tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cigarette smoke induces the release of CXCL-8 from human bronchial epithelial cells via TLRs and the induction of inflammasome
Authors: Esmaeil Mortaz, Paul Henricks, Aletta Kraneveld, Masoumeh Givi, Johan Garssen, Gert Folkerts
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

COPD is a chronic airway diseases associated with inflammation and cigarette smoking. Airway epithelial cells are the first cells that will be exposed to cigarette smoke and are able to release CXCL-8 and IL-1β. These cytokines are involved in the acute and chronic character of inflammatory processes in COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) on human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE-14o cells) were involved in cigarette smoke-induced cytokine production.  The cigarette smoke-induced CXCL-8 production was inhibited by an antibody against TLR4 and by inhibitory ODN without CpGODN motif suggesting the involvement of TLR4 and TLR9. In addition, exposure of HBE-14o cells to TLR4 or TLR9 ligands resulted in the release of CXCL8 and IL1β. TLR4 and also TLR9 were present on the cell surface and the expression of both receptors decreased after cigarette smoke exposure. The molecular mechanism was further investigated. It was found that the purinergic P2X7 receptors and reactive oxygen species were involved. Interestingly, the inflammasome activator monosodium urate crystals (MSU) mimicked the release of CXCL-8 and IL-1β and the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-VADDCB suppressed the cigarette smoke-induced release of CXCL-8. In addition, cigarette smoke, CpGODN, LPS and MSU all increased the expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β. In conclusion, cigarette smoke releases CXCL-8 from HBE-14o cells via TLR4 and TLR9 and inflammasome activation. This signal transductions pathways may contribute to cigarette smoke related diseases such as COPD.
Alan Robert Somner
Authors: I. Campbell
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Alan Robert Somner was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and qualified in 1946 at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. After house jobs at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary he did national service with the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving in Austria with the Northamptonshire Regiment. His lifelong interest in tuberculosis (TB) began when working with Professor Cameron at Southfields Sanatorium. His first publication was on the treatment of 26 patients with tuberculous meningitis, of whom, in those days before isoniazid, 13 died. It formed the basis of his MD thesis in 1951. His interest in TB developed further while senior registrar to Sir John Crofton, Ian Grant, Jimmy Williamson, and Norman Horne, the team of Edinburgh physicians who did so much in the 1950s and 60s to establish the principles of drug treatment of TB, which led to the curative regimen of 18 months of PAS and isoniazid, supplemented by streptomycin for the …
Serum Interleukin-8 Reflects Tumor Burden and Treatment Response Across Malignancies of Multiple Tissue Origins
Authors: J.L. Perez Gracia, M.F. Sanmamed, O.E. Carranza Rua, C. Alfaro, C. Oñate, S. Martin-Algarra, G. Perez, S.F. Landázuri, A. Gonzalez, S. Gross, I. Rodriguez Lopez, C. Muñoz-Calleja, M.E. RodrÍguez-Ruiz, B. Sangro, J.M. Lopez-Picazo, M. Rizzo, G. Mazzolini, I. Melero
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Agreement between tumor measurement on computer tomography and resected specimen size in lung cancer
Authors: Joana Ip, Catarina Callé, Susana Esteves, Nuno Nuno Abcassis, Fernando Cunha, Isabel Duarte, Maria Teresa Almodovar
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Lung cancer (LC) treatment relies on accurate staging based on tumor size. The 7th Ed AJCC TNM classification of LC difference tumors that are ≤2 cm, 2–3 cm, 3–5 cm and ≥5 cm in maximum dimension These differences are important in prognosis based on CT. Aim: to compare the radiologic preoperative size of the primary tumor in LC with their pathologic size following excision. Materials and methods: 88 LC patients who undergone surgery in our institution from 2008 - 2011, CT-staged T1 or T2 were included. Images were reviewed by two independent observers. Tumor maximal diameter on axial-plane was obtained using PACS caliper segmentation algorithm and adjusted based on a radiologist9s input; largest single diameter from Pathology gross report was utilized. Agreement was evaluated between CT and Pathology using Bland-Altman methods for measurements and using Cohen-Kappa for T-staging classification. Results: 46 adenocarcinoma, 31 squamous cell carcinoma. The mean CT measurement was 30,27mm, pathology was 30,63mm. The mean difference between CT and Pathology measurements was -0,35 mm (95% Confidence Interval -2,15; 1,45, p-value
Follow up 1 year of amiodarone pulmonary effects
Authors: Galina Orlova, Juliya Nikolaeva, Larisa Kiruchina, Aleksandra Speranskaya, Vitaliy Perley, Aleksey Gichkin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Amiodaron has numerous side-effects and the pulmonary toxicity (PT) is the most serious.

