tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lymphocytes and the Immune Response
Authors: C. G. Craddock, Robert Longmire, Robert McMillan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

PRESENT clinical and experimental data are consistent with a dual component lymphoid system consisting of marrow-derived stem cells that, under direct or hormonal influence of either the thymus or the "bursal equivalent," are programmed to respond to antigenic stimulation with cell-mediated or humoral responses, respectively. Although these functions are separable in various experimental and clinical situations, under normal circumstances immune expression by the lymphatic system after antigenic stimulation results in an interplay of these components and other parts of the reticuloendothelial system. It should be remembered that the immune response to most pathogenic antigens (e.g., bacterial, fungal, viral or transplantation) . . .
THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY REPORTS
Authors: Austin Smith
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The pharmaceutical industry's major task is to provide an abundant supply of safe, effective prescription drugs; to discover, screen, develop, and make available new drugs which will decrease or end suffering; to promote longer and happier lives; and to manage to stay in business while it is so doing. The following are statements from authorities outside the pharmaceutical industry which illustrate its contributing role. Dr. James Watt, director of the National Heart Institute, has said: "The major strides in drug discoveries of the past few years... have been made within commercial pharmaceutical houses."<sup>1</sup> Dr. Robert H. Felix, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, stated: "I believe that these (psychotropic) drugs have created more collective enthusiasm and more cooperative endeavor throughout psychiatry and allied sciences than any other single development over the past three or four decades."<sup>2</sup> The official Hinchcliffe Report of the British Ministry of Health
Treatment of Postoperative Respiratory Derangements with Nalorphine (N-Allylnormorphine)
Authors: Anthony J. DiGiovanni
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

SINCE the advent of succinylcholine as a short-acting muscle relaxant, numerous reports of persistent apnea after its use have appeared in the literature. Fortunately, these reports appear to be on the decline, possibly because of a better understanding of the underlying mechanism and wide dissemination and application of this information. An instructive and complete treatise on this subject was recently written by Churchill-Davidson.1 In most classifications of etiologic factors, the effect of narcotics given before, during or after operation on this phenomenon is discussed. In a clinical study using human volunteers as subjects Cohen and his colleagues2 were able to . . .
Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy and Scintiangiography in Abdominal Trauma
Authors: PATRICK M. COLLETTI, JEROME A. BARAKOS, PHILIP W. RALLS, MICHAEL E. SIEGEL, JAMES M. HALLS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Scintiangiography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy were performed in 45 patients with abdominal trauma. There were 18 gunshot wounds, six stab wounds, and 21 blunt injuries. Thirty-one of 45 patients showed abnormalities (69%). There were nine bilomas (4 with leaks), three leaks without biloma, (7 total leaks), five liver hematomas, three liver infarcts, one liver abscess, four renal injuries, one post-traumatic hepatic artery aneurysm, one acute acalculus cholecystitis, and four bowel injuries including one fistula, two obstructions, and one stricture. Two of the renal injuries and the hepatic artery aneurysm were identified only during scintiangiography. Eighteen of 38 gallbladders were not visualized despite normal bowel transit and delayed views to 4 hours (47%). Fourteen of 16 gallbladders were grossly normal at surgery, one had gallstones, and one had post-traumatic acalculus cholecystitis (6%). Hepatobiliary scintiangiography showed unique characteristics of vascular and renal lesions that were not seen on routine images. Sulfur colloid had no advantage over disofenin in evaluating liver injuries in nine cases. A high percentage of nonvisualized gallbladders (47%) were noted in acutely traumatized patients, and caution is recommended in diagnosing acute cholecystitis in the face of trauma.
The perils of a "FOOSH"
Authors: A. S. Patel, A. Macleod
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A 14 year old, right hand dominant boy was brought into the accident and emergency department at 9.00 pm, five hours after he was injured in a tackle during a rugby match. He had fallen on to his outstretched left hand (FOOSH) and had experienced immediate pain in the wrist, with swelling. He had no other injuries, and he was otherwise medically fit. On examination, he had an obvious "dinner fork" deformity, with severe swelling and pronounced tenderness over the wrist, together with reduced sensation in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. Immediate anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken (figs 1⇓ and 2⇓) and analgesia given. Fig 1 Anteroposterior radiograph of the wrist ### Short answers
Transition From Meeting Abstract to Full-length Journal Article for Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Mustafa Toma, Finlay A. McAlister, Liza Bialy, Denise Adams, Ben Vandermeer, Paul W. Armstrong
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Not all research presented at scientific meetings is subsequently published and, even when it is, there may be inconsistencies between these results and what is ultimately printed. Although late-breaking trials sessions are now integrated into several major scientific meetings and the results are often promptly and prominently communicated, no studies have examined the publication fate and degree of consistency between meeting abstracts or presentations and subsequent full-length article publications for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presented at these sessions.To compare RCT abstracts presented in the late-breaking trials session vs other sessions at a major scientific meeting and subsequent full-length publications.RCTs were identified by hand searching abstract proceedings booklets and related Web sites for the American College of Cardiology scientific meetings (1999-2002). Subsequent full-length articles were identified via electronic databases.Publication fate and degree of consistency between meeting abstract results and subsequent full-length publication results.The 86 late-breaking RCTs were significantly larger (median, 2737 patients vs 896; P<.001), were more likely to be preceded by a published design paper (27 [31%] vs 13 [13%]; P = .002), had higher quality scores when eventually published (mean Jadad score 2.69 vs 2.19; P = .01), and were less likely to report favorable results for the intervention than the 100 randomly chosen comparison RCTs presented in other sessions (50 [58%] vs 75 [75%]; P = .01; odds ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.90). RCTs presented at the late-breaking trials sessions were significantly more likely to be published (79 [92%] vs 69 [69%]; P<.001) and appeared earlier after presentation (median 11.5 months vs 22.0 months; P<.001) than RCTs presented in other sessions, an association that persisted even after adjusting for sample size, conclusion of study, and RCT design: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.61). Sixty (41%) of the 148 RCTs that were subsequently published exhibited discrepancies between the efficacy estimate reported in the meeting abstract vs the one reported in the full-length article for the primary outcome. The mean change in effect was 0.44 SDs and in 20 cases (14%), the point estimate was statistically significant in only 1 member of the pair. The discrepancy rate was the same for late-breaking RCTs as for RCTs presented in other American College of Cardiology sessions (P = .92).Late-breaking trials were larger, more likely to be preceded by a design paper, and less likely to report positive results than RCTs presented at other sessions, but discrepancies between the meeting abstract results and subsequent full-length publication results were common even for late-breaking trials.
Carbohydrate- and CD18-dependent neutrophil adhesion to cardiac myocytes: effects of adenosine
Authors: D Bullough
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Objective: Adenosine inhibits neutrophil adhesion and injury to isolated cardiac myocytes. In the present study, the contribution of selectin and CD 18 interactions to neutrophil—myocyte adhesion and their sensitivity to adenosine were assessed. Methods: Activated human neutrophils and canine myocytes were incubated with inhibitors of CD18 or selectin binding, adenosine, or combinations of both for 30–50 min at 37 °C. Neutrophils were pretreated with 0.1 μM fMLP for 10 min to study L-selectin-independent adhesion. Adhesion was measured by phase contrast microscopy. Results: Anti-L-selectin mAb and the selectin-blocking carbohydrates sialyl Lewisx or mannose-6-phosphate, as well as anti-CD18 or anti-ICAM-1 mAbs, inhibited cell adhesion (by 84–99%, P < 0.05). CD11a, but not CD11b, was responsible for most of the CD18-mediated binding. An L-selectin-independent interaction between neutrophils and cardiac myocytes was observed that was delayed (peak adhesion at 40–50 min, rather than 30 min), but still inhibited by anti-CD18 mAb (by 65 ±11%, P < 0.05) and carbohydrates (by 87–97%, each P < 0.05). Adenosine (100 nM) inhibited this late CD18-dependent/L-selectin-independent phase of adhesion (by 61 ± 14%, P < 0.05). The combination of adenosine and anti-CD18 mAb was additive such that adhesion was completely blocked (P < 0.05, compared to either agent alone). Inhibition of adhesion by adenosine was prevented by the A2 antagonist, DMPX (100 nM), and mimicked by the A2 agonist, CGS-21680 (10 nM) or the adenosine regulating agents, acadesine (100 μM) or GP531 (10 μM). Conclusion: Neutrophil-myocyte adhesion involved both L-selectin-dependent and L-selectin-independent carbohydrate binding as well as CD11a/CD18. Inhibition of adhesion by adenosine interferes with L-selectin-independent carbohydrate binding and possibly CD18.
Ultrasound Energy and the Dissolution of Thrombus
Authors: Joseph F. Polak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

In this issue of the Journal, Alexandrov et al. (pages 2170–2178) introduce practicing physicians to a new and exciting use of diagnostic ultrasonography. The authors show that ultrasound energy, used in combination with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), has a beneficial effect in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The type of stroke treated by the authors is due primarily to thromboembolism, and the source of the thrombus is often the carotid bifurcation, although the heart and even the ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch can serve as sources of embolic material. The results of prospective randomized trials, summarized in a meta-analysis . . .
Improved Diagnostic Efficacy by Rapid Cytology Test in Fluoroscopy-Guided Bronchoscopy
Authors: Junji Uchida, Fumio Imamura, Akemi Takenaka, Mana Yoshimura, Kiyonobu Ueno, Kazuyuki Oda, Tomio Nakayama, Yoshitane Tsukamoto, Masahiko Higashiyama, Yoko Kusunoki
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2006)
Acute leukemia expressing the gamma gene product of the putative second T cell receptor.
Authors: R González-Sarmiento, T W LeBien, J G Bradley, J M Greenberg, J G Seidman, S Ang, J H Kersey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Early thymus-derived lymphocytes bearing the T gamma gene product in association with the CD3(T3) complex have recently been described. We report a unique case of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a CD2+, CD3+, CD4-, CD5+, CD7+, CD8-, WT31- phenotype. These cells were found to have T gamma gene rearrangement and T gamma transcripts in absence of T alpha or T beta rearrangement or transcripts. Immunoprecipitation studies with anti-CD3 antibodies showed a 43-kD protein associated with T3; this 43-kD protein is also precipitated with antiserum raised against synthetic peptides representing the constant region of the putative T gamma protein.
Acquired platelet dysfunction with eosinophilia.
Authors: M M Muthiah, T R Mitchell, C T Thorn
Journal: BMJ (1984)

and then cystectomy.He survived, but evidence of secondary deposits in the lung were later found.Both men worked throughout their lives on the production line of a major car manufacturer.They never worked in the dye, rubber, tanning, or aluminium industries.Both were heavy cigarette smokers.1 Suvatte V, Mahasandana C, Tanphaichitr V, Tuchinda S. Acquired platelet dysfunction with eosinophilia.Study of platelet function in 62 cases.Asian
782-5 Balloon Angioplasty, Palmaz-Schatz Stent, and Directional Coronary Atherectomy for Restenotic Lesions: Retrospective Comparison in a Single Center
Authors: Ron Waksman, William S. Weintraub, Ziyad MB. Ghazzal, John S. Douglas, Yannan Shen, Spencer B. King
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to HIV-infected subjects augments reduced leukotriene synthesis and anticryptococcal activity in neutrophils.
Authors: M J Coffey, S M Phare, S George, M Peters-Golden, P H Kazanjian
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Neutrophil (PMN) dysfunction occurs in HIV infection. Leukotrienes (LT) are mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway that play a role in host defense and are synthesized by PMN. We investigated the synthesis of LT by PMN from HIV-infected subjects. There was a reduction (4.0+/-1.3% of control) in LT synthesis in PMN from HIV-infected compared with normal subjects. This was associated with reduced expression of 5-LO-activating protein (31.2+/-9.6% of normal), but not of 5-LO itself. Since HIV does not directly infect PMN, we considered that these effects were due to reduced release of cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). We examined the effect of G-CSF treatment (300 microgram daily for 5 d) on eight HIV-infected subjects. PMN were studied in vitro before therapy (day 1) and on days 4 and 7. LTB4 synthesis was increased on day 4 of G-CSF treatment, and returned toward day 1 levels on day 7. 5-LO and 5-LO-activating protein expression were increased in parallel. As a functional correlate to this increase in PMN LT synthesis by G-CSF, we examined the effects on killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. Anticryptococcal activity of PMN from HIV-infected subjects was less than that of PMN from normal subjects. G-CSF treatment improved fungistatic activity of PMN. This increase in antifungal activity was attenuated by in vitro treatment with the LT synthesis inhibitor, MK-886. In conclusion, PMN from HIV-infected subjects demonstrate reduced 5-LO metabolism and antifungal activity in vitro, which was reversed by in vivo G-CSF therapy.
Postoperative Thromboembolism and the Use of Oral Contraceptives
Authors: M. P. Vessey, R. Doll, A. S. Fairbairn, G. Glober
Journal: BMJ (1970)

We have previously reported the results of a retrospective study of the relationship between oral contraceptives and deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurring in the absence of an evident predisposing cause. The present paper describes a similar investigation of the relationship between oral contraceptives and thromboembolism following certain surgical procedures.Of 30 patients with thromboembolism, 12 (40%) had been using oral contraceptives during the month preceding surgery, while only 9 of 60 matched controls (15%) had been doing so. From these data it is estimated that the risk of postoperative thromboembolism is increased threefold to fourfold by the use of contraceptive steroids.It is recognized that few of the episodes of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism that occur postoperatively are detectable clinically, and that not all of these are recorded in discharge summaries or diagnostic indexes. Despite these considerations, we have been unable to detect any important bias in the data which could account for the observed association between oral contraceptives and the development of postoperative thromboembolism.
Diabetic Nephropathy: Metabolic versus hemodynamic considerations
Authors: Thomas H Hostetter
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Not all patients with diabetes develop clinically significant nephropathy and, for this reason, attention has begun to focus on the risk factors for development of this serious complication. These risk factors have not been quantified to the same degree as those factors associated with more common progressive vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. However, studies of pathogenesis and clinical and epidemiological surveys of diabetic nephropathy point to numerous risk categories. Glycemic control, genetic and familial predispositions, renal and glomerular enlargement, glomerular hyperfiltration, and capillary and systemic hypertension can be invoked as contributors to this disease process. This review focuses on hemodynamic alterations and their role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Increases in GFR, largely driven by increases in plasma flow and capillary pressure, appear in early IDDM and NIDDM. This abnormality of renal vascular control probably is derived from alterations in several vasoactive control systems. In addition, the elevations in capillary pressure may be damaging to the glomerular capillaries. Arterial hypertension is not necessarily present before clinical nephropathy appears; however, it is a usual concomitant of progressive diabetic renal disease. The strongest evidences for the roles of altered systemic and renal hemodynamics in the progression of diabetic renal disease are clinical and experimental studies demonstrating attenuation of the disease process by lowering systemic and capillary pressures with antihypertensive agents, and dietary and glycemic modifications. Thus, although multiple factors probably interact to determine risk for the development of diabetic nephropathy, hemodynamic forces are a particularly important contributor and are especially amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Chronic Leukemias: Oncogenes, Chromosomes, and Advances in Therapy
Authors: RICHARD CHAMPLIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Substantial advances have been made recently in understanding the biology and treatment of the chronic leukemias. Recent data are summarized on the role of retroviruses, oncogenes, and chromosomal rearrangements in the pathophysiology of these disorders, particularly the translocation and abnormal transcription of the c-abl oncogene in chronic myelogenous leukemia and the identification of a family of human T-cell leukemia viruses as causative agents in certain lymphoid leukemias. Interferon, monoclonal antibodies, and other biologic agents have been evaluated as therapy for chronic leukemias. Alpha-interferon has definite efficacy in therapy for hairy cell leukemia, an otherwise refractory malignancy. Intensive chemoradiotherapy with bone marrow transplantation has been established as effective therapy, providing long-term disease-free survival, for selected patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and possibly other forms of chronic leukemias.
Milk and mortality: raw versus pasteurised milk
Authors: J. R. Kerr
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A serious flaw in Michaelsson and colleagues’ study is that it did not distinguish between raw and pasteurised milk.1 These two entities are completely different in structure, content, nutritional benefits, and disease associations, and referring to both as “milk” underestimates this difference.

Whole raw milk, from grass fed cows, is an enhanced source of nutrients, …
IKZF1 status as a prognostic feature in BCR-ABL1–positive childhood ALL
Authors: Arian van der Veer, Marketa Zaliova, Federica Mottadelli, Paola De Lorenzo, Gertruuy te Kronnie, Christine J. Harrison, Hélène Cavé, Jan Trka, Vaskar Saha, Martin Schrappe, Rob Pieters, Andrea Biondi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Martin Stanulla, Monique L. den Boer, Giovanni Cazzaniga
Journal: Blood (2013)
Mutagenicity of PCBs and their pyrosynthetic derivatives in cell-mediated assay.
Authors: M L Hattula
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The mutagenicity of PCBs, Aroclor 1242 and Clophen A60 was studied in a mammalian cell assay using V79 Chinese hamster cells as target cells. The method was used as a direct assay without metabolizing cells and as a cell-mediated assay with 5000 R-irradiated rat fibroblasts as metabolizing cells. A wipe soot sample of a PCB fire was studied in the same assay, and the results showed no mutagenicity of the pure PCBs. However, the wipe sample showed weak mutagenic activity which disappeared when metabolizing cells were used. The chemical analysis of the wipe sample showed tri-, tetra- and pentachlorodibenzofurans in addition to PCBs.
Improving Evidence-Based Practices Through Health Literacy
Authors: James Song-Jeng Yeh
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

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Haemoglobin Level in School-children
Authors: R. H. Dobbs, H. M. M. Mackay, K. Bingham
Journal: BMJ (1944)

Sarcoidosis-associated fatigue is globally recognised as a disabling symptom. Fatigue has been reported in up to 50–70% of sarcoidosis patients, causing impaired quality of life. The aetiology of this troublesome problem remains elusive and is usually multifactorial. Fatigue can be a consequence of treatment itself, including as a complication of corticosteroid therapy. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis-associated fatigue requires an extensive evaluation to identify and treat potentially reversible causes. Granuloma formation and cytokine release may be involved in its aetiology. However, despite adequate sarcoidosis treatment, many patients continue to experience fatigue. Comorbidities associated with sarcoidosis, including depression, anxiety, hypothyroidism and altered sleep patterns, may all contribute to fatigue. Despite an exhaustive search for treatable clinical causes of fatigue, most patients’ complaints of fatigue are not correlated with clinical parameters of disease activity. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of various neurostimulants, including methylphenidate, for the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated fatigue. These and other agents may be useful adjuncts for the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated fatigue. Obviously, there is a need for studies evaluating the causes and new therapeutic options of sarcoidosis-associated fatigue. Psychological interventions should also be examined.
Phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib plus melphalan and prednisone in patients aged over 65 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Philippe Moreau, Brigitte Kolb, Michel Attal, Denis Caillot, Lotfi Benboubker, Mourad Tiab, Cyrille Touzeau, Xavier Leleu, Murielle Roussel, Carine Chaleteix, Lucie Planche, Anne Chiffoleau, June Fortin, Hervé Avet-Loiseau, Jean-Yves Mary, Cyrille Hulin, Thierry Facon
Journal: Blood (2015)