tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Oesophago-Gastric Tumours
Authors: K. Leiper, A. I. Morris
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma continues to rise rapidly in the West whereas cancer of the stomach is becoming less common. Most patients present with advanced disease that is not amenable to curative treatment. This review focuses on recent evidence on the endoscopic therapy of oesophago-gastric cancer. Although there are many treatment modalities available, there is a paucity of good quality randomised trial evidence on which to base palliative treatment decisions. Furthermore, although palliation of dysphagia may be improved by expandable metal stents or ablative therapy, there is no evidence that this improves survival and each of these therapies has a high frequency of complications particularly in longterm survivors. Exciting developments have however been reported in the therapy of early stage oesophago-gastric cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection is particularly promising with high rates of complete removal of early cancer or high grade dysplasia. Long-term follow up of these patients is required because of high rates of metachronous tumour formation and at present there are no randomised trial data comparing endoscopic mucosal resection with conventional surgery.
New evidence linking salt and hypertension
Authors: H MacAnespie
Journal: BMJ (1981)

a score of 7 or more, the homes were providing care for practically the same number of heavily dependent old people as were found in the geriatric wards.It therefore seemed safe to assume that the 25(,, who scored 5 or more were in need of nursing care, and this was reinforced by the statement that a quarter were incontinent during the previous week.The use of staff assessments as an indicator of need masks the severity of the problem, for an untrained staff may accept responsibility while not recognising mismanagement.For example, the nursing and medical problems are greatest with those who are immobile but they are not seen to be a problem, while wandering patients often are.' The trend in Leicestershire to appoint trained nursing staff is welcome, but Andrews3 drew attention to the fact that it is the apparent intention of the DHSS to reduce the amount of nursing in the homes.-ED,BM7.
A Graceful Exit: Life and Death on Your Own Terms
Authors: John T. Sinott
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<i>Death is a punishment to some, to some a gift, and to many a favor</i>.—Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) In<i>A Graceful Exit</i>, Lofty Basta, MD, a renowned cardiologist, offers a unique perspective on life and death. His book is based both on his personal battle with prostate cancer and on a lifetime of joining patients in their often losing battles against disease. Dr Basta paints a dramatic image of the medical torture we might experience in the hospital at the end of life if we cannot face the reality and inevitability of death. In<i>A Graceful Exit</i>he explores and illuminates many issues involving the end of life. He introduces definitions of death, the impact of advancing medical technology, excessive treatment, landmark legal cases, euthanasia, and living wills. He explores the slippery slope of prolonging life vs prolonging dying. Basta addresses the controversy over defining death and resolves that
Bile salt-induced pro-oxidant liver damage promotes transplanted cell proliferation for correcting Wilson disease in the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat model
Authors: Brigid Joseph, Sorabh Kapoor, Michael L. Schilsky, Sanjeev Gupta
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Insights into disease-specific mechanisms for liver repopulation are needed for cell therapy. To understand the efficacy of pro-oxidant hepatic perturbations in Wilson disease, we studied Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats with copper toxicosis under several conditions. Hepatocytes from healthy Long-Evans Agouti (LEA) rats were transplanted intrasplenically into the liver. A cure was defined as lowering of copper to below 250 microg/g liver, presence of ATPase, Cu++ transporting, beta polypeptide (atp7b) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver and improvement in liver histology. Treatment of animals with the hydrophobic bile salt, cholic acid, or liver radiation before cell transplantation produced cure rates of 14% and 33%, respectively; whereas liver radiation plus partial hepatectomy followed by cell transplantation proved more effective, with cure in 55%, P < 0.01; and liver radiation plus cholic acid followed by cell transplantation was most effective, with cure in 75%, P < 0.001. As a group, cell therapy cures in rats preconditioned with liver radiation plus cholic acid resulted in less hepatic copper, indicating greater extent of liver repopulation. We observed increased hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in LEC rats, suggesting chronic oxidative stress. After liver radiation or cholic acid, hepatic lipid peroxidation levels increased, indicating further oxidative injury, although we did not observe overt additional cytotoxicity. This contrasted with healthy animals in which liver radiation and cholic acid produced hepatic steatosis and loss of injured hepatocytes. We concluded that pro-oxidant perturbations were uniquely effective for cell therapy in Wilson disease because of the nature of preexisting hepatic damage.
