Mandatory polio vaccination for travellers: protecting global public health
Authors: Paul D Rutter, Liam J Donaldson
Journal: The Lancet (2014)

The goal of following smallpox eradication with another programme to eliminate a disease from the planet was too compelling to resist and, in 1988, the World Health Assembly set its sights on polio.1WHOForty-first World Health Assembly: global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 (WHA41.28). World Health Organization, Geneva1988Google Scholar 26 years later, the dream is not yet a reality. On May 5, 2014, WHO issued strong recommendations that Pakistan, Syria, and Cameroon should ensure that their residents and long-term visitors have up-to-date vaccination against polio before they travel internationally, and that each individual is issued with an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis as proof of this.2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar The recommendations advise that residents and long-term visitors receive one dose of oral polio vaccine or inactivated poliovirus vaccine between 4 weeks and 12 months before international travel, and that those who are undertaking urgent travel have one dose of polio vaccine at least by the time of departure. These new recommendations from WHO are important and long overdue. They may not be the last intervention of this kind, since WHO plans to reassess the situation in 3 months. The recommendations are associated with a declaration from WHO that the international spread of wild poliovirus in 2014 is a public health emergency of international concern.2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar In 2014, just three countries still have endemic polio infection: Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan.3Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeEighth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonOctober, 2013Google Scholar Until they are rid of poliovirus, no other country is wholly safe from polio and the goal of global eradication remains elusive. Since 2011, 770 people (mainly young children) in these countries have been paralysed by polio. Nigeria and Pakistan have also exported wild poliovirus to no fewer than 20 other countries, affecting a further 470 people.4WHOTracking progress towards global polio eradication, 2011–12.Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013; 88: 153-160PubMed Google Scholar, 5Global Polio Eradication InitiativeData and monitoring. Polio cases by country.http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspxDate: 2014Google Scholar The Global Polio Eradication Initiative works to reduce the number of countries with endemic polio circulation, but constantly faces the challenge of countries previously cleared of polio becoming reinfected.3Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeEighth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonOctober, 2013Google Scholar Recent international spread of wild poliovirus has created particularly complex outbreaks of polio (figure). In 2013, wild poliovirus from Nigeria took hold in Somalia,6Global Polio Eradication InitiativeStatus report September, 2013. Global Polio Eradication Initiative, Geneva2013Google Scholar in an area where al-Shabab commanders do not allow vaccination. In the same year, wild poliovirus spread from Pakistan to Syria, where it caused a substantial outbreak in the midst of civil war.7Aylward RB Alwan A Polio in Syria.Lancet. 2014; 383: 489-491Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar There is clear value in vaccinating international travellers who come from areas with active polio infection against poliovirus. Children are especially vulnerable to poliovirus, and this measure will help to protect them. Responding to outbreaks of poliovirus outside of the three endemic countries is distracting, expensive, and, particularly in countries such as Syria and Somalia, immensely difficult. Minimising international spread of poliovirus also benefits the endemic countries, reducing the possibility of a scenario in which Nigeria or Pakistan finally succeeds in stopping endemic polio transmission only to be reinfected by a virus that it had previously exported. WHO's latest recommendations were made possible by the International Health Regulations. Strengthened in 2007, these enable WHO's Director-General to convene an emergency committee in response to an event that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern.8WHOInternational Health Regulations (2005). second edition. World Health Organization, Geneva2008Google Scholar Until now, the Director-General had done so for two disease outbreaks: for the influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 and for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2013.9WHOIHR Emergency Committee concerning influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009.http://www.who.int/ihr/ihr_ec/en/Date: April 25, 2009Google Scholar, 10WHOIHR Emergency Committee concerning Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).http://www.who.int/ihr/ihr_ec_2013/en/Date: July 9, 2013Google Scholar In January, 2014, WHO's Director-General Margaret Chan decided to convene a further committee to examine polio, after recommendations from the Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.3Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeEighth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonOctober, 2013Google Scholar, 11Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeSixth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonNovember, 2012Google Scholar WHO's recommendations on May 5 were based on the emergency committee's advice. WHO's recommendations are just that—recommendations. It is up to Pakistan, Cameroon, and Syria to enact them. Recommendations by WHO have long been in place to advise travellers on what vaccination to have against polio.12WHOInternational travel and health: poliomyelitis.http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/polio/en/Date: 2014Google Scholar The difference now is that Pakistan, Cameroon, and Syria will (assuming they act on WHO's recommendations) ensure that travellers have complied with this advice before they are allowed to travel. WHO's primary recommendations relate to Pakistan, Cameroon, and Syria because these are the three countries from which the expert committee considered the risk of international spread of poliovirus in 2014 to be greatest.2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar In its full recommendations WHO asks the other currently infected countries, including Nigeria and Afghanistan, to "encourage" vaccination before travel (rather than "ensure" it).2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar These countries have escaped restrictions at this time, because they have not recently exported poliovirus.2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar Although this is the stated rationale, the committee would have had difficulty appearing to stigmatise countries whose number of polio cases has declined substantially, as has been the case in Nigeria and Afghanistan. However, if they—or any other country—does export poliovirus, WHO's primary recommendation for mandatory polio vaccination will also come into force for them.2WHOWHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus.http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/Date: May 5, 2014Google Scholar This is of great relevance to Nigeria, from where poliovirus has historically caused many outbreaks in other African countries.11Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeSixth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonNovember, 2012Google Scholar After the World Health Assembly resolution in 1988, initial progress towards polio eradication was good: by 2002, polio had been eliminated from 118 countries, leaving just seven.13Centers for Disease Control and PreventionProgress towards global eradication of poliomyelitis, 2002.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003; 52: 366-369PubMed Google Scholar In 1988, there were 350 000 cases of polio in these countries. By the year 2000, this had fallen to below 2000 cases, a reduction of more than 99%.14Centers for Disease Control and PreventionProgress towards global eradication of poliomyelitis, 2001.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51: 253-256PubMed Google Scholar But after these initial years of progress, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has spent 13 years trying to deal with the "last 1%".15Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeFirst Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonApril, 2011Google Scholar The programme has to work in geographical areas and confront problems that would be deemed simply too difficult or dangerous by most public health programmes. The fact that more than 20 frontline workers associated with the polio programme have died since December, 2012, is a tragic reminder of these difficulties.3Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication InitiativeEighth Report. Independent Monitoring Board, LondonOctober, 2013Google Scholar In disease control terms, the idea of requiring vaccination before travel from infected countries is surely an obvious one. It could usefully have been implemented many years ago. There are obvious political and financial ramifications for the governments affected: no country wants to be regarded as a hazard to the world. This was evident with the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic; in the past, the place of origin was applied to the name of a new virus but although the early cases occurred in Mexico, the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was officially simply called A(H1N1)pdm(09).16WHOStandardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus. World Health Organization, Geneva2011http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/terminology_ah1n1pdm09/en/Google Scholar WHO's latest recommendation on mandatory polio vaccination is a victory for sensible disease control over excessive political sensitivity. Diplomacy and bureaucracy are major forces in global health; essential in many ways, they also create an inertia that is at odds with ambitious goals like global polio eradication. Bold global health goals inspire, motivate, and galvanise action. It is right that humankind should eradicate diseases; that the benefits of vaccination, clean water and air, and eventually universal health care, should be felt worldwide. Bold goals demand bold action. WHO's new recommendation on polio should not be controversial; nor should it be seen as some political sanction. When a disease control imperative risks bruising national pride, the former must win out. We declare that we have no competing interests. Public health or political health?On May 5, 2014, WHO issued a strong recommendation1 that all residents and long-term visitors from Pakistan, Cameroon, and Syria be immunised against polio from 4 weeks to 1 year before travel and that this be validated with an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis. Recently, Paul Rutter and Liam Donaldson2 praised WHO's decision and added: "WHO's new recommendation on polio should not be controversial; nor should it be seen as some political sanction." But it is most certainly political. Full-Text PDF