tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The K1 capsule is the critical determinant in the development of Escherichia coli meningitis in the rat.
Authors: K S Kim, H Itabashi, P Gemski, J Sadoff, R L Warren, A S Cross
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Although Escherichia coli strains possessing the K1 capsule are predominant among isolates from neonatal E. coli meningitis and most of these K1 isolates are associated with a limited number of 0 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) types, the basis of this association of K1 and certain 0 antigens with neonatal E. coli meningitis is not clear. The present study examined in experimental E. coli bacteremia and meningitis in newborn and adult rats whether or not the K1 capsule and/or O-LPS antigen are critical determinants in the development of meningitis. Rats received subcutaneously at K1 E. coli strain (018+K1+) or mutants lacking either the K1 capsule (018+K1-) or 0 side-chain (018-K1+). 12-24 h later, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were obtained for quantitative cultures. The isolation of E. coli from CSF was observed in both newborn and adult rats infected with K1+ strains regardless of LPS phenotype (018+ or 18-) who also developed a high degree of bacteremia (e.g., greater than 10(4) CFU/ml of blood). In contrast, none of the newborn and adult rats infected with 018+K1- and developing bacteremia of greater than 10(4) were found to have positive CSF cultures. These findings indicate that the presence of the K1 capsule and a high degree of bacteremia are key determinants in the development of E. coli meningitis, suggesting that there may be specific binding sites present in the brain which have an affinity for the K1 capsule and thus may be responsible for the entry of K1-encapsulated E. coli into the meninges.
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Public Health—Reply
Authors: Howard Markel, Lawrence O. Gostin, David P. Fidler
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
T Cell–Mediated Inflammation in Adipose Tissue Does Not Cause Insulin Resistance in Hyperlipidemic Mice
Authors: Ariane Sultan, Daniela Strodthoff, Anna-Karin Robertson, Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne, Jeremy Fauconnier, Paolo Parini, Mikael Rydén, Nicolas Thierry-Mieg, Maria E. Johansson, Alexander V. Chibalin, Juleen R. Zierath, Peter Arner, Göran K. Hansson
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. Proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 secreted by adipose tissue during the metabolic syndrome are proposed to cause local and general insulin resistance and promote development of type 2 diabetes. We have used a compound mutant mouse, Apoe(-/-)xCD4dnTGFbR, with dysregulation of T-cell activation, excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis, to dissect the role of inflammation in adipose tissue metabolism. These mice are lean, which avoids confounding effects of concomitant obesity. Expression and secretion of a set of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was increased in adipose tissue of Apoe(-/-)xCD4dnTGFbR mice, as was the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which converts cortisone to bioactive cortisol. Interleukin-6, which has an inhibitory glucocorticoid response element in its promoter, was not upregulated. In spite of intense local inflammation, insulin sensitivity was not impaired in adipose tissue of Apoe(-/-)xCD4dnTGFbR mice unless exogenous interleukin-6 was administered. In conclusion, T-cell activation causes inflammation in adipose tissue but does not lead to insulin resistance in this tissue in the absence of interleukin-6.
Development of an Aggressive Depressed Cancer in a Case of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Authors: Y. Saito, T. Fujii, T. Akasu, T. Gotoda, T. Kozu, D. Saito, Y. Sano
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

In 1977, Kariya et al. reported a case of a small depressed cancer in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) raising the possibility that not all cancers in FAP develop from polypoid adenomas. It is now becoming widely recognized that colonic adenomas may appear as flat or depressed lesions. However, colorectal cancers developing in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are still thought to evolve from adenomatous polyps following the polyp-carcinoma sequence. We report the case of a patient with FAP in whom rectal carcinoma developed 23 years after subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis. We suggest that this malignancy may have developed de novo because of the depressed shape of the lesion and the aggressive growth pattern. This case raises the possibility that carcinomas may not always evolve from polyps in FAP. Aggressive cancers with a depressed appearance should be searched for when surveying the rectal stump in patients with FAP.