Aim: To analyse the theraputic prognosis of amiodaron-indused PT (AIPT).

Methods: 14 AIPT patients (mean age 66,0±1,2 yr), received amiodarone (300-400 mg/day) for 47,6±3,5 months due to cardiac arrhythmia, were investigated. X-ray, computer tomography (CT), complex lung function examination, echodopplercardiography were performed. All patients discontinued the amiodarone and received prednisolone (60-20 mg/day) with gradual tapering up to 5-10 mg/day for 6 months. Lung biopsy was done in 2 cases and confirmed interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

Results: AIPT was diagnosed over 2,7 yr after the clinical manifestation. The onset of AIPT was acute in 3, subacute in 8, insidious in 2 cases. The frequency of CT signs were: interstitial - 1,0, nodule - 0,22 and infiltrative or “ground glass” - 0,78. Restrictive type of functional disorders (0,89), pulmonary hypertension 33,7±1,18 mm Hg and cor pulmonale (0,57) were revealed. In 2 cases it was amiodaron-indused thireoiditis. After 1 yr therapy the improvement of clinical (0,83) and CT (0,83) signs, lung functional tests (DLCO, p<0,05; VC, p<0,005; RV, p<0,001; DLCO, p<0.05) were observed. The rapid decrease of prednisolone dose in 2 cases lead to the clinical and CT deterioration.

Conclusion: The corticosteroid treatment of AIPT is of therapeutic value and must be prolonged with carefully tapering to avoid the deterioration.
Hypophyso-Gonadal Function in Humans during the First Year of Life
Authors: Maguelone G. Forest, Pierre C. Sizonenko, Anne M. Cathiard, Jean Bertrand
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Total and unbound testosterone and Delta(4)-androstenedione have been determined in 104 cord blood samples. The same sexual steroids and pituitary gonadotropins have been measured in 46 normal male infants aged 27-348 days and 34 normal female infants aged 19-332 days. In cord blood of female neonates mean total and unbound testosterone was 29.6+/-7.5 and 0.89+/-0.4 ng/100 ml, respectively (mean+/-1 SD); Delta(4)-androstenedione was 93+/-38 ng/100 ml. In male neonates mean plasma total and unbound testosterone was 38.9+/-10.8 and 1.12+/-0.4 ng/100 ml; Delta(4)-androstenedione was 85+/-27 ng/100 ml. In female infants testosterone concentrations remained constant during the 1st yr of life with a mean concentration of 7+/-3 ng/100 ml. Mean unbound testosterone and Delta(4)-androstenedione concentrations were 0.05+/-0.03 and 16.7+/-8.3 ng/100 ml, respectively. Mean plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were 8.7+/-3.3 and 12.9+/-7.7 mU/ml. In male infants mean plasma total testosterone concentration increased to 208+/-68 ng/100 ml from birth to 1-3 mo of age, decreasing thereafter to 95+/-53 ng/100 ml at 3-5 mo, 23.2+/-18 ng/100 ml at 5-7 mo, and reached prepubertal levels (6.6+/-4.6 ng/100 ml) at 7-12 mo. Mean unbound testosterone concentration plateaued from birth to 1-3 mo of age (1.3+/-0.2 ng/100 ml) decreasing to prepubertal values very rapidly. Mean Delta(4)-androstenedione concentration, although progressively decreasing during the 1st yr of life to 11.7+/-4.5 ng/100 ml, was higher than in the female at 1-3 mo of life (34+/-11 ng/100 ml). Mean plasma level of follicle-stimulating hormone was 6.7+/-2.9 mU/ml, and that of luteinizing hormone was 19.7+/-13.5 mU/ml, significantly higher than in the female. There was no correlation between gonadotropin and age or testosterone. The present data demonstrate that the testes are active during the first natal period. It is tempting to correlate this phenomenon to a progressive maturation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is possible that the surge in testosterone occurring the first 3 mo could play a role in the future life pattern of the male human being.
Assessment of disease severity using imaging scores in pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Victor Botnaru, Diana Calaras, Oxana Munteanu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The value of imagistic methods in diagnosing and assessing the inflammatory activity in sarcoidosis is well known.  The aim was to assess the association between imagistic findings (radiographic score, and HRCT score by Oberstein  et. al. [SarcoidosisVasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1997,14:65–72]) and disease severity defined by functional disturbances in sarcoidosis.  We have evaluated the clinical records of 70 patients with biopsy proven or highly suggestive of sarcoidosis, cases registered in a 3rd level medical institution, during year 2011, who underwent chest X-ray, HRCT, and pulmonary function tests. The HRCT images were scored by two readers. Spearman9s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to estimate the association between imagistic scores and respiratory function disturbances.  We found a relationship between both radiological staging and HRCT abnormalities with functional parameters.  All HRCT subscores, except lymph node enlargement, correlated with FEV1, FVC, MMEF 25-75 , and DLCO (p  Compared with radiological stages, HRCT findings appeared to be more sensitive in tracing abnormal gas exchange, with no significant difference in other functional parameters.
Recent Progress in Prostaglandin F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i>Ethanolamide (Prostamide F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i>) Research and Therapeutics
Authors: D. F. Woodward, J. W. Wang, N. J. Poloso
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2013)

