tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Study finds that aspirin improves survival after colon cancer diagnosis
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Taking low doses of aspirin after a diagnosis of colon cancer appears to improve survival, a study has found.1

In a commentary an oncologist from New York said that enough evidence had now accumulated from observational studies to recommend aspirin to patients with new diagnoses of stage III colon cancer.2

It has been known for some time that aspirin reduces the incidence of colon cancer, but using aspirin as a treatment for colon cancer has only been investigated since about 2009, when a study showed improved survival. Two randomised clinical trials have been …
Abstract 216: Role of Akt isoforms in chemoresistance of human endometrial carcinoma cells
Authors: Julie Girouard, Eric Asselin
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract AKT (also known as PKB) is a crucial survival kinase that is normally activated by growth factors but is constitutively activated at a high frequency in tumors through oncogenic events affecting its upstream regulation. Since studies have demonstrated that the three Akt isoforms exhibit distinct physiological functions, the aim of this study was to determine the isotype-specific functions for Akt in chemoresistance of endometrial carcinoma cells. In order to determine the role of Akt isoforms, we have stably produced transfectants in which the expression of Akt is downregulated by specific shRNAs for each isoforms using the KLE endometrial carcinoma cell line. This endometrial cell line is known to constitutively express the three Akt isoforms and to highly resist to chemotherapeutic treatment. In this study we have demonstrated that stably downregulation of Akt2 by RNA interference severely sensitized KLE cells to cisplatin and induced apoptosis. Moreover, cisplatin treatment of these cells induced the activation of pro-apoptotic factors such as caspase −3 and −9 but also inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic factors such as XIAP and bcl-2. Alternatively, we used constitutively active Akt expression vectors for each isoform to produce stable transfectants using the chemosensitive Hec 1A endometrial cancer cell lines in which no Akt activity is detected. Constitutive Akt2 expression leads to increase cisplatin resistance in this stable transfectant. Our findings highlight the contribution of Akt2 isoform in the molecular mechanisms that govern chemoresistance of endometrial carcinoma. Furthermore, Akt isoform-specific transfectants will provide a strong model to determine the involvement of each Akt isoforms in chemoresistance of endometrial carcinoma cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 216.
Eva Marion Cruickshank (nee Dilling) Nigel Naunton Davies Eric Matheson Dunlop John Myers
Authors: J. Cruickshank
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Liverpool 1953), died after a series of strokes on 13 August 2000.At Liverpool Eva was secretary of the medical students' society, but her studies were interrupted for a year while she was treated for tuberculosis.She was one of the early patients to receive streptomycin in nonototoxic doses.After house jobs at the Northern Hospital in Liverpool and the Stanley Hospital in Bootle, where she was effectively in charge of the accident and emergency department, she married and started work in general practice.She became a trainer and finally senior partner.She was on the Dunlop committee which investigated adverse drug reactions.Eva found time for many other activities.She attended the Liverpool Philharmonic concerts until her final illness, and was treasurer of the University Women's Club and honorary secretary to the Grassendale Park Trustees.She received the Thanks Badge of the Scout Association.In retirement she and her husband spent much of their time in Coniston in the Lake District.She leaves a husband, Alan (also a doctor); three sons (two of whom are doctors); and seven grandchildren.
LOW BODY TEMPERATURE
Authors: Frederick M. Allen
Journal: JAMA (1952)

ABSTRACT To the Editor:— Among the admirable data compiled by Laufman (J. A. M. A. [Nov. 24] 1951) in the emergency admission of a patient with unprecedentedly low body temperature, the metabolic rate of —7.8 appears impossible. Theory alone will rule out an energy exchange within normal limits at a hypothermia of 68 F (20 C), but supporting facts are as follows: 1. The demonstrated low metabolism of hibernation and of clinical and experimental hypothermia after the excitement stage. 2. The preservation of refrigerated bloodless extremities for 54 or 96 hours, and still longer survival of various grafts. 3. The record of 3 to 5 shallow respirations per minute, comparable to the observations in animals, could not have provided enough oxygen for life with normal metabolism. 4. Even if enough oxygen were inspired, the 12 to 20 feeble heartbeats per minute could not distribute it adequately. 5. Even if the oxygen
REDUCIBLE HERNIA.Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: C. M. FENN
Journal: JAMA (1894)

