tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Growing Scar on the Abdomen of a Middle-aged Woman
Authors: Molly S. Moye, Brian L. Swick, Karolyn A. Wanat
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Awoman in her 50s presented for evaluation of a growing, painful scar on the right side of her abdomen. She reported having a rectangular area of discolored skin for the past 10 years that developed as a result of a complication during an interventional radiology procedure for treatment of a splenic aneurysm. Two months prior to presentation this lesion became painful and enlarged, without improvement with triamcinolone cream or oral antibiotics. She also reported recent fevers, night sweats, nausea, and fatigue. She denied international travel, drug use, incarceration, and high-risk sexual behavior. The patient had a history of uterine cancer at age 25, for which she underwent hysterectomyandchemotherapy. Shealsohadahistoryofbreast cancer inher40s, forwhich she underwent lumpectomy and tamoxifen therapy. She had undergone surgical excision of a gastric polyp in her early 50s. She had no history of radiation therapy. On physical examination she was well-appearing and afebrile, with normal vital signs. There was a 12 × 7–cm indurated pink and deep purple plaque on the right side of the abdomen,with 2 focal areas of ulceration (Figure). Extending outward from this plaquewere finger-like projections of purple subcutaneous papules. Inferior to the plaque therewas an approximately 3-cm, tender, orange-to-yellow patch. No lymphadenopathy or other skin lesions were noted. Quiz at jama.com Figure.Growing lesion on patient’s abdomen.
Nursing home placement in the Donepezil and Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease (DOMINO-AD) trial: secondary and post-hoc analyses
Authors: Robert Howard, Rupert McShane, James Lindesay, Craig Ritchie, Ashley Baldwin, Robert Barber, Alistair Burns, Tom Dening, David Findlay, Clive Holmes, Robert Jones, Roy Jones, Ian McKeith, Ajay Macharouthu, John O'Brien, Bart Sheehan, Edmund Juszczak, Cornelius Katona, Robert Hills, Martin Knapp, Clive Ballard, Richard G Brown, Sube Banerjee, Jessica Adams, Tony Johnson, Peter Bentham, Patrick P J Phillips
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2015)
Cefixime and ceftriaxone susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Italy from 2006 to 2010
Authors: A. Carannante, G. Prignano, M. Cusini, A. Matteelli, I. Dal Conte, V. Ghisetti, A. D'Antuono, F. Cavrini, R. Antonetti, P. Stefanelli
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
Analysis of overall survival (OS) in two large open-label phase III studies (LUX-Lung 3 [LL3] and LUX-Lung 6 [LL6]) comparing afatinib with chemotherapy (CT) in patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring common (Del19/L858R) epidermal growth factor receptor mutations (EGFR mut)
Authors: Martin Sebastian, James Chih-Hsin Yang, Lecia Sequist, Martin Schuler, Tony Mok, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Kenneth O'Byrne, Vera Hirsh, Sarayut Geater, Caicun Zhou, Dan Massey, Victoria Zazulina, Yi-Long Wu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background:  Afatinib (A) is an oral, irreversible ErbB family blocker of EGFR, HER2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 signalling. A was compared with cisplatin/pemetrexed (LL3; 345 pts recruited globally) and gemcitabine/cisplatin (LL6; 364 Asian pts) in treatment-naive pts with EGFR mut stage IIIB/IV NSCLC. A improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs CT in pts with common (Del19/L858R) EGFR mut. Here we present a pooled analysis of mature OS data among such pts.   Methods:  This analysis included 631/709 pts harboring common EGFR mut (Del19=355, L858R=276) randomized 2:1 to 40 mg A (n=419) or up to 6 cycles of standard CT (n=212).   Results:  Median follow-up for OS was 36.5 mo and 404 (64%) pts had died at the time of analysis (January 2014). 78% of pts received subsequent systemic therapies (median of 3 regimens); 68% in the CT group received EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and 70% in the A group received CT. OS was significantly improved with A vs CT (median 27.3 vs 24.3 mo, HR=0.81 [CI 0.66, 0.99; p=0.037]). Among Del19 pts the HR=0.59 (CI 0.45, 0.77; p   Conclusions:  This pooled analysis reveals that first-line A improves OS by 3 mo in pts with advanced NSCLC harboring common EGFR mut (Del19/L858R) compared with CT. This is the first analysis to show that genotype-directed therapy for EGFR mut pts can improve survival.
