tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tobacco, coffee, and Parkinson's disease
Authors: C. Martyn
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Parkinson's disease belongs to that small group of conditions that occur less often among cigarette smokers than in non-smokers. The observation was first made in a case-control study over 30 years ago,1 but, as Hernan and colleagues have shown in their recent systematic review and meta-analysis,2 the finding has been replicated many times. The protective effect is large—according to the pooled data, current smokers have a 60% reduction in risk compared with those who have never smoked—and consistent between studies in different settings. The fact that two very large prospective studies found a similar reduction in risk to that seen in retrospective studies rules out the possibility that the association can be accounted for by differential survival between smokers and non-smokers.3 Coffee drinking too, seems to protect against Parkinson's disease. Here the pooled estimate is a 30% reduction in risk for coffee drinkers compared with non-drinkers.

In “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,” …
Way forward is combining good from both worlds
Authors: R. A Meehan
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Biswas has an interesting viewpoint, echoed by many travellers who remark how happy the poor in such and such a country are.1 But I believe it is the kind of thing that can only be said by someone who is not hungry or lacking shelter or warmth.

If the people themselves were asked, the story might be different. My father grew up …
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Melvin H. Kaplan, Albert H. Coons, Helen Wendler Deane
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse. The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary. Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg., it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg. The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
Abstract 5547: Oral delivery of tumor-targeting <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> A1-R is effective therapeutically
Authors: Yasunori Tome, Yong Zhang, Masashi Momiyama, Hiroki Maehara, Fuminori Kanaya, Katsuro Tomita, Michael Bouvet, Robert M. Hoffman, Ming Zhao
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The S. typhimurium A1-R mutant, which is auxotrophic for leu-arg to attenuate growth in normal tissue, and selected for high antitumor virulence, has been shown to be effective as monotherapy against human prostate, breast, pancreatic, and fibrosarcoma tumors. In the present study, we first administered A1-R to nude with subcutaneous murine colon cancer Colon-26 which expressed red fluorescent protein (RFP). S. typhimurium A1-R (1×107 cfu) was administered intravenously (i.v.) or intratumorally (i.t.) to the subcutaneous tumor as a positive control. The size of tumor was measured by weekly fluorescence imaging. Both i.v.- and i.t.-treated mice had smaller tumors and survived longer (p&amp;lt;0.05) compared to the control group treated with PBS. When S. typhimurium A1-R was administered orally to nude mice with orthotopically-transplanted Colon-26 RFP, tumor growth was inhibited (p&amp;lt;0.05) and animals survived longer than untreated controls (p&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, orally-treated mice had no observable side effects suggesting oral delivery of tumor-targeting S. typhimurium A1-R is a promising route for bacterial therapy of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5547. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5547
Development of cellular models for ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19)-deficient diamond–blackfan anemia using inducible expression of siRNA against RPS19
Authors: Koichi Miyake, Johan Flygare, Thomas Kiefer, Taiju Utsugisawa, Johan Richter, Zhi Ma, Maciej Wiznerowicz, Didier Trono, Stefan Karlsson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital red cell aplasia in which 25% of the patients have a mutation in the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) gene. No models exist for RPS19-deficient DBA and the molecular pathogenesis is unknown. To establish an in vitro inducible model for DBA, human erythroid leukemic cell lines, TF-1 and UT-7 cells, were cotransduced with a lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against RPS19 controlled by a tet operator regulatory element and another transactivator vector containing the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene and the cDNA encoding a tetracycline-controllable transcriptional repressor. Following transduction, the RFP-positive and GFP-negative cell population was sorted by flow cytometry. Upon incubation with doxycycline (0.5 μg/ml), more than 98% of cells expressed GFP and the siRNA. Significant suppression of erythroid differentiation, cell growth, and colony formation was observed in cells treated with siRNA against RPS19 but not in cells treated with a control vector. These findings show that RPS19 plays an important role in the regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation and erythroid differentiation. These novel cell lines represent models for RPS19-deficient DBA and can be used to identify the molecular mechanisms in RPS19-deficient DBA.
Ten years of neonatal autopsies in tertiary referral centre: retrospective study
Authors: M. Brodlie
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To measure the neonatal autopsy rate at a tertiary referral centre and identify trends over the past decade. To identify factors that may influence the likelihood of consent being given for autopsy. To examine any discordance between diagnoses before death and at autopsy.Retrospective review of patients' records.Tertiary neonatal referral centre affiliated to university.Sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery, and length of stay in neonatal unit for baby. Maternal age, marital status, history of previous pregnancies, and details of who requested permission for autopsy. Concordance between diagnoses before death and at autopsy.An autopsy was performed in 209/314 (67%) cases. New information was obtained in 50 (26%) autopsies. In six (3%) cases this information was crucial for future counselling. In 145 (74%) there was complete concordance between the clinical cause of death and the findings at autopsy. From 1994 onwards the autopsy rate in the neonatal unit fell. The only significant factor associated with consent for autopsy was increased gestational age.Important extra information can be gained at neonatal autopsies. This should help parents to make an informed decision when they are asked to give permission for their baby to have an autopsy. These findings are of particular relevance in view of the recent negative publicity surrounding neonatal autopsies and the general decline in the neonatal autopsy rate over the decade studied.
Gold in psoriatic arthopathy.
Authors: M B Richter, P Kinsella, M Corbett
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

