tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1096: Cytokine Enhancement with Hgf Or Vegf in the Infarct Border Zone is Key to Attenuating the Negative Remodelling after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sonja Schrepfer, Tobias Deuse, Christoph Peter, William Stein, Tim Doyle, Wolfram H Zimmermann, Thomas Eschenhagen, Marc P Pelletier, Joseph Wu, Robert C Robbins
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Adult mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based treatment strategies have been proposed to alleviate the consequences of myocardial infarction (MI). The cytokine release of ischemic myocardium was investigated in vivo after LAD ligations in mice and in vitro in cultured cardiomyocytes. Of all cytokines that were at least 5-fold upregulated during ischemia, only HGF and VEGF proved to promote MSC proliferation, and chemotaxis in vitro. Homing of intranenously (IV) injected MSCs (0.5×106 per animal) into the infarct border zone after LAD ligation was inefficient (1±0.5 cells/HPF). Cytokine enhancement (CE) of HGF or VEGF by intramyocardial injection at the time of MI significantly facilitated MSC homing (11±4 cells/HPF and 7±4 cells/HPF, respectively; p=0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study monitoring cardiac geometry and function over a long-term period of 6 months. using ECG-triggered contrast Micro-CT. It revealed that the progressive decrease in EF over time (to 19±1%) could be attenuated by CE with HGF (29±6%; p=0.003) or VEGF (28±4%; p=0.004) and subsequent IV MSC injection. However, LVEFs of animals treated with CE with HGF or VEGF only, but received no MSC injection, were similar to those groups that also received IV MSCs (p=0.127 and p=0.54, respectively). Best results were finally achieved by prolonged presence of HGF or VEGF, achieved by intramyocardial injection of MSCs stably transfected to produce HGF or VEGF and firefly luciferase into the infarct border zone. Duration of cytokine release was estimated by monitoring MSC survival using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). BLI signals were detectable for 10 days in contrast to the rapid fate of the cytokines after single dose administration in the CE group, resulting in preserved LVEFs at 6 months This study highlights the beneficial effect of HGF and VEGF to attenuate the negative LV remodelling after MI and diminishes the role of the MSCs to a pure delivery system for paracrine effects.
Abstract 15108: Imaging Coronary Atherosclerosis Using [18F]FDG PET-CT: Validation Study in Pigs
Authors: Miikka Tarkia, Antti Saraste, Christoffer Stark, Tommi Vähäsilta, Timo Savunen, Marjatta Strandberg, Virva Saunavaara, Tuula Tolvanen, Jarmo Teuho, Mika Teräs, Olli Metsälä, Petteri Rinne, Ilkka Heinonen, Nina Sarja, Mikko Pietilä, Pekka Saukko, Anne Roivainen, Juhani Knuuti
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction: Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) can be used to detect atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. The degree of [18F]FDG uptake in different stages of coronary atherosclerosis remains largely unknown. Thus, we studied the amount of [18F]FDG uptake and feasibility of its in vivo quantification by combination of PET and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in a pig model of atherosclerosis. Methods: In order to induce coronary atherosclerosis, diabetes was caused by streptozotocin injections in farm pigs (n=10). After 6 months on high-fat diet, pigs underwent dual gated cardiac PET and CTA to measure [18F]FDG uptake in the proximal segments of coronary arteries as maximal target to background ratio (TBR = [18F]FDG uptake normalized to blood pool). Proximal coronary segments (n=33) were harvested for ex vivo measurement of radioactivity and for histology and measurement of tracer uptake into the vessel wall by autoradiography (ARG). Results: The pigs were hyperglycemic (12.3±4.7 mmol/L) and hypercholesterolemic (12.7±5.1 mmol/L) at the end of the study. The coronary arteries showed intimal thickening (n=16 segments) and atheroma (n=10 segments). Compared with the normal vessel wall, ARG showed 1.7±0.7 times higher accumulation of [18F]FDG in intimal thickening and 4.1±2.3 in atheroma (p=0.004 and p=0.003, respectively). Ex vivo mean vessel to blood ratio of segments with atheroma was higher than non-atherosclerotic segments (2.6±1.2 vs. 1.3±0.7, p=0.04). In vivo PET imaging showed the highest TBR of 2.7. However, maximal TBR was not significantly different in segments without atherosclerosis (1.1±0.5) and either intimal thickening (1.2±0.4, p=1.0) or atheroma (1.6±0.6, p=0.4) and no correlation was seen between the segmental TBR measured by in vivo PET-CT and [18F]FDG uptake measured by either biodistribution or autoradiography. Conclusions: We found increased [18F]FDG uptake in atherosclerotic lesions. However, quantification of [18F]FDG uptake in these relatively small and early stage atherosclerotic lesions by dual gated PET and CTA was not feasible. Further studies are needed to clarify feasibility of this approach in more advanced and highly inflamed atherosclerotic coronary plaques.