Immediate Neurocognitive Effects of Methylphenidate on Learning-Impaired Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Stephen J. Thompson, Laurie Leigh, Robbin Christensen, Xiaoping Xiong, Larry E. Kun, Richard L. Heideman, W. Eugene Reddick, Amar Gajjar, Thomas Merchant, Ching-Hon Pui, Melissa M. Hudson, Raymond K. Mulhern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2001)

PURPOSE: To test if methylphenidate (MPH) has an objective beneficial effect on immediate performance on tests of neurocognitive functions among learning-impaired survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and malignant brain tumors (BT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998, 104 long-term survivors of childhood ALL or a malignant BT completed neurocognitive screening for learning impairments and concurrent problems with sustained attention. Eligibility criteria for the MPH trial included an estimated intelligence quotient greater than 50, academic achievement in the 16 th percentile or lower for age in reading, math, or spelling, and an ability to sustain attention on a computerized version of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in the 16 th percentile or lower for age and sex. Of the 104, 32 (BT, n = 25; ALL, n = 7) were eligible on the basis of these a priori criteria for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of MPH. The patients ingested a placebo (lactose) or MPH (0.6 mg/kg; 20 mg maximum) and repeated selected portions of the screening battery 90 minutes later. RESULTS: Compared to the 17 patients randomized to the placebo group, the 15 patients randomized to the MPH group had a significantly greater improvement on the CPT for sustained attention (errors of omission, P = .015) and overall index (P = .008) but not for errors of commission (indicative of impulsiveness) nor reaction times. A trend for greater improvement in the MPH group on a measure of verbal memory failed to reach statistical significance. No trend was observed for MPH effectiveness in improving learning of a word association task. No significant side effects from MPH were observed. CONCLUSION: MPH resulted in a statistically significant improvement on measures of attention abilities that cannot be explained by placebo or practice effects.
A study on chemotherapy induced interstitial lung disease in patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer complicated by combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Authors: Masato Morita, Kiyoshi Hashimoto, Akira Yamasaki, Tadashi Igishi, Eiji Shimizu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

[Background] Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) frequently complicates lung cancer. Chemotherapy induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) is frequently occurs in these patients and chemotherapy is hard to undertake in such case.[Objective] The purpose of this research was to clarify the risk and prognosis of ILD in cases of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with CPFE treated by chemotherapy.[Method] We conducted a retrospective investigation of 14 patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC with emphysema and interstitial pneumonia detected by chest computed tomography, who were treated by chemotherapy at our hospital between April 1, 2004 and August 31, 2010. [Results] Six of the 14 patients developed ILD. High values of KL-6 (P = 0.028) measured before chemotherapy were identified as a predictor of the development of ILD.Median survival in ILD group and non ILD group was respectively 237 and 820 days.[Conclusion] Unresectable NSCLC patients with CPFE receiving chemotherapy show a high predisposition for developing ILD, especially in cases with high KL-6 values, and tend to have a poor prognosis.
