tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin's Society
Authors: R. P. Goulden
Journal: BMJ (1967)

1.<h3>Abstract</h3> Bone grafting is the second most common tissue transplantation procedure worldwide. The gold standard for bone grafting is the autograft; however, due to morbidity and limited supply, new alternatives, including allograft and tissue-engineered bone substitutes, are needed to satisfy long-term demand. One of the most desired properties of tissue-engineered bone substitutes is osteoinductivity, defined as the ability to stimulate primitive cells to differentiate into a bone forming lineage. In the current study, we treated porcine bone with a decellularization protocol to produce a bone scaffold. We examined whether the scaffold possessed osteoinductive potential and could be used to create a tissue-engineered bone microenvironment. To test if the bone scaffold was a viable host, pre-osteoblasts were seeded, incubated <i>in vitro</i>, and analyzed for markers of osteogenic differentiation. To assess these properties <i>in vivo</i>, scaffolds with and without pre-osteoblasts pre-seeded were subcutaneously implanted in mice for four weeks. The scaffolds underwent micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning before implantation. After retrieval, the scaffolds were analyzed for osteogenic differentiation or re-scanned by microCT to assess new bone formation with the subsequent histological assessment. The osteoinductive potential was observed <i>in vitro</i> with similar osteogenic markers being expressed as observed in demineralized bone matrix and significantly greater expression of these markers than controls. By microCT, paired t-tests demonstrated significantly increased bone volume:total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) after explantation in all groups. Pentachrome staining demonstrated osteogenesis within the scaffold, and angiogenesis in the scaffold was confirmed by CD31 staining for blood vessels. These results demonstrate that porcine bone maintains its osteoinductive properties after the application of a novel decellularization and oxidation protocol. Future work must be performed to definitively prove osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells, biocompatibility in large animal models, and osteoinduction/osseointegration in a relevant clinical model <i>in vivo</i>. The ability to create a functional bone microenvironment using decellularized xenografts will impact regenerative medicine, orthopaedic reconstruction, and could be used in the research of multiple diseases.
Drug Discovery: The Evolution of Modern Medicines
Authors: James J. Brophy
Journal: JAMA (1986)

On June 6, 1944, the Normandy invasion commenced with enough penicillin on hand to satisfy all military requirements. It was only three years earlier, on Feb 12, 1941, that the first human clinical trial of penicillin had been conducted. This scientific and production miracle was mostly due to three men, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey, the latter turning his department at Oxford into a pencillin factory even before he had the clinical evidence to justify it. Gerhard Domagk, the 1939 Nobel laureate in medicine for his work on the development of sulfonamides and antitubercular drugs, was detained by the Gestapo after he was notified of the honor. Hitler would not allow him to accept the prize because of pique concerning the recipient of the peace prize. Although Domagk finally received the medal in Stockholm after the war, the money had reverted to the Nobel foundation. In 1898, Heinrich Dresser
Airway Epithelial Cells, Cytokines, and Pollutants
Authors: PETER R. MILLS, ROBERT J. DAVIES, JAGDISH L. DEVALIA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<THE EPITHELIUM AS A PHYSI...EPITHELIAL CELLS IN ALLER...EPITHELIAL CELL–POLLUTANT...EPITHELIAL CELLS IN COPD ...FUTURE RESEARCH AND HYPOT...ReferencesCITING ARTICLES
The continuum of hepatitis C testing and care
Authors: Kendra Viner, Danica Kuncio, E. Claire Newbern, Caroline C. Johnson
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

A hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected person will ideally have access to quality health care and move through the HCV continuum of care (CoC) from HCV antibody (Ab) screening, HCV‐RNA confirmation, engagement and retention in medical care, and treatment. Unfortunately, studies show that many patients do not progress through this continuum. Because these studies may not be generalizable, we assessed the HCV CoC in Philadelphia from January 2010 to December 2013 at the population level. The expected HCV seroprevalence in Philadelphia during 2010‐2013 was calculated by applying National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey prevalences to age‐specific census data approximations and published estimates of homeless and incarcerated populations. HCV laboratory results reported to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health and enhanced surveillance data were used to determine where individuals fell on the continuum. HCV CoC was defined as follows: stage 1: HCV Ab screening; stage 2: HCV Ab and RNA testing; stage 3: RNA confirmation and continuing care; and stage 4: RNA confirmation, care, and HCV treatment. Of approximately 1,584,848 Philadelphia residents, 47,207 (2.9%) were estimated to have HCV. Positive HCV results were received for 13,596 individuals, of whom 6,383 (47%) had a positive HCV‐RNA test. Of these, 1,745 (27%) were in care and 956 (15%) had or were currently receiving treatment. Conclusion : This continuum provides a real‐life snapshot of how this disease is being managed in a major U.S. urban center. Many patients are lost at each stage, highlighting the need to raise awareness among health care professionals and at‐risk populations about appropriate hepatitis testing, referral, support, and care. (H epatology 2015;61:783–789)
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess*
Authors: Perrin C. White, Tomoatsu Mune, Anil K. Agarwal
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1997)

Whereas aldosterone is normally a much stronger mineralocorticoid than cortisol in vivo, mineralocorticoid receptors have identical in vitro affinities for these hormones. The in vivo specificity of the receptors is, at least in part, the result of activity of 11-HSD, an enzyme located in most mineralocorticoid target tissues that converts cortisol to cortisone. Cortisone is not a ligand for the receptor, whereas aldosterone is not a substrate of the enzyme. The syndrome of AME is a rare form of juvenile hypertension in which 11-HSD is defective. This deficiency allows mineralocorticoid receptors to be occupied by cortisol, leading to hypertension, because plasma concentrations of cortisol are much higher than those of aldosterone. Licorice, which contains 11-HSD inhibitors, causes a similar syndrome. There are two known isozymes of 11-HSD. The liver or type I isozyme is expressed at high levels in the liver, has a relatively low affinity for steroids (micromolar Km), catalyzes both dehydrogenation and the reverse reductase reaction, and utilizes NADP+ or NADPH as cofactors. The kidney or type 2 isozyme is expressed at high levels in the kidney and placenta, has a high affinity (nanomolar Km) for steroids, catalyzes only dehydrogenation, and utilizes NAD+ as a cofactor. Mutations in the HSD11B2 (HSD11K) gene encoding the kidney isozyme of 11-HSD have been detected in all kindreds with AME studied thus far. This gene represents a candidate locus for the common, "essential" form of hypertension.
Recent Trends in Tuberculosis in Children
Authors: Kenneth E. Powell
Journal: JAMA (1984)

From 1976 through 1981, the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States among children 0 through 14 years of age failed to decline. The incidence had declined at a rate of about 9% per year from 1962 through 1975. The failure was observed for both sexes and for white children and children of "other" races. Data confined to 1980 and 1981 suggested that Hispanic children with tuberculosis may have accounted for the stability of the tuberculosis case rate among white children. Tuberculosis among Indochinese refugee children accounted for the stability of the case rate among children of other races. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1289-1292)
Thallium-201 SPECT in Brain Gliomas
Authors: Simeon J. Ortega-Lozano, Dolores Martinez del Valle-Torres, Manuel Gómez-Río, Jose M. Llamas-Elvira
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

