tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA IN AN INFANT
Authors: J. L. O'Flyn
Journal: BMJ (1925)

DIPLOPIA IN ENCEPHALITIS LETHIARGICA.rM TBE BNmg 607 nature of neuralgia may at times attack the ovary, an organ vell supplied with nerves.'If so, it is reasonable to treat such a condition in the same way as neuralgia elsewhere.If drugs have failed, then operate.The injection of alcohol would hardly be recommended for ovarian pain, but the nerve supply, or a considerable part of it, if not all, may be cut off by simply dividing the suspensory ligament of the ovary.This, of course, means division of the ovarian artery and vein too, but the ovary will still have a sufficient blood supply to keep up its nourishment, and, that being so, ovulation and endocrine secretion should not be inter- fered with, unless the division of its nerve supply should so far impair these functions, which is not likely.This treatment would particularly apply if there were only one remaining ovary in a patient who had not reached the menopause.The pain must be relieved in some way, and the ovary must be spared if possible.On the left side the division of the ligament may serve to straighten out the pelvic colon and thus help the flow of contents.No claim to originality is made here for the idea of dividing the ovarian nerve supply, but the suggestion seems a practical and reasonable one, and therefore I emphasize it.I should like, in conclusion, to stress the two points brought forward early in this paper:1. Diagnose neurasthenia last of all, after excluding all likely causes of pelvic pain.2. In cases of pelvic pain make it a rule to examine first of all without an anaesthetic, even if such is neoessary for a full diagnosis afterwards.
REPORT ON 170 CASES OPERATED UPON UNDER SPINAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: T. A. Weston
Journal: BMJ (1916)

TRALTJIATT(I ANEUTRYSIM rDEC, 9, I911i 791+ XDIRIAL JOURNALI Conclts ions.Tlle concluisions drawnvi froin experience of tliese cases are:1. Cases of (liffluse traumatic aneurysm require early operation in all cases.2. Ressults of operation at the point of the lesioni are satisfiactwy.3. Fifty per cent. of arterio-venous aneurysuis benefit, temporarily at any rate, by delay in operaative treatmient, considering thel known results of operation in these cases.4. Considering the proportion of obliterative lesiuns, care in the early treatment and good transport arraugeinents probably reduce the incidence of diffuse false aneurysms.5.Where the advent of sepsis is suspected in cases of diffuse false aneurysm, free drainage after operation is unattended by danger of secondary hiaemorrhage.6. Efficient collateral circulation is established in nmost cases of destructive gunshot arterial lacerations within-a month of the date of injury.TRAUMAXTIC ANEURYSM DEALT WITH BY OBLITERATIVE ARTERIORRHAPRY.
Reply: Comments on AASLD practice guidelines for alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Arthur McCullough, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Robert O'Shea
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

