tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genotoxicity of bioremediated soils from the Reilly Tar site, St. Louis Park, Minnesota.
Authors: T J Hughes, L D Claxton, L Brooks, S Warren, R Brenner, F Kremer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

An in vitro approach was used to measure the genotoxicity of creosote-contaminated soil before and after four bioremediation processes. The soil was taken from the Reilly Tar site, a closed Superfund site in Saint Louis Park, Minnesota. The creosote soil was bioremediated in bioslurry, biopile, compost, and land treatment, which were optimized for effective treatment. Mutagenicity profiles of dichloromethane extracts of the five soils were determined in the Spiral technique of the Salmonella assay with seven tester strains. Quantitative mutagenic responses in the plate incorporation technique were then determined in the most sensitive strains, YG1041 and YG1042. Mutagenic potency (revertants per microgram extract) in YG1041 suggested that compost, land treatment, and untreated creosote soil extracts were moderately mutagenic with Arochlor-induced rat liver (S9) but were nonmutagenic without S9. However, the bioslurry extract was strongly mutagenic and the biopile extract was moderately mutagenic either with or without S9. A similar trend was obtained in strain YG1042. The strong mutagenic activity in the bioslurry extract was reduced by 50% in TA98NR, which suggested the presence of mutagenic nitrohydrocarbons. Variation in reproducibility was 15% or less for the bioassay and extraction procedures. Bioavailability of mutagens in the biopile soil was determined with six solvents; water-soluble mutagens accounted for 40% of the total mutagenic activity and they were stable at room temperature. The mutagenic activity in the bioslurry and biopsile samples was due to either the processes themselves or to the added sludge/manure amendments. The in vitro approach was effective in monitoring bioremediated soils for genotoxicity and will be useful in future laboratory and in situ studies.
Combined antiretroviral treatment and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1: cross sectional and prospective cohort study
Authors: J. Del Romero, J. Castilla, V. Hernando, C. Rodriguez, S. Garcia
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Injuries in a rural practice were studied for a five-year period. Nine hundred and sixty-five incidences of injury were recorded in a population averaging 1,308 patients. There were complete records for 894 patients; the remaining 71 had left the practice. Eighty-six per cent of cases were managed entirely in the practice; when radiographic facilities used by the practice were included, this figure rose to 97 per cent. Methods by which this proportion of injuries may be managed in general practice involve political decisions as well as provision of facilities to enable general practitioners to achieve this aim.
Operative Procedure for Hydatid Disease of Liver
Authors: H. H. Barst
Journal: BMJ (1956)

MEDICAL MEMORANDA MEDICALJORmonths.He states that the experimental incubation period seems to vary with the dose of organisms, the depth of inoculation, and the susceptibility of the individual.There seems no reason to doubt that these factors might operate to produce exceptionally prolonged incubation periods in the naturally occurring disease, and it may be that residence in a temperate climate is also relevant.We are indebted to Dr. C.
Contamination of Urine With Povidone-lodine
Authors: Riyad Said
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THE USUAL first step in evaluating red or dark urine is by the dipstick method. The detection of occult blood by this test is based on the peroxidatic activity of both hemoglobin and myoglobin, which catalyzes the reaction peroxidase-chromogen orthotolidine to form oxidized orthotolidine.<sup>1,2</sup>A positive test for occult blood means either hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria. The test is believed to be highly specific, and physicians generally seem unaware that false-positive results occur. Recently, we observed a 7-year-old girl who passed tea-colored urine spontaneously a few hours following appendectomy. When tested with reagent testing strips, her urine was strongly positive for occult blood. Urine specific gravity was 1,024, and the sediment contained one to two RBCs and two to four WBCs per highpower field. No casts were seen. Her serum was clear and without discoloration. Clinically, the patient was doing well, without muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness. The hematocrit
What Are Circulating Immune Complexes Doing in Glomerulonephritis?
