tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Technical aspects and clinical applications of measuring <i>BCR‐ABL1</i> transcripts number in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Letizia Foroni, Gareth Gerrard, Emmanuel Nna, Jamshid Sorouri Khorashad, David Stevens, Bryony Swale, Dragana Milojkovic, Alistair Reid, John Goldman, David Marin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a triphasic clinical course, the morphologic expansion of a terminally differentiated myeloid cell and the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, the hallmark of CML. The fusion gene is usually, but not always, associated with a Philadelphia chromosome, the result of a reciprocal exchange of genetic material between chromosome 22 and chromosome 9, which leads to the production of the activated BCR-ABL1 gene and oncoprotein. The breakpoint in the BCR gene occurs commonly downstream of exons e13 or e14 (M-BCR) and less frequently downstream of exons e1 and e2 (m-BCR). Less than 1% of cases carry a breakpoint downstream of exon 6 or 8 ("variant fusion genes") or exon 19 (mu-BCR). Breakpoints in the ABL1 gene cluster upstream of exon a2 (or of exon a3 in less than 5% of patients with CML). Conventional cytogenetic, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and molecular testing for the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene are key investigations for the diagnosis and monitoring of CML. Treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitors has revolutionized the management of CML with hematologic and cytogenetic response within 12-18 months observed in >85% of patients. Nevertheless, between 15 and 20% of patients may evolve to blastic phase. Measurement of low level or "minimal" residual disease using molecular tests is becoming the gold-standard approach to measure response to therapy due to its higher sensitivity compared to other routine techniques. The technical aspects and clinical applications of molecular monitoring will be the main focus of this article.
Randomised controlled trials for homoeopathy
Authors: G. Feder
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Papers p 520 

Why should you read about a trial comparing homoeopathic treatment to placebo? If you prescribe homoeopathic medicines a trial will not influence your prescribing decisions because most trials of homoeopathic medicines do not individualise treatment, the hallmark of homoeopathic practice. If they do1 it is difficult to apply the results to individual treatment decisions in practice. Moreover randomisation and blinding of participants substantially distorts the context of homoeopathic prescribing, potentially weakening its effect. If you do not prescribe homoeopathic medicines you will not use the results directly in your practice, so why take any interest in such trials? One reason could be that every year 8.5% of adults in the United Kingdom and 4% in the United States use a homoeopathic medicine.2 It is also possible to refer patients to homoeopathic specialists in the NHS or refer to general practitioners who prescribe homoeopathically within a practice or primary care trust. The number of such referrals is growing.

