tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Caused by<i>Naegleria</i>
Authors: RICHARD J. DUMA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Two new cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and two previously reported cases are presented as the basis for a description of the clinical, pathological, epidemiological, and protozoological aspects of this infection. The patients acquired their illnesses from swimming in fresh water; the infections were culturally proved to be caused by free-living amoeboflagellates of the genus Naegleria. The infections were rapidly fatal, but in two cases the responsible pathogens were markedly inhibited in vivo (as well as in vitro) by amphotericin B; at present this drug appears to be the only promising treatment available for an otherwise fatal disease.
Acquisition of Granule Neuron Precursor Identity Is a Critical Determinant of Progenitor Cell Competence to Form Shh-Induced Medulloblastoma
Authors: Ulrich Schüller, Vivi M. Heine, Junhao Mao, Alvin T. Kho, Allison K. Dillon, Young-Goo Han, Emmanuelle Huillard, Tao Sun, Azra H. Ligon, Ying Qian, Qiufu Ma, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla, Andrew P. McMahon, David H. Rowitch, Keith L. Ligon
Journal: Cancer Cell (2008)
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in experimental eosinophil-associated GI diseases is critically regulated by CD4+ T-cells, interleukin-13 and eotaxin*1
Authors: S.P. Hogan, E. Forbes, V.E. Smart, A. D'Aprile, P. Henry, M.E. Rothenberg, P.S. Foster
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
S 2697: A Toxic Prescription
Authors: Richard Dorsey
Journal: JAMA (1976)

ON Nov 18, 1975, Senators Kennedy and Javits introduced Senate Bill 2697 "to amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to provide for the continuation and expansion of existing authority through the establishment of an appropriate mechanism to be known as the Drug and Devices Administration, and for other purposes."1 Entitled the "Federal Drug and Devices Act," 2697 would replace the present Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by the Drug and Devices Administration (DDA) and endow the DDA with extensive regulatory power not only over the pharmaceutical industry but over drug prescribing by physicians. Because of three major provisions, the enactment of S 2697 would result in a radical change in public policy with respect to drug marketing and the practice of medicine. These provisions call for (1) the establishment of a "Phase D" evaluation period before final approval of a drug for relatively unrestricted prescribing by physicians, (2)
Homoplasy and Distribution of AFLP Fragments: An Analysis In Silico of the Genome of Different Species
Authors: A. Caballero, H. Quesada
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

