tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A simple model from a powerful framework that spans levels of analysis
Authors: Timothy T. Rogers, James L. McClelland
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The commentaries reflect three core themes that pertain not just to our theory, but to the enterprise of connectionist modeling more generally. The first concerns the relationship between a cognitive theory and an implemented computer model. Specifically, how does one determine, when a model departs from the theory it exemplifies, whether the departure is a useful simplification or a critical flaw? We argue that the answer to this question depends partially upon the model's intended function, and we suggest that connectionist models have important functions beyond the commonly accepted goals of fitting data and making predictions. The second theme concerns perceived in-principle limitations of the connectionist approach to cognition, and the specific concerns these perceived limitations raise for our theory. We argue that the approach is not in fact limited in the ways our critics suggest. One common misconception, that connectionist models cannot address abstract or relational structure, is corrected through new simulations showing directly that such structure can be captured. The third theme concerns the relationship between parallel distributed processing (PDP) models and structured probabilistic approaches. In this case we argue that there the difference between the approaches is not merely one of levels. Our PDP approach differs from structured statistical approaches at all of Marr's levels, including the characterization of the goals of cognitive computations, and of the representations and algorithms used.
PWE-171 Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Pathway Dysregulation Subverts Oncogene Induced Senescence Mechanisms in the Serrated Pathway of Tumourigenesis
Authors: T Boitsova, H Rafferty, H Davis, C Bardella, P Gill, J East, I Tomlinson, R Chetty, A Silver, S Leedham
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The serrated colorectal carcinogenesis pathway is increasingly recognised as a distinct and important route to CpG island methylated phenotype (CIMP) carcinomas, yet comparatively little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of these lesions. The precursor lesions - hyperplastic and serrated polyps, are initiated by <i>BRAF</i> or <i>KRAS</i> mutations which initially induce proliferation but are followed by activation of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) pathways resulting in telomere independent cell-cycle arrest. Subversion of OIS mechanisms is thus necessary for progression of serrated lesions. We assessed (epi)genetic mutation burden and morphogen expression in different colorectal polyps and investigated the effect of disrupted morphogen balance on OIS systems <h3>Methods</h3> Colonoscopic samples of hyperplastic, serrated, conventional adenomas and neighbouring normal tissue were used. Individual crypt gene expression was measured, DNA extracted and (epi)mutation burden assessed. Epigenetic silencing of the BMP antagonist <i>GREM2</i> was assessed in serrated polyps and a methylated cell-line. <i>K-rasV12</i> transfection of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) was used to induce OIS and assess dynamic morphogen changes in senescing cells. <i>shRNA</i> knockdown of <i>BMP4</i> in a cancer (HCT116) and primary immortalised (HCEC) cell-line was used to reverse the changes seen in human polyps. <h3>Results</h3> Marked BMP component changes were seen in both serrated and traditional adenomas, with fewer changes in rectal hyperplastic polyps. Only serrated polyps showed aberrant gene methylation, including epigenetic transcriptional silencing of the BMP antagonist <i>GREM2</i>. Differential BMP ligand expression (<i>BMP2</i> downregulated, <i>BMP4</i> upregulated) was noted in adenomas and confirmed with <i>in situ</i> hybridisation. <i>KrasV12</i> OIS induction in MEF’s caused the reversed expression pattern of BMP ligands to that seen in polyps, a change not seen in replicative senescence of the same cells. <i>BMP4</i> shRNA knockdown impeded anchorage-dependent growth of HCT116 cells and provoked a rapid cell senescence response in HCEC cells with growth arrest and up-regulation of both <i>p21</i>and <i>p16.</i> <h3>Conclusion</h3> We hypothesise that BMP ligands are involved in mediating (<i>BMP2</i>), or subverting (<i>BMP4</i>) oncogene-induced senescence, and that epigenetic silencing of specific BMP pathway constituents is selected early during serrated tumourigenesis. By demonstrating the mechanistic involvement of the BMP pathway in OIS we have identified an important early tumour promoting role of morphogen dysregulation which may inform future drug development. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Rudeness at work
Authors: R. Flin
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A threat to patient safety and quality of care

Does rudeness at work have any effect beyond the risk of emotional arousal for those involved? Could it influence a worker’s concentration and consequently affect the safety of high risk tasks? The effects of incivility on task performance are beginning to interest psychologists who study human behaviour in high risk work environments.

