tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Conference on Electrolyte and Adrenal Factors in Human and Experimental Renal Hypertension
Authors: DAVID F. BOHR
Journal: Circulation (1958)

In addition to reviewing evidence bearing on the broad relationship of adrenal and electrolyte changes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, this conference considered more specifically the changes in vascular reactivity and electrolyte excretion in hypertension. Supporting the theory of an adrenal mechanism in hypertension was evidence that the development of adrenal-regeneration hypertension in different species may bear a direct relationship to the degree of adrenal regeneration (Dr. Skelton), and that a steroid having electrolyte action opposite to that of desoxycorticosterone is hypotensive in action both in DCA and renal ischemic hypertension, but not in normotensive animals (Dr. Sturtevant). On the other hand, it was observed that adrenalectomy does not alter the development of hypertension produced by kidney encapsulation in the rat (Dr. Fregly). Although it is probable that constrictor agents cause a greater increment in vascular resistance in hypertension than in normotension, the interpretation of this relationship in terms of responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle is fraught with difficulties: 1. The base line of vascular resistance in hypertension is different from that in normotension, and it is possible that the increment in resistance for a given amount of smooth muscle shortening is greater in the constricted than in the normal vessel (Dr. Tobian). 2. It is possible that the increase in resistance in hypertension is due to the encroachment of the edematous blood vessel wall into the lumen without an increase in tone of vascular smooth muscle (Dr. Tobian). 3. The responsiveness to epinephrine of aortic strips from hypertensive animals is less than (Dr. Bohr) or no greater than (Dr. Tobian) that from the nor mal animal. The pertinence of the aortic strip studies was questioned, both because the aorta differs in function (Dr. Sancetta) and responsiveness (Dr. Bohr) from the arteriole and because epinephrine was used in these studies (Dr. Skeggs). The problem of tachyphylaxis of the isolated artery strip in response to angiotonin may not yet be resolved (Drs. Bohr and Helmer). In hypertension there is an increase in sodium excretion by the kidney which is accentuated by the administration of a sodium chloride load. This abnormality reflects an impairment of the tubular reabsorption of sodium which is related to an impaired reabsorption of water (Dr. Sapirstein) and is a direct function of the arterial blood pressure (Drs. Hollander and Weller).
Distinct Circuits Underlie the Effects of 5-HT1B Receptors on Aggression and Impulsivity
Authors: Katherine M. Nautiyal, Kenji F. Tanaka, Mary M. Barr, Laurent Tritschler, Yannick Le Dantec, Denis J. David, Alain M. Gardier, Carlos Blanco, René Hen, Susanne E. Ahmari
Journal: Neuron (2015)
Small bowel extracts in the inhibition of tumour growth.
Authors: P Chan, K C Calman, T A Connor
Journal: Gut (1975)

