tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Value of Hormone Measurements in Gynaecology
Authors: S L Jeffcoate
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1982)

A burnt patient often has a problem before being burnt. Such injuries occur to the accident-prone: deprived children; the stressed or careless; epileptics, drug addicts, alcoholics, psychotics; the elderly; and those already sick. A burn is a serious injury, no matter how localized, and it affects the psychological, social, financial and often the medical status of the whole family. The manner of burning is directly related to the extent, depth and distribution of the injury. A detailed history taken as soon as possible after the injury from patient or observers will give vital clues as to the likely cause of the problem. Scalds are the commonest burn. They are often of limited extent and depth, and heal quickly with insignificant scarring. They may be extensive and deep, with all the metabolic problems particular to a major burn. The injury is usually confined to skin unless superheated steam has been inhaled when there may be a pulmonary injury. The heat of the liquid and how soon it cooled or was removed are facts which, if recorded, give guidance in the diagnosis of depth of injury. Flame burns are hot and invariably destroy the full thickness of part of the burnt area. If these burns are due to ignited clothing, the front of the body, neck and face and palms of the hands are burnt; if they are due to a burning building, hot or irritating gases may add a heat or chemical pulmonary burn. Head or internal injuries or fractures of limbs or spine, are common in those who have jumped or fallen from windows. Electrical burns at mains voltage are always 'full-thickness' burns. Damage is propagated along vessels and nerves since this plane constitutes the line of least electrical resistance. High tension electricity causes damage to skin at entry and exit sites, and extensive damage to muscle between the two points. Flash burns from explosion of inflammable gases or vapours or the discharge of electricity are always partial thickness, so long as clothing has not been ignited. Healing occurs in ten days. Contact burns are usually restricted to one surface (unless a hot press is involved), are of limited extent, but may be associated with a crush injury. Chemical burns, often the result of an assault, are usually of limited extent and confined to skin, unless the agenthas been swallowed or the patient has been accidentally immersed. Patients unconscious at the time of burning more commonly suffer deeper burns. A burn is infinitely variable and is an injury which affects all ages and complicates a variety of physical and psychological conditions. The primary effect is upon the surface of the body, but the metabolic effects of the injury and the treatment that follows it affect all systems to an amazing degree.
Incidence of Vulvar Carcinoma in Relation to Menstrual, Reproductive, and Medical Factors23
Authors: Polly A. Newcomb, Noel S. Weiss, Janet R. Daling
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

Fifty-seven female residents of King and Pierce Counties (Washington State) with a new diagnosis of in situ or invasive vulvar carcinoma during 1976-79 were interviewed concerning their menstrual, reproductive, and medical histories. A random sample of women residing in the same area was interviewed for comparison. A greater proportion of women with in situ vulvar tumors than control subjects were of low educational level, reported a history of oral contraceptive use, experienced early age at first birth, late age at menopause, and were current or former cigarette smokers. Menstrual and reproductive factors were similar between women with invasive vulvar cancer and controls, but a greater proportion of cases reported a history of diabetes and of cigarette smoking. The factors found in this study to be associated with in situ vulvar carcinoma are similar to those observed among women with cervical cancer. In addition, since the vulva and cervix both are derived from cloacal tissue, and neoplasms of the two sites occur together more often than would be expected by chance, in situ vulvar and cervical tumors may share some common etiologies.
Prevalence of vancomycin resistant entrococci and their phenotypes in intensive care unite patients
Authors: Mohammadali Saba, Marzieh Jabbari, Rezvan Moniri, Azam Ziluchian Moghadam, Ahmad Khorshidi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Entrococci have progress to resistant to vancomycin in intensive care uints.We decided to determine the prevalence of these resistant entrococci and their phenotypes.  Material&Methods:This is a cross section study to detect vancomycin resistant entrococci in intensive care units in a local hospital.A rectal swap used to take the bacterial sample.  Results:Entrococci were detected in 135 out of 156 patients(86.5%).58 out of 135 entrococci sample were vancomycin resistant(42.9%).Of 58 sample 46(79.3%),10(17.2%) and 2(3.5%) ones had vancomycin A,B,C phenotype respectively.55 patients(94.8%) received vancomycin.There was a positive corelation between hospital days of admission and resistant status but it was not observed any association between corticosteroid use or diabetis melitus and resistancy.  Conclusion:It seems vancomycin resistancy is prevalent among entrococci recovered from patients who admitted to intensive care units.A resistant entrococci may be detected when a patient has prolonged intensive care unit stay.
