tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Thomas Nettleton and the dawn of quantitative assessments of the effects of medical interventions
Authors: Arthur Boylston
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2010)

Thomas Nettleton (1683–1742) was one of the first, possibly the first, to use quantitative assessments of the effects of medical interventions. Prior to establishing a medical practice in Halifax, West Yorkshire, Nettleton had been educated at Bradford Grammar School, and had studied medicine at Edinburgh and Leyden, where he was awarded his Doctorate of Medicine. In December 1721, during an epidemic of smallpox in West Yorkshire and frustrated by the lack of any effective therapy for the disease, Nettleton began to use variolation, which at the time was known as inoculation. Variolation to immunize people against smallpox was introduced into Europe and North America in 1721.1–3 However, there was uncertainty and debate about whether it did more good than harm. To address this uncertainty, Nettleton collected statistics on the mortality associated with naturally-acquired smallpox and compared these with mortality following variolation. He communicated his findings in a series of letters and a pamphlet published in 1722 and 1723.4–7
Increased 92 kD gelatinase activity from alveolar macrophages in newborn rats.
Authors: C Delacourt, M P D'Ortho, I Macquin-Mavier, S Pezet, A Harf, C Lafuma
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The functional immaturity of neonatal alveolar macrophages (AM) may contribute to the increased susceptibility of neonates to lung injury. Because the secretion of proteinases by neonatal AMs may be involved in normal postnatal lung development and in repair after lung injury, we evaluated the capacity of neonatal AMs to secrete 92 kD Type IV collagenase. AMs were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from newborn rats at different postnatal ages. Total gelatinase activity was measured by zymography in AM-conditioned media. Spontaneous secretion of gelatinase from AMs varied significantly with age, the highest levels being found immediately after birth. Stimulation of AMs by PMA induced a four- to fivefold greater increase in total gelatinase activity during the first 10 d of postnatal life compared with adulthood. Using [3H]gelatin as the substrate, we found high free gelatinase activity only within 24 h after birth; data obtained after exposing cells to natural surfactant suggested that surfactant may account in part for this increase in free gelatinase activity. No secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by AMs was detectable in newborns within 24 h after birth. We conclude that AMs from newborn rats are able to secrete more gelatinase than AMs from adults, and this enzyme production profile during the neonatal period may contribute to the fact that newborns with lung injury are at high risk for extracellular matrix degradation.
Utility of Childhood Glucose Homeostasis Variables in Predicting Adult Diabetes and Related Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Authors: Quoc Manh Nguyen, Gerald S. Berenson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

We thank d'Annunzio, Russo, and Lorini (1) for their interest in our article (2) related to carbohydrate-insulin variables in youth and later adult pre-diabetes and diabetes. As they noted, normal values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) are increased with sexual maturation. This is consistent with our previous findings in Bogalusa, Louisiana, with children. Svec et al. (3) reported earlier that there was a positive trend of postglucose …
US agency proposes 10 point plan to cut smoking
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A US government agency has drawn up a comprehensive plan to encourage five million Americans tostop smoking. The Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, which developed the 10 point plan over 14 months, has proposed increasing the tax on a pack of cigarettes by $2 (£1; €1.60).

Details of the national plan for tobacco cessation are published in the American Journal of Public Health (2004;94:205-10), and the plan was endorsed by four former US surgeonsgeneral—Jesse Steinfeld, Julius …
A BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGIC STUDY OF MYELINATION AND DEMYELINATION
Authors: Guido Majno, Manfred L. Karnovsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

