tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Armed conflict is a leading cause of hunger, says FAO
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Armed conflict is now the leading cause of hunger around the world, concludes a report from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization that was presented to the Committee on World Food Security in Rome last week.

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A severely malnourished man in 1998, during Sudan's last outbreak of famine induced by war

Credit: PAUL LOWE/PANOS

The goal of halving hunger worldwide by the year 2015, …

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Long-Term Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Young Men
Authors: Philip Greenland, Laura Colangelo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Letters16 April 2002Long-Term Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Young MenPhilip Greenland, MD and Laura Colangelo, MSPhilip Greenland, MDNorthwestern University Medical School; Chicago, IL 60611Search for more papers by this author and Laura Colangelo, MSNorthwestern University Medical School; Chicago, IL 60611Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-8-200204160-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Gami and colleagues correctly note that we measured plasma glucose following a 50-g oral glucose load, as described else-where (1). We also evaluated serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cig-arette smoking, weight, height, electrocardiographic data, education, and ethnicity. The primary goal of our analysis was to determine whether traditional CHD risk factors differed between young and middle-aged men in follow-up for long-term mortality. To answer Gami and colleagues' question concerning asymptomatic glycemia and long-term CHD mortality, we included plasma glucose level (in increments of 1.11 mmol/L [20 mg/dL]) in the multivariate models we originally reported (Table). After adjustment for major ...References1. Lowe LP, Liu K, Greenland P, Metzger BE, Dyer AR, Stamler J. Diabetes, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and 22-year mortality in black and white men. The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:163-9. [PMID: 9118765] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:233-40. [PMID: 10333939] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, Chait A, Eckel RH, Howard BV, et al . Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100:1134-46. [PMID: 10477542] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Northwestern University Medical School; Chicago, IL 60611 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoRisk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Men 18 to 39 Years of Age Elena L. Navas-Nacher , Laura Colangelo , Craig Beam , and Philip Greenland Long-Term Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Young Men Apoor S. Gami , Victor M. Montori , and Steven A. Smith Metrics 16 April 2002Volume 136, Issue 8Page: 631-632KeywordsBlood plasmaConfidence intervalsCongenital heart diseaseGlucoseMedical risk factorsMortalityPrimary hypertensionRacial and ethnic issuesRelative riskSmoking habits ePublished: 16 April 2002 Issue Published: 16 April 2002 CopyrightCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Procedural Skills of Practicing Gastroenterologists
Authors: Robert S. Wigton, Linda L. Blank, Howard Paul Monsour, Jo A. Nicolas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

To determine which procedures nephrologists do in practice, where they learned the procedures, and how much training they recommend to achieve and maintain clinical competence in each.Mailed survey.A random sample of 700 members of the American College of Physicians who were identified as practicing nephrologists; 516 (74%) responded.Acute peritoneal dialysis, acute hemodialysis, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration, and percutaneous renal biopsy were done by 95%, 97%, 87%, and 91% of the respondents, respectively. Except for hemofiltration, procedures were learned by most respondents during fellowship training. Compared with general internists, fewer nephrologists did most of the 19 general procedures included in the survey. The number of nephrology procedures done during the past year varied considerably among respondents, as did the minimum number of procedures they recommended for achieving and maintaining competence. Neither the variation in number of procedures done nor recommendations regarding certification were explained by differences in practice characteristics. Median recommendations remained relatively constant among subgroups.Nearly all nephrologists do the four nephrology procedures included in the survey. Their opinions about the training needed for competence help to better define requirements for training programs. More attention should be focused on training and certifying practicing nephrologists in procedures learned after formal fellowship training.
Chemical makeover inhibits IL-8
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

![Graphic][1] 

A citrulline-containing IL-8 isoform fails to recruit neutrophils. On page 

[2085][2], Proost et al. find that altering a single arginine turns an inflammatory chemokine docile.

