tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recognition by human gut γδ cells of stress inducible major histocompatibility molecules on enterocytes
Authors: E GRIFFITH, E RAMSBURG, A HAYDAY
Journal: Gut (1998)

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are predominantly T cells and are found in the guts of vertebrates ranging from chickens through rodents to humans. To varying degrees in different species, IELs are also found in other epithelia. Murine epidermal IELs expand in areas of active hair growth, and intestinal IELs expand in response to coccidial infection of the gut. The numbers of human intestinal IELs, ordinarily a few per villus, are dramatically expanded in coeliac disease. However, neither the stimulus for, nor the consequences of IEL expansion are understood. Compounding this, IELs are invariably enriched relative to the systemic circulation in T cells expressing the γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Unexpectedly discovered in the 1980s, γδ cells are themselves an enigma.1 

A decade ago, an hypothesis for IEL function was proposed2based on the following reasoning. In the conventional immune system, intense antigen sampling in the lymph nodes allows clonal selection of relevant B cells and T cells from a massive antigen receptor repertoire generated by somatic gene rearrangement.3 By contrast, IELs are within epithelia, and although unlikely to be sessile, they probably encounter tens rather than tens of thousands of antigens each day. Hence for IELs to be activated, their antigen receptor diversity should be correspondingly limited. Thus, their antigens are likely to be common microbial antigens, or self antigens that are general harbingers of epithelial cell “stress”, caused by infections or cell transformation. The products of non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, of hitherto unknown function, were proposed to be such harbingers.2 

By now it has become clear that IEL antigen receptor diversity is indeed limited. In the extreme, almost all γδ+ IELs of murine skin, known as DETC (dendritic epidermal T …
Cost-effectiveness of the Clinical Practice Recommendations in the AHCPR Guideline for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Jerry Cromwell
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) published the Smoking Cessation: Clinical Practice Guideline in 1996. Based on the results of meta-analyses and expert opinion, the guideline identifies efficacious interventions for primary care clinicians and smoking cessation specialty providers.To determine the cost-effectiveness of clinical recommendations in AHCPR's guideline.The guideline's 15 recommended smoking cessation interventions were analyzed to determine their relative cost-effectiveness. Then, using decision probabilities, the interventions were combined into a global model of the guideline's overall cost-effectiveness.The analysis assumes that primary care clinicians screen all presenting adults for smoking status and advise and motivate all smokers to quit during the course of a routine office visit or hospitalization. Smoking cessation interventions are provided to 75% of US smokers 18 years and older who are assumed to be willing to make a quit attempt during a year's time.Three counseling interventions for primary care clinicians and 2 counseling interventions for smoking cessation specialists were modeled with and without transdermal nicotine and nicotine gum.Cost (1995 dollars) per life-year or quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved, at a discount of 3%.The guideline would cost $6.3 billion to implement in its first year. As a result, society could expect to gain 1.7 million new quitters at an average cost of $3779 per quitter, $2587 per life-year saved, and $1915 for every QALY saved. Costs per QALY saved ranged from $1108 to $4542, with more intensive interventions being more cost-effective. Group intensive cessation counseling exhibited the lowest cost per QALY saved, but only 5% of smokers appear willing to undertake this type of intervention.Compared with other preventive interventions, smoking cessation is extremely cost-effective. The more intensive the intervention, the lower the cost per QALY saved, which suggests that greater spending on interventions yields more net benefit. While all these clinically delivered interventions seem a reasonable societal investment, those involving more intensive counseling and the nicotine patch as adjuvant therapy are particularly meritorious.
Allergic proctitis, a clinical and immunopathological entity.
Authors: P C Rosekrans, C J Meijer, A M van der Wal, J Lindeman
Journal: Gut (1980)

Patients with isolated ulcerative proctitis form a heterogeneous group. Some may develop ulcerative colitis, others have a limited, benign disease. Twelve patients with isolated proctitis with a mean course of seven years were studied. All patients had a typical clinical picture consisting of a mild and intermittent course of the disease with the presenting symptom of rectal blood loss. At endoscopic examination the inflammatory process was limited to the rectal and distal sigmoid colonic mucosa with a clear upper border beyond which the mucosa of the sigmoid colon was normal. Histologically the mucosal biopsy specimens of the affected rectum resembled those of ulcerative colitis. However, in contrast with proctitis on the base of ulcerative colitis or Crohn9s disease, immunoperoxidase staining revealed a markedly increased number of IgE containing cells in the lamina propria of rectal mucosa biopsies. As an IgE-mediated immune mechanism was considered to play a role in this type of proctitis, eight of the 12 patients were treated with oral administration of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). All patients were improved by the drug. The remaining four patients with mild proctitis did not require treatment. We concluded that, in patients with isolated proctitis on clinical and immunopathological criteria, a group can be separated which responds to DSCG, a condition for which we suggest the name 9allergic proctitis9.
Indian parliament votes to increase access to morphine
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

India’s parliament has approved changes to the country’s drug laws to make it easier for doctors to access morphine and other narcotic drugs for their patients.

