tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Letter by Sarikaya et al Regarding Article, “A Sensitive Dissection: Profound Bradycardia Complicating Carotid Dissection”
Authors: Hakan Sarikaya, Ralf W. Baumgartner, Marcel Arnold
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Bradycardia Complicating Carotid Dissection"To the Editor:We read with great interest the recent article by Dulay et al. 1 The authors present a 49-year-old woman with a history of vasovagal syncope who lost consciousness because of a sinus arrest while she was being treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for a stroke in the right middle cerebral artery territory involving the insular cortex.The stroke was due to a spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery that occluded the dissected vessel down to the carotid bulb. 1 We were surprised to read the authors' hypothesis that the sinus arrest resulted from "mechanical pressure to an already sensitive carotid sinus from thrombus secondary to internal carotid artery . . . in this patient who was prone to vasovagal syncope."If a thrombus occludes the carotid bulb, one would expect less arterial pressure acting on the wall of the bulb and the carotid sinus.Thus, it seems unlikely that arterial pressure exerted on the carotid bulb was the cause of sinus arrest.Furthermore, we reviewed our dissection data bank, which includes 136 patients with an internal carotid artery causing carotid occlusion and ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory, and found no patient with sinus arrest.Finally, if the assumption of the authors were correct, some patients with acute atherosclerotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery should suffer cardiac arrest, and such an important complication would be expected to be reported.However, we found no such publication in an extensive search that was performed in MEDLINE (January 1966 to September 2008) and EMBASE (January 1980 to September 2008) and that included checking all relevant articles for additional eligible studies using the following key words: "bradycardia," "cardiac arrest," "carotid dissection," "carotid occlusion," "sinus arrest," and "internal carotid artery."3][4] It is thus likely that the cardiac arrest of the patient reported by Dulay et al resulted from an insular stroke and not from mechanical pressure on the carotid bulb.
FAQs about the GOLD 2011 assessment proposal of COPD: a comparative analysis of four different cohorts
Authors: Alvar Agusti, Suzanne Hurd, Paul Jones, Leonardo M. Fabbri, Fernando Martinez, Claus Vogelmeier, Jørgen Vestbo, Robert Rodriguez-Roisin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Since the publication of the new Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) proposal for the assessment of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), four studies have used existing cohorts to explore the characteristics, temporal variability and/or relationship with outcomes of the four resulting patient categories (A, B, C and D). Here, we compare their results and address a number of frequently asked questions (FAQs) on the topic. The most salient findings were that: 1) the prevalence of these four groups depends on the specific population studied, C being the least prevalent; 2) comorbidities are particularly prevalent in the two “high-symptom” groups (B and D); 3) patients classifiedZ as A or D tend to remain in the same group over time, whereas those classified as B or C change substantially during follow-up; 4) mortality at 3 years was lowest in A and worst in D but surprisingly similar (and intermediate) in B and C; and 5) the incidence of exacerbations during follow-up increases progressively from A to D but that of hospitalisations behave similarly to mortality. These results identify several strengths and shortcomings of the new GOLD assessment proposal, particularly that group B is associated with more morbidity and high mortality.
Utility of Risk Models in Decision Making After Radical Prostatectomy: Lessons from a Natural History Cohort of Intermediate- and High-Risk Men
Authors: Ashley E. Ross, Kasra Yousefi, Elai Davicioni, Mercedeh Ghadessi, Michael H. Johnson, Debasish Sundi, Jeffery J. Tosoian, Misop Han, Elizabeth B. Humphreys, Alan W. Partin, Patrick C. Walsh, Bruce J. Trock, Edward M. Schaeffer
Journal: European Urology (2015)
Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone.
