tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estrogen modulates responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.
Authors: J K Williams, M R Adams, H S Klopfenstein
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Although evidence indicates that estrogen replacement therapy reduces risk of coronary heart disease, the mechanism remains unknown. Among the possibilities are that estrogen replacement therapy may 1) inhibit growth of atherosclerotic plaque and 2) decrease the prevalence of transient myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction by modulating vasomotion in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Using quantitative coronary angiography, we determined vasomotor responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys; six were given physiological estrogen "replacement" by subcutaneous implants, and six were not. Intracoronary infusion of the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (1 X 10(-6) M) caused paradoxical constriction of coronary arteries (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm, p less than 0.05) in the estrogen-deficient monkeys. However, acetylcholine tended to minimally dilate the left circumflex coronary artery in estrogen-treated monkeys (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.2 mm, p greater than 0.2). Although estrogen replacement therapy reduced plaque extent in coronary arteries, altered vasomotion was not related to plaque extent. We conclude that estrogen modulates vasomotion of atherosclerotic coronary arteries of monkeys and speculate that estrogen-modulated constrictor responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries may reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
Ex Vivo Expansion of Retrovirally Transduced Primate CD34+ Cells Results in Overrepresentation of Clones With MDS1/EVI1 Insertion Sites in the Myeloid Lineage After Transplantation
Authors: Stephanie Sellers, Theotonius J Gomes, Andre Larochelle, Rebecca Lopez, Rima Adler, Allen Krouse, Robert E Donahue, Richard W Childs, Cynthia E Dunbar
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Activation of proto-oncogenes by retroviral insertion is an important issue delaying clinical development of gene therapy. We have reported the nonrandom persistence of hematopoietic clones with vector insertions within the MDS1/EVI1 locus following transplantation of rhesus macaques. We now ask whether prolonged culture of transduced CD34+ cells before transplantation selects for clones with insertions in the MDS1/EVI11 or other proto-oncogene loci. CD34+ cells were transduced with standard retroviral vectors for 4 days and then continued in culture for an additional 6 days before transplantation. A 15% of insertions identified in granulocytes 6 months post-transplant were in MDS1/EVI11, significantly increased compared to the frequency in animals transplanted with cells immediately following transduction. MDS1/EVI1 clones became more dominant over time post-transplantation in one animal that was followed long term, accompanied by an increased overall copy number of vector-containing granulocytes, with one MDS1/EVI1 clone eventually accounting for 100% of transduced granulocytes and marrow colony-forming unit (CFU). This vector insertion increased the expression of Evi1 mRNA. There was no overrepresentation of MDS1/EVI1 insertions contributing to lymphoid lineages. Strategies involving prolonged ex vivo expansion of transduced cells may increase the risk of genotoxicity. Activation of proto-oncogenes by retroviral insertion is an important issue delaying clinical development of gene therapy. We have reported the nonrandom persistence of hematopoietic clones with vector insertions within the MDS1/EVI1 locus following transplantation of rhesus macaques. We now ask whether prolonged culture of transduced CD34+ cells before transplantation selects for clones with insertions in the MDS1/EVI11 or other proto-oncogene loci. CD34+ cells were transduced with standard retroviral vectors for 4 days and then continued in culture for an additional 6 days before transplantation. A 15% of insertions identified in granulocytes 6 months post-transplant were in MDS1/EVI11, significantly increased compared to the frequency in animals transplanted with cells immediately following transduction. MDS1/EVI1 clones became more dominant over time post-transplantation in one animal that was followed long term, accompanied by an increased overall copy number of vector-containing granulocytes, with one MDS1/EVI1 clone eventually accounting for 100% of transduced granulocytes and marrow colony-forming unit (CFU). This vector insertion increased the expression of Evi1 mRNA. There was no overrepresentation of MDS1/EVI1 insertions contributing to lymphoid lineages. Strategies involving prolonged ex vivo expansion of transduced cells may increase the risk of genotoxicity.
