tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Some diseases characteristic of modern Western civilization.
Authors: D P Burkitt
Journal: BMJ (1973)

<h3>Objective</h3> Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) causes damage to the macula and severe vision loss. Bevacizumab is the most cost-effective nAMD treatment. The TANDEM trial was designed to determine whether, in patients with nAMD, low-dose bevacizumab is non-inferior to the standard dose in terms of visual deterioration and whether a bimonthly regimen is non-inferior to monthly, treatment as required, regimens. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a multicentre, 2×2 factorial, double-masked, non-inferiority randomised trial with patients considered eligible if they met the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria for nAMD treatment with ranibizumab. Participants were randomly assigned to standard (1.25 mg) or low (0.625 mg) dose bevacizumab and either monthly or bimonthly review regimen. The primary outcome was time to vision deterioration, defined as reduction of ≥15 letters (three lines) during the loading phase (visual acuity scores at visits B and C compared with the initial visit A), or ≥6 letters (one line) during the maintenance phase (visual acuity scores at subsequent visits compared with mean vision at visits A–C). <h3>Results</h3> In total 812 participants (918 eyes) were randomised into the trial. The low dose showed some evidence of being non-inferior to standard dose (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.42), however, there was no strong evidence of bimonthly review being non-inferior to monthly review (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.94). There was no difference in visual acuity when assessed at 9 months and no major differences in the frequency of serious adverse events or reactions between the groups. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The standard dose of bevacizumab can be halved without compromising efficacy. Bimonthly review cannot be considered to be no worse than monthly review.
Trials and fast changing technologies: the case for tracker studies
Authors: R. J Lilford
Journal: BMJ (2000)

New or variant treatments—and we use the word in a wide sense to include procedures and devices as well as drugs—should be subject to randomised controlled trials.1 Treatments may also develop, changing in ways that are widely considered to be improvements. For example, a new version of a surgically fitted device supersedes the old. This complicates existing comparisons of the device compared with medical treatment. And it leads to another issue—when should researchers start a randomised controlled trial in a clinical area where there is rapid technological change? Start too early and the resultant comparisons may seem likely to turn out to be irrelevant, but start too late and the chance of collecting much good quality data will have been lost, perhaps forever if clinical opinion has “gelled” despite the absence of randomised controlled trial data. The problem is compounded by the considerable time it takes to design, commission, and establish a full scale clinical trial.

These problems are encountered widely, particularly with devices. These may be licensed even before their health effects have been studied in detail and are subject to frequent modifications in design and use. A good example is endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, in which a Dacron tube is positioned within the abdominal aorta and held in place by an expandable stent. In 1991, Parodi et al showed that aneurysms could be repaired in this way.2 Several stent graft systems have emerged since then, with changes occurring almost monthly.

In these circumstances useful evaluation by randomised controlled trial evaluation might be thought impossible, and researchers and commissioners might choose to wait for things to stabilise.3 In this paper we argue against waiting and advocate the use of trials which start early on in periods of rapid technological change and which follow and inform developments. …
A New Peripateticism
Authors: Paul W. Hughes
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> One of the chief complaints I have always heard from people attending long conferences and teaching sessions is that a person sits too long. To promote more active participation in these teaching sessions and conferences, and perhaps help the individual's health, all leading health organizations, such as the American Medical Association, the American Public Health Association and the US Public Health Service should allow the conferee, participant, or member of the audience to get up and walk around while a speaker is holding forth. Even 2,300 years ago, Aristotle and other philosophers held peripatetic sessions. There is some evidence that sitting for prolonged sessions is not healthful. I do not believe that even the ten-minute "hourly army break" would suffice. Many persons think better on their feet—and it certainly would prevent a lot of the "snoozing" seen in many audiences. Unless our main health organizations set the
Dysesthesia, Witchcraft, and Conversion Reaction
Authors: James R. Hillard
Journal: JAMA (1978)