Samples of normal grey matter, white matter, and peripheral nerves obtained from rats were incubated in Warburg vessels with glucose and a labelled lipide precursor (acetate, phosphate, choline, glycerol, glucose). The total lipides were then extracted and their radioactivity measured. The preparations were compared with respect to dry weight, lipide content, O(2) uptake, and ability to incorporate the various substrates into the lipides. Grey matter was found to be the least damaged by incubation, white matter the most. Damage to the tissue depressed lipogenesis to a greater extent than respiration. Five substrates were compared with respect to their degree of incorporation into the lipides of the various preparations. White matter, which had a greater oxygen uptake than peripheral nerves, showed the lowest degree of incorporation for most of the substrates studied. The results suggest that there are considerable quantitative differences in the metabolism of central and peripheral myelin. In the sciatic preparations, oxygen uptake and lipogenesis from acetate were found to decrease from the proximal to the distal end of the nerve. This finding may be relevant to the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies. The growth and metabolic activity of peripheral nerves were studied in rats aged 1 to 500 days, and the biochemical and histological findings were correlated. The results indicated that the lipogenetic activity of the Schwann cell was lowest in the newborn animal, and reached its peak at about 20 days. Comparative data were also obtained from the cerebral cortex. The growth pattern of peripheral nerves was distinctly different from that of the brain. With respect to changes in tissue weight, respiration, and lipogenesis, growing peripheral nerve correlated with body weight, while the brain matured much more rapidly.
Diffuse FDG Uptake in Acute Prostatitis
Authors: Pan-Fu Kao, Yu-Hsiang Chou, Chieh-Wen Lai
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Whole body bone scan and abdominal computed tomography (CT) of a 77-year-old man with intractable back pain revealed a destructive bone lesion in the lumbar spine. The F-18 FDG PET/CT scan, performed under the impression of an unknown primary cancer, showed diffusely intense FDG uptake in the enlarged prostate and mild FDG uptake in the lumbar spine. The patient had pyuria and mild fever during admission. Laboratory findings showed elevation of the serum prostate specific antigen (95.69ng/ml). Blood culture yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prostate biopsy showed acute inflammation with no malignancy and the lumbar spine biopsy showed chronic osteomyelitis.
Screening for Down's Syndrome — Too Many Choices?
Authors: Michael T. Mennuti, Deborah A. Driscoll
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

An increased risk of fetal Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most common reason for offering prenatal genetic diagnosis. The chance of giving birth to a child with Down's syndrome increases throughout a woman's reproductive years. Since the 1970s, an age of 35 years at delivery has been used as the cutoff for offering amniocentesis for this indication in the United States. After this age, the risk of Down's syndrome rises rapidly and is thought to balance the risks of amniocentesis. Nondirective counseling enables couples to compare the risk and burden of Down's syndrome with the risks, accuracy, and limitations . . .
Treatment of Parkinsonism: The Role of Dopa Decarboxylase Inhibitors
Authors: E. Richard Blonsky
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The dopa decarboxylase inhibitors appeared on the scene at almost the same time as levodopa, but remained in the wings for a while as the latter became the major therapeutic tool in the treatment of parkinsonism. These agents have been of great interest to the physiologist, to the neurochemist, and to the clinician treating the parkinson patient. In the latter context, there are several problems that continue to beg for solution: the elimination of peripheral side effects resulting from levodopa administration (such as nausea and vomiting or orthostatic hypotension); a means of eliminating the "on and off" periods that interrupt a patient's daily function; and the elimination of the centrally mediated dyskinesias resulting from dopamine spillover in the basal ganglia. Many clinicians eagerly viewed the decarboxylase inhibitors as a solution to these problems, and in part this is true. This book is the published report of a conference at Columbia
Measure the extent of hand eczema rather than its severity?
Authors: J. S. C. English
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2011)

Journal Article Measure the extent of hand eczema rather than its severity? Get access J. S. C. English J. S. C. English Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K. E‐mail: john.english@nuh.nhs.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 165, Issue 1, 1 July 2011, Page 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10423.x Published: 01 July 2011
Area-Specific Reestablishment of Damaged Circuits in the Adult Cerebral Cortex by Cortical Neurons Derived from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Kimmo A. Michelsen, Sandra Acosta-Verdugo, Marianne Benoit-Marand, Ira Espuny-Camacho, Nicolas Gaspard, Bhaskar Saha, Afsaneh Gaillard, Pierre Vanderhaeghen
Journal: Neuron (2015)
Cerebrospinal Meningitis in Animals and in Man.
Authors: Henry Albert
Journal: JAMA (1905)

