tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the evolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and housekeeping loci: a case for the genetic coherence of rhizobial lineages
Authors: J. J. Wernegreen, M. A. Riley
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

In prokaryotes, lateral gene transfer across chromosomal lineages may be mediated by plasmids, phages, transposable elements, and other accessory DNA elements. However, the importance of such transfer and the evolutionary forces that may restrict gene exchange remain largely unexplored in native settings. In this study, tests of phylogenetic congruence are employed to explore the range of horizontal transfer of symbiotic (sym) loci among distinct chromosomal lineages of native rhizobia, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes. Rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of several host plant genera were sequenced at three loci: symbiotic nodulation genes (nodB and nodC), the chromosomal housekeeping locus glutamine synthetase II (GSII), and a portion of the 16S rRNA gene. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that each locus generally subdivides strains into the same major groups, which correspond to the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Mesorhizobium. This broad phylogenetic congruence indicates a lack of lateral transfer across major chromosomal subdivisions, and it contrasts with previous studies of agricultural populations showing broad transfer of sym loci across divergent chromosomal lineages. A general correspondence of the three rhizobial genera with major legume groups suggests that host plant associations may be important in the differentiation of rhizobial nod and chromosomal loci and may restrict lateral transfer among strains. The second major result is a significant incongruence of nod and GSII phylogenies within rhizobial subdivisions, which strongly suggests horizontal transfer of nod genes among congenerics. This combined evidence for lateral gene transfer within, but not between, genetic subdivisions supports the view that rhizobial genera are "reproductively isolated" and diverge independently. Differences across rhizobial genera in the specificity of host associations imply that the evolutionary dynamics of the symbiosis vary considerably across lineages in native settings.
Late potentials and ventricular enlargement after myocardial infarction. A new role for high-resolution electrocardiography?
Authors: A G Zaman, J L Morris, J H Smyllie, J C Cowan
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Arrhythmias are common in patients who have developed ventricular enlargement after myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS A prospective study was undertaken to assess the relation between ventricular dilatation and the development of late potentials after myocardial infarction. Echocardiograms and signal-averaged ECGs were recorded on days 1,3,7, and 42 in 52 patients with a first anterior myocardial infarction. Twenty-nine percent of patients were late potential-positive on their initial signal-averaged ECG recorded on the day of admission. The incidence of late potentials rose during the next week to a peak of 42% at day 7, declining to 13% by day 42. The presence of late potentials on the day of admission was associated with an increase in end-diastolic volume index of 16.1 +/- 6.0 mL/m2 (mean +/- SEM), compared with a decreased of 4.7 +/- 2.7 mL/m2 among late potential-negative patients (P &lt; .006). Qualitatively similar results were evident for late potentials on day 3 and day 7. By contrast, there was no association between late potentials on day 42 and ventricular dilatation. Marked dynamic changes in late potentials were evident during the first week. Patients with persistent late potentials (n = 9) on all three recordings in the first week showed a marked increase in end-diastolic volume index of 21.3 +/- 8.1 mL/m2 (P &lt; .005 in comparison with patients who were persistently negative [n = 20]). Patients demonstrating dynamic positivity (n = 15) not present on all three recordings in the first week showed no significant increase in end-diastolic volume index. CONCLUSION It is concluded that late potentials during the first week after infarction are associated with subsequent ventricular dilatation. These early-phase late potentials may be a manifestation of cell slippage. They arise before gross topographical enlargement and may serve as a predictor of ventricular dilatation.
Continuing Education as Requirement for Medical Society Membership
Authors: Merle Pennington
Journal: JAMA (1970)

During late 1967 and early 1968, the Council on Medical Education of the Oregon Medical Association studied the idea of a continuing-education requirement for membership in the association and brought the following recommendations to the spring meeting of the OMA House of Delegates: (1) that minimum requirements be established for continuing education for physicians of the association; and (2) that an evaluation mechanism be established regarding the quality of continuing education programs and modalities available. After exhaustive testimony by the council and discussion by many physicians throughout the state before the reference committee, the latter recommended approval of the recommendations and the House of Delegates so approved unanimously. The council was thus directed to work out the details of the program and report to the annual meeting. A rough outline, similar to the American Academy of General Practice continuing education program was presented in September 1968, and the OMA authorized
Impaired Reticuloendothelial Function in Patients Treated with Methyldopa
Authors: John G. Kelton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

In about 20 per cent of patients taking the antihypertensive agent methyldopa, IgG autoantibodies form against red cells, but most such patients do not have hemolysis. The reason for this is uncertain; it does not appear to be explained by known characteristics of the autoantibody. Since antibody-dependent reticuloendothelial function is an important determinant of cell clearance, we measured reticuloendothelial function in nine patients taking methyldopa. We did this by measuring the rate of clearance of radiolabeled autologous red cells sensitized with anti-D alloantibody. Five patients had a positive direct antiglobulin test, and four did not. Only one patient had laboratory evidence of hemolysis. The patients without hemolysis had significantly impaired reticuloendothelial clearance. In contrast, the patient with hemolysis did not have impaired reticuloendothelial function. This study suggests that in patients taking methyldopa who have a positive direct antiglobulin test the absence of hemolysis may be caused by an impairment in reticuloendothelial function. That the drug itself may be responsible for the impairment is suggested by the occurrence of abnormal reticuloendothelial function in patients taking the drug who have a negative direct antiglobulin test.
Does wearing two pairs of gloves protect operating theatre staff from skin contamination?
Authors: H. Matta, A. M. Thompson, J. B. Rainey
Journal: BMJ (1988)

radiographs of the hips yielded normal results.Computerised tomography of the pelvis and hips, a hip aspiration, and an arthrogram also yielded normal results.For three months there was no clinical improvement but one year after onset the pain had settled and full function had returned despite mild restriction of range.All three patients were followed up for over one year after resolution and none developed any other joint disorder.
Designing a Practice Policy
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1990)

DESIGNING a practice policy is similar to making a decision for an individual patient. In both cases, one must identify the available options, estimate the consequences of the different options, and determine the desirability of those outcomes to patients. Practice policies can be thought of as generic decisions—recommendations intended for a collection of patients rather than for a single patient. Beyond these similarities, however, are some important differences that make practice policies considerably more difficult to design. In the case of a decision, the outcomes and preferences apply to a particular patient. There might be a range of uncertainty about the outcomes, the comparisons might be difficult, and there will be varying degrees of conviction about which option is best, but, in theory at least, there is a single option that is best for that patient. Practice policies are inherently more difficult because they attempt to make decisions for a
Genitourinary Cancer Surgery
Authors: Harry W. Schoenberg
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The editors have undertaken the extremely ambitious task of presenting material on all varieties of genitourinary tract cancer and on all of the current surgical approaches that have proved useful in the management of these tumors. They have enlisted the assistance of a large number of excellent authors and, in my opinion, they have succeeded as well as can be done in this type of undertaking. Most of the chapters are clearly written, readable, and well referenced. Each of the sections presents the mainstream of urologic thinking as well as the particular interests and opinions of the individual authors. The drawings are, in general, of good quality but in a few instances are so sparse as to make orientation difficult. The problem areas for the editors and for this book are, of course, those aspects of genitourinary tract cancer therapy and investigation that are currently in flux. These areas include,
Beyond Exon 2 — The Developing Story of <i>RAS</i> Mutations in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jordan Berlin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Initial single-agent studies of anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies in the treatment of colorectal cancer showed that these agents were marginally effective.1,2 The minority of patients derived benefit, as evidenced by progression-free survival curves that had no inflection until well after the 50% mark. However, after the determination that activating mutations in exon 2 of the gene KRAS predicted the inefficacy of anti-EGFR antibodies, reanalyses of multiple trials suggested that these agents could be more effective when administered to a more limited cohort of patients.3 Thus, mutations in exon 2 of KRAS became the first biomarkers of colorectal . . .
Response to Comment on Knowler et al. Preventing Diabetes in American Indian Communities. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1820-1822
Authors: William C. Knowler, Ronald T. Ackermann
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Thank you for the opportunity to comment again on the article by Jiang et al. (1) and their response (2) to our previous commentary (3). As we wrote previously, their article describes an important implementation of diabetes prevention services in American Indian communities. Although this translational …
Abstract 359: Longitudinal monitoring of autotaxin-expressing tumors in vivo using an activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe
Authors: Damian Madan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Autotaxin (ATX) and its product lysophosphatidic acid are involved in numerous biological functions that generally involve cell proliferation and motility. Their dysregulation is associated with several diseases, including many cancers, with ATX reportedly being among the forty most upregulated genes in highly metastatic cancers. Until now there have been no methods to visualize or measure the activity of ATX in living organisms. Here, we monitor tumor progression in vivo using ATX-Red, a biosensor that reports on ATX activity. We show that ATX-Red is specifically activated by ATX to fluoresce in the near-infrared, the optimal spectral window for in vivo fluorescence imaging. While minimal fluorescence activation is seen when ATX-Red is administered systemically to healthy mice, ATX-Red is strongly activated in MDA-MB-231 xenografts, which are known to over-express ATX. Longitudinal imaging of mice bearing these xenografts shows that ATX-Red fluorescence correlates with tumor size. Our data demonstrate that ATX-Red is an effective and non-invasive in vivo imaging tool that enables real time visualization and quantitation of ATX-expressing tumor progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 359. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-359
Irish Purpuric Disease Affecting Sporadically Several Persons and a Pig, at Kingstone, near Hereford
Authors: C. Lingen
Journal: BMJ (1867)

