tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Imipramine induced heart failure in the dog: a model to study the effect of cardiac assist devices
Authors: C. M Lucas, E. C Cheriex, F. H v. d. Veen, J. Habets, T. v. d. Nagel, O. C Penn, H. J Wellens
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Objective: The value of intravenous imipramine in creating a reversible model of short term heart failure was evaluated in anaesthetised dogs. Methods: Acute effects of imipramine were studied in 11 dogs using invasive haemodynamic pressure measurements and two dimensional echo evaluation. Results: After a 30 min imipramine infusion (7.5 mg·kg−1·h−1), positive left ventricular dP/dtmax decreased from 1368(SEM 108) to 909(119) mm Hg·s−1 (p<0.05), left ventricular end diastolic pressure increased from 8(1) to 12(2) mm Hg (p<0.05), while left ventricular pressure decreased from 106(4) to 87(6) mm Hg (p<0.05). Cessation of imipramine administration resulted within 60 min in partial restoration of cardiac function. This deterioration and subsequent recovery was also demonstrated with echocardiographic measurements, which showed a decrease in ejection fraction from 54(3)% to 28(2)% (p<0.05). During administration of imipramine neither significant electrophysiological changes nor supraventricular/ventricular arrhythmias were seen. Repeated infusions of imipramine in three anaesthetised dogs with a two week interval showed the reproducibility of the haemodynamic effects and the recovery of ventricular function. Since the model was developed to evaluate the use of cardiomyoplasty in heart failure, the effect of imipramine was also evaluated on latissimus dorsi muscle contraction. Administration of imipramine did not affect skeletal muscle force development at the dosage used to create heart failure. Conclusions: This model can be used to produce short term reversible heart failure in anaesthetised animals to test the efficacy of supportive interventions like dynamic cardiomyoplasty, intra-aortic balloon pumping, and mechanical cardiac assist devices.
Novel ways to sensitise gastrointestinal cancer to apoptosis
Authors: H Schulze-Bergkamen, A Weinmann, M Moehler, J Siebler, P R Galle
Journal: Gut (2009)

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are major health problems, being the most common cancers worldwide. Resistance to apoptosis is closely linked to carcinogenesis and enables malignant cells to evade therapy-induced cell death. In the recent past, the increasing understanding of molecular pathways of apoptosis has provided novel targets in cancer therapy. Several drugs, either inhibiting antiapoptotic signalling or actively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, have already entered clinical trials. Until now, agents targeting apoptosis pathways are primarily being tested alone or in combination with chemotherapy. In the near future, personalized combination therapies will probably be beneficial for patients with GI cancer. In this review, the current knowledge on defects in apoptosis signalling in GI cancer is summarised and the focus is on the potential clinical efficacy of apoptosis targeting agents.
Global health experts explore ways to slash vaccine prices and expand access
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Firmer commitments are needed from governments, manufacturers, and donors to reduce prices of new lifesaving vaccines more quickly and to expand vaccination rates in poor countries, say international officials and experts.

The philanthropist Bill Gates told ministers and officials at the 2011 World Health Assembly this week that by the end of the decade five or six new vaccines will be available and that they “must be priced low enough” so that all countries can afford them.

Mr Gates, whose foundation has pledged to spend $10bn (£6.2bn; €7.1bn) over the next decade on vaccine initiatives, said that the foundation is working towards this goal with manufacturers. He predicted: “I am confident that we can cut the combined price of the pentavalent, pneumococcus, and rotavirus vaccines in half by …
The effect of Rituximab on patients with follicular and mantle-cell lymphoma
Authors: M. Ghielmini, S.-F.Hsu. Schmitz, K. Bürki, G. Pichert, D.C. Betticher, R. Stupp, M. Wernli, A. Lohri, D. Schmitter, F. Bertoni
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2000)
Hepatitis-Associated Lipid Storage Myopathy
Authors: B. M. Patten, Joseph Shabot, J. Alperin, R. F. Dodson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

We report the case of a 23-year-old woman who developed severe myalgias in association with mild hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Muscle biopsy showed myriads of microvacuoles filled with neutral lipid. Prednisone therapy was associated with complete clearing of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Since muscle carnitine levels were normal before treatment, we conclude that infection with hepatitis virus may induce non-carnitine-deficient lipid storage myopathy in man.
Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
Authors: Kayoko Kato, Manori J Silva, John A Reidy, Donald Hurtz, Nicole A Malek, Larry L Needham, Hiroyuki Nakazawa, Dana B Barr, Antonia M Calafat
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is prevalent based on the measurement of its hydrolytic metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in the urine of 78% of the general U.S. population studied in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). However, despite the high level of production and use of DEHP, the urinary MEHP levels in the NHANES samples were lower than the monoester metabolites of phthalates less commonly used than DEHP, suggesting metabolic differences between phthalates. We measured MEHP and two oxidative DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) to verify whether these other metabolites account for a greater proportion of DEHP metabolic products in 127 paired human urine and serum samples. We found that the urinary levels of MEHHP and MEOHP were 10-fold higher than levels of MEHP; concentrations of urinary MEOHP and MEHHP were strongly correlated (r = 0.928). We also found that the serum levels of MEOHP and MEHHP were comparatively lower than those in urine. Furthermore, the glucuronide-bound conjugates of the oxidative metabolites were the predominant form in both urine and serum. MEOHP and MEHHP cannot be formed by serum enzymes from the hydrolysis of any contamination from DEHP potentially introduced during blood collection and storage. Therefore, concentrations of MEHHP and MEOHP in serum may be a more selective measure of DEHP exposure than is MEHP. However, additional data on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of these oxidative metabolites are needed to completely understand the extent of DEHP exposure from the serum concentrations of oxidative DEHP metabolites.
A Textbook of Epilepsy
Authors: Charlotte B. McCutchen
Journal: JAMA (1983)

ABSTRACT This is a comprehensive text on epilepsy that is well referenced and clinically oriented. The text begins with a discussion of the role of the family physician in increasing the patient's opportunities to function normally, followed by a well-done chapter on epidemiology. The section on seizure disorders in children carries an expanded portion on febrile seizures, their implications, and preferred treatment. The neurology of epilepsy contains a description of the classification of seizures, each seizure type, and the differential diagnosis and workup of seizure disorders. Complex partial seizures and posttraumatic epilepsy receive in-depth treatment.Electroencephalography is analyzed with reference to both its usefulness and limitations. Special recording modalities such as telemetry and chronically implanted electrodes lead into a discussion of methods of monitoring patients via closed-circuit television. The overlap between psychiatry and neurology where they apply to the understanding of epilepsy is thoroughly treated, and the usefulness of neuropsychological evaluation
Urinary tract morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection in Mali
Authors: Udo Vester, Rüdiger Kardorff, Mamadou Traoré, Hammar A. Traoré, Sahari Fongoro, Claudia Juchem, Doris Franke, Rolf Korte, Bruno Gryseels, Jochen H.H. Ehrich, Ekkehard Doehring
Journal: Kidney International (1997)
Case-control studies: sources of bias
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Researchers explored the association between maternal intake of folic acid supplements, multivitamins, and dietary folates in the prevention of cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) in the mothers’ babies. A population based case-control study was performed. All babies with cleft lip referred for corrective surgery in Norway between 1996 and 2001 were identified. For each case—a baby with a cleft lip—a maximum of two live births without facial clefts were randomly selected from the Norwegian medical birth registry for 1996 to 2001 to serve as controls. Controls were matched to each case by date of birth to within six weeks of delivery.1

The mothers of all cases and controls were invited to take part in the study. If women agreed, they completed questionnaires several months after delivery, providing demographic characteristics, reproductive history, and details about smoking, alcohol and drug consumption, and other exposures during early pregnancy. Women were also asked to report whether they took folic acid supplements and, if so, the dosage consumed for each of the six months preceding pregnancy and each of the first three months of pregnancy. Similar information was also provided about …