In response to the courteous invitation of our Chairman, I have recently been endeavoring to recall the number of times the errant gut has yielded to my manipulations, and the<i>modus in quo</i>. The record enumerates thirty-five reductions since 1865, most of them implicating the inguinal region, and apparently confirming the statement that 80 per cent. of hernias affect that site. It appears further, in comparison with Dr. Dallas' estimate of 3,500,000 cases of hernia in this country alone, that the writer has measurably exceeded the ratio to each practicing physician. So large a number of successful replacements, some of them following the failure of other measures, may seem to warrant a brief consideration of the method of procedure; and as I may not rightfully invade the domain of those who have been delegated to speak to you of the etiology, pathology and surgery of ruptures, my remarks will be
Using Newly Deceased Patients to Teach Resuscitation Procedures
Authors: Jeffrey P. Burns, Frank E. Reardon, Robert D. Truog
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Effective resuscitation requires physicians and others with the training and skills to perform difficult procedures under stressful conditions, yet there can be no physicians with the necessary experience unless they first have opportunities to learn and practice these skills. Some educators have recommended that physicians in training learn these techniques by practicing on recently deceased patients, since these patients cannot be harmed by the procedures.14 Physicians and society have long struggled over the ethics and value of using patients after their death for medical education. The pioneering work of the early anatomists, for instance, began to flourish after the . . .
Intelligence, education, and mortality
Authors: G David Batty, Mika Kivimäki, Ian J Deary
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Are linked in several ways, so strategies to reduce inequalities should be broadly based

Socioeconomic status can be indexed in a variety of ways, but usually on the basis of an individual’s occupational social class, income, education, and housing tenure. Data accumulated over several decades show that these characteristics are associated with differences in health, particularly within affluent societies. With the exception of few outcomes—incidence of breast cancer in women and selected injuries—poorer health is more common in poorer people.1 Moreover, this gradient seems to be apply across the full socioeconomic range, rather than being confined to the most disadvantaged end of the spectrum. A worldwide reduction in these differentials has become a priority for many governments, including that of the United Kingdom,1 and for the World Health Organization, which in 2005 launched the Global Commission on Social Determinants of Health.2

In endeavouring to ameliorate health inequalities, it is important to understand the underlying causes; two BMJ studies attempt to describe the gradient more clearly3 and understand what factors explain it.4 In the linked study from Norway (doi: 10.1136/bmj.c654), Strand and colleagues assess the relation between educational inequalities and mortality from 1960 to 2000.3 In a recently published study, Lager and colleagues investigated the association between early IQ, educational attainment, and mortality in Sweden. …
Streptomycin and Neomycin
Authors: S. A. Waksman
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Cytological Fnzymological SerologicalIncreases gluconeogenesis May either depress thyroid Restores capacity of mus-Tends to bring about a Produces lymphopenia Diminishes hyMuroniactivity (probably via dim- cle for work in adrenalrestoration of normal (some species) and dase activity Lowers renal threshold inished pituitary production ectomized animals A.-G. ratio in disease
IgE levels in surgery: effect of ranitidine and prednisolone
Authors: GT Kampen, LK Poulsen, HJ Nielsen, S Schulze, LJ Petersen
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Background: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is important in allergic reactions and in host defense against parasites. IgE may also participate in the acute‐phase response to physical stress. This study aimed to determine whether major abdominal surgery induced increased serum IgE levels, and whether treatment with ranitidine or prednisolone influenced the IgE response to surgery. Methods: For assessment of the IgE response to surgery and the effect of ranitidine, 24 patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery were randomized to receive either perioperative treatment with ranitidine or no treatment. To evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids, 24 patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery were randomized to receive preoperative treatment with either prednisolone or placebo. IgE levels were determined in serum samples drawn pre‐ and postoperatively. Results: In the ranitidine study, both the control group and the ranitidine‐treated group displayed a postoperative increase ( P &lt;0.001) of serum IgE. In the prednisolone study, a postoperative increase ( P &lt;0.05) of serum IgE was detected in the placebo group. No significant increase was found in the prednisolone‐treated group. Conclusions: Major abdominal surgery induces an increase of serum IgE. This increase can be prevented by preoperative treatment with prednisolone, but not with ranitidine.
Membranocystic changes in the panniculitis of dermatomyositis
Authors: O. ISHIKAWA, A. TAMURA, K. RYUZAKI, M. KUROSAWA, Y. MIYACHI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Clinically apparent panniculitis is rare in dermatomyositis. The common histopathological findings are infiltration of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells and plasma cells in the fat lobules, along with varying degrees of fat degeneration and fibrosis. We report a 65-year-old woman with dermatomyositis who developed panniculitis with a characteristic histological change known as a membranocystic lesion. Although this change has been observed in various diseases affecting the subcutaneous fat tissue, it has rarely been reported in dermatomyositis. Dermatomyositis should be included in the diseases showing a membranocystic lesion.
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Insulin Secretion
Authors: Howard Rasmussen, Kathleen C Zawalich, Shridar Ganesan, Roberto Calle, Walter S Zawalich
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Mechanisms by which various classes of extracellular signals regulate insulin secretion are discussed regarding their cellular and molecular actions. Under physiological circumstances, the small postprandial changes in plasma glucose concentrations (∼4.4–6.6 mM) primarily serve as a conditional modifier of insulin secretion and dramatically alter the responsiveness of islets to a combination of neurohumoral agonists. These agonists have two functions. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and acetylcholine activate the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagonlike peptide 1 activate adenylate cyclase. These two functional classes of neurohumoral agonists act synergistically to enhance insulin secretion when plasma glucose is &amp;gt;6.0 mM but not when it is ≤4 mM. On the other hand, an increase in plasma glucose concentration to 8–10 mM induces an increase in insulin secretory rate in the absence of any of the neurohumoral agonists. Remarkably, high glucose leads to an increase in the same intracellular signals, as does a combination of acetylcholine and GIP. On the basis of these data, a model of how insulin secretion is regulated under physiological circumstances is proposed. This model emphasizes that the regulation of insulin secretion occurs in three stages: cephalic, early enteric, and later enteric. In this view, the crucial event occurring during the first two phases is the agonistinduced translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) to the plasma membrane under conditions in which an increase in Ca2+ influx does not occur. PKC is now in a cellular location and a Ca2+-sensitive conformation such that an increase in Ca2+ influx rate occurring during the third phase leads to its immediate activation and an enhanced rate of insulin secretion. Furthermore, under physiological circumstances, an optimal insulin secretory response is dependent on a correct temporal pattern of signals arising from neural and enteric sources. If this pattern is deranged, an abnormal pattern of insulin secretion is observed. An important new insight is provided by the observation that agonists (e.g., CCK or acetylcholine) that act to stimulate the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositides, when acting for a short period (10–20 min), induce an enhanced responsiveness of islets to glucose, i.e., proemial sensitization. However, when acting unopposed for several hours, these agonists will induce a time-dependent suppression of responsiveness to glucose and other agonists. The latter observation implies that optimal insulin secretion is dependent on periodic rather than continuous exposure to the correct pattern of extracellular signals. The clinical implications of these new observations are discussed regarding glucose toxicity, the possible role of interleukin 1 in the pathogensis of insulin-dependent diabetes, sulfonylurea therapy, and the abnormalities of insulin secretion seen in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Responders and non-responders to probiotic interventions
Authors: Gregor Reid, Estelle Gaudier, Francisco Guarner, Gary B Huffnagle, Jean M Macklaim, Alicia Murcia Munoz, Margaret Martini, Tamar Ringel-Kulka, Balfor R Sartor, Robert R Unal, Kristin Verbeke, Jens Walter
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

