tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Principles of X-ray Diagnosis of the Skull
Authors: B. Jay Hill
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Radiographic Atlas of the Human Skull: Normal Variants and Pseudo-Lesions , by Gerhardt S. Schwartz and Charles R. Golthamer (trilingual ed), Axel Neiss and Carlos E. Parera Simonet (trans.), n p, New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1965.  As the name suggests, Principles of X-ray Diagnosis of the Skull deals with principles of diagnosis and does not include the classic basic approach of standard views with numerical identification of structures, etc. The book is directed at those who have basic knowledge of general radiology.  The traditional neuroradiological approach is used, with chapters on the vault, the base, the sella, and intracranial calcification. There are separate chapters on facial bones and the nasopharynx, raised intracranial pressures, head injuries, and radiography. Illustrations are of good quality, and the captions are lengthy and specific. The author's own original observations are included and noted as such when they differ from those usually accepted.  Many cross references
Endocrine and Metabolic Disturbances in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome*
Authors: DEBORAH E. SELLMEYER, CARL GRUNFELD
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1996)

I. IntroductionMANY alterations in endocrine function have been reported in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). These changes may result from the direct effects of opportunistic infections and neoplasms or complications of medications used in the treatment of these disorders. However, alterations in endocrine function can be seen in any systemic illness, including HIV infection and its complications. This review will discuss abnormalities in endocrine gland pathology and function, considering whether alterations are functionally significant, HTV-specific, side effects of HTV therapy or a change consistent with a normal response to acute illness.Because many articles represent case reports or series, it may not yet be possible to define the prevalence of endocrine abnormalities or the stage of disease at which the anomalies may occur. There are virtually no randomized trials of endocrine replacement therapy and few open-label studies. Therefore, recommendations for therapy are limited at this time. However, the potential for therapeutic trials will be discussed.
Glibenclamide, but Not Acarbose, Increases Leptin Concentrations Parallel to Changes in Insulin in Subjects With NIDDM
Authors: Steven M Haffner, Markolf Hanefeld, Sabine Fischer, Katja Fuçker, Wolfgang Leonhardt
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To hypothesize if glibenclamide, which increases insulin levels, also increases leptin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Leptin is a hormone that regulates weight in mice. In obese humans, leptin concentrations are increased, suggesting resistance to the effects of this hormone. Although short-term infusion of insulin during the hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic clamp does not increase leptin concentration, the effect of oral antidiabetic agents on leptin concentration is unknown. Differing effects can be expected, since glibenclamide acts via stimulation of insulin secretion, whereas acarbose inhibits alpha-glucosidases of the small intestine and has no direct effect on insulin levels. We examined the effect of acarbose (n = 4), glibenclamide (n = 6), and placebo (n = 6) on insulin and leptin levels during 24-h periods before and after 16 weeks of therapy. RESULTS We observed a significant diurnal variation in leptin concentrations. This was inversely related to insulin levels during the 24-h follow-up with usual diet. Neither the placebo nor acarbose altered leptin concentrations. However, glibenclamide increased leptin concentrations parallel to insulin levels. There were only minor changes in body weight during the l6-week follow-up: decrease in the placebo group (change −0.5 kg/m2, P = 0.07) and acarbose (change −0.7 kg/m2, P = 0.046) and increase in the glibenclamide group (change 0.8 kg/m2, P = 0.27). However, individual subjects who gained weight had increases in their leptin concentrations. The diurnal variation in leptin concentrations was preserved after glibenclamide. CONCLUSIONS Glibenclamide increases circadian leptin and insulin concentrations, whereas acarbose does not. This observation may help to explain weight gain in subjects treated with glibenclamide and stable weight in those treated with acarbose in the long run.
John S. Ormsby, M.D
Authors: Roy J. Popkin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

