tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Error management theory and the evolution of misbeliefs
Authors: Martie G. Haselton, David M. Buss
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract We argue that many evolved biases produced through selective forces described by error management theory are likely to entail misbeliefs. We illustrate our argument with the male sexual overperception bias. A misbelief could create motivational impetus for courtship, overcome the inhibiting effects of anxiety about rejection, and in some cases transform an initially sexually uninterested woman into an interested one.
Christ Church conference on postgraduate education--25 years on.
Authors: A Paton
Journal: BMJ (1987)

non-smokers, and smoking probably has an additive rather than synergistic effect.Lymphoidinfiltration of the mucus glands of the airways and the salivary and lachrymal glands may lead to the triad ofdry cough, dry eyes, and dry mouth in Sjogren's syndrome.'7More serious effects on the airways include chondritis of the tracheal rings in relapsing poly- chondritis and obliterative bronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis.Pulmonary vascular disease may cause some of the more unpleasant complications of the connective tissue diseasespulmonary hypertension, pulmonary haemorrhage, and thromboembolic disease.Pulmonaryhypertension is a feature of scleroderma and of systemic lupus erythematosis, and pulmonary vasospasm induced by cold may be associated with Raynaud's phenomenon in scleroderma' -but the evidence that this is the cause of the pulmonary hypertension is not convincing.A link has been suggested between pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus and antibodies to negatively charged phospholipids (anti- cardiolipin antibodies),'9 and these antibodies are correlated with thrombosis and platelet hyperreactivity.Again no causal relation has been established between anticardiolipin antibodies and pulmonary hypertension.Some patients with apparently isolated pulmonary disease may have connective tissue diseases.Patients with crypto- genic fibrosing alveolitis may have hyperglobulinaemia and antinuclear antibodies, a combination which has been associated with Raynaud's phenomenon and digital vasculitis.20 Similarly primary pulmonary hypertension affects mostly women of child bearing age-that is, the same group who suffer from connective tissue disease-and Raynaud's phenomenon, hyperglobulinaemia, and other features of systemic lupus erythematosus are more common in patients with this disease than in the general population.Acute pulmonary and pleural inflammation often respond well to steroid and cytotoxic drugs, but severe irreversible airways obstruction, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension usually respond poorly, although a trial of treatment should be attempted.Infection, drug toxicity, and malignancy should all be considered in patients with connective tissue disease.Pulmonary shadows in patients with systemic lupus erythe- matosus are often caused by infection, and the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus pneumonitis should be made by exclusion.2'Solitary pulmonary nodules should always be fully investigated.Both disease and treatment may increase the risk of opportunistic infection, and bronchoscopy and needle biopsy are commonly indicated.Even open lung biopsy may be necessary to make a diagnosis.
IMPLICATIONS OF RESIDUAL CORONARY STENOSIS FOLLOWING STREPTOKINASE THROMBOLYSIS ASSESSED BY RADIONUCLIDE STRESS TESTING
Authors: Abraham T. Weiss, Jamshid Maddahi, James Kropac, Ivor Geft, P K Shah, Alan Waxman, Daniel Berman, William Ganz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Weiss, Abraham T.; Maddahi, Jamshid; Kropac, James; Geft, Ivor; Shah, P K; Waxman, Alan; Berman, Daniel; Ganz, William Author Information
Piracy of Prostaglandin E2/EP Receptor–Mediated Signaling by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (HHV-8) for Latency Gene Expression: Strategy of a Successful Pathogen
Authors: Arun George Paul, Neelam Sharma-Walia, Nagaraj Kerur, Carl White, Bala Chandran
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is implicated in the pathogenesis of KS, a chronic inflammation-associated malignancy. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), two pivotal proinflammatory/oncogeneic molecules, are proposed to play roles in the expression of major KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen-1 (LANA-1). Microsomal PGE2 synthase, PGE2, and its receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) were detected in KS lesions with the distinct staining of EP2/EP4 in KS lesions. In latently infected endothelial TIVE-LTC cells, EP receptor antagonists downregulated LANA-1 expression as well as Ca(2+), p-Src, p-PI3K, p-PKCzeta/lambda, and p-NF-kappaB, which are also some of the signal molecules proposed to be important in KS pathogenesis. Exogenous PGE2 and EP receptor agonists induced the LANA-1 promoter in 293 cells, and YY1, Sp1, Oct-1, Oct-6, C/EBP, and c-Jun transcription factors seem to be involved in this induction. PGE2/EP receptor-induced LANA-1 promoter activity was downregulated significantly by the inhibition of Ca(2+), p-Src, p-PI3K, p-PKCzeta/lambda, and p-NF-kappaB. These findings implicate the inflammatory PGE2/EP receptors and the associated signal molecules in herpes virus latency and uncover a novel paradigm that shows the evolution of KSHV genome plasticity to use inflammatory response for its survival advantage of maintaining latent gene expression. These data also suggest that potential use of anti-COX-2 and anti-EP receptor therapy may not only ameliorate the chronic inflammation associated with KS but could also lead to elimination of the KSHV latent infection and the associated KS lesions.