Methotrexate use, MTHFR polymorphisms and traditional risk factors in predicting cardiovascular events in elderly males with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Authors: L. A. Davis, G. W. Cannon, L. M. Pointer, R. K. Wolff, T. R. Mikuls, L. Haverhals, A. M. Reimold, G. S. Kerr, J. S. Richards, D. S. Johnson, L. Caplan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Objective</h3> The enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) has been implicated in the metabolism of methotrexate (MTX) – the most common disease modifying antirheumatic drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms have been associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) events in non-RA populations. We explored the potential associations of MTHFR C677T, A1298C and MTX with decreased time-to-CV event in the prospective Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry. <h3>Methods</h3> VARA participants were genotyped for MTHFR polymorphisms. Demographic information, RA duration and auto-antibody status were collected upon enrolment into the registry. Disease activity was recorded at baseline and at follow-up visits. Patients9 baseline comorbidities and the outcome variable were defined using ICD-9 and CPT codes recorded in inpatient and outpatient patient treatment files. The combined CV event outcome included: myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft and stroke. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to model the time-to-CV event. <h3>Results</h3> Data were available for 1047 subjects. Post-enrolment CV events occurred in 406 patients. Prior MI was strongly associated with time-to-CV event (HR 6.65 (CI 5.31 to 8.33)), as was hyperlipidaemia (HR 1.64 (CI 1.32 to 2.05)). Methotrexate use was associated with a substantial decline in first CV events (HR 0.76 (CI 0.62 to 0.92)). MTHFR polymorphisms were not associated with decreased time-to-CV event. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Although MTHFR polymorphisms have previously been associated with increased CV events, we found no evidence that MTHFR status was associated with VARA patients9 time-to-CV event. Traditional CV risk factors conferred substantial CV risk, while methotrexate use was protective.
Tuberculous Pericarditis-Reply
Authors: Noble O. Fowler
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —I wish to thank Dr Dalvi for his comments concerning our article on tuberculous pericarditis. Dalvi is correct in stating that our description of tuberculous pericarditis is primarily based on reports from industrialized countries. However, our article also relates experiences with this disease in Transkei, South Africa,<sup>1,2</sup>where, as in India, tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericarditis. This is unlike the prevalence in Spain, where only 4% of instances of acute pericarditis are due to tuberculosis.<sup>3</sup>The Indian experience also differs from that in the West with regard to constrictive pericarditis. In a recent report of 118 cases of constrictive pericarditis in India, tuberculosis was the cause in 72.<sup>4</sup>On the other hand, in a report of 95 cases from Stanford University in the United States, no instance of constrictive pericarditis was attributed to tuberculosis.<sup>5</sup> Among other diagnostic difficulties, Dalvi comments on
NEW PURIFIED VERO-CELL VACCINE PREVENTS RABIES IN PATIENTS BITTEN BY RABID ANIMALS
Authors: Pravan Suntharasamai, D.A. Warrell, Sornchai Looareesuwan, M.J. Warrell, Chaisin Viravan, Wichai Supanaranond, Pornthep Chanthavanich, Achara Supapochana, Weera Tepsumethanon, X. Pouradier-Duteil
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
Health aspects of the curing of synthetic rubbers.
Authors: D A Fraser, S Rappaport
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

A commonly used tread rubber formulation was cured in the laboratory under conditions simulating vulcanization in the Bag-O-Matic press. Volatile emissions were collected on charcoal and analyzed by combined GC-mass spectrometry. The compounds identified were either contaminants present in the raw material or reaction products. Some of these compounds were also identified in charcoal tube samples collected in the atmosphere of the industrial operations. Estimates based on the loss of weight of rubber during curing were used to predict airborne concentrations and compared to the concentrations actually found. The literature of the toxicity of raw materials and effluents was reviewed, and no acute or chronic toxicological effects would be anticipated. Information concerning potential carcinogenicity was not available and could not be evaluated.
New diagnostic technique BEAMed at dyslexia
Authors: Virginia Snodgrass Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A sophisticated system of mapping brain electrical activity apparently is highly discriminating in identifying dyslexia and may have other diagnostic applications in the field of learning disabilities. The noninvasive brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) program takes data from spectral analysis of EEGs and evoked potentials (EPs) and displays them topographically on a color television screen. It then employs a technique called significance probability mapping (SPM) to demonstrate and compare normal and abnormal responses to stimuli. The project was described at the meeting of the Association for Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities in Chicago by Frank H. Duffy, MD, associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and director of developmental neurophysiology at Children's Hospital in Boston. Duffy entered medicine with a degree in electrical engineering and applied mathematics and thus has the background to feel comfortable with the high-technology aspects of the system. "We've been doing mapping for about
THE RELATION OF THE LIVER TO FAT METABOLISM
Authors: D. R. Drury, Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

Fat combustion is carried on adequately in rabbits deprived of the liver or brought into a condition of extreme liver insufficiency. Even 24 hours after hepatectomy fat combustion goes on as well as in the normal animal. Evidently the liver plays no essential part in the breaking down of fat.
