tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relation Between Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and Blood Flow Direction in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Olivier Tricot, Ziad Mallat, Christophe Heymes, Joël Belmin, Guy Lesèche, Alain Tedgui
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Blood flow characteristics influence endothelial cell apoptosis. However, little is known about the occurrence of endothelial cell apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and its relation to blood flow. Methods and Results —A total of 42 human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were retrieved by endarterectomy; they were examined in the longitudinal axial direction. Plaques were included in this study when upstream and downstream parts were clearly visible, occlusion was absent, and immunostaining for luminal endothelium was present all along the plaque. Using these criteria, 13 plaques were processed for further immunohistochemical studies (using anti-CD31, anti-Ki-67, and anti-splicing factor antibodies) and in situ detection of apoptosis (terminal dUTP nick end-labeling and ligase assay). Eight plaques showed ≥1 apoptotic endothelial cell at the luminal surface. Quantitative analysis of endothelial cell apoptosis in these plaques showed a systematic preferential occurrence of apoptosis in the downstream parts of plaques, where low flow and low shear stress prevail, in comparison with the upstream parts (18.8±3.3% versus 2.7±1.2%, respectively, P &lt;0.001). Endothelial cell apoptosis was barely detectable in plaque microvessels. Conclusions —Our results suggest that in vivo local shear stress influences luminal endothelial cell apoptosis and may be a major determinant of plaque erosion and thrombosis.
881 IMPACT OF IL28B-POLYMORPHISM ON MXA AND IP-10 EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C UNDERGOING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
Authors: S. Beinhardt, J.H. Aberle, K. Rutter, R. Strassl, A.F. Stattermayer, P. Steindl-Munda, P. Ferenci, H. Hofer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
The size and form of the medulla of human scalp hair is regulated by the hair cycle and cross-sectional size of the hair shaft
Authors: P.E. HUTCHINSON, J.R. THOMPSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

Hairs were sampled from long-haired Caucasian females, and cross-sectional measurements were performed using a rotating profile method at fixed humidity (100%). The effect of the hair cycle on medullation was investigated by examining medulla size and form along the lengths of anagen and telogen terminal hairs and also from a composite model of the entire medulla, as produced from a full cycle's growth, by amalgamating the results from the anagen and telogen hairs. The effect of hair shaft cross-sectional size on medullation has been investigated by controlling any effect of the hair cycle on terminal hairs and by use of the maximal medulla size in short, fine (vellous) hairs from the same subjects. All terminal hairs were medullated for the majority of their lengths. The presence and size of the medulla, in terminal hairs, was profoundly affected by the hair cycle. It was largest early in anagen, where the medulla minor axis, major axis and cross-sectional area represented about 26%, 23% and 7% of the corresponding whole hair shaft parameters (at 100% humidity). The medulla was virtually absent towards the end of anagen. The shape of the medulla cross-section was less elliptical than that of the whole hair shaft and was close to circular. There was no significant change in medulla shape through anagen. The form of the medulla was also affected by the hair cycle; approximately, it was continuous for the first 50% of anagen, discontinuous for the next 25% and virtually absent or absent for the final 25%. The maximal size of the medulla, as occurred in early anagen, was markedly associated with the cross-sectional size of the whole hair shaft, both within terminal hairs and between all scalp hairs. The medulla was large in terminal hairs and small or absent in very small hairs. The proportion of the whole hair shaft occupied by the medulla increased with increase in hair size and reached a maximum in terminal hairs, in which the medulla minor axis represented about 30% of the whole hair shaft minor axis. Furthermore, this proportion was constant in the terminal hairs and was not related to whole hair shaft size. Such maximal proportional medullation might represent a defining feature of terminal hairs. Variation in size of the medulla is not the cause of the previously reported cycle-dependent change in cross-sectional size of the whole hair shaft of terminal hairs.
Diagnosis and follow-up of small hepatocellular carcinoma with selective intraarterial digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Kenji Ikeda, Satoshi Saitoh, Isao Koida, Akihito Tsubota, Yasuji Arase, Kazuaki Chayama, Hiromitsu Kumada
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

To clarify the angiographic features of small hepatocellular carcinoma, we performed digital subtraction angiography in 91 patients with hepatocellular carcinomas of 2 cm or less. Repeated digital subtraction angiography studies were performed in 25 patients whose first angiograms showed no tumor staining. Digital subtraction angiography showed hypervascular tumor staining in only 51 patients (56.0%). We found that the smaller a tumor nodule was, the lower the detection rate of tumor stain on digital subtraction angiography. The detection rate of hypervascularity was closely correlated with the grading of histological differentiation of the tumors: well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas more often showed negative tumor staining. Repeated digital subtraction angiography studies showed alteration of tumor staining from isovascular to hypervascular in 6 of 6 patients with tumors that became larger than 2 cm and in 12 of 19 patients with tumors that remained 2 cm or smaller. Conversion of vascularity is commonly found in the early stage of small hepatocellular carcinoma, and the process is usually slow, taking approximately 1 yr.
Factitious Purpura Simulating Autoerythrocyte Sensitization
Authors: ROBERT M. LEVIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