Authors: William G. Couser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

Over two decades have now passed since studies of bovine serum albumin (BSA) serum sickness in rabbits led to the hypothesis that glomerulonephritis associated with granular immune-complex deposits was mediated by glomerular trapping of circulating soluble immune complexes.1 , 2 This mechanism has since become widely accepted as the major process mediating immunologic renal disease in human beings.3 According to this theory, the presence in the circulation of an antigen complexed with specific antibody, coincident with the development in the glomerulus of granular deposits that contain the same antigen and antibody, demonstrates that passive entrapment of the circulating immune complexes caused the . . .
A critical review of methods for comparing estrogenic activity of endogenous and exogenous chemicals in human milk and infant formula.
Authors: Christopher J Borgert, Judy S LaKind, Raphael J Witorsch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The two primary sources of nutrition for infants are human milk and infant formula. Both contain an array of endogenous and exogenous chemicals that may act through many separate hormonal mechanisms. The safety of infant nutrition sources has been questioned based on the possibility that exogenous chemicals may exert adverse effects on nursing or formula-fed infants through estrogen-mediated mechanisms. In response to these and other concerns, the National Research Council recommended assessing the estrogenic potency of natural and anthropogenic hormonally active agents. Furthermore, the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency specifically recommended testing chemicals present in human milk as a representative mixture to which large segments of the population are exposed. To date, no clinical or epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that levels of chemicals currently found in human milk or infant formulas cause adverse effects in infants. Nonetheless, the question is sufficiently important to warrant a consideration of how best to evaluate potential estrogenic risks. We reviewed the types of data available for measuring estrogenic potency as well as methods for estimating health risks from mixtures of chemicals in infant nutrition sources that act via estrogenic mechanisms. We conclude that the science is insufficiently developed at this time to allow a credible assessment of health risks to infants based on estimates of estrogenic potency or on an understanding of toxicologic effects mediated by estrogenic mechanisms. However, clinical and epidemiologic data for infant nutrition sources may provide insights about risks of such substances in human milk and infant formulas.
PHYSICAL THERAPY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY
Authors: ALBERT H. FREIBERG
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In the early part of the nineteenth century, largely through the work of the Swede Ling, gymnastic methods derived a great and well deserved popularity in the treatment of postural deformities. Concerned most largely with the treatment of scoliosis, the vogue of gymnastic methods has been deservedly maintained up to the present, even though a sovereign value is no longer attributed to them. At the same time, it had to be recognized that this tribute must be paid to the musculature of the trunk and that all the forms of retentive and corrective appliances formerly in use were, in the end, of little practical value unless both the wasting effects of inactivity and the supportive function of the musculature were taken into account.  The result of the widespread use of gymnastic methods in combating postural shortcomings was to bring about a great interest in them on the part of those
Association Between Insulin Resistance and Development of Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chih-Cheng Hsu, Hsing-Yi Chang, Meng-Chuan Huang, Shang-Jyh Hwang, Yi-Ching Yang, Tong-Yuan Tai, Hung-Jen Yang, Chwen-Tzuei Chang, Chih-Jen Chang, Yu-Sheng Li, Shyi-Jang Shin, Ken N. Kuo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

An association between insulin resistance and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes has often been found in cross-sectional studies. We aimed to reassess this relationship in a prospective Taiwanese cohort of type 2 diabetic subjects.We enrolled 738 normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic subjects, aged 56.6 ± 9.0 years, between 2003 and 2005 and followed them through the end of 2009. Average follow-up time was 5.2 ± 0.8 years. We used urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio to define microalbuminuria and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to assess insulin resistance. The incidence rate ratio and Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate the association between HOMA-IR and development of microalbuminuria.We found incidences of microalbuminuria of 64.8, 83.5, 93.3, and 99.0 per 1,000 person-years for the lowest to highest quartiles of HOMA-IR. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of HOMA-IR, the incidence rate ratios for those in the 2nd, 3rd, and highest quartiles were 1.28 (95% CI 0.88-1.87), 1.44 (0.99-2.08), and 1.52 (1.06-2.20), respectively (trend test: P < 0.001). By comparison with those in the lowest quartile, the adjusted hazard ratios were 1.37 (0.93-2.02), 1.66 (1.12-2.47), and 1.76 (1.20-2.59) for those in the 2nd, 3rd, and highest HOMA-IR quartiles, respectively.According to the dose-response effects of HOMA-IR shown in this prospective study, we conclude that insulin resistance could significantly predict development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.
