tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Robert A. Good, Lewis Thomas
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

In order to explore the hypothesis that the occurrence of thrombosis of small blood vessels is an essential stage in the development of the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions, the effect of heparin was studied. Aqueous heparin, administered intravenously, and "depot" heparin, injected subcutaneously, prevented completely the occurrence of the local and generalized Shwartzman phenomena. The amounts of heparin required for protection were similar to the amounts required to produce sustained incoagulability of the blood of rabbits for a period of at least 4 hours. The local and generalized Shwartzman reactions were prevented when heparin was given at the time of provocation, but not when heparin was administered during the period of preparation. Heparin prevented the development of bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys following a single intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin in rabbits previously treated with cortisone or thorotrast. Hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin which follows an intradermal injection of toxin in thorotrast-treated rabbits was also prevented by heparin. Provocation of the dermal Shwartzman reaction with glycogen, saline suspension of rabbit liver, and human serum was prevented by treatment with heparin. Heparin itself, in the preparations and dosages used, had no consistent effect on either white blood cell or platelet counts. Heparin had no effect on the occurrence of polymorphonuclear leukopenia which follows an intravenous injection of meningococcal toxin. Treatment with heparin did not interfere with the lethal effect of single, large doses of meningococcus toxin. In animals in which bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys was prevented by heparin, occlusion of the glomerular capillaries by "fibrinoid" material did not occur. These observations support the concept that vascular occlusion plays an essential role in the development of the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions.
SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: J. M. Retinger
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, in his article on serum diagnosis of syphilis under war conditions (The Journal, April 20, 1918, p. 1157), mentions that in strongly positive serums complement is fixed wholly in twenty minutes at 21 C., but that on account of weaker reactions the time for fixation should be prolonged to two hours. In recent experiments I have found that complement is completely fixed practically at once at room temperature. The results of a number of special tests indicate that in routine tests it probably is quite sufficient to allow the serum-complementantigen mixture to stand for ten minutes before adding corpuscles and amboceptor. This seems to be time enough even with weakly positive serums and spinal fluids. As I am unable to make comparative tests on a large scale, I hope that the possibility of shortening the time of the Wassermann reaction in the way indicated
Anaphylactic shock after skin test with phytohaemoagglutinin
Authors: D. Schiavino, E. Nucera, F. Murzilli, G. Schinco, G. Papa, G. Fais, G. Patriarca
Journal: Allergy (1992)

A young woman (26 years old), with gastrointestinal candidosis of 8 months duration, was hospitalized in our department to study her cell immunity. Five minutes after an id injection of PHA (bactophytohaemoagglutinin M, Difco, 1 mg), mix monilieae, mix tricophyton and PPD Berna, she showed an extensive wheal and flare reaction in the PHA injection area, eyelid oedema and respiratory distress. In spite of adrenaline, corticosteroid and antihistamine drug administration, the patient collapsed and was admitted to the resuscitation department, where she quickly recovered. In the following days, the patient underwent immune and allergy testing: 1) total Ige immuno‐enzymatic assay: 72 KU/l; 2) specific IgE and IgE immuno‐enzymatic assay for Candida: negative; 3) in vitro lymphocyte transformation test (thymidine 2‐C 14 ) with PHA Difco was positive. This finding and the positivity of the id injection with PHA could indicate an allergic type I immunoreaction, the description of which we have not found in the international literature (the presence of IgG STS cannot be totally excluded).
CD48 Is Critically Involved in Allergic Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Ariel Munitz, Ido Bachelet, Fred D. Finkelman, Marc E. Rothenberg, Francesca Levi-Schaffer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Despite ongoing research, the molecular mechanisms controlling asthma are still elusive. CD48 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein involved in lymphocyte adhesion, activation, and costimulation. Although CD48 is widely expressed on hematopoietic cells and commonly studied in the context of natural killer and cytotoxic T cell functions, its role in helper T cell type 2 settings has not been examined.To evaluate the expression and function of CD48, CD2, and 2B4 in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation.Allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced by ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization and intranasal inoculation of OVA or, alternatively, by repeated intranasal inoculation of Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in wild-type, STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)-6-deficient, and IL-4/IL-13-deficient BALB/c mice. Gene profiling of whole lungs was performed, followed by Northern blot and flow cytometric analysis. Anti-CD48, -CD2, and -2B4 antibodies were administered before OVA challenge and cytokine expression and histology were assessed.Microarray data analysis demonstrated upregulation of CD48 in the lungs of OVA-challenged mice. Allergen-induced CD48 expression was independent of STAT-6, IL-13, and IL-4. Neutralization of CD48 in allergen-challenged mice abrogated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung inflammation. Neutralization of CD2 inhibited the inflammatory response to a lesser extent and neutralization of 2B4 had no effect.Our results suggest that CD48 is critically involved in allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. As such, CD48 may provide a new potential target for the suppression of asthma.
Medical Injuries in the Martial Arts
Authors: Letha Y. Hunter
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This book was developed from an international survey in which the authors found 24,112 injuries in 6,347 athletes who participated in 26 different styles of martial arts. The results of the authors' injury survey are presented in the initial chapter. Most injuries were mild and involved the digits and lower extremities. Unfortunately, the authors do not present specific information from their study that would be of interest to the reader, such as countries involved; rate of injury in each of the martial arts; injury rates as related to the experience of the instructors; type of surface used; type of equipment and protective gear used; details of data collection; and the effect of conditioning on injury rates. The second chapter details the diagnosis and management of general injuries (contusions, sprains, strains, and abrasions). Remaining chapters deal with injuries by specific anatomic areas. A review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques is also presented.
Battle against hospital acquired infections has been too limited, MPs' report says
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The number of patients infected with meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile in hospitals in England has fallen, says a parliamentary report published this week. But it warns that other healthcare associated infections are increasing because they are not subject to mandatory monitoring.