GATA5 Activation of the Progesterone Receptor Gene Promoter in Breast Cancer Cells Is Influenced by the +331G/A Polymorphism
Authors: Gordon S. Huggins, Jason Y.Y. Wong, Susan E. Hankinson, Immaculata De Vivo
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Previously, a modest association was observed between the progesterone receptor +331G/A gene variant and breast cancer risk. Here, in a larger sample of breast cancer cases and controls (n = 1,322/n = 1,953) nested in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, we confirm a significant association (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.79) and suggest a molecular model. The association of the +331G/A variant with breast cancer was particularly strong among obese women (body mass index &amp;gt; 30; odds ratio, 2.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-5.90). To help understand the molecular mechanism by which this variant may predispose women to breast cancer, we identified nearby transcription factor binding sites. This search predicted a binding site for the GATA family of transcriptional regulators adjacent to this hPR polymorphism. Importantly, we found GATA3, GATA4, and GATA6 are expressed in normal breast tissue and two breast cancer cell lines, whereas GATA5 is minimally expressed in normal mammary tissue and more strongly expressed in two breast cancer cell lines. This finding was relevant because GATA5 bound the site adjacent to the +331G/A polymorphism, and activated the hPR (−711 to +822)-luciferase reporter plasmid in breast cancer cells. Overexpression of GATA5 increased expression of the endogenous hPR transcript, and GATA5 more strongly activated an hPR promoter construct encoding the PR-B isoform. Finally, hPR promoter constructs including the +331A were more strongly activated by GATA5 than constructs including +331G. Our findings suggest that GATA5 interacts with the +331G/A polymorphism to stimulate hPR-B expression in mammary cells, which may contribute to breast cancer susceptibility. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(3): 1384-90)
Glucose transport and microvillus membrane physical properties along the crypt-villus axis of the rabbit.
Authors: J B Meddings, D DeSouza, M Goel, S Thiesen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Both transport function and microvillus membrane physical properties evolve as the enterocyte matures and migrates up the crypt-villus axis. We isolated enriched fractions of villus tip, mid-villus, and crypt enterocytes from which microvillus membrane vesicles were prepared. Using this material we characterized the alterations that occur in microvillus membrane fluidity as the rabbit enterocyte matures and correlated these with kinetic studies of glucose transport. With increasing maturity the microvillus membrane becomes more rigid due to both an increase in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and alterations in individual phospholipid subclasses. Maximal rates of glucose transport were greatest in microvillus membrane vesicles prepared from mature cells. However, the glucose concentration producing half-maximal rates of transport (Km) was significantly lower in crypt microvillus membrane vesicles, suggesting that a distinct glucose transporter existed in crypt enterocytes. This distinction disappeared when differences between membrane lipid environments were removed. By fluidizing villus-tip microvillus membrane vesicles, in vitro, to levels seen in the crypt microvillus membrane, we observed a reduction in the Km of this transport system. These data suggest that the kinetic characteristics of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter are dependent upon its local membrane environment.
Effect of age on the contraction of pulmonary venous sphincters in rats.
Authors: D E Schraufnagel, M M Kurtulus, T H Patel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Pulmonary veins of rats have regular focal ringlike muscular constrictions (sphincters) that deepen with stimuli, such as head injury, sufficient to cause pulmonary edema. The depth of the individual constrictions on the veins can be determined by casting the pulmonary circulation, fracturing the cast veins at their narrowed points, and measuring the constriction using a scanning electron microscope. A recent study in rats given a blow to the head showed that the venous constriction was attenuated by alpha-adrenergic antagonism, but interaction between the antagonist, the animal body weight, and sex was found. Older, heavier male animals constricted more. To clarify these factors and assess the change in pulmonary venous sphincter contraction with age, 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wk had their lung vasculature cast with methyl methacrylate. Of the 4 animals in each age group 3 were given a blow to the head to constrict the veins while the plastic was solidifying. The lungs were digested and the casts of the blood vessels were fractured, exposing the constricted portions of the veins. The depths of these focal constrictions were measured. In animals that received the head blow the constrictions were 2.9 +/- 0.3% (5 wk), 4.1 +/- 0.3% (10 wk), 5.8 +/- 0.4% (15 wk), 6.8 +/- 0.4% (20 wk), and 7.1 +/- 0.5% (30 wk) (p < 0.0001). To separate age from weight, a multivariate regression that accounted for venous contraction was carried out. Although head blow, age, and weight were each individually important, the combined model showed age was insignificant (p = 0.9) when weight (p = 0.02) was present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chart-Recorded Psychiatric Diagnoses in Women Giving Birth in California in 1992
Authors: Rosemary H. Kelly, Beate H. Danielson, Douglas F. Zatzick, Mary N. Haan, Thomas F. Anders, William M. Gilbert, Vivien K. Burt
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

Although major advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care, few population-based investigations have focused on the obstetrical sector. This study examines the occurrence of chart-recorded psychiatric discharge diagnoses among all women delivering in California hospitals in 1992.The authors undertook an archival analysis of the California Health Information for Policy Project data set, which consists of linked hospital discharge and birth certificate data for 580,282 deliveries. Frequencies of ICD-9 psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained.Among all women delivering, 1.5% received psychiatric or substance use diagnoses. Of diagnoses recorded, 75% were substance use disorders, 21% were classified generically as "mental disorder of pregnancy," and other psychiatric disorders accounted for 4%.The occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses in these women is markedly lower than expected, suggesting an underreporting of psychiatric disorders at delivery. Further investigations into the detection of mental disorders in the obstetrical sector are needed.