We carried out an in silico analysis of the complete genome sequences of 14 species, including eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea, to investigate the proportion of amplified fragment length polymorphism bands that are homoplasious for the different species, as well as the distribution of fragment lengths. We investigated several possible reasons for the disagreement, previously observed in Arabidopsis thaliana, between the observed fragment length distribution and the null random sequence distribution, which occurs in the direction of a deficit of fragments of small length and an excess of those of large length with respect to the null distribution. We made the following findings: 1) The positive relationship previously found between the percentage of homoplasy and genome size is a direct consequence of the number of observed bands and the GC content. For the same number of observed bands, the percentage of homoplasy is independent of the genome size of the species. 2) The disagreement between the observed fragment length distribution and the null random sequence distribution observed in A. thaliana is a phenomenon that also occurs in other species. 3) This disagreement is due neither to the structure of the genomes in isochores nor the possible impact of indels in reducing the number of restriction sites, two hypotheses discussed in the literature. 4) Nor is the disagreement eliminated by using restriction enzymes with balanced motifs. 5) The discrepancy seems to be caused, rather, by the nonrandom distribution of restriction enzyme motifs.
The Declining Risk of Post-Transfusion Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: James G. Donahue, Alvaro Muñoz, Paul M. Ness, Donald E. Brown, David H. Yawn, Hugh A. McAllister, Bruce A. Reitz, Kenrad E. Nelson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The most common serious complication of blood transfusion is post-transfusion hepatitis from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Blood banks now screen blood donors for surrogate markers of non-A, non-B hepatitis and antibodies to HCV, but the current risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C is unknown.
REWARDS TLX: REGISTRY EXPERIENCE AT WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER: TAXUS LIBERTÉ VS XIENCE V
Authors: Ron Waksman, Magdi Ghali, Randy Goodroe, Thomas Ryan, Mark Turco, Michael Ring, Thomas McGarry, David Dobies, Nicolas Shammas, Daniel Steinberg, Stacy Swymelar, Rebecca Torguson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system.
Authors: Tara Lovekamp-Swan, Barbara J Davis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Phthalates are high-production-volume synthetic chemicals with ubiquitous human exposures because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that women have a unique exposure profile to phthalates, which raises concern about the potential health hazards posed by such exposures. Research in our laboratory examines how phthalates interact with the female reproductive system in animal models to provide insights into the potential health effects of these chemicals in women. Here we review our work and the work of others studying these mechanisms and propose a model for the ovarian action of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In vivo, DEHP (2 g/kg) causes decreased serum estradiol levels, prolonged estrous cycles, and no ovulations in adult, cycling rats. In vitro, monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP; the active metabolite of DEHP) decreases granulosa cell aromatase RNA message and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. MEHP is unique among the phthalates in its suppression of aromatase and in its ability to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). We hypothesize that MEHP activates the PPARs to suppress aromatase in the granulosa cell. MEHP-, PPAR alpha-, and PPAR gamma-specific ligands all similarly decreased estradiol production and RNA message levels of aromatase in vitro. Our model shows that MEHP acts on the granulosa cell by decreasing cAMP stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone and by activating the PPARs, which leads to decreased aromatase transcription. Thus, the environmental contaminant DEHP, through its metabolite MEHP, acts through a receptor-mediated signaling pathway to suppress estradiol production in the ovary, leading to anovulation.
A Synopsis of Psychiatry
Authors: James J. Brophy
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A patient once said to me, "Everybody thinks they can run a restaurant or write a book." The temptation for the reviewer is to write a book vicariously by unwriting the book under review. If this reviewer were to rewrite this book, the principal changes would be to achieve a better balance, eliminate some of the more questionable declarations, correct a few omissions, and improve the retrieval of information important to the reader. This book has sections, for example the one on obsessive compulsive neuroses, that demonstrate the knack of delightful writing so often seen in the British medical journals. Other sections, such as the one on psychopharmacology, are not easily retrievable and considerably limited in scope and currency. The author at the outset ventures into the Sargasso sea of psychiatry by attempting to categorize on the basis of volition. It also becomes clear early on that semantic dissonance prevails.
Abstract 2579: Bax345/BLyS: A novel, completely human fusion construct targeting malignant B cells and delivering a unique mitochondrial toxin
Authors: Mi-Ae Lyu, Lawrence H. Cheung, John W. Marks, Michael G. Rosenblum
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is crucial for B-cell survival and the biological effects of BLyS are mediated by three cell surface receptors BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA. Increased expression of BLyS and its receptors has been identified in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). DLBCL and MCL are an aggressive sub-type of B-cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Despite recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for their pathogenesis, these tumors are still associated with poor response to treatment and a fatal outcome. Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax) is a proapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family and is a gateway protein to mitochondria dependent apoptosis. We generated a highly cytotoxic fusion protein designated Bax345/BLyS for receptor-mediated delivery to malignant B cells. The Bax345/BLyS fusion protein has the BH3 and BH1 domains of Bax and contains full-length BLyS. This fusion protein was generated in bacteria and purified by IMAC. The final material was shown to be highly cytotoxic to activated B cell (ABC)-subtype DLBCL (IC50 ∼ 0.1 nM) and mantle cell lymphoma lines (IC50 ∼ 0.1-1 nM). The cytotoxic effects of Bax345/BLyS were inhibited by pretreatment with free BLyS demonstrating that the effects of the fusion construct are mediated through interaction with the BLyS receptors. Treatment of cells with Bax345/BLyS induced down-regulation of Akt, p-Akt, Mcl-1, and survivn and triggered accumulation of cells in the sub G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, treatment of cells with Bax345/BLyS induced up-regulation of Bax and apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. Our results suggest that BLyS has the potential to serve as an excellent targeting ligand for the specific delivery of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax345 to neoplastic B cells expressing the BLyS receptors, and Bax345/BLyS may be an excellent candidate for the treatment of the NHLs which are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic regimens. This work was supported in part by the Clayton Foundation for Research and by LLS 6234-07 Translational Research Award from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2579.
THE ACTION AND SAFETY OF CHLOROFORM.Being an abstract of a report to Surgeon Lieutenant Colonel Edward Lawrie and the Government of His Highness, the Nizam of Hyderabad, India.
Authors: H. A. HARE
Journal: JAMA (1893)

To any one who endeavors to view the subject of chloroform anesthesia in an entirely impartial light, two objects raise themselves so high above all others that they form the peaks about which the smaller questions must cluster. The first object on which the judicial eye rests is the firm belief of many clinicians that chloroform may cause sudden cardiac death; the second object to be seen is the statement of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commissions that death from chloroform is never due to cardiac failure. In the support of the first belief we have not only wide clinical observation but also the experimental evidences of a number of investigations. In support of the second statement we have an array of experimental study, not equaled by any other research extant, associated with an enormous number of negative observations on man. Negative observations, because Lawrie alone in 25,000 cases has never had
The Molecular Basis of Proteinuria
Authors: Raghunath P. Misra
Journal: JAMA (1979)

HIPPOCRATES observed more than 2,000 years ago that "bubbles on the surface of the urine are a sign of diseases of the kidney." One might speak today of protein molecules altering surface tension and thereby producing foam, but the bedside sign described so long ago remains valid. The stately pace of medicine saw two millenia go by uneventfully until Dekkers demonstrated proteinuria in 1695 by boiling acidified urine and producing a precipitate. A century later, in 1798 Cruickshank showed that "the coagulable part of the serum is detected in morbid states of the urine."<sup>1</sup>Bright,<sup>2</sup>busy laying the foundation of modern nephrology from 1827 to 1840, noted that patients with massive proteinuria could experience hypoproteinemia. Nineteenth-century workers further developed the concept that the kidney acted as a semipermeable membrane that, in health, prevented the loss of plasma protein in the urine. It was assumed that an injured kidney
The Practice of Medicine
Authors: Richard C. Rose
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  The defense by Dr Dandoy 1 of her public health practice was stirring and, I suspect, accurate. I fear, however, she might have misunderstood the question: Have you ever practiced medicine?  I suspect that when that question is asked the real questions are: Have you ever experienced the frustrations of standing beside the bed of a dying patient knowing there is nothing more you can do? Have you had to tell the family of a patient that their loved one has just died? Do you drag yourself to the hospital in the middle of the night to provide emergency care to a patient you have never seen who presents with a critical illness? Have you been told by Blue Cross/Blue Shield that all of the above activities are unnecessary and unreasonable and that they have no intention of reimbursing you for them? and Have you become
Current financial pressures are worst ever, say NHS chiefs
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The leaders of NHS organisations in England have voiced grave warnings about how the build up of financial pressures is affecting the care of patients.

Most fear that services will become “unsustainable” unless more is done to further integrate healthcare and social care, said the NHS Confederation, the membership body for organisations that commission and provide NHS services.

The confederation’s survey of chairs and chief executives of 185 organisations providing NHS services was published on 3 June.1

More …
Effect of preservative on the efficacy of terbutaline nebuliser solution in atopic asthma.
Authors: C K Lai, C H Chan
Journal: Thorax (1993)

The efficacy of bronchodilator nebuliser solutions may be influenced by the presence of preservatives. In a double blind, randomised, crossover study the effect of preservatives in determining the airway responses to 5 mg of terbutaline was studied in a group of 21 atopic asthmatic patients. The presence of preservatives affected neither the bronchodilator action of terbutaline nor its protection against bronchoconstriction induced by histamine.
Storing vaccines at the correct temperature.
Authors: P. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1992)

control.The indicators of prostaglandin metabolism are related to the HbAI concentrations- namely, to the different stages of diabetic control.It is reasonable to suppose that the uncontrolled diabetic state and the shift in the balance of two antagonistic prostaglandins towards pathogenic direction might have a role in diabetic microangiopathy.Our observations support the authors' opinion.
Conflict-of-Interest Guidelines for a Multicenter Clinical Trial of Treatment after Coronary-Artery Bypass-Graft Surgery
Authors: Bernadine Healy, Lucien Campeau, Richard Gray, J. Alan Herd, Byron Hoogwerf, Donald Hunninghake, Genell Knatterud, William Stewart, Carl White
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

The participation of industry in university-based biomedical research has greatly increased in recent years. On the principle that industry should participate in the funding of research from which it may derive benefit, such collaboration is appropriate. The transformation of technology from basic and clinical laboratories into useful products with commercial value is an accepted and laudable practice, which provides a sound basis for social, economic, and scientific policy.1 It is recognized that partnerships between university and industry are in the best interests of the country and the research community. With the increase in such relationships, however, there is growing pressure . . .
COVER-GLASS CULTURES AND THEIR POSSIBILITIES IN STUDYING EPIDERMIC FUNGI.
Authors: J. FRANK WALLIS
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The popular methods for studying the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of the epidermic fungi have been limited to the tube and plate cultures and their modifications on various culture media, and the hanging drop of bouillon ably demonstrates the structural formation of the growth. By the plate culture Sabouraud, Colcott, Fox and others have suggested a classification of the tinea by their clinical appearances and their behavior on solid media. Although they have distinguished certain of the parasitic growths, yet their differentiation from some of the common molds which form cultures not unlike the growth of the trichophyton, can only be corroborated by the microscope. Smears from cultures and cover-glass impressions only suggest stages of a growth and forms of fructification, without a complete history of vegetation. The method which I have entitled cover-glass cuitures consists in culturing the parasite on a cover-glass, using any nutrient media desired, placed
ABC of General Surgery in Children: PROBLEMS WITH THE PENIS AND PREPUCE
Authors: M. Davenport
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Non-retractile foreskin of infant boy (normal for age).



