tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Connexin40 Is Essential for the Pressure Control of Renin Synthesis and Secretion
Authors: Charlotte Wagner, Cor de Wit, Lisa Kurtz, Christian Grünberger, Armin Kurtz, Frank Schweda
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Renin secretion and synthesis in renal juxtaglomerular cells are controlled by short feed back loops involving angiotensin II and the intrarenal blood pressure. The operating mechanisms of these negative feed back regulators are widely unknown, except for the fact that both require calcium to exert their inhibitory action. We here show that in the absence of connexin40 (Cx40), which form gap junctions between juxtaglomerular and endothelial cells, the negative control of renin secretion and synthesis by angiotensin II and by intravasal pressure is abrogated, while the regulation by salt intake and β-adrenergic stimulation is maintained. Renin secretion from Cx40-deficient kidneys or wild-type kidneys treated with the nonselective gap junction blocker 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (10 μmol/L) resembles the situation in wild-type kidneys in the absence of extracellular calcium. This disturbed regulation is reflected by an enhanced plasma renin concentration despite an elevated blood pressure in Cx40-deficient mice. These findings indicate that Cx40 connexins and likely intercellular communication via Cx40-dependent gap junctions mediate the calcium-dependent inhibitor effects of angiotensin II and of intrarenal pressure on renin secretion and synthesis. Because Cx40 gap junctions are also formed between renin producing cells and endothelial cells our finding could provide additional information to suggest that the endothelium may be strongly involved in the control of the renin system.
Local Hypothermia for Hematemesis in a Hemophiliac
Authors: Kenneth E. Liffmann, Brian A. Dorman, William P. Corvese
Journal: JAMA (1964)

HEMORRHAGE in the patient with hemophilia presents a formidable problem to the surgeon. Although successful surgical intervention has been reported many times in these patients, very few successful gastrectomies for bleeding have been performed.<sup>1-4</sup>Indeed, any operative procedure in a hemophiliac remains a grave undertaking. Local gastric cooling has been employed effectively in the management of upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage,<sup>5-7</sup>but there have been few reports of application of this technique to patients having the ulcer diathesis compounded by a severe defect in the coagulation mechanism. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 43-year-old white male was admitted to the hospital after collapsing at home where he had vomited approximately 400 ml of "coffee-grounds" material. The patient had drunk several cups of coffee and one bottle of beer in the 48 hours prior to admission. The patient had been discharged from the Army after one month because of a bleeding tendency and
The Hospital in History
Authors: Howard F. Cook
Journal: JAMA (1990)

If one assumes, as I did before reading this book, that the hospital of long ago was basically the same in form, function, scope, and intent as the hospital of today (minus, of course, high tech and physician-specialists) then one is in for a surprise on reading<i>The Hospital in History</i>. About all that the hospital of 100 to 500 years ago shares with the hospital of today is the name. What emerges is that medieval and early modern hospitals were not primarily medical institutions—most of their patients were not even sick. And doctors had little control over hospitals until recently. Hospitals were controlled by the donor (for the benefit of the donor's immortal soul) or the church or monastery as a sort of employee benefit program for aged monks and nuns or by the government (which largely ignored the hospital unless political considerations forced it to do otherwise). The
You've got mail: erj@lumc.nl
Authors: P.J. Sterk, K.F. Rabe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Why do you like the European Respiratory Journal ( ERJ )? What do you expect from it during the years to come? These were the questions that were posed when considering running for the post of Chief Editor for the ERJ 2003–2007. What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (a trained manager would call this a SWOT analysis) for a journal from a European scientific society that operates in the field of respiratory medicine? Can these issues be rationalised or is it just the irresistible joy of shaping a growing creation? It is both.