Authors: S Rajagopalan, S Kurz, T Münzel, M Tarpey, B A Freeman, K K Griendling, D G Harrison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that angiotensin II-induced hypertension is associated with an increase in vascular .O2- production, and characterized the oxidase involved in this process. Infusion of angiotensin II (0.7 mg/kg per d) increased systolic blood pressure and doubled vascular .O2- production (assessed by lucigenin chemiluminescence), predominantly from the vascular media. NE infusion (2.75 mg/kg per d) produced a similar degree of hypertension, but did not increase vascular .O2- production. Studies using various enzyme inhibitors and vascular homogenates suggested that the predominant source of .O2- activated by angiotensin II infusion is an NADH/NADPH-dependent, membrane-bound oxidase. Angiotensin II-, but not NE-, induced hypertension was associated with impaired relaxations to acetylcholine, the calcium ionophore A23187, and nitroglycerin. These relaxations were variably corrected by treatment of vessels with liposome-encapsulated superoxide dismutase. When Losartan was administered concomitantly with angiotensin II, vascular .O2- production and relaxations were normalized, demonstrating a role for the angiotensin type-1 receptor in these processes. We conclude that forms of hypertension associated with elevated circulating levels of angiotensin II may have unique vascular effects not shared by other forms of hypertension because they increase vascular smooth muscle .O2- production via NADH/NADPH oxidase activation.
972. Inhibition of TGF-β by RNA Interference To Modulate Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Lakisha D. Moore, Selvarangan Pponnazhagan
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) has been shown to perform a dual function as both a tumor suppressor in early stage carcinogenesis and a pro-metastatic factor in late-stage tumor progression. Early studies have shown that inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathway can alter various aspects of tumor metastasis such as migration, invasion, angiogenesis and immune suppression. While these methods have shown modest success, several limitations prevent the wide spread use of these inhibitors as an anti-metastatic therapy. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as an effective tool for gene specific silencing in vitro and in vivo. The central hypothesis of the proposed studies is that adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated deliver of siRNA sequences targeting TGF-β1 in MDA- MB 435 breast cancer cells can alter the metastatic phenotype at defined time-points of tumor progression and/or act as an adjuvant to primary chemotherapies. Several siRNA target sequences have been screened to determine silencing capacity and two specific targets, siRNA4 and siRNA7 showed 90% inhibition of TGFβ1 transcripts by Northern blot and at least a 5-6 fold reduction by RT- PCR analysis. The two siRNA sequences, along with a scrambled sequence, were cloned into a tet-inducible expression vector and used to generate a stable cell line that constitutively expresses this construct. This cell line is being using in various in vitro assays such as migration, invasion and gene expression, to determine the effects of TGF-β silencing. This cell line will later be used in an orthotopic breast cancer model to determine the exact time-point at which TGF-β silencing is most effective. A second set of studies are proceeding in parallel to determine the transduction of AAV serotypes 1-6 both in vitro and in vivo. Initial in vitro data has shown that AAV2 and AAV6 show transduction efficiencies of 40% – 60% in MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 231 cells. In vivo transduction studies, of the primary tumor mass, are ongoing using AAV-βgal, Ad-GFP and AAV-GFP. Ongoing studies will determine the effects of inhibition on SMAD-independent signaling pathways that can play a role in detachment, migration, immune-suppression and angiogenesis. This inducible siRNA will allow better insight into the TGF-β "switch" from tumor suppressor to pro-metastatic factor along disease progression and possible development of a TGF-β targeted anti-cancer therapy. If promising, this therapy may also be used in combination with current chemotherapies to provide a synergistic effect against breast cancer metastasis.
