tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Devan Kansagara, Joel Papak, Amirala S. Pasha, Maya O’Neil, Michele Freeman, Rose Relevo, Ana Quiñones, Makalapua Motu’apuaka, Janice H. Jou
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Background: Guidelines recommend routine screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients, but the strength of evidence supporting these recommendations is unclear. Purpose: To review the benefits and harms of HCC screening in patients with chronic liver disease. Data Sources: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to April 2014; Cochrane databases to June 2013; reference lists; and technical advisors. Study Selection: English-language trials and observational studies comparing screening versus no screening, studies of harms, and trials comparing different screening intervals. Data Extraction: Mortality and adverse events were the outcomes of interest. Individual-study quality and the overall strength of evidence were dual-reviewed using published criteria. Data Synthesis: Of 13 801 citations, 22 studies met inclusion criteria. The overall strength of evidence on the effects of screening was very low. One large trial of patients with hepatitis B found decreased HCC mortality with periodic ultrasonographic screening (rate ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.41 to 0.98]), but the study was limited by methodological flaws. Another trial in patients with hepatitis B found no survival benefit with periodic α-fetoprotein screening. In 18 observational studies, screened patients had earlier-stage HCC than clinically diagnosed patients, but lead- and length-time biases confounded the effects on mortality. Two trials found no survival differences between shorter (3- to 4-month) and longer (6- to 12-month) screening intervals. Harms of screening were not well-studied. Limitations: Only English-language studies were included. The evidence base is limited by methodological issues and a paucity of trials. Conclusion: There is very-low-strength evidence about the effects of HCC screening on mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Screening tests can identify early-stage HCC, but whether systematic screening leads to a survival advantage over clinical diagnosis is uncertain. Primary Funding Source: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative.
THE FOUR-AREA METHOD IN X-RAY EPILATION OF THE SCALP
Authors: S. COCHRANE SHANKS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1938)

Journal Article THE FOUR‐AREA METHOD IN X‐RAY EPILATION OF THE SCALP Get access S. COCHRANE SHANKS, M.D., M.R.C.P. S. COCHRANE SHANKS, M.D., M.R.C.P. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 50, Issue 8-9, 1 August 1938, Pages 440–450, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1938.tb10591.x Published: 01 August 1938
Recovery from overdose with glibenclamide.
Authors: P. Kullavanijaya
Journal: BMJ (1970)

m=> 53vance of potassium to this form of hyper- tension.The patient, a man of 44 with one remaining kidney (right nephrectomy 15 years ago for lithiasis), has been under our care since 1967 with severe hypertension and a raised blood urea.Despite conserva- tive treatment he became semistuporous in November 1968.His blood urea was then 200-300 mg./100 ml., and creatinine clear- ance 2-4 ml./minute.An arteriovenous fistula was established and the patient was put on twice weekly haemodialysis with a R.S.P. Travenol artificial kidney, using Ultra Flo 100 or E X-01 dialysers at a blood flow rate 200-300 ml./minute for six- eight hours.The dialysate concentration consisted of Na 132, acetate 35, Cl 102, Ca 3, Mg 0.8, and K 2.5 mEq/1.His diet contained 50 g.protein, 15-20 mEq of potassium and 70-75 mEq of sodium.He also received 500 mg. of methyldopa daily.Immediately after starting haemodialysis the secretion of urine stopped completely.The patient's general condition improved.The haematocrit increased spontaneously from 22 to 30% without any transfusion, and the blood urea was between 60 and 150 mg./100 ml.However, daily blood pressure was consistently high: 180-240/110-140 dur- ing the first ten months of treatment.He had papilloedema, haemorrhages, and exudates in both fundi.A potassium-free dialysate was then instituted.The diet was unaltered, but the potassium intake augmented from 15-20 to 70-80 mEq.His blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, gradually responded to antihyper- tensive treatment, and for six months remained around normal limits.It is now stabilized at 140-170/90-105 without any medication.The fundal lesions have also completely disappeared.The patient presented no symptoms or signs of hypokalaemia, with a serum potassium from 2 25 to 5-75 mEq/l.between two successive haemodialyses.This patient was treated for nearly a year with a dialysate containing 2-5 mEq/l. of potassium and remained hypertensive.The additional repeated depletion of potassium of 250-300 mEq twice weekly caused the high blood pressure to fall gradually, and the ocular lesions to regress.This observation is in accordance with experimental and clinical data indicating that a potassium- deficient state is characterized by a decrease of vascular reactivity to certain stimuli, especially to the renin-angiotensin system, and may lower high blood pressure in rats with renovascular hypertension.l-4We are, etc.,
Retreatment with TACE: The ABCR SCORE, an aid to the decision-making process
Authors: Xavier Adhoute, Guillaume Penaranda, Sebastien Naude, Jean Luc Raoul, Herve Perrier, Olivier Bayle, Olivier Monnet, Patrick Beaurain, Christophe Bazin, Bernard Pol, Gaelle Le Folgoc, Paul Castellani, Jean Pierre Bronowicki, Marc Bourlière
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Sex chromosome mosaicism (XO-XX-XXY-XY) in a phenotypic female
Authors: R. L. Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1971)