A pediatric asthma management program in a low‐income setting resulting in reduced use of health service for acute asthma
Authors: W. C. C. Andrade, P. Camargos, L. Lasmar, J. Bousquet
Journal: Allergy (2010)

To cite this article: Andrade WCC, Camargos P, Lasmar L, Bousquet J. A pediatric asthma management program in a low‐income setting resulting in reduced use of health service for acute asthma. Allergy 2010; 65 : 1472–1477. Abstract Background: The effectiveness of pediatric asthma management programs in reducing health services utilization during exacerbations in developing countries is not widely studied. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of an asthma management program to reduce the overall health services utilization by acute asthma in children and adolescents. Methods: In this historical population‐based real‐life cohort study, we selected 582 patients with asthma aged 4–15 living in deprived areas in the town of Itabira, Brazil, of which 470 cases were assisted by the asthma management program and 112 were controls. The end point was the first physician‐diagnosed asthma exacerbation occurring after study enrollment and within 12 months after admission. All 470 cases received a written plan about exacerbation self‐management, including the use of inhaled albuterol at home. Three hundred and seventeen out of 470 cases (67.4%) were also treated with beclomethasone diproprionate (BDP). Results: Both groups were comparable regarding gender, age group, and place of residence. At the end of the study, only 5% of cases vs 34% of controls did seek health services because of acute asthma ( P &lt; 0.01). Statistical difference also remained when comparing the 112 controls with the 153 cases not treated with com BDP (Hazard Ratio = 0.04, 95% CI, 0.01–0.14, P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the pediatric asthma management program in reducing dependence on the health services for acute asthma. Effectiveness was also observed in subjects with no use of BDP.
Certain Effects of Egg White and Biotin on the Carcinogenicity of p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene in Rats Fed a Sub-Protective Level of Riboflavin
Authors: B. E. Kline, J. A. Miller, H. P. Rusch
Journal: Cancer Research (1945)

(Received for publication June 23, 1945) Considerable interest in the possible cocarcinogenic action of biotin and in the anticarcinogenic influence of egg white and avidin has arisen since the report by du Vigneaud and his group (2) on the effect of these substances upon the rate of hepatoma formation in rats fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. These investiga- tors found that rats fed the dye in protective diets containing high amounts of riboflavin developed hepatomas when sufficient biotin was given, and that the effect of biotin was neutralized when the diet contained enough egg white to bind the dietary biotin in the biotin-avidin complex. The livers of the pro- tected rats were found to contain on the average only one-third as much biotin as the nontumor parts of the livers in the animals given biotin (1). Chiefly as a result of these experiments several attempts have been made to retard the growth of various types of neoplasia in human patients and laboratory animals by the administration of egg white or avidin (3, 4, 8, 10). None, however, have been successful. Smith, Lillie, and Stohlman (9) studied the liver damage in rats fed a high level, 0.1 per cent, of p- dimethylaminoazobenzene in partially purified diets containing large amounts of various protein sources, and found that 32 per cent of dried egg white pre- vented liver tumors and greatly reduced the degree of cirrhosis, while 37 per cent of casein gave slight protection and 53 per cent of yeast or 32 per cent of gelatin none at all. These diets contained at least 5 per cent of yeast, and no symptoms of biotin defi- ciency in the rats fed egg white were mentioned. The suggestion was made that egg white can partially detoxify the azo dye, and that its protective effect may not be due solely to its avidin content. The present study deals with the effect of egg white on the incidence of hepatomas in rats fed p- * This investigation was aided by a grant from the Jonathan Bowman Fund for Cancer Research. A gift of crystalline B vitamins from Dr. I). F. Robertson, of Merck and Company, is gratefully acknowledged. We are indebted to Mr. H. R. Barnett, of Stein, Hall, and Company, Inc., for a generous supply of dried domestic egg white. dimethylaminoazobenzene in a highly purified diet containing a sub-protective level of riboflavin. At- tempts to alter the effect of the egg white by the injection of biotin or by denaturing the avidin in the egg white by heat are reported. METHOI)S Young adult male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain and 120 to 200 gm. in weight were fed the rations
Abstract 17118: Direct Cardiac Myosin Activation Augments Force Production in isolated Cardiomyocytes but might Impair Diastolic Functions
Authors: Laszlo Nagy, Arpad Kovacs, Attila Toth, Beata Bodi, Gabor Fulop, Zoltan Papp
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) a novel cardiac myosin activator drug may provide inotropic support for weakened cardiac contractions in systolic HF. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanical effects of OM on the contractile machinery and to analyze those influence on diastolic ventricular functions.  Force measurements were performed in skinned myocyte-sized preparations from LV tissue samples of Wistar rats exposed to test solutions with increasing concentrations of OM to test its concentration dependence on mechanical contractile parameters. Active (Fact) and passive (Fpass) forces, Ca2+ sensitivity of force production (pCa50), cooperativity of the myofilaments (nHill), rate constant of force development and re-development (ktr) were then determined.  In the presence of 0.1 μM OM the Ca2+ sensitivity of force production of cardiomyocytes increased significantly (ΔpCa50: 0.10; n=8; P  Our data firstly illustrated OM as a Ca2+-sensitizer using a downstream Ca2+-sensitizing mechanism. As its potential clinical limitation, the drug might impair diastolic function due to Ca2+-sensitization at diastolic Ca2+ concentration, by increasing cardiomyocyte passive forces and by prolongation of duration of contraction.