An intelligent, well-educated black woman from the rural South, through an interaction of psychopathology and cultural background, experienced dysesthesia as a conversion reaction and came to believe that she was the victim of witchcraft. After neurological evaluation showed no abnormalities, she was successfully treated with conventional psychotherapy. Belief in hexing or root work is still alive today and should be inquired about in patients with unusual symptoms and an appropriate cultural background. (<i>JAMA</i>240:1742-1744, 1978)
Parenteral Nutrition and Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Mitchell V. Kaminski
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Letters and Corrections15 March 1990Parenteral Nutrition and Cancer ChemotherapyMitchell V. Kaminski Jr., MD, Terri Haase, PAMitchell V. Kaminski Jr., MDSearch for more papers by this author, Terri Haase, PASearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-76-3-112-6-471_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: The Chief of Pharmacy eagerly presented me with a copy of a position paper by the American College of Physicians (1). He needed an explanation because his impression from reading the article was that nutritional support had no place in the management of patients with cancer.I pointed out that although the first sentence in the "Rationale" section recognized malnutrition or a significant comorbidity in some patients with cancer, the first sentence of the second paragraph in the "Recommendations," stated, "Most patients in the studies reviewed were not severely malnourished." I explained that parenteral nutrition does not...References1. . Parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:734-6. LinkGoogle Scholar2. MüllerDienstBrennerPichlmaier JCUH. Preoperative parenteral feeding in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Lancet. 1982;1:68-71. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. BellantoneDogliettoBossola RGM. Preoperative parenteral nutrition in the high risk surgical patient. J PEN. 1988;12:195-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. MüllerKellerBrenner JHU. Indications and effects of preoperative parenteral nutrition. World J Surg. 1986;10:53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. . Parenteral nutrition in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:734-6. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center Chicago, IL 60622 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byNicotine and Smoking in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis 15 March 1990Volume 112, Issue 6Page: 471-472KeywordsCancer chemotherapyMalnutritionNutrition ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 March 1990 PDF downloadLoading ...
RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS FOLLOWING QUINIDIN THERAPY
Authors: WILLIAM D. REID
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The treatment of auricular fibrillation and flutter by the administration of quinidin sulphate is attracting much attention. In order to establish the correct status of this drug in the therapy of these arrhythmias, it is essential that publicity be given to untoward effects as well as to successes. A single instance of respiratory paralysis has occurred in the use of quinidin sulphate in the wards of the Boston City Hospital. Many fatalities have been reported following the administration of quinidin. Most of these have been attributed to embolism, and, for a few, the explanation of cardiac standstill, associated with heart block, has been given. Apparently, the occurrence of paralysis of respiration is rare. Von Frey,<sup>1</sup>who introduced quinidin in cardiac therapy, has recorded two cases in his second report,<sup>1</sup>and, more recently, a third was described by him and Hagemann.<sup>2</sup>One of Haass'<sup>3</sup>patients, who had
Identification of adverse reactions to new drugs. II (continued): How were 18 important adverse reactions discovered and with what delays?
Authors: G R Venning
Journal: BMJ (1983)

We believe that in presenting our experience in Wessex we are adding to the sum of hard data for contemporary clinicians and administrators alike, thereby giving useful evidence for future development in our speciality.We would like to express our sincere thanks to the junior medical staff, nurses, technicians, laboratory staff, and many others who have contributed so much to our work and who have made this report possible.We would also particularly like to thank Mrs Anne Longhurst for the painstaking retrieval of the information regarding this large number of patients and Mrs Julie Mintram for her secretarial help.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE USE OF D-DESOXYEPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN THE STUDY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: JOSEPH SCHEIN, PAUL GOOLKER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1951)

1. D-desoxyephedrine hydrochloride was employed intravenously in an intensive study of 22 patients with psychoneurotic illness. 2. It was found invaluable as a working tool for— (a) the delineation of defenses available to the patient, and the role of this delineation in diagnosis and research. (b) a nosological differentiation in so-called "border-line" syndromes. (c) the vivid clarification of transference reactions. (d) the unexpected confrontation of the alert patient with a dramatic change in his chronic symptoms, and its consequent impetus toward recovery. (e) the marked reduction in time consumed in obtaining valuable conscious and preconscious material. 3. A repeated phenomenon, which we have labeled "reawakening of focal memory," has been frequently observed, and represents a challenge to the study of recall, and psychic representation. 4. It allows for clearly observable phenomena even in the presence of a group, and thus affords an excellent medium for teaching purposes.
Caring for Depression: A RAND Study
Authors: Philip G. Lindsay
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Caring for depression is a demanding and complex task.<i>Caring for Depression</i>is a summary of one of the most ambitious studies of depression management yet completed. It entailed a diverse environment, with large numbers of patients and providers and with an integrated multidisciplinary approach to assessing diagnosis and treatment. The study occurred in three sites in the United States almost a decade ago and measured diagnosis, medication and counseling use, outcomes, cost, and cost-effectiveness of care. Care by primary care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other counselors was evaluated. Comorbidity with the most common medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes type I and II, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arthritis, and chronic pulmonary disease) was studied as part of the larger Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). Numerous foundations supported the research, including RAND. The coauthors are all RAND staff scientists and represent the disciplines of psychiatry, economics, medical sociology, and social psychology.
Drug Testing in Sport: Bayes Theorem Meets Advanced Technology
Authors: Robert Carlen
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In their article on testing for performanceenhancing drugs, Drs Catlin and Murray<sup>1</sup>tell us that most athletes who test positive for drugs deny drug use. Instead, the athletes attribute their positive result to collection mistakes, breaks in the chain of custody, laboratory error, or sabotage. None of them, it seems, has used Bayes theorem to attack their result. Except for tests that have specificity of 100%, false-positive results will increasingly outnumber true-positive results as the prevalence of the condition decreases in the population being tested. Furthermore, unless the prevalence is known in some other way, the test results cannot be interpreted. Here, then, are 2 grounds on which to discredit a positive result. The key point is that such false-positive results do not come from the kind of errors the athletes cite and, thus, are not correctable by attention to technique. Rather, they are the normal
THALLlUM-201 SPECT, PET FDG AND X-RAY CT IMAGING IN BRAIN TUMOR PATIENTS
Authors: D M Marciano, C K Holi, K Black, J C Mazziotta, C Carlson, R A Hawkins
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Marciano, D M; Holi, C K; Black, K; Mazziotta, J C; Carlson, C; Hawkins, R A Author Information
Attitudes to fertility issues among adults with cystic fibrosis in Scotland
Authors: A Fair
Journal: Thorax (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> With increasing life expectancy, issues of fertility and pregnancy are pertinent to patients with cystic fibrosis. For this reason, the four Scottish Cystic Fibrosis centres asked men and women with cystic fibrosis about their attitudes to fertility and to information given to them by health professionals. <h3>METHODS</h3> A postal questionnaire was sent to 116 men and 79 women aged 16 years and over attending four Scottish Cystic Fibrosis clinics. <h3>RESULTS</h3> There was a 70% response rate (82 men, 54 women). All but two men knew that they were likely to be infertile. 37% of respondents lived with a partner; 14 women (26%) and five men (6%) had children. For 85% of men and 72% of women having children was important now or would be in the next 10 years. 43% of men and 26% of women had never had any discussion on fertility issues with cystic fibrosis health professionals. 56% of men thought that first discussion with a health professional about infertility should be before the age of 16 years; 12% remembered having a first discussion at that age. Learning of their infertility was associated with strong negative emotions for most men. Women were more likely than men to have initiated first discussion (17 (32%) versus eight (10%); p&lt;0.01). Twenty five men (31%) and 32 women (59%) were currently using contraception. Ten men (12%) and 15 women (28%) had discussed contraception at the Cystic Fibrosis clinic (p = 0.01). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Parenting and fertility issues are important for men and women with cystic fibrosis but many patients do not find out what they want to know from discussion with health professionals. Patients want discussion to begin in early adolescence. Men in particular are likely to be reluctant to introduce these issues; health professionals should be aware of the need actively to initiate discussion.
Benign Transient Eosinophilia Following Intravenous Urography
Authors: Miriam E. Vincent
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Eosinophilia, a component of the allergic response, may occur after the use of iodinated radiographic contrast media for intravenous urography. A benign transient elevation in differential eosinophil count was seen in 21 of 101 patients following the injection of iodinated contrast agents for that purpose. (<i>JAMA</i>237:2629, 1977)
Gnathostomiasis — Neuroimaging of Larval Migration
Authors: Pasiri Sithinamsuwan, Parnsiri Chairangsaris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

An 18-year-old man presented with symptoms that evolved over the course of three days and included fever, radicular back pain, vertigo, ataxia, headache, and left-sided hemiparesis. He reported that he had had skin swellings in a migratory pattern during the preceding month. His diet typically consisted of raw fish. A complete blood count showed 7100 white cells per cubic millimeter with 33 percent eosinophils. A computed tomographic scan of the brain showed diffuse swelling. A magnetic resonance image of the brain revealed multiple worm-like lesions in both hemispheres and the cerebellum (arrows, Panels A and B), which did not enhance . . .
Myelin repair in vivo is increased by targeting oligodendrocyte precursor cells with nanoparticles encapsulating leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Authors: Sonja Rittchen, Amanda Boyd, Alasdair Burns, Jason Park, Tarek M. Fahmy, Su Metcalfe, Anna Williams
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Many nerve axons are insulated by a myelin sheath and their demyelination not only prevents saltatory electrical signal conduction along the axons but also removes their metabolic support leading to irreversible neurodegeneration, which currently is untreatable. There is much interest in potential therapeutics that promote remyelination and here we explore use of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine known to play a key regulatory role in self-tolerant immunity and recently identified as a pro-myelination factor. In this study, we tested a nanoparticle-based strategy for targeted delivery of LIF to oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) to promote their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes able to repair myelin. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles of ∼120 nm diameter were constructed with LIF as cargo (LIF-NP) with surface antibodies against NG-2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, expressed on OPC. In vitro, NG2-targeted LIF-NP bound to OPCs, activated pSTAT-3 signalling and induced OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. In vivo, using a model of focal CNS demyelination, we show that NG2-targeted LIF-NP increased myelin repair, both at the level of increased number of myelinated axons, and increased thickness of myelin per axon. Potency was high: a single NP dose delivering picomolar quantities of LIF is sufficient to increase remyelination. Impact statement Nanotherapy-based delivery of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) directly to OPCs proved to be highly potent in promoting myelin repair in vivo: this delivery strategy introduces a novel approach to delivering drugs or biologics targeted to myelin repair in diseases such as MS.
Use of Cromolyn in Combined Gastrointestinal Allergy
Authors: Samuel Kocoshis
Journal: JAMA (1979)

A double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of orally given cromolyn sodium vs that of placebo in the management of food allergy. Fourteen children, aged 2 to 15 years, with milk allergy and concomitant allergies to one or more foods were given cromolyn or placebo. Eleven had positive intradermal skin reactions or coproantibodies to offending antigens. Treatment was begun while the children were receiving elimination diets; they were challenged with specific antigen only after 48 hours of drug administration. Crossover took place if the initial agent was ineffective. Cromolyn afforded protection in 11 of 13 trials, whereas placebo was effective in only three of nine trials. By χ<sup>2</sup>analysis, the drug's effect was statistically significant. (<i>JAMA</i>242:1169-1173, 1979)
Association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A genotypes in women with a history of recurrent idiopathic miscarriages
Authors: Touhami Mahjoub, Nabil Mtiraoui, Hala Tamim, Sondes Hizem, Ramzi R. Finan, Brahim Nsiri, Wassim Y. Almawi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Thrombophilia was implicated in the development of pregnancy complications, including recurrent idiopathic pregnancy loss, and is aggravated in women who are carriers of factor V G1691A (FV Leiden) and prothrombin (PRT) G20210A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Previous studies examined the role of FV-Leiden and PRT G20210A in recurrent pregnancy loss with conflicting results. Here we examined the prevalence of FV Leiden and PRT G20210A SNPs, in 200 women with 3 or more consecutive early (n = 87), late (n = 41), or early-late (n = 72) recurrent pregnancy losses, and 200 age-matched fertile parous control women. APC resistance (APCR) was detected functionally (measuring the activated clotting time triggered by activated factor X in presence of a fixed amount of purified APC), and FV-Leiden and PRT G20210A genotypes were assessed by PCR. The frequency of the mutant FV (0.1400 vs. 0.0276; P < 0.001) but not PRT 20210 (0.0100 vs. 0.0225; P = 0.159) allele was higher in patients than controls, respectively. APC resistance with factor V Leiden was seen in 27% of patients compared to 11.5% of controls, while APC resistance without factor V Leiden was seen in 12.5% of patients compared to 9.5% of controls. Regression analysis demonstrated that the significant predictors for early abortion was FV Leiden; those for late abortion were oral contraceptive, APCR, and FV Leiden; and predictors for early-late abortions were oral contraceptives, obesity, FV Leiden, and smoking. APC resistance and FV Leiden, as well as combination of both, are common thrombotic defects seen in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss, thus testing for these is recommended in women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages.
Microcytic anemia with iron malabsorption: An inherited disorder of iron metabolism
Authors: Kip R. Hartman, James A. Barker
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

Two siblings were identified with severe hypoproliferative microcytic anemia and iron malabsorption, in the absence of any gastrointestinal disorder or blood loss. These children had severe microcytosis (MCV 48 fl, hemoglobin 7.5 g/dl) with decreased serum iron, elevated serum TIBC, and decreased serum ferritin, despite prolonged treatment with oral iron. An iron challenge study with an oral dose of 2 mg/kg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate documented iron malabsorption. After treatment with intravenous iron dextran, there was an absence of the expected reticulocytosis and only a partial correction of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and microcytosis. The bone marrow was hypocellular with abnormal iron incorporation into erythroid precursor cells. This appears to be a rare form of inherited anemia characterized by iron malabsorption and disordered iron metabolism that only partially corrects after the administration of parenteral iron. These features resemble those found in the microcytic mouse (mk/mk), which also has severe microcytic anemia and iron malabsorption that partially responds to parenteral iron. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative toxicity of ambient air pollutants: some aspects related to lung defense.
Authors: R B Schlesinger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Clearance mechanisms are an integral part of pulmonary defense, serving to rid the lungs of inhaled particles that deposit upon airway surfaces. This is accomplished by mucociliary transport in conducting airways and to a large extent by alveolar macrophages in the respiratory region. This paper compares the effects of acute exposure to sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or ozone (O3) on mucociliary clearance in rabbits and on phagocytic activity of macrophages recovered by bronchopulmonary lavage from animals exposed in vivo. The possible toxicologic mechanisms underlying dysfunction of clearance mediated by these irritants is discussed in terms of response to a pure acid (H2SO4), a pure oxidant (O3), and a material (NO2) that is a direct oxidant but which may produce secondary oxidants and acids upon dissolution in lung fluids.