A tall, 26-year-old phenotypic woman who had secondary amenorrhea and infertility was found to have four stem-line sex chromosome mosaicism with XO/XX/XXY/XY cell lines in lymphocytes and skin. Laparotomy disclosed a uterus, a structure in the right adnexal region resembling ovarian stroma, and hilar-cell hyperplasia in a left adnexal cyst. The usefulness of the pneumogynogram in the examination of patients with suspected gonadal dysgenesis, the cytogenetic approach to sex chromosome mosaics and the particular significance of a Y-containing cell line are emphasized.
Abstract 1672: Fibronectin Influences the Impact of Anti-Restenotic Drugs on Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cell Function
Authors: Andrew C Lake, Shelby A Rogers, Carmin M Szynal, Wendy A Naimark, Anne M Whalen, Michael J Eppihimer
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Re-endothelialization of the vessel wall after coronary artery stent placement is critical for reducing the occurrence of thrombosis and restenosis. Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells...
Chronic myeloid leukemia associated with impairment of hearing.
Authors: C K Williams, O Ogan
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Chronic myeloid leukaemia associated with impairment of hearingLoss of hearing is a rare complication of chronic myeloid leukaemia.' 2 We describe the occurrence of varying degrees of impairment of hearing in nine out of 44 Nigerian patients with the disease.
Impaired respiratory response to resistive loading during sleep in healthy offspring of patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Authors: G Pillar, R P Schnall, N Peled, A Oliven, P Lavie
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

To evaluate the possibility that healthy offspring of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may have covert signs of sleep disordered breathing, we compared the respiratory response to inspiratory resistive loads (IRL) in 10 adult offspring of fathers previously diagnosed with OSAS with that of 14 offspring of healthy parents. None of the offspring in either group had any sign of OSAS, and groups were age, weight, and body mass index matched. Both ventilatory response to progressively increasing levels of IRL and the IRL required to produce severe hypopnea (tidal volume [V(T)] < 20% of unloaded magnitude) were determined, during NREM sleep. Offspring of patients with OSAS (OSAS offspring) responded to all levels of IRL with greater decreases in V(T). Their V(T) decreased in the second breath on IRL of 23 cm H2O/l/s by 39 +/- 10%, as compared with a decrease of 19 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD) in the control group (p < 0.05). Severe hypopnea occurred in the OSAS offspring in response to smaller IRL compared to controls (79 +/- 20 and 153 +/- 14 cm H2O/l/s, respectively, p < 0.005). Total upper airway occlusion in response to IRL occurred in three of the OSAS offspring, but in none of the controls. We conclude that apparently healthy offspring of patients with OSAS may inherit subtle defects that reduce their ability to compensate for increased loads and maintain upper airway patency during sleep. We speculate that offspring of OSAS patients with decreased tolerance to IRL may be prone to developing OSAS later on in life.
Professor John Tyndall.
Authors: J. SCHNECK
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Mt. Carmel, Ill., April, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Your notice, on page 523 of theJournalof April 7, of Prof. John Tyndall's donation to Harvard, does very meager justice to his noble acts. He came to this country in October, 1872, and delivered lectures in Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, New York, Brooklyn and New Haven—thirty-six in all; the total receipts for which were $23,100. After deducting his actual expenses there was left $13,033. This he placed in the care of a board of trustees, consisting of Prof. Joseph Henry, Dr. E. L. Youmans and Gen. Hector Tyndale, with a request that the interest on the same be used to send two especially promising American pupils to one of the European universities. The trustees found considerable difficulty in carrying out the instructions, and did not use all the interest as it accrued. At the end of thirteen years the fund
Organization in Iowa.
Authors: C. M. Hobby
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Iowa City, Iowa, Jan. 22, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In behalf of and in justice to the medical profession of Iowa, I submit the following corrections. Dr. McCormack, in his "Plea for Unification" (The Journal, Jan. 16, 1904, p. 167), uses the following language: It is true that in nearly every state where this plan of organization has been proposed, as was natural and to be expected, academic and purely theoretical objections have been made to some feature of it, usually to the council, the house of delegates or to coincident membership. Such objection has always been made in advance of a trial of them,<i>and they have been confined almost entirely to states which have been practically without organization heretofore. Conditions in Iowa illustrate this point well</i>. I have italicized what seems to me a totally unjust and probably unintentional use of Iowa as an example, which, as it
Priming of human CD4+ antigen-specific T cells to undergo apoptosis by HIV-infected monocytes. A two-step mechanism involving the gp120 molecule.
Authors: F Cottrez, F Manca, A G Dalgleish, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, A Capron, H Groux
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

