tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
National Trends in the Antipsychotic Treatment of Psychiatric Outpatients With Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Jonathan S. Comer, Ramin Mojtabai, Mark Olfson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns and recent trends in the antipsychotic medication treatment of anxiety disorders among visits to office-based psychiatrists in the United States.Annual data from the 1996-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were analyzed to examine the patterns and trends in antipsychotic medication treatment within a nationally representative sample of 4,166 visits to office-based psychiatrists in which an anxiety disorder was diagnosed.Across the 12-year period, antipsychotic prescriptions in visits for anxiety disorders increased from 10.6% (1996-1999) to 21.3% (2004-2007). Over the study period, the largest increase in antipsychotic prescribing occurred among new patient visits. Antipsychotic prescribing also significantly increased among privately insured visits and visits in which neither antidepressants nor sedative/hypnotics were prescribed. Among the common anxiety disorder diagnoses, the largest increase in antipsychotic medication treatment was observed in visits for panic disorder. Antipsychotic prescribing rose from 6.9% (1996-1999) to 14.5% (2004-2007) among visits for anxiety disorders in which there were no co-occurring diagnoses with an indication approved by the Food and Drug Administration for antipsychotic medications.Although little is known about their effectiveness for anxiety disorders, antipsychotic medications are becoming increasingly prescribed to psychiatric outpatients with these disorders.
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM
Authors: Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

The chemical changes in the blood of dogs treated with various inorganic salts after obstruction of the duodenum are reported. Two dogs treated with sodium chloride survived approximately six times as long as the average untreated animal, one living 22 days, the other 24 days. Ammonium chloride was found to produce an acidosis. The administration of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride did not prevent the usual rise in non-protein nitrogen and fall in chlorides, and the fatal outcome. Iodides seemingly hasten the toxic process. Sodium bromide appears to have an inhibitory action upon it, but much less than that of sodium chloride. Sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate failed to alter the course of the intoxication. Atropine and pilocarpine were without therapeutic value in preventing the changes characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
Release of antigens and allergens during shake‐culture of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>
Authors: C. Harvey, J. L. Longbottom
Journal: Allergy (1987)

The appearance of IgG and IgE binding components in the medium of shake cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus has been studied. Cultures were grown in synthetic asparagine medium at 35°C and flasks harvested in duplicate 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days after inoculation. The pH of the medium dropped from its initial value of 5.5 to pH 3, and then after 4 days gradually increased up to pH 7.5 in the 14‐day medium. The weight of mycelium, after an initial peak followed by a slight decline, increased as the pH of the medium increased. Components able to bind IgG and IgE from pooled ABPA sera were detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis/self‐crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis within 24 h of growth, but maximal release of both antigens and allergens coincided with the increase in pH of the medium and was seen in the 14‐day culture filtrate. Two recognised “major” antigens, Ag 7 and Ag 13, detected using the relevant monospecific antisera, were present in the culture medium after 14 days of growth and similarly for Ag 3, the major allergen, although another allergen, Ag 1, was identified in the 1‐day extract. None of the culture filtrates was found to contain the “C‐substance” polysaccharide.
The earliest history of diaphragm physiology
Authors: JP Derenne, A Debru, AE Grassino, WA Whitelaw
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

The diaphragm was recognized as a distinct anatomical structure in the earliest Greek writings. However, the precise description of wounds suffered by warriors during the Trojan war by Homer was not tied to any particular function. The diaphragm was assimilated to the region that harbours thought. The first physiologic explanations of respiration by Empedocles in the 5th century BC and the concepts introduced by Plato and Hippocrates did not include a significant participation of the diaphragm. Aristole was the first to link respiration to a particular organ and a specific movement of the thorax. However, he considered that it was the heart which caused the lungs to expand by heating them, and the lungs in turn forced the thorax to dilate, a concept which was to survive until the 17th century. As in Aristole's theory the diaphragm played no role in respiration and was just a fence separating the thorax from the abdomen. A major break through occurred in Alexandria in the 4th and 3rd century BC: Herophilus was the first to recognize that muscles were the agents of movement and Erasistratus performed animal experiments which showed that the respiratory muscles were the agents of respiratory movements, thus opening the way to the later discoveries of Galen.
Mechanism of Active Expiration in Tetraplegic Subjects
Authors: André De Troyer, Marc Estenne, André Heilporn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Traumatic tetraplegia produces paralysis of all the well-recognized muscles of expiration. Yet, tetraplegic subjects usually have a small expiratory reserve volume on spirographic examination. To understand the mechanism that enables these patients to empty their lungs actively, we studied the pattern of chest-wall motion during voluntary expiration. We found negligible changes in abdominal dimension, but all subjects had a marked and reproducible decrease in the dimension of the upper rib cage. Electrical measurements established that the subjects had active use of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major, and changing the orientation of these muscle fibers by maintaining the shoulders in abduction reduced their expiratory reserve volume by about 60 percent (P<0.001). We therefore conclude that the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major plays a crucial part in the mechanism of active expiration in tetraplegic subjects. Training of this muscle bundle could, by increasing its strength and endurance, improve the effectiveness of coughing in such subjects and perhaps diminish the prevalence of bronchopulmonary infections. (N Engl J Med 1986; 314:740–4.)
Molecular Pathways: MicroRNAs as Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Sonia A. Melo, Raghu Kalluri
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are approximately 18 to 25 nucleotides in length and affect gene expression by silencing the translation of messenger RNAs. Because each miRNA regulates the expression of hundreds of different genes, miRNAs can function as master coordinators, efficiently regulating and coordinating multiple cellular pathways and processes. By coordinating the expression of multiple genes, miRNAs are responsible for fine-tuning the cell's most important processes, like the ones involved in cellular growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of miRNAs appears to play a fundamental role in the onset, progression and dissemination of many cancers, and replacement of downregulated miRNAs in tumor cells results in a positive therapeutic response. Thus, in theory, inhibition of a particular miRNA linked to cancer onset or progression can remove the inhibition of the translation of a therapeutic protein-and conversely, administration of a miRNA mimetic can boost the endogenous miRNA population repressing the translation of an oncogenic protein. Although several basic questions about their biologic principles still remain to be answered, and despite the fact that all data with respect to miRNAs and therapy are still at the preclinical level, many specific characteristics of miRNAs in combination with compelling therapeutic efficacy data have triggered the research community to start exploring the possibilities of using miRNAs as potential therapeutic candidates.
Metformin reduces weight, centripetal obesity, insulin, leptin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in nondiabetic, morbidly obese subjects with body mass index greater than 30
Authors: C.J. Glueck, R.N. Fontaine, Ping Wang, M.T.R. Subbiah, K. Weber, E. Illig, P. Streicher, Luann Sieve-Smith, T.M. Tracy, J.E. Lang, P. McCullough
Journal: Metabolism (2001)
Lower Serum Sodium Is Associated With Increased Short-Term Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Worsening Heart Failure
Authors: Liviu Klein, Christopher M. O’Connor, Jeffrey D. Leimberger, Wendy Gattis-Stough, Ileana L. Piña, G. Michael Felker, Kirkwood F. Adams, Robert M. Califf, Mihai Gheorghiade
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The prognostic value of serum sodium in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure has not been well defined. Methods and Results— The Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) study randomized 949 patients with systolic dysfunction hospitalized for worsening heart failure to receive 48 to 72 hours of intravenous milrinone or placebo in addition to standard therapy. In a retrospective analysis, we investigated the relationship between admission serum sodium and the primary end point of days hospitalized for cardiovascular causes within 60 days of randomization, as well as the secondary end points of in-hospital mortality, 60-day mortality, and 60-day mortality/rehospitalization. The number of days hospitalized for cardiovascular causes was higher in the lowest sodium quartile: 8.0 (4.5, 18.5) versus 6 (4, 13) versus 6 (4, 11.5) versus 6 (4, 12) days ( P &lt;0.015 for comparison with the lowest quartile). Lower serum sodium was associated with higher in-hospital and 60-day mortality: 5.9% versus 1% versus 2.3% versus 2.3% ( P &lt;0.015) and 15.9% versus 6.4% versus 7.8% versus 7% ( P =0.002), respectively. There was a trend toward higher mortality/rehospitalization for patients who were in the lowest sodium quartile. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that serum sodium on admission, when modeled linearly, predicted increased 60-day mortality: sodium (per 3-mEq/L decrease) had a hazard ratio of 1.18 with a 95% CI of 1.03 to 1.36 ( P =0.018). Conclusions— In patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure, admission serum sodium is an independent predictor of increased number of days hospitalized for cardiovascular causes and increased mortality within 60 days of discharge.