Local secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the joints of Lewis rats with inflammatory arthritis.
Authors: L J Crofford, H Sano, K Karalis, E L Webster, E A Goldmuntz, G P Chrousos, R L Wilder
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the principal regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is also secreted in peripheral inflammatory sites, where it acts as a local proinflammatory agent. Arthritis-susceptible LEW/N rats have profoundly deficient hypothalamic CRH responses to inflammatory stimuli and other stressors. Arthritis-resistant F344/N rats, on the other hand, have a robust increase in hypothalamic CRH in response to the same stimuli. Contrasting with these hypothalamic CRH responses, we now show that CRH expression is markedly increased in the joints and surrounding tissues of LEW/N rats with streptococcal cell wall- and adjuvant-induced arthritis, whereas it is not increased in similarly treated F344/N rats and is only transiently increased in congenitally athymic nude LEW.rnu/rnu rats. Glucocorticoid treatment suppressed, but did not eliminate, CRH immunoreactivity in the joints of LEW/N rats. CRH mRNA was present in inflamed synovia, as well as in spinal cord, and inflamed synovia also expressed specific CRH-binding sites. We compared CRH expression in inflamed joints with another well-characterized proinflammatory neuropeptide, substance P (SP), and found that SP immunoreactivity paralleled that of CRH. In summary, although LEW/N rats have deficient hypothalamic CRH responses to inflammatory stimuli compared with F344/N rats, they express relatively high levels of CRH at the site of inflammation. Analogous to SP, CRH may be delivered to the inflammatory site by peripheral nerves and/or synthesized at the inflammatory site. These data provide further support for the concept that CRH not only triggers the pituitary-adrenal antiinflammatory cascade, but also functions as an antithetically active local mediator of acute and chronic inflammatory arthritis. These data also illustrate the complex interrelationships of the nervous, endocrine, immune, and inflammatory systems.
Eosinophil cationic protein as a possible marker of active human <i>Toxocara</i> infection
Authors: J‐F. Magnaval, A. Berry, R. Fabre, B. Morassin
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: Human toxocariasis is a common, worldwide helminthozoonosis that may elicit syndromes including various allergy symptoms. The diagnosis relies upon specific serology. However, this parasitosis is often self‐limiting, and many subjects have residual antibodies, thus making differential diagnosis quite difficult when blood eosinophilia, a commonly accepted criterion of active helminthiasis due to tissue‐dwelling parasites, is lacking. Methods and results: We present a patient with chronic irritant cough displaying negative allergologic screening, normal blood eosinophilia, but positive toxocariasis immunodiagnosis. Therefore, this case presented the fortuitous association of an unexplained allergic picture with residual anti‐ Toxocara antibodies. In an attempt to distinguish between active and past toxocaral infection, the subject's level of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was assessed and then compared to those of four control groups, namely, healthy volunteers, subjects presenting anti‐ Toxocara residual antibodies, patients with various helminthiases, and patients with active toxocaral disease. Since the patient's ECP level was found to be sharply elevated, we hypothesized that viable Toxocara larvae were still present in the tissues, and the patient was given anthelmintic therapy. At the control checkup, the cough had waned and the ECP level had decreased to below the mean value observed in both healthy subjects and in subjects with past toxocaral infections. Conclusions: These data suggest, first, that patients presenting unexplained allergic syndromes should be checked for helminthiases, even if blood eosinophilia is lacking, and, second, in such subjects displaying positive toxocariasis immunodiagnosis, ECP assessment would be a useful marker to distinguish between active and past toxocaral disease.
A new breed of parasuicide patient
Authors: G. Doyle
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Florence Nightingale remarked, "unlicked cubs grow up into good old Bears, tho' I don't know how."'0He later wrote advice to his juniors on prognosis: "Use ambiguous phrases"; "Smile with those who are going to be cured, but weep with the dying; such tears sell well"; "If the prognosis is bad, hide it from the patient, or merely hint at it.""