The foreskin envelops the glans from the fifth month of gestation. It begins dorsally and ends by fusing ventrally to cover the newly formed urethra. Actual fusion between the two epithelial layers of glans and foreskin is apparent at birth and has been termed physiological phimosis. This non-retractility remains in most boys for at least the first two years of life until natural separation ensues.

Two conditions that are related to the process of preputial separation may give cause for concern. Firstly, the process may be uneven, with adhesions between glans and prepuce persisting even up to adolescence. Secondly, the desquamation of epithelial cells between the glans and non-retractile foreskin leads to accumulation of “pearls” of a white smegma-like substance. Both conditions are usually without actual symptoms and, as they are usually harmless, should not precipitate undue intervention.

View this table:

Natural course of foreskin separation



Circumcision is one of the earliest operations, being recorded by the ancient Egyptians and other peoples of the Near East. Neonatal circumcision on the eighth day of life is a tenet of the Jewish faith and is performed by a mohel, often a vocation which is passed from father to son. In order to emulate the prophet Mohammed, Muslims also perform circumcision, and, though the timing is less strict, it is usually done well before puberty.

“And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou and thy seed after thee in their generations.

This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.

And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you.”

Holy Bible. Genesis xvii, 9-11

The …
Results of toxicological testing of Jefferson Parish pilot plant samples.
Authors: R G Miller, F C Kopfler, L W Condie, M A Pereira, J R Meier, H P Ringhand, M Robinson, B C Casto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Five toxicological tests were performed using concentrated drinking water samples collected at a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant that had streams treated with different disinfectants (no disinfectant, ozone, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, or chlorine) before treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC). The toxicological tests used in this study were the Ames Salmonella assay, a subchronic in vivo toxicity assay in mice, the SENCAR mouse skin initiation-promotion assay, a rat liver foci assay, and the lung adenoma assay in strain A mice. These tests were conducted to determine the general toxicity and the mutagenic/carcinogenic potential associated with the use of disinfection and/or GAC in the treatment of drinking water. The stability of the mutagenic activity of the samples tested was determined by repeated analysis using the Ames Salmonella assay. Results indicated that the samples remained mutagenic for the duration of the tests. All the drinking water concentrates (4000 X) prepared by the XAD resin adsorption procedure failed to provide statistically significant indication of carcinogenic activity in the SENCAR mouse, rat liver foci, and the lung adenoma assays. However, concentrates of the chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and monochloramine treated waters gave consistent mutagenic responses in the Ames Salmonella assay. GAC was effective for 6 months in removing both the mutagenicity of chlorine-treated water and the potential of water to become mutagenic when treated with chlorine. In the in vivo, subchronic 30-day toxicity test in mice, some statistically significant differences in organ weights and body weights of animals exposed to different concentrates of some of the samples were observed. However, a consistent pattern of these differences indicating overt toxicity was not detected.
The Role of Diuretics in the Treatment of Heart Failure
Authors: George A. Porter
Journal: JAMA (1980)

TRADITIONALLY, nephrologists have focused on a defect in the salt-excreting capacity of the kidney as pivotal to edema formation in heart failure.<sup>1</sup>Furthermore, based on the concept of "effective central blood volume," they have argued that the renal response is appropriate to the afferent stimuli impacting the kidney, ie, "relative hypoperfusion of the kidneys." Thus, it seems logical that the first order for therapeutic management of congestive heart failure (CHF) would involve elimination of the excess salt and water contained principally in the extracellular volume (ECV). To accomplish this, pharmacologically active diuretic compounds have been employed with both substantial success and recognized imperfections. One might inquire as to the logic of causing a diureticinduced volume depletion that will cause a fall in cardiac output through a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. It would be more logical to either add an ionotropic agent that would improve cardiac performance through
P3-127: Comparison of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation in matched primary tumor and lymph node metastasis of non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Sarah Park, Byeong-Bae Park, In-Gyu Hwang, Sang Cheol Lee, Eun Yoon Cho, Jin Seok Ahn, Keunchil Park, Myung-Ju Ahn
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Tourniquet Test for Capillary Fragility in Diabetes
Authors: A. R. Feinstein
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the July 12th issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Drs Williams and Jones<sup>1</sup>conclude that the capillary-fragility tourniquet test is "of no value in screening for diabetic retinopathy." The conclusion is based on the following data: The conclusion seems entirely warranted because the sensitivity of a positive test in patients with retinopathy is 54% (27/50)—a value too low to make the test useful for general screening purposes. The relatively low specificity (65% =13/20 and 80% =16/20) in the two control groups is also discouraging because the test would lead to many false-positive results. On the other hand, when the test was "strongly positive," the authors' data show the following: If accurate and reproducible in other groups of patients, these data suggest that a strongly positive tourniquet test is excellent, not in screening for retinopathy, but in confirming it. The concept is analogous to doing a bronchoscopic biopsy in