Effect of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition with nebulized L-NAME on ventilation-perfusion distributions in bronchial asthma
Authors: FP Gomez, JA Barbera, J Roca, R Iglesia, J Ribas, PJ Barnes, R Rodriguez-Roisin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

Patients with clinically stable asthma may show ventilation-perfusion (V'A/Q') mismatch. Nitric oxide (NO), a potent endogenous vasodilator, is increased in exhaled air of asthmatics. Such an increased NO production may be detrimental for optimal V'A/Q' balance owing to the potential inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the concentration of NO in exhaled air and the degree of gas-exchange impairment and to assess the effect of nebulized N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthesis, on gas exchange in patients with asthma. Twelve patients (four females and eight males, aged 31+/-5 yrs) with clinically stable asthma (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 80+/-5%) not treated with glucocorticoids and increased exhaled NO (58+/-9 parts per billion (ppb)) were studied. Exhaled NO, respiratory system resistance (Rrs), arterial blood gases and V'A/Q' distributions were measured before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after placebo or L-NAME (10(-1) M) nebulization; in eight patients pulmonary haemodynamics were also measured. At baseline no relationships between exhaled NO and gas-exchange measurements were shown. Nebulized L-NAME induced a significant decrease in exhaled NO (p&lt; 0.001), which was maximal at 90 min (-55+/-5%). However, after L-NAME no changes in Rrs, arterial oxygen tension, the alveolar-arterial pressure difference in oxygen or V'A/Q' distributions were shown and nebulized L-NAME did not modify pulmonary artery pressure. In conclusion, the degree of gas-exchange impairment in stable asthma is not related to nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air and nitric oxide synthesis inhibition with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester does not alter gas exchange or pulmonary haemodynamics, such that ventilation-perfusion disturbances do not appear to be related to an increased synthesis of nitric oxide in the airways.
Clinical Infectious Disease: A Practical Approach
Authors: Steven L. Berk, James W. Myers
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Medical Writings: Book Notes21 September 1999Clinical Infectious Disease: A Practical ApproachSteven L. Berk, MD and James W. Myers, MDSteven L. Berk, MDJames Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee. (Berk)Search for more papers by this author and James W. Myers, MDJames Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee. (Berk)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-6-199909210-00027 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Root RK, Waldvogel F, Corey L, Stamm WE; eds. 1013 pages. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 1999. $149.50. ISBN 019508103X. Order phone 800-451-7556.Field of medicine: Infectious disease.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Infectious disease specialists and generalists.Purpose: To present consensus approaches to the management of infectious diseases worldwide, with a focus on patients and the ways in which they present.Content: The book covers pathophysiology of infectious disease, diagnostic methods, antimicrobial drugs, vaccines and immunomodulatory agents, infectious disease syndromes, infections in special groups, and HIV and AIDS.Highlights: Some chapters cover topics not usually discussed in infectious disease textbooks, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee. (Berk) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 21 September 1999Volume 131, Issue 6Page: 479KeywordsHIVHIV vaccinesInfectious disease immunologyInfectious diseasesOsteomyelitisPneumoniaProsthetic device infectionsSalvage antiretroviral therapySoftware toolsVaccines ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 21 September 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Molecular and Pathologic Aspects of Endometrial Carcinogenesis
Authors: Jonathan L. Hecht, George L. Mutter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy, with 41,000 new cases projected in the United States for 2006. Two different clinicopathologic subtypes are recognized: the estrogen-related (type I, endometrioid) and the non–estrogen-related types (type II, nonendometrioid such as papillary serous and clear cell). The morphologic differences in these cancers are mirrored in their molecular genetic profile with type I showing defects in DNA-mismatch repair and mutations in PTEN, K-ras, and beta-catenin, and type II showing aneuploidy and p53 mutations. This article reviews the genetic aspects of endometrial carcinogenesis and progression. We will define the precursor lesion of type I endometrioid cancer and the role of genetics and estrogen in its progression.
Mediterranean spotted fever: Presentation with pancytopenia
Authors: Atilla Ozkan, Fahir Ozkalemkas, Ridvan Ali, Serap Karadogan, Vildan Ozkocaman, Tulay Ozcelik, Ahmet Tunali
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

To the Editor: Primary tonsillary lymphoma accounts for less than 1% of head and neck malignancies.Tonsillectomy is used to mainly establish the diagnosis and can be performed for localized small lesions.In general, the patients are treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy [1,2].We present a 23-year-old woman who was referred to our ENT clinic with asymmetric tonsillary enlargement and acute bleeding.Tonsillectomy was performed.In paraffin sections; a tumor composed of large lymphoid cells that were positive for CD20, bcl-2, and p53 by immunohistochemistry was identified.Ki-67 index was roughly 80% (Figure 1).Polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin gene rearrangements was performed using DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue and showed a single band indicating the presence of a clonal B cell proliferation.A diagnosis of ''Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma'' was rendered.No clinical or radiological evidence for tumor involvement in any other site was identified and the patient was accepted as Stage I clinically.The patient did not accept any further treatment.The patient was followed periodically every 6 months.Recurrence or systemic involvement was not observed during the 5-year-follow-up.This case is unusual since only tonsillectomy was curative.In general, radiation therapy is considered the primary mode of therapy for localized disease in tonsil lymphomas (stages I and II) [3,4].In one study, Jelic et al. reported a cure rate of 80% among their stage I NHL patients, who they followed without any therapy.In light of their experience as well as our observation, therapy options for localized NHL cases should be re-evaluated.