IFN-γ and IgA against non-methylated heparin-binding hemagglutinin as markers of protective immunity and latent tuberculosis: Results of a longitudinal study from an endemic setting
Authors: Mulugeta Belay, Mengistu Legesse, Adane Mihret, Tom H.M. Ottenhoff, Kees L. Franken, Gunnar Bjune, Fekadu Abebe
Journal: Journal of Infection (2015)
Effect of Systemic Administration of BCG Cell Walls on Bronchogenic Carcinoma in Hamsters 2 3
Authors: Bruce S. Zwilling, Stephen T. Springer, David G. Kaufman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Effect of Systemic Administration of BCG Cell Walls on Bronchogenic Carcinoma in Hamsters Get access Bruce S. Zwilling, Bruce S. Zwilling Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stephen T. Springer, Stephen T. Springer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David G. Kaufman David G. Kaufman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 58, Issue 5, May 1977, Pages 1473–1477, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/58.5.1473 Published: 01 May 1977 Article history Received: 05 October 1976 Accepted: 28 October 1976 Published: 01 May 1977
Clinical characteristics of 11 cases of pulmonary abscess in children
Authors: Yeong Ho Rha, Mi Sook Choi, Kyung Suk Lee, Sun Hee Choi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Rationale: Lung abscess is not common pyogenic pulmonary disease in children. Understanding regarding clinical features of lung abscess in children is important for early diagnosis and establishing proper management.  Methods: We retrospectively studied medical records of 11 pediatric patients diagnosed with lung abscess in Kyung Hee University hospital and Gangdong Kyung Hee University Hospital between May 2000 and August 2011. The information regarding chief complaints, underlying diseases, laboratory results, radiologic findings and treatments were collected and analyzed.  Results: Median age was 7.8 yr(range 1-16 yrs) and male/female ratio was 7/4. Most common chief complaints were fever, coughing and chest pain. Underlying diseases relating dental or cardiopulmonary were found in 7 patients whose duration of hospitalization was longer than the patients without underlying disease (36.7 vs 17.5 days). Associate pulmonary conditions (atelectasis, pneumonia or pleurisy) on chest X ray were found in 10 patients. Invasive interventions were done in 8 patients that include 1 patient who needed thoracostomy and urokinase instillation. Three patients who don’t have underlying diseases were treated successfully with antibiotics alone. The organisms found were S. aureus(n=2), S. pneumonia (n=2), M. pnemoniae (n=2), coronavirus (n=1).  Conclusion: We observed that pediatric pulmonary abscess was more common in the patients with underlying conditions whose outcome was more favorable when treated with antibiotics and invasive modality.
Abstract P63: Safety and Feasibility of a New Innovative Cooling Approach for Immediate Induction of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Patients after Successful Resuscitation. Trans-nasal Cooling after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Hans-Joerg Busch, Andreas Janata, F Eichwede, Markus Födisch, G Wöbker, T Stephan, Tilmann Schwab, E Karassimos, Harald Fritz, Becky Inderbitzen, Denise Barbut, Fritz Sterz
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Methods We assessed safety and feasibility of trans-nasal cooling in a multi-centre, single-arm descriptive study of comatose patients who had been successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Forty three patients were treated with a non-invasive cooling device through which cooling was achieved via trans-nasal delivery of an evaporative coolant into the nasopharynx. Initial temperatures, course of cooling, and systemic and local adverse events during cooling were documented. Patients were treated with nasal cooling until they either reached target temperature or were transitioned to treatment according to local standard protocols. Primary outcome was speed of cooling. Survival and cerebral performance category (CPC) at hospital discharge were recorded. Results Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range (25, 75%)). Mean age was 71.1 ± 10.8 years. VF was the first documented rhythm in 52.4% of the patients, asystole in 31.0%. Temperatures at admission were 35.2±1.2°C tympanic, 35.5±1.1°C, core (arterial or esophageal), and 35.9±1.0°C, bladder. Time from the start of cooling to target temperature (33°C) was 50.0 (35.0 – 68.3) minutes tympanic, and 72.5 (17.3–146.3) minutes, core. Cooling rate of tympanic temperature was 2.4°C/hr., core cooling rate was 1.4°C/hr and bladder 0.9°C/hr. Adverse events affecting the nasal area occurred in 9/43 patients, resolved in 8 (78%) patients spontaneously. One had persistent damage at death, 18 hours later. Systemic adverse events were consistent with the patient population being treated. Twelve patients (30%) had a CPC of 1–2. Twenty-three patients (57.5%) died, none related to the hypothermia procedure, and five patients (12.5%) had a poor outcome. In patients with VF, eight patients (40%) had a CPC of 1–2, eight patients died and four patients had poor outcome. Conclusions Trans-nasal cooling for induction of therapeutic hypothermia in patients after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest is feasible and effective in lowering temperature rapidly in a hospital emergency setting. This method of cooling offers the possibility for immediate introduction and needs now to be investigated in the field setting.