To compare various published thallium-201 uptake indexes in the differential diagnosis in recurrent brain gliomas.Thallium-201 SPECT studies were performed in 79 patients previously treated for glial tumor with clinical or radiologic suspicion of recurrence. Regions of interest were established in the tumor area and in other sites with normal uptake.A high linear correlation was found among indices, with significant differences between all index pairs. Logistic regression analysis confirmed high colinearity among indexes, with index 3 (mean counts in tumor/mean counts in contralateral hemisphere) showing a slightly superior predictive power to differentiate tumor absence from tumor presence and tumor absence from low-grade recurrence. These findings were supported by analysis of areas under the ROC curve.The uptake indices studied behave similarly in the evaluation of a possible recurrence of a glial brain lesion and should be considered complementary to visual evaluation as a semi-objective tool.
Thymosin β4 Is a Determinant of the Transformed Phenotype and Invasiveness of <i>S</i>-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase–Transfected Fibroblasts
Authors: Pirjo Nummela, Miao Yin, Mari Kielosto, Virna Leaner, Michael J. Birrer, Erkki Hölttä
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of polyamines essential for cell growth and proliferation. Its overexpression induces the transformation of murine fibroblasts in both sense and antisense orientations, yielding highly invasive tumors in nude mice. These cell lines hence provide a good model to study cell invasion. Here, the gene expression profiles of these cells were compared with their normal counterpart by microarray analyses (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, CA, and Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Up-regulation of the actin sequestering molecule thymosin β4 was the most prominent change in both cell lines. Tetracycline-inducible expression of thymosin β4 antisense RNA caused a partial reversal of the transformed phenotype. Further, reversal of transformation by dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun (TAM67) caused reduction in thymosin β4 mRNA. Interestingly, a sponge toxin, latrunculin A, which inhibits the binding of thymosin β4 to actin, was found to profoundly affect the morphology and proliferation of the AdoMetDC transformants and to block their invasion in three-dimensional Matrigel. Thus, thymosin β4 is a determinant of AdoMetDC-induced transformed phenotype and invasiveness. Up-regulation of thymosin β4 was also found in ras-transformed fibroblasts and metastatic human melanoma cells. These data encourage testing latrunculin A–like and other agents interfering with thymosin β4 for treatment of thymosin β4–overexpressing tumors with high invasive and metastatic potential. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 701-12)
One Child, One Family
Authors: En Ma
Journal: JAMA (1989)

A Chinese physician explains that the baby booms of the 1950s and 1960s in China increased the population from 540 million in 1949 to about one billion today. This led to the institution of the "one child, one family" policy implemented through extensive public education especially in rural areas, so that the people understand the necessity of the policy and practice it voluntarily under the guidance of the government. The network of providing family planning through birth control measures, child care centers, homes for the elderly, and efforts to raise the status of women and provide equal pay for equal work are described, as are the economic rewards and restrictions that supplement educational programs. Problems with and possible improvements in this policy are discussed, with an emphasis on its purpose to improve the quality of life for the entire population and to ensure the birth of healthy babies.
Clinical Nephrotoxicity of Tobramycin and Gentamicin
Authors: Gerald D. Kumin
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Nearly 3.2 million people in this country receive aminoglycoside antibiotics annually. Gentamicin sulfate and tobramycin sulfate continue to demonstrate ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity in both animal and clinical studies. In this study, 62 patients with confirmed initial normal renal function and treated with 2 to 5 mg/kg/day of gentamicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate for a minimum of seven days were followed up prospectively for the development of aminoglycoside-related renal failure, defined as at least a one-third reduction in renal function. In these 62 patients, no other causes for renal failure could be identified. Five of 33 (15%) of the tobramycintreated patients and 16 of 29 (55.2%) of the gentamicin-treated patients had renal failure. Thus, gentamicin was associated with renal failure more than three times as often as was tobramycin. (<i>JAMA</i>244:1808-1810, 1980)
Hand eczema - a chronic condition with far-reaching consequences
Authors: B. Meding
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Journal Article Hand eczema – a chronic condition with far‐reaching consequences Get access B. Meding B. Meding Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Box 210 SE‐171 77 Stockholm Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 171, Issue 6, 1 December 2014, Pages 1292–1293, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13454 Published: 01 December 2014
Toll-like receptor 4 siRNA attenuates LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages
Authors: Zhe Xu, Chang-Xing Huang, Yu Li, Ping-Zhong Wang, Guang-Li Ren, Chang-Sheng Chen, Fu-Jun Shang, Yan Zhang, Qing-Quan Liu, Zhan-Sheng Jia, Qing-He Nie, Yong-Tao Sun, Xue-Fan Bai
Journal: Journal of Infection (2007)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE TRANSENDOCARDIAL INJECTIONS OF AUTOLOGOUS WHOLE BONE MARROW AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (TAC-HFT) TRIAL
Authors: Adam R. Williams, Barry Trachtenberg, Darcy L. Velazquez, Peter Altman, Didier Rouy, Adam Mendizabal, Joel Fishman, Juan P. Zambrano, Ian McNiece, Alan W. Heldman, Joshua M. Hare
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Study comes up with 41 definitions of what "having sex" means
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A major survey of sexual behaviour among Americans has shown that while most men said they had an orgasm during their last sexual encounter and 85% believed that their partner had also had an orgasm, only 64% of women said they had experienced an orgasm.