We thank Dr. Singal1 for his interest in our practice guidelines on alcoholic liver disease.2 Dr. Singal raises three issues to which we will take this opportunity to respond in turn. First, we agree that it is important for a physician to know the quantity of alcohol consumed by his or her patient because of alcohol's beneficial effects at moderate doses3, 4 versus its adverse effects at higher doses.2 We also agree with Dr. Singal1 that providing a definition of what constitutes a drink (1 can of beer, 360 mL; 4-oz glass of wine, 120 mL; and 1.5 oz of hard liquor, 45 mL) may be helpful. However, these descriptions are neither precise nor universally accepted for a number of reasons. As described in Table 2 of our practice guidelines on alcoholic liver disease,2 what constitutes a drink varies by country. There are eight different formulas for calculating the amount of alcohol in a drink.5 The patient typically does not know how many ounces of wine or hard liquor is poured into his or her drink, although providing pictures of the size of the drinking glass may help. The percentage of alcohol may vary by as much as 2.5% in commercial wines and by 1.5% in commercial beers. In addition, what volume of alcohol constitutes a standard drink of port or a liqueur? Finally, there is disagreement even among experts. Dr. Singal uses a reference that describes a standard glass of wine to be 4 oz, whereas the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the US Department of Health and Human Services define a standard glass of wine to be 5 oz. Consequently, we chose to use the amount of alcohol rather than a descriptive term to define a standard drink.6, 7 The next issue concerns the fact that our guidelines on alcoholic liver disease2 do not include information on the potential benefits of N-acetylcysteine and liver transplantation in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Although these treatments may eventually be proven efficacious, they have been published in abstract form. Abstracts are not usually included in guidelines because abstracts do not undergo rigorous peer review prior to publication, and many are never published in manuscript form.8, 9 Finally, as for Dr. Singal's1 concern about the difference between the number of references in the bibliography (276) and the number of references that he identified in the text (262), references 263 and 264 are cited in Table 2, reference 265 is cited in Table 3, and references 266 to 276 are cited in Table 7. Arthur McCullough*, Srinivasan Dasarathy*, Robert O'Shea*, * Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH.
Descriptive survey of antenatal HIV testing in London: policy, uptake, and detection
Authors: S. E MacDonagh, J. Masters, B. A Helps, P. A Tookey, A E Ades, D. M Gibb
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Avoidance of breastfeeding1 and use of antiretroviral therapy2 can substantially reduce the risk of a mother transmitting HIV to her child. The Department of Health has recommended that antenatal HIV testing should be offered to all women in areas of high prevalence such as London.3 We examined HIV testing policy and practice in London maternity units and related policy to uptake of testing and detection of previously undiagnosed HIV infection.

In spring 1995 one interviewer conducted a telephone interview with a professional involved with HIV issues at each of London's 33 maternity units. Information on women booking for antenatal care over the previous 12 months and the number who elected to have an HIV test were collected by postal questionnaire from 32 units. Copies of written information available for staff and women were also collected.

The total number …
"Medical Instruction of the Laity in the Lay Press."
Authors: J. D. POINDEXTER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Willets Point, New York Harbor, April 30, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Shastid's suggestions on the above named subject on page 808 of your issue of April 24, strike one as being very good. Something has already been done in this direction by Dr. Cyrus A. Edson and others (though Edson signed his articles); and in the leading lay newspapers, particularly the New York<i>Tribune</i>and<i>Times</i>, short unsigned articles are not infrequently seen which must have been written by physicians. Dr. Shastid evidently takes the broad view that medicine should no longer be a mere occasionally useful mystery to the laity, but a living, continuously applied help to a higher civilization. Public instruction will be of great benefit to the masses provided it is conservative, non-dogmatic, free from great detail, and be imparted in popular, but dignified and serious language. The proposed system is in the line of preventive
Progress in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Wayne Callaway
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In five years since the previous edition of this British review, progress in immunology has outstripped other areas of clinical medicine. Eleven of the 17 chapters in the present volume contain information derived from immunological studies. One chapter is devoted entirely to "Immunity, Autoimmunity, and Immunosuppression." Another area of dramatic advance has been molecular genetics. Appropriately, the editors include a separate chapter by C. A. Clarke, reviewing the fundamental concepts and vocabulary of this field. The remaining chapters range from the medical uses of computers, organ transplantation, drug abuse, alcoholism, and the treatment of affective disorders and schizophrenia, to the more traditional rubrics of internal medicine—cardiology, hematology, gastroenterology, renology, endocrinology (two chapters), oncology, neurology, virology, and pulmonary medicine. Throughout, the authors emphasize basic pathophysiology instead of the more esoteric details of their respective subjects. Each chapter can stand as a coherent essay. The references are selective rather than comprehensive. The
Case 14-1980
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, James J. Galdabini, Betty U. McNeely, Aubrey J. Katz, David L. Gang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Presentation of CaseA five-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital because of abdominal pain.She was well until two weeks earlier, when crampy abdominal pain developed. It was relieved by the passage of loose stools, without mucus or blood. The symptoms subsided after two days but recurred two days later, and she entered another hospital. A barium-enema examination and upper gastrointestinal study were negative. She was discharged after two days; penicillin was prescribed because of exposure to a streptococcal infection. The abdominal pain gradually increased in severity; diarrhea did not recur. She was referred to this hospital.There was . . .
Enalapril prevents clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients with low ejection fraction.
Authors: S E Capes, H C Gerstein, A Negassa, S Yusuf
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: Clinical proteinuria is a risk factor for both end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of clinical proteinuria, its correlates and predictive value, and the effect of ACE inhibitors in preventing clinical proteinuria in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction are unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials were analyzed to determine the baseline distribution of clinical proteinuria and related cardiovascular risk factors, the effect of baseline proteinuria on the risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure (CHF) and mortality, and the effect of enalapril in preventing new clinical proteinuria. RESULTS: A total of 5,487 out of 6,797 SOLVD participants (81%) were assessed for proteinuria at baseline. A total of 177 patients (3.2%) had baseline proteinuria. These patients had significantly higher systolic (137 vs. 125 mmHg, P &amp;lt; or = 0.001) and diastolic (83 vs. 77 mmHg, P &amp;lt; or = 0.001) blood pressure levels, a higher prevalence of diabetes (41 vs. 18%, P &amp;lt; or = 0.001), a lower ejection fraction (26.2 vs. 27.3%, P &amp;lt; or = 0.05), and greater degree of CHF (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III/IV in 22 vs. 10%, P &amp;lt; or = 0.001) than patients without baseline proteinuria. Patients with baseline proteinuria also had higher rates of hospitalization for CHF (relative risk 1.81 [95% CI 1.37-2.41], P = 0.0001) and mortality (1.73 [1.34-2.24], P = 0.0001). Enalapril prevented clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients (0.38 [0.17-0.81], P = 0.0123) but not in nondiabetic patients (1.43 [0.77-2.63], P = 0.2622) without baseline proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical proteinuria is an independent predictor of hospitalization for CHF and mortality in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with LV dysfunction. Enalapril significantly reduces the risk of clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients with LV dysfunction.
Report of Three Cases of Asphyxia from Submersion.
Authors: J. R. Nichols
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Greenville, Texas, Oct. 16, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I deem it necessary to preface this letter with some preliminary remarks bearing upon this unfortunate affair. These cases consisted of one prominent wealthy man, and two young women. There are various rumors and finespun theories by the laity, relative to the causes and reasons why this drowning occurred. The examination of the bodies was not made at the place of drowning, which was due to oversight on the part of the coroner. I was summoned to make examination of the bodies after they were brought to town, which was about ten hours after the accident. I obtained the following facts from reliable members of the searching party, as follows: The drowning occurred Wednesday about 10 p. m. on June 18, 1897, about six miles northwest of Greenville, in a "pasture pool." There were two men and two women, and one of
Ampakines Alleviate Respiratory Depression in Rats
Authors: Jun Ren, Betty Y. Poon, Yun Tang, Gregory D. Funk, John J. Greer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

There is a need for improved therapeutic interventions to treat both drug- and sleep-induced respiratory depression. Increased understanding of the neurochemical control of respiration will help identify a basis for advances. Activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors positively modulates respiratory drive and rhythmogenesis in several brain regions including the pre-Bötzinger complex. Ampakines are a diverse group of small molecules that activate subsets of these receptors.We determined whether the ampakine CX546 would enhance respiratory drive and rhythmogenesis across various stages of development and whether this ampakine could counter opioid- and barbiturate-induced respiratory depression.Respiratory frequency and amplitude were measured in the following rat models: (1) perinatal in vitro brainstem-spinal cord, (2) neonatal in vitro medullary slice, (3) juvenile in situ perfused, working heart-brainstem preparation, and (4) newborn and adult in vivo.Administration of CX546 stimulated baseline respiratory frequency in perinatal in vitro preparations but not in older animals (greater than Postnatal Day 0). Furthermore, pharmacologic depression of respiratory frequency and amplitude was countered at all ages studied by the administration of CX546 in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Significantly, CX546 countered opioid-induced breathing depression in all preparations, without altering analgesia as assessed by measuring the time to foot withdrawal in response to a thermal stimulus.CX546 effectively reverses opioid- and barbiturate-induced respiratory depression without reversing the analgesic response. These studies suggest that ampakines may be useful in preventing or reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression and identify the potential of ampakines for alleviating other forms of respiratory depression including sedative use and sleep apnea.
Enhancing Research on Cancer Survivors
Authors: John Z. Ayanian, Paul B. Jacobsen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

The United States devotes substantial resources to understanding the etiologies of cancer and improving treatments, but much less research has focused on the needs of cancer survivors after they have completed active treatment. This article augments findings from the Institute of Medicine about cancer survivorship research and ways to enhance quality of life and quality of care. Studies of cancer survivors should focus on mechanisms and risk factors for impaired quality of life and evaluate interventions to improve this domain. Research to improve quality of care should concentrate on survivorship care plans, surveillance tests, respective roles of primary and specialty care, and performance measures related to survivorship care. Opportunities to expand research on cancer survivors include clinical trials, large cohort studies, cancer registries, and national surveys. Research to understand the needs of cancer survivors will provide a foundation for effective programs to meet these needs.
Lack of association between signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 gene and rheumatoid arthritis in the French and Tunisian populations
Authors: G Chabchoub, E Petit-Teixeira, A Maalej, C Pierlot, Z Bahloul, F Cornélis, H Ayadi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 ( SLAMF1 ) is a member of the CD2 immunoglobulin superfamily, which is expressed in T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.1 SLAMF1 is associated with B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis.2 The expression of SLAMF1 in peripheral blood B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was raised compared with healthy controls,3 and high expression of this molecule was observed in synovial fluid and tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, mice deficient in the SH2D1A molecule, which binds to the SLAMF1 receptor, were susceptible to experimental autoimmune diseases.4,5 Considering these biological data and the potential role of the SLAMF1 gene in regulating the immune system, we investigated the candidate gene SLAMF1 polymorphism, located on chromosome …
Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing
Authors: I. S. FOULDS, A. T. BARKER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Measurements of transcutaneous voltage have been made on seventeen normal volunteers. The results show the presence of 'skin battery' voltages comparable in size to those previously reported for amphibian and mammalian skin. No correlation was found between battery voltage and age or sex in the group studied, but consistent anatomical variations were observed. The possible role of these voltages in the natural wound healing process is discussed.
COMPARISON OF PROPOFOL AND MIDAZOLAM FOR SEDATION IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
Authors: AlanR. Aitkenhead, SheilaM. Willatts, GilbertR. Park, CharlesH. Collins, IainMca. Ledingham, MichaelL. Pepperman, P. David Coates, AndrewR. Bodenham, MarkB. Smith, PeterG.M. Wallace
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Estimated central blood volume in cirrhosis: Relationship to sympathetic nervous activity, β-adrenergic blockade and atrial natriuretic factor
Authors: Jens H. Henriksen, Flemming Bendtsen, Alexander L. Gerbes, Niels Juel Christensen, Helmer Ring-Larsen, Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

