tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Type 2 diabetes: incremental medical care costs during the first 8 years after diagnosis.
Authors: J B Brown, G A Nichols, H S Glauber, A W Bakst
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

To describe and analyze the time course of medical care costs caused by type 2 diabetes, from the time of diagnosis through the first 8 postdiagnostic years.From electronic health maintenance organization (HMO) records, we ascertained the ongoing medical care costs for all members with type 2 diabetes who were newly diagnosed between 1988 and 1995. To isolate incremental costs (costs caused by the diagnosis of diabetes), we subtracted the costs of individually matched HMO members without diabetes from costs of members with diabetes.The economic burden of diabetes is immediately apparent from the time of diagnosis. In year 1, total medical costs were 2.1 times higher for patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes. Diabetes-associated incremental costs (type 2 diabetic costs minus matched costs for people without diabetes) averaged $2,257 per type 2 diabetic patient per year during the first 8 postdiagnostic years. Annual incremental costs varied relatively little over the period but were higher during years 1, 7, and 8 because of higher-cost hospitalizations for causes other than diabetes or its complications.For the first 8 years after diabetes diagnosis, patients with type 2 diabetes incurred substantially higher costs than matched nondiabetic patients, but those high costs remained largely flat. Once the growth in costs due to general aging is controlled for, it appears that diabetic complications do not increase incremental costs as early as is commonly believed. Additional research is needed to better understand how diabetes and its diagnosis affect medical care costs over longer periods of time.
TWO CASES OF CARCINOMA ALIVE EIGHT YEARS AFTER RADIUM TREATMENT
Authors: E. S. Molyneux
Journal: BMJ (1920)

A __u x destruction of antiscorbutic.Suggestions are made as to means of preventing this.6.The germination of dry peas, beans, and lentils before cooking is strongly recommended as a means of providing extra antiscorbutic when fresh vegetables and fruit are scarce or absenat.7. It is suggested that abnormally rapid growtll may promote the development of scurvy in children.In conclusion, we desire to express our gratit-ude to Professor v. Pirquet, who placed all his valuable records freely at our disposal, and to the members of his inursing staff wlho assisted us in every way in our investigations.
RAG-mediated recombination is the predominant driver of oncogenic rearrangement in ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Elli Papaemmanuil, Inmaculada Rapado, Yilong Li, Nicola E Potter, David C Wedge, Jose Tubio, Ludmil B Alexandrov, Peter Van Loo, Susanna L Cooke, John Marshall, Inigo Martincorena, Jonathan Hinton, Gunes Gundem, Frederik W van Delft, Serena Nik-Zainal, David R Jones, Manasa Ramakrishna, Ian Titley, Lucy Stebbings, Catherine Leroy, Andrew Menzies, John Gamble, Ben Robinson, Laura Mudie, Keiran Raine, Sarah O'Meara, Jon W Teague, Adam P Butler, Giovanni Cazzaniga, Andrea Biondi, Jan Zuna, Helena Kempski, Markus Muschen, Anthony M Ford, Michael R Stratton, Mel Greaves, Peter J Campbell
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
The human genome project: a false dawn?
Authors: R L Zimmern
Journal: BMJ (1999)

> With aching hands and bleeding feet
> 
> We dig and heap, lay stones on stone;
> 
> We bear the burden and the heat
> 
> Of the long day, and wish t'were done.
> 
> Not till the hours of light return
> 
> All we have built we do discern.
> 
> Matthew Arnold

The promise of the human genome project to transform biology and medicine is alluring. To document the sequence of bases, three billion in total, that make up the building blocks of human DNA is a formidable task requiring not only the knowledge and skills of the biochemist, geneticist, and molecular biologist but also the technological expertise of engineers and information scientists. Detailed genetic maps have already been constructed to resolutions of 1-2 centimorgans (cM),1 and physical mapping has resulted in the integration into the genetic map of over 30 000 genes.2 Similar efforts have led to the complete sequencing of smaller organisms, such as the bacterium Escherichia coli , the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans , many parts of which are homologues of sequences in the human genome. 