The study of nearly 6000 men and women aged between 14 and 94 also found that penetrative sex was most common among men aged 25 to 39 years and women aged 20 to 29 and declined progressively among older age groups. However, between 20% and 30% of men and women remained sexually active well into their 80s.

Masturbation was common throughout life, and during adolescence and over the age of 70 it was more common than sexual activity with a partner. …
Management of hypertension: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: T. Krause, K. Lovibond, M. Caulfield, T. McCormack, B. Williams
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Hypertension is one of the most important preventable causes of death worldwide and one of the commonest conditions treated in primary care in the United Kingdom, where it affects more than a quarter of all adults and over half of those over the age of 65 years.1 This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the management of hypertension,2 which updates the 2004 and 2006 clinical guidelines.3 4 5 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Diagnosing hypertension (Updated recommendation) [ Based on the experience and opinion of the Guideline Development Group (GDG) ]
Phenotypic and Genetic Variation in the Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae Type b to Antibodies to Somatic Antigens
Authors: Porter Anderson, Alan Flesher, Stephen Shaw, A. Lynn Harding, David H. Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Haemophilus influenzae type b (H.i.b) has been investigated with respect to phenotypic and genetic variations resulting in differential susceptibility to bactericidal antibody. Previous studies had shown that after growth in infected rats or in dialysate of rat serum, H.i.b strain Eag became more resistant to the bactericidal activity of antisomatic antibody. We now report that a similar phenotypic shift occurs when strain Eag is incubated with dialysate of human serum, that the increased resistance is to antibodies against determinants in the lipopolysaccharide not for the somatic antigens generally, and that most strains of H.i.b undergo the shift.
Access to stem cell transplantation: Do women fare as well as men?
Authors: Paulette Mehta, Brad H. Pollock, Melodee Nugent, Mary Horowitz, John R. Wingard
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Women have less access to certain types of expensive treatments including renal transplantation, cardiac catheterization and diagnostic studies for lung cancer. Whether women have less access to stem cell transplantation (SCT) is not known. We evaluated allogeneic SCT data from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) and compared them with disease incidence data from the Surveillance and Epidemiologic End Results (SEER) database. We estimated the ratio of males to females among transplanted patients with acute lymphoblastic (ALL), acute myelogenous (AML) and chronic myelogenous (CML) leukemia, diseases for which SCT is often done and compared them to male/female ratios of disease incidence. The association between gender and SCT was estimated as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was no association between gender (male vs female) and the rates of SCT for individuals with AML (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.89-1.02), or CML (OR = 1.0; CI = 0.90-1.1). Among patients with newly diagnosed ALL, more males underwent SCT than females (OR = 1.30, CI = 1.18-1.44). Because children with newly diagnosed ALL usually have a favorable prognosis, SCT is not generally a frontline therapy. Therefore, when we compared SCT rates to a population of children with relapsed ALL, the gender differences disappeared (OR = 1.09, CI = 0.94-1.25). We conclude that for the diagnoses where SCT is commonly used, there is no significant bias towards use in males compared to females. While boys with ALL appear to receive SCT at a higher rate, this difference is likely attributable to biological rather than social reasons.
A Second-Opinion Program for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Douglas B. Bogart
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.  —I was very disappointed to read the recent article entitled Results of a Second-Opinion Program for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery 1 in the Sept 25, 1987, issue of JAMA . I believe that this article adds nothing to our knowledge about coronary artery surgery and is potentially harmful to both patients and physicians by forming conclusions and making sweeping generalizations based on woefully inadequate data.  This report details the outcomes for 88 patients who were largely self-referred to the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston for second surgical opinions regarding the need for coronary artery bypass surgery. Continued medical treatment was recommended in 74 (84%) cases and surgical treatment was recommended in 14. Of the 74 patients for whom medical therapy was recommended, 60 patients followed this advice and 14 had surgical treatment. The duration of clinical follow-up on these patients was an average of 28 months.
The New Medical Malpractice Crisis
Authors: Michelle M. Mello, David M. Studdert, Troyen A. Brennan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