The chemokine IL-8, which activates and recruits neutrophils, is secreted as a mixture of
TRANSFUSION, INFUSION AND ANTOTRANSFUSION; THEIR COMPARATIVE MERITS AND INDICATIONS.
Authors: AUGUST SCHACHNER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Whenever a number of measures of a more or less varied and changeable character are advanced for the fulfillment of a long existing demand, it means an absence of unity in the selection of the proper measure and a general distrust in a satisfactory adjustment of the demand. This is clearly illustrated by the number of procedures that from time to time have been recommended to overcome the depressing and even fatal condition following enormous hemorrhages. The fact that the operation of transfusion is but rarely performed at the present time, and that of infusion faring but little better, tempted me to refreshen the subject somewhat more than a month ago before one of our local societies. Since that time I have been impressed more than ever with the neglect to which these operations have been subjected and the importance of bringing them before the eyes of those engaged in
THE PATHOLOGY AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF ACUTE BRONCHITIS AND BRONCHOP-NEUMONIA.Read in the Section on Diseasesof Children,at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: C. L. DODGE
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<i>Pathology</i>.—The late Dr. Flint sums up the pathology in four lines. Although brief it covers the ground, and I can not do better than reproduce it: "Acute ordinary bronchitis is an inflammation affecting a mucous structure, leading to a secretion of mucus and the production of muco-pus in greater or less abundance. Resolution takes place in this situation without the occurrence of ulcerations. It belongs among the asymmetrical diseases." <i>Symptoms</i>.—The symptoms of bronchitis differ much in degree, from a slight cough and indisposition barely noticeable, to the severe attacks denominated capillary bronchitis, from which few ever recover. In young babies and children under five, the disease usually commences with coryza, or in common parlance, "a cold in the head." This is not invariably the rule, however, for we sometimes notice abrupt seizures similar to attacks of pneumonia or croup. In addition to the usual symptoms of coryza, such as wheezing,
Surgical Treatment of Acquired Tricuspid Stenosis
Authors: J. T. Chesterman, W. Whitaker
Journal: Thorax (1955)

Tricuspid stenosis has now come within the ambit of surgery, and, as always, the possibility of surgical intervention demands an accuracy of diagnosis which was previously unnecessary and usually unattained.Acquired tricuspid stenosis was known to Morgagni in 1761, and, in spite of its rarity when compared with mitral and aortic disease, Rolleston (1941) reported that Leudet was able to collect 114 cases in 1888.The incidence of the involve- ment of the individual valves in chronic rheumatic carditis is given by Wood (1954) as mitral 80%, aortic 48%, tricuspid 12%, and pulmonary 5%.Wood (1954) further states that at a " conservative estimate" 3,000 mitral valvotomies should be carried out annually in Great Britain, and it therefore seems probable that about 50 tricuspid valvotomies a year is an appropriate figure on the basis that about 15% of cases of tricuspid disease have predominantly stenotic lesions.
Disruption of Na <sup>+</sup> ,HCO <sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup> Cotransporter NBCn1 (slc4a7) Inhibits NO-Mediated Vasorelaxation, Smooth Muscle Ca <sup>2+</sup> Sensitivity, and Hypertension Development in Mice
Authors: Ebbe Boedtkjer, Jeppe Praetorius, Vladimir V. Matchkov, Edgaras Stankevicius, Susie Mogensen, Annette C. Füchtbauer, Ulf Simonsen, Ernst-Martin Füchtbauer, Christian Aalkjaer
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— Disturbances in pH affect artery function, but the mechanistic background remains controversial. We investigated whether Na + ,HCO 3 − cotransporter NBCn1, by regulating intracellular pH (pH i ), influences artery function and blood pressure regulation. Methods and Results— Knockout of NBCn1 in mice eliminated Na + ,HCO 3 − cotransport and caused a lower steady-state pH i in mesenteric artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells in situ evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Using myography, arteries from NBCn1 knockout mice showed reduced acetylcholine-induced NO-mediated relaxations and lower rho-kinase-dependent norepinephrine-stimulated smooth muscle Ca 2+ sensitivity. Acetylcholine-stimulated NO levels (electrode measurements) and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester–sensitive l-arginine conversion (radioisotope measurements) were reduced in arteries from NBCn1 knockout mice, whereas relaxation to NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, acetylcholine-induced endothelial Ca 2+ responses (fluorescence microscopy), and total and Ser-1177 phosphorylated endothelial NO-synthase expression (Western blot analyses) were unaffected. Reduced NO-mediated relaxations in arteries from NBCn1 knockout mice were not rescued by superoxide scavenging. Phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit at Thr-850 was reduced in arteries from NBCn1 knockout mice. Evaluated by an in vitro assay, rho-kinase activity was reduced at low pH. Without CO 2 /HCO 3 − , no differences in pH i , contraction or relaxation were observed between arteries from NBCn1 knockout and wild-type mice. Based on radiotelemetry and tail-cuff measurements, NBCn1 knockout mice were mildly hypertensive at rest, displayed attenuated blood pressure responses to NO-synthase and rho-kinase inhibition and were resistant to developing hypertension during angiotensin-II infusion. Conclusions— Intracellular acidification of smooth muscle and endothelial cells after knockout of NBCn1 inhibits NO-mediated and rho-kinase–dependent signaling in isolated arteries and perturbs blood pressure regulation.
E-Selectin Gene Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Xi-Lin L. Chen, Pradyumna E. Tummala, Lyn Olliff, Russell M. Medford
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