The Public Accounts Committee, which is appointed by the House of Commons to examine public expenditure, has been reporting on healthcare acquired infections—which it considers a key indicator of quality and safety of NHS care—since 2000, when it found that “the NHS did not have a grip on the extent and costs of hospital acquired infection.”

Mandatory reporting of MRSA infections was introduced in 2001, when the numbers were among the highest in Europe, and for C difficile in 2004. The latest data show that the number of MRSA bloodstream …
P395The truncated plakophilin-2 protein localizes in the intercalated disc and induces cardiac fibrosis in a transgenic mouse model
Authors: J Moncayo-Arlandi, A Diez-Juan, M Casado, R Brugada
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Objective: Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) mutations represent 50% of desmosomal mutations associated to Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in humans. Many of these mutations cause a truncated protein PKP2. However, the mechanism whereby truncated PKP2 causes disease is unclear. The aim of this study is to unravel the molecular and cellular mechanism of truncated PKP2 in ARVD pathogenesis. Methods: For this study, we developed a transgenic mouse model containing a truncated PKP2 (329 of 837aa native protein) under specific cardiac promoter (α-MHC). We have studied alterations in the expression and the localization of different desmosomal proteins. In addition, we have studied alterations in cardiac morphology and size. We have also analyzed the histological phenotype using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining and oil red and Sirius red methods to detect the fatty and fibrous tissue. The level of cardiomyocytes early apoptosis has been analyzed by TUNEL. Finally, the ultrastructure of the intercalated disc has been analyzed using a transmission electronic microscopy. Results: The truncated PKP2 was localized in the intercalated disc and a small fraction in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, an intense signal of truncated protein was found in the nucleus of some cardiomyocytes. The expression and localization of distinct desmosomal proteins was similar in hearts from wildtype and transgenic mice. We do not detect any cardiac hypertrophy in the transgenic mice when it was compared with wildtype mice (0.65 ± 0.11 vs 0.71 ± 0.15; respectively). We have observed fibrosis in cardiac tissue in 2 of 30 total transgenic mice analyzed (<7%). This is characterized by the presence of fibrous tissue with absence of adipocytes and apoptosis. Ultrastructure of desmosome reveals micro-breakages in the intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes from transgenic mice including the ones without fibrous tissue replacement. Conclusions: Although a low frequency of fibrosis was found, the presence of micro-breakages suggests that the truncated PKP2 reduces the cardiomyocytes adhesion/viability and increases the predisposition to the development of fibrosis. We can hypothesize that presence of truncated PKP2 in the intercalated disc could compete with the endogenous PKP2 binding sites, affecting to the cardiac tissue integrity.
Relationship between hairy cell leukemia variant and splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: Presentation of a new concept
Authors: Tsieh Sun, Klaus Dittmar, Prasad Koduru, Myron Susin, Saul Teichberg, Judith Brody
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