Amendments to the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act have abolished rules that meant hospitals and pharmacies had to obtain four or five licences from different government agencies every time they wanted to purchase narcotic analgesics.

Those rules, which were introduced in 1985, resulted in a 97% fall in the use …
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts Complicated by Portal Hypertension or by Intervening Vessels
Authors: P. Sriram, A. Kaffes, G. Rao, D. Reddy
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Portal hypertension often coexists with pancreatic pseudocysts and is potentially dangerous if a collateral vessel is in the vicinity of the needle puncture pathway. Hitherto, there have been no reports of pseudocyst drainage in this setting.Patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage complicated by intervening vessels were assessed for success and outcomes. An Olympus mechanical linear-array video echo endoscope GF-UM 140D was used for the drainage procedure in all patients. Either a "hot" diathermy technique was employed or a "cold" technique using direct aspiration with a 19-G needle, followed by deployment of a nasocystic catheter.Eight patients with a symptomatic pseudocyst and intervening vessels underwent drainage that was guided (n = 6) or assisted (n = 2) by EUS. All were found to have successful resolution of the cyst at follow-up 6 weeks later, while segmental portal hypertension had disappeared in one patient. There were no major complications. One patient had transient hemorrhagic drainage that resolved by itself.Pseudocysts complicated by portal hypertension or by intervening vessels can be safely drained under EUS guidance, even in the absence of color Doppler imaging.
Pyogenic granuloma following the trauma of noseboring
Authors: S. PREMALATHA, A.S. THAMBIAH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

Journal Article Pyogenic granuloma following the trauma of noseboring Get access S. PREMALATHA, S. PREMALATHA Dermatology Department, Madras Medical College, Madras‐3, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.S. THAMBIAH A.S. THAMBIAH Dermatology Department, Madras Medical College, Madras‐3, India Dr A.S.Thambiah, 501, Poonamallee High Road, Flowers Road, P.O., Madras‐84, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 100, Issue 4, 1 April 1979, Pages 455–459, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1979.tb01650.x Published: 01 April 1979
Binding of haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor to synovial fluid hyaluronate and the influence of these proteins on its degradation by oxygen derived free radicals.
Authors: N Hutadilok, P Ghosh, P M Brooks
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

