tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Responses of the lung to toxic injury.
Authors: H Witschi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Analysis of toxic lung damage may focus on the offending agent and define patterns of bioactivation and interactions with the target tissues. It may also focus on a study of the biological response. While it was originally thought that cell proliferation, particularly Type II epithelial cell proliferation following lung injury, was a common event, it now has become obvious that on occasion proliferation occurs only late after the initial lung damage. Also Type II cell proliferation can occur in the absence of alveolar Type I cell damage. Delayed reepithelialization of the alveolar surface may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicological interactions often can be best recognized and defined by the extensive lesions that result from concomitant or sequential exposure to such toxic agents as ozone and acidic aerosols or anticancer drugs and oxygen. A correlation of cell proliferation and tumor development in mouse lung has shown that target cell hyperplasia is not a necessary prerequisite for enhanced tumor development. On the other hand, oxygen-induced proliferation of the neuroendocrine cell population results in the short-term development of neuroendocrine lung cell cancer in hamsters. While it is possible to draw some conclusions from an analysis of the lung response to toxic injury, predictions made from such knowledge are sometimes, but not necessarily always, correct.
Gα13 stimulates gene expression and increases cell size in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes
Authors: S Finn
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objectives: Constitutively-active Gα13 causes permissive cell types to proliferate or undergo phenotypic transformation implying a role for G13 in the control of cell growth. Cardiac myocytes are terminally-differentiated cells which respond to growth stimuli by increasing in size rather than by cell division. The objective of this study was to determine whether constitutively-active Gα13 is able to induce a hypertrophic phenotype in cardiac myocytes. Methods: Cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were transiently transfected with an expression vector (pRC/RSV) encoding wild-type Gα13 or constitutively-active Gα13Q226L. Effects on transcription were monitored by co-transfected luciferase (LUX) reporter genes under the control of promoters responsive to hypertrophic stimuli. Cell size was determined by planimetry. Results: Transfection of neonatal myocytes with Gα13Q226L, but not wild-type Gα13, stimulated ANF638LUX and ANF3003LUX expression to 3.0±0.3- and 4.3±0.6-fold of the control, respectively. Likewise, Gα13Q226L stimulated vMLC250LUX and vMLC2700LUX expression to 3.9±1.0- and to 7.7±1.7-fold of controls, respectively, but there was relatively little effect of Gα13Q226L on c-fos-SRE- and β-MHC promoter activity. The effects of Gα13Q226L on ANF3003LUX were inhibited by expression of C3 exoenzyme. Wild-type Gα13 and Gα13Q226L increased myocyte area from 869±43 μm2 in control transfections to 1287±64 μm2 and 1278±59 μm2, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that Gα13Q226L is able to induce gene expression and morphological changes associated with a hypertrophic response in cardiac myocytes and that the transcriptional effects may be mediated through a Rho-dependent mechanism.
Liver Function in Chlorpropamide Therapy
Authors: Edgar A. Haunz, William E. Cornatzer, Miltza Luper
Journal: JAMA (1964)

During a five-year period, 181 diabetic patients were treated with chlorpropamide at an average dose of 240 mg per day. The cephalin flocculation test (Hanger), serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminases (SGOT, SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, chemical gamma globulin, serum electrophoretic patterns, leukocyte counts, differential smears, hemoglobin level estimations, complete urinalyses, and blood glucose determinations were used at stipulated intervals to evaluate drug response. Liver function remained normal throughout, except for the cephalin flocculation test which indicated a high incidence of positivity among comparative groups of patients treated with diet alone, insulin treated patients, and an unusually high incidence of positivity among chlorpropamide treated patients. No significant elevations of SGOT, SGPT, or alkaline phosphatase determinations were noted.
