tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Further characterisation of the 'ileal brake' reflex in man--effect of ileal infusion of partial digests of fat, protein, and starch on jejunal motility and release of neurotensin, enteroglucagon, and peptide YY.
Authors: R C Spiller, I F Trotman, T E Adrian, S R Bloom, J J Misiewicz, D B Silk
Journal: Gut (1988)

Previous studies have shown that ileal infusion of partially digested triglyceride inhibits jejunal motility. The partial digest used in those studies contained a mixture of glycerol, free fatty acid, mono-, di-, and triglycerides. In Part I of the present study we have separately infused emulsions containing either glycerol 3.1 g (n = 6), oleic acid 9.6 g (n = 6), triolein 10 g (n = 12), or medium chain triglycerides 10 g (n = 6) into the ileum and have recorded the effect this has on jejunal motility. Five further subjects received infusions of partial hydrolysates of corn starch 10 g and lactalbumin 7 g. Marked inhibition of jejunal pressure wave activity was seen after all three lipid infusions, per cent activity falling from a control of 37.7 (7.7) to 6.2 (2.1) and 22.4 (8.2)% 30 min after completing the oleic acid and triolein infusions respectively, and from a control value of 39.5 (4.1) to 17.7 (4.7) after MCTs (all p less than 0.05). No significant fall occurred after infusion of glycerol, protein or carbohydrate. All three lipid infusions raised plasma concentrations of neurotensin, enteroglucagon and peptide YY equally effectively, although only the rise in peptide YY correlated significantly with the inhibition of jejunal pressure wave activity (r = 0.80, n = 6, p less than 0.05). In Part II of this study six subjects received a 3 ml/min jejunal infusion of an isotonic carbohydrate saline solution followed after three hours by a similar infusion of a partial digest of lipid. During each infusion flow and transit time was measured by marker and dye dilution. Jejunal infusion of the carbohydrate-saline solution was associated with low jejunal flow, 4.7 (1.0) ml/min and a mean transit time through the 50 cm study segment of 36.5 (7.1) min. By contrast jejunal infusion of partially digested triglyceride was associated with a markedly increased flow, 9.0 (1.2) ml/min, a fall in mean transit time to 20.3 (2.6) min and significant rises in pancreaticobiliary secretions. Jejunal triglyceride also increased the incidence of prolonged high amplitude jejunal pressure waves in four of six subjects. These studies suggest that there are important differences in the jejunal response to ileal versus jejunal lipid. While long and median chain free fatty acids infused into the ileum exert an inhibitory effect on jejunal motility, when infused directly into the jejunum partially digested triglyceride accelerates transit, increases jejunal flow and subtly alters the pattern of jejunal contractions.
Morphology of neoplastic lesions induced by 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice.
Authors: R A Miller, G A Boorman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

1,3-Butadiene (CAS No. 106-99-0) was studied for potential carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity by inhalation in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were exposed to 0, 625, or 1250 ppm 1,3-butadiene for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 60 weeks (male) or 61 weeks (female). The study was scheduled for 104 weeks of exposure but was terminated early because of reduced survival related to induction of a variety of tumors in 1,3-butadiene-exposed mice. A second chronic inhalation study was conducted in which male and female mice were exposed to 0, 6.25, 20, 62.5, 200, or 625 ppm for up to 2 years. Additional groups of 50 male mice were exposed to 625 ppm for 13 or 26 weeks, 312 ppm for 52 weeks, or 200 ppm for 40 weeks, then held without exposure until scheduled sacrifice 104 weeks after initial exposure. 1,3-Butadiene-exposed mice from both studies had increased incidences of malignant lymphomas that were observed as early as week 20 in the first study and week 23 in the second study. The lymphomas were primarily lymphocytic and originated in the thymus, although generalized lymphoma was often present. Exposed mice in both studies developed cardiac hemangiosarcomas that were observed as early as week 32 in the first study and week 41 in the second study. Also present were foci of endothelial hyperplasia in the myocardium that were regarded as early evidence of developing hemangiosarcoma. Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas represented the spectrum of proliferative lung lesions induced by exposure to 1,3-butadiene in both studies. Exposure-related proliferative forestomach lesions observed in both studies included epithelial hyperplasia, squamous cell papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. 1,3-Butadiene-exposed female mice in both studies developed mammary gland neoplasms at increased incidences. Most of the mammary tumors were pleomorphic adenocarcinomas, but several adenoacanthomas were also seen. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary were exposure-related neoplasms in both studies. Occasionally the granulosa cell tumors were malignant as evidenced by vascular invasion or pulmonary metastasis. Although there was an increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in exposed females in the first study, by week 65 of the second study there was not evidence of a clear response of liver neoplasms. The preliminary results of the second study indicate there was induction of tumors similar to those seen in the first study but occurring in response to lower concentrations of 1,3-butadiene.
Paraplegia after Cerebrospinal Meningitis
Authors: H. H. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1945)