E-Selectin is an inducible, endothelium-specific, cell surface adhesion molecule that mediates inflammatory responses in the vasculature. Nonendothelial cell types such as cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) lack the ability to express E-selectin. We tested the hypothesis that HASMCs express a negative regulatory factor that inhibits E-selectin gene expression. E-Selectin mRNA and gene transcription were not detected in HASMCs after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by Northern and nuclear runoff analyses, respectively. However, both E-selectin mRNA and gene transcription were dramatically induced by TNF-alpha in the same cells pretreated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Lipopolysaccharide demonstrated similar effects. Furthermore, E-selectin was detected on the cell surface of HASMCs after washing out of cycloheximide. Cycloheximide pretreatment enabled immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cells that have lost the ability to express E-selectin to induce both E-selectin mRNA and gene transcription in response to TNF-alpha. Induction of E-selectin mRNA by lipopolysaccharide or TNF-alpha in cycloheximide-treated HASMCs was inhibited by the antioxidant pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and the serine protease inhibitor N alpha-L-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, suggesting that a nuclear factor-kappa B-like mechanism may play an important role in E-selectin gene expression in HASMCs. These data strongly suggest that a labile repressor protein(s) plays an important role in inhibiting E-selectin gene expression in HASMCs likely at the level of gene transcription. Except for this repressor, HASMCs and endothelial cells may share similar regulatory mechanisms for controlling E-selectin expression.
Immunology and the Skin
Authors: E. Dorinda Loeffel
Journal: JAMA (1971)

As volume 11 in the series,<i>Advances in Biology of Skin</i>, this book continues a tradition of scholarly excellence in the reporting of current research. Meticulous organization and hundreds of references complement the 24 stimulating contributions from prominent investigators in many fields. Skin is a convenient, readily accessible tool for immunologic research, being adaptable to many types of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Reactions in skin are easily produced and observed, and serve as valuable indicators of sensitization. Clinicians commonly use three types of diagnostic skin tests: wheal and flare tests for atopic antigens; tuberculin-type tests for microbial antigens; and patch tests for contact dermatitis antigens. Skin tests of the future will probably enable prediction of homograft acceptance and immunity to neoplasia. Investigators use skin tests to study mechanisms of immunologic reactions, such as route of induction, antigen fate, and haptenprotein conjugate role. Skin thus becomes a model system for
Abnormal uterine bleeding: the importance of uterine cavity visualization
Authors: T. Tulandi
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2002)