AIDS–Polio Vaccine Link Refuted
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 3661: “Energy Drink” Consumption Causes Increases in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Authors: Leah Steinke, James S Kalus, Vishnuprabha Dhanapal, David E Lanfear, Helen D Berlie
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Introduction: “Energy drinks” are very popular and are used frequently, especially by young adults. Most marketed energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine and taurine. Both caffeine and taurine have been shown to have direct effects on cardiac function and hemodynamic status. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that a commonly used energy drink alters blood pressure, heart rate and EKG parameters in healthy volunteers. Methods: Healthy volunteers (n = 15, 53% female, 25.9 ± 5.9 years, 69.8 ± 14.8 kg) abstained from caffeine for 48 hours prior to and throughout the study period. On study day 1 (D1), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and an EKG were measured at baseline. Participants then consumed 500 mL (2 cans) of an energy drink containing caffeine (80 mg) and taurine (1000 mg) and BP, HR and EKG measurements were repeated at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after consumption. Participants then consumed 2 cans of energy drink daily for the next 5 days (D2–D6). On day 7 (D7) the procedures followed on D1 were repeated. Average baseline measurements on days 1 and 7 were compared to maximum values during that observation period. Results: On both D1 and D7, maximum mean systolic BP, HR and corrected QT-interval (QTc) occurred at 4 hours. Maximum diastolic BP occurred at 2 hours on D1 and D7. Baseline and maximum mean values are presented in Table 1 . Within 4 hours of energy drink consumption on D1 and D7 respectively, systolic BP increased by 7.9% (p = 0.006) and 9.6% (p &lt; 0.001), HR increased by 7.8% (p = 0.009) and 11.0% (p &lt; 0.001) and QTc increased by 4.5% (p = 0.368) and 5.5% (p = 0.052). Diastolic BP increased by 7.0% (p = 0.046) and 7.8% (p = 0.063) within 2 hours of energy drink consumption. Conclusions: In conclusion, although no significant EKG changes were observed, subjects’ HR increased 5–7 bpm and systolic BP increased 10mmHg after consuming an “energy drink”. This level of change is likely clinically significant in patients with cardiac disease or those who consume such drinks regularly. Table 1. Baseline and Maximum Values (mean ± SD)
Human α‐lactalbumin and bovine β‐lactoglobulin absorption in infants
Authors: M. Kuitunen, E. Savilahti, A. Sarnesto
Journal: Allergy (1994)

We investigated gut permeability to human α‐lactalbumin (ALA) and bovine β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) in 20 infants from birth to 8 months or until weaning, before which they were on a strictly cow's‐milk‐free diet. We measured the proteins with a sensitive, solid‐phase, double‐sandwich immunofluorometric assay. Median (range) levels of serum ALA on days 3‐4 after birth, and at 1 and 2 months of age were 31 (12‐225), 6 (0–55), and 2 (0–16) μg/1 serum per g ALA given per kg body weight, respectively. At 3, 5, and 8 months of age, only trace amounts of ALA were found. One week after weaning, serum BLG was found in 5/13 infants (38%) and at 2 weeks in 3/14 infants (21°0), with median concentrations of 7 and 4 μg/1 serum per g BLG given per kg body weight, respectively. No ALA could be detected in any of these samples. In absorption of ALA, the four infants who had allergic symptoms did not differ from those without symptoms. Thus, systemic absorption of ALA and BLG does occur in infants. Absorption of ALA is greatest after birth, when 3 × 10 4 (median) of the given antigens are absorbed, but absorption decreases rapidly. The gut may often be transiently permeable to BLG when cow's‐milk‐based formula is started.