Targeting Acidity in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Detects pH-Low Insertion Peptide Probes <i>In Vivo</i>
Authors: Charles W. Kimbrough, Anil Khanal, Matthew Zeiderman, Bigya R. Khanal, Neal C. Burton, Kelly M. McMasters, Selwyn M. Vickers, William E. Grizzle, Lacey R. McNally
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIP) can serve as a targeting moiety that enables pH-sensitive probes to detect solid tumors. Using these probes in conjunction with multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is a promising approach to improve imaging for pancreatic cancer.A pH-sensitive pHLIP (V7) was conjugated to 750 NIR fluorescent dye and evaluated as a targeted probe for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pH-insensitive K7 pHLIP served as an untargeted control. Probe binding was assessed in vitro at pH 7.4, 6.8, and 6.6 using human pancreatic cell lines S2VP10 and S2013. Using MSOT, semiquantitative probe accumulation was then assessed in vivo with a murine orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma model.In vitro, the V7-750 probe demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence at pH 6.6 compared with pH 7.4 (S2VP10, P = 0.0119; S2013, P = 0.0160), whereas no difference was observed with the K7-750 control (S2VP10, P = 0.8783; S2013, P = 0.921). In the in vivo S2VP10 model, V7-750 probe resulted in 782.5 MSOT a.u. signal compared with 5.3 MSOT a.u. in K7-750 control in tumor (P = 0.0001). Similarly, V7-750 probe signal was 578.3 MSOT a.u. in the S2013 model compared with K7-750 signal at 5.1 MSOT a.u. (P = 0.0005). There was minimal off-target accumulation of the V7-750 probe within the liver or kidney, and probe distribution was confirmed with ex vivo imaging.Compared with pH-insensitive controls, V7-750 pH-sensitive probe specifically targets pancreatic adenocarcinoma and has minimal off-target accumulation. The noninvasive detection of pH-targeted probes by means of MSOT represents a promising modality to improve the detection and monitoring of pancreatic cancer.
Eradication of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from the respiratory tract with inhaled colistin methanesulfonate: a matched case-control study
Authors: S.-C. Kuo, Y.-T. Lee, S.-P. Yang, C.-P. Chen, T.-L. Chen, S.-L. Hsieh, L.-K. Siu, C.-P. Fung
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.
Authors: C Sturmbauer, E Verheyen, A Meyer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1994)

Lake Tanganyika harbors the oldest, morphologically and behaviorally most diverse flock of cichlid species. While the cichlids in Lakes Malawi and Victoria breed their eggs exclusively by buccal incubation (termed "mouthbrooding"), the Tanganyikan cichlid fauna comprise mouthbrooding and substrate-spawning lineages (fish spawn on rocks, and never orally incubate eggs or wrigglers). The substrate-spawning tribe Lamprologini appears to occupy a key position that might allow one to elucidate the origin of the Tanganyika flock, because five riverine (therefore nonendemic) species from the Zaire River system have been assigned to this tribe, in addition to the lake's endemic species, which make up almost 50% of all 171 species known from this lake (Poll 1986). From 16 species (18 individuals) of the tribe Lamprologini, a 402-bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced, and, from 25 lamprologine species (35 individuals), sequences from the mitochondrial control region were obtained. To place the Lamprologini into a larger phylogenetic framework, orthologous sequences were obtained from eight nonlamprologine Tanganyikan cichlid species (13 individuals). The Lamprologini are monophyletic, and a clade of six Tanganyikan lineages of mouthbrooders, representing five tribes (Poll 1986), appears to be their sister group. Comparisons of sequence divergences of the control region indicate that the Lamprologini may be older than the endemic Tanganyikan tribe Ectodini, and short basal branches might suggest a rapid formation of lineages at an early stage of the Tanganyika radiation. It is interesting that three analyzed riverine members of the tribe form a monophyletic group; however, they are not the most ancestral branch of the Lamprologini. This might indicate that they are derived from an endemic lamprologine ancestor that left Lake Tanganyika by entering the Zaire River system. These riverine species may not have seeded the Tanganyikan radiation, as currently thought, but may have recently recolonized the river after a long period of isolation, as soon as the lake was connected to the Zaire River again about 2 Mya. Neolamprologus moorii, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, appears to represent the most basal clade of the Lamprologini. Complex breeding behavior, involving the usage of gastropod shells and associated with dwarfism, is likely to have evolved in parallel in several lineages among the Lamprologini. The tribe Lamprologini may be in need of revision, since several genera appear to be polyphyletic.
Crisis in the air
Authors: A. McIndoe
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Reducing error, improving safety Defensive culture of British medicine needs to changeEditor-It was brave to devote a whole issue to medical error 1 -how to recognise, how to investigate, how to analyse, and how to change systems to improve patient safety. 1 However, we regret that the edition was dominated by American studies, ignoring the British contribution of confidential inquiries and analyses of closed claims, which have significantly improved safety in some well defined areas of medical practice.In the United States the insurance industry provided the impetus for the study of adverse events, 2 and in Australia the government funded a similar study 3 because it was considering "no fault" compensation. 3 In the United Kingdom, for 25 years the Department of Health has financed all successful claims against NHS hospitals and their staff.As a result the need to take a British study beyond the pilot phase may not be supported. 4 Be that as it may, an important issue was not addressed in the BMJ.Behind each adverse event there is a patient, a doctor, and a doctor-patient relationship.A patient must be told when things have gone wrong.Every effort must be made to minimise the after effects, including financial compensation where necessary.Most patients wish to know in detail what happened and what is being done to reduce the possibility of a recurrence.And members of healthcare teams need mechanisms to come to terms with their fallibility.It is to be hoped that clinical governance will make a difference.Meanwhile a change in the ethos of medical practice is required, and it is to this end that Action for Victims of Medical Accidents has set up a group for doctors.Action for Victims of Medical Accidents is often regarded as dealing solely with compensation and litigation, but its raison d'être has always been to improve patient care.In February this year the doctors' group met informally to discuss how best to translate into practice the General Medical Council's requirements of "good medical practice when things go wrong." 5 We are determined to take our discussion forward and would welcome input from others who see the need to change the defensive and exclusive culture of British medicine.
Phase I trial of docetaxel administered by weekly infusion in patients with advanced refractory cancer.
Authors: J D Hainsworth, H A Burris, J B Erland, M Thomas, F A Greco
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1998)

PURPOSE Docetaxel is a highly active antineoplastic agent; however, grade IV leukopenia occurs in the large majority of patients treated with a dose of 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Recent experience with weekly paclitaxel has demonstrated a bone marrow-sparing effect when a weekly administration schedule is used. We investigated a weekly schedule of docetaxel in an attempt to alter the toxicity profile and improve the therapeutic index. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients with advanced, refractory malignancy entered this phase I trial between October 1996 and June 1997. Docetaxel was administered weekly for 6 consecutive weeks, followed by 2 weeks without treatment. Sequential cohorts of patients were treated at the following dose levels: 20, 25, 30, 36, 43, and 52 mg/m2. Patients were reevaluated after one course (8 weeks); patients with objective response or stable disease continued treatment for a maximum of four courses or until disease progression. RESULTS Thirty-five patients completed at least one course of therapy. Myelosuppression was not a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) at any of the doses tested. Only five episodes of grade III leukopenia occurred (14% of patients, 2% of doses), and no grade IV leukopenia was produced. No grade III or IV thrombocytopenia or anemia was observed. Grade III fatigue and asthenia were observed in all three patients treated at 52 mg/m2/wk and in two of 10 at 43 mg/m2/wk. Other grade III toxicity included acral erythema (n = 1), neuropathy (n = 1), peripheral edema (n = 1), and diarrhea (n = 1). The DLTs of this docetaxel schedule are fatigue and asthenia. Although the maximum-tolerated dose by definition of this study was 43 mg/m2/wk, we selected 36 mg/m2/wk for ongoing phase II studies. CONCLUSION The toxicity profile of docetaxel is markedly altered when the drug is administered by a weekly schedule. Myelosuppression is mild and uncommon. Fatigue and asthenia are the DLTs; other nonhematologic toxicities, which included peripheral edema and neuropathy, are uncommon, and the arthralgia/myalgia syndrome was not observed. Weekly administration of docetaxel may provide a better tolerated, efficacious use of this drug; further investigation of weekly docetaxel as a single agent and in combination regimens is warranted.
Association Between Mutation Clearance After Induction Therapy and Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Jeffery M. Klco, Christopher A. Miller, Malachi Griffith, Allegra Petti, David H. Spencer, Shamika Ketkar-Kulkarni, Lukas D. Wartman, Matthew Christopher, Tamara L. Lamprecht, Nicole M. Helton, Eric J. Duncavage, Jacqueline E. Payton, Jack Baty, Sharon E. Heath, Obi L. Griffith, Dong Shen, Jasreet Hundal, Gue Su Chang, Robert Fulton, Michelle O'Laughlin, Catrina Fronick, Vincent Magrini, Ryan T. Demeter, David E. Larson, Shashikant Kulkarni, Bradley A. Ozenberger, John S. Welch, Matthew J. Walter, Timothy A. Graubert, Peter Westervelt, Jerald P. Radich, Daniel C. Link, Elaine R. Mardis, John F. DiPersio, Richard K. Wilson, Timothy J. Ley
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Tests that predict outcomes for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are imprecise, especially for those with intermediate risk AML.To determine whether genomic approaches can provide novel prognostic information for adult patients with de novo AML.Whole-genome or exome sequencing was performed on samples obtained at disease presentation from 71 patients with AML (mean age, 50.8 years) treated with standard induction chemotherapy at a single site starting in March 2002, with follow-up through January 2015. In addition, deep digital sequencing was performed on paired diagnosis and remission samples from 50 patients (including 32 with intermediate-risk AML), approximately 30 days after successful induction therapy. Twenty-five of the 50 were from the cohort of 71 patients, and 25 were new, additional cases.Whole-genome or exome sequencing and targeted deep sequencing. Risk of identification based on genetic data.Mutation patterns (including clearance of leukemia-associated variants after chemotherapy) and their association with event-free survival and overall survival.Analysis of comprehensive genomic data from the 71 patients did not improve outcome assessment over current standard-of-care metrics. In an analysis of 50 patients with both presentation and documented remission samples, 24 (48%) had persistent leukemia-associated mutations in at least 5% of bone marrow cells at remission. The 24 with persistent mutations had significantly reduced event-free and overall survival vs the 26 who cleared all mutations. Patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk profiles had similar findings. [table: see text].The detection of persistent leukemia-associated mutations in at least 5% of bone marrow cells in day 30 remission samples was associated with a significantly increased risk of relapse, and reduced overall survival. These data suggest that this genomic approach may improve risk stratification for patients with AML.
Home-based evaluation in patients with high risk for moderate to severe OSA
Authors: Mario Francesco Damiani, Pierluigi Carratu, Valentina Anna Ventura, Ersilia Tedeschi, Annamaria Milano, Gabriella Gubitosa, Vito Antonio Falcone, Vitaliano Nicola Quaranta, Riccardo Drigo, Onofrio Resta
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by recurrent obstruction of the upper airways during sleep. The high prevalence of this disease led to propose new strategies based on the home evaluation and management of patients. The aim of this study was to compare unattended home-based protocol with attended in-laboratory analysis, in a sample of patients with high risk for moderate to severe OSA.  We enrolled 131 patients, who were randomly divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=66) was diagnosed and titrated at home; group 2 (n=65) was analyzed in the sleep lab of our hospital. Diagnostic evaluations were carried out with portable monitoring at home, and with polysomnography in the sleep lab. Titration was performed with the same autoCPAP device in both groups.  At the end of the study, 13 (19%) subjects had dropped out in the group 1, and 9 (14%) in the group 2 (p= not significant). There were no significant differences among groups in both basal and with-CPAP values of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and total sleep time with oxyhemoglobin saturation below 90% (TST90). In the home group, therapeutic pressure values reached at the end of each unattended home titration night were similar.  Home diagnosis and titration approach should be considered in a subset of patients with OSA. A single unattended titration night is sufficient to determine the therapeutic pressure.