Synovial fluid from 201 normal and pathological knee joints was subjected to gel filtration by Sepharose CL-2B chromatography to separate hyaluronic acid (HA) from unbound proteins, which were retarded on this column. HA from all normal fluids was excluded from the gel and contained 1% or less bound protein. Synovial fluids taken from joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contained considerably more protein bound to HA. In 46% of RA samples the level of protein was greater than 4%, whereas only one fluid examined from osteoarthritic joints contained this amount. The proteins bound to HA from RA joints were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunodiffusion techniques as the acute phase proteins alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and haptoglobin. The average relative percentages of these proteins bound to HA were 17.6%, 32.6%, and 29.2% respectively. These HA-protein complexes could be generated in vitro by mixing normal (low protein) HA with any one of the three acute phase proteins. The HA-protein complexes formed in vitro with inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor or haptoglobin, and those isolated from RA synovial fluids, were more resistant to degradation by oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) than HA from normal fluids. From these findings we conclude that certain acute phase proteins diffusing into synovial fluid during inflammatory episodes may play an important part in protecting HA from depolymerisation by activated phagocytes.
Meprobamate: A Study of Irrational Drug Use
Authors: DAVID J. GREENBLATT, RICHARD I. SHADER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The history of the tranquilizer meprobamate illustrates how factors other than scientific evidence may determine physicians' patterns of drug use. Forceful advertising and publicity, an attitude of general optimism, and uncontrolled studies with favorable results combined to elevate meprobamate to the position of America's magical cure-all tranquilizer. This drug remains in wide use despite a large body of sound scientific data that questions its efficacy. Today easy pharmacologic solutions to the stresses and tensions of life are often sought in place of more effective forms of mastery. This trend, which may not be a healthy one, is fostered by physicians who prescribe tranquilizers indiscriminantly.
CS-35 * TGF- INDUCES AND BMP SUPPRESSES VEGF RELEASE DEPENDING ON SMAD2/3 VERSUS SMAD1/5/8 SIGNALING IN GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: I. Tritschler, K. Seystahl, E. Szabo, G. Tabatabai, M. Weller
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways have been attributed a major role in the pathogenesis in glioblastoma, but their interactions have remained poorly understood. Thus, we characterized TGF-β/BMP pathway activity in nine long-term glioma cell lines (LTC) and 4 glioma-initiating cell lines (GIC) in relation to constitutive and exogenous TGF-β/BMP-induced VEGF release. As reflected by TGF-β-induced SMAD2/3-phoshorylation and TGF-β/BMP-induced SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation, glioma cells exhibit heterogeneous patterns of constitutive BMP/TGF-β pathway activation. Constitutive TGF-β pathway activity accounts for up to 69% of constitutive VEGF release which is positively regulated by SMAD2/3 and negatively by SMAD1/5/8 signaling in a cell line-specific manner. Exogenous TGF-β induces and exogenous BMP reduces VEGF release in most cell lines. Overall, TGF-β regulates VEGF release by glioma cells in an ALK-5-dependent manner involving SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD1/5/8 signaling. This crosstalk between the TGF-β and VEGF pathways may open up new avenues of biomarker-driven exploratory clinical trials. Beyond, BMP-dependent differentiation therapy as anti-glioma therapy may include VEGF-inhibitory effects.
Harmful Genital Care Practices in Children
Authors: M E Herman-Giddens, N L Berson
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Little attention has been paid in the literature to children's genital hygiene in recent years. We describe harmful genital care practices that produce physical and/or psychoemotional abnormalities in children. These practices comprise unusual and ritualistic handling and inspection of the child's genitals. Abnormalities produced include chronic and varied somatic complaints and behavioral anomalies, changes in genital anatomy, unnecessary medical diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and, sometimes, overt sexual abuse. The practices need to be recognized as harmful to children, and effective intervention must be sought. (<i>JAMA</i>1989;261:577-579)
Croatia's brain drain
Authors: Ozren Polasek, Kolcic Ivana
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Adjuvant trastuzumab for breast cancer Assessing HER2/neu status incurs more costs for treatmentEditor-The results of recent trials are likely to continue to fuel the demand for trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting of early breast cancer, 1 as well as a possible neoadjuvant treatment in the near future.However, Dent and Clemons did not discuss the difficulty in obtaining accurate and reproducible assessment of HER2/neu gene overexpression.Immunohistochemical testing measures HER2/neu protein expression whereas in situ hybridisation measures gene amplification.Patients with equivocal immunohistochemical results require in situ hybridisation to determine definitive status because interobserver variability using immunohistochemical testing is appreciable.At least 20% of patients with positive immunohistochemical results will be truly negative for HER2/neu gene amplification; these patients would not benefit from trastuzumab. 2 These difficulties in assessing HER2/ neu status have been encountered in studies testing trastuzumab, and in situ hybridisation testing has been used as the gold standard. 3 As the clinical utility of trastuzumab widens guidelines on HER2/neu testing must be clear to ensure appropriate use of trastuzumab.Clearly this testing will incur additional costs to trastuzumab treatment.
Ph Regulation in Human Gallbladder Bile: Study in Patients With and Without Gallstones
Authors: Chantal Marteau, Bernard Sastre, Nicola Iconomidis, Henri Portugal, Anne-Marie Pauli, André Gérolami
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Samples of gallbladder bile obtained from 25 controls and 34 patients with pigment (28 cases) or cholesterol (6 cases) gallstones were studied to establish whether disturbances in regulation of the biliary pH are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of gallstones. Samples were assayed for pH, PCO2 and concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate and calcium (total and ionized). Saturation of bile in calcium carbonate was calculated. The main results of the study were as follows: (a) mean (+/- S.D.) PCO2 was significantly higher in gallbladder bile (6.72 +/- 0.36 kPa (in controls) and 7.63 +/- 0.29 kPa in patients) than in blood. This is consonant with previous results in animal species; it suggests that also in man a mucosal Na+ H+ antiport acidifies the gallbladder bile generating CO2 from biliary bicarbonate. (b) Biliary pH decreased when sodium concentration increased over a range of 140 to 280 mM. The pH decreased slightly when sodium increased from 140 to 200 mM and rapidly beyond this value; the rapid pH decrease in concentrated bile was associated with bicarbonate concentrations lower than 1 to 2 mM. The results showed that bicarbonate is the main buffer of gallbladder bile. (c) The pH decrease during bile concentration was similar in patients and controls. In both groups, fully concentrated bile was unsaturated in calcium carbonate. The results suggest that gallstone formation is not due to disturbances of biliary pH regulation. However, the normal concentration process that increases Ca++ concentration up to 4 mM and lowers pH values is likely to favor, in fully concentrated biles, the precipitation of calcium salts such as calcium bilirubinate.
