tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is This Patient Clinically Depressed?
Authors: John W. Williams, Polly Hitchcock Noël, Jeffrey A. Cordes, Gilbert Ramirez, Michael Pignone
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population, but recognition and accurate diagnosis are made difficult by the lack of a simple confirmatory test.To review the accuracy and precision of depression questionnaires and the clinical examination for diagnosing clinical depression.We searched the English-language literature from 1970 through July 2000 using MEDLINE, a specialized registry of depression trials, and bibliographies of selected articles.Case-finding studies were included if they used depression questionnaires with easy to average literacy requirements, evaluated at least 100 primary care patients, and compared questionnaire results with accepted diagnostic criteria for major depression. Eleven questionnaires, ranging in length from 1 to 30 questions, were assessed in 28 published studies. Reliability studies for the clinical examination required criterion-based diagnoses made by at least 2 clinicians who interviewed the patient or reviewed a taped examination. Fourteen studies evaluated interrater reliability.Pairs of authors independently reviewed articles. For case-finding studies, quality assessment addressed sample size and whether patients were selected consecutively or randomly, the criterion standard was administered and interpreted independently of and blind to the results of the case-finding instrument, and the proportion of persons receiving the criterion standard assessment was less than or more than 50% of those approached for criterion standard assessment. For reliability studies, quality assessment addressed whether key patient characteristics were described, the interviewers collected clinical history independently, and diagnoses were made blinded to other clinicians' evaluations.In case-finding studies, average questionnaire administration times ranged from less than 1 minute to 5 minutes. The median likelihood ratio positive for major depression was 3.3 (range, 2.3-12.2) and the median likelihood ratio negative was 0.19 (range, 0.14-0.35). No significant differences between questionnaires were found. For mental health care professionals using a semistructured interview, agreement was substantial to almost perfect for major depression (kappa = 0.64-0.93). Nonstandardized interviews yielded somewhat lower agreement (kappa = 0.55-0.74). A single study showed that primary care clinicians using a semistructured interview have high agreement with mental health care professionals (kappa = 0.71).Multiple, practical questionnaires with reasonable performance characteristics are available to help clinicians identify and diagnose patients with major depression. Diagnostic confirmation by mental health care professionals using a clinical interview or by primary care physicians using a semistructured interview can be made with high reliability.
"POSTOPERATIVE CONTROL OF NAUSEA, DISTENTION AND VOMITING"
Authors: Constantine Odén
Journal: JAMA (1933)

To the Editor:  —I read with interest the article on The Postoperative Control of Distention, Nausea and Vomiting by Dr. Paine et al. in the June 17 issue ofThe Journal.  In April, 1923, I published an article ( Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics , pp. 572-573) representing a similar experiment. I had tried the tube both nasally and by mouth. As I had some cases that should keep the tube in for several days, I found that it was better by mouth. Since the writing of this article, I have used the tube in many cases with excellent results.  I think that these writers should be complimented for their exacting work and their calling attention to the use of the nasal catheter suction siphonage.
NMR-based prediction of cardiovascular risk in diabetes
Authors: Ronan Roussel, France Mentré, Nadia Bouchemal, Samy Hadjadj, Michel Lièvre, Gilles Chatellier, Joël Menard, Xavière Panhard, Anne Le Hénanff, Michel Marre, Laurence Le Moyec
Journal: Nature Medicine (2007)
FOXO transcription factor activity is partially retained in quiescent CML stem cells and induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in CML progenitor cells
Authors: F. Pellicano, D. Cilloni, G. V. Helgason, F. Messa, C. Panuzzo, F. Arruga, E. Bracco, E. Allan, B. J.P. Huntly, T. L. Holyoake, G. Saglio
Journal: Blood (2009)
Dyslexia may be associated with cerebellar abnormalities
Authors: J. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Poor functioning of the cere-bellum, the part of the brain concerned with information processing and the automatisation of motor skills, is a key factor in dyslexia, according to a study in the Lancet (999;353:1662-7).

Nearly one in 20 people is affected by dyslexia. The condition has been characterised over the past decade as a language problem, and investigations have focused …
Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in Uranium Miners
Authors: Matthias Möhner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in Uranium MinersR ˇer ˇicha et al. (2006) analyzed data from Czech uranium miners with respect to incidence of malignancies of the lymphohematopoietic system.Their results, however, do not correspond with those of two recent studies on German uranium miners (Kreuzer et al. 2004; Möhner et al. 2006).R ˇer ˇicha et al. ( 2006) used a casecohort design, in which the subcohort was stratified by attained age and duration of employment.Stratification by age is a standard approach in case-cohort studies to optimize data ascertainment in the subcohort.However, stratification by duration of employment is problematic, because in occupational epidemiology it should be assumed that the duration of employment is highly correlated with cumulative exposure.Therefore, this kind of stratification contradicts the general demand for a random selection of controls with respect to exposure under study.Comparing the ratios of sampling fractions (< 12 months vs. ≥ 12 months duration of employment) between age groups results in a heterogeneous picture (Table 1).It is not uncommon in occupational cohort studies to include only subjects with a duration of employment of at least a certain number of months into the cohort.An analysis of only those miners with an employment duration of at least 12 months would be in line not only with the standard methodology but also with earlier published results of the authors (R ˇer ˇicha et al. 1998).Hence, the authors should have at least explained their reasoning for including the remaining miners in a second set of strata.In addition, they should have presented separate results for both duration strata to validate the result of the combined analysis.Given the above-mentioned assumption concerning the relationship between duration of employment and cumulative exposure, I calculated crude incidence rate ratios using data from Table 1 of R ˇer ˇicha et al. (2006).The age-specific odds ratios cover a wide range (0.29-7.16), and a corresponding test yields only borderline homogeneity.Consequently, completeness of matching with the cancer registry needs to be discussed.According to the study design, the time period between last exposure and begin of follow-up can span up to 27 years; therefore, the healthy-worker survivor effect could be an important issue in this study (R ˇer ˇicha et al. 2006).In light of the discussion on the magnitude of the latency period for leukemia, more detailed results would be useful to get an impression on, for example, the effect of the year of last exposure.
Management of Postoperative Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis with Shock
Authors: Ole T. Jonassen, Sidney M. Fierst, John J. Cincotti
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

ALTHOUGH postoperative enterocolitis was first reported by Finney1 in 1893 and Dearing and Heilman2 mention cases encountered before the use of antibiotics, the syndrome known variously as pseudomembranous enteritis, staphylococcal enterocolitis and acute necrotizing enteritis has rarely been described until recently. The apparent increase seems to coincide with the greater use of the broad-spectrum antibiotics, particularly of the tetracycline derivatives. The depression of the normal bacterial flora upsets the natural symbiotic balance, and may produce a fertile field for the unrestricted development of certain resistant virulent bacterial strains. Coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci have been incriminated in the fulminating enterocolitis.Two patients . . .
Review: Short-course antibiotics in hospital-acquired pneumonia do not affect mortality
Authors: Steven M. Opal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Source Citation Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RP, Dempsey G. Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD007577. 21975771
Legislating Ethics
Authors: J A McClung, R S Kamer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

In 1987 New York became the first state to enact legislation governing the withholding of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Although no other states have actively legislated the conditions under which CPR will not be performed, other jurisdictions are closely watching New York's initiative to see its effect on medical practice. In view of the far-reaching consequences of codifying the process of medical decision making in statutory law, a debate has emerged about both the need for legislative intervention and its effectiveness. To address these questions, it is necessary to understand the confluence of events that led to the drafting of the . . .
Opportunistic or population register based programmes for chlamydia screening?
Authors: A. Bone, K. Soldan, S. Woodhall, J. Clarke, O. N. Gill
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The trial of population register based screening for asymptomatic chlamydia infection in the Netherlands will rekindle debate about how to screen young adults and its value.1 2 Participation was lower than hoped, decreased over time, and was less than needed to have a detectable impact on outcomes. Because the trial assessed the additional effect of population register based invitations, not …
Selected Characteristics of Black Physicians in the United States, 1972
Authors: Howard V. Stambler
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> An article by Theodis Thompson, PhD, in the Sept 23 issue ofThe Journal(229:1758, 1974) is of some concern to this office. The article, "Selected Characteristics of Black Physicians in the United States, 1972," is based on findings from a survey sponsored by this office. However, we did not see the article prior to its publication. Dr. Thompson states in the article that the findings are based on a sample survey. This statement is wholly inaccurate, and tends to give the findings greater significance than we believe is warranted. A lower-than-hoped-for response in a pretest led to a decision to mail questionnaires in the final survey to the identifiable universe of about 5,800 black physicians. Usable responses were obtained from only 3,405 physicians who identified themselves as black, so that the findings are subject to considerable overall nonresponse bias, in addition to the serious bias stemming
Evolutionary Relationships Among the Members of an Ancient Class of Non-LTR Retrotransposons Found in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: I. Marin, P. Plata-Rengifo, M. Labrador, A. Fontdevila
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

We took advantage of the massive amount of sequence information generated by the Caenorhabditis elegans genome project to perform a comprehensive analysis of a group of over 100 related sequences that has allowed us to describe two new C. elegans non-LTR retrotransposons. We named them Sam and Frodo. We also determined that several highly divergent subfamilies of both elements exist in C. elegans. It is likely that several master copies have been active at the same time in C. elegans, although only a few copies of both Sam and Frodo have characteristics that are compatible with them being active today. We discuss whether it is more appropriate under these circumstances to define only 2 elements corresponding to the most divergent groups of sequences or up to 16, considering each subfamily a different element. The C. elegans elements are related to other previously described non-LTR retrotransposons (CR1, found in different vertebrates; SR1, from the trematode Schistosoma; Q and T1, from the mosquito Anopheles). All of these elements, according to the analysis of their reverse transcriptases, form a monophyletic cluster that we call the "T1/CR1 subgroup." Elements of this subgroup are thus ancient components of the genome of animal species. However, we discuss the possibility that these elements may occasionally be horizontally transmitted.
Primary liposarcoma of the lung in a young woman.
Authors: F Ruiz-Palomo, J L Calleja, L Fogue
Journal: Thorax (1990)

A primary liposarcoma of the lung occurred in an 18 year old girl, the first to be reported in anyone under 40. Though rare, intrathoracic liposarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion in younger patients.
Embryonic estrogen receptors: do they have a physiological function?
Authors: J Gorski, Q Hou
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

In normal estrogen target tissues, estrogen action is mediated through a specific nuclear transcription factor, the estrogen receptor (ER). The site of estrogen action in the developing organism is therefore determined by cells that contain ER and other necessary tissue and gene-specific components for estrogen-mediated transcription. Immunocytochemical methods were used to determine the cellular localization and tissue distribution of ERs in reproductive tracts of mouse fetuses. Nuclear staining for ER was observed in reproductive tracts at fetal days 13 to 15. ERs were present in the precursors of both male and female reproductive tracts at these early developmental stages, which may be attributable to their similar embryonic origins. However, as the tissues undergo sexual differentiation at later fetal and early neonatal ages, ER increases in the female reproductive tracts as compared with the male. ER was detected by immunoblotting on fetal day 10 (before sexual differentiation) in extracts of whole mouse embryos. To determine whether ER and progesterone receptor genes are expressed earlier in development, we examined RNA from preimplantation mouse embryos using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques. ER mRNA was found in oocytes and fertilized eggs. Message concentration declined at the 2-cell stage and reached its lowest level at the 5- to 8-cell stage. ER mRNA was not detectable at the morula stage but reappeared at the blastocyst stage. Progesterone receptor mRNA was not detectable until the blastocyst stage. The embryonic expression of ER and progesterone receptor genes in the blastocyst suggests a possible functional requirement for estrogen and progesterone receptors in preimplantation embryos.
An Address on GENITAL DISPLACEMENTS
Authors: V. Bonney
Journal: BMJ (1928)

