tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Importance of history in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Authors: F. I. D. Konotey-Ahulu
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Takach Lapner and Kearon’s clinical review omits an important cause of pulmonary embolism.1 Doctors should suspect sickle cell haemoglobin C disease whenever an African woman with normal haemoglobin concentration presents with unresolved pneumonia or severe breathlessness and should connect her illness with multiple pulmonary emboli.2 Hyperviscosity is …
Characterization of the Circulatory Response to Maximal Upright Exercise in Normal Subjects and Patients with Heart Disease
Authors: STEPHEN E. EPSTEIN, G. DAVID BEISER, MORRIS STAMPFER, BRIAN F. ROBINSON, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1967)

The circulatory responses to mild and maximal upright exercise were studied in six normal subjects and 21 patients with various types of cardiac disease. It was found that the usual hemodynamic indices employed to evaluate cardiac performance during exertion were unreliable in separating patients from normal persons. In contrast, the cardiac index achieved at a pulmonary arterial (PA) O 2 saturation of 30% was found to be highly reliable and sensitive for distinguishing the normal from the abnormal response to exercise. At a level of exercise that lowers PA O 2 saturation to 30%, all normal subjects achieved a cardiac index greater than 7.0 L/minm 2 while no patient exceeded 4.8 L/min/m. 2 In addition, the maximal capacity to extract O 2 was greater in patients than in normal subjects; thus, during maximal exercise it was not unusual for patients to achieve PA O 2 saturations of 15% or less, while the lowest value achieved in normal subjects was 23%.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Stuart Mudd, Balduin Lucké, Morton McCutcheon, Max Strumia
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

As a further test of the theory of tropin action proposed in the preceding paper artificial surfaces have been prepared, and have been found to be phagocytized according to prediction from the theory. Protein was adsorbed on collodion particles according to the technique of F. S. Jones. These particles were then agglutinated and prepared for phagocytosis by the corresponding protein precipitin sera. The precipitating, agglutinating, surface and tropin effects for each serum or serum globulin fraction have been found to be in satisfactory quantitative correspondence. All of these effects were serologically specific; all remained almost unaffected by inactivation of the immune sera for 30 minutes at 56°C. or by washing of the particles after sensitization. The surfaces of particles maximally sensitized by homologous rabbit immune serum or one of its globulin fractions have shown certain characteristic properties, i.e., they were cohesive, had wetting properties characteristic for protein, and were isoelectric at pH. 5.5 to 5.8. The same set of properties were found for immune precipitate in the zone of maximal precipitation. The same properties have also been found for maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria, and for maximally sensitized sheep erythrocytes. These results indicate, we believe, that precipitation, agglutination, the surface changes and increased phagocytosis are all consequences of one underlying phenomenon. This phenomenon is the specific chemcal combination with, and deposit on the surface of the antigen of antibody protein. The several serological reactions then follow as consequences of the properties of the sensitized surface and of the special environing conditions. The antibody is contained in the globulin fractions of immune serum, and appears to be a globulin with physico-chemical differences from normal serum globulin.
Family Practice and General Internal Medicine: What Kind of Cooperation Makes Sense?
Authors: Robert H. Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Experimentation in medical education has a strong history in this country. It has been the rule in the development of primary care training programs during the past two decades and should be encouraged for the future. The suggestions of Christiansen et al<sup>1</sup>and Geyman<sup>2</sup>presented in this issue ofThe Journalfit into this tradition. Integration of primary care training into a single unified program, combining the best elements of current approaches, is logically appealing. We would then follow the example of other countries, like Britain and Canada, where there is one type of primary care physician and one model of primary care education. The call for dramatic changes in primary care training rests primarily on the assumption that current programs will not meet the primary care medical manpower needs of the future. However, some current data support the conclusion that primary care physician manpower for the 1990s
Transdermal Nicotine for Mildly to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: William J. Sandborn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Ulcerative colitis is predominantly a disease of nonsmokers. Transdermal nicotine may help control clinical manifestations of this condition. Objective: To determine the efficacy of transdermal nicotine for controlling clinical disease activity in active ulcerative colitis. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial. Setting: Multispecialty group serving as an academic tertiary referral center. Patients: 64 nonsmoking patients with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis despite the use of medication. Intervention: Patients were stratified on the basis of smoking history, extent of disease, and concomitant medical therapy. After stratification, patients were randomly assigned to daily treatment with transdermal nicotine (n = 31) at the highest tolerated dose (11 mg for 1 week and then ≤ 22 mg for 3 weeks) or placebo (n = 33). Measurements: Clinical features were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks by endoscopy, physician assessment, and a patient diary of daily symptoms. Serum concentrations of nicotine were determined by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and plasma concentrations of cotinine were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: At 4 weeks, 12 of 31 patients (39%) who received nicotine showed clinical improvement compared with 3 of 33 patients (9%) who received placebo (P = 0.007). Four patients receiving nicotine discontinued therapy because of side effects (contact dermatitis [n = 2], nausea [n = 1], and acute pancreatitis [n = 1]). At week 4, the nicotine group had a mean (±SD) trough serum nicotine concentration of 11.3 ± 8.4 ng/mL and a mean trough plasma cotinine concentration of 192 ± 95 ng/mL. Conclusions: Transdermal nicotine administered at the highest tolerated dosage (≤ 22 mg/d) for 4 weeks is efficacious for controlling clinical manifestations of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis.
Fluid shear stress activation of egr-1 transcription in cultured human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated via the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Authors: J L Schwachtgen, P Houston, C Campbell, V Sukhatme, M Braddock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The primary response transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1), is rapidly activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli. Egr-1 binds to a sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in vascular injury, such as PDGF-A and tissue factor, and trans-activates their expression in endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress. Here we show that egr-1 mRNA is increased after 30 min of flow in human aortic endothelial cell and HeLa cell cultures. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with reporter gene constructs driven by the murine or human egr-1 5' flanking sequence revealed a five- and ninefold induction, respectively, in transcriptional activity after exposure to a shear stress of 5 dynes/cm2 for 3 h. Deletion of sequences in the murine promoter containing two AP1 sites and an inhibitory Egr-1 binding sequence, did not reduce shear stress inducibility. However, progressive deletion of five serum response elements, reduced both the basal promoter activity and its capacity to be activated by shear stress. Further examination indicated that the three upstream serum response elements are predominantly responsible for shear stress activation of the egr-1 promoter. Treatment of cells with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 inhibited shear stress activation of egr-1. We suggest that egr-1 activation by shear stress involves activation of Elk-1 but not c-jun activity. These data, which are consistent with previous findings for shear mediated signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, now implicate shear modulation of the Egr-1 transcription factor in this pathway.
Science, medicine, and the future: Cancer chemoprevention
Authors: P. Greenwald
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Chemopreventive agents show promise for preventing and reversing cancer development