The Role of the Complexed-to-Total Prostate-Specific Antigen Ratio in Predicting the Final Pathological Stage of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Manuel Martı́nez, Silvia Navarro, Pilar Medina, Humberto Villavicencio, Luis Rioja, Eduardo Solsona, Amparo Estellés, Justo Aznar, J.Fernando Jiménez-Cruz, Francisco España
Journal: European Urology (2003)
PASTEURELLA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS AS A CAUSE OF ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
Authors: T. W. TURNER, D. S. WILKINSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis is a widely distributed coccobacillary infection of birds and animals. Infections in man may present as mesenteric adenitis, lymphadenopathy, upper respiratory infections or pharyngitis: a septicaemic form occurs. Erythema nodosum has been reported, particularly in France, as a complication of such infections in children and young adult females. In an epidemiological survey of erythema nodosum in one region of England, two cases of erythema nodosum were found in children in which evidence of infection by P. pseudotuberculosis was obtained by agglutination and intradermal antigen tests. The diagnostic criteria are examined. A series of intradermal antigen tests and agglutination titres carried out on other patients with erythema nodosum and controls does not suggest that this infection is common in the area studied or is a frequent cause of erythema nodosum. But it is one that may easily be overlooked.
Heart Transplantation
Authors: Jack G. Copeland
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This article describes four years' experience with heart transplantation using conventional immunosuppression. Twenty of 32 patients are alive. The one-year survival rates were 75% (1979), 67% (1980), and 75% (1981). Actuarial survival rates for operative survivors were 70% at one year, 60% at two years, and 51% at three years. Patients in the 50- to 55-year age group have survived as well as younger recipients. Rejection resulted in six deaths, infection in three, donor heart failure in two, and multiple organ failure in one. There were 1.5 acute rejections per patient and one infection per patient in the first three posttransplant months. Postoperative hospital stay averaged 62 days and cost a total of $58,351.
Moral Disagreements During Residency Training
Authors: Peter McL. Black
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Moral disagreements with the attending physician are not often discussed in residency training, possibly because they are difficult to manage. All of us have probably been part of such disagreements, however, and may remember how vitiating they were for everyone involved. In this issue ofThe Journal, Winkenwerder<sup>1</sup>describes with eloquence and concern one such disagreement and its management. It is instructive to review the situation presented in this article. The attending physician followed the guidelines currently accepted for making decisions for incapacitated patients; he asked the family to be the surrogate decision maker and used the patient's best interests as the criterion for decision making. Moreover, the decision was to affirm life, a decision legally required by some courts unless prior court approval has been obtained.<sup>3</sup>Despite this, the resident was left with "a conscience that was disturbed." How might Winkenwerder's conscience have been assuaged? He suggests
New definitions of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase conferring worldwide emerging antibiotic resistance
Authors: Jung Hun Lee, Il Kwon Bae, Sang Hee Lee
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2010)

Although there is no consensus of the precise definition of ESBL, three kinds of ESBL definitions have been proposed. First, the classical definition includes variants derived from TEM-1, TEM-2, or SHV-1; K1 (KOXY) of Klebsiella oxytoca. Second, the broadened definition has stretched the classical definition of ESBL to include: (1) β-lactamases (CTX-M-ESBLs, GES-ESBLs, and VEB-ESBLs), with spectra similar to those of TEM and SHV variants (designated as TEM- and SHV-ESBLs, respectively) but derived from other sources; (2) TEM and SHV variants with borderline ESBL activity; e.g., TEM-12; and (3) various β-lactamases conferring wider resistance than their parent types but not meeting the definition for group 2be; e.g., OXA-types (OXA-ESBLs) and mutant AmpC-types (AmpC-ESBLs), with increased activity against oxyimino-cephalosporins and with resistance to clavulanic acid. Third, the all-inclusive definition includes: (1) ESBL(A) (named for class A ESBLs); (2) ESBL(M) (miscellaneous ESBLs), which has been subdivided into ESBL(M-C) (class C; plasmid-mediated AmpC) and ESBL(M-D) (class D); and (3) ESBL(CARBA) (ESBLs with hydrolytic activity against carbapenems), which has been subdivided into ESBL(CARBA-A) (class A carbapenemases), ESBL(CARBA-B) (class B carbapenemases), and ESBL(CARBA-D) (class D carbapenemases). The consensus view about the ESBL definition is that the classical ESBL definition must be expanded to class A non-TEM- and non-SHV-ESBLs (CTX-M-, GES-, VEB-ESBLs, etc.). However, these three definitions evoke rational debate on the question "Which would be included in the category of ESBLs among AmpC-ESBLs, OXA-ESBLs, and/or carbapenemases?" Therefore, there is a great need for consensus in the precise definition of ESBL.