L. DUNCAN BULKLEY AND "CANCER"
Authors: Albert G. Hulett
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —As the champion of scientific and ethical medical and pharmaceutic procedures, it impresses me that you should be as willing to brand with its true name a source of deception within our ranks as to prosecute one from without. I address you concerning the new journal edited by Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley of New York, and christened, "Cancer." Any one reading current literature knows of the peculiar belief of this once eminent dermatologist that cancer is a medical disease and can be best treated by dietary and medicinal measures, eschewing surgery and radiotherapy. It would be bad enough did he alone practice this delusion, but it is appalling when one considers that Dr. Bulkley is going about the country lecturing to medical societies and the laity on his pet delusion, and now comes this journal from his pen. That many uninformed physicians will be induced—have been induced—by
Morris' Human Anatomy: A Complete Systematic Treatise
Authors: Benjamin Spector
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In this twelfth edition of<i>Morris' Human Anatomy</i>, Dr. Barry J. Anson, the editor, and his 18 coauthors, have maintained and indeed greatly added to the high purpose and quality of the first edition published in 1893. By their combined efforts, this important educational tool is now made available as an up-to-date reference textbook for all members of the medical profession and allied fields. The desideratum for this revised edition is best given in the words of the editor: "Progress in basic sciences and growing dependence of clinical medicine and surgery on advances made in research require periodic revision in both verbal descriptions and illustrations of textbooks, even in so mature a subject as gross anatomy." Many points are noteworthy. Every division of the book has undergone alteration. Developmental anatomy is considered throughout the book, for "were the student to remain unaware of the body's prenatal progress toward maturity, he
KELLY CYSTOSCOPY IN THE MALE
Authors: John H. Neff
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Direct cystoscopy in men with air distention of the bladder is seldom employed in this country, if one may judge from the infrequent reference to such examinations in the urologic literature. This procedure, with the patient in the knee-chest posture, has been used with such definite advantage in four or five instances that a brief report of these cases seems warranted. Certainly, in the first case operation could hardly have been avoided by any other method. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —A well developed young man was admitted to the University of Virginia Hospital on his statement that he had a nail in the bladder. About ten days prior to admission the nail had gotten away from him during urethral masturbation, and the resultant vesical irritation finally forced him to seek attention. Palpation along the urethra was negative. A sound elicited a metallic click in the bladder. Indirect cystoscopy revealed
Hormone hypothesis joins factors under study in motion sickness
Authors: Kathryn Simmons
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Anyone who has ever felt the grip of motion sickness—whether on land, at sea, or in the air—has likely wondered, "Why me?". The answer lies in the fact that some persons are more susceptible than others, says Randall Lee Kohl, PhD, staff scientist at Universities Space Research Association, Houston, a contractor for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). But Kohl has taken the idea of susceptibility a step further by correlating it with the hormonal response to motion sickness. "It appears that those who are less susceptible to motion sickness show higher elevations—upon exposure to [factors causing] motion sickness—of such hormones as adrenaline [epinephrine], ACTH [adrenocorticotropic hormone], and possibly norepinephrine," Kohl reported in Atlanta at the recent meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. "There also appears to be some indication that resting levels of these hormones may be elevated in people who have a lower
Screening for Thyroid Disease
Authors: Glen L. Hortin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters19 January 1999Screening for Thyroid DiseaseGlen L. Hortin, MD, PhDGlen L. Hortin, MD, PhDNational Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-2-199901190-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:One point about which the recent guideline and background paper on screening for thyroid disease (1, 2) is misleading and outdated is reflected by the statement in the guideline that serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are undetectable in hyperthyroid patients. The detection limits of so-called sensitive or second-generation TSH assays (defined as having functional sensitivity of 0.1 to 0.2 mU/L) have gradually improved, and third-generation TSH assays (sensitivity, 0.01 to 0.02 mU/L) are available in many clinical laboratories. Levels of TSH are reported to be detectable with third-generation assays in 4% to 17% of patients with overt ...References1. American College of Physicians. Screening for thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:141-3. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Helfand M, Redfern CC. Screening for thyroid disease: an update. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:144-58. LinkGoogle Scholar3. Marqusee E, Haden ST, Utiger RD. Subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:37-49. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Mestman JH. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:127-49. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Surks MI, Chopra IJ, Mariash CN, Nicoloff JT, Solomon DH. American Thyroid Association guidelines for use of laboratory tests in thyroid disorders. JAMA. 1990;263:1529-32. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoScreening for Thyroid DiseaseScreening for Thyroid Disease Flavio Zelmanovitz Screening for Thyroid Disease Mark N. Friedman Screening for Thyroid Disease Robert S. Dieter Screening for Thyroid Disease Mark Helfand and Craig C. Redfern Metrics 19 January 1999Volume 130, Issue 2Page: 161KeywordsAtrial fibrillationClinical laboratoriesHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismPregnancyThyroidThyroid diseasesThyroid-stimulating hormone Issue Published: 19 January 1999 CopyrightCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...