Results presented in this paper confirm earlier experiments which showed that microsomal extract of small bowel, preincubated with tumour cells, resulted in complete inhibition of tumour growth. However, experiments in vitro have shown that this effect is due to direct cytotoxicity of the extract and that (a) it is not specific for the small bowel; (b) it is not specific for tumour cells; and (c) the activity is predominantly in the mitochondrial fraction.
A Human Cell-Based Assay to Evaluate the Effects of Alterations in the <i>MLH1</i> Mismatch Repair Gene
Authors: Monica Francesca Blasi, Ilenia Ventura, Gabriele Aquilina, Paolo Degan, Lucio Bertario, Chiara Bassi, Paolo Radice, Margherita Bignami
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract We describe a new approach to investigate alterations in the human MLH1 mismatch repair (MMR) gene. This is based on complementation of the phenotype of a MLH1-defective subclone of the ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells by transfection of vectors encoding altered MLH1 proteins. Measurements of resistance (tolerance) to methylating agents, mutation rate at HPRT, microsatellite instability (MSI), and steady-state levels of DNA 8-oxoguanine were used to define the MMR status of transfected clones. The approach was validated by transfecting cDNA of wild-type (WT) MLH1, cDNAs bearing two previously identified polymorphisms (I219V and I219L) and two with confirmed hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome mutations (G224D and G67R). A low-level expression of two MLH1 polymorphisms partially reversed methylation tolerance and the mutator phenotype, including MSI. Higher levels of I219V resulted in full restoration of these properties to WT. Increased expression of I129L did not fully complement the MLH1 defect, because there was a simultaneous escalation in the level of oxidative DNA damage. The findings confirmed the important relationship between deficient MMR and increased levels of oxidative DNA damage. Mutations from Italian HNPCC families (G224D, G67R, N635S, and K618A) were all ineffective at reversing the phenotype of the MLH1-defective A2780 cells. One (K618A) was identified as a low penetrance mutation based on clinical and genetic observations. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(18): 9036-44)
The "Subclavian Steal" Syndrome: A Further Documentation
Authors: John A. Mannick
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The newly characterized "subclavian steal" syndrome represents a unique complication of cerebral arterial occlusive disease. In this condition, obstruction of the proximal subclavian artery can be shown by arteriography to cause an actual egress of blood from the basilar arterial system through a reversal of flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery. The authors have recently encountered 2 cases of the subclavian steal with cerebral symptoms. One of these patients is believed to be the first documented case of right-sided subclavian steal. Both patients were treated by endarterectomy which appears to be the therapy of choice. Experience with these patients suggests: (1) that the subclavian steal syndrome may be more common than the previous medical literature would indicaten and (2) that this disorder may fail to produce symptoms of cerebral ischemia in the absence of other cerebral vascular disease.
PELVIC SYMPTOMS OF URINARY TRACT ORIGIN
Authors: PRESTON T. BROWN
Journal: JAMA (1941)

The most common presenting symptoms of gynecologic patients are chronic lower abdominal pain and backache. These are usually, but often erroneously, interpreted by the patient as being due to abnormalities of the genital tract. This self-made diagnosis of ovarian or uterine disease too often finds concurrence in the opinion of the surgeon and repeatedly leads to unnecessary and harmful operations. Many, if not a majority, of the pains referred to the lower part of the abdomen and back are not due to genital disorders but are the results of orthopedic defects, gastrointestinal disturbances, or abnormalities of the urinary tract. For many years Hunner has been emphasizing the important relationship between urinary tract conditions and obscure pelvic symptoms. He has stressed the symptom complex of the stricture of the ureter and has repeatedly demonstrated the relief of those symptoms by appropriate treatment. Genital disease may be simulated by ureteral stricture, stricture
The Corticovisceral Theory of the Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Bertram Fleshler
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Pavlov's teachings that autonomic functions are integrated in the cerebral cortex and that cortical disturbances result in the development of various diseases have significantly influenced physiology and medicine, particularly Russian medicine. In this volume data are reviewed, mainly from Russian sources, bearing on such aspects of Pavlovian physiology as exteroceptive and interoceptive reflexes, the relationship between them, their integration in the cerebral cortex, and how functional disturbances of the cortex lead to pathological processes. The authors then apply these principles to ulcer disease, concluding that peptic ulcer develops when we have "disturbances of the higher regulatory mechanism which appear either as a result of collision between extero- and interoceptive stimulations of the cortex or as a result of disturbances in interoceptive signalization." This seems equivalent to the term "psychosomatic disease" used in this country. The most interesting consequence of this idea is the authors' strong advocacy of sleep therapy "as
The Relation of Abortion to Cancer of the Uterus.
Authors: D. T. Quigley
Journal: JAMA (1907)