Benefits From Aortocoronary Bypass Graft
Authors: Henry D. McIntosh
Journal: JAMA (1978)

The first aortocoronary bypass graft (ACBG) for coronary heart disease (CHD) was performed in 1964. From 1967 to the summer of 1977, between 250,000 and 300,000 such procedures were performed in this country. With such extensive experience, the patient might expect that most questions regarding the effectiveness of the procedure in the treatment of CHD would have been answered. Unfortunately, this is not the case. After a decade of experience, all that is truly known about the procedure is that for most patients, it does improve the quality of life and, if present practices continue, will add greatly to the cost of medical care in this country. It appears that there is still a need for more randomized, controlled studies. (<i>JAMA</i>239:1197-1199, 1978)
PL2-1: Macrophages as Novel Targets for Therapy in Breast Cancer.
Authors: LM Coussens
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract While BC has not historically been linked to underlying inflammation or infection, it exhibits tumor-associated inflammation marked by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells into developing tumors. In BC, macrophages are one of the most abundant innate immune cells present. BC-associated macrophages are regulated in part by colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), a key cytokine involved in monocyte/macrophage maturation, recruitment and activation, and its cognate receptor CSF1R. Macrophage presence in BC correlates with increased CSF1, increased vascular density, and worse clinical outcome. We reported that CD4+ T cells promote invasion and metastasis of mammary adenocarcinomas by directly regulating macrophage phenotype that in turn fosters invasive tumor growth, presence of circulating tumor cells and pulmonary metastasis. This preclinical data implied that women with BC heavily infiltrated by macrophages would have a worse clinical outcome as compared to tumors not heavily infiltrated with macrophages. We evaluated survival outcomes in 698 women with invasive BC treated with surgery alone and found that recurrence-free survival could be stratified based upon macrophage and T cell infiltration. Thus, we investigated CSF1 and CSF1R antagonists, in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy (CTX) in mouse models of mammary carcinogenesis. We found that when macrophage infiltration in mammary adenocarcinomas was blocked, paclitaxel (PTX) chemosensitivity was increased, accompanied by development of productive anti-tumor immune responses and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) infiltration. The combined effects of these changes were reduced primary tumor growth, 85% reduction in metastases and increased survival. In collaboration with clinical colleagues, we are currently evaluating the clinical benefit of macrophage modulation in preclinical models of BC to facilitate biomarker identification, and inform clinical trials of CTX in combination with macrophage-antagonists. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesize that components of macrophage responses in BC can be identified to serve as biomarkers for risk stratification. And, that these components can be effectively targeted for therapeutic intervention, resulting in reduced late-stage BC development and metastasis when combined with CTX. LMC acknowledges generous support from the NIH/NCI (R01CA130980, R01CA13256, R01CA140943, R01CA15531), the Department of Defense (W81XWH-09-1-0342, W81XWH-10-BCRP-EOHS-EXP) and the Susan G Komen Foundation (KG111084) Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PL2-1.
Spontaneous release of the Leu-2 (T8) molecule from human T cells.
Authors: J Fujimoto, S Levy, R Levy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the detection of human T cell antigens in soluble form have been developed. The assays use mouse monoclonal antibodies and specific anti-Leu sera prepared in rabbits by immunizing with Leu antigens absorbed to monoclonal antibody affinity columns. With these assays, Leu-1, -2, and -3 antigen signals from extracts of as few as 5 X 10(3) cells could be detected. When culture supernatants from various cell lines were tested, Leu-2 antigen, but not Leu-1 or Leu-3, was found to be present. Leu-2 antigen was present only in supernatants from T cell lines that expressed Leu-2 on their cell surface. Leu-2 antigen accumulated progressively in the supernatant of low density culture and its presence did not depend on cell proliferation or on fetal calf serum in the culture medium. The Leu-2 antigen in the supernatant was found to have only one Leu-2a determinant, whereas Leu-2 antigen from cell extracts had at least two determinants. The Leu-2 molecule was effectively purified from supernatant with an anti-Leu-2a affinity column. The purified Leu-2 antigen from supernatant of HPB-ALL cells was a single polypeptide chain of 27,000 mol wt, whereas Leu-2 antigen present on HPB-ALL cell surface was composed of two or more identical polypeptide chains of 33,000 mol wt linked by disulfide bonds. Normal human sera and sera from leukemia patients were also examined for the presence of the Leu-2 antigen. Normal human sera contained low levels of Leu-2 antigen but sera from Leu-2-positive leukemia patients had high levels. These results indicate that Leu-2 antigen is released from human T cells under physiological conditions.