Chemoprevention of cancer aims to prevent, arrest, or reverse either the initiation phase of carcinogenesis or the progression of neoplastic cells to cancer. It has been an active area of research for several decades; the use of retinoids to prevent cancer of the head and neck is a notable example.1 Chemoprevention is widely used and readily accepted by doctors and patients in the form of drugs that lower cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. It can also be used in some apparently healthy people at risk of cancer to prevent or reduce their risk of developing invasive disease. The biomedical community needs to recognise and advocate approaches to prevent cancer with the same enthusiasm that it currently directs towards treating it. 


Summary points


Cancer is a multistage disease, not a single event, and doctors should emphasise cancer prevention in addition to cancer treatment and cure


Chemoprevention with naturally occurring (many dietary) and synthetic agents shows promise for preventing, arresting, and reversing cancer development


Chemopreventive agents must have low toxicities compared with chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer patients


Physicians should identify patients at high risk of cancer who might benefit from participation in chemoprevention trials


Validation of surrogate endpoint biomarkers for clinical cancer is essential to reduce size and duration of chemoprevention trials
SOME UNUSUAL CASES OF APPENDICITIS.
Authors: J. F. BALDWIN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

After a surgeon has attended several hundred cases of appendicitis; after he has found the appendix on the left side of the abdomen, running up to the gallbladder in front and to the kidney behind the colon, and even, as in a specimen in the museum of the Ohio Medical University, nicely curled up under the left collar bone; and after he has seen it discharging the abscess, resulting from its perforation, into the bowel, the bladder, the vagina, the groin, the scrotum, the lumbar region, and even perforating the diaphragm and discharging through the lung, he begins to feel a great deal of respect for this otherwise insignificant organ, and perhaps thinks that he knows a great deal about appendicitis. Nevertheless, even with such an experience, he will be constantly meeting with cases that will surprise him, and which will continue to still further convince him that the appendix,
Melanoma Fact Sheet
Authors: A. J. Sober, T. B. Fitzpatrick
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1979)