Talc and Cornstarch Emboli in Eyes of Drug Abusers
Authors: William E. AtLee
Journal: JAMA (1972)

A characteristic type of retinopathy due to talc and cornstarch emboli was observed in 17 drug addicts following repeated intravenous injections of crushed methylphenidate hydrochloride tablets taken for their stimulatory effects. Ophthalmoscopic examinations revealed tiny glistening crystals largely concentrated in the small vessels about the macula. Two patients with pulmonary hypertension had reduced vision, presumably from retinal edema. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of talc and cornstarch particles in the retina and choroid as well as in the lung and brain. The presence of these particles in the eye is an indication that considerable foreign-body damage has occurred in the lung.
Clicking Sounds Owing to Temporomandibular Joint Injury
Authors: Roger A. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Byron J. Bailey, MD, stated some misconceptions about the function of the temporomandibular joint recently (1982;247:883). A patient was described who had a painless clicking sound develop in his right temporomandibular joint after biting down hard on a bagel one month previously. The clicking occurred whenever the patient chewed or opened his mouth wide, and it could be heard with or without a stethoscope. Clicking in association with temporomandibular joint function has been clearly shown to be caused by an abnormal relationship between the meniscus, the condyle, and the glenoid fossa.<sup>1</sup>Usually the meniscus has been displaced anteriorly so that as the translatory phase of condylar movement occurs during jaw opening, the meniscus is trapped between the condyle and the articular imminence. As further attempts at opening are made, the synovial fluid in the anterior compartment of the inferior joint space and the meniscus are finally
The interaction of glucagon and pentagastrin on the lower oesophageal sphincter in man and dog
Authors: H. M. Jennewein, F. Waldeck, R. Siewert, F. Weiser, R. Thimm
Journal: Gut (1973)

The effect of glucagon on the pressure inside the lower oesophageal sphincter in conscious human subjects and anaesthetized dogs was investigated using the continuous withdrawal method. Glucagon causes a decrease in sphincteric resting pressure in both man and dog and antagonizes the pentagastrin-induced pressure increase of the lower oesophageal sphincter. In experiments on isolated muscle strips of the lower oesophageal sphincter of dogs glucagon decreases the tension and antagonizes the increase in tension induced by pentagastrin. The elevated pressure in patients suffering from achalasia is significantly reduced by glucagon.
Urine neopterin: a new parameter for serial monitoring of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: K L Lim, K Muir, R J Powell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

To investigate the role of serial measurement of urine neopterin concentration in monitoring the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity scored using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index.We followed prospectively 68 unselected SLE patients for a total of 464 patient months during which 233 separate assessments were carried out. At each assessment, urine neopterin, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, together with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma C3, C4, and C3d were measured and the SLE disease activity scored by a single observer. Serial data sets were analysed using time series modelling techniques.Single time point analysis showed a significant increase in urine neopterin concentrations in 14 patients who suffered flares of their disease during the study period (p = 0.02). Thirty patients with active disease went into disease remission with significant decreases in their urine neopterin values (p = 0.02). In the time series analysis, a statistically significant association was found between serial concentrations of urine neopterin and BILAG score (r = 0.6, p < 0.05); no other study parameter (ESR and serum C3, C4, and C3d) mirrored SLE disease activity as effectively.This study provides initial evidence that changes in urine concentrations of neopterin are significantly correlated with fluctuations in disease activity over time, scored using the BILAG index, amongst individual patients with SLE. Consequently, serial urine neopterin measurements appear to be clinically useful for monitoring disease activity and may contribute substantially to therapeutic decision making in these patients.