bulky part of the feetal body; there need be no difficulty in detecting it, however, (I) by the sudden appearance of an abilominal tumour elevated above, and having a smaller segmental rotundity than the general uterine tumefaction; (2) by intense cutting pain in the situation of the newly fonned tumour, and its exquisite tenerness under pressure of the hand; (3) by the notable diminution in volume of pulse, and signs of sinking.It seems to be othenvise, however, as regards the foetus in idero, when the mental system of the mother becomes unbalanced by violent and sudden shocks of anguish or by prolonged and severe anxiety, attended with waste of physical power.The subject of the present case had assiduously and pertinaciously nursed an only child, twenty months old, through a severe attack of acute disease, which lasted nearly three weeks.When, at the end of this period, a favourable change in the child's condition took place, and the mother became convinced that all danger as to his safety was at an end, she fell prostrate, utterly sulxlued, and almost unable to move; an(d while she was in this state, the attack of intrauterine convulsions occurred, as already related.
Identical mutations in RAG1 or RAG2 genes leading to defective V(D)J recombinase activity can cause either T-B–severe combined immune deficiency or Omenn syndrome
Authors: Barbara Corneo, Despina Moshous, Tayfun Güngör, Nicolas Wulffraat, Pierre Philippet, Françoise Le Deist, Alain Fischer, Jean-Pierre de Villartay
Journal: Blood (2001)
Myocardial Delayed Enhancement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Chagas’ Disease
Authors: Carlos E. Rochitte, Paulo F. Oliveira, Joalbo M. Andrade, Bárbara M. Ianni, José R. Parga, Luiz F. Ávila, Roberto Kalil-Filho, Charles Mady, José C. Meneghetti, João A.C. Lima, José A.F. Ramires
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Retinal connectomics: Towards complete, accurate networks
Authors: Robert E. Marc, Bryan W. Jones, Carl B. Watt, James R. Anderson, Crystal Sigulinsky, Scott Lauritzen
Journal: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2013)

Connectomics is a strategy for mapping complex neural networks based on high-speed automated electron optical imaging, computational assembly of neural data volumes, web-based navigational tools to explore 1012–1015 byte (terabyte to petabyte) image volumes, and annotation and markup tools to convert images into rich networks with cellular metadata. These collections of network data and associated metadata, analyzed using tools from graph theory and classification theory, can be merged with classical systems theory, giving a more completely parameterized view of how biologic information processing systems are implemented in retina and brain. Networks have two separable features: topology and connection attributes. The first findings from connectomics strongly validate the idea that the topologies of complete retinal networks are far more complex than the simple schematics that emerged from classical anatomy. In particular, connectomics has permitted an aggressive refactoring of the retinal inner plexiform layer, demonstrating that network function cannot be simply inferred from stratification; exposing the complex geometric rules for inserting different cells into a shared network; revealing unexpected bidirectional signaling pathways between mammalian rod and cone systems; documenting selective feedforward systems, novel candidate signaling architectures, new coupling motifs, and the highly complex architecture of the mammalian AII amacrine cell. This is but the beginning, as the underlying principles of connectomics are readily transferrable to non-neural cell complexes and provide new contexts for assessing intercellular communication.
Israeli committee maps out healthcare reforms
Authors: J. Siegel-Itzkovich
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Major reforms are being mooted for Israel's healthcare system over the next decade, following a report from a government committee set up two years ago after the Israel Medical Association's decision to forgo its right to strike for a decade.

Of 150 specific recommendations, the most important is that, in the event of a breakdown in negotiations between the government and doctors, binding arbitration will decide. Many of the other recommendations echo changes that have been suggested or are already under way …
My brush with the FBI
Authors: Gavin Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2005)

“Excuse me sir—could you come with me?” The security guard led me into his office, pointed at a vacant chair for me to sit in, and sat behind his deck. He asked who I was, and what I was doing in New Orleans.

He seemed dissatisfied with my answers. “Dr Yamey, you need to stay where you are. The police are on their way, and they want to ask you a few questions.”

The setting was last year's American Heart Association (AHA) annual meeting, an international gathering of cardiologists. I was there with a colleague to staff a PLoS Medicine booth in a huge downtown conference hall.