Melanoma represents two percent of all cancers by incidence (excluding non melanoma skin cancer) â€¢¿ 1It is estimated that in the United States, in 1979, there will be 13,600 new cases of malignant melanoma;there will be an estimated 4,300 deaths from melanoma.1The over all five-year survival rate for this cancer is 67 percent.2
Funktionelle abdominelle Beschwerden als neurotisches Symptom
Authors: W. Schüffel, Cornelia Schaumburg, O.S. Schonecke, W. Wolfert
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

50 patients with functional abdominal complaints were tested by means of Beck's depression scale, MMPI, MMPI-Foulds. Two control groups were used: 24 outpatients from the department of surgery (SCo), 45 patients with functional heart complaints (HCo). The abdominal group was subdivided into 2 subgroups:-patients with upper abdominal complaints (UAb) and patients with lower abdominal complaints (LAb). Highly significant results (ρ≤0.001) were achieved when comparing MMPI and Beck rank orders of the 4 groups. The highest rank orders/lowest ones exhibited the groups HCo, UAb/SCo resp. This was the case for the scales Hs, D, Hy, Pt, Sc and for Beck's depression scale. Significantly higher rank orders were found for UAb in contrast to LAb on the scales MMPI -D, -Si (only for females), -Foulds Critiscism of others (here LAb was even lower than SCo!), -Foulds General Hostility. Thus results of MMPI and Beck's depression scale show: patients with functional abdominal complaints who visit a specialized university hospital differ from a normal control group significantly. They are similar to a group of patients with functional heart complaints of neurotic origin. Patients with lower abdominal complaints exhibit remarkably little manifest aggression (in the test!), even less than normal. The same seems to hold true for manifest depression.
EEG-based classification of positive and negative affective states
Authors: Maja Stikic, Robin R. Johnson, Veasna Tan, Chris Berka
Journal: Brain-Computer Interfaces (2014)