It has been suggested that gold is not effective in psoriatic arthropathy. We did not agree and therefore did a retrospective study of 98 patients. Gold had been given to 27 and was effective in 22, 14 of whom are still receiving it. The incidence of side effects was low and comparable to those in rheumatoid arthritis.
Interferon-α induction through Toll-like receptors involves a direct interaction of IRF7 with MyD88 and TRAF6
Authors: Taro Kawai, Shintaro Sato, Ken J Ishii, Cevayir Coban, Hiroaki Hemmi, Masahiro Yamamoto, Kenta Terai, Michiyuki Matsuda, Jun-ichiro Inoue, Satoshi Uematsu, Osamu Takeuchi, Shizuo Akira
Journal: Nature Immunology (2004)
The difficulty and dangers of diagnosing dementia
Authors: J. A. Coebergh
Journal: BMJ (2014)

As Brunet rightly says, the diagnosis belongs to the patient.1 That is precisely the problem in dementia, when the patient often has little insight and does not notice symptoms. The drive for GPs to increase diagnosis rates is admirable, but there are many unknowns and potential dangers.

Diagnosis in people with language barriers, no collateral history, chronic mental illness, epilepsy, hearing and …
Big bang for vaccination.
Authors: J. Badenoch
Journal: BMJ (1988)

to heart disease by 30%," which sits uneasily with the report's own acceptance that the Medical Research Council's hypertension trial found "no significant effect on heart disease" from the reduction of mild to moderate hypertension.To have maximum impact such reports should surely offer no unprotected flanks to their critics and should concentrate on limited and attainable targets for which unimpeachable evidence exists?The problem of overkill in preventive medicine is hinted at, but the report's words are not as telling as those of Richard Doll, who said: "A stitch in time may save nine but if 100 people each need one stitch to save a single person having nine, then the equation is much more complex."Unless such issues are faced squarely-as they were in the Medical Research Council's mild to moderate hypertension trial, in which 850 people had to be treated to prevent one stroke-the public reaction to such preventive measures may echo that of Eubie Blake, the jazz musician, who said on his 100th birthday: "If I'd known I was going to live that long, I'd have taken better care of myself."How to change public and private attitudes has been the challenge to propagandists throughout the ages.The authors hope to influence "individual citizens" and to help "public agencies and organisations in formulating policies and decisions that affect the public health."In this task they would do well to remember Engels's observations on England in the early nineteenth century: "the national character of the
The case for investing in high quality information for patients
Authors: S. E. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2013)

McCartney raises some important issues—namely, the poor quality of some health information for patients, the wasteful and excessive amount of duplication from one NHS organisation to another, and information overload.1 Why in an NHS awash with patient information do so many people still receive nothing?

Health information for patients and the public needs investment and a …
Skull Changes in Infants with Chronic Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Nasrollah T. Shahidi, Louis K. Diamond
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE occurrence of skull changes in association with congenital hemolytic disorders has been well known for over thirty years.1 2 3 These changes consist of widening of diploic spaces, atrophy of outer table and numerous fine striations running perpendicularly to the skull tables. Delay or lack of pneumatization of air sinuses may also be seen.4 The same x-ray picture has been described by other investigators in association with anemia of undetermined origin.5 , 6 Recently, Eng7 reported skull abnormalities such as those seen in thalassemia major in a twelve-year-old girl of Indonesian origin with chronic iron-deficiency anemia. Britton8 studied 4 similar cases. The aim . . .
875 DETERMINATION OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH METASTATIC TUMOR ANTIGEN 1 OVEREXPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: Y.-J. Jin, Y.-H. Chung, J.A. Kim, S.H. Lee, D. Lee, J.H. Shim, E.-Y. Jo, E.-S. Shin, J.-E. Lee, N.H. Park, E. Yu, Y.J. Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Clinical Trial of Malaria Prophylaxis in Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome
Authors: P. C. Stuiver, J. L. Ziegler, J. B. Wood, R. H. Morrow, M. S. R. Hutt
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of malaria prophylaxis in tropical splenomegaly syndrome showed a significant reduction in spleen size and an improvement of anaemia and symptoms in patients treated with antimalarials compared with control subjects receiving placebo. This study confirms the observations from West Africa and provides further indirect evidence for a malarial aetiology of tropical splenomegaly syndrome.
Four-Digit Insulin Dosing Code
Authors: Malvinder S. Parmar
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Medication errors continue to be an issue in health care. The Institute of Medicine’s report, To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System , estimated that medical errors are the eighth leading cause of death in the U.S., with ∼7,000 deaths per year occurring from medication errors (1). Insulin is one of the most frequently cited agents and accounts for 13% of all medication errors (2). Human factors (knowledge or performance deficit, miscalculation or preparation of dosage, transcription errors, fatigue, and computer errors) account for about …
Recent advances in endocrine therapy of breast cancer
Authors: A. Howell, M. Dowsett
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Regression of advanced breast cancer as a result of endocrine therapy was first described over 100 years ago.1 Interest in this form of treatment increased when treatment with the antioestrogen tamoxifen after surgery for breast cancer was shown to improve patients' survival.2 3 Treatment also reduced the incidence of new cancers in the contralateral breast, which has led to a number of trials of tamoxifen as a preventive measure in women at high risk.4 New, potentially more active endocrine agents are now being introduced into clinical practice. In this review we outline the mechanism of action of these treatments and summarise recent results of clinical trials assessing their efficacy in comparison with older drugs; we also speculate about future trends in endocrine therapy and summarise clinical trials in progress.

This article is based, in part, on our own collaborative experimental work and close association with pharmaceutical companies developing new endocrine agents. Additional reviews and original articles were obtained from searches of oncological journals. Recent data were obtained from presentations at the May meeting of the American Society for Clinical Oncology.

#### Summary points

Many new hormonal therapies that either antagonise oestrogen (antioestrogens) or inhibit its synthesis (aromatase inhibitors) are under intense clinical study

Phase III trials including nearly 3000 patients have shown that new aromatase inhibitors have better tolerability and improved efficacy, including survival gains, than the other second line endocrine agents, megestrol acetate and aminoglutethimide

New antioestrogens have less agonist activity than tamoxifen; it is not yet known if this will translate to important clinical gains

Trials involving many thousands of breast cancer patients are under way to compare these exciting new agents with tamoxifen as first line therapy, both as adjuvant treatment and for advanced disease

Breast cancer cells that are endocrine dependent need oestrogen to proliferate.5 …
LEVEL OF FATIGUE IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS AND PERFORMANCE: ELITE VS. NON-ELITE
Authors: M Molina-Reina, M Hontoria-Galán, J González-Hernández, J González-Badillo, P Jiménez-Reyes
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) has evolved considerably, characterized, at the present time by the continuous repetition of specific elements (jumps, twists, balance…) and is defined by its high intensity, constant repetition and the capacity of recovery (Douda et al . IJSPP 2008;3:41–54). There is a lack of experimental data on the determinant factors related to performance and the effect of general routines of training in gymnastics. The main aim of this study was to measure the relationship between mechanical, physiological and psychological measures and performance in a specific task in RG. Ten elite gymnasts and ten non-elite took part in this study. A specific test of RG with two minutes of duration was performed. Jumping test values (CMJ and SJ), blood lactate, heart rate and RPE were measured before and after (immediately after finishing, and in the intervals of time 0–1 and 1–3 min). The main result of this study was a highly significant correlation between CMJ and SJ height loss pre-post in a specific test in RG and blood lactate concentration, elite gymnastics (r=0.82–0.87; p&lt;0.01) and non-elite (r=0.97–0.98; p&lt;0.001). One another important finding was a difference in the recovery of jump capacity pattern between elite and non-elite gymnastics (p&lt;0.001), which was higher in elite in the interval time 0-1 post test. The loss of CMJ and SJ height could be considered as an indicator of the level of effort and fatigue because of the high correlation between CMJ and blood lactate and ammonia concentrations (Gorostiaga, et al . JSCR 2010;24:1138–1149; Jiménez-Reyes, et al . MSSE 2012;44(5):582) as previously shown in other tasks of high intensity, and could be useful and applicable to a specific test in RG. This fact would support the utility and validity of using CMJ and SJ to monitor and quantify objectively the level of effort and fatigue during training in RG.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRACTICAL MEDICINE AND EPEIDMICS, OF THE ILLINOIS STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY FOR 1882-3.
Authors: N. S. DAVIS
Journal: JAMA (1883)