The Prevalence and Identification of Risk Factors for NIDDM in Urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Naomi S Levitt, Judith M Katzenellenbogen, Deborah Bradshaw, Margaret N Hoffman, Francois Bonnici
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of NIDDM and associated risk factors in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS With a three-stage, proportional, stratified, random cluster method, we sampled 1000 Africans, &amp;gt; 30 yr of age, living in African residential areas in Cape Town. We assessed glucose tolerance with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, according to World Health Organization criteria, and obtained anthropometric and demographic data. RESULTS The response rate was 79%. The prevalence of NIDDM was 8.0% (confidence interval 5.8–10.3%), age-adjusted to world population figures and that of impaired glucose tolerance, 7.0% (confidence interval 4.9–9.1%). Multivariate analysis indicated that increased age (odds ratio 4.18), upper-segment fat distribution (odds ratio 2.94), proportion of life spent in an urban area (odds ratio 2.32), and obesity (odds ratio 2.31) were significant independent risk factors for NIDDM. In contrast, sex, family history, alcohol intake, and physical activity were not independent risk factors. Only increased age (odds ratio 4.06) was a significant risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of NIDDM in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa, is moderately high, and considerably higher than previous reports from Africa. The association of NIDDM with urbanization has important implications in view of the large-scale urbanization occurring in southern Africa.
Alter drug structure—avert induced lupus
Authors: Elizabeth Rasche González
Journal: JAMA (1981)

It is well known that some patients develop a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus in response to therapy with hydrazines or aromatic amines—notably with procainamide for arrhythmias, hydralazine for hypertension, and isoniazid for tuberculosis. New work suggests that minor molecular modifications of the offending agents might make it possible to use them without causing the lupus-like disease. Most patients in whom drug-induced lupus develops are genetically slow acetylators, that is, in the course of metabolizing the drug in question, their livers add an acetyl group to the molecule at a relatively leisurely pace. With this finding in mind, Marcus A. Reidenberg, MD, professor of pharmacology and medicine and head, division of clinical pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, and associates gave the acetylated version of procainamide—acecainide hydrochloride, also called N-acetylprocainamide—to 11 patients with ventricular arrhythmias and histories of procainamide lupus. In seven of these patients acecainide caused no recurrence of lupus;
PERSISTENCE OF HYPONATREMIA IMPLIES LONG-TERM POOR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Authors: Tadao Fujimoto, Takahisa Yamada, Takashi Morita, Yoshio Furukawa, Yusuke Iwasaki, Masato Kawasaki, Atsushi Kikuchi, Takashi Naito, Kentaro Ozu, Kaoruko Sengoku, Hironori Yamamoto, Tsutomu Kawai, Satoshi Takahashi, Masatake Fukunami
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Prenatal Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: James N. Macri
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A prospective program for the prenatal detection of neural tube defects in a high-risk pregnancy group has been under way for one year. Twenty high-risk mothers have undergone a complete prenatal work-up, including sonography, amniocentesis, and amniotic fluid and maternal serum α-fetoprotein quantitation. Within this group, two cases were prospectively diagnosed and were later confirmed. (<i>JAMA</i>236:1251-1254, 1976)
England's health secretary faces increasing isolation
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Andrew Lansley, the health secretary for England, faces isolation as support for his reform of the NHS dribbles away. Threats by the Liberal Democrat leader, Nick Clegg, to vote down the health bill in parliament and a detailed critique of the bill by the Royal College of General Practitioners have significantly worsened what was already a precarious position for Mr Lansley.

Paradoxically the Liberal Democrats’ disastrous results in local elections last week and the crushing defeat of the proposal they favoured to change the voting system have strengthened rather than weakened Mr Clegg’s hand. Already under threat from rebellious grassroots Liberal Democrats, his position will be desperate if he cannot extract concessions over the bill. David Cameron, who himself harbours doubts, will be happy to oblige, using Mr Clegg’s troubles as cover for a retreat in which Mr Lansley will be the victim.

In January Mr Clegg was giving the bill his full support, even claiming that the abolition of primary care trusts and strategic …
Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling.
Authors: A S McNeilly, I C Robinson, M J Houston, P W Howie
Journal: BMJ (1983)

The oxytocin and prolactin responses to suckling were measured in 10 women in early (n = 5) and established lactation (n = 5). Oxytocin was released in a pulsatile manner during suckling in all women, but the response was not related to milk volume, prolactin response, or parity of the mother. In all 10 women plasma oxytocin concentrations increased three to 10 minutes before suckling began. In five women this occurred in response to the baby crying, in three it coincided with the baby becoming restless in expectation of the feed, while in two it corresponded with the mother preparing for the feed. There was no prolactin response to stimuli other than stimulation of the nipple associated with suckling. These results clearly indicate that the milk ejection reflex, with release of oxytocin, occurs in most women before the tactile stimulus of suckling. A second release of oxytocin follows in response to the suckling stimulus itself. Thus it is important that care is taken to protect breast feeding mothers from stress not only during suckling but also immediately before nursing, when conditioned releases of oxytocin will occur.
Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity fails to attenuate contractile dysfunction in a mouse model of low-flow ischemia
Authors: D Gorog
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: The basal activity of p38 MAPK has recently been shown to impair myocardial contractility. This kinase is activated by ischemia and short-term hibernation. We hypothesized that p38 MAPK activation may contribute to the contractile deficit that characterizes low-flow ischemia. Methods: In Langendorff-perfused isolated C57BL/6 mouse hearts, perfusion pressure was reduced from 85 to 15 or 30 mm Hg for 120 min to induce ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. The effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (1 μM/l) on contractile function and p38 MAPK activation was assessed. Results: Reduction in perfusion pressure to 15 or 30 mm Hg was accompanied by stable reductions in coronary flow (83±2% and 66±2%, respectively) and developed pressure (84±2% and 61±3%), with minimal infarction (15.6±0.69% and 10.6±0.98% of LV myocardium, respectively), but marked activation of p38 MAPK (reflected in pHSP27 1092±326% basal and 996±301% basal, respectively). The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, present during the last 60 min of reduced pressure perfusion, prevented p38 MAPK activation (pHSP27 281±92% basal, p = 0.01 and 186±72% basal, p = 0.01) but, despite the presence of a contractile reserve, had no effect on developed pressure. Similarly, early treatment with SB203580 started 5 min after the onset of reduced flow also failed to attenuate contractile dysfunction. Conclusion: The p38 MAPK activation that accompanies short-term hibernation does not appear to contribute to the contractile deficit.
Epidemiology and research at low cost.
Authors: P Cox
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Technical topics : Diagnosis 71 (97) Stage of disease 66 (90) Details of drugs used in chemotherapy 60 (82) Details of surgery 57 (78) Details of investigations 56 (77) Details of radiotherapy 50 (69) Details of chemotherapy doses 49 (68) Details of potential side effects 30 (41) Social topics : What patient has been told about his disease 62 (85) Prognosis given to patient 59 (81) What relatives have been told about the disease 47 (64) What patient has been told about his treatment 43 (59) Advice given to patient on when to contact hospital 31 (43) Family problems relevant to management 30 (42) 68 (100) 68 (100)
Phase II Study of Troxacitabine (BCH-4556) in Patients With Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada-Clinical Trials Group
Authors: C.A. Townsley, K. Chi, D.S. Ernst, K. Belanger, I. Tannock, G.A. Bjarnason, D. Stewart, R. Goel, J.D. Ruether, L.L. Siu, J. Jolivet, L. McIntosh, L. Seymour, M.J. Moore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: A multi-institution phase II study was undertaken by National Cancer Institute of Canada–Clinical Trials Group to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of intravenous troxacitabine (Troxatyl; Shire Pharmaceuticals Plc, Laval, Quebec, Canada), in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Between June 1999 and March 2000, 35 patients (24 male) with a mean age of 60 years who had advanced and/or metastatic disease were treated with troxacitabine given as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes at a dose of 10 mg/m 2 intravenously, once every 3 weeks. Results: Of the 33 of 35 patients evaluable for response, there were two confirmed partial responses, 21 patients had stable disease (median duration, 4.4 months), and 10 patients had progressive disease. Eight patients remained stable for more than 6 months, of whom six remain free of progression. The most common drug-related nonhematologic toxicities observed were skin rash (77.1%), hand-foot syndrome (68.6%), alopecia (51.4%), fatigue (51.4%), and nausea (57.1%). Out of a total of 145 cycles of treatment, 98 were given without steroid premedication, whereas 47 cycles were given with steroid premedication. Without premedication, skin rash occurred in 37% of cycles compared with 26% when steroids were given prophylactically. Conclusion: Troxacitabine given at a dose of 10 mg/m 2 once every 3 weeks was well tolerated in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer, with common toxicities being a moderate to severe granulocytopenia and skin rash. Steroid premedication may reduce the frequency and severity of the skin rash. Our current study suggests that the nucleoside analog troxacitabine may have modest activity against renal cell carcinoma; however, larger studies are required to confirm this.
