tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bronchial casts in children: a proposed classification based on nine cases and a review of the literature.
Authors: M Seear, H Hui, F Magee, D Bohn, E Cutz
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Bronchial casts are characterized by the formation of obstructive airway plugs that may be large enough to fill the branching pattern of an entire lung. The condition is rare but can occur at any age. Casts may be secondary to underlying diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis, but there are often no predisposing factors. There is no accepted classification system for bronchial casts; but only a confusion of descriptive terms such as mucoid impaction, fibrinous bronchitis, and pseudomembranous bronchitis. Based on a review of nine well-documented cases and the available literature, we have separated bronchial casts into two well-defined groups: Type 1 (inflammatory), consisting of casts composed mainly of fibrin with a dense eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate; and Type 2 (acellular), consisting of casts composed mainly of mucin with little or no cellular infiltrate and occurring only in children with congenital cyanotic heart disease. Acute mortality was high in both groups. Survivors of Type 1 casts seem to be well controlled with inhaled steroids. Optimal therapy for patients with Type 2 casts is not clear; the prognosis probably depends on underlying cardiac status. We hope that this simple classification will provide a framework for further study of this obscure condition.
Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society: Nov. 24, 1840
Authors: B. C. Brodie, E. Stanley
Journal: BMJ (1840)

Migrants represent 8% of Eu Region population. Latent TB infection and stress conditions of migrants working abroad contribute to developing TB and put in danger the hosting communities. The aim is assessment of risk factors, radiological&amp;microbiological features of Moldovan (MDA) recent migrants. A retrospective study of 240 labour MDA migrants returned from abroad in less than 1 year after departure with active TB during 2015 year was performed. <b>Results:</b> 190 (79%) men vs 50 (21%) women, M/F=3,8/1, aged 18-45 years 179 (74%), &gt;46 years 61 (25%) cases. General practitioners detected 79 (33%) symptomatic cases and by high risk groups screening (HRG) 50 (20%). Pulmonologist detected 35 (14%) symptomatic and 13 (5%) cases by HRG screening. Diagnosed during hospitalization were 63 (26%) cases. Lack of health insurance 42 (17%), unemployed in MDA were 197 (82%), low financial income (retirement, fellowship) had 18 (7%). New TB cases were 140 (58%), relapses 42 (17%), lost to follow-up 28 (11%), failure 3 (1%) and 27 (11%) were transferred with treatment from abroad. Lung destruction had 113 (47%), disseminated TB 15 (6%), microscopic + were 84 (35%), culture + 97 (40%), MDR-TB established in 55 (22%) patients. Comorbidities had 53 (22%) incl. HIV 19 (35%), diabetes 3 (6%). Treatment outcome: successfully treated 136 (56%) (incl. cured 50 (21%), treatment completed 86 (35%), failed 3 (1%), died 22 (9%), are still continuing DOTS-Plus regimen 29 (12%).Concl. Vulnerability of migrant workers is due to economic barriers, comorbidities contributing to late, symptomatic detection of severe and microbiological positive TB. High rate of retreated and low outcome show that primary care must engage NGOs in active migrant screening&amp;follow-up.
Abstract 4594: Reversal of Warburg effect by Apigenin and 5-Fluorouracil loaded dual drug liposomes result in enhanced colorectal chemotherapy
Authors: Kacoli Sen, Shubhadeep Banerjee, Mahitosh Mandal
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Recent combinatorial approaches have demonstrated multidrug-based chemotherapy which target multiple pathways simultaneously leading to enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. Our study reports simultaneous delivery of 5-Fluorouracil (a clinically approved drug) and Apigenin (a naturally occurring isoflavonoid abundantly present in fruit and vegetables) through a single liposome to combat and control colon cancer effectively in-vitro and in-vivo based on synergy studies after screening natural product library. Uniform homogeneous suspension of dual drug-loaded large unilamellar vesicles with substantial entrapment of both drugs was obtained by modified thin film hydration method. The vesicles exhibited excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility against normal fibroblasts. The cytotoxicity and cellular effects of individual and combinatorial free drugs, neat vesicles and single or dual drug-loaded liposomes tested against different human colon cancer cell lines revealed significantly higher cytotoxicity of dual-drug liposomes in comparison to other formulations. The dual drug loaded liposomal formulation was observed to be effectively internalized by endocytosis and demonstrated enhanced inhibition of angiogenesis, better reduction in cell proliferation, increased apoptotic potential and significantly decreased cellular migration and invasion capacity. Cell signaling studies indicating a significant upregulation of AMPK and activity against downstream targets by dual drug liposomes resulted in apoptosis, autophagy and senescence, suggesting its role in the reversal of Warburg effect. Enhanced apoptotic potential of the formulation was traced to its ability to induce greater oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The formulation was tested in a preclinical setting in nude mice tumor xenograft model and was found to have greater anti-neoplastic and anti-tumorigenic effect. The study indicated the potential of the synergistic effect of Apigenin in 5-Fluorouracil treatment of colon cancer which effectively circumvents the problem of drug resistance and 5-Fluorouracil associated toxicity. This dual drug loaded liposomal formulation thus, offers a new attractive alternative to enhance the therapeutic potency of drugs and paves way for potential clinical applications. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Kacoli Sen, Shubhadeep Banerjee, Mahitosh Mandal. Reversal of Warburg effect by Apigenin and 5-Fluorouracil loaded dual drug liposomes result in enhanced colorectal chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4594. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4594