Illnesses Associated with<i>Escherichia coli</i>0157:H7 Infections
Authors: Patricia M. Griffin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Study Objective: To describe the spectrum of illnesses associated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections. Design: Described an outbreak that showed the broad spectrum of these infections. Reviewed the clinical findings in the other eight major outbreaks reported between 1982 and 1986. Also reviewed reports of sporadic cases. Setting: Outbreaks in communities, nursing homes, a day care center, and a kindergarten. Cases: Persons identified in outbreaks of E. coli 0157:H7 infections. Results: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection causes bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis), nonbloody diarrhea, the hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Infection can be asymptomatic, can involve extraintestinal sites, and can be fatal. Bloody diarrhea is the commonest symptom. Most patients have severe abdominal cramps; fever is documented in less than half. Findings from fecal leukocyte examinations often suggest a noninfectious cause. Results of radiologic and colonoscopic examinations can be consistent with a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease or ischemic colitis. Patients at the extremes of age are at increased risk for E. coli 0157:H7-associated diarrhea, the hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and death. Antimicrobial agents have not been shown to modify the illness, but there are few data on individual agents. Conclusion: Infection with E. coli 0157:H7 should be considered in all patients with bloody diarrhea, the hemolytic uremic syndrome, or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura because the infection can masquerade as gastrointestinal bleeding of noninfectious cause, the antecedent diarrhea may be resolved and forgotten by the time the hemolytic uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is diagnosed, and the detection of E. coli 0157:H7 requires specific stool culture techniques.
"A NEW TYPE SIGMOIDOSCOPE"
Authors: Harry Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1922)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, September 30, Lyon and Bartel describe a new type sigmoidoscope. They object to the seven-eighths inch diameter of the Tuttle and Lynch instruments as being too large, and could get only a short Axtell with a smaller diameter. Evidently they are not acquainted with Yeoman's sigmoidoscope, made by Wappler of New York. I have and now use a Yeoman's instrument with a barrel of five-eighths inch diameter, and also one with a three-eighths inch diameter for "nervous patients" and children. The light is placed at the butt of the instrument and is of a substantial type, and a lens window which does not blow off with inflation is also attached. I have found both light and window so satisfactory under all conditions that I have had it attached to both a proctoscope and an anoscope, the latter of the Hirschman model.
Loss of IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) expression in acute HCV infection associated with viral persistence
Authors: Lucy Golden-Mason, James R. Burton, Nicole Castelblanco, Jared Klarquist, Salvador Benlloch, Chia Wang, Hugo R. Rosen
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is required for the establishment and maintenance of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and cells lacking IL-7Rα (CD127) demonstrate impaired IL-2 secretion and have a short life-span. Chronic HCV is characterized by T cells that are functionally impaired and exhibit an immature phenotype. To investigate the potential role of IL-7/IL-7Rα in the outcome of HCV infection, we used multiparameter flow cytometry to characterize patients with acute infection (n = 24), long-term chronic infection (12) and normal subjects (13). HCV infection per se resulted in downregulation of CD127 on total CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as compared to normal controls. Total expression was lowest in those patients who subsequently developed persistence and intermediate in those patients with acute-resolving infection. This reduction affected both naïve and effector/memory T cells. CD127 correlated phenotypically with upregulation of chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4, expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and enhanced IL-2 production. In six HLA A2-positive patients, we longitudinally tracked tetramer responses to HCV and CMV epitopes; at baseline, reflecting the expression of CD127 on whole T cell populations, viral-specific CTLs in patients who became chronic demonstrated lower CD127. In conclusion , CD127 is a useful marker of functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its expression correlates with virologic outcome of acute HCV. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the observation that CTLs generated in early infection rapidly decline as chronicity is established; CD127 expression should be considered in the design of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
Manual of Pediatric Anesthesia: The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Authors: Maxine T. Clarke
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This excellent small (5 1/4 × 8 in, 294 pp) paperback by David J. Steward, chairman of the Department of Anaesthesia of The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and his prestigious staff helps to meet the need for an up-to-date reference text in pediatric anesthesiology. The authors have succeeded in providing a concise guide to (1) the important differences in anatomy and physiology in children as compared with adults, (2) general principles for the anesthetic treatment of pediatric patients, and (3) some specific techniques followed at their hospital. Although the intent to produce such an ambitious work in a compacted format is appreciated, nevertheless one wishes that this department might also provide us with a more complete and illustrated text drawn from its remarkable fund of expertise and clinical material, such as<i>Anesthesia for Infants and Children</i>by Robert M. Smith, MD. The scope of Dr Steward's book is greatly broadened
What Makes a Generalist Physician?-Reply
Authors: Marc L. Rivo
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —We agree with Dr Hale and colleagues that obstetrician/gynecologists in practice care for many women who do not otherwise have a primary care provider. The fact that many women use them as primary care physicians does not make them, or any other physician, a broadly trained generalist. Our study did not attempt to address the content of practice or how competently primary care services are provided by different specialty groups. Instead, our analysis focused on the content of residency training.  The 89% figure cited by the letter's authors was dependent on a separately published list of educational objectives 1 that is not a required part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accreditation guidelines or its review process. Program citations for not addressing these objectives are unlikely to survive legal challenge since obstetrics and gynecology residencies can only be held to the standards of the Accreditation Council
Chemical-biological reactions common to teratogenesis and mutagenesis
Authors: Raymond D. Harbison
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Cytotoxic chemicals have in common the ability to act specifically on cells in cycle. Bacteria are more sensitive in the exponential growth phase than when growing slowly in media. Similar observations have been made on a variety of systems ranging from bacteria, yeast, higher plants and invertebrates to vertebrates including primates. The embryo and fetus are highly susceptible to cytotoxic agents because they have continuous groups of cells in the growth phase. Acutely toxic doses may cause cellular death and result in developmental defects or fetal death. Cytotoxic agents can be grouped as alkylating agents, electrophilic reactants, antimetabolites, intercalating agents, amino acid antagonists, spindle poisons, and an additional group of chemicals which covalently bind to DNA. These cytotoxic groups of chemicals may also be mutagenic by interacting with DNA to produce changes in sequences of nucleotides resulting in heritable defects either in a somatic cell line or in a germinal cell line. The mechanisms of chemical-induced teratogenicity and mutagenicity are similar. This commonality is further discussed in the text.
Potentiation of nitroglycerin-induced coronary dilatation by N-acetylcysteine.