University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, April 3. 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The subject of cerebrospinal meningitis seems to have assumed considerable importance during the past few weeks because of the large number of cases which have recently occurred in New York and in other eastern places. It may not be inappropriate to mention at this time certain rather interesting results concerning this disease process, obtained recently, at the Iowa State Board of Health Bacteriological Laboratory. On Feb. 20, 1905, Dr. H. E. Talbot, a veterinary surgeon residing in Des Moines, sent to the laboratory parts of the brains of several cattle which he reported had died with symptoms suggesting cerebrospinal meningitis. On bacteriologic examination of the specimen by Mr. Shekwana and myself, a diplococcus which from its morphologic, staining and cultural characteristics was found to be indistinguishable from the<i>Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis</i>was found. A rabbit was inoculated beneath
Metabolism of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in human subjects.
Authors: M Ikeda
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

A linear correlation exists between the trichloroethylene concentration in the work environments and the level of total trichloro compounds in the urine of the workers, as expressed by the equation: Gamma = 7.25=chi + 5.5, where Gamma is trichloroethylene in air (ppm) is Chi is total trichloro compounds in urine (mg/l). Trichloroethanol level is also linearly related to trichloroethylene concentration, while trichloroacetic acid level deviates from the linear relation when trichloroethylene level exceeds 50 ppm. In the case of tetrachloroethylene exposure, both trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid levels, and consequently the total trichloro compound level, reach a plateau at tetrachloroethylene level well below 100 ppm. The mean urinary biological half-life is 41 hr for trichloroethylene and 144 hr for tetrachloroethylene. The two values are the largest of the values so far obtained with organic solvents. The respiratory half-life is shorter than the urinary half-life, both in richloroethylene and in tetrachloroethylene. Applications of the urinalyses in clinical cases are described. In one case of trichlorethylene dependency, a longer urinary half-life of 73 hr was observed. An automated system is presented for the determination of total trichloro compounds in human urine. The system can analyze the samples at the rate of 20 samples per hour with an accuracy comparable to that of the time-consuming manual analysis.
Role for Endogenous and Acquired Peroxidase in the Toxoplasmacidal Activity of Murine and Human Mononuclear Phagocytes
Authors: Richard M. Locksley, Christopher B. Wilson, Seymour J. Klebanoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Oxygen products generated by the respiratory burst of mononuclear phagocytes are microbicidal to intracellular pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii. The toxicity of one of these products, H2O2, is markedly amplified by the granule peroxidase of circulating phagocytes in the presence of a halide. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) binds firmly to the surface of T. gondii and such organisms remain viable as determined by vital staining, uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, and survival and replication in human fibroblasts. They are, however, rapidly killed by the addition of H2O2 and iodide under conditions in which control organisms are unaffected. We have used EPO bound to T. gondii to explore the role of peroxidase in the toxoplasmacidal activity of mononuclear phagocytes. Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages lack a granule peroxidase and have a weak respiratory burst; toxoplasma survive and replicate within these cells. However, these cells acquire significant toxoplasmacidal activity, as assessed microscopically and by the inhibition of uracil uptake, when organisms are coated with EPO before ingestion, an effect which is decreased by the hemeprotein inhibitors, aminotriazole and azide. EPO on the surface of Toxoplasma does not increase their ingestion by macrophages or the associated respiratory burst. Monocytes from patients with hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency have a significant toxoplasmacidal defect that is abolished when EPO-coated organisms are used. In contrast, the toxoplasmacidal defect of monocytes from chronic granulomatous disease patients is unaffected by surface-bound EPO. In these studies, replication of surviving intracellular organisms varied inversely with the magnitude of the respiratory burst: replication was greatest in fibroblasts, slightly less in resident macrophages, and least in monocytes; it was significantly greater in chronic granulomotous disease than in normal or myeloperoxidase-deficient monocytes. These studies support a role for oxygen products and endogenous peroxidase in the optimal killing of T. gondii by monocytes and demonstrate that peroxidase-negative phagocytes can utilize peroxidase on the surface of ingested organisms to augment microbicidal activity.
Retraction of paper on maternal diabetes
Authors: G. Hawthorne
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR–In a paper in the BMJ three of us (GH, LMI, and RTL) claimed that the excess of birth defects and perinatal deaths among births in women with pregestational diabetes was significantly lower in Norway compared with the northeast of England.1 The analysis of the data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway was, however, wrong and led to a wrong conclusion.