Phosphorylation of p65 Is Required for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle–Induced Interleukin 8 Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Weidong Wu, James M. Samet, David B. Peden, Philip A. Bromberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Exposure to zinc oxide (ZnO) in environmental and occupational settings causes acute pulmonary responses through the induction of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 (IL-8).We investigated the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on IL-8 expression and the underlying mechanisms in human bronchial epithelial cells.We determined IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Transcriptional activity of IL-8 promoter and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) in ZnO-treated BEAS-2B cells was measured using transient gene transfection of the luciferase reporter construct with or without p65 constructs. Phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, and phosphorylation of p65 were detected using immunoblotting. Binding of p65 to the IL-8 promoter was examined using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.ZnO exposure (2-8 microg/mL) increased IL-8 mRNA and protein expression. Inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D blocked ZnO-induced IL-8 expression, which was consistent with the observation that ZnO exposure increased IL-8 promoter reporter activity. Further study demonstrated that the kappaB-binding site in the IL-8 promoter was required for ZnO-induced IL-8 transcriptional activation. ZnO stimulation modestly elevated IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation. Moreover, ZnO exposure also increased the binding of p65 to the IL-8 promoter and p65 phosphorylation at serines 276 and 536. Overexpression of p65 constructs mutated at serines 276 or 536 significantly reduced ZnO-induced increase in IL-8 promoter reporter activity.p65 phosphorylation and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation are the primary mechanisms involved in ZnO nanoparticle-induced IL-8 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells.
Phorbol diester modulates alpha-adrenergic receptor-coupled calcium efflux and alpha-adrenergic receptor number in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
Authors: W S Colucci, M A Gimbrone, R W Alexander
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate was used to probe the role of protein kinase-C in the modulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor-coupled calcium efflux in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells derived from rabbit aorta. Exposure of cells to 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate for 6 minutes caused a concentration-related (maximum effect at greater than or equal to 10 nM) increase in calcium-45 efflux from preloaded cells. Maximum calcium-45 efflux stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate was equivalent to maximum norepinephrine-stimulated calcium-45 efflux, and maximally effective concentrations of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and norepinephrine together were no more potent than either drug alone. Exposure of cells to 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate for periods of 1-24 hours resulted in complete loss of norepinephrine-stimulated calcium-45 efflux and a much slower, concentration-related reduction in alpha-adrenergic receptor number, with a maximum reduction of 50-60% at 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 nM. Twenty-four hours of exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (10 nM) and norepinephrine (10 microM) together caused no greater reduction in [3H]prazosin binding than did norepinephrine alone. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate had no effect on [3H]prazosin-binding affinity. These data suggest an important role for protein kinase-C in both the acute excitation-contraction coupling of vascular smooth muscle alpha-adrenergic receptors, and in the long-term modulation of vascular alpha-adrenergic receptor responsiveness.
The Genetics of Juvenile-Onset-Type Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: James V. Neel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The genetic basis for the familial predisposition to diabetes mellitus has been a controversial topic for decades. A prominent aspect of the controversy has been the relation between the brittle, juvenile-onset and the stable, maturity-onset types: do they arise from a more-or-less common genetic background, or should they be regarded as genetically distinct diseases? Two developments in recent years have forcibly directed thinking in the latter direction. The frequency of overt diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance is much lower in the first-degree relatives of young patients with brittle, juvenile-onset-type diabetes than in the first-degree relatives of young patients whose . . .
Validity of conventional anthropometric techniques for predicting body composition in healthy Chinese adults.
Authors: R G Eston, F Fu, L Fung
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1995)

There is little information on the application of generalized prediction equations to ethnic groups other than Europeans and groups of European descent. The purpose of this study was to crossvalidate conventional equations on a group of 56 Chinese adults. Body density was assessed by underwater weighing and also predicted by equations which use a combination of selected skinfolds-biceps, triceps, pectoral, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac, thigh and calf. There were significant correlations (P < 0.01) between the various methods of predicting percentage fat. However, analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P < 0.01) between mean values. In the men, the Jackson and Pollock equation underestimated, and the Durnin and Womersley equation overestimated, the percentage fat predicted by underwater weighing. The best predictor site in this group was the medial calf skinfold (r = 0.81), which is not included in either equation. In the women, the best predictor sites were the triceps, suprailiac and thigh. As these sites are also used in the Jackson et al. equation, it is not surprising that there was no difference between the prediction of percentage fat by this equation and underwent weight. It is concluded that the Durnin and Womersley and Jackson and Pollock equations tend to overestimate and underestimate, respectively, the percentage fat in Chinese men. Alternative equations which use the calf skinfold may be more appropriate for this ethnic group. In Chinese women, there appears to be good agreement between Jackson and Pollock and hydrodensitometric estimations of percentage fat.
Controlled Trial of Vagotomy and Gastro-enterostomy, Vagotomy and Antrectomy, and Subtotal Gastrectomy in Elective Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer: Interim Report
Authors: J. C. Goligher, C. N. Pulvertaft, G. Watkinson
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Until fairly recently, like many other clinicians in this country, we accepted so-called subtotal gastric resection, despite its defects, as the procedure of choice in the elective surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer.But some four and a half years ago, influenced by the tremendous resurgence of interest in vagotomy in the management of this condition in America and Britain, we decided that we ought to reconsider this latter operation.However, we felt that if we were going to take it up we should make a serious attempt to evaluate it in one or more of its combinations against the hitherto standard operation of high partial gastrectm .Accordingly we instituted a controlled clinical trial, the essential features of which were that patients with duodenal ulcer were allotted in random fashion to the different operations, and that a very careful and uniform follow-up system was maintained subsequently.
CORRELATION OF RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY AND HLA MATCHING IN THE OUTCOME OF RENAL TRANSPLANT
Authors: S. Dadparvar, F. Samini, L. Krisna, W. J. Slizofaki, S. J. Brown, A. S. Khan
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Dadparvar, S.; Samini, F.; Krisna, L.; Slizofaki, W. J.; Brown, S. J.; Khan, A. S. Author Information
What is health information?
Authors: Jeremy C Wyatt, Frank Sullivan
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Information is an ethereal commodity.One definition describes it as the data and knowledge that intelligent systems (human and artificial) use to support their decisions.Health informatics helps doctors with their decisions and actions, and improves patient outcomes by making better use of information-making more efficient the way patient data and medical knowledge is captured, processed, communicated, and applied.These challenges have become more important since the internet made access to medical information easier for patients.This ABC series focuses on information handling during routine clinical tasks, using scenarios based on Pendleton's seven-stage consultation model (see box opposite).The articles cover wider issues arising from, and extending beyond, the immediate consultation (see box below).Questions on clinical information that often arise in clinical and reflective practice are dealt with, but discussion of specific computer systems is avoided (a glossary of terms appears on bmj.com, and other glossaries are listed in the box at the end of this article). Capturing and using informationConsider the different forms that information can take, where each form comes from, its cost, and how to assess the quality of the information.These issues arise during a general practitioner's (Dr McKay) encounter with Ms Smith.Dr McKay applies her own clinical knowledge and skill, perhaps augmented by a textbook or other knowledge source, to capture relevant data from Ms Smith.Dr McKay browses Ms Smith's record to check her medical history.She updates the record and either takes action herself, or telephones a consultant nephrologist (Dr Jones), who suggests 1 -hydroxy cholecalciferol 0.5 g daily for Ms Smith.Dr McKay then follows up the telephone conversation with the consultant by issuing an electronic prescription.The prescription transfers through a secure local network to Ms Smith's usual pharmacist
CYTODIAGNOSIS IN DERMATOLOGY.*
Authors: HENRY HABER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1954)

Journal Article CYTODIAGNOSIS IN DERMATOLOGY. Get access HENRY HABER HENRY HABER Assistant Pathologist, St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin: Senior Lecturer, Institute of Dermatology, British Post‐Graduate Medical Federation, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 66, Issue 3, 1 March 1954, Pages 79–94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1954.tb12596.x Published: 01 March 1954
Koilonychia and its Recovery in Cases of Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: L. Cooke, S. M. Luty
Journal: BMJ (1944)

So much emphasis has in recent years been thrown upon the relation of koilonychia to the anaemias, and especially to hypochromic anaemia, that it may be of value to record two cases and to comment that in neither was there any reason for §upposing iron metabolism to be at fault. Case IMrs. A., aged 69, was admitted to hospital on May 11, 1943, complaining of nervousness, palpitations, abdominal colic, and loss of weight of two years' duration, and of general tiredness and staring eyes for three months.On examination she was found to