A teenage girl with recurrent, painful ecchymoses was a difficult diagnostic problem until the factitious nature of her illness became apparent. This type of case must be distinguished from patients with autoerythrocyte sensitization, sensitivity to deoxyribonucleic acid, red cell stroma, and hemoglobin. A diagnosis of factitious purpura was established in this patient by skin tests, direct observation, and the effective use of plaster casts. Factitious purpura is a cause of recurrent, painful ecchymoses.
Obesity in children
Authors: T. Lobstein
Journal: BMJ (2008)

May not predict obesity in adults, but monitoring is essential

In the linked study (doi: 10.1136/bmj.a802), Funatogawa and colleagues compare growth curves of body mass index from children to adolescents, and then to young adults, in Japanese girls in birth cohorts from 1930 to 1999.1 The authors find that obesity in childhood fails to predict obesity in adulthood. Their finding begs a wider question about the meaning and effects of excess body weight in children, and whether monitoring the prevalence of childhood obesity is worth while.

This study, which repeatedly examined cross sectional samples from the 1930s to the 1990s, found that although body mass index increased in girls aged 5-12 years in each decade, it did not translate into higher body mass indexes in women aged 17-25 years a decade or so later. If anything, as the children became fatter the young women became thinner. The interpretation given in the paper is that, for girls (but not, apparently, boys), …
Group B Strep Support replies to Margaret McCartney
Authors: P. Steer, A. Bedford Russell, A. C. McCartney, P. Cox, J. Plumb
Journal: BMJ (2012)

We of Group B Strep Support (GBSS) were disappointed that Margaret McCartney reiterated some myths about screening for group B streptococcus during pregnancy.1 We challenge four of her statements.

(1) “The risks of antibiotic use include anaphylaxis, which is thought to be fatal in one in 10 000 women treated.”

This is an unreferenced statement from the UK National Screening Committee’s 2008 review of antenatal screening for streptococcus B. Fatal anaphylaxis is extremely rare. Law et al reported that 1.8 million women in the US were given benzylpenicillin (or ampicillin) between 1997 and 2001 with no deaths from anaphylaxis reported.2 Their review of UK data showed no adverse drug reactions attributable to benzylpenicillin in a population of 630 000 over six months. They conclude that the risk of death is negligible.

(2) “Broad spectrum antibiotics lead to resistant organisms . . . The potential for long-term persistence of early-colonising bacteria suggests that much more thought should …
A SIMPLE FACE MASK FOR USE BY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE ATTENDANTS
Authors: ARTHUR M. DANNENBERG
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Modern scientific investigation has definitely established that the most frequent mode of transmission of infectious diseases is through droplet infection from the oral and nasal passages of the infected persons or unrecognized carriers of the infectious organisms. A recognition of this fact has caused the adoption at the base hospital, Camp Jackson, S. C., particularly by the physicians and other attendants of the cerebrospinal meningitis patients, of various forms of protective face masks. The one most commonly used is a gauze strip, made either of several layers of gauze bandage or more frequently of a gauze dressing roll, which covers the nose and mouth and is held in place at the occiput by a pin or a knot.  This method entails the use of large quantities of gauze, and has proved generally unsatisfactory since it is uncomfortable, rarely remains in position, and causes fogginess of the eyeglasses.  In recognition of
Novel <i>CUX1</i> missense mutation in association with 7q− at leukemic transformation of MPN
Authors: Nils H. Thoennissen, Terra Lasho, Gabriela B. Thoennissen, Seishi Ogawa, Ayalew Tefferi, H. Phillip Koeffler
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