[From Advance Sheets of the Transactions of the Illinois State Medical Society.] The By-laws of this Society make it the duty of the Standing Committee on Practical Medicine to report annually concerning such improvements as may have been made during the year in the management of individual diseases, and on the prevalence and special character of epidemics in all parts of this State. Improvements in the management of any given disease may arise, either from a better knowledge of its causes, a more accurate understanding of its special pathology and tendencies, a more perfect comprehension of the action of remedies, and from direct clinical experience or observation at the bedside of the sick. By a full knowledge of the causes capable of producing a disease, the physician is often able to direct such remedies, or adopt such hygienic measures, as will neutralize or suspend their further operation, very much to
Airway dynamics, oesophageal pressure and cough
Authors: MH Lavietes, SC Smeltzer, SD Cook, RM Modak, GC Smaldone
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

This study hypothesizes that: peak supramaximal airflow during cough reflects expiratory muscle effort, and that expiratory muscle function during cough might be assessed from the airflow signal alone. We monitored airflow and oesophageal pressure (Poes) in normal subjects during cough generated under two conditions: 1) voluntarily from functional residual capacity (FRC); and 2) involuntarily after inhalation of citric acid (CA). Maximal expiratory cough flow was quantified as the quotient of maximal flow during a given cough divided by maximal flow at the matched volume of thoracic gas (Vtg) as identified on the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. We found: flow ratios correlated poorly with Poes; the variance of flow ratios associated with a series of voluntary coughs was poorly explained by Poes. During CA inhalation, when the Vtg compressed during cough could not be controlled, correlation of Poes with flow ratio remained poor. We conclude that to study the motor limb of the cough reflex, measurements of both airflow and oesophageal pressure are required.
When Do You Pull the Plug?
Authors: George E. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Ethical considerations of organ transplants and the maintenance of life have added to the burden of disturbing public information in these amazing times. It is important for professional groups to maintain a stability of purpose, of competence, and of compassion even though they must readjust to the needs and desires, right or wrong, of the public. Discussions of life and death (MEDICAL NEWS,<i>JAMA</i><b>205</b>:, July 1, 1968, adv p 29) should not have a large headline, "When Do You Pull the Plug?"
Aortocoronary Saphenous-Vein Bypass
Authors: K. E. Hammermeister, J. Ward Kennedy, Glen W. Hamilton, Douglas K. Stewart, K. Lance Gould, Kirk Lipscomb, John A. Murray
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

To assess the effect of saphenous-vein bypass grafting on resting ventricular performance, left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were measured before and after surgery in 40 patients. Symptomatic improvement occurred in 80 per cent (32 of 40), maximal treadmill exercise performance improved in 50 per cent (15 of 30) (p<0.05), and ischemic ST-segment response to exercise disappeared in 78 per cent (14 of 18). There were no significant changes in end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume or systolic ejection fraction for the group as a whole after saphenous-vein bypass grafting or in subgroups with all patent grafts (28), no myocardial infarction (20) or total revascularization (18). Left ventricular contraction plots were unchanged after operation in 63 per cent (25 of 40), improved in 15 per cent (six of 40) and worse in 22 per cent (nine of 40). We conclude that saphenous-vein bypass grafting does not consistently improve left ventricular performance. (N Engl J Med 290:186–192, 1974)
Control of Tinea Pedis in a Swimming Bath
Authors: J. C. Gentles, E. G. V. Evans, G. R. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Random samples of the weekly entry of bathers to a swimming pool were examined for tinea pedis and verruca before and at intervals after the supply of individual sachets of foot powder to all bathers. Over three and a half years the overall incidence of tinea pedis decreased from 8·5% to 2·1%, and in adult males it decreased from 21·5% to 6·9%. The incidence of infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale decreased from 5·3% to 0·5%, and the incidence of infection with T. rubrum (1·2%-1·1%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (0·9%-0·5%) did not change significantly. The incidence of verruca decreased from 4·8% to 1·2%. Issuing foot powder clearly minimizes the spread of infection and is recommended for general use.
Personal reflections on 50 years of study of benzene toxicology.
Authors: D V Parke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The metabolism of benzene is reviewed, and the objectives of a quantitative balance study begun in 1945 are outlined; problems of toxicology and metabolism research of some 50 years ago are considered. The quantitative metabolism of 14C-benzene in the rabbit is annotated and compared with that of unlabeled benzene quantified by nonisotopic methods. The anomalies of phenylmercapturic acid and trans-trans-muconic acid as metabolites of benzene are examined in detail by isotopic and nonisotopic methods; these compounds are true but minor metabolites of benzene. Oxygen radicals are involved in both the metabolism of benzene and its toxicity; the roles of CYP2E1, the redox cycling of quinone metabolites, glutathione oxidation, and oxidative stress in the unique radiomimetic, hematopoietic toxicity of benzene are discussed. Differences between the toxicity of benzene and the halobenzenes are related to fundamental differences in their electronic structures and to the consequent pathways of metabolic activation and detoxication.