Severity of illness scoring systems in patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: implications for the intensive care unit care
Authors: C. Feldman, S. Alanee, V.L. Yu, G.A. Richards, A. Ortqvist, J. Rello, C.C. C. Chiou, M.B. F. Chedid, M.M. Wagener, K.P. Klugman
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2009)
Selection of Chromosomal Variant in Amethopterin-Resistant Sublines of Leukemia L1210 With Increased Levels of Dihydrofolate Reductase&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: June L. Biedler, Anthony W. Schrecker, Dorris J. Hutchison
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1963)

Detailed karyotype analyses were performed with an ascites line (V) of mouse Leukemia L1210 and 2 sublines, L1210/A/MP/FU (XVI2 and XVI4), selected by serial passage through mice treated simultaneously with amethopterin, 6-mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil. Both sublines were resistant to these drugs singly and in combination. A long subtelocentric marker chromosome was present in the cells of both the parental line (V) and of early transplant generations of the 2 resistant sublines. Cells possessing the marker chromosome disappeared from 2 branches of subline XVI2 after about 60 transfer generations, but were still present in subline XVI4 after 74 generations. In a parallel study, cells of the sublines containing the marker chromosome had, in spite of their resistance to amethopterin, low levels of dihydrofolate reductase activity characteristic of the sensitive parental line, whereas the activity was greatly increased in cells lacking the marker. Thus, in these sublines resistant to amethopterin, increased dihydrofolate reductase activity was apparently associated with absence of the subtelocentric chromosome rather than with amethopterin resistance per se. No chromosomal differences could be detected between another strain of Leukemia L1210, carried in another laboratory and not possessing a subtelocentric chromosome, and a derived subline resistant to amethopterin and dichloroamethopterin. Karyotype analyses further indicated that the variant cells lacking the subtelocentric chromosome most likely were not derived directly from the predominating cells that possessed the marker chromosome. Probably, the variant cell was infrequent in the parental population, and this frequency decreased over a period of years. Increased dihydrofolate reductase activity of the variant would favor its selection by passage in amethopterintreated animals.
Microorganisms direct identification from blood culture by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: L. Ferreira, F. Sánchez-Juanes, I. Porras-Guerra, M.I. García-García, J.E. García-Sánchez, J.M. González-Buitrago, J.L. Muñoz-Bellido
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2010)
Free Amino Acid Pools of Rodent Mammary Tumors&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: M J Pine, U Kim, C Ip
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

Intracellular pools of free amino acids were compared individually in mammary tumors of Wistar Furth and Sprague-Dawley rats and C3H and DBA/2 mice. Of 11 transplantable and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced adenocarcinomas of the rat, all nonmetastasizing tumors could be distinguished from metastasizing tumors by the accumulation of high glutamine pools and significant-to-high cystathionine pools. In primary mammary tumors of C3H mice and transplanted mammary tumors of DBA/2 mice, intracellular free arginine was frequently below that of the circulating plasma level and approached that in the arginine-destroying organ, the liver. Arginine pool depletion was also noted in normal mammary tissue, particularly in the actively lactating mouse. Individual rat or mouse mammary tumors also contained high levels of taurine, beta-alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which, like cystathionine, are distinctive for or are enriched in neural tissue. None of these pool enrichments were characteristic of normal rat or mouse mammary tissue. Free hydroxyproline was low in primary induced rat mammary tumors and higher in transplanted mammary tumors and in normal lactating mammary glands, particularly in the mouse. In contrast, the hydroxyproline residues of collagen, taken as an index of mesenchymal cell contribution, were very low in all tumors.