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common gynaecological problem. It is usually due to local pathology such as uterine myoma, endometrial polyp, or to anovulatory bleeding. Occasionally, it is a manifestation of a systemic disease. In this issue of Human Reproduction Update, Livingstone and Fraser discuss the mechanism of abnormal uterine bleeding. They correctly state that there are many causes of abnormal uterine bleeding and that its mechanism is complex.
A microimmunofluorescent assay to detect human granulocyte antigens and antibodies
Authors: Charles G. Zaroulis, Sylvia Jaramillo
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1981)

Abstract Granulocyte antibodies are important in the pathogenesis of neonatal granulocytopenia, in some varieties of idiopathic granulocytopenia, and in transfusion reactions, particularly since the development of leukocyte transfusion therapy for granulocytopenic patients. Previous assays for the detection of granulocytespecific antigens and antibodies were cumbersome, complex, and unreliable. Thus we have now described a new microimmunofluorescent method to assay human granulocyte antigens and their antibodies. This sensitive and reliable technique allows for the preservation of human granulocyte antigenicity for at least 24 hours. The granulocyte‐specific antigens of a Caucasian population, residing in metropolitan New York, were studied by this microimmunofluorescent method. We report the distribution of granulocyte‐specific antigens in this population, together with the corresponding gene frequency. This microimmunofluorescent test should improve our understanding of antigenic systems restricted to single cell populations.
Treatment algorithm for postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas and leaks using combined Vicryl plug and fibrin glue
Authors: G. Böhm, A. Mossdorf, C. Klink, U. Klinge, M. Jansen, V. Schumpelick, S. Truong
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

The incidence of clinically significant anastomotic leaks after upper gastrointestinal surgery is approximately 4 % – 20 %, and the associated mortality can be as high as 80 %. Depending on the clinical presentation, the treatment options are surgery, conservative treatment with external drainage, or endoscopic treatment. This report presents 39 cases of clinically apparent anastomotic leaks or fistulas after surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancers that were treated by endoscopy with insertion of fibrin glue alone (n = 24) or with a combination of Vicryl plug and fibrin glue (n = 15). Thirteen of the 15 patients who underwent Vicryl/fibrin treatments showed complete healing of the anastomotic leak or fistula after one to four sessions. Long-term follow-up results are presented. Postoperative upper gastrointestinal fistulas or anastomotic leaks can be managed successfully with low morbidity by means of endoscopic insertion of Vicryl mesh with fibrin glue, thereby avoiding repeated major surgery and its associated risks.
Does explicitness help?
Authors: Jennifer Church
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

The notion of an explicit representation plays a crucial role in O'Brien &amp; Opie's arguments. Clarifying what explicit representation involves proves difficult, however, as various explications of this key notion fail to make sense of the overall argument. In particular, neither the notion of encoding in discrete objects nor the notion of active versus potentially active representation seems to help in specifying what is distinctive of conscious representation.
The Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Risk for Breast Cancer and Total Mortality in Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer
Authors: Thomas A. Sellers
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: The risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are of considerable interest and importance, especially in terms of whether they differ among subsets of women. Objective: To determine whether HRT is associated with increased risks for breast cancer and total mortality in women with a family history of breast cancer. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Population-based sample of midwestern postmenopausal women enrolled in an observational study of risk factors for cancer. Participants: Random sample of 41 837 female Iowa residents 55 to 69 years of age. Measurements: Incidence rates of and relative risks for breast cancer (n = 1085) and total mortality (n = 2035) through 8 years of follow-up were calculated by using data from the State Health Registry of Iowa and the National Death Index. Results: A family history of breast cancer was reported by 12.2% of the cohort at risk. Among women with a family history of breast cancer, those who currently used HRT and had done so for at least 5 years developed breast cancer at an age-adjusted annual rate of 61 cases per 10 000 person-years (95% CI, 28 to 94 cases); this rate was not statistically significantly higher than the rate in women who had never used HRT (46 cases per 10 000 person-years [CI, 36 to 55 cases]). Among women with a family history, those who used HRT had a significantly lower risk for total mortality than did women who had never used HRT (relative risk, 0.67 [CI, 0.51 to 0.89]), including total cancer-related mortality (relative risk, 0.75 [CI, 0.50 to 1.12]). The age-adjusted annual mortality rate for women using HRT for at least 5 years was 46 deaths per 10 000 person-years (CI, 19 to 74 deaths); this is roughly half the rate seen in women who had never used HRT (80 deaths per 10 000 person-years [CI, 69 to 92 deaths]). Conclusions: These data suggest that HRT use in women with a family history of breast cancer is not associated with a significantly increased incidence of breast cancer but is associated with a significantly reduced total mortality rate.
Babies with spina bifida treated without surgery: parents' views on home versus hospital care.
Authors: E. Delight, J. Goodall
Journal: BMJ (1988)