Limited ability of humoral immune responses in control of viremia during infection with SIVsmmD215 strain
Authors: Thaidra Gaufin, Rajeev Gautam, Melissa Kasheta, Ruy Ribeiro, Erin Ribka, Mary Barnes, Melissa Pattison, Coty Tatum, Jeanne MacFarland, David Montefiori, Amitinder Kaur, Ivona Pandrea, Cristian Apetrei
Journal: Blood (2009)
GASTRO-HYSTERORRHAPHY WITHOUT OPENING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
Authors: FRITZ BAUM
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Our negative results in treatment of prolapsus uteri and retro-misplacements by pessaries and supporters have proven conclusively that we can never gain our point in supporting the prolapsed uterus from below, and that we must find some means to uplift same from above, and in this way substitute the office of the relaxed round and broad ligaments. For this purpose we have constructed the following instrument, consisting of a hollow tube like a big uterine sound; within this there is a piston-like rod with a handle at the outside and two needles threaded to one thread at the end inside. Now our idea is the following one: Place the patient in Treudelenburg's position, insert this instrument called uterine ventro-fixator into the uterus and after correcting misplacement of same, bring the fundus as high up as possible in direct contact with abdominal wall; then push the rod up until the needles
Impact of lipid abnormalities in development and progression of transplant coronary disease: a serial intravascular ultrasound study
Authors: Samir R Kapadia, Steven E Nissen, Khaled M Ziada, Gustavo Rincon, Timothy D Crowe, Navdeep Boparai, James B Young, E.Murat Tuzcu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
A STUDY OF THE ACCURACY OF THE PHENOLSULPHONEPHTHALEIN TEST FOR RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: J. T. GERAGHTY
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It is not sufficient to-day to be able to diagnosticate the presence of disease in any organ; we wish to know also to what extent the disease has interfered with the function of that organ.  The kidneys lend themselves particularly well to estimation of function on account of the ease with which their excretion can be obtained. It is for this reason that methods of estimating the functional ability of these organs have developed so rapidly and effectively. It is scarcely necessary to refer to the inadequacy of the most careful clinical examination of the patient, combined with the most thorough clinical and microscopic examination of the urine always to reveal the presence of kidney disease, even when it is far advanced. Again, when pathologic elements are present in the urine, the exact significance of these is not always evident. Abundant albumin and casts can be present when the renal lesions
Treatment of urinary incontinence in women in general practice: observational study
Authors: A. Seim, B. Sivertsen, B. C Eriksen, S. Hunskaar
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To examine what is attainable when treating urinary incontinence in women in general practice. <b>Design</b>: Observational study with 12 months9 follow up. Interview and clinical examination before, during, and after treatment of women seeking help for urinary incontinence in general practice. <b>Setting</b>: General practice in the rural district of Rissa, Norway. <b>Subjects</b>: 105 women aged 20 or more with urinary incontinence. <b>Interventions</b>: Treatment with pelvic floor exercises, electrostimulation, oestrogen, anticholinergic drugs, bladder training, and protective pads. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Subjective and objective measures of urinary incontinence; number of patients referred to a specialist. <b>Results</b>: After 12 months9 follow up 70% (69/99) of the women were cured or much better; the mean score on a 100 mm visual analogue scale decreased from 37 to 20 mm; and the proportion of women who were greatly bothered by their incontinence decreased by 62%. 20% (20/98) of women became continent, and the percentage of women with severe incontinence decreased from 64% (63/99) to 28% (27/98). Mean leakage per 24 hours measured by a pad test decreased from 28 g at the start of treatment to 13 g after 12 months. The number of light weight pads or sanitary towels decreased from 1.6 to 0.6 a day. In all, 17/105 (16%) patients were referred to a specialist. <b>Conclusions</b>: Urinary incontinence in women can be effectively managed in general practice with fairly simple treatment. Most women will be satisfied with the results. <h3>Key messages</h3> General practitioners can treat urinary inconti- nence fairly simply Treatment options in this study were pelvic floor exercises, electrostimulation, oestrogen, anti- cholinergic drugs, bladder training, and protective pads After 12 months9 follow up most of the women were cured or much better
Diagnostic skill and patient centred care
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

“Overdiagnosis of the well and undertreatment of the sick are the conjoint twins of modern medicine.” So writes Iona Heath in an essay this week (doi:10.1136/bmj.g6123). She articulates the fears that drive medical excess: our existential fear of dying, and the ever present fear that a serious diagnosis will be missed. While striving for accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatment, Heath says that clinicians and patients need to acknowledge the limits of medicine and embrace the uncertainty that lies beyond. “Only because we do not understand everything and because we cannot control the future is it possible to live,” she says.

Faced with uncertainty …
ARUP Consult: The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection and InterpretationARUP Consult: The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection and Interpretation
Authors: Paulette Mehta
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Is Epinephrine Contraindicated During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?
Authors: David N. Thrush, John B. Downs, Robert A. Smith
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Why pulmonary gas exchange deteriorates after administration of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is unclear. Methods and Results Forty-four anesthetized swine received an infusion of six inert gases. Animals underwent ventricular fibrillation with CPR and intravenous administration of saline (control), epinephrine (15 μg/kg), or methoxamine (150 μg/kg). Cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, pH, and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded. Distributions of V̇ a and Q̇ were determined by the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Ventricular fibrillation and CPR caused significant decreases in cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, and arterial pH. With epinephrine (versus saline), diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher (23±7 versus 8±4 mm Hg), but the increase in shunt (from 7±4% to 29±17%) and the reduction in Sa o 2 (from 99.7% to 76.8%) were significantly larger. Also, the increase in dead space was greater and elimination of CO 2 less. There were no differences between animals given methoxamine or saline, except for increased diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions During experimental ventricular fibrillation and CPR, epinephrine increased intrapulmonary shunt ≈300% more than saline or methoxamine and significantly reduced arterial oxygen saturation. We suspect that the β-adrenergic receptor activity of epinephrine attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Methoxamine is as effective a pressor as epinephrine for CPR and devoid of β-adrenergic activity. We recommend that such an agent be considered, instead of epinephrine, for CPR.