Authors: M D Winniford, P L Kennedy, P J Wells, L D Hillis
Journal: Circulation (1986)

Previous studies have suggested that (1) nitroglycerin causes vasodilatation by interacting with sulfhydryl groups in vascular smooth muscle, thereby activating guanylate cyclase and increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic GMP, and (2) N-acetylcysteine, a source of sulfhydryl groups, potentiates the peripheral vasodilatory effect of nitroglycerin. This study was performed to explore the influence of N-acetylcysteine on nitroglycerin-induced coronary dilatation. In 18 patients (13 men and five women, 30 to 76 years old), coronary sinus blood flow (by thermodilution) was measured before and during intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin, 25 micrograms, both before and 5 min after a 15 min intravenous infusion of (1) 5% dextrose in water (n = 8, control) or (2) 100 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (n = 10). Nitroglycerin caused no change in heart rate or systemic arterial pressure. In the control patients, coronary sinus blood flow behaved similarly during the two injections: it was 134 +/- 36 ml/min (mean +/- SD) before and 183 +/- 50 ml/min during injection No. 1 (average increase, 49 +/- 25 ml/min; average percent increase, 38 +/- 21%); and it was 131 +/- 34 ml/min before and 178 +/- 45 ml/min during injection No. 2 (average increase, 47 +/- 23 ml/min; average percent increase, 37 +/- 20%) (NS compared with injection 1). In the patients who received N-acetylcysteine, coronary sinus blood flow was 149 +/- 48 ml/min before and 191 +/- 54 ml/min during injection 1 (average increase, 42 +/- 15 ml/min; average percent increase, 30 +/- 12%) (NS compared with eight control values).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Life-threatening infection. Choice of alternate drugs when penicillin cannot be given
Authors: G. O. Westenfelder
Journal: JAMA (1969)

When a patient with bacterial meningitis, bacterial endocarditis, or staphylococcal septicemia is suspected or proved to have severe penicillin allergy, treatment with an antimicrobial agent other than penicillin or one of its semisynthetic analogues may be warranted. Chloramphenicol sodium succinate can be substituted for a penicillin in the treatment of pneumococcal, meningococcic, or<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>meningitis. Vancomycin hydrochloride can be prescribed as an alternate drug for treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. Vancomycin or cephalothin sodium is recommended for bacterial endocarditis caused by penicillin-susceptible streptococci or for staphylococcal septicemia. Substitutions for a penicillin should be made only if life-threatening penicillin hypersensitivity clearly is present, or as initial therapy in an emergency until time allows allergy study in a patient suspected of being penicillin-sensitive. Tube dilution susceptibility studies and in vitro tests indicatng adequate blood or cerebrospinal fluid antimicrobial activity are required for optimal management.
World Cup fever boosts fight against neglected diseases
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A new mechanism to fund drugs for developing countries has been inaugurated at the current World Cup football tournament. The international drug purchase facility, financed by a tax levied on airline tickets and administered by a new initiative called UnitAid, will be used to pay for drugs against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Initiated by Brazil's president, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, and President Jacques Chirac of France and adopted at February's Paris conference on innovative financing for development, UnitAid comes under the remit of the World Health Organization, …
Photoprovocation test and immunohistochemical analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in patients with Sjogren's syndrome associated with photosensitivity
Authors: N. Tsukazaki, M. Watanabe, K. Shimizu, Y. Hamasaki, I. Katayama
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Annular erythema (AE) in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) usually develops on areas of sun-exposed skin and is exacerbated during summer.To evaluate photosensitivity in SS and to investigate the involvement of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of AE in SS.Phototesting with UVA and UVB was performed on 14 SS patients, including 10 with primary SS. Clinical and histological features as well as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the evoked skin lesions were compared with those of lupus erythematosus (LE). Eleven SS patients had a history of photosensitive AE (n = 4), papules (n = 3) or other types (n = 4) of lesions on their sun-exposed skin that were induced or aggravated by sunlight exposure.Phototesting induced a prolonged erythematous response (n = 8), infiltrated erythema (IE) (n = 4) and/or papules (n = 3) in 11 of 14 SS patients, including one with primary SS without a history of photosensitivity. Histologically, the induced IE and papules showed coat-sleeve-like or sparse perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes similar to that in primary skin lesions of AE in SS. No epidermal changes characteristic for LE were found except for partial and mild liquefaction degeneration in three cases. In contrast, two cases were indistinguishable from the papular type of polymorphic light eruption in several aspects, including their primary skin lesions and early response to a photoprovocation test. Immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse expression of iNOS throughout the epidermis, which is characteristic for LE, in the three SS patients with minimal liquefaction degeneration, while the remaining seven SS patients examined exhibited no iNOS staining or a normal expression pattern.Our results indicate that photosensitivity exists in certain primary SS patients, and that UV is critical to the development of AE in SS, probably through a pathological mechanism distinct from that in LE.