Differentiation of Ischemic From Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy During Dobutamine Stress by Left Ventricular Long-Axis Function
Authors: Alison M. Duncan, Darrel P. Francis, Derek G. Gibson, Michael Y. Henein
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Resting regional wall-motion abnormalities do not reliably distinguish ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Dobutamine stress echocardiography with use of the wall-motion score index (WMSI) identifies coronary artery disease (CAD) in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the technique is subjective and further complicated by left bundle-branch block (LBBB). Long-axis motion is sensitive to ischemia and can be assessed quantitatively. We aimed to compare long-axis function with WMSI for detecting CAD in DCM with or without LBBB.Seventy-three patients with DCM, 48 with CAD (16 with LBBB), and 25 without CAD (10 with LBBB) were studied. Long-axis M-mode, pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echograms (lateral, septal, and posterior walls), and WMSI were assessed at rest and at peak dobutamine stress. Failure to increase systolic amplitude (total amplitude minus postejection shortening) by 2 mm or early diastolic velocity by 1.1 cm/s was the best discriminator for CAD (systolic amplitude, sensitivity 85%, specificity 86%; lengthening velocity, 71% and 94%, respectively; P=NS). Both had greater predictive accuracy than did WMSI (sensitivity 67%, specificity 76%; P<0.001). The predictive accuracy of changes in septal long-axis function was similar to those of average long-axis function (systolic amplitude cutoff=1.5 mm, lengthening velocity cutoff=1.5 cm/s). However in LBBB, systolic amplitude proved to be the only significant discriminator for CAD, with sensitivity and specificity reaching 94% and 100%, respectively (P<0.01 versus early diastolic lengthening velocity).Quantified stress long-axis function identifies CAD in DCM with greater sensitivity and specificity than does standard WMSI, particularly in the presence of LBBB.
Fungous Diseases in Great Britain
Authors: J. T. Duncan
Journal: BMJ (1945)

The new interest manifested in fungous diseases during the last three decades is in some measure a result, but probably in greater measure the cause. of the recent notable advances made in medical mycology, especially in the United States, some South American States, France, and Italy.The study of medical mycology has been neglected by -us, but it should not be thought that fungous diseases are less important in Great Britain and the Colonial Empire than in other countries.At the present time little is known of the nature, the incidence, or the gravity of our indigenous or imported systemic mycoses, and much remains to be learned of our common epiphytic infections.Towards the end of 1943 the Committee for Research in Medical Mycology (Medical Research Council) proposed a survey of fungous diseases in Great Britain, and a tentative scheme to collect data was prepared.Pathologists of the Emergency Pathological Service and members of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland were invited to submit, for mycological examination and identification, morbid specimens or cultures from known, suspected, or possible mycoses, and at a later date a similar invitation was made to readers of the British Medical Journal through an annotation (B.M.J., 1944, 2, 283).The response to these appeals, during the first eighteen months, has been gratifying.and correspondence and specimens were received from 140 pathologists and clinicians-the correspondence bearing evi- dence of the increasing interest which is being taken in the subject.In all, 1,094 specimens were received, which may be classified as follows: From suspected epiphytic infections, 688; fixed tissues for sectioning, 41 ; fresh tissues for culture, 42; smears and sections, 130; pus, exudates, and other body fluids, 16: cultures for identification, 62; miscellaneous speci- mens, including sputum, 115.As no report of any of the grave systemic mycoses referred to in this paper has yet been published by the doctor concerned, detailed clinical or other descriptions of the cases cannot be given in the following summary.Mycoses of the Central Nervous System Torulosis.-Freshand preserved specimens were received from three cases of torulosis of the central nervous system, in all of which a diagnosis of tuberculosis had been made on the symptoms and clinical signs.In two of these cases torulosis was diagnosed at necropsy, and both showed extensive involvement of the brain and spinal cord and their meflinges.In the third case the diagnosis of cerebellar tubercu- loma was corrected at operation, and this case is of additional interest because a culture of Debaryomyces neoformans (syn.Torula histolytica) similar to that isolated from the cerebellar lesion was obtained by nasopharyngeal swabbing, which suggests the possible path of the infection.The cultures from these three cases will be compared with those from earlier English cases and several foreign ones.