The ERJ is a maturing adolescent, now 15 yrs old. It does not need to be educated much, but rather its overflow of energy requires controlling. In fact, the journal shows the most rapidly growing citation rate in the respiratory field, hitting an impact factor of 3.0 (understandably, the Technical Editors would not allow three decimals in the exact number 2.989 as it can vary from 0 to 100). This rising impact factor shows the increasing appreciation of the ERJ in the scientific field, which has been, and must …
Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea.
Authors: None Khin-Maung-U, None Myo-Khin, None Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, None Aye-Kyaw, None Tin-U
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Four hundred adults presenting with acute watery diarrhoea were entered into a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial of berberine, tetracycline, and tetracycline and berberine to study the antisecretory and vibriostatic effects of berberine. Of 185 patients with cholera, those given tetracycline or tetracycline and berberine had considerably reduced volume and frequency of diarrhoeal stools, duration of diarrhoea, and volumes of required intravenous and oral rehydration fluid. Berberine did not produce an antisecretory effect. Analysis by factorial design equations, however, showed a reduction in diarrhoeal stools by one litre and a reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations in stools by 77% in the groups given berberine. Considerably fewer patients given tetracycline or tetracycline and berberine excreted vibrios in stools after 24 hours than those given berberine alone. Neither tetracycline nor berberine had any benefit over placebo in 215 patients with non-cholera diarrhoea.
Reporting Results From Chemotherapy Trials-Reply
Authors: Robert K. Oye
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  We agree with Dr Omura that complete responders warrant special consideration when effectiveness of chemotherapy is assessed. Nevertheless, the presence of a few complete responders does not guarantee that chemotherapy either improves survival or is beneficial to the majority of patients treated, and in the studies that we reviewed, complete responses were uncommon. We are also concerned that, in addition to partial response, investigators are reporting other categories of response, such as minor response, less than partial response, and disease stabilization rather than focusing on complete responders. We do not disagree that psychological support, relief of symptoms, and research are valid additional indications for treatment. One must be concerned, however, about toxic effects of treatment given for psychological support.  It is distressing that Dr Lane questions the appropriateness of critically evaluating published trials. Scientific publications should be able to withstand scrutiny. Without such scrutiny, unsubstantiated conclusions are more
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE SCARLET FEVER TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION REACTION
Authors: George A. Hottle, A. M. Pappenheimer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

1. Highly purified scarlet fever toxin has been prepared from culture filtrates of two scarlatinal strains (NY5 and 594B) of hemolytic streptococcus grown on a medium of defined composition. 2. The flocculation reaction of Rane and Wyman has been studied quantitatively and has been shown specific for scarlet fever toxin and antitoxin. 3. Scarlet fever toxin from strains NY5 and 594B are quantitatively identical in their immunological behavior. 4. Pure scarlet fever toxin contains 0.00023 mg. nitrogen per flocculating unit and close to 1.3 x 10(8) skin test doses per mg. nitrogen as calculated from the immunological data. Both the immunological and the analytical data suggest that scarlet fever toxin is a protein. Similar calculations indicate that scarlet fever antitoxin contains 0.00093 mg. nitrogen per unit. 5. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin complex is readily dissociated in dilute solutions. In this respect the scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin system contrasts sharply with the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system. 6. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin reaction is discussed in relation to other flocculation reactions.
Door-to-Balloon Times Under 90 Min Can Be Routinely Achieved for Patients Transferred for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Rural Setting
Authors: James C. Blankenship, Thomas D. Scott, Kimberly A. Skelding, Thomas A. Haldis, Karen Tompkins-Weber, Marie Y. Sledgen, Michael A. Donegan, Jeremy W. Buckley, Jennifer A. Sartorius, John McB. Hodgson, Peter B. Berger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Early microbial translocation blockade reduces SIV-mediated inflammation and viral replication
Authors: Jan Kristoff, George Haret-Richter, Dongzhu Ma, Ruy M. Ribeiro, Cuiling Xu, Elaine Cornell, Jennifer L. Stock, Tianyu He, Adam D. Mobley, Samantha Ross, Anita Trichel, Cara Wilson, Russell Tracy, Alan Landay, Cristian Apetrei, Ivona Pandrea
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Damage to the intestinal mucosa results in the translocation of microbes from the intestinal lumen into the circulation. Microbial translocation has been proposed to trigger immune activation, inflammation, and coagulopathy, all of which are key factors that drive HIV disease progression and non-HIV comorbidities; however, direct proof of a causal link is still lacking. Here, we have demonstrated that treatment of acutely SIV-infected pigtailed macaques with the drug sevelamer, which binds microbial lipopolysaccharide in the gut, dramatically reduces immune activation and inflammation and slightly reduces viral replication. Furthermore, sevelamer administration reduced coagulation biomarkers, confirming the contribution of microbial translocation in the development of cardiovascular comorbidities in SIV-infected nonhuman primates. Together, our data suggest that early control of microbial translocation may improve the outcome of HIV infection and limit noninfectious comorbidities associated with AIDS.
Abstract 1209: Comparison of lung adenocarcinoma development in genetically engineered mouse and in humans - similarities and differences
Authors: Helmut H. Popper, Beatrice Grabner, Emilio Casanova, Robert Eferl, Rao Shuan, Josef Penninger
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Lung adenocarcinoma (AC) induced by carcinogen inhalation never came close to the human counterpart. This has changed with the creation of genetically engineered models. Different types of mouse AC were studied, some of them with a KRAS codon12 mutation background, others with HRAS mutants inserted; in most additional hits were introduced (ATG5, PTEN, PI3K, p53). Development of AC was followed for 28 weeks. Human lung AC subtypes and precursor lesions served for comparison. AC in mice starts with papillary growth at the bronchoalveolar junction (baJ). Tumor spreads into the alveolar periphery. Due to different cell to alveolar size alveoli are filled almost completely, simulating solid growth. At a certain size hypoxic necrosis is seen in centers, followed by neoangiogenesis and desmoplastic stroma formation. Finally invasion of tumor cells into stroma occur. Metastasis is rare, due to high tumor load, causing early death. Vascular invasion is seen, if second carcinogenic hits are applied. Dissimilarities with human precursor and AC types are: AC in mice are all non-mucinous, they are predominant papillary or solid, often with a high degree of signet ring cell formation; in addition there seems to be a requirement of large tumor size before invasion and metastasis occur. To understand AC development knowledge of the anatomy and histology of mouse and human lung is necessary, but these models open a new way of investigating lung AC. Citation Format: Helmut H. Popper, Beatrice Grabner, Emilio Casanova, Robert Eferl, Rao Shuan, Josef Penninger. Comparison of lung adenocarcinoma development in genetically engineered mouse and in humans - similarities and differences. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1209. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1209
Hospitals and Medicare
Authors: Philip D. Bonnet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

HAVING browsed through the lectures of past years by Ray Brown, Jack Masur, George Bugbee, Ed Crosby, Walter McNerney and especially the very first lecture by Dr. Wilinsky himself, I have been reminded of the high standard that has been set and is to be maintained, if one is to do justice to this occasion and to pay adequate tribute to Dr. Wilinsky. When searching for appropriate words of appreciation and praise of him, I came upon the October, 1951, Editorial in Hospitals, summing up his service as President of the American Hospital Association: "Dr. Wilinsky applied to the . . .
Significant issues raised by meta-analyses of cancer mortality and dioxin exposure.
Authors: Thomas B Starr
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Consistent with results from an earlier U.S. Environmental Protection Agency meta-analysis of three occupational cohorts, Crump et al. [Environ Health Perspect 111:681-687 (2003)] recently concluded that "dioxin TEQ [toxic equivalent] exposures within roughly 3-fold of current background levels may be carcinogenic" to humans. In contrast, my meta-analysis using an intercept-only model implied zero additional human cancer deaths from all exposures to dioxin-like compounds, including those arising via dietary intake. How can different investigators reach such markedly different conclusions from similar analyses of essentially the same data? The answer lies in different selections for a dose metric, different assumptions regarding the elimination half-life for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in humans, different assumptions regarding the importance of the most recent 15 years of exposure, and extrapolations from potential effects of TCDD exposure to potential effects of TEQ exposures. Resolution of the ongoing debate regarding the potential human carcinogenicity of dioxin will require detailed information on exposure to TCDD and on direct-acting carcinogens in the workplace, as well as a dose-response model that adequately reflects TCDD's characteristics as a promoter.
Predicting Demographic Group Structures Based on DNA Sequence Data
Authors: J. P. Anderson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

The ability to infer relationships between groups of sequences, either by searching for their evolutionary history or by comparing their sequence similarity, can be a crucial step in hypothesis testing. Interpreting relationships of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences can be challenging because of their rapidly evolving genomes, but it may also lead to a better understanding of the underlying biology. Several studies have focused on the evolution of HIV-1, but there is little information to link sequence similarities and evolutionary histories of HIV-1 to the epidemiological information of the infected individual. Our goal was to correlate patterns of HIV-1 genetic diversity with epidemiological information, including risk and demographic factors. These correlations were then used to predict epidemiological information through analyzing short stretches of HIV-1 sequence. Using standard phylogenetic and phenetic techniques on 100 HIV-1 subtype B sequences, we were able to show some correlation between the viral sequences and the geographic area of infection and the risk of men who engage in sex with men. To help identify more subtle relationships between the viral sequences, the method of multidimensional scaling (MDS) was performed. That method identified statistically significant correlations between the viral sequences and the risk factors of men who engage in sex with men and individuals who engage in sex with injection drug users or use injection drugs themselves. Using tree construction, MDS, and newly developed likelihood assignment methods on the original 100 samples we sequenced, and also on a set of blinded samples, we were able to predict demographic/risk group membership at a rate statistically better than by chance alone. Such methods may make it possible to identify viral variants belonging to specific demographic groups by examining only a small portion of the HIV-1 genome. Such predictions of demographic epidemiology based on sequence information may become valuable in assigning different treatment regimens to infected individuals.
Military Physicians Face New Challenges as Bosnia Peacekeeping Effort Lengthens
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1997)

PHYSICIANS and other US medical team members who go downrange to The Box contend—among other challenges—with pudding, battle rattle, and Groundhog Day. American GIs always have been quick to provide nicknames for the places and circumstances they face, and the nowextended (until mid 1998) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) peaceenforcement effort in the former Yugoslavia is no exception. As US military physicians and their comrades use the term, to go "downrange" is to deploy to the US peaceenforcement sector (between the British and French sectors) of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, usually from US Army or Air Force bases in Germany or even the United States. Once in "The Box" (Bosnia), the deployed military physicians and other personnel join some 8375 US Army and Air Force men and women (and a few US civilians with special assignments) in contending with the "pudding" (mud), cold, rain or snow, fog, loneliness,
Islet cell transplantation
Authors: T. Samuel, P. Cockwell
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

This article, derived from a meeting on advances in transplantation but incorporating new data, focuses on the aspect that was discussed in detail by Professor James Shapiro, of the University of Alberta, Canada.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide1 and now affects up to 5% of the population in the UK. Roughly 10% of these patients have type I DM, caused by insulin deficiency secondary to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells. DM is associated with life-threatening metabolic or vascular complications in 30% of patients2. According to data from the UK Renal Registry, 20% of all new patients in the UK under the age of 65 years requiring dialysis treatment have end-stage renal failure secondary to DM. In addition to renal care, patients with diabetes require a diverse range of services including cardiology and cardiac surgery, vascular surgery and ophthalmology.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)3 showed that tight glycaemic control delays and reduces diabetic complications. However, intensive insulin treatment is poorly tolerated by many patients and will decrease the number of patients who develop microvascular complications by no more than 30-40%. Further, a small but substantial number of patients have life-threatening hypoglycaemic episodes despite scrupulous attention to their insulin regimens. Therefore, to improve diabetic care, the need is for treatments that achieve metabolic stability and prevent microvascular complications. Reports from Professor Shapiro's team describe major improvements in the early clinical outcome of patients with type I DM treated with human islet cell transplantation by newly developed protocols. Here we discuss the key areas they report that contribute to improvements in the outcome of islet cell transplantation, particularly the use of novel immuno-suppressive strategies.
Discrepancies in Thyroid Uptake Values Use of Commercial Thyroid Probe Systems Versus Scintillation Cameras
Authors: KAI H. LEE, MICHAEL E. SIEGEL, OSCAR A. FERNANDEZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

This study attempts to find the cause of differences observed between measurements of the thyroid uptake using a thyroid uptake probe and a gamma camera. The thyroid uptakes of 65 patients were measured using the gamma camera with a pinhole collimator and two commercially available thyroid uptake systems. Moreover, simulated thyroid uptake measurements using 0.111 to 7.4 MBq (3 to 200 &micro;Ci) of 1-123 were also taken using the same probe systems and gamma cameras. Results of the patient and phantom studies were evaluated by regression analyses. The gamma cameras recorded counts in direct proportion to the amount of 1-123 in the phantom, but the probe systems exhibited a non-linear relationship. A 20% loss of counts was observed with 1.48 Mq (40 &micro;CI), and up to 50% at the dose relating to a clinically administered dose of 7.4 MBq (200 &micro;Ci) in the neck phantom. Because of severe dead-time losses at high count rates associated with counting the capsule standard, the uptake ratios were artifactually higher. The 65 patient study showed a similar trend with the probe technique yielding uptake ratios higher than the gamma camera. Users of thyroid uptake systems should calibrate their instrument's counting efficiency in.the dose range of the 1-123 activity to be used clinically. To obtain an accurate uptake ratio, the counts must be corrected by calibration factors corresponding to the efficiency of the probe at multiple counting rates including that from counting the Intended dose before therapy.
Creating a general practice data set: new role for Northumberland Local Medical Committee.
Authors: A Hutchinson, P Mitford, M Aylett
Journal: BMJ (1987)

As a first step in planning primary care services for a whole district, the Northumberland Local Medical Committee undertook a postal survey of all 51 practices in the county. Questionnaires were returned by 154 doctors (95%). Information was collected from every practice on doctors9 qualifications and postgraduate training, aspects of professional commitments in addition to patient care, professional appointments outside the practice, and clinical services being offered by the practice. A wide range of clinical services was reported. In general, preventive services in singlehanded practices were provided within normal consulting sessions while the larger practices offered many special sessions and a multidisciplinary approach. In addition to establishing baseline information for planning primary care initiatives, this first exercise provided valuable experience in data collection and management. Having shown that such a role is feasible, the experience will be used to expand the information and planning activities of the committee.
Advertisement's selective quotation from old article misrepresentscurrent situation
Authors: C. Pope
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Readers of the BMJ may have noticed that a private health care insurance company is currently running an advertising campaign that selectively quotes from articles on waiting lists that were published in the journal in 1993 and 1994.1 2 I am currently corresponding with the marketing director of the insurance company and with the Advertising Standards Authority in an attempt to prevent …