As with many clinical studies, trials using probiotics have shown clearly that some patients benefit from the treatment while others do not. For example if treatment with probiotics leads to 36% cure rate of diarrhea, why did the other 64% not have the same result? The issue is important for human and indeed experimental animal studies for two main reasons: (i) Would changing the design of the study result in more subjects responding to treatment? (ii) If a subject does not respond what are the mechanistic reasons? In order to tackle the issue of responders and non-responders to therapy, a workshop was held by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). The outcome was four recommendations.Clearly define the end goal: this could be supporting a health claim or having the highest clinical effect and impact.Design the study to maximize the chance of a positive response by identifying precise parameters and defining the level of response that will be tested.Base the selection of the intervention on scientific investigations: which strain(s) and/or product formulation should be used and why.Carefully select the study cohort: use biological or genetic markers when available to stratify the patient population before enrollment and decide at what point intervention will provide the best outcome (for example, in acute phase of disease, or during remission, with or without use of pharmaceutical agents).By following these recommendations and selecting an appropriate primary outcome, it is hoped that clinical data will emerge in the future that expands our knowledge of which probiotics benefits which subjects and by what mechanism.
A HISTORICAL RECORD OF THE DEVICES USED IN THE MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF SIMPLE FRACTURE OF THE PATELLA.Read before the Clinical Society of the Chicago Policlinic, October 14, 1890.
Authors: CHARLES F. STILLMAN
Journal: JAMA (1891)