New goals for the US Human Genome Project were defined in October 1998.3 These have included a commitment to complete a third of the human sequence and a “working draft” to cover 90% of the genome by 2001. The whole genome will be sequenced by 2003, two years in advance on the original target date. Sequencing technology will be improved and speeded up, and costs of sequencing each base pair will be reduced from current levels of $0.50 to an expected $0.25 within the next five years. There will be a drive to identify sequence variation, particularly single base pair differences (known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs), and to develop technologies for their rapid, large scale identification in populations. An …
Analysis Of Molecular Responses and Chromosomal Aberrations In Patients With Polycythemia Vera Treated With Peg-Proline-Interferon Alpha-2b (AOP2014/P1101) In The Peginvera Study
Authors: Nicole C.C. Them, Heinz Gisslinger, Veronika Buxhofer-Ausch, Richard Greil, Josef Thaler, Ernst Schloegl, Guenther A. Gastl, Tiina Berg, Klaudia Bagienski, Oleh Zahriychuk, Christoph Klade, Robert Kralovics
Journal: Blood (2013)
The Association between Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Functional Capacity in Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Abdulkadir Yıldız, Abdullah Tuncez, Enis Grbovic, Nihat Polat, Murat Yuksel, Mesut Aydin, Mustafa Oylumlu, Halit Acet, Mehmet Zihni Bilik, Mehmet Ata Akil, Hasan Kaya, Faruk Ertas, Muhammed Cebeci
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Expression pattern of heme oxygenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 in normal and stress-exposed rat liver
Authors: Inge Bauer, Guido A. Wanner, Hauke Rensing, Christian Alte, Elizabeth A. Miescher, Beate Wolf, Benedikt H. J. Pannen, Mark G. Clemens, Michael Bauer
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the α-mesocarbon of Fe-protoporphyrin-IX yielding equimolar amounts of biliverdin-IXa, iron, and carbon monoxide. The HO-system consists of two isoenzymes, namely HO-2 and the inducible isoform HO-1, also referred to as heat shock protein (hsp) 32. Although both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells participate in heme metabolism, the expression pattern of the isoenzymes in normal and stress exposed liver is unknown. To study this, rats underwent either endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) challenge, hemorrhagic hypotension, glutathione (GSH) depletion, or cobalt chloride injection, all known to provoke oxidative stress. HO-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were constitutively expressed in hepatocytes, Kupffer/endothelial-, and stellate (Ito-) cell enriched fractions. Although both non-parenchymal cell fractions expressed HO-1 transcripts, HO-1 immunoreactive protein was restricted to Kupffer cells in the normal liver. In contrast to HO-2, a significant increase in HO-1 on the whole organ level was noted by hemorrhagic hypotension, GSH depletion, and cobalt chloride injection. However, the distinct stress models led to a strikingly different cell-type specific and sublobular expression pattern of HO-1 gene expression. HO-1 was inducible in sinusoidal lining cells (hemorrhagic hypotension, LPS challenge), in periportal (cobalt chloride), or pericentral (GSH depletion, hemorrhagic hypotension) hepatocytes. The blockade of protein translation before hemorrhage by cycloheximide reduced upregulation of HO-1/hsp32 mRNA significantly (65.4% reduction, P &lt; .05), whereas the inducibility of hsp70 transcript was maintained. In addition to transcriptional regulation, HO-1 seems to be subject to posttranscriptional control in particular in non-parenchymal cells.
Health perceptions and treatment adherence in adults with cystic fibrosis.
Authors: J. Abbott, M. Dodd, A. K. Webb
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Clinical and demographic variables are poor predictors of treatment adherence. This study therefore examined the relationships between the patients' perception of their cystic fibrosis and their reported adherence to physiotherapy, exercise, pancreatic enzyme and vitamin therapies.Sixty adults with cystic fibrosis completed the Health Perception Scale, Health Locus of Control Scale, and the Manchester Adult Cystic Fibrosis Compliance Questionnaire.Reported adherence to physiotherapy, exercise, pancreatic enzyme and vitamin therapies was not influenced by patients' perceptions of their past, current and future disease severity, or their perceived susceptibility to recurrent infections. The greater their level of worry regarding their disease, the more likely they were to adhere to their physiotherapy (p < 0.002), pancreatic enzyme (p < 0.001) and vitamin (p < 0.001) regimens. No difference between the exercise adherent and non-adherent groups emerged regarding their level of worry. Compared with patients who believed that they were in control of their health, those who believed that their cystic fibrosis was controlled by others (family and health professionals) reported greater levels of adherence to their physiotherapy (p < 0.001), pancreatic enzyme (p < 0.001) and vitamin (p < 0.001) therapies. In contrast, patients who adhered to their exercise regimen believed that they were in control of their disease to a greater extent than those who did not (p < 0.003).Worrying about cystic fibrosis and the perception of having little personal control over the disease facilitated treatment adherence. It is clear that patients perceive exercise therapy differently from other forms of treatment.
Primary care telephone triage does not reduce workload, study finds
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Primary care telephone triage, where a GP or nurse calls a patient who has requested a same day consultation, does not reduce overall practice workload, a large pilot study in England has found.1 The study showed that this approach actually increased the number of primary care contacts compared with initial face to face consultations.