Providing donor organs for transplantation
Authors: A. Crombie, J. Nicholls
Journal: BMJ (1988)

<h3>Background</h3> Vitamin D3 (vitD) deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of a wide range of acute and chronic diseases including rheumatic diseases. Low serum 25(OH)D levels has been reported in mediterranean countries but little is known about the sunny island of Cyprus.<sup>1,2</sup> <h3>Objectives</h3> To assess vitamin D status among Cypriot patients with various rheumatic diseases (RD) and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). <h3>Methods</h3> Serum levels of 25(OH)D were randomly measured in 277 Cypriot patients with RD and MSD who attended the rheumatology outpatient clinics at the General hospitals of Larnaca and Ammochostos in 2016. 84/277 patients were receiving vitD supplements and excluded from analysis. From the rest 193 patients (female/male [F/M]:151/42, mean age:58, rage:21–89), 69 had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (F/M:54/15, mean age:62, range 27–83), 31 seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA) (F/M:13/18, mean age:54, rage:21–73), 65 MSD (e.g. osteoarthritis, back pain, neck pain, arthralgia) (F/M:61/4, mean age 56, range 21–82), 16 autoimmune diseases (lupus, sjogren9s, scleroderma) (F/M:15/1, mean age:61, rage:45–79)) and 12 various other RD (F/M:8/4, mean age 55, rage 21–89). 20 patients had additionally Hashimoto9s thyroiditis (F/M:18/2, mean age:56, rage:28–73). <h3>Results</h3> The mean serum vitD levels in all patients were 20.4 ng/ml (range 3.2–56.8 ng/ml). VitD deficiency (&lt;20 ng/ml) was found in 122/193 patients (63%), insufficiency (21 to 29 ng/ml) in 49/193 patients (25%) and sufficiency (&gt;30 ng/ml) in 22/193 patients (11%).<sup>3</sup> The mean values (range) of vitD levels and the percentage of patients that had vitD deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency per disease category were; RA: 19.8 ng/mL (8.1–53.3 ng/ml), 64%, 28% and 9% respectively, spa: 21.9 ng/ml (7.2–54.0 ng/mL), 48%, 35% and 16% respectively, MSD: 20.3 ng/ml (6.6–48.0 ng/ml), 63%, 28% and 9% respectively, autoimmune diseases: 17.9 ng/ml (3.20–37.00 ng/ml), 81%, 6% and 13% respectively, other RD: 22.7 ng/ml (9.0–56.8 ng/ml), 75%, 0%, 25% respectively and Hashimoto9s thyroiditis: 18.8 ng/ml (7.2–37.0 ng/ml), 80%, 5% and 15% respectively. Analysis of the total number of patients showed significant differences in vitD levels and rates of vitD deficiency among females and males (19.3 ng/mL, [range 3.2–54.0 ng/mL], vs 23.7ng/mL, [range 7.2–56.8 ng/mL] [p=0.009] and 70% vs 43% respectively). Seasonal variations or age-related differences in vitD levels were not observed in this study. <h3>Conclusions</h3> High rates of vitD deficiency were observed in patients with RD and MSD in the island of Cyprus despite the sunny climate. Avoidance of sun exposure is presumed to be the main reason. Further studies are needed. <h3>References</h3> Kolokotroni et al. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(1):112–21. González-Gross et al. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(5):755–64. Hossein-nezhad et al.Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(7):720–755. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Urushiol (poison ivy)-triggered suppressor T cell clone generated from peripheral blood.
Authors: R S Kalish, C Morimoto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Allergic contact dermatitis to Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) is mediated by the hapten urushiol. An urushiol-specific, interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent T cell clone (RLB9-7) was generated from the peripheral blood of a patient with a history of allergic contact dermatitis to T. radicans. This clone proliferated specifically to both leaf extract and pure urushiol. Although the clone had the phenotype CD3+CD4+CD8+, proliferation to antigen was blocked by anti-CD8 and anti-HLA-A, B, C, but not by anti-CD4, suggesting that CD4 was not functionally associated with the T cell receptor. Furthermore, studies with antigen-presenting cells from MHC-typed donors indicated that the clone was MHC class 1 restricted. RLB9-7 was WT31 positive, indicating it bears the alpha beta T cell receptor. The clone lacked significant natural killer cell activity and produced only low levels of IL-2 or gamma-interferon upon antigen stimulation. Addition of RLB9-7 to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of urushiol inhibited the pokeweed mitogen-driven IgG synthesis. This suppression was resistant to irradiation (2,000 rad) and was not seen when RLB9-7 was added to allogeneic cells, even in the presence of irradiated autologous antigen-presenting cells, suggesting that suppression was MHC restricted and not mediated by nonspecific soluble factors. However, RLB9-7 cells in the presence of urushiol inhibited the synthesis of tetanus toxoid-specific IgG by autologous lymphocytes, indicating that the suppression, although triggered specifically by urushiol, was nonspecific.