Critical Care Computing
Authors: Joseph J. Cottrell
Journal: JAMA (1982)

We have successfully implemented a microcomputer system in our intensive care unit to perform many routine calculations. A software package offers a variety of programs, including hemodynamic calculations, blood gas analysis, and calculation of infusion rates of potent intravenous drugs. All programs are written in a highly interactive fashion, similar to that of an automatic bank teller machine, so that no training is necessary. Low initial cost, reliability, and a reduction in medication errors make this an attractive addition to the intensive care environment. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;248:2289-2291)
Effect of Meat on BP
Authors: Peter Burstyn
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  The recent article by Sacks et al (1981;246:640) showing that a rise in systolic BP occurred in vegetarians eating meat was quite interesting. Such a study has been done before, albeit 55 years ago, and with a smaller number of subjects. Donaldson 1 showed a convincing rise in BP of vegetarians from 106/62 to almost 120/66 mm Hg after 16 days of eating a diet containing meat.  As the editorial suggests (1981; 246:677), the results obtained by Sacks et al look as if they were influenced by anxiety on the part of the subjects who were eating meat reluctantly. Donaldson anticipated this, and his subjects were not strict vegetarians: [They] indulged in flesh foods on special occasions. They were, therefore, not unused to flesh foods, and it was for this reason this particular group was selected.  I have just completed a study in which I sought to
Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer
Authors: Danijela Jelovac, Deborah K. Armstrong
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2011)

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal of the gynecologic malignancies, largely due to the advanced stage at diagnosis in most patients. Screening strategies using ultrasound and the cancer antigen (CA) 125 tumor marker are currently under study and may lower stage at diagnosis but have not yet been shown to improve survival. Women who have inherited a deleterious mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene and those with the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) have the highest risk of developing ovarian cancer but account for only approximately 10% of those with the disease. Other less common and less well-defined genetic syndromes may increase the risk of ovarian cancer, but their contribution to genetic risk is small. A clear etiology for sporadic ovarian cancer has not been identified, but risk is affected by reproductive and hormonal factors. Surgery has a unique role in ovarian cancer, as it is used not only for diagnosis and staging but also therapeutically, even in patients with widely disseminated, advanced disease. Ovarian cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy drugs, particularly the platinum agents, and most patients will attain a remission with initial treatment. Recent advances in the delivery of chemotherapy using the intraperitoneal route have further improved survival after initial therapy. Although the majority of ovarian cancer patients will respond to initial chemotherapy, most will ultimately develop disease recurrence. Chemotherapy for recurrent disease includes platinum-based, multiagent regimens for women whose disease recurs more than 6 to 12 months after the completion of initial therapy and sequential single agents for those whose disease recurs earlier. New targeted biologic agents, particularly those involved with the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and those targeting the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzyme, hold great promise for improving the outcome of ovarian cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Abstract 4939: Hypercholesterolemia Increases Microparticle Tissue Factor and Activates Coagulation in LDL Receptor Deficient Mice
Authors: A. Phillip Owens, Jian-Guo Wang, David A Manly, Alan Daugherty, Nigel Mackman