Last year, it was reported that two Northwest Airlines pilots flying an Airbus A320 from San Diego to Minneapolis, with 147 passengers onboard, became so engrossed in a “heated discussion over airline policy” that they “lost situational awareness” and overshot the airport by 150 miles before a member of the cabin crew called the flightdeck and they realised their mistake.1 The flight landed safely after contact with air traffic control was resumed. The airline has treated this as a serious safety incident and suspended the two pilots, whose licences have been revoked. Whatever caused their lack of attention, the story illustrates the interplay between emotionally charged behaviour, namely arguing or rudeness, and cognitive skills, such as concentration.

Rudeness in the workplace is not uncommon. In a poll of 800 employees in North American organisations, 10% reported witnessing workplace rudeness …
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on crossbridge properties of diaphragm in cardiomyopathic hamsters of the dilated bio 53-58 strain.
Authors: Y Lecarpentier, C Coirault, G Lerebours, P Desche, E Scalbert, F Lambert, D Chemla
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Crossbridge properties of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster (CSH) diaphragm from the dilated Bio 53-58 strain were analyzed after 5-mo of treatment with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril (1 mg/kg/d by oral gavage). Three groups were studied: control F1B hamsters (C; n = 14); CSH given placebo (PL; n = 11 ); and perindopril-treated CSH (PE; n = 11). Peak isometric tension was lower in PL than in C, in both twitch (21.4 +/- 1.5 versus 46.9 +/- 1.5 mN/mm2; p < 0.001) and tetanus (41.0 +/- 2.7 versus 90.5 +/- 3.3 mN/mm2; p < 0.001). In PE, peak isometric tension was intermediate between C and PL, and was significantly lower than in C and higher than in PL. The single force of one crossbridge (pi), the number (m) of crossbridges, the turnover rate of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (kcat), and peak mechanical efficiency (Effmax) were calculated from A.F. Huxley's equations; m was lower in PL than in C, in both twitch (3.4 +/- 0.2 versus 4.9 +/- 0.2 10(9)/mm2; p < 0.001) and tetanus (4.0 +/- 0.3 versus 8.9 +/- 0.7 10(9)/mm2; p < 0.001); m was higher in PE than in PL, in both twitch 4.3 +/- 0.5 versus 3.4 +/- 0.2 10(9)/mm2; NS) and tetanus (6.2 +/- 0.4 versus 4.0 +/- 0.3 10(9)/mm2; p < 0.01), with no change in pi. In the three groups, Effmax correlated linearly with kcat (r = 0.93; p = 0.001) and showed a negative linear correlation with pi (r = 0.996; p = 0.001). In conclusion, our results show that in experimental cardiomyopathy, ACE inhibitor mainly helps to prevent a decrease in the number of diaphragm muscle crossbridges, resulting in preserved peak isometric tension.
Tomographic Gallium-67 Citrate Scanning: Useful New Surveillance for Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: JOHN M. KIRKWOOD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Conventional gallium scans are not useful to evaluate patients with metastatic melanoma. We evaluated a new method of tomographic gallium imaging. One hundred fourteen tomographic scans were obtained in a prospective surveillance study of 67 patients over a 3-year period. Scans were evaluated and compared to findings of independent clinical evaluations. Sensitivity of gallium identification of tumor involving peripheral lymph nodes and soft tissues, abdomen, mediastinum, and osseous sites was 68% to 100%; overall sensitivity of this technique is 82% with specificity of 99% in 570 organ system assessments. Analysis of discordant findings when a site was clinically occult but gallium-positive showed gallium uptake to be true-positive in six of seven lymphatic sites, three of three lung and mediastinal sites, six of six abdominal sites, but in no brain or bone sites. Gallium lesions identified by computed tomographic scans proved to be false-positive at one lymphatic and one bone site, and false-negative at four otherwise clinically evident lymph node and soft tissue sites, seven pulmonary sites, and four brain sites. Gallium tomographic scanning provides a composite assessment of melanoma and may eliminate the need for other studies.
Fortschritte der Laparoskopie
Authors: H. Lindner
Journal: Endoscopy (1969)