Prostamide (prostaglandin ethanolamide) research emerged from two distinct lines of research: 1) the unique pharmacology of the antiglaucoma drug bimatoprost and 2) the discovery that endocannabinoid anandamide was converted by COX-2 to a series of electrochemically neutral prostaglandin (PG) ethanolamides. Bimatoprost pharmacology was found to be virtually identical to that of prostamide F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i>. The earliest studies relied on comparison of agonist potencies compared with PGF<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i> and synthetic prostaglandin F<sub>2<i>α</i></sub> (FP) receptor agonists. The subsequent discovery of selective and potent prostamide receptor antagonists (AGN 211334-6, as shown in Fig. 3) was critical for distinguishing between prostamide and FP receptor-mediated effects. The prostamide F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i> receptor was then modeled by cotransfecting the wild-type FP receptor with an mRNA splicing variant (altFP<sub>4</sub>).Bimatoprost is now used therapeutically for treating both glaucoma and eyelash hypotrichosis. Bimatoprost also stimulates hair growth in isolated human scalp hair follicles. A strong effect is also seen in mouse pelage hair, where bimatoprost essentially halves the onset of hair regrowth and the time to achieve full hair regrowth in shaved mice. Beyond glaucoma and hair growth, bimatoprost has potential for reducing fat deposition. Studies to date suggest that preadipocytes are the cellular target for bimatoprost. The discovery of the enzyme prostamide/PGF synthase was invaluable in elucidating the anatomic distribution of prostamide F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i>. High expression in the central nervous system provided the impetus for later studies that described prostamide F<sub>2</sub><i><sub>α</sub></i> as a nociceptive mediator in the spinal cord. At the translational level, bimatoprost has already provided therapeutics in two distinct areas and the use of both prostamide agonists and antagonists may provide other useful medicaments.
National survey of hospital patients
Authors: P. Pound, S. Ebrahim
Journal: BMJ (1995)

adequate measures to ensure the safety of those who perform abortions or work in facilities where the procedure is performed.Doctors and other health care workers who dedicate their lives to meeting the health care needs of Americans should be ensured the right to work in a safe environment.Violence against health care workers is unacceptable.The American Medical Association has long condemned acts of terrorism against health care workers and will continue to do so.
Hyperleukocytosis in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: impact on remission rate and duration, and survival.
Authors: J P Dutcher, C A Schiffer, P H Wiernik
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1987)