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Objective: Tissue factor (TF) is the initiator of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and contributes to thrombosis. Previous studies demonstrated that the risk of arterial thrombosis is elevated in patients with increased plasma cholesterol concentrations. In addition, increased levels of circulating TF, bound to microparticles (MPs), may induce thrombosis. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia increases plasma levels of MP TF and activation of coagulation in low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr −/− ) mice. Methods and Results: Male LDLr −/− mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) consisting of 21% saturated fat, and 0.15% cholesterol for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks (n=3–7 each time point). Mice were then euthanized, blood was collected from the inferior vena cava (into 3.8% sodium citrate), and plasma prepared. Mice had a sustained elevation in plasma cholesterol concentrations after 1 week of feeding HFD, which were unchanged in all subsequent feeding intervals (945±35 mg/dL). MP TF was analyzed by detection of Factor Xa generation in the presence or absence of an inhibitory rat anti mouse TF antibody. MP TF activity increased in a time-dependent manner at 1 (75%), 2 (112%), 4 (650%), and 12 (1140%) weeks (all times versus 0 week control; P&lt;0.001). Importantly, a similar time-dependent increase in plasma thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) activity was observed at 2 (362%), 4 (1203%), and 12 (927%) weeks (all times versus 0 week control; P&lt;0.001). Moreover, the levels of MP TF activity and TAT were linearly correlated (R=0.70, P&lt;0.001). The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was also increased in a time-dependent manner from 0 weeks (22.7±10.1 pg/ml) to 12 weeks (112.3±20.2 pg/ml; P&lt;0.023). Conclusion: These data indicate that hypercholesterolemia results in increased MP TF activity and subsequently activates coagulation. Further studies are required to determine if TF positive MPs are required for hypercholesterolemia -induced coagulation.
T-Cell Responses and Immunity to Experimental Infection with Leishmania Major
Authors: I Muller, T Pedrazzini, J P Farrell, J Louis
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1989)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Letter: Teaching of general anaesthesia in dental schools.
Authors: J M Bell
Journal: BMJ (1975)

spermaincyites.After three years wifth a gluten-free diet seminal analysis in 1958 showed a sperm oaunt of 45 x 106/nml with 90% active progressive motility and normad nworphology, and a second 'testicular biopsy, apgart from slight capsular thickening, was essentially normal.He married in 1960 and his wife gave birth to a normal male child.-I am, etc.,
Risk screening for exposure to groundwater pollution in a wastewater irrigation district of the Mexico City region.
Authors: T J Downs, E Cifuentes-García, I M Suffet
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Untreated wastewater from the Mexico City basin has been used for decades to irrigate cropland in the Mezquital Valley, State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Excess irrigation water recharges the near-surface aquifer that is used as a domestic water supply source. We assessed the groundwater quality of three key groundwater sources of domestic water by analyzing for 24 trace metals, 67 target base/neutral/acid (BNA) organic compounds, nontarget BNA organics, 23 chlorinated pesticides, 20 polychlorinated biphenyls, and nitrate, as well as microbiological contaminants--coliforms, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella. Study participants answered a questionnaire that estimated ingestion and dermal exposure to groundwater; 10% of the sample reported frequent diarrhea and 9% reported persistent skin irritations. Detection of V. cholerae non-01 in surface waters at all sites suggested a potential risk (surrogate indicator present) of diarrheal disease for canal and river bathers by accidental ingestion, as well as potential Vibrio contamination of near-surface groundwater and potential cholera risk, magnified by lapses in disinfection. High total coliform levels in surface water and lower levels in groundwater at all sites indicated fecal contamination and a potential risk of gastrointestinal disease in populations exposed to inadequately disinfected groundwater. Using chemical criteria, no significant risk from ingestion or dermal contact was identified at the method detection limits at any site, except from nitrate exposure: infants and young children are at risk from methemoglobinemia at all sites. Results suggest that pathogen risk interventions are a priority, whereas nitrate risk needs further characterization to determine if formal treatment is needed. The risks exist inside and outside the irrigation district. The method was highly cost-effective.