North Platte, Neb., Jan. 31, 1907.  To the Editor:  —In looking over several articles on cancer of the uterus recently published inThe JournalI find, that in giving the causes of uterine cancer, two things were not considered, which I believe to be either predisposing or exciting causes of this disease. I refer to self-induced abortions and miscarriages and to office treatments. My purpose is simply to call attention to two things which I think play an important part in the etiology of uterine cancer. It can be understood how the trauma incident to an abortion self induced, with a crochet hook, pencil or some such instrument, could furnish the necessary conditions for the starting point of cancer. I think it would have a wholesome effect on the minds of some of our female patients if the fact became generally known to the laity that an abortion may result
Website of the week: Prostate cancer
Authors: A. Ellis
Journal: BMJ (2002)

If a patient was told that he had prostate cancer, and that the decision whether or not to have surgery was largely up to him, it wouldn't be surprising if he looked to the internet for help. With every patient being treated on an individual basis, the internet is a natural resource, and there are several high quality websites around.

The most comprehensive site I found was www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=2657. It is sufficiently detailed without being overwhelming, well presented, and not overloaded with text.

Detailed information can be found at the site of the Prostate Cancer Charity (www.prostate-cancer.org.uk). There is a “3D prostate finder,” which shows where the prostate is brilliantly. It's much more effective than two dimensional medical diagrams.

The Prostate Cancer Charity is taking an entirely new approach to raising public awareness. It has launched a computer game, starring “Sammy the sperm”. Sammy can be found at www.planetprostate.com.

In the game, which is played online, players have to navigate Sammy and friends through five levels, including the Twin Planets Testes and the Vas Deferens Worm Tunnels. Sammy starts his journey in the Arousal Nebula and, if competitors are successful and manage to avoid distractions such as beer and television, his ultimate destination is Planet Prostate where the rocket awaits to blast him off into Ejaculation. Each level is prefaced by a brief, easy to understand explanation of the function of that stage in the real ejaculatory process.

The game is aimed at younger men, in the hope that by informing men about the prostate gland and its function, they will be better equipped to recognise potential symptoms. In the two weeks after its launch, the game was played 100 000 times.
Diversity in junctional sequences associated with the common human V gamma 9 and V delta 2 gene segments in normal blood and lung compared with the limited diversity in a granulomatous disease.
Authors: N Tamura, K J Holroyd, T Banks, M Kirby, H Okayama, R G Crystal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