There are codes in the registry for different …
295 LIVER FIBROSIS IS INDUCED BY INSULIN RESISTANCE BY ENHANCING THE DUCTULAR REACTION THAT UNDERGO EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: G. Svegliati-Baroni, G. Faraci, S. Saccomanno, L. Fabris, M. Cadamuro, M. Strazzabosco, E. Bugianesi, A. Benedetti, G. Marchesini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Association of a Polymorphism in the β<sub>3</sub>-Adrenergic–Receptor Gene with Features of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Finns
Authors: Elisabeth Widén, Markku Lehto, Timo Kanninen, Jeremy Walston, Alan R. Shuldiner, Leif C. Groop
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Because visceral obesity predicts insulin resistance, we studied whether alterations in the gene encoding for the β3-adrenergic receptor in visceral fat are associated with insulin resistance.
Diffuse Lung and Stomach Uptake of Tc-99m Oxidronate (HDP)
Authors: Jan-Paul Esser, H Yoe Oei, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Eric P. Krenning
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2003)

A 49-year-old man with multiple myeloma underwent whole-body bone scanning for evaluation of bone pain. Blood tests indicated elevated serum concentrations of calcium, 17.3 mg/dL; phosphate, 5.2 mg/dL; and creatinine, 5.5 mg/dL. The bone scan revealed unusual diffuse pulmonary and stomach uptake, and also multiple hot spots in the ribs, probably resulting from pathologic fractures, and increased uptake in the bones of the extremities, most likely caused by metabolic bone disease. Diffuse lung uptake can be seen on a bone scan when there is a combination of hypercalcemia and renal failure, such as may be seen in neoplasms. Inflammation and systemic amyloidosis can be associated with this soft-tissue accumulation as well.
Evaluation of Cardiac Comorbidities in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving Doxorubicin-Based and Non-Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy.
Authors: M. Lafeuille, R. McKenzie, N. Yameogo, M. Senbetta, F. Vekeman, C. Piech, P. Lefebvre
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Some metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatments are associated with cardiac toxicity. Real-world data regarding baseline cardiac comorbidities in patients with MBC prior to chemotherapy initiation are scarce. Such information would be useful in guiding treatment decisions. This study aims to describe the cardiac comorbidity profile of patients with MBC initiating doxorubicin-based (DOX) versus non-doxorubicin-based (Non-DOX) chemotherapy regimens from a managed-care perspective.Methods: Medical claims from the Ingenix Impact National Managed Care Database between 07/2002 and 06/2008 were analyzed. Patients included were aged ≥ 18 years, and had ≥ 2 diagnoses for breast cancer as well as ≥ 1 diagnosis for metastatic site within 12 months of chemotherapy initiation. Cardiac comorbidities [hypertension (HTN), cardiac arrhythmia (CAr), coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and myocardial infarction (MI)] were evaluated within 6 months prior to chemotherapy initiation. Patients were categorized based on receipt of DOX vs. Non-DOX-based chemotherapy.Results: A total of 12,345 patients (Non-DOX: 7,023, DOX: 5,322) formed the study population. Compared with the DOX group, the Non-DOX group was slightly older. Both groups reported a significant proportion of patients with cardiac comorbidities prior to chemotherapy, with significantly greater proportions reported in the Non-DOX group. Mean age (SD)HTNCArCADCHFMINon-DOX (n=7,023)56.9 (10.6)35.7%11.8%5.5%3.5%1.3%DOX (n=5,322)52.1 (9.1)30.8%8.1%3.3%2.0%0.5%P-value&amp;lt;.001&amp;lt;.001&amp;lt;.001&amp;lt;.001&amp;lt;.001&amp;lt;.001 Conclusions: Cardiac comorbidities were commonly reported in women with MBC prior to chemotherapy, with significantly greater proportions reported in the Non-DOX group. Such information is useful to healthcare professionals when considering potential interventions for patients with MBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2078.