The study of the pathology of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees supports the idea of the crucial role of HIV-infected monocytes in the pathogenesis of AIDS, although viral mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction and deletion during HIV infection are still unclear. We show here that HIV-1-infected antigen-presenting monocytes (APCs) are able to prime in vitro non-HIV-infected antigen-specific CD4+ T cell lines or peripheral blood CD4+ T cells to undergo apoptosis after antigen-specific restimulation. The priming of T cells for apoptosis occurs in the absence of HIV replication in the T cells. Priming for apoptosis required two concomitant signals present on the same APC, an antigenic stimulus and a second signal provided by the HIV gp120 protein as demonstrated by the use as APCs of EBV-LCLs infected with different recombinant deleted proviruses or transfected with different HIV proteins. These results provide a mechanism for the priming for apoptosis of T cells in HIV-infected patients, implicating a role for HIV-infected APCs in the induction of T cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS.
Differential Impact of Ultrasonically Nebulized Versus Tracheal-instilled Surfactant on Ventilation-Perfusion (V˙<scp>A</scp>/Q˙) Mismatch in a Model of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: RALPH THEO SCHERMULY, ANDREAS GÜNTHER, NORBERT WEISSMANN, HOSSEIN ARDESCHIR GHOFRANI, WERNER SEEGER, FRIEDRICH GRIMMINGER, DIETER WALMRATH
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

In a model of acute lung injury, established by saline lavage of isolated perfused rabbit lungs, the effect of ultrasonic surfactant nebulization on gas exchange was compared with that of tracheal instillation, assessed by the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). Ultrasonic aerosolization provided particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.5 μ m (geometric SD, 2.3), the pulmonary deposition of which was monitored on-line by a laserphotometric technique. Under baseline conditions, a narrow unimodal distribution of ventilation and perfusion with shunt-flow ranging below 2% and absence of perfusion of low V˙ a/Q˙ (0.01 < V˙ a/Q˙ < 0.1) areas was noted throughout. This physiological V˙ a/Q˙ matching was not affected by lung deposition of 8.6 mg surfactant/kg body weight (bw), forwarded by 1 h ultrasonic nebulization. In contrast, tracheal bolus injection of 80 mg/ kg bw surfactant in control lungs provoked the appearance of low V˙ a/Q˙ areas (maximum ≈ 13% of perfusion) and shunt flow (4 to 6%), in addition to marked ventilation-perfusion mismatch (broadening of perfusion and ventilation distribution) in the midrange V˙ a/Q˙ regions. The saline lavage procedure caused progressive development of shunt flow ( ≈ 22%) and perfusion of low V˙ a/Q˙ areas ( ≈ 7%), associated with severe V˙ a/Q˙ mismatch. "Rescue" tracheal instillation of 80 mg/kg bw surfactant in lavaged lungs reduced the shunt-flow to ≈ 4%, but increased the perfusion of low V˙ a/Q˙ areas to 10 to 14%; V˙ a/Q˙ mismatch in the midrange V˙ a/Q˙ regions was not improved. Ultrasonic deposition of 8.8 mg surfactant/kg bw in the injured lungs reduced the shunt flow to ≈ 7% and the perfusion of low V˙ a/Q˙ areas to < 2%, coincident with improvement of V˙ a/Q˙ matching in the midrange V˙ a/Q˙ areas. We conclude that low doses of ultrasonically delivered natural surfactant are similarly effective as "conventional" doses of tracheal-instilled surfactant in reducing shunt flow in an acute lung injury model, but exert more advantageous effects on ventilation perfusion matching. Schermuly RT, Günther A, Weissmann N, Ghofrani HA, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Walmrath D. Differential impact of ultrasonically nebulized versus tracheal-instilled surfactant on ventilation-perfusion (V˙ a /Q·) mismatch in a model of acute lung injury.
Death in the Scrotum: Testicular Torsion
Authors: Robin C.N. Williamson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