Abstract 4244: Longitudinal Cardiac Rotation Affects Systolic Myocardial Velocities and Velocity-Defined Measures Of Ventricular Dyssynchrony
Authors: Zoran Popovic, Karen Phillips, Pascal Lim, John E Meulet, Conor D Barrett, Luigi Di Biase, Deborah Agler, James D Thomas, Richard A Grimm
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background : Left ventricle (LV) of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) candidates often displays rotational motion in the horizontal plane, a phenomenon we named longitudinal rotation (LR). We assessed if magnitude and direction of LR affects myocardial velocity-based measures of LV dyssynchrony. Methods : In 100 CRT patients (age 64±13 yrs, 76 men) LR was assessed in the apical 4-chamber view by speckle-tracking while myocardial systolic velocities of basal septum and lateral LV wall were measured from 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler data. Patients were classified into quartiles based on their LR values. Intraventricular dyssynchrony was calculated as the absolute, while septo-lateral delay was calculated as the true difference between the time to peak systolic velocity of the septum and lateral wall. Results : LR in all quartiles except Quartile 4 had a clockwise (negative) direction when viewed in apical 4-chamber view. As quartiles increased, patients were more frequently ischemic, systolic septal velocity and septo-lateral delay decreased, while intraventricular dyssynchrony showed a U shaped relationship (Table ). While difference in peak amplitude of basal septal and lateral systolic velocities and LR correlated with end-systolic volume (ESV) decrease at follow-up in non-ischemic patients (r = 0.44 and r = 0.49, p &lt; 0.01 for both), neither intraventrivcular dyssynchrony nor septal-lateral delay correlated with ESV decrease in either etiology. Conclusions : LR affects amplitudes and timing of myocardial velocities. While difference in peak amplitude of basal septal and lateral systolic velocities and LR predict LV reverse remodeling, time-based velocity measures do not. ICM:/DCM: ischemic/dilated cardiomyopathy; T(sep/lat): time to peak (septal/lateral) systolic velocity; S(sep/lat): peak systolic (septal/lateral) velocity; S-L delay: septo-lateral delay; Dys: intraventricular dyssynchrony; ΔESV: end-systolic volume decrease
Preconditioning of Bovine Endothelial Cells
Authors: Xiaobo Zhou, Xiaolin Zhai, Muhammad Ashraf
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that anoxic preconditioning could protect coronary endothelial cells against anoxic and reoxygenation injury and that this preconditioning effect could be mediated by an adenosine A 2 receptor via the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Cells were preconditioned with 10-minute anoxia and 10-minute reoxygenation and were then subjected to anoxia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reoxygenation. In some groups, the preconditioning effect was prevented by 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (SPT [50 μmol/L], a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) or calphostin C (100 nmol/L, a PKC inhibitor). In other groups, 2- p -(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′- N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS-21680 [20 nmol/L], an adenosine A 2 receptor agonist), R -(−)- N 6 -(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA [50 nmol/L], an adenosine A 1 receptor agonist), or 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA [100 nmol/L], a PKC activator) was given as a pretreatment to mimic the preconditioning effect. Endothelial cells were also pretreated with 100 nmol/L calphostin C to confirm whether inhibition of PKC can block the effects of adenosine A 2 receptor activation by CGS-21680 on anoxia and reoxygenation injury. Preconditioning reduced LDH release, increased adenosine release, promoted translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane, increased cell viability, and preserved ATP content and cell morphology. Pretreatment with either CGS-21680 or PMA resulted in protection similar to that seen with anoxic preconditioning. The protection was totally abolished by SPT or calphostin C. The results suggest that (1) preconditioning protects coronary endothelial cells against anoxia and reoxygenation injury, (2) the protection is probably mediated by activation of adenosine A 2 receptors through the PKC pathway, and (3) the preservation of endothelial cells may be one of the mechanisms of myocardial preconditioning.