PHYSIATRICS, OR NATURE'S THERAPY.
Authors: C. F. ULRICH
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Nature is, without doubt, the best, the most successful physician, when she is permitted to have full sway and her mandates are obeyed. Almost every disease, every ailment, every departure from the normal condition, exhibits a tendency to recovery. In the human body, as in that of the animal, there exists apparatus for the removal of elements that disturb the healthful working of the internal machinery; such as the depuratory system, i. e., the bowels, the kidneys, and the sudoriferous glands. The work of depuration is not confined to the above named organs, neither is that their only function, since the intestinal tract is largely concerned in digesting the food and preparing it for assimilation, and the system of sudoriferous glands serves to cool the surface of the body during excessive heat and in fevers. The greater number of diseases that afflict man and sometimes cause his death will result
PRIMARY SARCOMA OF THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Authors: T. Carwardine
Journal: BMJ (1907)

^JOUNAL 771 lever and cholera are there fought.No speedy exemption is, in my opinion, to be expectpd.It must be frankly said that the method of exclusion is practically impossible in the smaller villages, in' the larger villages, and in the leEser towns; but this admis- sion is very far indeed from covering the whole case.In
Expanding and Understanding Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Barbara Stetson
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —The importance of identifying persons at increased risk for developing coronary artery disease is highlighted in the article on evaluating coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by Dr Hoeg. 1 The author advocates that examination of an individual patient's risk factors is essential in planning effective treatment. Both nonmodifiable risk factors such as a family history of heart disease and potentially modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and obesity were described as established CHD risk factors. In addition to conventional risk factors, a list of 17 particularly promising proposed CHD risk factors was presented. We were surprised to note that none of the listings or case conceptualizations included psychosocial risk factors that have been shown to play an important role in the progression of coronary artery disease. 2 In particular, low levels of social support and economic resources 3 and depression 4 have been shown to be strongly
THE BEST METHODS OF SURGICAL STERILIZATION.
Authors: E. BOECKMANN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

It is indeed very fortunate that the surgical bacteria are, comparatively speaking, so little resistant that surgical sterilization can be reduced to such a degree of simplicity that it may be carried out on short notice, not only in hospitals, but also under the open sky, not only in private practice, but also in offices, by reasonable means and in reasonable time. While surgical sterilization is open to improvement and does steadily improve, it is a source of some regret that the best methods of accomplishing surgical sterilization are still somewhat in dispute. If I am justified in considering the various manuals on this topic, as standards for the teachings and practice of surgical sterilization in the respective countries, we have three principal schools before us: 1, the English school, which practically teaches the destruction of pyogenic, consequently non-spore-bearing bacteria only. (W. Watson Cheyne: "The Treatment of Wounds, Ulcers and
Haemophilus endometritis in woman fitted with Lippes loop.
Authors: R Hurley
Journal: BMJ (1970)

JOUiRNALactivity fell (P = <0 05), suggesting that the raised plasma renin activity in these patients was probably the result and not the cause of the initial renal vasoconstriction.This fall in plasma renin activity could not be attributed to a change in arterial blood pressure.-I am, etc.,