IN medieval days a man with three testicles was reputed to have obtained special dispensation to marry two wives, but the majority of modern males are not so blessed. Torsion of the spermatic cord, which can produce permanent testicular damage within four hours,1 , 2 must therefore be regarded as a surgical emergency requiring prompt operative correction to preserve testicular viability. Impaired function of the opposite testis, resulting perhaps from developmental abnormalities, or subsequent contralateral torsion may otherwise result in infertility or arrested sexual development.Once considered a rarity,3 torsion actually has an annual incidence of one case per 4000 males below . . .
THE OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.
Authors: JAMES A. KELLY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

In no class of surgical cases is there demanded the mechanical skill, the anatomic knowledge and the perseverance that is required in the treatment of fractures. It has, at all times, received close attention and careful study; yet it is perfectly evident, from the great number of cases which so frequently tax our ability to the utmost, and are followed not only by unsightly deformities, but by poor functional results, that a decided change from the heretofore conservative methods of treatment is necessary in many cases if perfect approximation of the fractured ends of the bone and good functional results are desired. Since the introduction of the x-ray as a means of diagnosis, the difficulty of complete reduction and perfect approximation of the fragments is shown, and masses of bone, which were formerly termed "exuberant callus," prove to be due to the displacement of the fractured ends and comminution of
TWO CASES of OOPHORECTOMY for INOPERABLE BREAST CANCER
Authors: W. W. Cheyne
Journal: BMJ (1898)

tions were (probably) due to a lesion of the grey matter; in the second to a lesion of the motor nerve roots.Consequently in the first case the prognosis as regards recovery from the paralyais is very bad, in the second case very good.In the first case the paralysis, which was, I believe, due to a lesion of the grey matter, has been throughout its course a " flaccid" paralysis; in the second case, in which the paralysis was, I believe, due to an injury of the motor nerve roots, there had been marked symptoms of motor irritation (rigidity, twitchings, and spasms).
Ostrich pericardium, a biomaterial for the construction of valve leaflets for cardiac bioprostheses: mechanical behaviour, selection and interaction with suture materials
Authors: José M. Garcı́a Páez, Eduardo Jorge-Herrero, Antonio Carrera, Isabel Millán, Aurora Rocha, Patricia Calero, Angeles Cordón, Natividad Sainz, José L. Castillo-Olivares
Journal: Biomaterials (2001)
Anencephalic Newborns as Organ Donors
Authors: Brendan P. Minogue
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I disagree with a number of points in the commentary by Arras and Shinnar concerning anencephalic organ donation.<sup>1</sup>First, throughout the commentary they maintain that any use whatsoever of such babies is immoral. To use them, even with parental consent, is to violate their autonomy. This principle, if accepted, would morally outlaw all research that involves anencephalics and would, if applied generally, put an end to all pediatric research. Second, the parents of the anencephalic are its guardians. Since the question about the welfare of an anencephalic is difficult if not impossible to answer objectively and universally, it is best to let parents, in their role as guardians, make these decisions. This accords with the Presidential Commission's principle that when therapy is futile the parents of the infant should have the authority to discontinue or withhold treatment. This principle applies to the anencephalic case. Clearly, treatment
Laurence--Moon--Biedl Syndrome in a Central African Native
Authors: E. G. Naylor
Journal: BMJ (1951)