Rapid virological response: Is it four or eight weeks?
Authors: Laura Milazzo, Antonella Foschi, Spinello Antinori
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

To the Editor: According to the recently released American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 chronic infection,1 in treatment-naïve subjects the association of boceprevir or telaprevir with peginterferon-alpha and ribavirin is strongly recommended as the optimal therapy. In patients treated with boceprevir, peginterferon, and ribavirin, a response-guided treatment schedule was established at week 8, through the assessment of HCV RNA level, making feasible a shortened duration of treatment (i.e., 28 weeks) in the case of undetectable viral replication. In this regard, we believe that the choice of 8 weeks for the definition of treatment duration needs some comment. The phase 2 and 3 clinical trials with boceprevir2,3 featured the use of peginterferon-ribavirin for 4 weeks (the lead-in period) before boceprevir was added. The reasons for starting with a lead-in phase would be to lower HCV-RNA before exposure to a protease inhibitor in order to reduce the risk of resistance and viral breakthrough.2 However, in the studies mentioned the achievement of virologic response after the lead-in therapy (4 weeks) was shown to be highly effective for the prediction of sustained virologic response (SVR; HCV-RNA undetectability leading to SVR in a percentage of patients between 89% and 100%, independently from the treatment arm).2,3 Indeed, Poordad et al.3 stated that in patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels after the lead-in period, boceprevir administration would not result in a higher rate of SVR than that obtained with the use of standard therapy. Therefore, the lead-in period as well as interleukin (IL)-28B genotype assessment might be used to better define the eligible patients for peginterferon introduction, thus avoiding their possible overuse with additional costs and side effects. In our opinion, it seems to be reasonable to reconsider the assessment of HCV-RNA at week 4 (end of lead-in) in the response-guided treatment guidelines of naïve genotype-1-infected patients. Laura Milazzo M.D. Antonella Foschi M.D. Spinello Antinori M.D. * Department of Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Ssection of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Serendipitous Observation of Hepatic Metastases on 18F-Fluoride PET in a Patient with Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Authors: Sandip Basu, Seema Kembhavi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Serendipitous observation of multifocal bilobar hepatic metastases on 18F-fluoride (NaF) PET arising in the setting of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast is described in the present report. A 46-year-old female patient with infiltrating ductal carcinoma had an 18F-fluoride PET which demonstrated uptake in multiple skeletal metastasis and several upper abdominal lesions corresponding to liver metastases on contrast enhanced CT. 18F-NaF uptake in soft tissue metastases are likely to be more frequently encountered with the increasing use of 18F-NaF PET/CT in oncology.
CONCURRENCE OF NEOANGIOGENESIS AND INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION IN LEAFLETS OF PATIENTS WITH AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS: AN IN VIVO STUDY.
Authors: Maria I. Drakopoulou, Konstantinos Toutouzas, Eleftherios Tsiamis, Dimitrios Iliopoulos, Andreas Synetos, Dimitrios Tousoulis, George Agrogiannis, Efstratios Patsouris, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Radiography for Ankle Injuries
Authors: John F. Waller
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —The most commonly missed fracture in the foot after a sprain is a fracture of the lateral process of the calcaneus. This is not mentioned in either group of rules that Stiell et al 1 have mentioned. Unfortunately, the pain from this avulsion-type fracture occurs right under the anterior portion of the lateral ligamentous complex. If one does not take a routine oblique roentgenogram of the foot, this fracture will be missed. An avulsion-type fracture of the lateral process of the calcaneus is very significant in prognostic value and is also important to consider when treating the sprained ankle. Before dismissing the use of radiography in acute ankle sprains on a routine basis, this commonly missed fracture will need to be addressed by the authors.