Monitorization of tobacco industry arguments in printed press before and after smoke-free legislation in Turkey
Authors: Elif Dagli, Murat Guner, Efza Evrengil
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Turkey enacted smoke-free legislation in July 2009 despite heavy opposition from tobacco industry allies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appearance of pro and con tobacco control arguments in the printed press within a time-line.  12453 news articles obtained by media monitoring during October 2008 and May 2010 were analyzed according to their content, timing and advertising equivalent. Of all the news 36% was related to legislation, 23% to the negative economic impact.At the time of legislation enaction, the positive news increased by 61%, negative news by 365% compared to the previous month. During the total study period, the advertising equivalent of positive news were found to be 56.2, negative news 39.9, press bulletin coverage of the national NGOs 3.2 million USD. The industry arguments such as designated smoking areas, hospitality-customer relations, ventilation systems were noted predominantly around the time of implementation of the legislation. 1041 news article were printed about the sectoral trade activities of the tobacco industry with an advertising equivalent of 12 million USD. The arguments of freedom were found in 334 news with an advertising equivalent of 4262 USD, while advertising rights were reported 569 times with advertising equivalent of 10 million USD. The negative press coverage lasted longer than previously reported.  Media monitoring is a not only a useful tool, to watch sectoral activity and misleading information distribution, but also to plan the counteracting activities. Media campaigns to increase awareness among public should be started long before the enaction of the legislation, and sustained after the implementation.
Incorporating patient preferences into clinical trials
Authors: K. McPherson, I. Chalmers, S. Clement, J. Sikorski, J. Wilson, B. Candy, D. J Torgerson, B. Sibbald
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Editor—Torgerson and Sibbald discuss the difficulties of assessing the relative merits of treatments when patients have strong preferences for one of the alternatives.1 In these circumstances, however, patients should not be expected to participate in randomised comparisons, and neither should the professionals caring for them. 

It is important to consider the bases of these preferences, particularly as there is a widespread and unsupported belief that new treatments are likely to be superior to existing alternatives.2 For example, it seems that people with diabetes who were being recruited to a randomised comparison of insulin pumps with conventional management were left with the impression that pumps represented an important advance (C Bradley, personal communication). Not surprisingly, therefore, those allocated to pumps were pleased, while those allocated to conventional management were disappointed. Randomisation thus created comparison groups that were incomparable in these psychological characteristics, and this may have had implications for compliance and evaluation of treatment outcome.3

Bradley’s response3 was to propose the partially randomised patient preference design to which Torgerson and Sibbald refer. Unfortunately, this does not help because it cannot distinguish between an effect of preferences and an effect of confounding of preferences with prognosis. Since it is impossible to randomise between sincerely held preferences, measuring their effects reliably requires a more complicated design, which was suggested originally by Rucker4 and recently discussed by McPherson et al.5 In this design, people are randomised between either a randomised comparison or a preference comparison. 

Genuine therapeutic effects may, however, be associated with preferences, over and above those related to adherence to treatment. Several blind trials show an advantage associated with adherence to placebo.5 Obtaining hard evidence on possible preference effects is problematic as it is difficult to distinguish reliably between simple therapeutic effects and preference effects mediated through psychological pathways in experiments. 

There are thus two areas that need attention. Firstly, there needs to be wider acknowledgement that preferences for treatments should be based on beliefs that are founded on reliable information. This should help to increase the proportion of well informed people who have no strong preferences and would thus be eligible to participate in comparisons between randomised treatments. Secondly, studies are required to enable a rigorous distinction to be made between simple therapeutic effects and preference effects. This means that well accepted biological hypotheses will be needed for adequate recruitment, and a plausible biological model to distinguish the two kinds of effect. As Torgerson and Sibbald suggest, however, the first step is routinely to elicit information about the preferences of well informed patients.
Opto-electronic plethysmographic study of the chest volume changes after lung transplantation
Authors: Marianna Laviola, Emilia Privitera, Mario Nosotti, Andrea Aliverti, Luigi Santambrogio, Davide Tosi, Lorenzo Rosso
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  Lung transplantation is the established surgical therapy for pulmonary end-stage disease.   Aims:  Even though the pulmonary function after lung transplantation is well studied, the chest volume changes remain uninvestigated. The aim of the present study was to examine such changes by the opto-electronic plethysmography (OEP), a non invasive technology.   Methods:  Seven patients with end-stage pulmonary disease were studied before and after lung transplantation by OEP during quiet and forced breathing. Standard pulmonary function tests were also obtained. Three patients with pulmonary fibrosis had single lung transplantation and four patients with cystic fibrosis had bilateral.   Result:  The functional tests demonstrated increasing in pulmonary function (e.g. FEV1% from 44±15 to 83±6). After bilateral transplantation, the OEP revealed a volume rearrangement: a decrease was noted in functional residual capacity (FRC: -2.14±1.3L), in vital capacity (- 1.1±1.1L), in total lung capacity (– 2.59±1.6L). The chest wall volume reduction was different in the upper thorax, lower thorax and abdominal compartment (e.g. FRC: -0.68L, -0.13L - 1.59L respectively). After single lung transplantation the pattern was similar but less evident.   Conclusions:  This first, preliminary, study of the chest wall volume changes reveals a rearrangement of such volumes after single or double lung transplantation. Facing the dramatic improvement in spirometric value, OEP recorded a decrease in volume parameters; such decreases were inhomogeneous through the body compartments privileging the abdomen. Further studies are needed to better understand the value of these findings and their clinical impact.
Benefits and Costs of Screening Ashkenazi Jewish Women for <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i>
Authors: Victor R. Grann, William Whang, Judith S. Jacobson, Daniel F. Heitjan, Karen H. Antman, Alfred I. Neugut
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1999)

PURPOSE: To determine the survival benefit and cost-effectiveness of screening Ashkenazi Jewish women for three specific BRCA1/2 gene mutations. METHODS: We used a Markov model and Monte Carlo analysis to estimate the survival benefit and cost-effectiveness of screening for three specific mutations in a population in which their prevalence is 2.5% and the associated cancer risks are 56% for breast cancer and 16% for ovarian cancer. We assumed that the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 98% and 99%, respectively, that bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy would reduce ovarian cancer risk by 45%, and that bilateral prophylactic mastectomy would reduce breast cancer risk by 90%. We used Medicare payment data for treatment costs and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data for cancer survival. RESULTS: Our model suggests that genetic screening of this population could prolong average nondiscounted survival by 38 days (95% probability interval, 22 to 57 days) for combined surgery, 33 days (95% probability interval, 18 to 43 days) for mastectomy, 11 days (95% probability interval, 4 to 25 days) for oophorectomy, and 6 days (95% probability interval, 3 to 8 days) for surveillance. The respective cost-effectiveness ratios per life-year saved, with a discount rate of 3%, are $20,717, $29,970, $72,780, and $134,273. CONCLUSION: In this Ashkenazi Jewish population, with a high prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations, genetic screening may significantly increase average survival and, depending on costs and screening/treatment strategies, may be cost-effective by the standards of accepted cancer screening tests. According to our model, screening is cost-effective only if all women who test positive undergo prophylactic surgery. These estimates require confirmation through prospective observational studies and clinical trials.
Multiple ST clonal complexes, with a predominance of ST131, of Escherichia coli harbouring blaCTX-M-15 in a tertiary hospital in Tanzania
Authors: S.E. Mshana, C. Imirzalioglu, T. Hain, E. Domann, E.F. Lyamuya, T. Chakraborty
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
Correspondence re: Adi F. Gazdar, Desmond N. Carney, Edward K. Russell, Harvie L. Sims, Stephen B. Baylin, Paul A. Bunn, Jr., John G. Guccion, and John D. Minna. Estabishment of Continuous, Clonable Cultures of Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Which Have Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation Cell Properties. Cancer Res., 40: 3502–3507, 1980
Authors: Adi F. Gazdar
Journal: Cancer Research (1981)