Many practices have introduced systems of telephone triage to try to cope with the growing demand for primary care consultations. Patients requesting a consultation are called back by a doctor or nurse, who either manages their problem on the phone or determines how urgently they need to …
Distribution of mucosal pathology and an assessment of colonic phenotypic change in the pelvic ileal reservoir.
Authors: N A Shepherd, C J Healey, B F Warren, P I Richman, W H Thomson, S P Wilkinson
Journal: Gut (1993)

The mucosa of the pelvic ileal reservoir undergoes adaptive changes--inflammatory, architectural, and metaplastic--on exposure to the faecal stream. Twenty three quadruple loop ileal pouches constructed for ulcerative colitis (20 patients) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (three patients) were studied. No patient fulfilled clinical, endoscopic, or histopathological criteria for pouchitis. Standard duplicate biopsy specimens were taken from the proximal limb, the anterior wall, the posterior wall, and the body of the reservoir. An established scoring system was used and showed a highly significant increase in inflammatory scores in posterior wall biopsy specimens compared with those from the anterior wall. These results suggest that the adaptive changes are the direct result of contact with static faecal contents. One patient only showed significant inflammation in the proximal limb. There was no evidence of mucosal prolapse in any anterior wall biopsy specimen. Patients with colitis showed substantially more inflammatory and architectural changes than those with FAP. Ninety six per cent of pouches showed some colonic phenotypic expression as defined by mucin histochemical and PR 3A5 immunohistochemical studies. Our results suggest, however, that there may not be complete colonic metaplasia and that the mucin changes and other phenotypic alterations may represent a non-specific response to pouch inflammation and not a prerequisite for the development of pouchitis. The focal nature of the inflammatory and architectural changes, which may be the result of direct contact with static faecal residue, are clearly shown. A single random biopsy specimen of pouch mucosa is of limited value in assessing pathological changes and screening for potential neoplastic change within the reservoir.
Changes in collagen I and collagen III metabolism in patients with generalized atopic eczema undergoing medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy
Authors: M. Mempel, T. Schmidt, K. Boeck, K. Brockow, S. Stachowitz, H. Fesq, T. Schäfer, S. Thomsen, C. Schnopp, J. Ring, R. Probst, P. Luppa, D. Abeck
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Abstract Fourteen patients suffering from acute, exacerbated atopic eczema were screened for changes in collagen I and collagen III metabolism in serum (n = 11), urine (n = 11) and skin biopsies (n = 9) before and after medium-dose ultraviolet (UV) A1 phototherapy (15 exposures of 50 J/cm2 over a 3-week period, total dose 750 J/cm2). Mature collagen I and, to a lesser extent, mature collagen III were found to be decreased after the therapy in skin samples from the irradiated patients. As markers of collagen I degradation, the cross-links pyridoline and deoxypyridoline were analysed in urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Both cross-links were found to be mildly increased after UVA1 phototherapy, without reaching statistical significance. As markers of de novo collagen synthesis we screened for the procollagen I-carboxyterminal peptide (PICP) and procollagen III-aminoterminal peptide (PIIINP) levels in serum and skin. The ratio of PICP to PIIINP in serum dropped significantly after the UVA1 phototherapy, suggesting a different impact of UVA1 on the two collagens. These findings were paralleled by a diminished ratio of PICP to PIIINP in tissue samples. Staining for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and its specific counterpart, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1), showed slight increases for both proteins by therapeutic UVA1; this was also seen in serum for TIMP-1 but not MMP-1. In our study, high-energy UVA1 doses induced changes of the skin collagens in patients with atopic eczema which are measurable by their metabolites in serum and urine.
Rise in attacks on health personnel and facilities is "not acceptable," WHO assembly hears
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Aim:</b> To report the clinical outcome of a surgical technique for insertion of the silicone tube of a Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) in the posterior chamber sulcus. <b>Methods:</b> Non-comparative, interventional case series. Eight eyes of eight patients, with a follow-up of at least 18 months, who underwent insertion of a BGI with the silicone tube placed in the posterior chamber sulcus between 1998 and 2005 were included. Control of intraocular pressure (IOP), number of pressure-lowering medications, visual acuity and surgical complications were recorded. <b>Results:</b> Eight eyes of eight patients (mean (range) age 76.4 (62–94) years) were included in the study. The IOP was reduced from a preoperative mean (SD) of 28.2 (14.4) to 12.6 (5.8) mm Hg at 18 months. The mean (SD) number of preoperative medications for IOP control was reduced from 2.8 (1.5) to 1.3 (1.5) medications in the same period. No complications were observed during surgery or follow-up. <b>Conclusion:</b> Placement of the silicone tube in the posterior chamber sulcus is a safe and effective alternative technique for IOP control in patients with pseudophakia. Sulcus placement may reduce the likelihood of corneal endothelial loss and avoid the need for pars-plana vitrectomy and posterior segment tube insertion in complicated eyes.
300 IDENTIFICATION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEASE 10 (MMP10) AS A KEY NEW MEDIATOR OF THE REGENERATIVE RESPONSE OF THE LIVER
Authors: O. Garcia-Irigoyen, M.U. Latasa, M.G. Fernandez-Barrena, I. Uriarte, M. Elizalde, R. Urtasun, U. Vespasiani-Gentilucci, S. Morini, S. Carotti, J.A. Rodriguez, J. Orbe, J.A. Paramo, J.J. Marin, J. Prieto, C. Berasain, M.A. Avila
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Nursing by Sisterhoods
Authors: Wm. Eddowes
Journal: BMJ (1866)