This study aimed to identify the neurophysiological correlates of two primary aroused affective states related to positive and negative emotions, and to create a classification model for each second of data. General and individualized models were built on the EEG data recorded from 98 participants while watching two contrasting ~20 min videos – one to elicit a negative affective state, and the other to induce positive affect. The final models were cross-validated on an additional 63 participants and the classifiers achieved similar results. The classifiers’ generalization capability was further estimated in a related study where 63 participants returned to watch videos that incorporated narratives with varying levels of fairness, justice, and character identification.
Identification of Potential Driver Genes in Human Liver Carcinoma by Genomewide Screening
Authors: Hyun Goo Woo, Eun Sung Park, Ju-Seog Lee, Yun-Han Lee, Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, Yoon Jun Kim, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Genomic copy number aberrations and corresponding transcriptional deregulation in the cancer genome have been suggested to have regulatory roles in cancer development and progression. However, functional evaluation of individual genes from lengthy lists of candidate genes from genomic data sets presents a significant challenge. Here, we report effective gene selection strategies to identify potential driver genes based on systematic integration of genome scale data of DNA copy numbers and gene expression profiles. Using regional pattern recognition approaches, we discovered the most probable copy number-dependent regions and 50 potential driver genes. At each step of the gene selection process, the functional relevance of the selected genes was evaluated by estimating the prognostic significance of the selected genes. Further validation using small interference RNA-mediated knockdown experiments showed proof-of-principle evidence for the potential driver roles of the genes in hepatocellular carcinoma progression (i.e., NCSTN and SCRIB). In addition, systemic prediction of drug responses implicated the association of the 50 genes with specific signaling molecules (mTOR, AMPK, and EGFR). In conclusion, the application of an unbiased and integrative analysis of multidimensional genomic data sets can effectively screen for potential driver genes and provides novel mechanistic and clinical insights into the pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Abstract 832: MicroRNA-30c inhibits human breast tumor chemo-resistance by regulating twinfinlin-1 (TWF1) and IL-11.
Authors: Huiping Liu, Jessica Bockhorn, Rachel Dalton, Chika Nwachukwu, Simo Huang, Aleix Prat, Kathy Yee, Ya-Fang Chang, Dezheng Huo, Jun Lu, Eileen Dolan, Charles M. Perou, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Michael F. Clarke, Geoffrey Greene
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Chemotherapy resistance remains a challenging problem in the clinic and the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. We hypothesize that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in therapy resistance and cancer progression, but the functional link and signalling pathways need to be elucidated. Our work discovered that miR-30c, a human breast tumour prognostic marker, plays a pivotal role in chemo-resistance and apoptosis by a direct targeting of TWF1, which encodes an actin-binding protein and promotes EMT. We also identified IL-11 as a secondary target of TWF1 in the miR-30c signalling pathway. Expression of miR-30c inversely correlated with TWF1 and IL-11 levels in primary breast tumours and low IL-11 associated with relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that miR-30c is transcriptionally regulated by GATA3 in breast tumours. Identification of a novel miRNA-mediated pathway that regulates chemo-resistance and apoptosis in breast cancer will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study was supported in part by The University of Chicago Women's Board (J.B.) and Chicago Fellows Program (H.L.), DOD W81XWH-09-1-0331, NIH K12 CA139160-02, NCI K99 CA160638-01A1, CTSA UL1 RR024999 (H.L.), Segal Fund and Ludwig Fund (G.L.G.). Citation Format: Huiping Liu, Jessica Bockhorn, Rachel Dalton, Chika Nwachukwu, Simo Huang, Aleix Prat, Kathy Yee, Ya-Fang Chang, Dezheng Huo, Jun Lu, Eileen Dolan, Charles M. Perou, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Michael F. Clarke, Geoffrey Greene. MicroRNA-30c inhibits human breast tumor chemo-resistance by regulating twinfinlin-1 (TWF1) and IL-11. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 832. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-832
Transepidermal water loss and absorption of hydrocortisone in widespread dermatitis
Authors: K. AALTO-KORTE, M. TURPEINEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone was measured in three children and six adults with widespread dermatitis, after the application of 1% hydrocortisone cream. Before application of the cream, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on six skin areas. A highly significant correlation was found between the post-application rise in plasma cortisol level and the mean transepidermal water loss. Thus, measurement of TEWL affords a simple, non-invasive method for assessing the systemic effect of hydrocortisone applied to widespread dermatitis.
Expected Miracles: Surgeons at Work
Authors: David H. Mark
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Within and without the medical profession, surgeons have a special reputation. Although exceptions abound, the classic stereotype consists of a proud, aggressive, overbearing white male who "may be wrong but is never in doubt." This stereotype receives much play in popular media and criticism from many who believe there are too many doctors who deliver uncaring, uncompassionate care. "the public nature of surgery" The author of this book, a formally trained anthropologist, spent two and a half years observing surgeons, mostly general, at work in the operating room, hospital ward, and private office. She wished to avoid a posture of criticism and outrage common in studies of powerful members of a culture and to report her findings in the form of a classic ethnography. In such a work the observer "is her own measuring instrument.... Rather than seeking to measure or predict, the primary aim of ethnography is to understand."
Hereditary epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pad-like lesions over the finger joints
Authors: T. Nogita, H. Nakacawa, Y. Ishibashi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article Hereditary epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pad‐like lesions over the finger joints Get access T. Nogita, T. Nogita Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Nakacawa, H. Nakacawa Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. Ishibashi Y. Ishibashi Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 162, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 125, Issue 5, 1 November 1991, Pages 496–499, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14780.x Published: 01 November 1991
Pediatric Window-Cord Strangulations
Authors: David M. Bishai
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Ms Rauchschwalbe and Dr Mann<sup>1</sup>summarizing the US experience with pediatric window-cord strangulations is extremely valuable in documenting an opportunity in which preventive behavior can be 100% effective in saving lives. The data presented suggest that the life-saving message that needs to reach parents is not "break the loop in window cords," but "eliminate window cords from the environment of children." The voluntary efforts of industry to produce window cords without loops and to retrofit the existing stock of window coverings have not lowered mortality and never can be completely effective—the authors document a number of deaths in which the child was not entrapped in a loop at all. Until the industry fully deploys window coverings with breakaway cords or that keep cords completely away from children, I suggest that physicians and child health advocates press for regulatory reforms at the