Review of methods applicable to the assessment of mold exposure to children.
Authors: H K Dillon, J D Miller, W G Sorenson, J Douwes, R R Jacobs
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

This article presents discussion of the assessment of the exposure of children to fungi, substances derived from fungi, and the environmental conditions that may lead to exposure. The principles driving investigations of fungal contamination and subsequent exposure are presented as well as guidelines for conducting these investigations. A comprehensive description of available research sampling and analysis techniques is also presented.
Be Prepared — The Boston Marathon and Mass-Casualty Events
Authors: Paul D. Biddinger, Aaron Baggish, Lori Harrington, Pierre d'Hemecourt, James Hooley, Jerrilyn Jones, Ricky Kue, Chris Troyanos, K. Sophia Dyer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The fact that there was not more loss of life in the Boston Marathon bombings is attributable in large part to the medical community's prior efforts to build and sustain emergency-preparedness programs and to practice its response in exercises and drills.
Diagnostic accuracy of spot urinary protein and albumin to creatinine ratios for detection of significant proteinuria or adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with suspected pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: R. K. Morris, R. D. Riley, M. Doug, J. J. Deeks, M. D. Kilby
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the diagnostic accuracy of two "spot urine" tests for significant proteinuria or adverse pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with suspected pre-eclampsia. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Searches of electronic databases 1980 to January 2011, reference list checking, hand searching of journals, and contact with experts. <b>Inclusion criteria</b> Diagnostic studies, in pregnant women with hypertension, that compared the urinary spot protein to creatinine ratio or albumin to creatinine ratio with urinary protein excretion over 24 hours or adverse pregnancy outcome. Study characteristics, design, and methodological and reporting quality were objectively assessed. <b>Data extraction</b> Study results relating to diagnostic accuracy were extracted and synthesised using multivariate random effects meta-analysis methods. <b>Results</b> Twenty studies, testing 2978 women (pregnancies), were included. Thirteen studies examining protein to creatinine ratio for the detection of significant proteinuria were included in the multivariate analysis. Threshold values for protein to creatinine ratio ranged between 0.13 and 0.5, with estimates of sensitivity ranging from 0.65 to 0.89 and estimates of specificity from 0.63 to 0.87; the area under the summary receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.69. On average, across all studies, the optimum threshold (that optimises sensitivity and specificity combined) seems to be between 0.30 and 0.35 inclusive. However, no threshold gave a summary estimate above 80% for both sensitivity and specificity, and considerable heterogeneity existed in diagnostic accuracy across studies at most thresholds. No studies looked at protein to creatinine ratio and adverse pregnancy outcome. For albumin to creatinine ratio, meta-analysis was not possible. Results from a single study suggested that the most predictive result, for significant proteinuria, was with the DCA 2000 quantitative analyser (&gt;2 mg/mmol) with a summary sensitivity of 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.86 to 0.98) and a specificity of 0.94 (0.87 to 0.98). In a single study of adverse pregnancy outcome, results for perinatal death were a sensitivity of 0.82 (0.48 to 0.98) and a specificity of 0.59 (0.51 to 0.67). <b>Conclusion</b> The maternal "spot urine" estimate of protein to creatinine ratio shows promising diagnostic value for significant proteinuria in suspected pre-eclampsia. The existing evidence is not, however, sufficient to determine how protein to creatinine ratio should be used in clinical practice, owing to the heterogeneity in test accuracy and prevalence across studies. Insufficient evidence is available on the use of albumin to creatinine ratio in this area. Insufficient evidence exists for either test to predict adverse pregnancy outcome.
A Case of Synovial Sarcoma with Bone Metastasis Identified by Bone Marrow Scintigraphy
Authors: NOBUAKI OTSUKA, RIKUSHI MORITA, TAKASHI YAMAMOTO, AKIRA MURANAKA, TATSUSHI TOMOMITSU, SHINICHI YANAGIMOTO, TERUKI SONE, MASAO FUKUNAGA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

In a patient with synovial sarcoma, routine bone survey showed no abnormality, while bone marrow scintigraphy with Tc-99m sulfur colloid revealed a defect in the fifth lumbar vertebra. At surgery, tumorous invasion was noted in the fifth lumbar vertebra and the surrounding tissues. It was suggested that the bone marrow scintigraphy was particularly useful in the detection of tumorous invasion into the bone marrow at the early stage before the destruction of skeletal tissue.
P1089 ADD-ON THERAPY WITH ENTECAVIR PLUS TENOFOVIR DUE TO VIRAL RESISTANCE OR PARTIAL RESPONSES FOLLOWED BY MONOTHERAPY IN CHB-PATIENTS: FINAL RESULTS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL MULTICENTRE STUDY
Authors: J. Petersen, S. Unger, M. Buti, K. Wursthorn, M. Lutgehtemann, P. Lampertico, C. Sarrazin, P. Buggisch
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Questions Patients Should Ask about Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Raphael P. Nenner
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 March 1994Questions Patients Should Ask about Laparoscopic CholecystectomyRaphael P. Nenner, MD, Pascal James Imperato, MD, and Theodore O. Will, MARaphael P. Nenner, MDIsland Peer Review Organization; Lake Success, NY 11042Search for more papers by this author, Pascal James Imperato, MDIsland Peer Review Organization; Lake Success, NY 11042Search for more papers by this author, and Theodore O. Will, MAIsland Peer Review Organization; Lake Success, NY 11042Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-5-199403010-00033 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We congratulate the American College of Physicians for promulgating “Guidelines for the Treatment of Gallstones” [1] and Ransohoff and Gracie for their excellent review [2].As New York State's Medicare peer review organization and Medicaid utilization review agent, we have studied complications from laparoscopic cholecystectomy [3, 4]. Of the observed complications in this study, 8.8% were surgical, reflecting skills, judgment, and technique defects on the part of operating surgeons.In a hospital-based study, hospitals confirmed complications in 11.9% of 2940 Medicare and 9.7% of 1108 Medicaid patients during 1991 [4]. These rates are much higher than those ...References1. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for the treatment of gallstones. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 119:620-2. Google Scholar2. Ransohoff DF, Gracie WA. Treatment of gallstones. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119:606-19. Google Scholar3. Nenner RP, Imperato PJ, Alcorn CM. Serious complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in New York State. N Y State J Med. 1992; 92:178-80. Google Scholar4. Nenner RP, Imperato PJ, Will TO, Soroff HJ. Hospital reported complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy among Medicare and Medicaid patients. J Commun Health. 1993; 18:253-60. Google Scholar5. The Southern Surgeons Club: A prospective analysis of 518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:1073-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Island Peer Review Organization; Lake Success, NY 11042 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByA Tribute To Raphael P. Nenner, MD March 9, 1924–July 8, 2005Laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy in New York State: Mortality, complications, and choice of procedure 1 March 1994Volume 120, Issue 5Page: 443KeywordsCholecystectomyLaparoscopic cholecystectomyMedicareMorbidityMortalityPeer reviewProspective studiesSurgeonsSurgeryTreatment guidelines Issue Published: 1 March 1994 CopyrightCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Phosphorylation of Serine 68 of Twist1 by MAPKs Stabilizes Twist1 Protein and Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness
Authors: Jun Hong, Jian Zhou, Junjiang Fu, Tao He, Jun Qin, Li Wang, Lan Liao, Jianming Xu