A major medical malpractice crisis is unfolding in the United States today. The American Medical Association has identified 18 states in which physicians and institutional health care providers are having grave difficulties obtaining affordable professional liability insurance. In the past two years, insurance premiums in these states have increased dramatically for physicians in high-risk specialties such as obstetrics, emergency medicine, general surgery, surgical subspecialties, and radiology (see Figure). Another 26 states are on "orange alert," with indicators suggesting a serious and worsening situation. Physicians in West Virginia, New Jersey, Florida, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Illinois, Texas, and Missouri have held or threatened . . .
On some New Applications of the Induced or Faradic Current in Gynaecology
Authors: G. Apostoli
Journal: BMJ (1888)

A a63 they have never once been quito well.This is not the history of eczema.Canterisation with the acid nitrate of mercury is the only measure which does real good.Under it the patch on the neck has for some years been quite well, but that behind the ear still persists.I cannot show you any good portraits of eczema-lupus, for the reason that it is impossible for the artist to portray anything distinc.tive.Everyone seeing the portrait would call it eczema.It is the history and the clinical course which alone make the diagnosis.I show you, however, three portraits which may be of some slight help.At any rate, they go to prove that the morbid action took on exactly the same characters in three different positions.The patient was a woman named Laura J., thirty-three years of age.She was of healthy family, except that her father suffered from "a breaking out on the skin."She had never had any symptoms of phthisis.As a child she had erysipelas of the leg.Her sister had scrofula badly in the neck, and possibly intestinal tuberculosis.The lupus disease commenced by a patch behind the ear; then followed patches on the left side of the bridge of the nose, and then in the left ear.About two months before I saw her she had a patch form on the right arm, which, after lasting a few weeks, almost wholly disappeared.In the right ear the whole of the concha was affected by a condition which it was impossible to distinguish in any way from eczema.It was ill- defined, slightly congested, and covered with thin scales, and showing several cracks.Behind the ears on both sides there were red weep- ing patches, whish were tolerably well defined, and in that feature differed from the more common forms of eczema.There was also a very slight degree of thickening in the skin which was involved.The disease had been present for several years, and Mrs. J. had been under excellent specialist care in Liverpool.She believed that the word lupus had been mentioned.A cousin of hers was under treat- ment for lupus.The portraits are not very satisfactory, because the disease partakes more of lupus features than is usual in the pure eczema-lupus, and some may think that they resemble simply superficial and rather indefinite lupus.I believe that I saw the patient only once, and I cannot report anything as to the suecess of my treat- ment by cauterisation.It will be seen that the unsymmetrical arrangement of the patches in this case, all on one side of the head,
Pyomyositis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Authors: R A Watts, B I Hoffbrand, D F Paton, J C Davis
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Dual photonComputed tomographic measurements of bone measurements of mineral content on right trabecular bone density mid-femur shaft Serum oestradiol in L2-4 (% ratio of (% ratio of 2nd: 1st -17 li (pmol/1) after Case No 2nd: 1st measurements) measurements) 3 months' treatment 1