Staging System [24] and chromosomal abnormalities determined by standard metaphase karyotype and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Treatment-induced adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0.For response assessment we utilized the International Uniform Response Criteria for Mutiple Myeloma [25].The main endpoint of the study was to determine the overall response rate for high-dose cyclophosphamide in bortezomib-refractory MM patients.Secondary endpoints were to determine median overall survival, frequency and severity of adverse events.Progression free survival and duration of response was not estimated since this endpoint was distorted by the high proportion of patients undergoing transplantation immediately after a response was obtained.We reported proportions with their respective 95% confidence intervals.Continuous numerical variables were described using their median and range.Overall survival was described utilizing the method of Kaplan-Meier.Statistical analysis was performed the software SPSS (version 16).
Relationship Between Early Physician Follow-up and 30-Day Readmission Among Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized for Heart Failure
Authors: Adrian F. Hernandez, Melissa A. Greiner, Gregg C. Fonarow, Bradley G. Hammill, Paul A. Heidenreich, Clyde W. Yancy, Eric D. Peterson, Lesley H. Curtis
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Readmission after hospitalization for heart failure is common. Early outpatient follow-up after hospitalization has been proposed as a means of reducing readmission rates. However, there are limited data describing patterns of follow-up after heart failure hospitalization and its association with readmission rates.To examine associations between outpatient follow-up within 7 days after discharge from a heart failure hospitalization and readmission within 30 days.Observational analysis of patients 65 years or older with heart failure and discharged to home from hospitals participating in the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure and the Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure quality improvement program from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006.All-cause readmission within 30 days after discharge.The study population included 30,136 patients from 225 hospitals. Median length of stay was 4 days (interquartile range, 2-6) and 21.3% of patients were readmitted within 30 days. At the hospital level, the median percentage of patients who had early follow-up after discharge from the index hospitalization was 38.3% (interquartile range, 32.4%-44.5%). Compared with patients whose index admission was in a hospital in the lowest quartile of early follow-up (30-day readmission rate, 23.3%), the rates of 30-day readmission were 20.5% among patients in the second quartile (risk-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.93), 20.5% among patients in the third quartile (risk-adjusted HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.96), and 20.9% among patients in the fourth quartile (risk-adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-1.00).Among patients who are hospitalized for heart failure, substantial variation exists in hospital-level rates of early outpatient follow-up after discharge. Patients who are discharged from hospitals that have higher early follow-up rates have a lower risk of 30-day readmission.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00344513.
Computed Tomography and Angiography of Left Ventricular Diverticulum
Authors: Freij Gobal, Rajesh Sachdeva, Barry F. Uretsky
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)

![Figure][1] 

A 68-year-old man underwent percutaneous coronary intervention of an 80% circumflex stenosis. Ventriculography was normal, except for a basal anteroseptal protrusion (A, C, and E) . Cardiac computed tomography revealed a small diverticulum with myocardial thinning (B, D, F, G,
Medicalisation, limits to medicine, or never enough money to go around?
Authors: N. Freemantle
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Ivan Illich, in Limits to Medicine , commented: “The more time, toil and sacrifice spent by a population in producing medicine as a commodity, the larger will be the by product, namely the fallacy that society has a supply of health locked away which can be mined and marketed.”1 Rich Western societies are investing in preventive treatments that will benefit only a minority of those who take them for a long time, a situation well illustrated by the statins. Widespread use of statins is scarcely affordable in the developed world and unachievable in developing countries, although the drugs are still marketed heavily there. Using resources to purchase statins means other effective treatments may not be available.

From the perspective of the pharmaceutical industry, statins are an ideal group of drugs. They are, with one exception, safe and free from common side effects. They achieve a premium price and potentially have an increasingly wide market in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. About 11.5 million adults (5.4% of the adult population) in the United States are currently taking either atorvastatin, simvastatin, or pravastatin, all of which are in the top 40 most commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals in the United States.2 Indeed, atorvastatin (Lipitor) is now the biggest prescription-only drug in the world.

It is paradoxical that while achieving benefits in reducing mortality …
Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: James R O'Dell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A better understanding of the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, together with influential trials aimed at treating early stages of the disease, has altered therapy. This article considers approaches that have resulted in markedly better clinical outcomes, including early diagnosis and treatment; the advent of combinations of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and agents that target cytokines; and recognition and treatment of important coexisting conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
Lysyl Oxidase Mediates Hypoxic Control of Metastasis
Authors: Janine T. Erler, Amato J. Giaccia
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Hypoxic cancer cells pose a great challenge to the oncologist because they are especially aggressive, metastatic, and resistant to therapy. Recently, we showed that elevation of the extracellular matrix protein lysyl oxidase (LOX) correlates with metastatic disease and is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. In an orthotopic rodent model of breast cancer, a small-molecule or antibody inhibitor of LOX abolished metastasis, offering preclinical validation of this enzyme as a therapeutic target. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10238-41)
Concerning the British Data
Authors: Richard Doll
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Drill and Calhoun<sup>1</sup>differ from the British Medical Research Council<sup>2</sup>and from the British Committee on Safety of Drugs<sup>3</sup>in the conclusions that they draw from our work on the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and the development of thromboembolism. This, we suggest, is because they have misunderstood or misinterpreted our findings. For example: They dismiss the results of Vessey and Doll's study<sup>4</sup>because it led to the conclusion that the hospital admission rate for "idiopathic" venous thrombosis in young married women not using oral contraceptives was 0.05 per 1,000 per year, a figure which "is so far out of line from other American and English statistics that it cannot be accepted as comparable." In fact, it is directly comparable with the figure of 0.5 per 1,000 in women who were using oral contraceptives but were otherwise similar, since exactly the
All that's elevated is not a polyp
Authors: A Hokama, J Shiroma, K Kishimoto, K Azama, H Chinen, F Kinjo, J Fujita
Journal: Gut (2009)