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Twist1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, promotes breast tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasiveness, and metastasis. However, the mechanisms responsible for regulating Twist1 stability are unknown in these cells. We identified the serine 68 (Ser 68) as a major phosphorylation site of Twist1 by mass spectrometry and with specific antibodies. This Ser 68 is phosphorylated by p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 in vitro, and its phosphorylation levels positively correlate with Twist1 protein levels in human embryonic kidney 293 and breast cancer cells. Prevention of Ser 68 phosphorylation by an alanine (A) mutation (Ser 68A) dramatically accelerates Twist1 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) by an active Ras protein or TGF-β treatment significantly increases Ser 68 phosphorylation and Twist1 protein levels without altering Twist1 mRNA expression, whereas blocking of MAPK activities by either specific inhibitors or dominant negative inhibitory mutants effectively reduces the levels of both induced and uninduced Ser 68 phosphorylation and Twist protein. Accordingly, the mammary epithelial cells expressing Twist1 exhibit much higher degrees of EMT and invasiveness on stimulation with TGF-β or the active Ras and paclitaxel resistance compared with the same cells expressing the Ser 68A-Twist1 mutant. Importantly, the levels of Ser 68 phosphorylation in the invasive human breast ductal carcinomas positively correlate with the levels of Twist1 protein and JNK activity and are significantly higher in progesterone receptor-negative and HER2-positive breast cancers. These findings suggest that activation of MAPKs by tyrosine kinase receptors and Ras signaling pathways may substantially promote breast tumor cell EMT and metastasis via phoshorylation and stabilization of Twist1.
Birth and Death of Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Authors: Stanley A. Plotkin
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Diseases, like humans, are born and die. An example of a recent birth is legionnaires' disease, unrecognized before 1976; measles illustrates the decline and fall of a disease once common. Now we have congenital rubella syndrome as another potential example of the birth and death of a disease.<sup>1</sup> Gregg's<sup>2</sup>discovery of the association between rubella and congenital infection was made in 1948. Presumably the congenital rubella syndrome had not become evident earlier because, in crowded societies, infection with rubella occurs at a young age, especially when children are placed together in communal nurseries.<sup>3</sup>Thus, only in developed countries, where many women escape infection until their childbearing years, could the congenital rubella syndrome manifest itself. The years between 1941 and 1962 brought general recognition of the teratogenic potential of rubella, such that several laboratories set as their goal the isolation of the virus. Attainment of that goal was
Abstract P4-07-02: Growth differentiation factor 15, a novel mediator of progression in HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Rita Nahta, Jayashree P Joshi, Samantha E Griner, Amy L Adams, Fabrice Andre
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Withdrawn by Author Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-02.
Oncology and Hematology
Authors: Judith E. Karp, Samuel Broder
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Net overexpression or derangements of PTK-encoding oncogenes and ras serve as critical driving forces in the evolution of many epithelial and lymphohematopoietic cancers. The ability to impede signal transduction through ras-based pathways could provide a powerful molecular target for therapy and prevention of a broad spectrum of malignant neoplasms.
Right Ventricular Myxoma
Authors: Aasha S. Gopal, Navin S. Arora, Frank C. Messineo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

To the Editor: Metastatic tumors that invade the heart occur 20 to 40 times more frequently than primary tumors. Of the primary cardiac tumors, 75 percent are benign, and of these benign tumors, myxomas are the most common. The remaining primary cardiac tumors are malignant, the overwhelming majority of which are sarcomas. Cardiac sarcomas arise from the right side of the heart in 25 percent of reported cases, whereas myxomas arise from right-sided cardiac structures in only 5 percent of cases.1–4 Thus, an intracavitary tumor that obstructs the right ventricular outflow tract is about 300 times more likely to . . .