The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials of glucocorticoid treatment in clinical alcoholic hepatitis, adjusting for prognostic variables and their possible interaction with therapy, because these trials have given appreciably different results. Weighted logistic regression analysis was applied using the summarised descriptive data (for example, % with encephalopathy, mean bilirubin value) of the treatment and control groups of 12 controlled trials that gave this information. Despite evidence of publication bias favouring glucocorticoid treatment, its overall effect on mortality was not statistically significant (p = 0.20)--the relative risk (steroid/control) was 0.78 (95% confidence intervals 0.51, 1.18). There was indication of interaction between glucocorticoid therapy and gender, but not encephalopathy. Thus, the effect of glucocorticoid treatment may be different (beneficial or harmful) in special patient subgroups. These results do not support the routine use of glucocorticoids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, including those with encephalopathy. Whether other subgroups may benefit needs further investigation using the individual patient data from the published trials and testing in new randomised trials.
Fluconazole Compared with Amphotericin B plus Flucytosine for Cryptococcal Meningitis in AIDS
Authors: Robert A. Larsen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Objective: To compare the efficacy of fluconazole with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Design: Patients were randomly assigned to oral fluconazole, 400 mg/d, ,for 10 weeks or to amphotericin B, 0.7 mg/kg body weight daily for 1 week, then three times weekly for 9 weeks combined with flucytosine, 150 mg/kg d, in four divided doses. Setting: Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Patients: Between 15 February and 7 December 1988, 42 patients had evidence of their first episode of cryptococcal meningitis, of whom 21 participated in the trial. All patients enrolled were men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) except one woman who was receiving prednisone therapy and was excluded from the final analysis. Results: Of 14 patients with AIDS assigned to fluconazole, 8 (57%; 95% CI, 29% to 82%) failed; none of the 6 patients with AIDS failed who were assigned to amphotericin B plus flucytosine therapy (0%; CI, 0% to 46%) (Fisher exact test, P = 0.04). The mean duration of positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures was 40.6 ± 5.4 days in patients receiving fluconazole and 15.6 ± 6.6 days in patients receiving amphotericin B plus flucytosine (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.02). Overall, 4 patients assigned to fluconazole therapy died whereas no patient assigned to amphotericin B plus flucytosine therapy died (Fisher exact test, P = 0.27). Conclusion: Amphotericin B used in combination with flucytosine has superior mycologie and clinical efficacy compared with fluconazole for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS.
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE BYPASS ANGIOPLASTY REVASCULARIZATION INVESTIGATION 2 DIABETES TRIAL
Authors: J. Dawn Abbott, Manuel Lombardero, Jean-Claude Tardif, Ivan Pena-Sing, Luisa Buitron, Prem Singh, Gail Woodhead, Greg Barsness, Sherry Kelsey
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Determination of ifenprodil by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers
Authors: Jing Yang, Chengtao Lu, Wei Song, Jiankang Li, Yi Ding, Yanrong Zhu, Jinyi Cao, Likun Ding, Yanyan Jia, Aidong Wen
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2013)