Control of fumonisin: effects of processing.
Authors: D S Saunders, F I Meredith, K A Voss
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Of about 10 billion bushels of corn that are grown each year in the United States, less than 2% is processed directly into food products, and about 18% is processed into intermediates such as high-fructose corn syrup, ethanol, and cornstarch. The vast majority of the annual crop is used domestically for animal feed (60%), and about 16% is exported. Thus, any program for controlling residues of fumonisin (FB) in food must recognize that most of the crop is grown for something other than food. Studies on the effects of wet milling on FB residues found these residues nondetectable in cornstarch, the starting material for high-fructose corn syrup and most other wet-milled food ingredients. Similar effects are noted for the dry-milling process. FB residues were nondetectable or quite low in dry flaking grits and corn flour, higher in corn germ, and highest in corn bran. Extrusion of dry-milled products reduces FB concentrations by 30-90% for mixing-type extruders and 20-50% for nonmixing extruders. Cooking and canning generally have little effect on FB content. In the masa process measurable FB is reduced following the cooking, soaking, and washing steps, with little conversion of FB to the hydrolyzed form. Sheeting, baking, and frying at commercial times and temperatures generally have no effect. In summary, all available studies on the effects of processing corn into food and food ingredients consistently demonstrate substantial reductions in measurable FB. No studies have shown a concentration in FB residues in food products or ingredients.
Endothelial receptor-mediated binding of glucose-modified albumin is associated with increased monolayer permeability and modulation of cell surface coagulant properties.
Authors: C Esposito, H Gerlach, J Brett, D Stern, H Vlassara
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) of proteins accumulate in the vasculature with diabetes and aging, and are thought to be associated with vascular complications. This led us to examine the interaction of AGE-BSA as a prototype of this class of nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins subjected to further processing, with endothelium. Incubation of 125I-AGE-BSA with cultured bovine endothelium resulted in time-dependent, saturable binding that was half-maximal at a concentration of approximately 100 nM. Although unlabeled normal BSA was not a competitor, unlabeled AGE-BSA was an effective competitor of 125I-AGE-BSA-endothelial cell interaction. In addition, AGE modification of two alternative proteins, hemoglobin and ribonuclease, rendered them inhibitors of 125I-AGE-BSA binding to endothelium, although the native, unmodified forms of these proteins were not. At 37 degrees C, binding of 125I-AGE-BSA or gold-labeled AGE-BSA was followed by internalization and subsequent segregation either to a lysosomal compartment or to the endothelial-derived matrix after transcytosis. Exposure of endothelium to AGE-BSA led to perturbation of two important endothelial cell homeostatic properties, coagulant and barrier function. AGE-BSA downregulated the anticoagulant endothelial cofactor thrombomodulin, and induced synthesis and cell surface expression of the procoagulant cofactor tissue factor over the same range of concentrations that resulted in occupancy of cell surface AGE-BSA binding sites. In addition, AGE-BSA increased endothelial permeability, resulting in accelerated passage of an inert macromolecular tracer, [3H]inulin, across the monolayer. These results indicate that AGE derivatives of proteins, potentially important constituents of pathologic vascular tissue, bind to specific sites on the endothelial cell surface and modulate central endothelial cell functions. The interaction of AGE-modified proteins with endothelium may play an important role in the early stages of increased vascular permeability, as well as vessel wall-related abnormalities of the coagulation system, characteristic of diabetes and aging.