymphocyte subsets, diagnostic evaluation (including cultures and serologic tests), and analysis of lymph node tissue. Results: The patient began antiretroviral therapy 3 months after initial HIV exposure and had sustained viral suppression, except during a brief scheduled treatment interruption. One hundred sixty-nine days after resuming therapy, the patient discontinued it again immediately following an influenza vaccination. Eleven days later, he presented with a febrile mononucleosis-like syndrome associated with dramatic shifts in plasma HIV RNA level (<50 to >1 000 000 copies/mL) and CD4 cell count (0.743 × 109 cells/L to 0.086 × 109 cells/L). Evaluation for alternative causes of fever was unrevealing. Symptoms resolved rapidly with resumption of HIV therapy. Conclusion: Therapeutic interruption may be associated with profound viral rebound and recurrence of the acute HIV syndrome.