tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relapse of Gram-negative Bacillary Meningitis After Cefotaxime Therapy
Authors: Robert W. Bradsher
Journal: JAMA (1982)

CONSIDERABLE enthusiasm has developed regarding the treatment of gram-negative bacillary meningitis with newly developed broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics.<sup>1,2</sup>Compared with other agents such as aminoglycosides or previously available cephalosporins, these antibiotics have remarkable activity against the organisms that cause this life-threatening infection.<sup>3</sup>The degree of penetration across the blood-brain barrier is so much greater for third-generation cephalosporins than the previously utilized antibiotics for gram-negative bacillary meningitis that many investigators now suggest that either cefotaxime sodium or moxalactam disodium is the drug of choice for this infection.<sup>1</sup>Since the proved therapy of intraventricular aminoglycoside administration may be associated with serious hazards,<sup>4</sup>the relative safety of cephalosporins is attractive. The relapse rate, however, has not been determined for this therapy with new cephalosporins. We recently gave one of these agents to a patient with gram-negative bacillary meningitis and observed an adequate initial response followed by relapse of infection.
Morning Light
Authors: Janet M. Torpy, Cassio Lynm, Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2003)

V isual impairment can happen to children or adults.In the United States, millions of persons have partial or complete loss of vision.It is important to have regular eye examinations to detect early stages of vision loss.The October 15, 2003, issue of JAMA includes an article about the causes of visual impairment.
Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Asthma: Dangerous or Useful Therapy?
Authors: J. R. Joubert, E. Shephard, W. Mouton, L. Van Zyl, I. Viljoen
Journal: Allergy (1985)

The therapeutic potential of non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drugs in clinical asthma is offset by the real possibility of hypersensitivity and inducton of severe airways obstruction. The influence of indomethacin on the antigen‐induced asthmatic response was tested. Early and delayed asthmatic responses were recorded after antigen challenge in 13 subjects. Indomethacin pretreatment totally or partially inhibited the delayed asthmatic response in 10 of 11 subjects. Inhibition by indomethacin of products of the arachidonic cascade which participate in the pathogenesis of the delayed asthmatic response could explain this phenomenon. A similar therapeutic response was documented without adverse drug reactions when five subjects were restudied after several months. In the same group the early asthmatic response was suppressed in six, enhanced in two and unchanged in four of 12 subjects. This variable response indicates that spasmogenic prostaglandin breakdown products may be important for certain individuals, but are generally of less importance in the early asthmatic response. Clinical trials with indomethacin as a steroid saving agent in allergic asthma appear feasible and can be conducted safely.
Molecular strain typing of Trichophyton rubrum indicates multiple strain involvement in onychomycosis
Authors: A. Yazdanparast, C.J. Jackson, R.C. Barton, E.G.V. Evans
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Trichophyton rubrum is an important cause of onychomycosis. Molecular strain typing methods have recently been developed to address questions of epidemiology and source of relapse following treatment.To determine whether T. rubrum nail infections are caused by one or more strains of this fungus.Nail specimens from 10 patients with onychomycosis due to T. rubrum were cultured and five colonies per culture plate were selected for molecular strain typing. DNA was extracted from these isolates and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction-based typing method that analyses variations in numbers of repetitive elements in the non-transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene repeats.In six of 10 specimens, there were two or more T. rubrum strain types present.This preliminary study suggests that in many cases of fungal nail infection by T. rubrum, multiple strains are involved. This has important implications for epidemiological studies and possibly for therapy.
Confidence intervals: enlightening or mystifying?
Authors: R. G. Newcombe
Journal: BMJ (1992)

infarction in 1988.For the 109 patients whose patients' health status or their satisfaction with SIR,-Those responsible for medical and surgical notes were available (less than half the number of their care.-emergencies will have read with astonishment and patients identified from the coronary care unit'sWe believe that audit is important and that its dismay the Audit Commission's recommendations records), the median delay in attending the accident lessons should be viewed primarily in a clinical to reduce the numbers of acute hospital beds.'" and emergency department was 240 minutes.The rather than a financial light.The complexities of No treated with HRT 7 6 4
A new tissue targeted ultrasound contrast agent, MRX408 improves visualization and delineation of left atrial appendage clot with conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: M. Takeuchi, T.P. McCreary, K. Ogunyankin, M. Vannan, M. Sheahan, R. Connolly, A. Santanen, E. Unger, N. Pandian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Pharmacokinetics of tin-mesoporphyrin in man and the effects of tin-chelated porphyrins on hyperexcretion of heme pathway precursors in patients with acute inducible porphyria
Authors: Richard A. Galbraith, Attallah Kappas
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Tin-mesoporphyrin shares many of the properties of its parent compound, tin-protoporphyrin. These include competitive inhibition of heme oxygenase, amelioration of jaundice and suppression of chemically induced hepatic porphyria. Tin-mesoporphyrin is cleared from the plasma of normal subjects with dose-dependent pharmacokinetics (T1/2 = 3.8 hr following i.v. administration of 1 μmole per kg body weight), and small amounts (<1% of administered dose) are excreted into the urine and feces. Intramuscular administration of tin-mesoporphyrin resulted, within 2 hr, in plasma concentrations identical to those obtained following i.v. administration, but the compound was not absorbed orally. The only dose-limiting side effect was transient cutaneous photosensitivity. High doses (1 μmole per kg body weight) of tin-mesoporphyrin resulted in significant decreases in plasma bilirubin concentrations at 24 and 48 h after treatment of normal subjects. Administration of both tin-protoporphyrin and tin-mesoporphyrin resulted in decreases in the urinary excretion of heme pathway intermediates in stable hyperexcreters with acute hepatic porphyria.
Cholesterol screening and management guidelines
Authors: S. Bulusu, L. E Ramsay, E J Wallis, I U Haq, P R Jackson, W W Yeo
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editor—Unwin et al highlight the fact that several widely available guidelines for the management of hyperlipidaemia give conflicting advice for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.1 Some of the issues deserve further scrutiny.

The New Zealand guidelines are based entirely on the ratio of total to high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations for calculation of the absolute risk of cardiovascular disease over five years.2 The American national cholesterol education program, however, clearly says that it does not recommend use of the ratio of either total or low density lipoprotein cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol3; instead it recommends use of the absolute high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The rationale behind this is that these concentrations are independent risk factors with different determinants; combining them into a single number conceals information about either or both, which might be important for making clinical decisions. A patient with raised total, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (a common clinical problem) falls into either the low risk category or the high risk category depending on whether the ratio or absolute values are used.

The New Zealand guidelines,2 guidelines of the European Atherosclerosis Association,4 and Sheffield tables5 are based largely on age and sex, unlike the guidelines of the American programme,3 which are not; the American guidelines mention, however, that the risk is higher in men than in women. Use of these guidelines would therefore be associated with the highest number of patients requiring antilipid treatment.

Only the American guidelines give clear guidance on when measurement of high density lipoprotein cholesterol is indicated in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Measurement of this concentration is labour intensive and expensive and therefore has major implications for laboratories. The New Zealand guidelines necessitate measurement of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in all patients, which would increase the cost substantially. Financial implications may be an important factor for NHS trusts deciding on their policy for managing hyperlipidaemia.

Patients are often bewildered when different doctors give them conflicting advice about antilipid treatment. Just as too much of anything is undesirable, too many guidelines end up confusing both patients and doctors.
Corticospinal Neurons in Macaque Ventral Premotor Cortex with Mirror Properties: A Potential Mechanism for Action Suppression?
Authors: Alexander Kraskov, Numa Dancause, Marsha M. Quallo, Samantha Shepherd, Roger N. Lemon
Journal: Neuron (2009)

The discovery of "mirror neurons" in area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex has prompted many theories as to their possible function. However, the identity of mirror neurons remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether identified pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) in area F5 of two adult macaques exhibited "mirror-like" activity. About half of the 64 PTNs tested showed significant modulation of their activity while monkeys observed precision grip of an object carried out by an experimenter, with somewhat fewer showing modulation during precision grip without an object or grasping concealed from the monkey. Therefore, mirror-like activity can be transmitted directly to the spinal cord via PTNs. A novel finding is that many PTNs (17/64) showed complete suppression of discharge during action observation, while firing actively when the monkey grasped food rewards. We speculate that this suppression of PTN discharge might be involved in the inhibition of self-movement during action observation.
CARCINOGEN-INDUCED TUMORS OF THE THYMUS
Authors: Osias Stutman, Edmond J. Yunis, Robert A. Good
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

A progressive decrease of the restoring effectivity of syngeneic or allogeneic thymus and functional thymoma grafts was observed when the treatment of neonatally thymectomized mice was delayed. Early treatment (5-20 days postthymectomy) was effective, while the number of restored animals was markedly decreased after late treatment (30-50 days postthymectomy). Similar results were obtained with subcutaneous or intraperitoneal thymus grafts and with thymus grafts within cell-impenetrable diffusion chambers. After the onset of the postthymectomy-wasting syndrome the only successful treatment was the implantation of multiple thymus grafts. On the other hand, single thymus grafts, thymoma grafts, or thymus or thymoma within diffusion chambers were ineffective. When spleen cells from 5-day old or 45-day old neonatally thymectomized animals were given in association with thymoma grafts, only the cells derived from the 5-day old thymectomized mice proved effective in restoring wasted thymectomized hosts. These results suggest that a population of cells sensitive to the action of the thymus decreases progressively with time in the absence of thymic function.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Franklin A. Stevens, A. R. Dochez
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

1. A group of streptococci which agglutinate with scarlatinal immune sera has been isolated from the throats of 65 per cent of cases of scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease. 2. Strains of hemolytic streptococci belonging to this group have been isolated from the throats of patients at the termination of quarantine (30 days). 3. Hemolytic streptococci are found most frequently in the throat in convalescent patients in whom the tonsillar inflammation has not entirely subsided. 4. The complications occurring in scarlet fever may be due to the original scarlatinal strain or may be the result of a secondary infection with pyogenic strains of streptococci.
Nutrition intakes and practices of marathon swimmers
Authors: S K Papadopoulou, E Xyla, M Grammatikopoulou, M Hassapidou
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional status of swimmers, during the marathon swimming event of crossing Toroneos (26 km). The participants were 24 athletes mean aged 36.08±12.52 years. The sample was divided into two groups, according to their age: (1) 18–34 years (12 athletes) and (2) 35–68 years (12 athletes). Methods The athletes recorded their food intake for 3 training days and during the race. Food intake was analysed in nutrients using the Food Processor nutrition program (version 7.4, 1997, ESHA Research Salem, Oregon). For the statistical analysis, SPSS (v.15) was used. Results The athletes had inadequate intake of energy during the training period. There were no differences in energy intake, according to age (2144±190 kcal for the athletes aged 18–24 years and 2181±198 kcal for the athletes aged 35–68 years). Both groups had inadequate intake of carbohydrates (4.6±0.96 g/kg body weight or 67.55±10.74% of energy intake, for the younger athletes and 4.0±1.21 g/kg BW or 68.44±9.16% of EI for the older athletes). Protein intake was 0.95±0.20 g/kg BW or 14.30±4.46% of EI, and 0.93±0.31 g/kg BW or 15.71±3.81% of EI for the younger and the older athletes, respectively. Fat intake was above the recommended values for both age groups (18–34 years: 32.70±2.60% of EI, 35–68 years: 35.13±3.10% of EI). Both groups met the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for all micronutrients, with the exception of B 3 , Zn and Mn. During the race, the athletes consumed 12 types of solid food and 7 types of fluids. The preferred foods were: bananas, energy gel and honey. From liquid beverages the preferred ones were: isotonic drinks, water and soft type cola. Energy intake during the race was 1048±447 kcal for the younger group and 948±504 kcal for the older group. There was no difference between the two groups in energy intake. Younger athletes maintain a stable body weight, while older ones lost 1.62±1.89 kg, during the race. Conclusion The athletes had insufficient energy and carbohydrate intake, factors that can influence their athletic performance. There was no significant difference between the two groups in energy and macronutrient intake. However, the older athletes had higher demands during the race in energy and nutrients, due to their higher energy expenditure, as the duration of the race was longer for them and lead to a loss of body weight.
Myoblast fusion and innervation with rat motor nerve alter distribution of acetylcholinesterase and its mRNA in cultures of human muscle
Authors: Zoran Grubič, Rado Komel, Winsome F Walker, Armand F Miranda
Journal: Neuron (1995)

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying acetylcholinesterase (AChE) localization, we analyzed the distribution of AChE and Ache mRNA during myogenesis in cocultures of human muscle and fetal rat spinal cord. We observed a temporal coincidence in alterations of AChE localization and nuclei expressing the message, suggesting developmental regulation at the mRNA level. Nonuniform mRNA staining among nuclei suggests asynchronous regulation, also supporting an earlier proposal that transcription proceeds intermittently. Asynchrony seems to be overridden by generally acting factors during myoblast fusion, when message is up-regulated, and at the onset of muscle contractions, when it becomes restricted to some nuclei in the junctional region and focal patches of AChE appear near nerve contacts. Coincidence of mRNA down-regulation and synthesis of stable basal lamina-bound AChE suggests coordinated adaptation, so that sufficient enzyme may be derived from low message levels.
240. Intramuscular Administration of an AAV Vector Expressing 4-Sulfatase (4S) to Newborn Cats With Mucopolysaccaridosis VI: Sulfatase Activity in Muscle, Serum, and Liver
Authors: Mark Haskins, Thomas O'Malley, Ping Wang, Karyn Cullen, Anne Traas, Alessandra Tessitore, Monica Doria, Alberto Auricchio
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (4S) resulting in an inability to degrade the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dermatan sulfate, which accumulates in the lysosomes. Clinical features include skeletal abnormalities, growth retardation, facial dysmorphia, and corneal clouding. Three neonatal MPS VI cats were injected intramuscularly with an equal mix of 40-43X10E11 particles/kg each of two AAV2/1 vectors, one with the feline 4S cDNA (kindly provided by John Hopwood) and one with the human sulfatase modifying factor (SUMF-1) cDNA. Both vectors had the CMV promoter. The rationale for the use of the SUMF-1 vector was to prevent saturation of the enzyme that converts a cysteine in the active site of sulfatases to a C-alpha-formylglycine, which is essential for enzyme activity. At 21 weeks post injection, mean serum sulfatase activity was 48.7+/|[minus]|8.5% of normal. At postmortem, the mean muscle sulfatase activity in 4 muscle groups/cat was 382+/|[minus]|140 nm/h/mg protein, whereas, the un-injected diaphragm was 0.9+/|[minus]|0.2 and normal cat muscle was 7.2+/|[minus]|1.5 (N=12). Liver sulfatase activity was 21.9+/|[minus]|2.7 nm/h/mg protein (normal 63.6+/|[minus]|14.8) and the GAG was reduced to 9.1+/|[minus]|1.1 ug/mg protein (affected MPS VI liver GAG=72.5+/|[minus]|50.9; normal=3.4+/|[minus]|2.0). Vector copy number in the liver was determined to be below the sensitivity of the assay (10 AAV copies/diploid genome). In addition, X-gal positive cells were not detected in the liver of one heterozygous MPS VI cat injected with AAV2/1.LacZ (suggesting that liver transduction following AAV IM injection was negligible). Thus, muscle sulfatase activity was 53-fold normal but resulted in only heterozygote levels in serum and 34% of normal in liver (assuming hepatocytes transduction did not occur). As anticipated, this level of activity was capable of reducing GAG storage to near normal by uptake from the serum. Neonatal MPS VI cats will be injected with control AAV.LacZ in place of the AAV.hSUMF-1 to determine if co-administration of the SUMF-1 affected 4S activity.
Representation and Re-Presentation in Litigation Science
Authors: Sheila Jasanoff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Federal appellate courts have devised several criteria to help judges distinguish between reliable and unreliable scientific evidence. The best known are the U.S. Supreme Court's criteria offered in 1993 in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. This article focuses on another criterion, offered by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, that instructs judges to assign lower credibility to "litigation science" than to science generated before litigation. In this article I argue that the criterion-based approach to judicial screening of scientific evidence is deeply flawed. That approach buys into the faulty premise that there are external criteria, lying outside the legal process, by which judges can distinguish between good and bad science. It erroneously assumes that judges can ascertain the appropriate criteria and objectively apply them to challenged evidence before litigation unfolds, and before methodological disputes are sorted out during that process. Judicial screening does not take into account the dynamics of litigation itself, including gaming by the parties and framing by judges, as constitutive factors in the production and representation of knowledge. What is admitted through judicial screening, in other words, is not precisely what a jury would see anyway. Courts are sites of repeated re-representations of scientific knowledge. In sum, the screening approach fails to take account of the wealth of existing scholarship on the production and validation of scientific facts. An unreflective application of that approach thus puts courts at risk of relying upon a "junk science" of the nature of scientific knowledge.
Multiple Mucosal Bridge Formations in the Stomach, Report of a Case
Authors: M. Mai, K. Watanabe
Journal: Endoscopy (1985)

An unusual gastric lesion comprising multiple bridges in a 62-year old woman is presented. Radiographic and endoscopic examination revealed several mucosal bridges and mucosal tags. The resected stomach showed eight mucosal bridges and five mucosal tags along the course of the mucosal folds in the fundic gland area, the former measuring 3 cm in diameter. This paper concludes with a short discussion of the etiology of these proliferative gastric lesions from a clinicopathological standpoint.
US report calls for national strategy to reduce overuse of medical imaging
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Overuse of medical imaging exposes patients to unnecessary radiation and increases healthcare costs, warns a report published by a group of US radiologists. It calls for a national strategy and evidence based guidelines to reduce unnecessary imaging procedures.

The annual radiation dose to which the US population is exposed for medical procedures rose sevenfold from 1980 to 2006, show figures in the report (http://radiology.rsna.org/), which also said that the number of people exposed to medical radiation in this period rose by 32%.

The findings are based on research presentations at …
Skip Mediastinal Nodal Metastases in the IIIa/N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Nenad Ilic, Ante Petricevic, Dragan Arar, Slavica Kotarac, Josip Banovic, Nives Frleta Ilic, Andro Tripkovic, Leo Grandic
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Syringe-Transmitted Hepatitis: A Recent Epidemic in Historical Perspective
Authors: H. Bruce Dull
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Eight cases of hepatitis in adults were attributed epidemiologically to infections spread by means of inadequately sterilized needles and syringes used repeatedly in a physician's office practice. The patients' potential exposures and subsequent onsets of illness were compatible with a "common source" outbreak of hepatitis B. Historical and contemporary examples of hepatitis epidemics attributable to a variety of contaminated instruments emphasize the continuing importance of alertness to accepted standards of sterilization.
Tight Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Simon Finfer
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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