Memories of Loved Ones About Care at the End of Life—Reply
Authors: Joan M. Teno, Vincent Mor, Lisa C. Welch, Terrie Wetle, Renee Shield, Virginia Casey, Brian R. Clarridge
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
多普勒超声扫描、磁共振血管造影和CT血管造影用于症状性下肢动脉疾病的诊断和评估：系统性综述
Authors: Ros, Collins, Jane, Burch, Gillian, Cranny, Raquel, Aguiar-Ibanez, Dawn, Craig, Kath, Wright, Elizabeth, Berry, Michael, Gough, Jos, Kleijnen, Marie, Westwood
Journal: BMJ (2007)

目的 探讨多普勒超声扫描、磁共振血管造影和CT血管造影单独或联合应用在评估下肢动脉疾病中的诊断准确性；评价这些检查方法对患者治疗和结果的影响；评价患者对这些检查方法的态度并总结与不良事件相关的现有资料。 设计 系统性综述。 方法 检索11个电子数据库（截至2005年4月）、6本杂志和已找到文献中的参考文献以发现相关研究。两名评审员独立选择研究、提取资料和评估质量。使用QUADASQ目录评估诊断准确性研究的质量。 结果 107项研究符合入选标准；其中，58项研究提供关于诊断准确性的资料，1项关于患者结果，4项关于患者态度和44项关于不良事件。质量评估强调研究报告的方法及质量的不足。由于大多数人选研究根据动脉节段而不是整条肢体或患者来报告结果，这样就不能解释患者多节段病变，所以可能高估检查的特异度。对发现下肢动脉50％及以上狭窄，造影剂增强磁共振血管造影诊断准确性最高，敏感度中位数95％（92％～99．5％）和特异度中位数97％（64％～99％）；CT血管造影分别为91％（89％～99％）和91％（83％～97％）；多普勒超声扫描为88％（80％～98％）和96％（89％～99％）。一项对照试验报告，尽管基于单一的多普勒超声扫描或传统血管造影患者的治疗结果无明显差异，但是22％的患者需要另行血管造影以制定治疗方案。现有的证据表明：相对于传统血管造影，患者更愿意选择磁共振血管造影（有或无造影剂增强），而在磁共振血管造影无禁忌（如患有幽居恐怖症）的患者中，半数对磁共振血管造影或多普勒超声扫描无偏好。在现有关于不良事件的资料中，磁共振血管造影发生不良事件的比例最高，但是症状轻微。最严重的不良事件，尽管少见，但主要发生于传统血管造影中。结论造影剂增强磁�
Abstract P378: Heart Failure Incidence and Mortality in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Authors: Elvis A Akwo, Edmomd K Kabagambe, Thomas J Wang, Frank E Harrell, William J Blot, Deepak K Gupta, Loren Lipworth
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Background and objectives:  Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem; however, there is a paucity of data regarding HF incidence among low income and minority populations. We estimated HF incidence rates (IR) and post-HF mortality rates (MR) by race and gender in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a prospective study of adults enrolled between 2002-2009 in the southeastern US.   Methods:  Among 20,030 white and black SCCS participants without prevalent HF who were receiving Medicare or Medicaid during follow-up through December 31, 2011 (mean age 57 yrs; 69% black, 65% female, 71% income    Results:  HF risk factors were common: hypertension (66%), diabetes (29%), myocardial infarction (11%), and obesity (46%). Over a median follow up of 6 years, 2,384 participants developed HF (IR: 20.5/1000 person-years; 95% CI: 19.7, 21.4). White males had the highest IR, 24.3/1000 PY, compared to 20.7, 20.4 and 19.6 in white females, black males and black females, respectively. After adjustment for age, income, education, and clinical risk factors, male sex remained a significant predictor of HF risk [HR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.09, 1.31], but the race-sex interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.11). Among incident HF cases, 689 (28.9%) died (MR: 86.8/1000 person-years; 95%CI: 80.2, 93.9), with the highest MR in white males (143.5/1000PY) compared to black males (104.5), white females (72.4), and black females (71.6) (Figure).   Conclusion:  In this low-income, predominantly black population, IR and MR for HF were higher for all race and sex groups than previously reported in other multiethnic cohorts. The SCCS is a unique resource to investigate determinants of HF risk in a segment of the population underrepresented in other existing cohorts.
Phage types, antibiotic susceptibilities and plasmid profiles of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: M. Anğ-Küçüker, V. Tolun, R. Helmuth, W. Rabsch, Ö. Büyükbaba-Boral, D. Törümküney-Akbulut, S. Susever, Ö Anğ
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2000)
Story as Evidence, Evidence as Story
Authors: Louise Aronson
Journal: JAMA (2020)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Re: Riccardo Autorino, Homayoun Zagar, Mirandolino B. Mariano, et al. Perioperative Outcomes of Robotic and Laparoscopic Simple Prostatectomy: A European–American Multi-institutional Analysis. Eur Urol 2015;68:86–94Re: Matthew Bultitude, Ben Challacombe. Simple Prostatectomy: A Step Too Far for Laparoscopy? Eur Urol 2015;68:95–6
Authors: Francesco Montorsi, Giorgio Gandaglia
Journal: European Urology (2015)
Blind People Often Sleep Poorly; Research Shines Light on Therapy
Authors: L Lamberg
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal