tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Managing Psychosis in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Jeffrey L. Cummings
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Managing psychosis is one of the most difficult challenges in the care of patients with Parkinson's disease. This complication occurs in 10 to 15 percent of such patients and consists of visual hallucinations, the belief that one is being persecuted, fears of personal endangerment, or feelings of being followed, spied on, or threatened.1,2 Psychosis is a major source of distress for patients. It exacerbates the burdens of family members and is associated with earlier transfer to nursing homes and increased mortality.3 In managing psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease, clinicians face a “motion–emotion” conundrum. The dopaminergic drugs that can . . .
The link between heparan sulfate and hereditary bone disease: finding a function for the EXT family of putative tumor suppressor proteins
Authors: Gillian Duncan, Craig McCormick, Frank Tufaro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Although genetic linkage analysis is a vital tool for identifying disease genes, further study is often hindered by the lack of a known function for the corresponding gene products. In the case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), a dominantly inherited genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple cartilaginous tumors, extensive genetic analyses of affected families linked HME to mutations in two members of a novel family of putative tumor suppressor genes, EXT1 and EXT2. The biological function of the corresponding proteins, exostosin-1 (EXT1) and exostosin-2 (EXT2), has emerged in part by way of a serendipitous discovery made in the study of herpes simplex virology, which revealed that the pathogenesis of HME is linked to a defect in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis shows that EXT1 and EXT2 are type II transmembrane glycoproteins and form a Golgi-localized hetero-oligomeric complex that catalyzes the polymerization of HS. In this Perspective we will review the identification and characterization of the EXT family, with a particular focus on the biology of the EXT proteins in vivo, and we will explore their possible role(s) in both normal bone development and the formation of exostoses. Hereditary multiple exostoses Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), an autosomal dominant bone disorder, is the most common type of benign bone tumor, with an estimated occurrence of 1 in 50,000‐100,000 in Western populations. It is
Voluntary National Examining Board.
Authors: James L. Taylor.
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Wheelersburg, Ohio, May 12, 1902. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The proposed organization of a national medical examining board as outlined byThe Journal, January 11, page 108, and advocated in the last number by Dr. W. L. Rodman, Philadelphia, is a move in the right direction, and to my mind offers the best practical plan yet suggested for overcoming the abuses which the best elements of the profession would gladly see abolished. With regard to the compensation of the proposed board, about which there seem to be divergent views, I wish to inquire why it might not be feasible to obtain recognition from the trustees of the great Carnegie Institution whose objects, in addition to the promotion of research, are declared to be "to encourage the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind; to conduct, endow and assist investigation in any department of scientific literature or art, and to this
A PSYCHIATRIC CASE REGISTER CONFERENCE
Authors: ANITA K. BAHN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1963)

Case registers have long been a tool for administration and for epidemiologic research in tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, venereal disease, and cancer. Their use as a research tool in mental illness is relatively new. Mental disorders pose problems of definition and classification that are different from problems faced in other disorders; except for the organic disorders and suicide, associated death is less common than with some other illnesses, and the impact of mental illness on the individual and the community is unique. Many problems arise, therefore, in the establishment of psychiatric case registers which require new solutions and sophisticated methodology. But the yield to the psychiatrist, program planner and other interested persons in terms of new knowledge in this field may be immeasurable. The comments of psychiatrists and other professional persons on this new program are invited.
Superoxide produced by Kupffer cells is an essential effector in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice
Authors: Hiroyuki Nakashima, Manabu Kinoshita, Masahiro Nakashima, Yoshiko Habu, Satoshi Shono, Takefumi Uchida, Nariyoshi Shinomiya, Shuhji Seki
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract Although concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced experimental hepatitis is thought to be induced by activated T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and cytokines, precise mechanisms are still unknown. In the current study, we investigated the roles of Kupffer cells, NKT cells, FasL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and superoxide in Con-A hepatitis in C57BL/6 mice. Removal of Kupffer cells using gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) from the liver completely inhibited Con-A hepatitis, whereas increased serum TNF and IFN-γ levels were not inhibited at all. Unexpectedly, anti-FasL antibody pretreatment did not inhibit Con-A hepatitis, whereas it inhibited hepatic injury induced by a synthetic ligand of NKT cells, α-galactosylceramide. Furthermore, GdCl3 pretreatment changed neither the activation-induced down-regulation of NK1.1 antigens as well as T cell receptors of NKT cells nor the increased expression of the CD69 activation antigen of hepatic T cells. CD68+ Kupffer cells greatly increased in proportion in the early phase after Con-A injection; this increase was abrogated by GdCl3 pretreatment. Anti-TNF antibody (Ab) pretreatment did not inhibit the increase of Kupffer cells, but it effectively suppressed superoxide/reactive oxygen production from Kupffer cells and the resulting hepatic injury. Conversely, depletion of NKT cells in mice by NK1.1 Ab pretreatment did suppress both the increase of CD68+ Kupffer cells and Con-A hepatitis. Consistently, the diminution of oxygen radicals produced by Kupffer cells by use of free radical scavengers greatly inhibited Con-A hepatitis without suppressing cytokine production. However, adoptive transfer experiments also indicate that a close interaction/cooperation of Kupffer cells with NKT cells is essential for Con-A hepatitis. Conclusion: Superoxide produced by Kupffer cells may be the essential effector in Con-A hepatitis, and TNF and NKT cells support their activation and superoxide production. (Hepatology 2008;48:1979-1988.)
Oral charcoal therapy of congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Authors: Peter V. Tishler
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Günther's disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of heme biosynthesis characteristically associated with diminished uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase activity. Disfiguring photomutilation starts in childhood. Avoidance of sunlight has been the only sure way to prevent or retard photosensitivity. The treatments that have been tried have had limited success. A partial benefit after splenectomy has been reported, but there is little evidence of specific, long-term improvement. Haining and colleagues first reported suppression of bone marrow release of porphyrins by induced polycythemia, supporting the notion that disease activity can be modulated by diminishing porphyrin overproduction at the source (i.e., the bone marrow). Recently, Piomelli et al. reported complete suppression of symptoms in a 10-year-old child treated from birth with transfusion therapy and with splenectomy. Another approach is the use of orally administered sorbents such as charcoal and cholestyramine, which bind porphyrins in vitro, to retard enteral absorption of endogenous porphyrins excreted into the gut lumen. Cholestyramine has been reported to reduce photocutaneous sensitivity in porphyria cutanea tarda and to reverse the hepatic lesion in protoporphyria. In this study, we compared different treatments for progressive photomutilation in a patient with congenital erythropoietic porphyria. The effects of short-term hypertransfusion were evaluated, as was the efficacy of long-term transfusion therapy over a two-year period. To test the potential usefulness of porphyrin-binding drugs, we estimated the enteral absorption of endogenous porphyrins in the proximal small bowel and monitored the effects on tissue and excreted porphyrins of short-term oral challenges with activated charcoal (ActaChar) and with cholestyramine. Charcoal therapy was more effective than cholestyramine and therefore was subsequently administered for a long period. The data collected allow comparison of long-term charcoal therapy and long-term blood-transfusion therapy. Treatment with charcoal for nine months lowered porphyrin levels in plasma and skin and resulted in a complete clinical remission during therapy. (A preliminary report on part of this work has appeared elsewhere).
Association of simian immunodeficiency virus Nef with cellular serine/threonine kinases is dispensable for the development of AIDS in rhesus macaques
Authors: Sabine M. Lang, A. John Lafrate, Christiane Stahl-Hennig, Eva M. Kuhn, Thomas Nisslein, Franz-Josef Kaup, Marianne Haupt, Gerhard Hunsmann, Jacek Skowronski, Frank Kirchhoff
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
Characterisation of immune mediator release during the immediate response to segmental mucosal challenge in the jejunum of patients with food allergy
Authors: J Santos, C Bayarri, E Saperas, C Nogueiras, M Antolin, M Mourelle, A Cadahia, J-R Malagelada
Journal: Gut (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Food allergy is a common complaint among patients with a broad spectrum of abdominal and extra-abdominal symptoms that must be distinguished from other more common non-immunological food intolerances. <h3>AIMS</h3> To investigate whether human intestinal hypersensitivity reactions are associated with detectable release of inflammatory mediators from activated cells, which may serve as a biological marker of true allergic reactions. <h3>PATIENTS/METHODS</h3> In eight patients with food allergy and seven healthy volunteers, a closed-segment perfusion technique was used to investigate the effects of jejunal food challenge on luminal release of tryptase, histamine, prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub>, eosinophil cationic protein, peroxidase activity, and water flux. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Intraluminal administration of food antigens induced a rapid increase in intestinal release of tryptase, histamine, prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub>, and peroxidase activity (p&lt;0.05 <i>v</i> basal period) but not eosinophil cationic protein. The increased release of these mediators was associated with a notable water secretory response. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> These results suggest that human intestinal hypersensitivity reactions are characterised by prompt activation of mast cells and other immune cells, with notable and immediate secretion of water and inflammatory mediators into the intestinal lumen. Analysis of the profile of markers released into the jejunum after food provocation may be useful for the objective diagnosis of food allergy.
Polymorphisms of the insulin gene among Japanese subjects
Authors: Naohisa Oda, Akira Nakai, Kentaro Fujiwara, Shigeo Imamura, Takashi Fujita, Manami Hamagishi, Taiya Kato, Takako Kobayashi, Yumiko Himeno, Keiko Yamamoto, Masaki Makino, Hiroaki Kakizawa, Yoshikuni Sawai, Mitsuyasu Itoh, Akio Nagasaka
Journal: Metabolism (2001)
Undergraduate medical education: present state and future needs.
Authors: R C Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1991)

The <i>KIF1A</i> gene encodes a protein in the kinesin-3 family which drives movement along microtubules and is important for transport of synaptic vesicles. Biallelic mutations have been identified in autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP30) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1A. More recently dominant heterozygous mutations have been found in people with a more severe phenotype that includes developmental delay, spastic paraplegia, neuropathy, optic nerve hypoplasia and progressive cerebellar hypoplasia. We report a female, now 22 years old, who has severe developmental delay, septo-optic dysplasia (requiring growth hormone and hydrocortisone replacement), sensorimotor axonal neuropathy, optic atrophy (now registered blind), non-progressive cerebellar hypoplasia, periodic limb movements and upper limb spasticity. She is extremely sensitive to gabapentin. A <i>de novo</i><i>KIF1A</i> variant, c.814A&gt;G, was identified. This is a novel missense variant (p.N272D) in the kinesin-motor domain. This case shows a phenotype consistent with previously described heterozygous <i>KIF1A</i> mutations and we believe represents a unifying diagnosis for her neurological disabilities. No previous cases describe non-progressive cerebellar hypoplasia nor septo-optic dysplasia requiring pituitary hormone replacement. This novel mutation therefore expands the phenotype associated with <i>KIF1A</i> mutations. We hypothesize that her sensitivity to gabapentin may be due to the <i>KIF1A</i> mutation.
Where have all the hospital flowers gone?
Authors: S. Cohn
Journal: BMJ (2009)

They have fallen victim to new definitions of careChristmas is a time for giving, so it is timely to consider the reasoning behind the extensive and growing ban on giving flowers to patients in hospital.The article by Giskin Day and Naiome Carter describes how both individual wards and entire hospitals are using their discretion to prohibit flowers on the ward, in the absence of any official ruling from the Department of Health.1 It is undoubtedly causing consternation for patients and visitors alike.The reasons for such prohibitions are varied, something that should immediately make us curious.As Day and Carter point out, some argue that it is about reducing the risk of injury from broken glass, or avoiding the depletion of oxygen in the air from decomposing material, or even avoiding water spillage over modern electronic equipment.In addition, some staff cite the inconvenience of changing water regularly and the problems of disposing of dead flowers.Unsurprisingly, in the context of invigorated concern around hospital cleanliness, the most common explanation relates to hygiene-that either the flowers themselves, or the water in their vases, carry a risk of infection.
Occupational Exposure to Benzene and Chromosomal Structural Aberrations in the Sperm of Chinese Men
Authors: Francesco Marchetti, Brenda Eskenazi, Rosana H. Weldon, Guilan Li, Luoping Zhang, Stephen M. Rappaport, Thomas E. Schmid, Caihong Xing, Elaine Kurtovich, Andrew J. Wyrobek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Benzene is an industrial chemical that causes blood disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia. We previously reported that occupational exposures near the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit (8 hr) of 1 ppm was associated with sperm aneuploidy.We investigated whether occupational exposures near 1 ppm increase the incidence of sperm carrying structural chromosomal aberrations.We applied a sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization assay to measure frequencies of sperm carrying partial chromosomal duplications or deletions of 1cen or 1p36.3 or breaks within 1cen-1q12 among 30 benzene-exposed and 11 unexposed workers in Tianjin, China, as part of the China Benzene and Sperm Study (C-BASS). Exposed workers were categorized into low-, moderate-, and high-exposure groups based on urinary benzene (medians: 2.9, 11.0, and 110.6 µg/L, respectively). Median air benzene concentrations in the three exposure groups were 1.2, 3.7, and 8.4 ppm, respectively.Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all structural aberrations combined were 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.83), 1.44 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.85), and 1.75 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.24) and for deletion of 1p36.3 alone were 4.31 (95% CI: 1.18, 15.78), 6.02 (95% CI: 1.69, 21.39), and 7.88 (95% CI: 2.21, 28.05) for men with low, moderate, and high exposure, respectively, compared with unexposed men. Chromosome breaks were significantly increased in the high-exposure group [IRR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.02)].Occupational exposures to benzene were associated with increased incidence of chromosomally defective sperm, raising concerns for worker infertility and spontaneous abortions as well as mental retardation and inherited defects in their children. Our sperm findings point to benzene as a possible risk factor for de novo 1p36 deletion syndrome. Because chromosomal aberrations in sperm can arise from defective stem cells/spermatogonia, our findings raise concerns that occupational exposure to benzene may have persistent reproductive effects in formerly exposed workers.
Reviving Primary Care: A US-UK Comparison
Authors: Ronald Andersen
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Health Systems This book deserves your consideration because of its important message. Whether you need to read it depends on how much you already know about the topic, how tolerant you can be of the book's idiosyncrasies, and your underlying values. The central message is that the United States spends far too much on medical care, given what other countries spend and what our outcomes appear to be. The solution proposed by the authors is to strengthen primary care, which will lead to a more cost-effective health care system. There is little question that the United States spends more on medical care as documented by these authors and many who preceded them. Whether we spend too much given the outcomes is a much more complicated issue. The book's focus is on a comparison of the United Kingdom (UK) and US health care systems, emphasizing their approaches to primary care. The
Progress in Understanding Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Leonard D. Hudson
Journal: JAMA (1999)

based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature. 1993;363:418-423. 18. Woods JM, Bethell RC, Coates JAV, et al. 4-Guanido-2,4-dideoxy-2,3-dehydroN-acetylneuraminic acid is a highly effective inhibitor both of sialidase (neuraminidase) and of growth of a wide range of influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1473-1479. 19. The MIST (Management of Influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Trialists) Study Group. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Lancet. 1998;352:1877-1881. 20. Hayden FG, Osterhaus ADME, Treanor JJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:874-880. 21. Gubareva LV, Mastrosovish MN, Brenner MK, Bethell RC, Webster RG. Evidence for zanamivir resistance in an immunocompromised child infected with influenza B virus. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1257-1262. 22. Kilbourne ED. Influenza: viral determinants of the pathogenicity and epidemicity of an invariant disease of variable occurrence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond. 1980; B228:291-297.
Differential effects of growth hormone on cardiomyocyte and extracellular matrix protein remodeling following experimental myocardial infarction
Authors: Daniela Grimm, Daniela Cameron, Daniel P. Griese, Günter A.J. Riegger, Eckhard P. Kromer
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objectives: Growth hormone (GH) causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy without development of fibrosis in the normal rat heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GH on cardiac remodeling following experimental myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Following ligation of the left coronary artery or sham operation, rats were randomized to receive 2 IU GH/kg/day or vehicle for four weeks (n=140). Extracellular matrix proteins were assessed in the non-infarcted myocardium of the posterior wall using immunohistochemistry and automatic image analysis. In addition, cardiomyocyte size was measured. Results: Compared to sham, vehicle-treated rats with moderate (20–40%) and large (>40%) infarct size showed left ventricular (LV)-dilatation, reduced fractional shortening as well as increases in LV end-diastolic and right atrial pressures, LV/body weight (BW) ratio and LV posterior wall thickness. Compared to vehicle-treated MI-rats, treatment with GH considerably increased fractional shortening and attenuated LV-dilatation. Vehicle-treated MI-rats displayed progressive increases in cardiomyocyte width and deposition of collagen I, compared to sham rats. Treatment with GH nearly doubled the increase in cardiomyocyte width and reduced collagen I accumulation by 50%. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that GH, given early after large MI, elicits a unique pattern of structural effects characterized by enhanced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reduced adaptive fibrosis. This attenuation of pathological remodeling translates into a significant improvement in systolic and diastolic LV-function.
A 20-gene model for molecular nodal staging of bladder cancer: development and prospective assessment
Authors: Steven Christopher Smith, Alexander Spyridon Baras, Garrett Dancik, Yuanbin Ru, Kuan-Fu Ding, Christopher A Moskaluk, Yves Fradet, Jan Lehmann, Michael Stöckle, Arndt Hartmann, Jae K Lee, Dan Theodorescu
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
The β2 integrin CD11b attenuates polyinosinic:Polycytidylic acid-induced hepatitis by negatively regulating natural killer cell functions
Authors: Minggang Zhang, Yanmei Han, Chaofeng Han, Sheng Xu, Yan Bao, Zhubo Chen, Yan Gu, Dajing Xia, Xuetao Cao
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract The β2 integrins play a key role in inflammation and immune responses. The β2 integrin CD11b has been shown recently to be important in the maintenance of tolerance; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Natural killer (NK) cells are an important effector of innate immunity but are also a regulator of adaptive immune response. How the activating and inhibitory signals are balanced to determine NK cell function needs to be further identified. CD11b expression was dramatically up-regulated on NK cells once they matured and became activated; therefore, we investigated the role of inducible CD11b in the regulation of NK cells. Neutralizing anti-CD11b antibody enhanced cytotoxicity, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B production of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-triggered NK cells. CD11b-deficient NK cells stimulated with or without the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] exhibited more potent cytotoxicity, and higher production of IFN-γ and granzyme B. Through in vivo depletion of NK cells and adoptive transfer of CD11b-deficient NK cells, we demonstrated that CD11b-mediated suppression of NK cell function was responsible for attenuation of poly(I:C)-induced acute hepatitis by CD11b. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that CD11b negatively regulates NK cell activation and thus attenuates poly(I:C)-induced acute hepatitis. Our study provides a new mechanistic explanation for maintenance of tolerance and control of inflammation by CD11b. (Hepatology 2009.)
Mid-Century Trends in Cesarean Section
Authors: Marjorie Woodman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

IN THE middle of the twentieth century, it seems fitting to review the status of cesarean section and some of the newer trends concerning it. Its use and abuse have covered pages of medical periodicals for the last twenty-five years.From the reports from clinics all over the country, it is evident that there has been a gradual, upward trend in the incidence of cesarean section during the last fifteen years. During the same period maternal mortality has definitely decreased, until one wonders if in the next twenty-five years all operative obstetric procedures except low-forceps delivery will consist of cesarean . . .