The estimated central blood volume (i.e., blood volume in the heart cavities, lungs and central arterial tree) was determined by multiplying cardiac output by circulatory mean transit time in 19 patients with cirrhosis and compared with sympathetic nervous activity and circulating level of atrial natriuretic factor. Arterial norepinephrine level, an index of overall sympathetic nervous activity (3.08 nmol/L in patients vs. 1.36 nmol/L in controls; p < 0.01) was negatively correlated (r = -0.54, p < 0.01) with estimated central blood volume (mean = 23 ml/kg in patients vs. 27 ml/kg in controls; p < 0.05). Similarly, renal venous norepinephrine level (an index of renal sympathetic tone; 4.26 nmol/L in patients vs. 1.78 nmol/L in controls; p < 0.01) was inversely correlated with estimated central blood volume (r = -0.53, n = 18, p < 0.02). No significant correlation could be established between arterial atrial natriuretic factor level (8.9 pmol/L in patients vs. 9.6 pmol/L in controls; not significant) and estimated central blood volume. Hemodynamic values were subsequently modified with oral propranolol (80 mg). During beta-adrenergic blockade, the mean estimated central blood volume was not altered significantly, except in six patients who exhibited decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (85 to 69 mm Hg; n = 6) and decreases in mean estimated central blood volume (23.2 to 20.6 ml/kg; n = 6, p < 0.05). Slight increases were observed in mean right atrial pressure (2.2 to 3.7 mm Hg; n = 14, p < 0.05); this change was positively correlated with the change in estimated central blood volume (r = 0.44, n = 14, p = 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radiologic Diagnosis in Infants and Children
Authors: Edward B. D. Neuhauser
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The author of this brief text, a well-known and highly competent pediatric radiologist, has attempted a difficult task, and in part he has succeeded. Dr. Brodeur states in his preface that the book is designed as an introductory text for medical students, interns, residents, pediatricians, general radiologists, pathologists, and physicians oriented to pediatrics. It is likely that all of these could profit by examination of the many excellent illustrations and by scanning of the brief text. Unfortunately, this brevity does not always lead to clarity, and there are a number of statements that are misleading and some that are erroneous. That "the most common metastatic tumor of the lung is leukemia" is certainly debatable. The inclusion of an illustration of the normally dense apophysis of the calcaneus as "Sever's osteochondritis" is deplorable, even though it is stated that the diagnosis was not made on radiographic appearance. Unfortunately, there are others.
Life should end as well as it starts, conference hears
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Families and services should give as much priority to preparing for a death as they do to preparing for a new baby, a conference in Edinburgh has been told.

Community based classes similar to antenatal sessions offered to new mothers could be one initiative to help remove the stigma concerning the end of life and encourage its discussion, the conference heard.

Surveys have shown that around two thirds of people are uncomfortable talking about death. Richard Smith, former editor of the BMJ , said that society was “in denial” about death, which resulted in needless pain and suffering for many people. The reluctance to talk …
Absorption Reconstruction Improves Biodistribution Assessment of Fluorescent Nanoprobes Using Hybrid Fluorescence-mediated Tomography
Authors: Felix Gremse, Benjamin Theek, Sijumon Kunjachan, Wiltrud Lederle, Alessa Pardo, Stefan Barth, Twan Lammers, Uwe Naumann, Fabian Kiessling
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

Aim: Fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT) holds potential for accelerating diagnostic and theranostic drug development.However, for proper quantitative fluorescence reconstruction, knowledge on optical scattering and absorption, which are highly heterogeneous in different (mouse) tissues, is required.We here describe methods to assess these parameters using co-registered micro Computed Tomography (µCT) data and nonlinear whole-animal absorption reconstruction, and evaluate their importance for assessment of the biodistribution and target site accumulation of fluorophore-labeled drug delivery systems.Methods: Besides phantoms with varying degrees of absorption, mice bearing A431 tumors were imaged 15 min and 48 h after i.v.injection of a fluorophore-labeled polymeric drug carrier (pHPMA-Dy750) using µCT-FMT.The outer shape of mice and a scattering map were derived using automated segmentation of the µCT data.Furthermore, a 3D absorption map was reconstructed from the trans-illumination data.We determined the absorption of five interactively segmented regions (heart, liver, kidney, muscle, tumor).Since blood is the main near-infrared absorber in vivo, the absorption was also estimated from the relative blood volume (rBV), determined by contrast-enhanced µCT.We compared the reconstructed absorption with the rBV-based values and analyzed the effect of using the absorption map on the fluorescence reconstruction.Results: Phantom experiments demonstrated that absorption reconstruction is possible and necessary for quantitative fluorescence reconstruction.In vivo, the reconstructed absorption showed high values in strongly blood-perfused organs such as the heart, liver and kidney.The absorption values correlated strongly with the rBV-based absorption values, confirming the accuracy of the absorption reconstruction.Usage of homogenous absorption instead of the reconstructed absorption map resulted in reduced values in the heart, liver and kidney, by factors of 3.5, 2.1 and 1.4, respectively.For muscle and subcutaneous tumors, which have a much lower rBV and absorption, absorption reconstruction was less important. Ivyspring