In 1942 Kalk presented his paper “Progress in Laparoscopy.” In the meantime some important improvements were published. The development of a precisely working mirror reflex camera, the so called cold light with its brillant, color proven illumination of the peritoneal cavity, the flash light, especially the intraabdominal use of minute flash light bulbs, the development of color film material as well as the most important enhancement of the quality of modern endoscopes contributed to a broader clinical application of the laparoscopy technique.
Death With Dignity
Authors: Edward J. Dranginis
Journal: JAMA (1974)

the Editor.—  The commentary by Dr. C. D. Aring, To Lessen the Impropriety, in your April 22 issue (228:473, 1974) was very interesting. However, I would not recommend it to the average graduate student who wanted to know the meaning of  I rather suspect that he had difficulty sleeping one night and decided to write an article on empathy. He could have waited until morning.  There are some good points made in the article. For example, Dr. Aring says, It is disheartening to witness some of the  done to desperately ill people in the name of treatment. I would say the modern rush of the American Medical Association and the medical profession to get on the bandwagon of death with dignity is a very fine example of things done to desperately ill people in the name of treatment. There is no need to point the finger at
Age-related changes in selected morphological, physiological and biochemical variables of Indian field hockey players
Authors: Indranil Manna, Gulshan Lal Khanna, Prakash Chandra Dhara
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The aim of the present study was to find out the age-related changes in selected morphological, physiological and biochemical variables of Indian field hockey players. One hundred and twenty (N = 120) field hockey players volunteered for this study. The players were divided equally into four groups (n=30): under 16 years (U16); under 19 years (U19); under 23 years (U23) and seniors (SR). Height, body mass, body fat, lean body mass (LBM), VO 2 max, anaerobic power, strength, haemoglobin (Hb), serum urea, uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in the laboratory. Analysis of variance with repeated measures followed by multiple comparison tests was performed to find out the significant difference in selected morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters among the selected age groups. Results showed significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) body mass, height, LBM, anaerobic power, strength, Hb, serum urea, uric acid, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in the U23 and senior players compared with those in U16 and U19 players. However, significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower body fat was noted in U16 and U19 players as compared with those in U23 and senior age group players. It was observed that VO 2 max elevated significantly (p&lt;0.05) in U19 age group players, then declined (p&lt;0.05) further in the senior age group players. The present study can be a handy tool and can act as a frame of reference for selection of field hockey players of different age groups.
Circulating Thrombin Time Anticoagulant in a Procainamide-lnduced Syndrome
Authors: Dennis K. Galanakis
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Circulating anticoagulants are unusual in drug-induced syndromes. We evaluated the prolonged thrombin time of plasma from a patient with a procainamide-induced syndrome. This defect was shown to be due to a circulating anticoagulant that was not of fibrin or fibrinogen origin and that prolonged thrombin and reptilase clotting times of plasma. Subclinical doses of heparin sodium induced hemorrhagic manifestations in this patient. Following cessation of heparin therapy, the circulating anticoagulant persisted but the bleeding tendency abated. All clinical and laboratory manifestations of this syndrome abated gradually following cessation of procainamide therapy.
Electrical Stimulation Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Severe Angina Pectoris
Authors: Clas Mannheimer, Tore Eliasson, Lars-Erik Augustinsson, Christian Blomstrand, Håkan Emanuelsson, Sture Larsson, Henrik Norrsell, Åke Hjalmarsson
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to have antianginal and anti-ischemic effects in severe angina pectoris. The present study was performed to investigate whether SCS can be used as an alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in selected patient groups, ie, patients with no proven prognostic benefit from CABG and with an increased surgical risk. Methods and Results —One hundred four patients were randomized (SCS, 53; CABG, 51). The patients were assessed with respect to symptoms, exercise capacity, ischemic ECG changes during exercise, rate-pressure product, mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity before and 6 months after the operation. Both groups had adequate symptom relief ( P &lt;.0001), and there was no difference between SCS and CABG. The CABG group had an increase in exercise capacity ( P =.02), less ST-segment depression on maximum ( P =.005) and comparable ( P =.0009) workloads, and an increase in the rate-pressure product both at maximum ( P =.0003) and comparable ( P =.03) workloads compared with the SCS group. Eight deaths occurred during the follow-up period, 7 in the CABG group and 1 in the SCS group. On an intention-to-treat basis, the mortality rate was lower in the SCS group ( P =.02). Cerebrovascular morbidity was also lower in the SCS group ( P =.03). Conclusions —CABG and SCS appear to be equivalent methods in terms of symptom relief in this group of patients. Effects on ischemia, morbidity, and mortality should be considered in the choice of treatment method. Taking all factors into account, it seems reasonable to conclude that SCS may be a therapeutic alternative for patients with an increased risk of surgical complications.
The BMJ launches seventh annual awards scheme
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Nominations are open for The BMJ Awards 2015, an annual competition now in its seventh year and firmly established as the UK medical profession’s Oscar ceremony, celebrating outstanding achievement and leadership and culminating in a gala night in May 2015 when the awards will be presented.

Last year there were over 400 entries, the highest number recorded since entrants were limited to teams based in the United Kingdom—clear evidence of the high profile and unchallenged authority the awards have achieved since their introduction in 2009. More than 70 teams and individuals who have been honoured since then attest to the energising effect of public recognition for exceptional efforts that might otherwise not have been known beyond their place of work.

The main sponsor will once again be the Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland (MDDUS), and this year there will be 13 …
Free radicals and reperfusion arrhythmias. Commentaries on this month's Controversy articles From Cherry Wainwright
Authors: C. L Wainwright
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Free radicals and reperfusion arrhythmias. Commentaries on this month's Controversy articles From Cherry Wainwright Get access Cherry L Wainwright Cherry L Wainwright Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 3, March 1994, Pages 431–432, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.3.431 Published: 01 March 1994
Review: Intensive glucose control reduced some CV events but did not change mortality in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lorraine L. Lipscombe
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Source Citation Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1765-72. 19465231
3D Real-Time TEE During Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Marta Acena, François Regoli, Francesco Fulvio Faletra, Massimo Tritto, Catherine Klersy, Romina Murzilli, Francesca Scopigni, Maria Penco, Elena Pasotti, Tiziano Moccetti, Angelo Auricchio
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2014)
WHO warns anti-smoking campaigners not to become too close to drug firms
Authors: A. G. Rada
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The World Health Organization has warned health professionals working in tobacco control not to become too closely involved with drug companies that produce smoking cessation products.

The warning came last month at a meeting on smoking prevention in Madrid that was hosted by the National Committee to Prevent Smoking, which represents most Spanish anti-tobacco organisations, and which was sponsored by Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, and McNeil—all of which make treatments to help smoking cessation.

Armando Peruga, programme manager of WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative, advised health professionals “to be independent and guided by scientific evidence.”

“We have to keep a distance from the tobacco industry, but we also have to maintain some distance from any other industry that can have a commercial interest in this issue,” he said.

“Today the …
A Great Escape
Authors: Clayton J Baker
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

On Being a Doctor15 June 2010A Great EscapeClayton J. Baker, MDClayton J. Baker, MDFrom Pittsford, NY 14534.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Mr. Giametti was considered an easy admission. A veteran of World War II, now a regular at the VA, he was well known to us interns. Every month he was scheduled to see Dr. Owen, his oncologist. Every second or third month, Mr. Giametti kept his appointment. He had myelodysplasia, and at age 84 years, he had refused aggressive work-up or therapy. Invariably, between appointments, his hematocrit would dwindle. Mr. Giametti would reappear pale, fatigued, and dyspneic from anemia. Dr. Owen would page the intern, and one of us would admit Mr. Giametti overnight for a transfusion. The whole process ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Pittsford, NY 14534.Corresponding Author: Clayton J. Baker, MD, Pittsford, NY 14534; e-mail, [email protected]com. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 June 2010Volume 152, Issue 12Page: 821-822KeywordsAnemiaBloodEmotionsHeartHeart failureHematocritHemorrhageNursesOxygenShoulders ePublished: 15 June 2010 Issue Published: 15 June 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
LATE RESULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS
Authors: H. H. HAZEN
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The literature contains very few references to the late results obtained in handling syphilitic cases. An article by Irvine<sup>1</sup>is practically the only one that occurs in the American literature. It would seem worth while to trace our cases and find out exactly what the results have been. Up to the time when this study was begun, 230 syphilitic patients had been under treatment in my office for a considerable space of time. Patients coming in for one or two visits are not included. Table 1 shows during what stage of the disease the patients were first seen, the number which were lost sight of, and the cases which were followed. A considerable number of patients are still under active treatment or observation, and these, of course, cannot be referred to in this article. The results in these cases are shown in Table 2. Some explanation of the headings
Post-transplant endothelial progenitor cell mobilization via CXCL10/CXCR3 signaling promotes liver tumor growth
Authors: Chang-Chun Ling, Kevin T.P. Ng, Yan Shao, Wei Geng, Jiang-Wei Xiao, Hui Liu, Chang-Xian Li, Xiao-Bing Liu, Yuen-Yuen Ma, Wai-Ho Yeung, Xiang Qi, Jun Yu, Nathalie Wong, Yuan Zhai, See-Ching Chan, Ronnie T.P. Poon, Chung-Mau Lo, Kwan Man
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Cutaneous vasculitis due to ciprofloxacin.
Authors: J. Stubbings, R. Sheehan-Dare, S. Walton
Journal: BMJ (1992)

We report a case of acute renal failure secondary to ingestion of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA).On the night before admission a 23 year old man had attended an "all night rave" and taken three tablets of ecstasy.Six hours later he was admitted unconscious after a convul- sion.On examination he was semiconscious with a temperature of40°C.He had a blood pressure of 120/60 mm Hg and a sinus tachycardia of 120 beats/min.Pupils were dilated and reacted sluggishly to light.Preliminary investigations revealed a haemoglobin concentration of 128 g/l, white cell count 8 8 x 10'/1, platelet count 19x 109/, blood urea 9-1 mmol/l.Clotting screen showed: international normalised ratio (INR) 1-9, fibrinogen 1-8 g/l (normal 2-0- 4-5), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 46 (25-33) s.Toxicology screen showed serum concentrations ofMDMA (ecstasy) of 0-2 mg/l and of amphetamine of 0-1 mg/l (values of 30-2 mg/l are associated with serious toxicity).
Strategies of Psychotherapy
Authors: E. Alan Turow
Journal: JAMA (1964)

As the number of books concerning psychiatry increasingly flood the literature, it is indeed refreshing to find a volume such as this that deals with the actual treatment of the patient rather than expounds a new theory of emotional illness. The author, a communications analyst, explores the interaction between therapist and patient in the various schools of psychiatry, in an attempt to discover a common denominator which brings about change in the patient's behavior. He arrives at a thesis that will, no doubt, produce reactions from adherents of all schools of psychiatric thought. Haley feels that "the psychotherapist (1) sets up a benevolent framework defined as one where change is to take place, (2) permits or encourages the patient to continue with unchanged behavior, and (3) provides an ordeal which will continue as long as the patient continues with unchanged behavior." For those who are willing to question their own