The T cell receptor (TCR) junctional regions (N regions) of the common human V gamma 9 and V delta 2 gene segments were sequenced from the blood and lung of normal individuals (195 transcripts) and a group of individuals with sarcoidosis (220 transcripts), a granulomatous disease in which increased numbers of V gamma 9+ gamma/delta + T cells are often observed. In normal individuals, the vast majority (86%) of blood V gamma 9 transcripts used the J gamma P gene segment. In contrast to this restriction of J region usage, there was a large diversity of the junctional region, with less than 20% of blood V gamma 9 junctional regions showing identical sequences for any one normal individual. For the blood V delta 2 transcripts in normal individuals, there was restriction of J region usage, with 93% using J delta 1. The junctional regions were even more diverse than for V gamma 9, with a unique sequence observed in each transcript examined. Compared with blood, sequences from the normal lung showed a small increase in identical junctional regions, particularly in one individual where 46% of V gamma 9 transcripts examined were identical, suggesting a response of some gamma/delta T cells to antigens found in the lung in the normal state. In marked contrast to normals, some individuals with sarcoidosis had large numbers of V gamma 9 transcripts, as well as V delta 2 transcripts, sharing identical sequences. For V gamma 9 blood transcripts, two individuals showed 84 and 56% of junctional region sequences to be identical, respectively. Similarly, blood V delta 2 transcripts showed 43, 33, and 25% identical junctional region sequences in three individuals. In the sarcoid patient with the most striking over-representation of blood V gamma 9 junctional sequences, lung V gamma 9 transcripts showed increased (67%) use of the same junctional region sequence as in blood. This limited diversity of TCR junctional regions among some individuals with sarcoidosis suggests a response from specific stimuli, possibly antigenic, and that gamma/delta T cells may play a specific role in granuloma formation in sarcoidosis, as has been suggested in other granulomatous diseases.
Relation of the course of bronchial responsiveness from age 9 to age 15 to allergy.
Authors: B Burrows, M R Sears, E M Flannery, G P Herbison, M D Holdaway, P A Silva
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was measured in a birth cohort of New Zealand children at ages 9, 11, 13, and 15. Overall bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) decreased with age. While the response at age 9 was significantly related to responsiveness, symptom severity, and low lung function at age 15, these relationships were much closer when bronchial response levels after age 9 were taken into account. Also, among children who were unresponsive to methacholine at age 15, those with previous BHR had more frequent wheeze and lower lung function than those whose previous tests were all unresponsive. Both the overall tendency to BHR and the tendency to retain BHR were closely related to high serum IgE levels (determined at age 11) and to positive allergy skin tests (determined at age 13). These evidences of allergy, closely related to the severity and course of methacholine response, appeared to be important determinants of the frequency of wheeze and the degree of impairment of lung function at the end of follow-up. In view of the variability in BHR, a single estimate of bronchial responsiveness taken at an arbitrary point in time may not be an accurate index of the overall tendency to BHR.
Elevated serum thyroglobulin. A marker of metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Authors: A J Herle, R P Uller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The presence of human thyroglobulin (HTg) in serum of patients was identical by immunological criteria to the serum standard used in the radioimmunoassay. The serum thyroglobulin levels in untreated patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma ranged from 22.0 to 445.0 ng/ml with a mean of 144.3 +/- 46.5 ng/ml (SEM) (n = 10). The mean serum thyroglobulin measured postoperatively in seven of these patients was 6.4 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, not statistacally different from the mean level of 5.1 +/- 0.49 ng/ml (range 0-20.7 ng/ml) observed in 71 out of 95 control subjects with detectable HTg levels. By contrast serum HTg levels were normal or undetectable in subjects with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. HTg levels were within normal limits in sera of patients who had previously undergone successful therapy for a differentiated thyroid carcinoma and in whom no metastases could be documented. The mean level for this group was 4.9 +/- 0.51 ng/ml (n = 43). In contrast, patients with documented metastases had a mean serum thyroglobulin level of 464.9 +/- 155.6 ng/ml (n = 6). The data support the thesis that in differentiated thyroid carcinoma serum thyroglobulin levels are elevated when metastases develop after initial treatment. It is proposed that the measurement of thyroglobulin in the serum represents a simple and valuable adjunct in the posttreatment follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
The Office of Decedent Affairs
Authors: John R. Carter
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Haque et al<sup>1</sup>are to be congratulated for establishing a Decedent Affairs Office within their Department of Pathology. Admirable though their presentation was, the office they described as being unique most assuredly is not. A strikingly similar system, conceptually and practically, with virtually identical goals and objectives, was established at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in the early 1950s, at the University of Kansas Medical Center in 1960, at the University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University in 1967, at the Arizona Health Sciences Center in 1971, at the M. S. Hershey Medical Center in 1971, and at the Hahnemann University Hospital in 1986. There may be others. Common to the execution of each of these programs was a truly unique feature, namely, the employment of licensed morticians and the creation of a Mortician's Office. The choice of morticians as the center
Decision aids for women with a previous caesarean section
Authors: Jeremy A Lauer, Ana P Betrán
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Rates of caesarean section are a cause of concern worldwide although the problems vary according to the setting. In many poor countries mostly in Africa where average rates are 2% caesarean section is underused because of lack of facilities and trained personnel. In other developing countries such as ones in Latin America and eastern Asia incidence is 30% of all births or higher even though large sections of the population lack access to basic obstetric care while in developed countries it has steadily risen to about 20-25%. Despite such big differences between countries the modifiable causes of rising caesarean section rates and what to do about them are unclear. In this weeks BMJ a randomised controlled trial by Montgomery and colleagues looks at the effect of two computer based decision aids compared with usual care in pregnant women who have had a previous caesarean section. One aid provided structured information about possible outcomes and their probabilities associated with different modes of delivery and left womens preferences implicit; the other was a decision analysis model that required women to define their preferences while information about probabilities was concealed. (excerpt)
LAPAROTOMY FOR PERFORATING TYPHOID ULCER.
Authors: REED B. BONTECOU
Journal: JAMA (1890)