It was during a break from my booth duties, when I was on my way to a lecture by one of our editorial board members, that the guard cornered me and began his interrogation. He asked if I had been surfing the internet during my time at the meeting. I explained that I had—we had a computer at the booth to show attendees our website, and I had also been checking …
Glycerol turnover and oxidation in man
Authors: Walter M. Bortz, Pavle Paul, Agnes C. Haff, William L. Holmes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The oxidation and turnover of plasma glycerol has been studied in lean and obese, fed and starving man by means of a long-term infusion of glycerol-(14)C, and the participation of glycerol in gluconeogenesis has been determined. Under none of the experimental conditions did glycerol contribute more than 10% of the total respiratory CO(2). Glycerol turnover in fed lean subjects was 106 mmoles/min. Glycerol levels and turnover were higher in the obese subjects and with all subjects after starvation. There was a direct correlation between plasma levels and turnover values for which a regression equation was derived: y = 1556 x + 33.1, when y = turnover in micromoles per minute and x = glycerol level in micromoles per milliliter. Whereas a direct relation was established between glycerol and FFA levels, the FFA/glycerol turnover ratio was 4.7:1 in the lean group indicating incomplete hydrolysis of adipose tissue triglycerides.During starvation plasma glycerol is nearly or completely converted to glucose in the lean and obese groups, respectively. Of the new glucose formed from protein and glycerol 38% is derived from glycerol in the lean and 79% in the obese. Protein and glycerol have been shown to be adequate as precursors to supply at least as much glucose as is being oxidized per day.
A Formula for Calculating the Dosages of Drugs in Emergencies
Authors: Dooley Chen
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read with great interest the letters by Kirshenbaum<sup>1</sup>and Byerly et al<sup>2</sup>that suggested simple methods for calculating the dosages of drugs in emergencies. Dr Kirshenbaum's formula fixes the intravenous rate at 30 mL/h and calculates the amount of a cardiovascular drug to be added to 250 mL of dextrose as (<i>x</i>mg/kg/min) (<i>y</i>kg) (0.5), where<i>x</i>is the desired infusion rate (in micrograms per kilogram per minute) and<i>y</i>is the body weight (in kilograms). In 500 mL of dextrose, the formula simplifies further to (<i>x</i>mg/kg/min) (<i>y</i>kg). However, in these formulas the units are incorrect. The "minute" in the denominator should have been omitted. I would like to point out a problem in using this formula. In young infants, the drip rate cannot be increased without causing fluid overload. For example, say a dopamine drip is prepared to provide 5
Swindler Maynard Brought to Bay
Authors: M. R. Morden
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Last fall (Oct.5, 1912, p. 1303) you published an announcement for me concerning a $50 reward offered for information regarding a fugitive from justice, one Maynard, who had fleeced a lot of physicians and others during the spring of 1912 and then had absconded in June. The clippings which I enclose show the details of his arrest and fight to prevent just punishment. Before the days ofThe Journalsuch a fellow would probably have plied his trade for years. Here is an important use forThe Journal. Our officers of the law had almost given up hope of finding him when I told them I felt sure that I could locate him with your help. Just a few days after your announcement that this man was wanted, a member of the Association telegraphed our sheriff from Lincoln, Neb., that Maynard was there, and this led to his
Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Drug Development
Authors: Rajesh C. Rao, Brian J. Dlouhy
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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Initial Choice of Antidepressant Therapy in Primary Care
Authors: Paul J. Schwab
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The conclusion reached by Dr Simon and colleagues<sup>1</sup>in their article comparing imipramine, desipramine, and fluoxetine as initial antidepressant choices in primary care was surprising. They stated, "Because clinical outcomes, quality-of-life outcomes, and treatment costs provide no clear guidance, patients' and physicians' preferences are an appropriate basis for treatment selection." There are additional relevant and critical considerations that the primary care physician must use. These include the safety of the antidepressant in overdose, the adverse effect profile that permits greater compliance, and the ease with which an effective therapeutic dosage can be achieved. McFarland<sup>2</sup>compared the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine with the TCA imipramine. He found, as did Simon et al, that the higher tablet cost of the SSRI was offset by the costs of the frequent physician visits to adjust dosage and monitor adverse effects as well as the higher dropout rate in the imipramine
CLINICAL AND ANGIOGRAPHIC OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING SINGLE VERSUS MULTIPLE VESSEL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Mohamed Rahman, Tonga Nfor, Suhail Allaqaband, Anjan Gupta, Tanvir Bajwa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)