MANY physicians have been prominent in the field of numismatics, better known as the collecting and study of coins, or of money in general. A little known fact is that some physicians have been prominent for the coins they legally minted. Private coinage of gold coins acceptable as legal tender was common in the early United States, especially during the early gold-rush days in the West. John S. Ormsby, M.D., was one of the first to mint gold coins in the pioneer West. Today, his coins are eagerly sought by the numismatic fraternity.An act of Congress, dated April 2, . . .
Constitutively active AMP kinase mutations cause glycogen storage disease mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Michael Arad, D. Woodrow Benson, Antonio R. Perez-Atayde, William J. McKenna, Elizabeth A. Sparks, Ronald J. Kanter, Kate McGarry, J.G. Seidman, Christine E. Seidman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Mutations in PRKAG2, the gene for the γ2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase, cause cardiac hypertrophy and electrophysiologic abnormalities, particularly preexcitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) and atrioventricular conduction block. To understand the mechanisms by which PRKAG2 defects cause disease, we defined novel mutations, characterized the associated cardiac histopathology, and studied the consequences of introducing these mutations into the yeast homologue of PRKAG2, Snf4. Although the cardiac pathology caused by PRKAG2 mutations Arg302Gln, Thr400Asn, and Asn488Ile include myocyte enlargement and minimal interstitial fibrosis, these mutations were not associated with myocyte and myofibrillar disarray, the pathognomonic features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by sarcomere protein mutations. Instead PRKAG2 mutations caused pronounced vacuole formation within myocytes. Several lines of evidence indicated these vacuoles were filled with glycogen-associated granules. Analyses of the effects of human PRKAG2 mutations on Snf1/Snf4 kinase function demonstrated constitutive activity, which could foster glycogen accumulation. Taken together, our data indicate that PRKAG2 mutations do not cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but rather lead to a novel myocardial metabolic storage disease, in which hypertrophy, ventricular pre-excitation and conduction system defects coexist.
The Biogun
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Dang, Ramzana Anwar, Gwen Thomas, Yemparala D.M. Prasad, Andrew J.M. Boulton, Rayaz A. Malik
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an ever-increasing problem facing the health service in the U.K. There is a need to develop new methods of combating MRSA. In the Manchester diabetic foot clinic, the prevalence of MRSA is ∼40% of staphylococcal cultures. MRSA has been demonstrated to double the foot ulcer healing time (1). While the pathogenetic relevance of MRSA colonization remains debatable, MRSA even in clinically noninfected ulcers may take >6 months to disappear (2). The Dentron Biogun has been shown to ionize molecular oxygen and generate superoxide …
Porphyrin-heme biosynthesis in organotypic cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia. Effects of heme and lead on porphyrin synthesis and peripheral myelin.
Authors: W O Whetsell, S Sassa, A Kappas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Well-myelinated cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia incubated for 48 h with sigma-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) showed intense porphyrin fluorescence localized in myelin sheaths but not in axons or neuronal somata. When the cultures were continuously incubated with a high concentration of lead, focal swelling and segmental degeneration of myelin began to develop within 2 wk. Incubation of cultures with ALA after 3 wk of lead treatment revealed markedly decreased porphyrin fluorescence in myelin sheaths compared with untreated controls. After 6 wk of lead treatment, myelin showed severe segmental degeneration. Porphyrin fluorescence from ALA at this time was barely detectable in these cultures. No fluorescence was visible in the demyelinated axons; however, silver-impregnation staining after fixation demonstrated continuity of the axon despite the severe loss of myelin. When cultures were continuously incubated with lead and heme together for 6 wk, the segmental demyelination seen in cultures treated with lead alone did not occur. These findings suggest that the lead-induced segmental demyelination in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglia may be due to toxic effects of the metal on the heme biosynthetic pathway in myelinating cells and that exogenous heme may counteract this toxic effect of lead.
Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters
Authors: S. M Kerry, J M. Bland
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A cluster randomised study is one where a group of subjects are randomised to the same treatment together—for example, when women in some districts are offered breast cancer screening and compared with women in other districts, or when the patients of general practitioners who have been given special training are compared with the patients of those who have not.1

Several techniques exist for analysing the data from such studies, but the essence of them is that the experimental unit (district or general practitioner) is the unit of analysis.2 A simple approach is to construct a summary statistic for each cluster and then analyse these summary values. The idea is similar to the analysis of repeated measurements on the same subject, where we construct a single summary …
ULTRAVIOLET ACTION SPECTRUM WITH A PRISM-GRATING MONOCHROMATOR
Authors: DEREK J. CRIPPS, COLIN A. RAMSAY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

SUMMARY.— A prism‐grating monochromator has been assembled for use with various xenon or xenon–mercury radiation sources. The main advantage of the double monochromator is the low level of stray radiation. The disadvantage of the double instrument is the lowered intensity of radiation at the final exit; comparisons of various arc sources showed that a 2·5 kW xenon–mercury lamp gave adequate output in the ultraviolet (UV) range for action spectra studies. The UV action spectra were determined in normal subjects at 8 and 24 hr. and the results have been compared with those of other investigators.
Quick Reference to Clinical Nutrition: A Guide for Physicians
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Considerable attention, including that of a congressional committee, has been focused on the contribution that nutrition makes to health and disease, and physicians' lack of training and knowledge about nutrition has been publicly deplored. This book deals with nutrition from many points of view—advice for patients; nutrition in pregnancy; nutrition for the young, the old, the obese, the diabetic, the alcoholic, and the cardiac patient; and many more. It is authoritative and complete and will be a handy reference source for any physician who encounters nutritional problems. A number of special diets are given in considerable detail, and a number of useful tables collect information that is clinically important to physicians planning diet therapy. One chapter deals with a topic of current interest—total parenteral nutrition. The book is well indexed, and most chapters end with a list of suggested readings. Although it is bound in a soft cover and printed
The Vasculitides: Science and Practice
Authors: J. A Schifferli
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ed B M Ansell, P A Bacon, J T Lie, H Yazici Chapman and Hall, £75, pp 447 ISBN 0 412 64140 2