PARAPLEGIA AFTER CEREBROSPINAL MENINGITIS BRI TCALHONL 319 severe cases with a single dose.Relatively high carbohydrate diets were used (250 g.) and some extraordinarily high doses of G.I. are quoted; one case received 200 units of G.I. in a single dose (Bauman).The present investigation is concerned only with the place, if any, of G.I. in the treatment of diabetic patients.To have any value it must be shown to have advantages over either S.I. or P.Z.I. in single daily doses.Lawrence (1943) suggests that G.I. is not significantly different from P7Z.1., but results in the present series do not agree with this conclusion.G.I. has been found to be more active than P.Z.I., often with embarrassing results, as the frequency of insulin reactions has been the greatest difficulty in reaching an adequate single daily dose.With the dietetic regime used in this clinic globin insulin has a limited place in treatment.It is suitable for mild or moder- ately severe cases requiring less than 30 units daily, and only for those who are regular in their dietetic habits.The absence of local reactions may be an indication for its use instead of P.Z.I.Summary The results of treatment with G.I. in 36 diabetic patients are described.The greatest drawback to its use lhas been the frequency of hypoglycaemia.G.I. is considered to have a limited place in the treatment of mild and moderately severe diabetes.I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Thomson and Dr. G. H. Knight, under whose care these patients were treated.
Therapy of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Albert L. Sheffer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE anaphylactic reaction, often explosive in onset, may vary from mild pruritic symptoms to irreversible shock and fatal pulmonary insufficiency. These acute systemic manifestations follow readministration of an antigen to a previously sensitized person.PathogenesisAnaphylaxis is consequent to the release of highly reactive pharmacologic substances acting upon smooth muscle and vasculature. Histamine, serotonin, plasma kinins (kallidin I, kallidin II), and slow-reacting substance (SRS-A) are the primary mediators of the anaphylactic response. Histamine induces angioneurotic edema, hypotension and erythema in human beings when various histamine releasers are administered. Pretreatment with antihistamines will abolish these symptoms, but the drugs are ineffective . . .
Cardiac arrhythmias: theory and practice
Authors: D. Ward, J. Camm
Journal: BMJ (1985)

domiciliary practice.We are currently taking part in a study analysing the use of our guide- lines by general practitioners in the domiciliary use of nebulised salbutamol as it is only then that we will really know whether nebulised salbutamol is both safe and effective in reducing hospital admissions.
The heat shock protein response and its role in inflammatory disease.
Authors: V.R Winrow, L McLean, C.J Morris, D.R Blake
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

The heat shock protein response was first observed in the larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila busckii.'Under conditions ofraised temperature, 'puffs' were seen in salivary gland chromosomes, general protein synthesis was switched off, and a set of specific mRNAs was translated to produce the heat shock proteins (HSPs).The significance of these early observations was soon appreciated by molecular biologists, who used them to study the regulation and mechanisms of gene transcription.Only recently have the biological roles of HSPs been investigated.A number of excellent reviews are available2 ; this treatise aims at summarising our knowledge of the characterisation, cellular distribution, and function ofHSPs, and their possible role in inflammation with specific reference to rheumatology.
The Role of Protein Tyrosine Kinases and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in T Cell Antigen Receptor Signal Transduction
Authors: A C Chan, D M Desai, A Weiss
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1994)

Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) by peptide antigen bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules initiates a biochemical cascade involving protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). Recent biochemical and genetic evidence has implicated at least three cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), Lck, Fyn, and ZAP-70, that are involved in the initiation of TCR signal transduction. In addition, genetic evidence has demonstrated the requirement of the transmembrane PTPase, CD45, for TCR function. Activation of T cells through the TCR represents an alteration in the dynamic equilibrium between PTKs and PTPases. The TCR is a multi-subunit complex composed of at least six different gene products. Dissection of the TCR utilizing chimeric receptors and TCR mutants has demonstrated that the multi-subunit receptor is composed of at least two signal transducing modules, the CD3 and the zeta chain subunits. These two modules have in common peptide sequences within their cytoplasmic domains termed antigen recognition activation motifs (ARAMs) that are responsible for transducing signaling events. Moreover, the ARAM sequence is also found in subunits associated with a variety of other hematopoietic cell antigen receptors and is likely to form the basis for interactions with effector molecules within the signaling cascades of these receptors. Here we review the mechanism by which the ARAM sequences interact with PTKs and the cascades of PTKs and PTPases that are involved in mediating TCR function.
PROTEST AGAINST THE CIRCULARIZATION OF A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
Authors: Harry S. Bernton
Journal: JAMA (1923)

To the Editor:  —I feel it my duty to inform the readers ofThe Journalof an unusual proceeding in which the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories of New York took part.  I gladly gave the Lederle Laboratories permission to reprint my paper, entitled The Treatment of Seasonal Hay-Fever and Some Possible Causes of Failure, which appeared inThe Journal, May 5, 1923. During the last week of May and the first week of June, reprints of my paper were sent by the Lederle Laboratories to the profession throughout the country. A card of advertisement of their products was, also, enclosed. It is noteworthy that the customary statement that the article was reprinted through the courtesy of the author was omitted.  Without my knowledge and without authority, my name and address were printed in the upper left hand corner of the envelop. This gave the impression that I personally caused to be
Neuropeptides in skin disease: increased VIP in eczema and psoriasis but not axillary hyperhidrosis
Authors: P. ANAND, D. R. SPRINGALL, M. A. BLANK, D. SELLU, J. M. POLAK, S. R. BLOOM
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and somatostatin were studied in skin biopsies from patients with eczema, psoriasis and axillary hyperhidrosis. VIP concentrations were elevated in skin affected by eczema and psoriasis, whereas substance P and somatostatin levels did not differ from controls. There was a higher concentration of VIP, but not of substance P or somatostatin, in normal axillary skin when compared to adjacent trunk skin, with abundant VIP-containing fibres surrounding eccrine sweat glands. The VIP concentration was unchanged in skin affected by axillary hyperhidrosis. VIP may increase local blood flow in eczema and psoriasis, but does not appear to play a role in axillary hyperhidrosis.
A different cleavage site for high molecular weight kininogen in vivo following intravenous injection of dextran sulfate in the rabbit.
Authors: R C Wiggins
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

Purified radiolabeled rabbit Hageman factor, prekallikrein, and high molecular weight kininogen were used to examine Hageman factor system molecular dynamics after the intravenous injection of heparin-like dextran sulfate polymer in the rabbit. Hageman factor system proteins rapidly disappeared from the circulation following dextran sulfate injection, as measured by radial immunodiffusion, by kaolin-releasable kinin formation, and by measuring circulating levels of radiolabeled Hageman factor, prekallikrein, and high molecular weight kininogen. 125I-Hageman factor was distributed mainly to lung, liver, and spleen following dextran sulfate injection. Proteolysis of circulating 125I-Hageman factor occurred at a site within a disulfide loop into fragments of 50,000 and 30,000 molecular weight. Proteolysis of 125I-prekallikrein also occurred with visualization of a 50,000 molecular weight fragment. Although extensive proteolysis of 131I-high molecular weight kininogen was observed, the cleavage fragments were not the same as those generated during contact activation in vitro. The major fragment of high molecular weight kininogen observed in vivo was at 80,000 molecular weight, in contrast to the 65,000 molecular weight fragment generated by kallikrein in vitro. These results indicate that high molecular weight kininogen can undergo proteolysis in vivo into fragments not known to be associated with kinin release.
Papua New Guinea 1973
Authors: IAN MADDOCKS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Abroad1 June 1973Papua New Guinea 1973IAN MADDOCKS, M.D., F.A.R.C.P.IAN MADDOCKS, M.D., F.A.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-6-968 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptPapua New Guinea, Australia's only colonial venture, is one of the last developing countries headed for self-government; the date set is December of this year. Although Papua New Guinea has fewer than three million people, the problem of administering the country has been complex, partly because of the rugged terrain and partly because of the multiplicity of small, mutually suspicious language groups—over 700 of them.Because the tropical crops produced in Papua New Guinea compete with difficulty in the overcrowded world market, the development of the country has depended heavily on support from Australia. In the post-World War II period,... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Faculty of Medicine University of Papua and New Guinea Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPapua New Guinea 1979JOSEPH H. MAGEE, M.D. 1 June 1973Volume 78, Issue 6Page: 968-969 ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Unraveling the Biological Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Michael P. Murphy, Arne Holmgren, Nils-Göran Larsson, Barry Halliwell, Christopher J. Chang, Balaraman Kalyanaraman, Sue Goo Rhee, Paul J. Thornalley, Linda Partridge, David Gems, Thomas Nyström, Vsevolod Belousov, Paul T. Schumacker, Christine C. Winterbourn
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2011)
ANTITOXIN AND DIPHTHERIA.
Authors: W. H. SEIBERT
Journal: JAMA (1897)

At a meeting held here about a year ago I read a paper entitled "Diphtheria," in which the subject was treated in its entirety and some reference was made to the use of antitoxin serum. The paper which I present tonight deals chiefly with antitoxin and some reference is made to diphtheria as seems to be proper or relevant to the subject. Careful observations were made during this year in the treatment of all cases occurring in my practice, and the results will be presented briefly, together with statistics of our town so far as applies to results in the treatment with and without the serum. In addition, there will be presented statistics of many of the largest cities of the United States relating to frequency of the disease, comparative mortality, mortality rates of the pre-antitoxin years as compared with the mortality of the present year. In referring to the
[17] CANNABIS USE AS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF SEVERE STEATOSIS DURING CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: C. Hezode, E.S. Zafrani, F. Roudot-Thoraval, C. Costentin, A. Hessami, J.-M. Pawlotsky, S. Lotersztajn, A. Mallat
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Abstract 2728: Induction of the heat-shock response upregulates the tumor suppressor APC and alters intestinal tumorigenesis in mice.
Authors: Maged Zeineldin, William McGuinness, Brian Blagg, Roger Rajewski, Kristi L. Neufeld
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Mutation of the tumor suppressor gene Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is considered an initiating event in the development of most intestinal tumors. Although much effort has been spent determining functions of the APC protein, to date little is known about the mechanisms that regulate cellular APC levels. Here we report that in cultured cells, induction of a heat-shock response, via heat or compounds such as the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG, resulted in increased levels of APC. A novel non-toxic small molecule that we developed, KN1, also induced a heat-shock response and led to increased APC levels in both cultured cells and mice. To investigate the effect of heat-shock response induction and elevation of Apc level in intestinal tumorigenesis, we performed a series of experiments treating mice with either KN1 or 17-AAG. We tested these compounds on two mouse models with different germline Apc mutations, ApcMin/+ and Apc1322T/+. In both cases, a moderate dose of either drug did not change tumor burden, but surprisingly altered the distribution of intestinal polyps. In a third mouse model, colonic tumors were induced via administration of the mutagen azoxymethane (AOM) and colon irritant dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) rather than by germline Apc mutation. In AOM-DSS-treated mice, KN1 reduced tumor incidence, multiplicity, and size. Moreover, KN1-treated mice lost significantly less weight and had smaller spleens than vehicle-treated mice, suggesting KN1 may also suppress colitis. We conclude that induction of the heat-shock response affects intestinal tumorigenesis in germline Apc-mutant and colitis-induced tumor models. Citation Format: Maged Zeineldin, William McGuinness, Brian Blagg, Roger Rajewski, Kristi L. Neufeld. Induction of the heat-shock response upregulates the tumor suppressor APC and alters intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2728. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2728
Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, Jose Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim
Authors: A. B. Sabin
Journal: JAMA (1984)

IN THE absence of enteric infection with other viruses, the feeding of a single type of live poliovirus vaccine to children who have not previously been infected with the same type of poliovirus usually results in viral multiplication in the intestinal tract, antibody formation, and complete or partial resistance to reinfection. The use of live poliovirus vaccine in areas with climatic and hygienic conditions which permit extensive dissemination of naturally occurring polioviruses and other enteric viruses throughout the year has been complicated by the problem of viral interference,<sup>1</sup>which we have attempted to overcome by the tactics to be described in this communication. The studies of one of us (M.R.-A.) and associates<sup>2</sup>in Mexico and of Plotkin and Koprowski<sup>3</sup>in the Belgian Congo have shown that vaccination programs in large subtropical or tropical cities that are spread out over a period of many weeks and include only
Elevation of Fecal Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Food Protein-Induced Enterocolits Syndrome
Authors: I. Nomura, N. Ito, M. Kondo, T. Fukuie, Y. Ohya, A. Terada, S. Hosokawa, H. Hoshina, M. Watanabe, K. Ito
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Health, Life Expectancy, and Health Care Spending among the Elderly
Authors: James Lubitz, Liming Cai, Ellen Kramarow, Harold Lentzner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Life expectancy among the elderly has been improving for many decades, and there is evidence that health among the elderly is also improving. We estimated the relation of health status at 70 years of age to life expectancy and to cumulative health care expenditures from the age of 70 until death.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: David Perla
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

1. Normal guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous cage mates infected intraperitoneally and with no cutaneous ulceration readily contract spontaneous tuberculosis. 2. The incidence of spontaneous tuberculosis increases with the intensity and with the duration of exposure. 3. Spontaneous tuberculosis acquired from infected cage mates has with few exceptions the characters of an infection which has entered by way of the digestive tract, disease of mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes being conspicuous. 4. Guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous animals in the same room but not in the same cage may acquire tuberculosis which has the characters of a bronchiogenic infection associated with lesions of the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
Effect of branched chain amino acid infusions on body protein metabolism in cirrhosis of liver.
Authors: P D Wright, J D Holdsworth, P Dionigi, M B Clague, O F James
Journal: Gut (1986)

Thirty seven patients with established cirrhosis of the liver were subjected to measurement of body protein metabolism using L-(1-14C) labelled leucine as a tracer. The effects of disease severity and those of solutions containing 0%, 16%, 35%, 53%, and 100% branched chain amino acids were evaluated. Significant increases in protein synthesis were noted with solutions containing 35%, 53%, and 100% branched chain amino acids, but in patients receiving 100% branched chain amino acids without additional essential amino acid supplement the increase in synthesis was matched by a significant increase in protein breakdown. Protein balance was thus improved only in patients receiving 35% and 53% branched chain amino acids. It was concluded that the high increase in protein breakdown in patients receiving 100% branched chain amino acids was undesirable, and such a solution should not be recommended for clinical use.