Systemic and mucosal antibody responses following retroductal gene transfer to the salivary gland
Authors: Sean N Tucker, Karen Lin, Sasha Stevens, Roland Scollay, Michael J Bennett, David C Olson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Gene transfer to salivary glands by retrograde perfusion of the salivary duct has been shown to result in production of the encoded protein. We sought to determine if this technique would be useful for genetic immunization. In studies that compare delivery of DNA to either the salivary gland (SG) or muscle (im), mean plasma IgG and IgA titers obtained following SG delivery were 46- and 86-fold greater, respectively, than those following im delivery. We also tested the hypothesis that SG vaccination could generate mucosal responses in sites proximal and distal to DNA administration. SG-treated animals produced specific antibodies within saliva, vaginal fluid, and lung washes as well as demonstrating robust specific responses in Peyer's patches. In a test of functional immunity, animals vaccinated with DNA by SG retrograde perfusion were significantly more resistant to the effects of lethal anthrax challenge than im DNA-vaccinated animals. These data suggest that SG genetic immunization may offer advantages over conventional routes of vaccination.
Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in American Blood Donors
Authors: Richard D. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (1974)

A national survey was conducted in 1969-1972 for the purpose of determining the range of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in various segments of the American population. Venous blood samples for COHb analysis were obtained from 29,000 blood donors living in urban, suburban, and rural communities across the United States. For comparative purposes, COHb measurements were made on samples obtained from 11 volunteers breathing air free of carbon monoxide (CO) or air with known concentrations of CO. The mean COHb saturation of four adults breathing CO-free air was 0.45%. Fortyfive percent of all the nonsmoking blood donors tested had COHb saturations of more than 1.5% This indicated that exposure to CO in excess of that permitted by the Air Quality Standards was widespread and occurring regularly. Tobacco smoking was the single most important factor responsible for the highest COHb saturations observed. The other chief factors influencing the COHb saturation were the geographical location of the individual, occupation, and the existing meteorological conditions. (<i>JAMA</i>229:1187-1195, 1974)
Coassembly of amphiphilic peptide EAK16-II with histidinylated analogues and implications for functionalization of β-sheet fibrils in vivo
Authors: Yi Wen, Shana L. Roudebush, Gavin A. Buckholtz, Thomas R. Goehring, Nick Giannoukakis, Ellen S. Gawalt, Wilson S. Meng
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Current Concepts in Otolaryngology Epistaxis
Authors: John A. Kirchner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Although bleeding from the interior of the nose may be caused by injuries, infections, septal perforations, tumors, blood dyscrasias, and even vicarious menstruation, most nosebleeds are not associated with any of these conditions. Mechanical factors, such as drying of the mucosa by overheated indoor air and trauma from nose picking, account for the largest proportion of cases, particularly in children and young adults. In this latter group, bleeding usually originates in the anterior nasal chamber, most often from a blood vessel in the mucous membrane of the nasal septum just inside the nostril (Kieselbach's area) and less often on the . . .
Bronchodilator delivery by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients.
Authors: R Dhand, A Jubran, M J Tobin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The optimal dose and technique for administration of bronchodilators with a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) in mechanically ventilated patients have not been established. We studied the efficacy and safety of 10 puffs (90 micrograms/puff) of albuterol administered by an MDI in seven mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rapid airway occlusions at constant flow inflation were performed before and at 5-min intervals after administration of albuterol for 60 min. Significant decreases in maximum (Rrsmax; p < 0.01) and minimum inspiratory resistance (Rrsmin; p < 0.01) were present at 5 min and persisted for 60 min after administration of albuterol (p < 0.01 for both parameters). Rrsmax indicates maximal inspiratory resistance while Rrsmin represents the ohmic flow resistance. Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure decreased significantly (p < 0.05) 15 min after albuterol administration. Heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygenation did not show significant change after albuterol. In summary, 10 puffs of albuterol given by an MDI and spacer produced significant bronchodilation in ventilator-supported patients with COPD, without producing side effects. In conclusion, higher doses of albuterol given by an MDI and spacer could be used routinely in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD.