tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
One-year acyclovir prophylaxis for preventing varicella-zoster virus disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation: no evidence of rebound varicella-zoster virus disease after drug discontinuation
Authors: Veronique Erard, Katherine A. Guthrie, Cara Varley, Judson Heugel, Anna Wald, Mary E. D. Flowers, Lawrence Corey, Michael Boeckh
Journal: Blood (2007)
Melanoma risk in congenital melanocytic naevi: a systematic review
Authors: S. Krengel, A. Hauschild, T. Schäfer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Melanoma risk in congenital melanocytic naevi: a systematic review Get access S. Krengel, S. Krengel Department of Dermatology, Medical University Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany *Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany †Institute of Social Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Sven Krengel. E‐mail: sven.krengel@uk‐sh.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Hauschild, A. Hauschild Department of Dermatology, Medical University Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany *Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany †Institute of Social Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Schäfer T. Schäfer Department of Dermatology, Medical University Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany *Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany †Institute of Social Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 155, Issue 1, 1 July 2006, Pages 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07218.x Published: 01 July 2006 Article history Accepted: 22 December 2005 Published: 01 July 2006
Distal tubular feedback in the autoregulation of single nephron glomerular filtration rate.
Authors: L G Navar, T J Burke, R R Robinson, J R Clapp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Renal clearance and recollection micro-puncture experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible role of a distal tubular feedback mechanism in the phenomenon of renal autoregulation in dogs. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) was measured from collection sites in both the proximal (proximal SNGFR) and distal tubules (distal SNGFR). Single nephron autoregulatory behavior was assessed by evaluating the response of SNGFR to a reduction in renal arterial pressure imposed by means of an aortic constrictor. Whole kidney function was evaluated by parallel measurements of renal blood flow and inulin clearance. Whole kidney autoregulation was observed when renal arterial pressure was decreased from 141 +/- 3 (SE) mm Hg to 101 +/- 2 mm Hg; renal blood flow and GFR were not significantly altered from control values of 3.76 +/- 0.2 ml/min.g and 0.69 +/- 0.04 ml/min.g kidney weight, respectively. In 11 autoregulating preparations, proximal transit time was likewise unchanged from the control value of 26 +/- 2 s, indirectly suggesting that the superficial nephrons also participated in the autoregulatory response. However, proximal SNGFR decreased significantly from 88 +/- 7 nl/min to 66 +/- 6 nl/min, a reduction which was proportional to the decrease in arterial pressure. In 14 dogs in which both proximal SNGFR and distal SNGFR were measured at control blood pressure (136 +/- 5 mm Hg), distal SNGFR was 47 +/- 4 nl/min, a value significantly lower than that for proximal SNGFR (79 +/- 6 nl/min). In contrast to the results based upon proximal collections, distal SNGFR was not significantly altered following aortic constriction (44 +/- 5 nl/min vs. 47 +/- 5 nl/min) therefore exhibiting autoregulation in association with that observed for the whole kidney. These experiments indicate that though superficial nephrons do possess autoregulatory capability, interruption of distal delivery due to complete collection from the proximal tubule interferes with that nephron's ability to manifest an autoregulatory response. They support the concept that a feedback mechanism, related to some function of distal delivery, is of significance in the intrinsic regulation of SNGFR. The data further suggest that quantitative estimates of SNGFR based on complete proximal collections may not be representative of those throughout the superficial cortex of the dog, at least in certain experimental circumstances.
Managing comorbid disease in patients with psoriasis
Authors: W.-H. Boehncke, S. Boehncke, M. P Schon
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have emerged as primary therapeutic option for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, patients may have ischaemic stroke despite DOAC therapy and there is uncertainty whether those patients can safely receive intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. In this review, we summarise and discuss current knowledge about different approaches to select patient. Time since last DOAC intake—as a surrogate for anticoagulant activity—is easy to use but limited by interindividual variability of drug pharmacokinetics and long cut-offs (&gt;48 hours). Measuring anticoagulant activity using drug-specific coagulation assays showed promising safety results. Large proportion of patients at low anticoagulant activity seem to be potentially treatable but there remains uncertainty about exact safe cut-off values and limited assay availability. The use of specific reversal agents (ie, idarucizumab or andexanet alfa) prior to thrombolysis is a new emerging option with first data reporting safety but issues including health economics need to be elucidated. Mechanical thrombectomy appears to be safe without any specific selection criteria applied. In patients on DOAC therapy with large vessel occlusion, decision for intravenous thrombolysis should not delay thrombectomy (eg, direct thrombectomy or immediate transfer to a thrombectomy-capable centre recommended). Precision medicine using a tailored approach combining clinicoradiological information (ie, penumbra and vessel status), anticoagulant activity and use of specific reversal agents only if necessary seems a reasonable choice.
Too early to ditch the campaign
Authors: J Lennert Veerman, Jan J Barendregt
Journal: BMJ (2007)

We believe that James et al's conclusion that an intervention to reduce children's consumption of carbonated drinks and prevalence of overweight was not effective two years after completion1 is not warranted for two reasons.

Firstly, they base their conclusions on the proportion of overweight children, which was significantly different between …
Macrophage stimulation and the inflammatory response to asbestos.
Authors: J A Hamilton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

Chrysotile fibers injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice elicit a cellular exudate. Macrophages appearing in this exudate produce high levels of the neutral protease, plasminogen activator, when compared with the resident peritoneal macrophage population. In contrast, the levels of lysozyme and two lysosomal enzymes are the same for the two macrophage types. The asbestos-induced macrophages producing the plasminogen activator appear to have descended from recently divided precursors. Low concentrations of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids inhibit macrophage plasminogen activator synthesis. Preliminary experiments indicate that different asbestos types induce hyperemia in skin, and also shorten the partial thromboplastin time of plasma and generate the release of kinins. These observations could be interrelated and are suggested as representing some aspects of the inflammatory response of the host to asbestos exposure.
Integrin Profile and In Vivo Homing of Human Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells
Authors: Arjun Deb, Kimberly A. Skelding, Shaohua Wang, Margo Reeder, David Simper, Noel M. Caplice
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Recently, we identified circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPCs) in human peripheral blood. The integrin profile of such progenitors is currently unknown and may affect their in vivo homing characteristics. In this study, we determined the integrin profile of vascular progenitors and SPC adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in vitro and in vivo.SPCs and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy human subjects, and expression of surface integrins and adhesion to several vascular ECM proteins were determined. Homing of SPCs in vivo to specific ECM protein was determined by intracoronary infusion of fluorescent SPCs into porcine coronary arteries containing a fibronectin-coated mesh stent. SPCs had high expression of beta1 integrin, moderate expression of alpha1, low levels of alpha(v)beta3, and did not express alpha(v)beta5, beta2, alpha2beta1, or alpha4beta1 integrins. In contrast, EPCs had high expression of alpha2beta1, alpha(v)beta3, alpha(v)beta5, beta1, and alpha1 and minimal expression of alpha4beta1. Moreover, SPCs showed increased adherence to fibronectin and collagen type I compared with vitronectin, consistent with their integrin profile, and demonstrated a similar degree of in vivo attachment to fibronectin-coated mesh.These data for the first time show a spectrum of integrin expression on vascular progenitors and suggest the potential importance of integrins in mediating adherence of SPCs to specific ECM both in vitro and in vivo.
β-hydroxybutyrate–induced growth inhibition and collagen production in HK-2 cells are dependent on TGF-β and Smad3
Authors: Jinn-Yuh Guh, Tsai-Der Chuang, Hung-Chun Chen, Wen-Chun Hung, Yung-Hsiung Lai, Shyi-Jang Shin, Lea-Yea Chuang
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
The doctor will text you now: is there a role for the mobile telephone in health care?
Authors: B. Pal
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Over the past year I have started to use the mobile phone, particularly SMS (Short Message Service) text messaging facilities, in routine clinical care. I have previously written about the virtues of direct email contact with patients and also the concept of cyberclinics in routine clinical practice ( BMJ 2000;320:59). But whereas internet and email access remain relatively limited, the mobile phone and text messaging are widely used.

> Patients are more reassured and proactive 

Text messaging is an easy and convenient way of allowing patients to keep in touch. For example, after clinics and investigations the usual scenario is that patients wait (and worry) for several weeks before they get their results and information about any follow up action or advice. I have now slashed this waiting time to only a few days by allowing patients to text message me three to four days after their investigations. (I do not have to take patients' mobile telephone numbers, but they take a patient information …
The Conservative Treatment of the Tension Lesions of Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Infancy
Authors: J. S. Davidson
Journal: Thorax (1960)

Characteristic lesions of staphylococcal pneu- monia in infancy are the tension cyst of lung and tension pyopneumothorax.The radiological appear- ances are often alarming and, at first sight, seem to indicate the necessity for urgent aspiration or drainage.The two obvious dangers are those of immediate suffocation (the French refer to the tension cysts as bulles suffocantes) and of gross pleural thickening as a later complication.The dramatic radiological appearances, the fear that the infant will suffocate, or the expectation of late morbidity may result in unnecessary surgical intervention.The object of this paper is to describe how the size of the pneumatocele or pneumothorax may be controlled, and to show how tension within the lesion during the phase of active infection tends to keep the air space empty and to prevent the deposition of fibrin.To persevere with conservative treatment in a desperately ill baby whose radiographs show a large pneumatocele or pneumothorax is not easy.Confidence in the method is essential.A striking feature of most of the published series is the infrequency with which suffocation is, in fact, a cause of death.In a series of complications of staphylococcal pneumonia described by Sabiston, Hopkins, Cooke, and Bennett (1959), catheter drainage was used in 43% of patients with empyema on July 14,
Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. III. Enhanced oxidative metabolism as an expression of macrophage activation.
Authors: H W Murray, Z A Cohn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

The capacity of 15 separate populations of mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate and release H2O2 (an index of oxidative metabolism) was compared with their ability to inhibit the intracellular replication of virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Resident macrophages and those elicited by inflammatory agents readily supported toxoplasma multiplication and released 4-20X less H2O2 than macrophages activated in vivo by systemic infection with Bacille Calmette-Guérin or T. gondii, or by immunization with Corynebacterium parvum. Immunologically activated cells consistently displayed both enhanced H2O2 production and antitoxoplasma activity. Exposure to lymphokines generated from cultures of spleen cells from T. gondii immune mice and toxoplasma antigen preserved both the antitoxoplasma activity and the heightened H2O2 release of toxoplasma immune and immune-boosted macrophages, which otherwise were lost after 48-72 h of cultivation. In vitro activation of resident and chemically-elicited cells by 72 h of exposure to mitogen- and antigen-prepared lymphokines, conditions that induce trypanocidal (5) and leishmanicidal activity (14), stimulated O2- and H2O2 release, and enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to toxoplasma ingestion. Such treatment, however, failed to confer any antitoxoplasma activity, indicating that intracellular pathogens may vary in their susceptibility to macrophage microbicidal mechanisms, including specific oxygen intermediates. In contrast, cocultivating normal macrophages with lymphokine plus heart infusion broth for 18H rendered these cells toxoplasmastatic. This in vitro-acquired activity was inhibited by scavengers of O2-, H2O2, OH., and 1O2, demonstrating a role for oxidative metabolites in lymphokine-induced enhancement of macrophage antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate that augmented oxidative metabolism is an consistent marker of macrophage activation, and that oxygen intermediates participate in the resistance of both in vivo- and vitro-activated macrophages toward the intracellular parasite, T. gondii.
On Chemical Tests for Blood in Urine
Authors: H. Caplan, G. Discombe
Journal: BMJ (1951)

The results of early trials with chloramphenicol (Rogers, Koegler, and Gerrard, 1949) suggest that it is an effective therapeutic agent in gastr6enteritis.If its value is confirmed the use of streptomycin will be entirely superseded. I SummaryTrials of oral streptomnycin for infants under 1 year suffer- ing from endemic non-specific gastroenteritis extended in three stages over the period August, 1947, to February, 1950.The main stage of the investigation included 97 babies who were grouped according to age and to the severity of their disease, and alternate cases in each age group were allocated to the trial and control series.No clear-cut response to streptomycin has been demon- strated, but the data on which clinical assessment was based show that there was slightly better progress among the streptomycin-treated cases and that the contrast was more marked among the severe cases.Many cases failed to respond to streptomycin, and it cannot be regarded as an effective therapeutic agent for the disease.Bacteriological studies were made, but the results throw no light on the aetiology of gastroenteritis.Streptomycin in the dosage employed failed to eliminate the special type Bact.coli, alpha and beta.We are grateful to Dr. R. H. Dobbs and Dr. I. M. Anderson for permission to study their cases and for their advice in the planning of the investigations.We are indebted to Dr. B. Levin for his help throughout the investigation
Multimodal imaging enables early detection and characterization of changes in tumor permeability of brain metastases
Authors: Frits Thorsen, Brett Fite, Lisa M. Mahakian, Jai W. Seo, Shengping Qin, Victoria Harrison, Sarah Johnson, Elizabeth Ingham, Charles Caskey, Terje Sundstrøm, Thomas J. Meade, Patrick N. Harter, Kai Ove Skaftnesmo, Katherine W. Ferrara
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)

