tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Update on electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Elizabeth Rasche González
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The patient is severely depressed, deluded, hallucinating, and has stopped eating. Major tranquilizers and antidepressants have not removed his symptoms, and psychotherapy is not appropriate. Treatment of choice: six 50-s grand mal seizures, to be induced by electrical stimulatinn of the brain three times a week for two weeks. Contrary to popular belief, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still considered the most effective treatment for endogenous depression. Several refinements in recent years have made it more acceptable. And the old-fashioned method, conventional "bilateral" stimulation, still seems to be best. At a recent conference on affective disorders in Chicago, Richard Abrams, MD, professor and vicechairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Chicago Medical School, estimated that ECT removes or markedly improves severe endogenous depression in nine of ten cases. With the conventional method, introduced in the United States in 1939, placement of the electrodes is bifrontotemporal. With unilateral ECT, which came into
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Baculovirus-Expressed Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine
Authors: John J. Treanor, Gilbert M. Schiff, Frederick G. Hayden, Rebecca C. Brady, C. Mhorag Hay, Anthony L. Meyer, Jeanne Holden-Wiltse, Hua Liang, Adam Gilbert, Manon Cox
Journal: JAMA (2007)

A high priority in vaccine research is the development of influenza vaccines that do not use embryonated eggs as the substrate for vaccine production.To determine the dose-related safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of an experimental trivalent influenza virus hemagglutinin (rHA0) vaccine produced in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial at 3 US academic medical centers during the 2004-2005 influenza season among 460 healthy adults without high-risk indications for influenza vaccine.Participants were randomly assigned to receive a single injection of saline placebo (n = 154); 75 microg of an rHA0 vaccine containing 15 microg of hemagglutinin from influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) and influenza B/Jiangsu/10/03 virus and 45 microg of hemagglutinin from influenza A/Wyoming/3/03(H3N2) virus (n = 153); or 135 microg of rHA0 containing 45 microg of hemagglutinin each from all 3 components (n = 153). Serum samples were taken before and 30 days following immunization.Primary safety end points were the rates and severity of solicited and unsolicited adverse events. Primary immunogenicity end points were the rates of 4-fold or greater increases in serum hemagglutinin inhibition antibody to each of the 3 vaccine strains before and 28 days after inoculation. The prespecified primary efficacy end point was culture-documented influenza illness, defined as development of influenza-like illness associated with influenza virus on a nasopharyngeal swab.Rates of local and systemic adverse effects were low, and the rates of systemic adverse effects were not different in either vaccine group than in the placebo group. Hemagglutinin inhibition antibody responses to the H1 component were seen in 3% of placebo, 51% of 75-microg vaccine, and 67% of 135-microg vaccine recipients, while responses to B were seen in 4% of placebo, 65% of 75-microg vaccine, and 92% of 135-microg vaccine recipients. Responses to the H3 component occurred in 11% of placebo, 81% of 75-microg vaccine, and 77% of 135-microg vaccine recipients. Influenza infections in the study population were due to influenza B and A(H3N2), and influenza A infections were A/California/7/2004-like viruses, an antigenically drifted strain. Seven cases of culture-confirmed CDC-defined influenza-like illness occurred in 153 placebo recipients (4.6%) compared with 2 cases (1.3%) in 150 recipients of 75 microg of vaccine, and 0 cases in recipients of 135 microg of vaccine.In this study, a trivalent rHA0 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in a healthy adult population. Preliminary evidence of protection against a drifted influenza A(H3N2) virus was obtained, but the sample size was small. Inclusion of a neuraminidase component did not appear to be required for protection.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00328107.