On October 26, 1889, I was called in consultation with Dr. St. John, of Centre Brunswick, to see Arthur P. Dater, a farmer, æt. 27, living near Millville, some miles from Troy, in a healthy district, and with comfortable surroundings. I learned from his physician, Dr. St. John, that he had been suffering from typhoid fever for some forty days past, having had a relapse after the first twenty days of illness, and that at twoA.M.on the day of my visit he had been suddenly seized with symptoms of peritonitis. We found him in a state of moderate collapse, pulse very frequent, skin bathed in perspiration, abdomen tympanitic, tense, and an absence of liver dulness. Intestinal perforation was diagnosed, and the chances of life with or without operation fairly stated to his family and himself, and with their consent and his own I proceeded, about 7P.M., with
Empiric 6-food elimination diet induced and maintained prolonged remission in patients with adult eosinophilic esophagitis: A prospective study on the food cause of the disease
Authors: Alfredo J. Lucendo, Ángel Arias, Jesús González-Cervera, José Luis Yagüe-Compadre, Danila Guagnozzi, Teresa Angueira, Susana Jiménez-Contreras, Sonia González-Castillo, Benito Rodríguez-Domíngez, Livia C. De Rezende, José M. Tenias
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Calcium Modulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle ATP-Sensitive K <sup>+</sup> Channels
Authors: Andrew J. Wilson, Rita I. Jabr, Lucie H. Clapp
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Abstract —ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channels are broadly distributed in the vasculature and regulate arterial tone. These channels are inhibited by intracellular ATP ([ATP] i ) and vasoconstrictor agents and can be activated by vasodilators. It is widely assumed that K ATP channels are insensitive to Ca 2+ , although regulation has not been examined in the intact cell where cytosolic regulatory processes may be important. Thus we investigated the effects of Ca 2+ on whole-cell K ATP current in rat aortic smooth muscle cells recorded in a physiological [ATP] i and K + gradient. Under control recording conditions, cells had a resting potential of ≈−40 mV when bathed in 1.8 mmol/L Ca 2+ . The K ATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide caused membrane depolarization (9 mV) and inhibited a small, time-independent background current. Reducing [ATP] i from 3 to 0.1 mmol/L hyperpolarized cells to ≈−60 mV and increased glibenclamide-sensitive current by 2- to 4-fold. Similar effects were observed when Ca 2+ levels were decreased either externally or internally by increasing EGTA from 1 to 10 mmol/L. Dialysis with solutions containing different free [Ca 2+ ] i showed that K ATP current was maximally activated at 10 nmol/L [Ca 2+ ] i and almost totally inhibited at 300 nmol/L. Moreover, under control conditions, when rat aortic smooth muscle cells were dialyzed with either cyclosporin A, FK-506, or calcineurin autoinhibitory peptide (structurally unrelated inhibitors of Ca 2+ -dependent protein phosphatase, type 2B), glibenclamide-sensitive currents were large and the resting potential was hyperpolarized by ≈20 to 25 mV. We report for the first time that K ATP channels can be modulated by Ca 2+ at physiological [ATP] i and conclude that modulation occurs via protein phosphatase type 2B.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN PROLONGED CHLORPROMAZINE THERAPY
Authors: JOHN R. SHAWVER, STANLEY M. TARNOWSKI
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

Two hundred and forty-five patients who had been on chlorpromazine medication for two or more years were evaluated hematologically, including platelet estimations. Only one case was found with a relatively low platelet count coincidental with leukopenia in which no interference in bleeding or clotting mechanism could be demonstrated. From our study we conclude that the development of thrombocytopenia in patients who are on prolonged therapy with chlorpromazine is rare. We plan to evaluate the 245 patients in this study at yearly intervals.