THE PELVIC SHELF.SINxCE the cure of all deformities and displacements must be founded on a correct understanding of the anatomy of the parts coneorned, I will begin by reminding you of the structures that keep the female genital canal in position.They may be divided inito three groups as follows: (1)
Abstract P2-03-05: Relationship between 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab positron emission tomography uptake and assessment of HER2 by immunohistochemistry in women with advanced breast cancer
Authors: JE Mortimer, D Colcher, P Frankel, A Raubitschek, M Carroll, P Conti, S Tong, K Poku, J Miles, J Bading
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: We have utilized 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab with PET imaging to assess the in vivo expression of HER2 in women with advanced breast cancer. We have demonstrated that a preadministered dose of trastuzumab 45 mg prior to injection of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab resulted in a 75% decrease in the hepatic uptake of Cu-64, resulting in improved image quality. Methods: Patients with biopsy confirmation of recurrent disease located outside the breast and axilla considered for study. Complete staging workup included CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, bone scintigraphy and 18F FDG PET. At least 1 non-hepatic site of metastasis that was &amp;gt; 2 cm separate from the biopsy site was also required. HER2 status was assessed by both IHC and FISH. Index lesions were identified on CT imaging. After the first two patients, all patients received a cold dose of 45mg of trastuzumab immediately prior to 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab to decrease liver uptake. 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging was performed at 24 and 48 hours. Uptake on 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was correlated with HER2 status by IHC and FISH. Results: Fifteen women have undergone 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging and quantitative image analysis. 10 patients were HER2+ (7 IHC 3+, 3 IHC 2+/FISH+), 3 patients were IHC 2+/FISH-, and 2 patients were IHC 1+. Tumor uptake by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET max SUV was higher in HER2+ positive than HER2- patients (1.9-fold higher on day1, p&amp;lt;0.02, and 1.7-fold higher on day2, p&amp;lt;0.05). However, the lowest max SUV was in a HER2+ patient (HER2 2+/FISH+), demonstrating considerable heterogeneity. Conclusion: 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET correlates with HER2+ status. However, due to high within and between patient variability, 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging could potentially enrich for HER2+ patients that respond to HER2-targeted therapy, and could also suggest some HER2- patients that may benefit from HER2-targeted therapy. This hypothesis needs to be further explored in patients undergoing HER2-targeted therapy. This work was supported by the Department of Defense grant # BC095002. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-03-05.
Constraints on Consultants
Authors: R. D. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Contact Sensitivity to Toothpaste Snt,-I wish to report three cases of acute contact sensitivity to a new toothpaste (Close-Up).Each of these patients changed from their regular toothpaste after receiving a free sample of Close-Up through the post.Case 1.-A 30-year-old woman gave a two- month history of a sore mouth with swelling and cracking of the lips.Two weeks before this developed she changed her toothpaste to Close-Up and used it once or twice a day.She showed fissuring of the lips with desquamation and oedema of the surrounding skin.Case 2.-A 36-year-old man developed a weeping eruption at the right side of the mouth with sore gums.He had used Close-Up once a day for three months.There was a right-sided angular cheilitis with swollen gums and desquamation of the tip of the tongue.Case 3.-A 22-year-old woman used Close-Up three times a day for a week.On the sixth day she developed painful ulcers on the inside of her mouth, particularly inside the lower lip.In each case signs and symptoms settled within one week of stopping the use of the new toothpaste.
Uncertainty, consultation, and the context of medical care
Authors: Sandra J Tanenbaum
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Although the ascendancy of evidence based medicine obscures the uncertainty inherent in patient care, this uncertainty remains a defining fact of medical life. Griffiths et al listened to health professionals and identified three distinct approaches that were used in consultations—two of which they judged to understate the risk level of patients.1 They recommend that health professionals should be trained to communicate with their patients without recourse to the myth of medical certainty.

The authors produced a distribution of approaches to consultation across several health professionals, settings, and health issues, and draw some intriguing inferences. Their findings also generate further research questions, especially …
Skeletal muscle metaboreceptor exercise responses are attenuated in heart failure.
Authors: D A Sterns, S M Ettinger, K S Gray, S K Whisler, T J Mosher, M B Smith, L I Sinoway
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Resting sympathetic nervous system activity is increased in heart failure. Whether sympathetic nervous system responses during exercise are increased is controversial. Furthermore, the role of muscle metaboreceptors and central command in regulating sympathetic outflow has been largely unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, peroneal nerve) was measured in nine heart failure subjects and eight age-matched control subjects during static exercise (30% maximal voluntary contraction) for 2 minutes and during a period of posthandgrip regional circulatory arrest. This maneuver isolates the metaboreceptor contribution to sympathetic nervous system responses. MSNA responses were similar during static exercise in the two groups. During posthandgrip regional circulatory arrest we observed a marked attenuation in MSNA responses in the heart failure subjects (15% increase in heart failure versus 57% increase in control subjects). A cold pressor test demonstrated a normal MSNA response to a potent nonspecific stimulus in the heart failure subjects (heart failure subjects, 141% increase; control subjects, 215% increase; NS). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in five separate heart failure subjects and five control subjects suggested that the attenuated metaboreceptor response in heart failure was not due to reduced H+ production. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal muscle metaboreceptor responses are impaired in heart failure. Because MSNA responses during static exercise are similar in the two groups, mechanisms aside from metaboreceptor stimulation must be important in increasing sympathetic nervous system activity.
Elimination Pathways of Systemically Delivered siRNA
Authors: Yuanyu Huang, Junmei Hong, Shuquan Zheng, Yi Ding, Shutao Guo, Hongyan Zhang, Xiuqin Zhang, Quan Du, Zicai Liang
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

The elimination process of systemically administered small interfering RNA (siRNA) was investigated by using siRNA labeled with an infrared fluorescent dye. A novel siRNA elimination pathway was identified. In this pathway, liver-enriched siRNA is secreted into the gallbladder and then emptied into the intestine. Blocking this pathway resulted in the absence of siRNA fluorescence within the intestine, with greatly enhanced siRNA accumulation in liver and gallbladder at the same time. Furthermore, we demonstrated that delivery carriers play an essential role in siRNA distribution and elimination, highlighting their importance in siRNA therapeutics.
Family history of hematopoietic malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a pooled analysis of 10 211 cases and 11 905 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)
Authors: Sophia S. Wang, Susan L. Slager, Paul Brennan, Elizabeth A. Holly, Silvia De Sanjose, Leslie Bernstein, Paolo Boffetta, James R. Cerhan, Marc Maynadie, John J. Spinelli, Brian C. H. Chiu, Pier Luigi Cocco, Fiona Mensah, Yawei Zhang, Alexandra Nieters, Luigino Dal Maso, Paige M. Bracci, Adele Seniori Costantini, Paolo Vineis, Richard K. Severson, Eve Roman, Wendy Cozen, Dennis Weisenburger, Scott Davis, Silvia Franceschi, Carlo La Vecchia, Lenka Foretova, Nikolaus Becker, Anthony Staines, Martine Vornanen, Tongzhang Zheng, Patricia Hartge
Journal: Blood (2006)
Fracture of a Bone-Graft Donor Site in the Ulna
Authors: Doron Sher, Hans Van der Wall
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

A 44-year-old woman presented with sudden onset of pain in the proximal left forearm after lifting a heavy object. She gave a history of a bone graft being taken from the left proximal ulna for cosmetic reconstruction of her nose 1 year previously. The plain film of the forearm showed the donor site defect in the ulna but no fracture. Bone scintigraphy confirmed hyperemia extending from the graft site across to the coronoid process and intense delayed uptake in the same distribution, thought to be consistent with a fracture. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the fracture. Fracture through a donor graft site is rare, with only one report of this complication in the ulna in 2 cases.