An unusual case of low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with peripheral lymphocytosis and splenomegaly followed for 4 1/2 years is reported. During this period, the phenotype of the tumor cells in the blood changed from that of hairy cell leukemia (HCL)/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to HCL/prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), to PLL. The lymphoid population in the blood showed a mixture of hairy cells, villous lymphocytes, small lymphocytes, and prolymphocytes, corresponding to the phenotypes at various stages. Although relatively specific markers for CLL, HCL, and PLL, such as CD5, CD11c, CD22, CD25, and FMC-7, were positive at various stages, all these markers have also been demonstrated in a large study series of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL). In addition, the histologic pattern of the bone marrow biopsy and splenectomy specimen were not typical for HCL. This case can therefore be classified either as HCL variant or as SLVL. As SLVL assumes various cytologic and histologic patterns, which overlap with different lymphoproliferative disorders, especially HCL variants, this entity appears to represent a heterogeneous group of lymphomas/leukemias that may evolve into each other. The absence of activation of c-myc and bcl-2 oncogenes as well as mutation of p53 tumor suppressor gene, together with the presence of only one single rearranged band for both heavy chain and κ light chain genes in our case suggest that these morphologically different lymphoid tumors may belong to the same family. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Website of the week: Teenagers and cannabis
Authors: J. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A study in this week's BMJ concludes that frequent cannabis use in teenage girls predicts later depression and anxiety (p 1195). Another study (p 1199) concludes that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Because cannabis use is highest among 16-29 year olds and early use may increase the likelihood of dependency and long term problems, parents and health professionals are keen to discourage young people from using marijuana. But targeting teenagers …
TOUR TO WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETING IN ATHENS
Authors: Louis H. Bauer
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> To facilitate travel to the Sixth General Assembly of The World Medical Association, in October, 1952, World Travel Plan has arranged a guided tour by airplane charted through an internationally known scheduled airline, namely, Sabena Airlines. The trip will include tours of Rome, Geneva, and Paris, as well as a stay in Athens during the period of the General Assembly. The total cost is $789.00 per person, which is about $250.00 per person less than the cost of a round trip by air alone. The $789.00, however, does not include expenses in Athens, which will be in addition to the above amount. The proposition would seem to be advantageous to those who are contemplating the trip and who would like to make the tours of the other cities at the same time. The itinerary for this tour is as follows.
Family Medicine: Principles and Applications
Authors: Lawrence L. Hirsch
Journal: JAMA (1978)

As more attention is paid to family medicine and the demand for better textbooks becomes manifest, educators such as Medalie will come forward and contribute their expertise to focus on just what family medicine is. Although the book is one of principles and applications of family medicine and is extraordinarily successful in presenting these concepts, it is one of those rare texts that can profitably be read by all of the more traditional specialists. The thoughts of 27 contributors in family medicine have been welded by the editor into a smooth unit, leaving the reader virtually unaware of the multiple authorship. Thirty chapters are artfully divided into seven sections. Section 1 considers the need for family medicine as a specialty and delineates the physician-patient-family-community reality. Section 2, written entirely by the editor, is a masterpiece (in three chapters) of preventive medicine with "particular emphasis on the family." In section 3
Brain Damage and Recovery: Research and Clinical Perspectives
Authors: Michael P. Alexander
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Most of this book (chapters 4 through 16) is a review of the demonstrated and potential mechanisms of recovery from brain damage, and this review is good. The material, which may be unfamiliar to most readers, is organized in a thoughtful manner. It allows easy progress through the various anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological evidences of nervous system recovery. Animal experiments are reviewed in detail, allowing the reader to make some independent judgment of their validity and value. For each possible aspect of recovery, both the positive and negative data are presented in a fair manner, and there are numerous occasions in the text when the authors stop to summarize and to clarify succinctly an entire area of research. Areas of research that might seem unrelated, such as axonal sprouting and denervation supersensitivity, are tied together in the text in a useful manner.  The audience for these chapters should include neurologists,
A Miniature Glucose Sensor, Implantable in the Blood Stream
Authors: Tatsumei Kondo, Katsuki Ito, Kunitoshi Ohkura, Kaname Ito, Shoichiro Ikeda
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

We have developed a miniature glucose sensor using an oxygen electrode with a glucose oxidase membrane. The special character of this sensor is that the electrodes can be placed in a blood vessel and can measure the glucose level directly from the arterial blood stream if placed into an external A-V shunt. Its second notable characteristic is that the enzyme membrane is covered with a semipermeable membrane, which partially allows passage of glucose but only sufficient oxygen. This sensor is able to respond to glucose concentrations of up to 700 mg/dl in blood. This sensor loses 10% of its activity at about 200 h of continuous use, and 30% after 400 h of use. While the sensor cannot be sterilized by conventional mechanical or gas methods, certain antibiotics can be used for sterilization. To shorten the response delay of the sensor during the decreasing phase of glucose concentration, a thinner membrane is under development.
731. Completely Elimination of Xenograft SW620 Cancer by Combined Tumor Targeting MnSOD and Trail Genes
Authors: Yan-hong Zhang, Jin-fa Gu, Li-li Zhao, Yi-gang Wang, Jin-hui Wang, Ling-feng He, Wei-guo Zou, Qi-Jun Qian, Cheng Qian, Xin-yuan Liu
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