Autochthonous liver tumors induce systemic T cell tolerance associated with T cell receptor down-modulation
Authors: Jasmin T. Ney, Thomas Schmidt, Christian Kurts, Qi Zhou, Dawid Eckert, Dean W. Felsher, Hubert Schorle, Percy Knolle, Thomas Tüting, Winfried Barchet, Reinhard Büttner, Andreas Limmer, Ines Gütgemann
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract The reason the adaptive immune system fails in advanced liver tumors is largely unclear. To address this question, we have developed a novel murine model that combines c-myc–induced autochthonous tumorigenesis with expression of a cognate antigen, ovalbumin (OVA). When c-myc/OVA transgenic mice were crossed with liver-specific inducer mice, multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas co-expressing OVA developed in a tetracycline-dependent manner with a short latency and 100% penetrance. Transferred OVA-specific T cells, although infiltrating the tumor at high numbers, were hyporesponsive, as evidenced by a lack of in vivo cytotoxicity and interferon gamma production. This allowed the tumor to progress even in the presence of large numbers of antigen-specific T cells and even after vaccination (OVA+CpG-DNA). Interestingly, T cell receptor down-modulation was observed, which may explain antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. This model is helpful in understanding liver cancer–specific mechanisms of T cell tolerance and dissection of antigen-specific and nonspecific mechanisms of immunotherapies in the preclinical phase. (Hepatology 2009.)
Referral rate to outpatient services in London in some practices is triple that in others, report says
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To assess the status of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among adolescent girls in India to determine unmet needs. <h3>Design</h3> Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, The Global Health Database, Google Scholar and references for studies published from 2000 to September 2015 on girls’ MHM. <h3>Setting</h3> India. <h3>Participants</h3> Adolescent girls. <h3>Outcome measures</h3> Information on menarche awareness, type of absorbent used, disposal, hygiene, restrictions and school absenteeism was extracted from eligible materials; a quality score was applied. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence (PP), and meta-regression to examine the effect of setting, region and time. <h3>Results</h3> Data from 138 studies involving 193 subpopulations and 97 070 girls were extracted. In 88 studies, half of the girls reported being informed prior to menarche (PP 48%, 95% CI 43% to 53%, I<sup>2</sup> 98.6%). Commercial pad use was more common among urban (PP 67%, 57% to 76%, I<sup>2</sup> 99.3%, n=38) than rural girls (PP 32%, 25% to 38%, I<sup>2</sup> 98.6%, n=56, p&lt;0.0001), with use increasing over time (p&lt;0.0001). Inappropriate disposal was common (PP 23%, 16% to 31%, I<sup>2</sup> 99.0%, n=34). Menstruating girls experienced many restrictions, especially for religious activities (PP 0.77, 0.71 to 0.83, I<sup>2</sup> 99.1%, n=67). A quarter (PP 24%, 19% to 30%, I<sup>2</sup> 98.5%, n=64) reported missing school during periods. A lower prevalence of absenteeism was associated with higher commercial pad use in univariate (p=0.023) but not in multivariate analysis when adjusted for region (p=0.232, n=53). Approximately a third of girls changed their absorbents in school facilities (PP 37%, 29% to 46%, I<sup>2</sup> 97.8%, n=17). Half of the girls’ homes had a toilet (PP 51%, 36% to 67%, I<sup>2</sup> 99.4%, n=21). The quality of studies imposed limitations on analyses and the interpretation of results (mean score 3 on a scale of 0–7). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Strengthening of MHM programmes in India is needed. Education on awareness, access to hygienic absorbents and disposal of MHM items need to be addressed. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> CRD42015019197.