The study by …
Clinical Preventive Medicine
Authors: Andrew M. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Nearly everyone likes the concept of prevention, an ounce of which should be worth at least a pound of procedures. The Clintons hope prevention will reduce the cost of universal coverage, and certainly most clinicians and patients support it in theory. However, hectic outpatient practice often precludes providing adequate counseling, even when physicians have the inclination and training to do so, and the latest fat-burning potion and an Exercycle in the closet seem to claim more adherents than sensible dietary and exercise habits.<i>Clinical Preventive Medicine</i>is an ambitious and largely successful attempt to address this paradox. Matzen and Lang have assembled nearly 100 contributors to sift through the evidence on which preventive practices work and how to make them an integral part of outpatient care. They lucidly review the state of the art of preventive medicine, the fullest practice of which, they argue, comprises five dimensions: assessing risk of
P2-238: A Cheap and Affordable Combination Chemotherapy (Irinotecan and Cisplatin) for Treatment of Lung Cancer in Developing Countries - Observations from India.
Authors: Digambar Behera, Ritesh Aggarwal, Ashutosh N. Aggarwal, Dheeraj Gupta, Surinder K. Jindal, Suresh C. Sharma, Rakesh Kapoor
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
S131 Human macrophage model of biomass smoke exposure shows impaired ingestion of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: A. N. Aljurayyan, D. G. Fullerton, S. Barrett, S. B. Gordon
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Three billion people worldwide, primarily in less economically developed countries use biomass fuel (BMF) as their main source of household energy. In children, the risk of pneumonia is increased by exposure to BMF smoke by a factor of 1.8. In adults, an epidemiological association between acute pneumonia and outdoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure has been demonstrated but there are no data confirming an association between pneumonia and BMF smoke exposure. Few mechanistic studies have been performed in humans investigating the association between BMF exposure and <i>S pneumoniae</i>. This work aimed to assess the phagocytic ability of particulate matter (PM) challenged macrophages on fluorescent labelled beads and <i>S pneumoniae</i>. <h3>Methods</h3> In order to model BMF exposure, monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs), from 12 day old buffy coats, were challenged with different types and doses of PM (fine carbon black (FCB), Malawi wood and Norwegian wood). The percentage area of the macrophage cytoplasm that PM occupied (PM load) was calculated using image analysis software (Image SXM). The ability of PM challenged MDMs to phagocytose fluorescent labelled beads and <i>S pneumoniae</i> was assessed by counting the beads / bacteria associated with MDMs, using fluorescent microscopy. <h3>Results</h3> Increasing the PM dose was associated with a decrease in the percentage of cells associated with <i>S pneumoniae</i> (Abstract S131 figure 1A) and beads. The same result was observed when the average number of <i>S pneumoniae</i> (or beads) within cells was used as the outcome measure. With all three PMs used, a lower PM load was correlated with a higher capacity to phagocytose <i>S pneumoniae</i> and beads. Malawi wood and Norwegian wood impaired MDMs phagocytic ability more than FCB (Abstract S131 figure 1B). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our data demonstrate that MDMs exposed to PM have impaired ability to phagocytose beads and <i>S pneumoniae</i> and that wood smoke exposed MDMs had a greater phagocytic impairment than FCB. These observations support an association between BMF smoke exposure and pneumonia. Our model enables further work to be carried out on the dose-response of smoke exposure and pneumococcal disease as well as into the pathogenesis of increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection in BMF exposed individuals.
Improving Diabetes Care in Midwest Community Health Centers With the Health Disparities Collaborative
Authors: Marshall H. Chin, Sandy Cook, Melinda L. Drum, Lei Jin, Myriam Guillen, Catherine A. Humikowski, Julie Koppert, James F. Harrison, Susan Lippold, Cynthia T. Schaefer
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the Diabetes Health Disparities Collaborative, an initiative by the Bureau of Primary Health Care to reduce health disparities and improve the quality of diabetes care in community health centers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—One year before- after trial. Beginning in 1998, 19 Midwestern health centers undertook a diabetes quality improvement initiative based on a model including rapid Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles from the continuous quality improvement field; a Chronic Care Model emphasizing patient self-management, delivery system redesign, decision support, clinical information systems, leadership, health system organization, and community outreach; and collaborative learning sessions. We reviewed charts of 969 random adults for American Diabetes Association standards, surveyed 79 diabetes quality improvement team members, and performed qualitative interviews. RESULTS—The performance of several key processes of care assessed by chart review increased, including rates of HbA1c measurement (80–90%; adjusted odds ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.6–2.8), eye examination referral (36–47%; 1.6, 1.1–2.3), foot examination (40–64%; 2.7, 1.8–4.1), and lipid assessment (55–66%; 1.6, 1.1–2.3). Mean value of HbA1c tended to improve (8.5–8.3%; difference −0.2, 95% CI −0.4 to 0.03). Over 90% of survey respondents stated that the Diabetes Collaborative was worth the effort and was successful. Major challenges included needing more time and resources, initial difficulty developing computerized patient registries, team and staff turnover, and occasional need for more support by senior management. CONCLUSIONS—The Health Disparities Collaborative improved diabetes care in health centers in 1 year.
Dental Care and Oral Hygiene Before and After Treatment
Authors: Edward C. Hinds
Journal: JAMA (1971)

There is not one single thing in preventive medicine that equals in importance mouth hygiene and the preservation of teeth."<sup>24</sup>Proper dental care and oral hygiene is of utmost importance in a healthy mouth. In one afflicted with cancer, such care may be critical in the successful management of the disease. Whether the treatment be surgery, irradiation, or a combination of the two, dental care should play a prominent part, before, during, and after treatment. <h3>Pretreatment Phase</h3><h3>Surgery.—</h3> Initially, a careful examination and record should be made of the patient's mouth, including dentition and soft tissue. The examination should include dental x-ray films, or panoramic radiogram of jaws, in order that the extent of infection may be adequately recognized. Teeth with severe coronal destruction, severe periodontal disease, or periapical infection should be removed. In some instances, endodontics may be indicated. Dental prophylaxis, including removal of calculus deposit, restorations of
Case 27-1961
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Betty U. Kibbee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

Presentation of Case A forty-three-year-old woman entered the hospital because of dyspnea. At the age of six years the patient was admitted to another hospital because of fever and joint pains; a heart murmur was heard at the time of discharge ten weeks later. During the next eight years she experienced many episodes of joint pain and ten attacks of chorea. Fever and joint pain occurred after the patient's third pregnancy twelve years before entry. During her fourth pregnancy, five years later, there was mild hemoptysis. Seven months before entry the hemoptysis recurred, and an x-ray film of the chest . . .
Low-cholesterol diet: enhancement of effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones.
Authors: D P Maudgal, R Bird, W S Blackwood, T C Northfield
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Fifteen patients with gall stones who were taking chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) 15 mg/kg at bedtime participated in two separate experiments to investigate the effects of altering sterol intake on the cholesterol saturation index (SI) of fasting gall-bladder bile. In experiment I the 15 patients on an unrestricted diet had a SI of 0.87 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SE of mean), which fell to 0.75 +/- 0.04 after one week in hospital on a diet of 100 mg cholesterol daily. In experiment II seven of the patients were given four different dietary regimens lasting one month each in random order as outpatients. On a diet of 600 mg of cholesterol daily the mean SI was 0.72 +/- 0.05, which fell to 0.67 +/- 0.05 when the patients were put on a 100 mg cholesterol diet. The addition of plant sterols (3 g daily) to both diets raised the mean SIs to 0.80 +/- 0.05 and 0.77 +/- 0.05 respectively. The percentage CDCA in bile was unaffected by alterations in the cholesterol and plant sterol intakes. We conclude that a low-cholesterol diet but not a high intake of plant sterols enhances the effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones.
Malposition of Testis
Authors: A. W. Stocks
Journal: BMJ (1877)

paired; the opening near the inner angle of the orbit was discharging; a quantity of bare bone could be felt with a probe.March 2nd.The eye read Snellen 62 at eighteen inches and Snellen 5o at twenty feet.Lhe ophthalmoscope showed nothing to account for the impaired vision.The movement of the globe upwards was much improved.Sensation was quite restored in the parts supplied by the supraorbital nerVe.
Therapeutic Effect of a Retroviral Wild-Type p53 Expression Vector in an Orthotopic Lung Cancer Model
Authors: T. Fujiwara, D. W. Cai, R. N. Georges, T. Mukhopadhyay, E. A. Grimm, J. A. Roth
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene (also known as TP53) are common in human lung cancers. The wild-type form of p53 is dominant over the mutant; thus, restoration of wild-type p53 function in lung cancer cells may suppress their growth as tumours. Purpose : We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of direct administration of a retroviral wild-type p53 (wt-p53) expression vector (LNp53B) in an orthotopic human lung cancer model in nu/nu mice. Methods : Proliferation of H226Br cells was determined by cell counting after infection with LNp53B in vitro. Irradiated (350 CGy) female BALB/C nu/nu mice were inoculated in-tratracheally with 2 × 10 6 H226Br cells (whose p53 gene has a homozygous mutation at codon 254) and treated beginning 3 days later with an in-tratracheal instillation of LNp53B retroviral supernatant for 3 days. Results : Infection with LNp53B inhibited proliferation of H226Br cells in vitro. Thirty days after tumor cell inoculation, 62%–80% of the control mice showed macroscopic tumors of the right main stem bronchus. LNp53B suppressed H226Br tumor formation in 62%–100% of mice, and the effect was abrogated by dilution of the retroviral supernatant with inactive vector. Conclusions : Direct administration of a retroviral vector expressing wt-p53 may inhibit local growth in vivo of human lung cancer cells with abnormal p53 expression. Implications : Development of gene-replacement treatment strategies based on the type of mutations found in target cancers is warranted and may lead to the development of new adjunctive therapies and gene-specific prevention strategies for lung cancer. (J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 1458–1462, 1994)
GMC clears head of Alder Hey of professional misconduct
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The former medical director of Alder Hey Hospital, Dr John Martin, took “inappropriate and inadequate” steps when he learned that the hospital's pathologist was storing children's organs without permission, but his omissions did not add up to serious professional misconduct, the General Medical Council has decided.

Dr John Martin, medical director of the hospital until his retirement in 1997, was one of 17 doctors from the hospital referred to the GMC in the wake of the organ retention affair. After preliminary investigation, only three cases came to a full hearing of the Professional Conduct Committee. Professor Dick van Velzen, the pathologist who stored the …
Screening tests: indices of performance
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The SCOFF questionnaire was assessed as a screening tool for eating disorders in primary care. The questionnaire consists of five questions that deal with core features of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Consecutive women attendees aged 18-50 years at two general practices were invited to participate and 341 agreed. All women completed the SCOFF questionnaire and also underwent a clinical diagnostic interview for eating disorders based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition).1

Women who responded yes to two or more of the five questions on the SCOFF questionnaire were identified as “positive” and at “high risk” of eating disorders; otherwise they were identified as “negative” and at “low risk” of eating disorders. The table⇓ shows the results of the SCOFF questionnaire in relation to the clinical diagnostic interview.