Doctor who spoke out about atrocities in Darfur wins award
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Halima Bashir, a doctor who was gang raped by soldiers after speaking out about atrocities in Darfur in western Sudan ( BMJ 2008;337:a951, doi:10.1136/bmj.a951), has won the Anna Politkovskaya award for female human rights defenders. The annual prize, in memory of the campaigning Russian journalist murdered in 2006, was awarded by the …
Time for a re-think: Problems with the parallel distributed approach to semantic cognition
Authors: Philip Quinlan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Rogers &amp; McClelland (R&amp;M) have provided an impressive outline of the capabilities of a class of multi-layered perceptrons that mimic many aspects of human knowledge acquisition. Despite this success, in the literature several basic issues are raised and concerns are expressed. Indeed, the problems are so acute that a different way of thinking is called for. In this commentary it is suggested that rational models approach provides a promising alternative.
SULFANILAMIDE FAST GONOCOCCI
Authors: Alfred Cohn
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To  Editor:—  In an editorial inThe Journal, May 2, Sulfanilamide Fast Gonococci,  writer refers to  publications of Boak, Westphal, Carpenter, Bang, Mahoney and others. He concludes from  possibility of artificially fastening gonococcus strains to sulfanilamide or sulfapyridine, and  failure of attempts to fasten them to sulfathiazole, that the failure of  gonococcus to develop resistance to sulfathiazole suggests that sulfathiazole fast strains are not likely to be developed in  clinic or to be spread to  general population.  The author apparently overlooked  recent publication of my associates and myself on  behavior of various gonococcus strains to sulfathiazole (Cohn, Alfred; Steer, Arthur, and Seijo, Irma: Correlation Between Clinical and In Vitro Reactions of Gonococcus Strains to Sulfathiazole, Am. J. M. Sc.  203: 276 [Feb.] 1942). With  method described in  article we have been able to demonstrate  existence of gonococcus
Pitfalls in tracking the psychological reality of lexically based and rule-based inflection
Authors: Etta Drews
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Clahsen reports the results from two sets of word-recognition experiments with adult native speakers of German supporting the notion that the processing of regular (or default) inflection differs from the processing of irregular inflection. My commentary points to shortcomings in stimulus selection and inconsistencies in the pattern of results, revealing that the empirical support for the proposed dual mechanism is much weaker than Clahsen suggests.
Resistance of neoplasms to immunological destruction: role of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor.
Authors: G R Pasternack, R Snyderman, M C Pike, R J Johnson, H S Shin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Several tissue culture lines of 6C3HED, a murine lymphoma, were more susceptible to immunologic destruction in vivo than the highly virulent 6C3HED line maintained by serial intramuscular transplantation. The attenuated tissue culture cells were rejected by normal syngeneic recipients, but thymectomized mice were unable to reject attenuated cells. In such mice, the growth rate of attenuated cells was equivalent to the growth rate of virulent cells in normal syngeneic mice. The increased susceptibility of attenuated cells to destruction by syngeneic hosts was shown to correlate with decreased production by the tumor cells of a macrophage chemotaxis inhibitor, and not with altered antigen density. In addition, when inhibitor isolated from virulent cells was administered to mice challenged with attenuated cells, the latter cells became virulent in vivo. When attenuated and virulent cells were administered simultaneously in the same host, the attenuated cells were able to develop into progressively growing tumors. The data suggest that the successful growth of neoplastic cells in normal may require tumor cells to produce factors which subvert the ability of the host to mobilize macrophages rapidly at the tumor site.