In the entire domain of surgery there is not a fracture which has interested more prominent surgical minds, or been the subject of more devices and inventions for its treatment, than this; and in order to present an accurate and comprehensive history, the writer has been obliged to extract freely from foreign authorities, as well as those who have written upon the subject in our own language. Abulcasis and Paul of Aegina were the first to mention fracture of the patella in their writings. Their treatment was most simple. The former bound down the upper fragment with a bandage; the latter fastened the fragments together with an emplastrum, which with a round splint was held in place by a bandage. Both writers considered the extended position of the limb a necessity. It is unfortunate that no illustrations can be obtained depicting their methods. Guido, Theodorich, Giul. de Saliceto and Brunschwig
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Induces Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis through a Death Receptor-Mediated Pathway in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Ho-Seong Kim, Angela R. Ingermann, Junko Tsubaki, Stephen M. Twigg, Gillian E. Walker, Youngman Oh
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has been shown to potently inhibit cell proliferation in various cell systems. However, the specific mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative action of IGFBP-3 have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that IGFBP-3 induces apoptosis in an insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent manner through the activation of caspases involved in a death receptor-mediated pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Induction of IGFBP-3 using an ecdysone-inducible expression system inhibited DNA synthesis in an IGF-IGF receptor axis-independent fashion and resulted in the subsequent induction of apoptosis and an increase in caspase activity. Similar results were obtained when cells were transfected with GGG-IGFBP-3, an IGFBP-3 mutant unable to bind IGFs, corroborating the IGF-independent action of IGFBP-3. Additional caspase activity studies and immunoblot analyses using specific caspase substrates and/or caspase inhibitors revealed that the growth-inhibitory effect of IGFBP-3 results mainly from its induction of apoptosis (in particular, activation of caspase-8 and -7). Analyses of caspase-9 activity and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol confirmed that the mitochondria-mediated pathway is not involved. Taken together, these results show that IGFBP-3 expression leads to the induction of apoptosis through the activation of caspases involved in a death receptor-mediated pathway and that IGFBP-3 functions as a negative regulator of breast cancer cell growth, independent of the IGF-IGF receptor axis.
Effects of Intrathecal Morphine on the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia
Authors: Peter L. Bailey, Jeffrey K. Lu, Nathan L. Pace, Joseph A. Orr, Julia L. White, Elizabeth A. Hamber, Matthew H. Slawson, Dennis J. Crouch, Douglas E. Rollins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Intrathecal administration of morphine produces intense analgesia, but it depresses respiration, an effect that can be life-threatening. Whether intrathecal morphine affects the ventilatory response to hypoxia, however, is not known.
Gadgets for consultants
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Objective</h3> Although knowledge on poststroke cognitive and functional decline is increasing, little is known about the possible decline of these functions before stroke. We determined the long-term trajectories of cognition and daily functioning before and after stroke. <h3>Methods</h3> Between 1990 and 2016, we repeatedly assessed cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 15-Word Learning, Letter–Digit Substitution, Stroop, Verbal Fluency, Purdue Pegboard) and basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL) in 14 712 participants within the population-based Rotterdam Study. Incident stroke was assessed through continuous monitoring of medical records until 2018. We matched participants with incident stroke to stroke-free participants (1:3) based on sex and birth year. Trajectories of cognition and daily functioning of patients who had a stroke 10 years before and 10 years after stroke and the corresponding trajectories of stroke-free individuals were constructed using adjusted linear mixed effects models. <h3>Results</h3> During a mean follow-up of 12.5±6.8 years, a total of 1662 participants suffered a first-ever stroke. Patients who had a stroke deviated from stroke-free controls up to 10 years before stroke diagnosis in cognition and daily functioning. Significant deviations before stroke were seen in scores of MMSE (6.4 years), Stroop (5.7 years), Purdue Pegboard (3.8 years) and BADL and IADL (2.2 and 3.0 years, respectively). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Patients who had a stroke have steeper declines in cognition and daily functioning up to 10 years before their first-ever stroke compared with stroke-free individuals. Our findings suggest that accumulating intracerebral pathology already has a clinical impact before stroke.
Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B.
Authors: G Fattovich, L Brollo, G Giustina, F Noventa, P Pontisso, A Alberti, G Realdi, A Ruol
Journal: Gut (1991)

One hundred and five hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients presenting with chronic persistent hepatitis (n = 46) or chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis (n = 59) were followed longitudinally for one to 16 years (mean 5.5 years) and underwent follow up biopsy. During a mean histological follow up of 3.7 years, active cirrhosis developed in 21 (20%) patients one to 13 years after entry to the study with a calculated annual incidence of 5.9%. The probability of evolution to cirrhosis was significantly higher in patients with chronic active hepatitis and bridging hepatic necrosis than in those with moderate chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatitis (p less than 0.0001). Cox multiple regression analysis showed that the following three variables independently implied poor prognosis: older age, presence of bridging hepatic necrosis, and persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum (p less than 0.0001). These findings indicate that patients with severe chronic active hepatitis and persistent hepatitis B virus replication are at very high risk of rapid progression to cirrhosis.
Thromboembolic complications in myelomatosis.
Authors: A Talerman
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MBICLOL 709 claims for sick benefit reached a weekly figure of approximately 450% above the seasonal average.Strains of the Hong Kong variant of influenza virus A2 were isolated in the area.Returns from councils of absence owing to illness, believed to be influenza, during December and January were as follows.Unvaccinated 164 Off sick 41 Vaccinated once only 27 Off sick 7 Vaccinated twice 85 Off sick nil From this it will be seen that there is no difference in the absentee rate of those who were unvaccinated from those who received one dose only in November 1969.In the case of those who received two doses there were no absences, and this is statistically significant.Although one cannot draw any firm conclusions because of the small number who received one dose only, and in 23 a reduced dose, it seems prudent to advise an initial course of two doses in the previously unvaccinated and where there has been a significant change in the strain of the A2 virus.-Weare, etc.,