View this table:

Cross-tabulation of the results of the SCOFF questionnaire against the clinical diagnosis …
PREDICTIVE UTILITY OF THE CHANGES OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 IN EARLY PHASE FOR LEFT VENTRICULAR REVERSE REMODELING AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Tetsuji Morishita, Hiroyasu Uzui, Kenichiro Arakawa, Naoki Amaya, Kenichi Kaseno, Kentaro Ishida, Yoshitomo Fukuoka, Takehiko Sato, Hiroyuki Ikeda, Etsuko Ikeda, Ako Fujii, Machiko Koike, Yusuke Sato, Kaori Hisazaki, Junya Yamaguchi, Jong-Dae Lee, Hiroshi Tada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Another time: England, 1936
Authors: P. Arnold
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Saliva as a sample matrix has been an attractive alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. However, due to potential variability in collection and processing steps, evaluating a proposed workflow amongst the local population is recommended. Here, we aim to validate the collection and treatment of human saliva as a direct specimen for RT-qPCR-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 target genes were detected in saliva specimens and remained stable for five days refrigerated or room temperature storage. The method of processing saliva specimens described in this report bypasses the need for an RNA-extraction process, thereby reducing the cost, time, and manpower required for processing samples. The developed method was tested across nine commercial kits, including the benchmark, to demonstrate its wide applicability on multiple existing workflows. Our developed method achieved 86% overall agreement rate compared to paired nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens (NPOP). With the assistance of a saliva sampling device, the collection was found to be more convenient for individuals and improved the overall agreement rate to 97%.
The American College of Physicians Honorary Fellowship Lecture: The Prospects for Transplantation in Man.
Authors: Peter Medawar
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964The American College of Physicians Honorary Fellowship Lecture: The Prospects for Transplantation in Man.Peter Medawar, M.D.Peter Medawar, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-730_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThere are now clear signs that the immunological barrier which normally prohibits the transplantation of tissues and organs between one human being and another can be circumvented or broken down. The success of kidney homografts in clinical practice, in the few cases in which they have been successful, has been due to a combination of surgical skill, attentive medical care, the judicious use of immunosuppressive agents, and great good luck—the element of luck being the accidental choice of a relatively compatible organ donor. It is of paramount importance to devise a method by which, whenever any choice is possible, the... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Peter Medawar, M.D.Affiliations: London, PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 730-730KeywordsFellowshipsHomograftsImmunosuppressivesKidneysTransplantation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of levamisole in the treatment of limited and slowly spreading vitiligo
Authors: S. Agarwal, M. Ramam, V.K. Sharma, S. Khandpur, H. Pal, R.M. Pandey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article A randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study of levamisole in the treatment of limited and slowly spreading vitiligo Get access S. Agarwal, S. Agarwal Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Psychiatry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Ramam, M. Ramam Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Psychiatry M. Ramam. E‐mail: mramam@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V.K. Sharma, V.K. Sharma Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Psychiatry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Khandpur, S. Khandpur Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Psychiatry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Pal, H. Pal Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Psychiatry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.M. Pandey R.M. Pandey Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 153, Issue 1, 1 July 2005, Pages 163–166, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06556.x Published: 01 July 2005 Article history Accepted: 22 September 2004 Published: 01 July 2005
The Right to Know about Toxic Exposures
Authors: Jay S. Himmelstein, Howard Frumkin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

PHYSICIANS and patients concerned about the health effects of toxic exposures need to know the chemical names of ambient substances in the work place and community. In the past, many industrial chemicals were identified only by trade names or codes, making identification and evaluation of hazardous substances difficult. In the early 1970s, labor, community, environmental, and public health groups began to claim a right to know the chemical names of such substances as a necessary first step in preventive efforts. After years of controversy, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed the Hazards Identification Rule1 in January 1981, . . .
Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole.
Authors: I Ahmadsyah, A Salim
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A prospective, open, non-randomised clinical trial was carried out to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin with metronidazole in the treatment of moderate tetanus among 173 patients. Patients in the metronidazole group had a significantly lower mortality rate, a shorter stay in hospital, and an improved response to treatment. These results establish the value of antimicrobial treatment in the management of tetanus and show that metronidazole is more efficacious than penicillin in this respect.
Now Read This: The SI Units Are Here
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1986)

As of July 1, 1986, in all articles appearing in<i>JAMA</i>and the nine AMA specialty journals, clinical laboratory data will be expressed in conventional units followed in parentheses by Système International (SI) units. This is the first phase of our two-year conversion to SI—the measurement system currently in use by most of the world, as discussed previously in this and other AMA journals.<sup>1-4</sup>This gradual transition was designed to allow time for learning and is in keeping with the recommendation of the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs, which was adopted by the House of Delegates as policy in December 1984: "4. Develop and implement an educational effort for all physicians to assist them in making an error-free clinical conversion to SI units."<sup>2</sup> Promoted by the American National Metric Council (ANMC) and supported by many organizations, the conversion to SI units was mandated by the House of Delegates