A 69-year-old man presented with sudden onset of painless haematochezia. He had a 10-year history of angina pectoris and atrial fibrillation and had been treated with warfarin …
Dual-mode enhancement of metallothionein protein with cell transduction and retention peptide fusion
Authors: Kwang Suk Lim, Myoung-Hwa Lim, Young-Wook Won, Jang Kyoung Kim, Young Cheol Kang, Eun Jeong Park, Ji-Won Chae, So-Mi Kim, Seong-Eon Ryu, Youngmi Kim Pak, Yong-Hee Kim
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Endoscopic ultrasound features of esophageal duplication cysts- a case series
Authors: Bhatia Vikram, Thapar Shalini, Bawa Simranjit Singh, Saluja Sundeep Singh
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

Introduction: Esophageal duplication cysts (EDC) in adults are often asymptomatic and incidentally encountered. We evaluated 6 EDC cases at Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, between January 2009 and January 2010, and describe the characteristic EUS features.
`Blue' parent, disturbed child: correlation shown
Authors: Harriet Page
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Children of depressed parents appear to have a threefold higher risk than normal of experiencing emotional disturbances, a study from Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, has shown. When compared with children of normal parents, the children of depressed parents were far more likely to suffer major depression. They also suffered more frequently from attention-deficit disorders, separation anxiety, and conduct disorders than the control group, and they abused alcohol and other substances more often. Moreover, the children tended to be more at risk when<i>both</i>parents suffered from depression: Thus, the rate of major depression was 8.3% among children with one depressed parent but 12.2% with two depressed parents; the rate was 0% when neither parent was ill. The rates of any type of psychiatric disturbance were 16.7% among children with one ill parent and 23% with two ill parents, compared with 10% when neither parent was ill.
Smoking prevalence among Indian women doubled in five years, study finds
Authors: C. Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Between 2005 and 2009 the prevalence of smoking among women in India more than doubled from 1.4% to 2.9%, a study has found.

Over the same time smoking among men significantly fell from 33.4% to 24.3% (P<0.001), causing the ratio of male to female smoking prevalence to fall from 23.9 to 8.4, the findings showed.1 

The study analysed data from five nationally representative studies conducted over the past two decades. …
Probability of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and survival without HCC in decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrosis or alcoholic cirrhosis
Authors: M.A. Alvarez, B. Balleste, S. Montoliu, M. Rivera, V. Lorenzo-Zuniga, S. Coll, I. Cirera, R.M. Morillas, R. Sola, R. Planas
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Endobronchial Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Charles J. Donlan
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Endobronchial involvement with Hodgkin's disease has been reported infrequently. A 26-year-old woman with previously diagnosed nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease had substernal chest pain and a right middle lobe infiltrate. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed nodular endobronchial lesions located at the carina, the right mainstem bronchus, and the right middle lobe orifice. A biopsy specimen of one of these lesions showed Hodgkin's disease. The patient was then treated with sequential systemic chemotherapy. Repeated bronchoscopy showed complete resolution of the endobronchial lesions, and the patient has remained in complete remission for 24 months.
Decreased protein and phosphorylation level of the protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 in failing human hearts
Authors: Ali El-Armouche, Torsten Pamminger, Diana Ditz, Oliver Zolk, Thomas Eschenhagen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

Objective: The protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 (I-1) is a highly specific and potent inhibitor of type 1 phosphatases (PP1) that is active only in its protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylated form. I-1 ablation decreases, I-1 overexpression sensitizes β-adrenergic signaling in the heart. It is controversial whether I-1 expression is altered in human heart failure (HF), likely because its detection in heart is difficult due to its low abundance. Methods and results: I-1 was >500-fold enriched from left ventricular myocardium (LVM) from patients with terminal HF (n = 16) and non-failing controls (NF, n = 5) and quantified with an affinity-purified I-1 and a I-1 phosphospecific antiserum. In non-failing I-1 protein levels amounted to 126 fmol/mg protein. In failing hearts, I-1 protein levels were reduced by 58% and I-1 phosphorylation by 77% (P<0.001 vs. NF). I-1 phosphorylation correlated well with serine-16 phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) in the same hearts (P<0.001). In contrast, PLB, troponin I (TnI) and PP1 protein and TnI phosphorylation levels did not differ between HF and NF. Conclusions: The results suggest that the reduction in I-1 protein and phosphorylation in failing human hearts leads to increased phosphatase activity which in turn may result in reduced phosphorylation of cardiac proteins such as PLB.