Vasculitis has attracted the attention of clinicians and pathologists for more than 100 years. The number of papers published is impressive, and the interest remains constant. There are many possible explanations for this fascination with rare diseases. Firstly, the development of histological studies at the beginning of this century made it possible to recognise vascular inflammation, then to differentiate several types of vessel destruction. This was an important step, as systemic vasculitis is difficult to recognise clinically. Very often the initial …
Extensive Homoplasy, Nonstepwise Mutations, and Shared Ancestral Polymorphism at a Complex Microsatellite Locus in Lake Malawi Cichlids
Authors: Madeleine J. H. van Oppen, Ciro Rico, George F. Turner, Godfrey M. Hewitt
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

Recent studies have suggested that size homoplasy is a prevalent feature of microsatellites and is expected to increase with time of divergence among populations and taxa. In this study, we performed sequence analysis of alleles from a complex microsatellite locus (Pzeb4, initially isolated from Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) zebra) from 1 midwater-feeding and 10 rock-dwelling cichlid fish species from Lake Malawi, East Africa, to investigate how widespread size homoplasy is among closely related taxa at this locus. All cichlid fishes endemic to this lake are believed to have originated within the last 700,000 years, and some species may be less than 200 years old. The number of eletromorphs found per species varied from 3 to 13. Sequence analysis of 95 cloned Pzeb4 PCR products (representing 18 electromorphs) revealed 13 new alleles. Ten of the 13 electromorphs (77%) were found to show size homoplasy due to either single nucleotide substitutions/indels or large indels. To investigate how well this locus fits the single-step mutation model (SMM), the minimum number of mutations required to explain the length differences between pairs of alleles was plotted against their size differences. Of the 300 comparisons, 166 (55.3%) corresponded to SMM expectations and 86 (28.7%) required a smaller number of mutations, and for 48 (16.0%) pairwise comparisons, a larger number of mutations were required to explain the length differences as compared with SMM expectations. Finally, a large deletion in the microsatellite sequence observed in the three rock-dwelling species Pseudotropheus lucerna, Pseudotropheus (Tropheops) 'band,' and Pseudotropheus (Tropheops) 'rust' and the midwater-feeding species Copadichromis sp. is believed to represent a shared ancestral polymorphism.
Intensive Conventional Insulin Therapy for Type II Diabetes: Metabolic effects during a 6-mo outpatient trial
Authors: Robert R Henry, Barry Gumbiner, Timothy Ditzler, Penny Wallace, Rachel Lyon, Harry S Glauber
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— To determine whether tight glycemic control can be obtained using intensive conventional split-dose insulin therapy in the outpatient management of type II diabetes without development of unacceptable side effects. Research Design and Methods— Fourteen type II diabetic subjects were treated with an intensive program of conventional insulin (subcutaneous NPH and regular insulin before breakfast and supper) for 6 mo. Insulin dose adjustments were based on an algorithm built on frequent CPG measurements (4–6 times/day). Patients were monitored biweekly as outpatients and admitted 1 day/mo for metabolic evaluation. Results— Glycemic control was achieved by 1 mo (mean plasma glucose fell from 17.5 ± 0.9 to 7.7 ± 0.7 mM, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and remained in this range thereafter. Hypoglycemic events at 1 mo were infrequent (mean ± SE events per patient per month: 4.1 ± 0.3) and mild in nature, and progressively decreased to 1.3 ± 0.5 events/mo by 6 mo. After treatment, basal HGO fell 44% from 628 ± 44 to 350 ± 17 μmol·m−2·min−1 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and maximal rates of glucose disposal measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (1800 pmol·m−2·min−1) improved from 1418 ± 156 to 1657 ± 128 μmol·m−2·min−1 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The total dose of exogenous insulin required was 86 ± 13 U at 1 mo and 100 ± 24 U at 6 mo. During treatment, mean serum insulin levels increased from 308 ± 80 to 510 ± 102 pM (P &amp;lt; 0.05), while body weight increased from 93.5 ± 5.8 to 102.2 ± 6.8 kg (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Both pre- and posttreatment glucose disposal rates correlated with the total exogenous insulin dose required to achieve glycemic control (r = −0.75 and −0.78, both P &amp;lt; 0.005). Weight gain was inversely related to the pretreatment glucose disposal rate (r = −0.53, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and directly correlated with both mean day-long serum insulin level (r = 0.67, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and total exogenous insulin dose (r = 0.62, P &amp;lt; 0.02). Conclusions— Intensive CIT, when combined with CBG measurements, can be used to rapidly improve glycemic control in type II diabetes without development of unacceptable hypoglycemia. This degree of metabolic improvement, however, requires large doses of exogenous insulin to overcome peripheral insulin resistance and results in greater hyperinsulinemia with progressive weight gain.