This paper reports the development and validation of an assay for ifenprodil based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and its application to a pharmacokinetic study involving single and multiple intravenous infusions to healthy Chinese volunteers. After sample preparation of plasma by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, the analyte and internal standard, urapidil, were separated by reversed phase chromatography in a run time of 4 min and detected by positive ion electrospray ionization followed by multiple reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion transitions at m/z 326.2→308.1 for ifenprodil and m/z 388.4→205.3 for IS. The assay was linear in the concentration range 0.2–50.0 ng/mL with recovery >76.4%. In the pharmacokinetic study of single intravenous infusions of 5, 10 and 15 mg ifenprodil, peak plasma concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration–time curve were both linearly related to dose. In the pharmacokinetic study of multiple once daily intravenous infusions of 10 mg ifenprodil for 7 days, pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those after the single dose showing that ifenprodil does not accumulate on repeated administration.
Complementary Roles of Low-dose SPECT-CT and High-resolution Volume CT for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Cigdem Akincioglu, Tarik Belhocine, Sanjay Gambhir, Jonathan Romsa, Ghita Chouraiki, Stewart Kribs, James A. Elliot, William Vezina, Jean-Luc Urbain
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A 70-year-old woman with a high pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent a Tc-99m MIBI SPECT-CT study for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), which was complemented by a high-resolution volume CT (VCT) study. After attenuation correction, an MPI pattern of ischemia was detected in the lateral wall of the myocardium. The CT calcium score (CTCS) was above the 75th percentile. The CT angiography (CTA) demonstrated a 70% stenosis at the ostial part of the circumflex artery, and incidentally revealed a saccular aneurysm. In today's nuclear cardiology, low-dose SPECT-CT plus high-resolution VCT allows anatofunctional assessment of suspected CAD.
Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics
Authors: Rachel N. Carmody, Peter J. Turnbaugh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Our associated microbial communities play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease, but the degree to which they also shape therapeutic interventions is not well understood. Here, we integrate results from classic and current studies of the direct and indirect impacts of the gut microbiome on the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and diet-derived bioactive compounds. We pay particular attention to microbial influences on host responses to xenobiotics, adding to the growing consensus that treatment outcomes reflect our intimate partnership with the microbial world, and providing an initial framework from which to consider a more comprehensive view of pharmacology and nutrition.
Dyskeratosis congenita: Hematologic evaluation of a sibship and review of the literature
Authors: Arthur A. Trowbridge, Chintana Sirinavin, James W. Linman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1977)

Abstract Dyskeratosis conagenita is a rare genodermatosis whose hematologic complications include pancytopenia of variable time of onset, a propensity for opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. A family in which the disorder segregated in 3 generations and involved 9 members is reported, and the hematologic data of the 46 previously reported cases are reviewed.
Lysophosphatidylserine (Lyso-PS), a Signaling Phospholipid, is Deficient in Models of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Authors: D.L. Bratton, K. Zemski-Berry, R.C. Murphy, P.M. Henson, S.C. Frasch
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)