MnSOD is a latent tumor suppressor gene. In order to studies the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of MnSOD action, the tumor-specific replication-competent adenovirus pZD55 (E1B55 KD deleted adenovirus) was constructed and two human genes were inserted into it to form ZD55-MnSOD and ZD55-Trail. After studying, it was found the first time that the antitumor effect of ZD55-MnSOD is about 1000 fold than that of Ad-MnSOD. Further more by the combination of ZD55-MnSOD and ZD55-Trail, which was called before as Targeting Dual Gene-ViroTherapy strategy, then all the established xenograft SW620 solid tumor could be completely eliminated. This is an excellently date for the tumor killing effect of combined ZD55-MnSOD and ZD55-Trail, which was due to the compensative and synergic effect between ZD55-MnSOD and ZD55-Trail and also due to their apoptosis when assayed by apoptotic method, such as DNA fragmentation, FACS or TUNEL. The overexpression of MnSOD accumulated the generation of H2O2, which could arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis. The overexpressed Bax could result from the overexpression of MnSOD and Trail. The MnSOD could induced the releasing of AIF and cyto C, and then caspase-9 and caspase-3 were cleaved separately, while Trail could induced the cleavage of caspase-8. These results suggest that the antitumor efficiency of ZD55-MnSOD and the combination of ZD55-MnSOD with ZD55-Trail were all mediated by apoptosis.
Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Long-term Survival After Coronary Bypass and Angioplasty
Authors: Gregory W. Barsness, Eric D. Peterson, E. Magnus Ohman, Charlotte L. Nelson, Elizabeth R. DeLong, Joseph G. Reves, Peter K. Smith, R. David Anderson, Robert H. Jones, Daniel B. Mark, Robert M. Califf
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Recent subgroup analyses of randomized trials have suggested that percutaneous intervention in diabetic patients with multivessel disease results in higher mortality than coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). We studied the relationship between diabetes and survival after revascularization in a large prospective cohort of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.By analyzing data for 3220 patients (24% diabetic) with symptomatic two- or three-vessel coronary disease who were undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or CABG at Duke University Medical Center between 1984 and 1990, we found that at 5 years, unadjusted survival in the group of patients undergoing CABG was 74% in diabetics and 86% in nondiabetics. Similarly, 5-year survival among PTCA patients was 76% in diabetics and 88% in patients without diabetes. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, diabetic patients receiving either PTCA or CABG had significantly poorer survival than nondiabetics (chi2=43.56, P<.0001). Unlike previous studies, however, there was no significant differential effect of diabetes on outcome between patients treated with PTCA and those treated with CABG (chi2=0.01, P=.91).Although diabetes was associated with a worse long-term outcome after both PTCA and CABG in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, the effect of diabetes on prognosis was similar in both treatment groups. Thus, our findings support the concept that the choice of initial revascularization strategy should not be based exclusively on a history of diabetes but rather should rely on other factors, such as angiographic suitability and clinical status.
Endotoxin suppresses mouse hepatic low-density lipoprotein-receptor expression via a pathway independent of the toll-like receptor 4
Authors: Wei Liao, Mats Rudling, Bo Angelin
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Endotoxin provokes an inflammatory state in the infected host. C3H/HeJ mice are tolerant to endotoxin because of an Lps gene mutation. Recent studies have identified that this gene encodes the Toll-like receptor 4. Endotoxin also induces hyperlipidemia and suppresses hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor expression. In the current study, we investigated whether a defective Lps gene would impair the hepatic LDL-receptor response to endotoxin in C3H/HeJ mice. Eighteen hours after an intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, the hepatic LDL-receptor expression and the plasma lipoprotein pattern were analyzed. Endotoxin increased plasma triglyceride and apoE in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins, and decreased apoAI in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the endotoxin-sensitive mice (C3H/HeN), but not in the endotoxin-resistant mice (C3H/HeJ). These data indicate that a defective Lps gene impairs the endotoxin signaling to alter these lipoproteins. However, the hepatic LDL-receptor response to endotoxin in the endotoxin-resistant mice was similar to that in the endotoxin-sensitive mice. Thus, at a dose of 5 μg/mouse, endotoxin reduced hepatic LDL-receptor expression by 35% in C3H/HeN mice and by 52% in C3H/HeJ mice. At a dose of 50 μg/mouse, endotoxin reduced hepatic LDL-receptor expression by 61% in C3H/HeN mice and by 63% in C3H/HeJ mice. It is concluded that endotoxin suppresses hepatic LDL-receptor expression in vivo via a pathway independent of the Toll-like receptor 4.
Efficacy of the JAK2 inhibitor INCB16562 in a murine model of MPLW515L-induced thrombocytosis and myelofibrosis
Authors: Priya Koppikar, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Cyrus Hedvat, Sachie Marubayashi, Jay Patel, Aviva Goel, Nicole Kucine, Jeffrey R. Gardner, Andrew P. Combs, Kris Vaddi, Patrick J. Haley, Timothy C. Burn, Mark Rupar, Jacqueline F. Bromberg, Mark L. Heaney, Elisa de Stanchina, Jordan S. Fridman, Ross L. Levine
Journal: Blood (2010)