Risk of Fatal and Near-Fatal Asthma in Relation to Inhaled Corticosteroid Use
Authors: Pierre Ernst
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To examine the relationship between patterns of use of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and the risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma.Nested case-control analysis of a historical cohort; a further analysis.The 12,301 residents of Saskatchewan aged 5 to 54 years who were dispensed 10 or more asthma drugs from 1978 to 1987.The 129 persons who experienced asthma death (n = 44) and near-death (n = 85) and their 655 controls matched as to age and date of entry into the cohort, with the additional matching criteria of at least one hospitalization for asthma in the prior 2 years, region of residence, and having received social assistance.Life-threatening attacks of asthma defined as death due to asthma or the occurrence of hypercarbia, intubation, and mechanical ventilation during an acute attack of asthma.After accounting for the risk associated with use of other medications and adjustment for markers of risk of adverse events related to asthma, subjects who had been dispensed, on average, one or more metered-dose inhalers of beclomethasone per month over a 1-year period had a significantly lower risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma (odds ratio, 0.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.6).These data support recent guidelines from several countries that recommend the use of inhaled corticosteroids in moderate and severe asthma.
Public Health Benefits of Recent Litigation Against the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Jon S. Vernick, Lainie Rutkow, Stephen P. Teret
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Quantification of Aquaporin-CHIP water channel protein in microdissected renal tubules by fluorescence-based ELISA.
Authors: Y Maeda, B L Smith, P Agre, M A Knepper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Several transporters have been localized along the nephron by physiological methods or immunocytochemistry. However, the actual abundance of these molecules has not been established. To accomplish this goal, we have developed a fluorescence-based ELISA method and have used it to quantitate Aquaporin-CHIP (AQP-CHIP) water channel protein in rat kidney tubules. Microdissected tubules (2 mm/sample, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100) or purified AQP-CHIP standards (0-200 fmol) were utilized in a fluorescence ELISA protocol after covalent immobilization on epoxy-activated Sepharose beads. The lower limit of detection was 2.4 fmol of AQP-CHIP. Preabsorption with excess purified AQP-CHIP or use of nonimmune serum eliminated the signal. In proximal segments, the measured AQP-CHIP was linearly related to tubule length (1-10 mm). The measured AQP-CHIP was (mean +/- SE, fmol/mm): S-1 proximal, 10.8 +/- 2.1; S-2, 10.0 +/- 2.3; S-3, 21.3 +/- 3.1; type 1 thin descending limb (DTL), 12.9 +/- 4.6; type 2 DTL, 86.5 +/- 19.5; type 3 DTL, 43.0 +/- 11.2. In thin ascending limbs, thick ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts, the AQP-CHIP signal was indistinguishable from zero. Based on the unit water conductance of single CHIP molecules, our calculations show that the content of AQP-CHIP is sufficient to explain water permeability measured in isolated proximal tubules and DTL segments.
THE TEETH AND ALVEOLAR PROCESSES AS POINTS OF ENTRANCE FOR THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: FREDERICK B. MOOREHEAD
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Tuberculosis is probably the most discussed problem in medical science to-day. The internist, surgeon, gynecologist, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, laryngologist, orthopedist and dentist—all have a common interest in the problem. The tubercle bacillus is a free lance, defying and challenging all tissues. It invades the territory of every medical specialist without apology. No one can gainsay the statement that it is ubiquitous. It is looked on by the layman as man's greatest physical foe. More money, thought and skill have been contributed to conquer it than any other enemy of the physical man. All this is sufficient reason for discussing the question, even in a very limited way, and yet, the mouth is probably the most serious factor in the matter of infection from this organism. The tonsil as a gateway of invasion is fully appreciated. It has been carefully studied and discussed. Medical literature in the past five years bears eloquent
Thou Shalt Be Vaccinated
Authors: F.J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

What does J.Q. (for Queasy) Healthsumer do when the President, flanked by Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk, and a host of co-experts, proclaims, "Thou shalt be vaccinated against the flu"? J.Q.H.'s response is predictable: he joins the legion of vaccinees — i.e., if he can get the vaccine in time.On March 25, 1976, when the newspapers announced this new "war" on a given disease, details of how the decision was made were meager, and some readers had strong misgivings. Were, in fact, the viral experts summoned to Washington and told to support what a public-relations wizard had dreamed up as . . .