Abstract 5594: Immunotherapy of metastastic renal cell carcinoma reveals a critical role for nitric oxide expression in the control of lung metastases but not primary tumors
Authors: Jonathan M. Weiss, Lisa Ridnour, Perwez Hussein, Peijun He, Timothy C. Back, Tony Scarzello, Anna E. Maciag, Larry Keefer, William J. Murphy, Curtis C. Harris, David A. Wink, Robert H. Wiltrout
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Using an orthotopic mouse model of renal cell carcinoma, we showed previously that IL-2/αCD40 combination immunotherapy resulted in synergistic anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the use of either IL-2 or αCD40 as single agents mediated only partial, transient anti-tumor effects. We now show that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with IL-2/αCD40, but not either IL-2 or αCD40 alone, induces significant nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression within the tumor microenvironment through an interferon gamma-dependent pathway. In saline-control treated mice (low NO levels), NO inhibition reduced lung metastases by itself. However, in the context of immunotherapy (high NO levels), NOS2 inhibition completely abrogated the ability of IL-2/αCD40 treatment to reduce lung metastases but had no effect on the ability of IL-2/αCD40 to reduce primary kidney tumor burden. We further show that IL-2/αCD40 induces the NO-dependent decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity, concomitant with an increase in the expression of tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 within the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the treatment of tumor-bearing mice with the NO donor, JS-K significantly reduced lung metastases but had no effect on primary tumor size. These data distinguish the primary anti-tumor effects of IL-2/αCD40 immunotherapy, which are independent of NO expression, from the important ability of IL-2/αCD40 to inhibit lung metastases through the NO-dependent regulation of MMP and TIMP functions. Furthermore, the reduced MMP9 activity may be indicative of M1 polarized macrophages within the tumor microenvironment after IL-2/αCD40 treatment. Our data demonstrate the mechanistic basis for the IL-2/αCD40-mediated control of lung metastases and indicate that the context-dependent application of NO-inducing agents may hold considerable promise for the treatment of metastastic disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5594.
Intérêt des prothèses expansives couvertes retirables dans le traitement des sténoses anastomotiques oeso-gastriques cervicales
Authors: P Bauret, S Dahmouni, GP Pageaux, D Larrey
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Les sténoses anastomotiques œso-gastriques cervicales bénignes représentent une complication grave et de traitement le plus souvent difficile des œsophagectomies. Le but de ce travail a été d'évaluer l'apport des prothèses expansives couvertes retirables dans cette indication précise.
Cholesterol-Embolism: Diagnosis by Endoscopy
Authors: A. L. Zanen, A. P. Rietveld, H. S. L. M. Tjen
Journal: Endoscopy (1994)

A case report is presented, concerning a 68-year-old woman, with gastro-intestinal complaints, six weeks after an aortic arteriography. On gastroscopy a duodenal ulcer was found and multiple purple discolourations. Biopsies show that these discolourations were caused by cholesterol-emboli. As the patient's complaints resided quickly after treatment for duodenal ulcer, the cholesterol-emboli can be seen as incidental findings. The gastroscopical biopsies were an important clue to the diagnosis of the cause of the rapid progressive renal failure in this patient.
Crime Labs or the Street for Drug Information?
Authors: B. Stein
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article about the value of obtaining information for physicians regarding what drugs are on the illicit market emphasizes speed.<sup>1</sup>Another important issue is accuracy. "Street researchers" may report correctly what they have heard, but the question is: Of what value is hearsay from the street regarding the identity of drugs sold and used there? The answer is: not much. Data from the Wisconsin Crime Laboratory collected in 1970 and 1971 show that street drugs often are<i>not</i>whatusers/sellers believe them to be (Table 1). While street users talked about strychnine in marihuana, synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol, psilocybin, and mescaline,<i>none</i>of these was found. The four cases of mescaline were all natural peyote buttons (which contain mescaline). Further evidence that street talk regarding the identity of drugs on the street is not a reliable indicator of what actually is there is in the list of items
1132 Serum transaminase elevations alone lack specificity for detecting rare serious liver disease
Authors: J SENIOR, R TIPPING
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

This chapter discusses the cellular machinery necessary for cytochrome P450 (CYP)1-3 gene induction is functional in human hepatocytes in long-term primary cultures (LTPC). First, thyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-driven gene, appears to be expressed constitutively in these cultures, suggesting a constitutive expression of GR. As this receptor controls the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) expression, it is not surprising that these two nuclear receptors are significantly expressed and functional, and this is finally consistent with CYP2B-2C and CYP3A gene induction. The constitutive expression of CYP2C9, a primary glucocorticoid responsive gene, is consistent with the constitutive expression of GR. LTPC provides an invaluable means to investigate the inducible expression and functional activity of human CYPs in their natural cellular environment. Indeed, it is remarkable that the protein and mRNA levels, as well as the enzyme activity of human CYP genes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, are maintained for at least 1 month in these cultures. However, further medium modifications are currently being tested to increase the expression of other CYP forms, including CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1.
BLUE SCLEROTICS AND BRITTLE BONES, WITH MACULAR ATROPHY OF THE SKIN AND ZONULAR CATARACT
Authors: O. Blegvad, H. Haxthausen
Journal: BMJ (1921)

WHEN tlle sclerotics are abnormally thin, as in buph- thlalmus, and even locally after scleritis, the white part of thle eye assumes a bluish colour, because the dark uvea shows through.But a bluish colour of the whole sclera may be congenital, and is most often found iu connexion witlh bones so slender and fragile thiat fractures are occa- sioned by the sliglhtest cause-as, for example, slight blows or fall from a small height.Th'e description of the disease "blue selerae and tendency to fracture " was published for tlle first time by EddowesI in 1900 in a short report in the BRITISH MEDICIAL JOURNAL, whlicl, however, gives an almost complete de- scription of thie disease.Eddowes saw the disease in a fatlher and hiis dauiglhter, and he is of the opinion that the blue selerae, as well as the tendency to fracture, are due to an inherited defective structure o. the fibrous tissue of tlle body.In 1908 Peters-describes a family of four generations, of the 11 members of wllich 10 had blue sclerae, and he establishes the fact tllat the disease is cougenital and lhereditary.In a subsequent report Peters.3mentionls that fractures, too, often occurred in this family.Since then several pedigrees have been published of families in which blue selerae and the tendency to fracture were found to be inlherited.In this waV Stephenson' mentions, in 1910, four generations, and Harman a fifth generation of a family, of the 55 members of which 31 had blue sclerae.Burrows6 found in 1911, in a family of 24, 13 affected with blue sclerae and 9 witlh the tendency to fracture; Adair Dighton7 found among 14 persons 9 with blue selerme; Cockayne8 6 cases in a family of 17 members.-Van der Hoeve and de Kleyn9 report two pedigrees in 1918; in oue, 10 persons out of the 22 members of the family have blue selerae, as have, in the other, all the 6 mn.embers of the family, wlhile 10 and 5 respectively have tthe tendenicy to fracture.Finally, Freytag °0 has recently nentioned a fam-ily of 18 members, 11 of which hlad blue sclerae.In sumnming up all these cases it will be seen that .among156 persons, 76-that is, about one-half-had blue scilerae; and among 52 persons, whosebones were examined in addition to -the aynptoms of the eyes, 24-also about o;ie-half--had tlle tendency to fracture.If we look at the publislhed pedigrees, for instance, at ours, the co.nditions of lieredity seem to be of suelh a nature that tlle whole matter seems to 'be in accordance with thle view adopted by CGroenow,i! that tlle anomaly is inherited as a dominating quality according to Mendel's thieory.
Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
Authors: Robert D. Wilber
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The diagnosis of liver disease depends primarily on an adequate history and a physical examination. These should indicate the correct diagnosis in two thirds of the cases; the addition of liverfunction tests assists in the differentiation of hepatic disease. However, there remains a group of patients in whom a precise diagnosis is not made by means of history, physical examination, or so-called liver-function tests. In these, morphologic examination of hepatic tissue may confirm a clinical diagnosis or change a clinical impression, although liver biopsy can also be disappointing as a diagnostic test.  Percutaneous hepatic biopsy has gained wide acceptance since its reintroduction by Iverson and Roholm in 1939. 1 With the careful selection of patients and the critical use of the procedure, it is simple, safe, and reasonably accurate.  When liver biopsy is indicated and no contraindications exist, the nature of the procedure should be carefully explained to the patient,
Novel NR2E3 Mutations (R104Q, R334G) Associated with a Mild Form of Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome Demonstrate Compound Heterozygosity
Authors: Takaaki Hayashi, Tamaki Gekka, Satoshi Goto-Omoto, Tomokazu Takeuchi, Akiko Kubo, Kenji Kitahara
Journal: Ophthalmology (2005)
Intraoperative Pachymetric Measurements during Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking with Riboflavin and Ultraviolet A Irradiation
Authors: George D. Kymionis, George A. Kounis, Dimitra M. Portaliou, Michael A. Grentzelos, Alexandra E. Karavitaki, Efekan Coskunseven, Mirko R. Jankov, Ioannis G. Pallikaris
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
Bile duct cancers: What can EUS offer? Intraductal US, 3D-IDUS? FNA - is it possible?
Authors: K. Inui, H. Miyoshi, J. Yoshino
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

An international workshop on the clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound in gastroenterology in conjunction with the 12th international symposium on endoscopic ultrasonography, held in Monaco in 2000. In the workshop, new indications for EUS in the biliary tract were discussed [1]. The major application of EUS in biliary tract cancers concerns tumor staging. Accurate diagnosis of cancer extension is necessary for adequate surgical procedures. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is a reliable method that can be used for more detailed evaluation of bile duct cancer. We reported the usefulness of three-dimensional intraductal ultrasonography (3D-IDUS) for comprehensive evaluation of extension of biliary tract tumors [2]. Although EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) is performed usually in pancreatic tumors, it is not standardized in biliary tract tumors. In this report, we reviewed the usefulness of EUS, IDUS, 3D-IDUS and EUS-FNA for diagnosis and treatment of bile duct cancers.
Prognosis in obesity: Obstacles must be removed to prevent obesity through increased physical activity
Authors: Erik Hemmingsson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Prognosis in obesity Older people should not be misinformed about being overweightEditor-With reference to the editorial by Lean on prognosis in obesity, 1 advising apparently overweight older people to lose weight may do more harm than good.Evidence suggests that the risks of being "overweight" decrease with increasing age.On the basis of mortality, the ideal body mass index (BMI) is higher in older than young adults, with an optimum BMI for people older than 65 in the young adult "overweight" range of 27-30 kg/m 2 . 2 In a systematic review, Heiat et al concluded that the relation between BMI and mortality in people older than 65 is a flat bottomed, Ushaped curve, with mortality rising only at BMI > 31 kg/m 2 and perhaps not at any BMI in people older than 75. 2 Weight loss is more common than weight gain in older people, and associated with poor outcomes, even when the weight loss is intentional and the person was "overweight" at baseline. [3]4][5] In the prospective cardiovascular health study of some 4700 community dwelling people older than 65, weight loss of more than 5% over three years was substantially more common than weight gain of more than 5%. 3 Weight loss, but not weight gain, was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality (relative risk 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 2.15). 3 The association of increased mortality with weight loss persisted even at the highest third of baseline weight. 3 In a study of older men with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , intentional weight loss was associated (P < 0.001) with a greater rate of hip bone loss ( -1.7%/year) than in men with no weight loss ( -0.1%/year) or weight gain (0.5%/year). 5 The indiscriminate application of evidence from studies in younger adults to the management of older people is hazardous.We believe that many older people are trying to lose weight inappropriately.There is a need to ensure that most of our elders are given appropriate advice: "Keep physically active, eat sensibly, and maintain weight."
Lamivudine and 24 weeks of lamivudine/interferon combination therapy for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in interferon nonresponders
Authors: Eugene R Schiff, Jules L Dienstag, Selim Karayalcin, Ian S Grimm, Robert P Perrillo, Petr Husa, R.A de Man, Zachary Goodman, Lynn D Condreay, Lynn M Crowther, Mary A Woessner, Penny J McPhillips, Nathaniel A Brown
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)