From 1971 to 1981, 98 babies born with meningomyelocoele at the North Staffordshire Hospital Centre9s district maternity hospital, were thought not suitable for surgery. Sixty three survived for more than one week. Over the period the hospital9s policy changed: initially all such babies were kept in hospital, but later parents were given the choice of taking their baby home for palliative and terminal care. In an attempt to determine parents9 views on the care of their baby the parents of 44 of the babies who survived to one week were traced in 1985-6, five to 14 years later; 80 of them were asked how they felt about the lives and deaths of their babies. Eighteen babies had been taken home, and they had lived longer than the 26 who had been cared for in hospital. Parents whose baby had remained in hospital were sadder than those who had taken their baby home when they looked back at their experiences, and they also considered that their baby9s life had been of poor quality. Most of those who had taken their baby home had a more positive view of their child9s life. The figures suggest that the bereavement process after a baby9s death is longer than has been thought, but despite residual sadness just over half of the parents interviewed thought that something positive had come out of their experience.
"FAT NECROSIS" OF THE BREAST
Authors: H. A. Cookson
Journal: BMJ (1930)

TVith Special Plate.)'RFPORTS of cases of myiasis-infestation with fly larvae- are infreqiient in the mnedical literature of this country.Possibly the incidence of infestation is higlher than the published reports suggest, especially in regard to initestinal inviasis, sinice in those cases in whiclh lairvae are only plresent in simall numbers the conditioln ml-ay pass rleco gnized.The case here reported is that of a little girl, aged 3 years, a doctor's daughter.The child suddenly developed a mild enter-itis, which.began with ani attack of vomiting anid persisted foi about a fortniight.During this period ber fatlher noticed, on two, separate occasions, a single larva in her-mllotioIns.Eventually, some three weeks after
The Effects of Bronchitis and Occupation on Ventilation Over an 11-Year Period.
Authors: Geoffrey L. Brinkman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1971The Effects of Bronchitis and Occupation on Ventilation Over an 11-Year Period.Geoffrey L. Brinkman, M.D., F.A.C.P., Duane L. Block, M.D.Geoffrey L. Brinkman, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Duane L. Block, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-5-839_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn 1959, 301 men, ages 40 to 65 years, who were working full time, were selected for inclusion in this prospective study. On the basis of their work they were classified into three occupational groups: group 1, assembly line work with no silica exposure (134 men); group 2, at least 20 years' exposure to silica dust in a foundry (122 men); and group 3, at least 20 years' exposure to silica dust in a foundry, with X-ray evidence of silicosis (45 men). These men were further classified as to whether they had bronchitis on the basis of cough and sputum,... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Detroit and Dearborn, Mich. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1971Volume 74, Issue 5Page: 839-839KeywordsBronchitisDustProspective studiesSilicosisSputum Issue Published: 1 May 1971 PDF DownloadLoading ...