Effects of Disease Stage and Zidovudine Therapy on the Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Semen
Authors: Deborah J. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the prevalence and temporal expression of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the semen of HIV-1 seropositive men and to determine whether the detection of HIV-1 in semen is associated with disease stage, zidovudine treatment status, or other clinical factors. <h3>Design.</h3> —A microculture technique was used to detect infectious HIV-1 in semen from a cohort of 95 seropositive men. In addition, semen cultures were performed monthly for at least 6 months for 14 of the men. Information was obtained by interview and extracted from medical records to identify clinical variables associated with HIV-1 in semen. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Sixty HIV-1 seropositive homosexual men participating in clinical studies at the Fenway Community Health Center, Boston, Mass, and 35 HIV seropositive bisexual or heterosexual men participating in the California Partner Study of the University of California, San Francisco. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Semen HIV-1 culture results, seminal leukocyte counts, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) disease stage, peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup>cell counts, zidovudine therapy, HIV risk category. <h3>Results.</h3> —In the cross-sectional study, HIV-1 was cultured from the semen of nine (9%) of 95 men. Factors associated with detection of HIV-1 in semen were peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup>cell counts of 0.20× 10<sup>9</sup>/L (200/μL) or less (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 23.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.89 to 175.63); symptomatic (CDC class IV) disease (adjusted OR, 6.56; 95% CI, 1.02 to 66.76); and seminal leukocytosis (&gt;1 ×10<sup>9</sup>white blood cells per liter of semen) (adjusted OR, 7.02; 95% CI, 1.28 to 39.29). Zidovudine therapy was associated with decreased detection of HIV-1 in semen (adjusted OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.63). In the longitudinal study of 14 men who had neither peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup>cells counts of 0.20 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L or less nor seminal leukocytosis, seminal HIV-1 was detected in at least one sample from six men (43%). <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —HIV-1 is more commonly found in semen from men with advanced HIV-1 infection and seminal leukocytosis but can also be cultured from semen of men with neither of these conditions. Zidovudine therapy may decrease the prevalence and/or titer of seminal HIV-1. However, all HIV-1—infected persons should continue to assume that they are potentially infectious through sexual contact. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:2769-2774)
Therapeutic Potential of Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors
Authors: Elaine M. Hylek
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Venous thromboembolism is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death, after myocardial infarction and stroke.1 Total hip or knee arthroplasty is the procedure with the highest risk of venous thromboembolism.2 In this issue of the Journal, two studies affirm and extend the efficacy and safety of the novel oral factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban, in the management of venous thromboembolic disease.3,4 In the Acute DVT Study,3 rivaroxaban (at a dose of 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks, followed by 20 mg once daily) was compared with enoxaparin followed by warfarin or acenocoumarol, for 3, 6, or 12 . . .
Circadian clock gene Period2 regulates a time-of-day–dependent variation in cutaneous anaphylactic reaction
Authors: Yuki Nakamura, Daisuke Harama, Naomi Shimokawa, Mutsuko Hara, Ryuyo Suzuki, Yu Tahara, Kayoko Ishimaru, Ryohei Katoh, Ko Okumura, Hideoki Ogawa, Shigenobu Shibata, Atsuhito Nakao
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Quality‐of‐life and asthma‐severity in general population asthmatics: results of the ECRHS II study
Authors: V. Siroux, A. Boudier, J. M. Anto, L. Cazzoletti, S. Accordini, J. Alonso, I. Cerveri, A. Corsico, A. Gulsvik, D. Jarvis, R. De Marco, A. Marcon, E. A. Marques, M. Bugiani, C. Janson, B. Leynaert, I. Pin
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Background: Health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQL) has been poorly studied in large samples of asthmatics from the general population. HRQL and its relationship to asthma‐severity were assessed among 900 asthmatics enrolled in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Methods: Among asthmatics, 864 completed the short form‐36 (SF‐36) questionnaire and 477 also completed the Asthma Quality‐of‐life Questionnaire (AQLQ). A 4‐class asthma‐severity scale, combining clinical items, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and the level of treatment and the different asthma‐severity components (each of the clinical items and hospitalization) were studied in relation to HRQL. Results: Mean SF‐36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores (45.5 and 48.8 respectively) were lower than expected in a general population. The mean total AQLQ score was 5.8. The AQLQ score and to a lesser extent the PCS score were significantly related to the 4‐class asthma‐severity scale, although the risk of having a lower HRQL score did not vary proportionally across the levels of severity. Asthma‐severity had no impact on the MCS score. Asthma attack frequency and hospitalization were associated with both total AQLQ and PCS scores, whereas nocturnal symptoms and lung function were more strongly related to the AQLQ and PCS score respectively. Conclusion: In population‐based asthmatics, the specific AQLQ questionnaire, and also to a lesser extent the generic SF‐36 questionnaire, were sensitive to asthma‐severity. Frequencies of asthma attacks, of nocturnal symptoms and hospitalization for asthma have independent impact on HRQL.