The clinical courses of 353 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) treated between 1971 and 1982 at the Baltimore Cancer Research Program (BCRP) of the National Cancer Institute were reviewed and examined for the impact of presenting WBC count on the initial course and overall outcome of these patients. Group A (WBC greater than 100,000/microL) had significantly more deaths during the first week of therapy than did group C (WBC less than 50,000/microL) (P = .0003). CNS hemorrhage was responsible for a significantly greater number of deaths in group A compared with group C (P less than .004). The group B (WBC 50,000 to 100,000/microL) death rate was intermediate. These findings are consistent with other reports of complications of leukostasis. Rapid intervention with antileukemic therapy and cranial irradiation may have decreased the risk of CNS hemorrhage in group A. If early deaths are removed from analysis, the complete remission rate among patient groups is not significantly different (group A, 59%; group B, 68%; group C, 65%). However, further analyses of patients achieving remission demonstrate significant differences among patient groups based on presenting WBC count. The median complete remission duration of patients in group A (4.2 months) is shorter than that of patients in group B (8.0 months) or C (8.0 months), P = .07. In addition, remission duration has improved with modern aggressive antileukemic therapy in groups B (median before 1977, 7.0 months; after 1977, 22.0 + months) and C (before 1977, 6.0 months; after 1977, 16.0 + months). No such improvement has occurred in group A, in which the median duration of remission was 4.2 months before and after 1977. The same findings are demonstrated in an analysis of survival, with improvement occurring only in groups B (median before 1977, 16.5 months; after 1977, 26.0 + months) and C (before 1977, 13.5 months; after 1977, 24.0 + months). Long-term follow-up (minimum of 4 years) of these patients has allowed an analysis of the effect of presenting WBC count on the overall outcome of adult patients with ANLL.
Spontaneous Lymphosarcoma Arising in a Nude Mouse: Characterization In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Tommie Sue Tralka, José Costa, William F. Sindelar, Alan Rabson, Pietro M. Gullino, Edwin Henson, Elizabeth W. Chu, Gregory T. O'Conor
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Spontaneous Lymphosarcoma Arising in a Nude Mouse: Characterization In Vivo and In Vitro Get access Tommie Sue Tralka, Tommie Sue Tralka Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar José Costa, José Costa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William F. Sindelar, William F. Sindelar Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alan Rabson, Alan Rabson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Pietro M. Gullino, Pietro M. Gullino Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edwin Henson, Edwin Henson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Elizabeth W. Chu, Elizabeth W. Chu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gregory T. O'Conor Gregory T. O'Conor Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 58, Issue 4, April 1977, Pages 977–982, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/58.4.977 Published: 01 April 1977 Article history Received: 11 May 1976 Accepted: 27 September 1976 Published: 01 April 1977
Serum thioredoxin-1 as a diagnostic marker for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Chiharu Tabata, Takayuki Terada, Rie Tabata, Takashi Nakano
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM) is an aggressive malignant tumor of mesothelial origin that shows a limited response to cytoreductive surgery along with intra-peritoneal chemotherapy. Therefore, diagnosing DMPM early is very important. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in asbestos toxicity, which is associated with the pathogenesis of DMPM growing. Thioredoxin-1 (TRX) is a small redox-active protein that demonstrates anti-oxidative activity associated with tumor growth. Here, we investigated the serum levels of TRX in patients with DMPM and compared them with those of a population that had been exposed to asbestos but had not have DMPM.

Study: The serum concentrations of TRX were measured in 15 DMPM patients and 34 individuals with benign asbestos-related diseases.

Result: We demonstrated that the patients with DMPM had significantly higher serum levels of TRX than the population who had been exposed to asbestos but had not have DMPM.

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Conclusions: Our data suggest that serum TRX concentration is a useful serum marker for DMPM.

 [1]: pending:yes
Effects of smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of FEV1
Authors: P Lange, S Groth, G J Nyboe, J Mortensen, M Appleyard, G Jensen, P Schnohr
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cigarette smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1). We studied 7,764 men and women for 5 yrs. The subjects were grouped according to self-reported smoking habits during the observation period. We found that persistent cigarette smoking, in particular heavy smoking, accelerated the decline in FEV1. In 310 subjects who quitted smoking during the observation period, the decline of FEV1 was less pronounced than the decline observed in persistent smokers. In subjects younger than 55 yrs of age, smoking reduction was associated with a less pronounced FEV1 decline, while in the elderly subjects smoking reduction had no effect on the FEV1 decline. An increase in the number of cigarettes smoked was generally associated with a more rapid decline of FEV1, while the beginning of smoking during the 5 yrs of observation did not seem to influence the decline of FEV1. We conclude that smoking cessation or reduction may lead to a demonstrable beneficial effect on the FEV1 decline within a few years.
Blood Flow and Heat Transfer in Walker 256 Mammary Carcinoma&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: R K Jain, F H Grantham, P M Gullino
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

True thermal conductivity of 13 Walker 256 mammary carcinomas in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats averaged 3.2+/-0.9 mW/cm/degrees C under physiologic conditions. A comparison of the effective thermal conductivity in 4 tumors with and without blood flow revealed large differences ranging from 14 to 132%. When the blood supply to the tumor was doubled or reduced to one-half, the effective thermal conductivity varied proportionally to the square root of the perfusion rate. The values of thermal conductivity were obtained from a tumor preparation in which blood flow was monitored continuously during temperature changes. These changes were measured by thermistors and produced by thermal probes incorporated by the growing tumor, not surgically inserted within the tissue at the time of measurement. Inasmuch as tissue necrosis was not a dominant factor, the data are interpreted to reflect the degree of difference in local perfusion of the neoplastic tissue.
Add-on effects of long-acting β2-agonists salmeterol inhaler vs tulobuterol patch in adult patients with mild-to-moderate asthma
Authors: Hideki Inoue, Akio Niimi, Hisako Matsumoto, Isao Ito, Tsuyoshi Oguma, Kojiro Otsuka, Tomoshi Takeda, Hitoshi Nakaji, Tomoko Tajiri, Toshiyuki Iwata, Tadao Nagasaki, Michiaki Mishima
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background:  Tulobuterol patch (TP) is a sustained-release β 2 -agonist formulation involving a transdermal delivery system, and commonly used as a long-acting β 2 -agonist in Japan and other East Asian countries. Among COPD patients, TP improved QOL scores significantly better than salmeterol inhaler (SM) (Treat Respir Med 2005;4:447), but such evidence is scarce for asthma.   Aim:  To compare the add-on effects on clinical measurements, asthma control, and QOL between TP and SM in symptomatic patients with asthma.   Methods:  Mild-to-moderate asthmatics who were suboptimally controlled despite taking inhaled corticosteroids were randomized to receive to TP (2 mg q24h, n=16) or SM (50 μg q12h, n=17) for 12 weeks in open-label manner. Spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS), exhaled NO, MRC, Asthma Control Test (ACT), QOL (SGRQ), and symptom scores were evaluated every 4 weeks.   Results:  Baseline characteristics did not differ between the two groups. After 12 week treatment, FEF 25-75  % , MEF 25% , and R5 of IOS significantly improved only in the SM group; these changes achieved statistical significance  vs  the TP group. FEV 1 , and R20 and X5 of IOS also significantly improved only in the SM group, but there was no between-group difference. ACT and SGRQ scores (total, symptom, and impact) significantly improved only in the TP group, but without between-group difference. The improvements of exhaled NO, MRC, and symptom scores were similar between the two groups.   Conclusions:  SM provides greater bronchodilatory effects than TP. TP might be more efficient on asthma control and QOL than SM, as reported in COPD, but larger future studies are needed to confirm this.
Incidental findings on CTPA at a district general hospital
Authors: Jennifer Stephens, Victoria Foy, Fernando Chang, Steve Owen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background   CT Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) is the gold standard investigation for Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in the UK 1 .   Aims    Due to the quality of CTPA imaging, incidental findings are often identified.  We investigated the incidence of these findings on CTPA studies done at a large district general hospital.   Methods   CTPA requests over a 12 month period in 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Data was collected regarding PE, incidental findings and chest x-ray (CXR) reports at time of CTPA.   Results   A total of 216 CTPA reports were analysed.  Results are seen in Table 1.  Of the patients who had consolidation on CTPA, 9 (17%) had no consolidation seen on CXR.  In those with a pleural effusion on CTPA, 42 (67%) had no effusion on CXR and of the patients who had a malignancy, 21 (75%) had not had this detected on CXR.  Out of 216 patients, 15 (6.9%) had no CXR prior to CTPA and 13 (6%) had no formal CXR report.   Discussion   At our centre, CTPA yielded 11% diagnosis rate for PE. A sizeable number of incidental findings were detected resulting in further investigations and treatments of patients. The sensitivity of CXR is not sufficient to rule out consolidation in this set of patients. This study emphasises that CTPA is important in diagnosis of PE, but also in identifying alternative pathologies not seen on routine CXR   Reference    BTS Guidelines for the Management of Suspected Acute Pulmonary Embolism  .  Thorax 2003: 58: 470-484.