DISPLACEMENT OF UPPER EPIPHYSIS OF FEMUR TREATED BY OPEN REDUCTION
Authors: PHILIP D. WILSON
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Since December, 1921, and up to Jan. 1, 1924, seven cases of displacement of the capital  of the femur have been treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital by open operative reduction. So little is known of the etiology and pathology of this condition that it seems desirable to report these cases and the operative findings, and also to describe the operative procedure that was employed, together with the results obtained.  In all seven cases the lesion was of the type to which the term slipping epiphysis has been applied. The trauma responsible for the injury was of a mild character, and, in every case except one, had been preceded for a variable period by symptoms referred to the hip. Usually, there was a history of a slip or fall, followed by transient pain and lameness, or of intermittent pain brought about by repeated slight traumas. Then, after several weeks
Gynecologic Disorders: Differential Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Arthur G. King
Journal: JAMA (1982)

According to its opening chapter, this volume "attempts to accomplish in written format what we do orally when instructing house officers and medical students." The concept is admirable, but the result does not quite achieve its purpose. The plan was to demonstrate the reasoning that the gynecologist uses to arrive at a diagnosis from the presenting complaints of the patient and the findings on physical examination and from laboratory reports. In addition to the effort to teach teachers how to teach, however, in large part the contents include standard textbook material. Given the scope of the subject and the disparate experience of the readers to whom the text is addressed, the presentation is a mixture of sketchy outlines and detailed explanations, as if the lecturer were dealing with an audience of third-year medical students and distinguished gynecologic specialists. The same section contains both the information that the normal menstrual cycle
Stride frequency and ventilation at constant carbon dioxide output.
Authors: M J Berry, D W Bacharach, T Moritani
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1985)

To determine the consequences of two different stride frequencies on ventilation (VE) at similar levels of carbon dioxide production (VCO2), eleven male subjects performed two work tests on the treadmill. One test involved walking at a speed of 5 km/hr on a 15% grade while the other consisted of running on the treadmill at 9 km/hr on a 0% grade. Running increased stride frequency by 47%. The running and walking tests resulted in similar VCO2 levels, 1.85 +/- .18 and 1.9 +/- .20 l/min respectively, a non-significant difference. Ventilation during running was 43.73 +/- 6.51 l/min and during walking was 43.26 +/- 6.79 l/min, a non-significant difference. In addition the time constants for oxygen consumption (VCO2), VE and VCO2 were measured. The time constants for VCO2 and VE were not found to differ significantly during either the running or walking test. From our results, it can be seen that VE is more closely aligned to the metabolic state rather than stride frequency. In addition, the coupling of VE and VCO2 during the non-steady state is further indicative that ventilation is linked to the metabolic demands of the body.
If facts do not fit theory, the theory is wrong
Authors: A. N. Bamji
Journal: BMJ (2012)

I am amused that I first heard of the Daily Mail ’s recent report on statin research in the BMJ ,1 not least because that newspaper published my personal view on statins and their side effects in 2009.2 Afterwards I had a deluge of letters describing similar experiences and all described the difficulty of getting their doctor …
Abstract 3867: Novel mouse models to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic osteosarcoma.
Authors: Shuying Zhao, Lyazat Kurenbekova, Lawrence A. Donehower, Jason T. Yustein
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary bone tumor in the pediatric population with the main determinant for patient prognosis being the presence of metastatic disease. Approximately 25-30% of patients will present with metastatic osteosarcoma. Patients with metastatic disease have long-term survival rates often &amp;lt;20%. Objectives: We hypothesize that the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic osteosarcoma is different from localized disease. We intend this work to provide a relevant, endogenous model of metastatic OS that can be utilized to advance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease, insights into novel therapeutic targets and as a pre-clinical model for investigating the efficacy of novel therapies. Design: We have developed a tissue-specific alteration of the p53 status by using osteoblast specific Cre-recombinase expressing mice to generate progeny that spontaneously form endogenous osteosarcomas. Through the use of a mutated, gain of function form of p53, shown previously to be associated with metastatic disease, we have developed a novel immunocompetent model that significantly enhances the endogenous development of metastatic OS. Results: Tumor analysis has revealed genetic insights in the metastatic progression of osteosarcoma. These include the significant downregulation of Wnt-signaling inhibitors, such as NKD2, APCDD1 and Wnt5a in the metastatic tumors. Functional studies have determined that overexpression of NKD2, also downregulated in several human OS metastatic cell lines, in metastatic mouse OS cell lines leads to a significant decrease in metastatic lung lesions upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Possible NKD2-dependent functions include regulation of not only the Wnt signaling pathway, but also blood vessel formation, regulation of cell migration and cell adhesion. We have also noted the dysregulation of several critical microRNAs in metastatic OS, including the upregulation of mir-130b in the metastatic lesions. This particular microRNA has recently been shown to have clinical correlation in Ewing's sarcoma, with higher levels of tumor mir-130b having a significantly poorer outcome. We are actively pursuing the role of this (and other) microRNA(s) in the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic osteosarcoma. Conclusion: This novel model has enabled valuable molecular insights into the development and progression of metastatic OS that can lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Shuying Zhao, Lyazat Kurenbekova, Lawrence A. Donehower, Jason T. Yustein. Novel mouse models to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic osteosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3867. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3867