Our goal was to develop strategies to quantify the accumulation of model therapeutics in small brain metastases using multimodal imaging, in order to enhance the potential for successful treatment. Human melanoma cells were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of immunodeficient mice. Bioluminescent, MR and PET imaging were applied to evaluate the limits of detection and potential for contrast agent extravasation in small brain metastases. A pharmacokinetic model was applied to estimate vascular permeability. Bioluminescent imaging after injecting d-luciferin (molecular weight (MW) 320 D) suggested that tumor cell extravasation had already occurred at week 1, which was confirmed by histology. 7 T T1w MRI at week 4 was able to detect non-leaky 100 μm sized lesions and leaky tumors with diameters down to 200 μm after contrast injection at week 5. PET imaging showed that 18F-FLT (MW 244 Da) accumulated in the brain at week 4. Gadolinium-based MRI tracers (MW 559 Da and 2.066 kDa) extravasated after 5 weeks (tumor diameter 600 μm), and the lower MW agent cleared more rapidly from the tumor (mean apparent permeabilities 2.27 × 10− 5 cm/s versus 1.12 × 10− 5 cm/s). PET imaging further demonstrated tumor permeability to 64Cu-BSA (MW 65.55 kDa) at week 6 (tumor diameter 700 μm). In conclusion, high field T1w MRI without contrast may improve the detection limit of small brain metastases, allowing for earlier diagnosis of patients, although the smallest lesions detected with T1w MRI were permeable only to d-luciferin and the amphipathic small molecule 18F-FLT. Different-sized MR and PET contrast agents demonstrated the gradual increase in leakiness of the blood tumor barrier during metastatic progression, which could guide clinicians in choosing tailored treatment strategies.
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Authors: R. Curtis Morris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Renal AcidificationIN man and other mammals the kidney regulates acid–base balance by regulating the concentration of plasma bicarbonate.1 In normal persons the renal acidification process maintains plasma bicarbonate at physiologic concentrations by reclaiming all filtered bicarbonate and excreting an amount of acid equal to the amount of endogenously produced nonvolatile acid, approximately 1 mEq per kilogram of body weight per day in adults,2 and 2 to 3 mEq in infants and young children.3 Both the reabsorption of bicarbonate and the excretion of acid appear to be mediated by a single operation of the renal tubule: the exchange of reabsorbed . . .
Industry Influence on Comparative-Effectiveness Research Funded through Health Care Reform
Authors: Harry P. Selker, Alastair J.J. Wood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Much attention has been focused on the ongoing efforts in Washington to pass a health care reform bill. Comprehensive health care should reduce the use of ineffective and suboptimal medical interventions and investigations in order to improve medical care and reduce wasted expense. To do that effectively, we need data on the comparative effectiveness of therapies and medical tests, which unfortunately we currently lack.Recognition of this lack of data has resulted in the inclusion of increased funding for comparative-effectiveness research (CER) in current versions of the health care reform legislation. However, there are significant differences between the approaches taken . . .
The Binding and Lysis of Target Cells by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Authors: G Berke
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1994)

The characteristics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell recognition of and binding to target cells (conjugate formation), and the precise mechanism(s) by which the target cells are triggered to undergo apoptotic cell lysis are now being deciphered at the cellular and molecular levels. Involvement of a multitude of cell surface molecules, in addition to T cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility (MHC)-peptide complexes, in the binding and signalling for lymphocyte-mediated lysis has been demonstrated. Two proposed mechanisms of lymphotoxicity currently appear to be valid: (i) a membranolytic one initiated by the formation of pores in target cell membranes by secreted molecules of lymphocyte origin, such as perforin and granzymes, and (ii) a nonsecretory one initiated by receptor-mediated triggering of apoptosis-inducing target cell surface molecules, but not involving the secretion of pore-forming agents and granzymes. Perforin and granzymes are probably involved in lymphocyte activation and are likely mediators of the membranolytic pathway of lymphotoxicity. Existence of the nonsecretory and receptor-triggered lytic mechanism was indicated by (i) the prelytic fragmentation of the target cell's DNA, which precedes release of intracellular (51Cr-labeled) components, (ii) the demonstration of cytolytic effector cells that are either devoid of or express background levels of lytic granules and perforin, and (iii) the observation that some CTL lyse target cells under conditions at which perforin and granzymes are neither secreted nor lytic, e.g. [Ca2+]o < 1 micromolar. These two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and are probably used by different types of effector cells or by the same effector cells at different stages of differentiation. In fact, recent perforin gene knock-out experiments support the existence of both.