The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome was first described in 1866 by Laurence and Moon.Four cases occurring in the same family were recorded in which retinitis pig- mentosa was associated with other abnormalities such as dwarfism, hypogenitalism, mental deficiency, and obesity.Bardet (1920) recorded a case of retinitis pig- mentosa, polydactylism, and adiposo-genital dystrophy, and Biedl (1922) reported on two cases occurring in the same family.The disease is rare, and Radner (1940) recorded some 200 cases, but McCullagh and Ryan (1941), quoting Schwartz and Boudreau, list only 129 cases to the middle of that year.The following are now generally agreed to be the cardinal features of the condition: mental deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, adiposo-genital dystrophy, poly- dactylism, or syndactylism, and a family history.The diagnosis is usually made in the absence of one or more of these features, buit if no family history is obtained all the other stigmata must be present for the diagnosis to be made.In a review of the then known cases by Reilly and Lisser (1932), only one-third showed the
Decreased lung function precedes severe respiratory syncytial virus infection and post-respiratory syncytial virus wheeze in term infants
Authors: Kim Zomer-Kooijker, Cuno S.P.M. Uiterwaal, Anne C. van der Gugten, Berry Wilbrink, Louis J. Bont, Cornelis K. van der Ent
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

It is unknown why respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes mild disease in some children and severe disease, requiring hospitalisation, in others. We aimed to assess whether diminished premorbid lung function in healthy term infants predisposes to hospitalisation during RSV bronchiolitis, and to post-RSV wheeze. In a prospective birth cohort study of unselected term healthy children, neonatal lung function was measured before the age of 2 months (n=2133). From birth through the first year of life, respiratory symptoms were recorded in a diary, and general practitioner consultations and hospitalisations were documented. In a subgroup (n=417) repeated nose and throat swabs were collected for PCR to detect RSV infections. Median neonatal respiratory system compliance ( C rs ) was significantly lower (41.2 versus 47.4 mL·kPa −1 , p=0.03) and resistance ( R rs ) was higher (8.2 versus 6.3 kPa·s·L −1 , p=0.10) in hospitalised RSV patients (n=18) compared with nonhospitalised RSV-positive infants (n=84). Every 10 mL·kPa −1 increase in C rs was associated with 55% less post-RSV wheeze (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90), and each kPa·s·L −1 increase in R rs was associated with 42% more post-RSV wheeze, which was only marginally explained by pre-RSV wheeze or severity of the RSV disease. This unselected birth cohort study shows for the first time that decreased lung function at birth predisposes to severe RSV disease, and to post-RSV wheeze.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kurt Link
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Ehrlich states, in his otherwise excellent editorial (1982;248:1743) on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, that "such treatments should never be used by primary care physicians... and should be the province only of the specialist." Primary care is not necessarily rendered by nonspecialists. Obstetricians, pediatricians, internists, and, indeed, quite a few rheumatologists provide their patients with primary care. Does Dr Ehrlich mean that only board-certified rheumatologists provide such treatments?
One in eight three year olds has tooth decay
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Twelve percent of three year old children in England have visible dental decay and an average of three decayed teeth, the first national survey of dental health in this age group has found.

The survey,1 carried out by Public Health England, found a wide variation in prevalence, ranging from 2% to 34% across the country. The highest rate was in the East Midlands, with high rates also in the …
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND PARAMETERS AND FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVES IN INTERMEDIATE CORONARY ARTERY STENOSES
Authors: Seung Jea Tahk, Hyoung-Mo Yang, Myeong-Ho Yoon, Hong-Seok Lim, So-Yeon Choi, Byoung-Joo Choi, Dai-Yeol Joe, Gyo-Seung Hwang, Joon-Han Shin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
RISE IN TEMPERATURE PRECEDING THE APPEARANCE OF SYMPTOMS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: S. D. Kramer, K. H. Hendrie, W. L. Aycock
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

The data presented in this paper offer a means of earlier recognition of experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey. The early appearance of the temperature rise (1 to 3 days before the onset of the usual recognizable symptoms) associated with spinal fluid changes suggests that there is a stage in the experimental disease corresponding to preparalytic human poliomyelitis.