Detection of perioperative myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Authors: A Righetti, M H Crawford, R A O'Rourke, T Hardarson, H Schelbert, P O Daily, M DeLuca, W Ashburn, J Ross
Journal: Circulation (1977)

In order to evaluate methods for detecting peri-operative myocardial damage we studied 41 patients before and serially following coronary artery bypass graft surgery utilizing the 12-lead ECG, serum MB-CPK measurements, and 99mTc pyrophosphate myocardial scans. Six of the 41 patients (15%) developed persistent new Q waves after surgery. Six other patients demonstrated ischemic ST-T wave changes that persisted for 48 hours or more. Mean total MB-CPK released was highest for the group with new Q waves [1598+/-545 (SE) I.U./L-hr] as compared to the group with ischemic ST-T wave changes 708+/-65 I.U./L-hr) or the group with no ECG changes (262+/-47 I.U./L-hr). Ten patients (24%) has positive postoperative pyrophosphate scans consistent with myocardial infarction. The three techniques were compared in these 41 patients utilizing 465 I.U./L.-hr as the upper limit of normal MB-CPK released after uncomplicated coronary bypass surgery (no ECG changes, negative scan). Five patients with ischemic ECG changes had a positive scan and high MB-CPK; six patients with no ECG changes had high MB-CPK but a negative scan; and one patient with high MB-CPK and new Q wave had a negative scan. We conclude 1) new Q waves on ECG underestimate the incidence of myocardial damage after coronary artery surgery; 2) MB-CPK alone overestimates the incidence of infarction; and 3) a combination of the three techniques is the best means for detecting myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Effects of cysteamine and antibody to somatostatin on islet cell function in vitro. Evidence that intracellular somatostatin deficiency augments insulin and glucagon secretion.
Authors: Y C Patel, I Pierzchala, M Amherdt, L Orci
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

In this study we have characterized the effects of cysteamine (CHS) on the cellular content and release of immunoreactive somatostatin (S-14 LI), insulin (IRI), and glucagon (IRG) from monolayer cultures of neonatal rat islets. Incubation of cultures with 0.1-10 mM CHS for 1 h led to an apparent, dose-dependent reduction of cellular S-14 LI that was 50% of control at 0.3 mM, 87% at 1 mM, and 95% at 10 mM. IRI content was unaffected by CHS up to 1 mM, but at 10 mM 90% loss of IRI occurred. All concentrations were without effect on IRG content. The loss of S-14 LI and IRI was completely reversible with time, but with different recovery rates for the two hormones (48 h for S-14 LI, and 72 h for IRI). Released S-14 LI rose progressively with increasing doses of CHS from 21 +/- 2.5 pg/ml per hour to 41 +/- 1.4 pg/ml per hour at CHS concentrations of 5 mM and 10 mM. IRI and IRG secretion were both also significantly enhanced (by 55% and 88%, respectively), despite the elevated medium S-14 LI. Since CHS reduced cellular S-14 LI but augmented medium S-14 LI, the relative effects of CHS (1 mM) and immunoneutralization with antibody to S-14 LI on IRI and IRG secretion were tested. Anti S-14 LI alone stimulated basal IRG (67%) but not IRI. Cultures rendered S-14 LI deficient with both CHS and anti-S-14 LI exhibited threefold and 2.3-fold potentiation of IRG and IRI secretions, respectively, greater than that expected from the separate effects of the two agents. Increasing medium glucose from 2.8 mM to 16.7 mM stimulated IRI release by 86% and suppressed IRG by 53%. CHS (1 mM) and anti-S-14 LI further augmented stimulated IRI release, by 30%; although 16.7 mM glucose suppression of IRG was still maintained under these conditions, the quantitative IRG response was significantly greater. These results suggest that CHS induces an apparent loss of islet S-14 LI, and at high doses, of IRI as well, but has no effect on A cells. Complete islet S-14 LI deficiency augments IRI and IRG secretion over a wide range of glucose concentrations, suggesting a physiological role of D cells on B cell and A cell regulation. D cell modulation of B cells requires cellular but not extracellular S-14 LI, being mediated probably though direct intracellular communication, whereas the A cells seem to be regulated by both direct contact as well as through locally secreted S-14 LI.
Intestinal Malrotation Diagnosed by Cholescintigraphy
Authors: JERRY V. GLOWNIAK
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Malrotation of the gut is a congenital abnormality in which the primitive intestinal loop fails to undergo rotation to its normal adult position. Rotation of the gut may become arrested at any stage, producing abnormal locations of the intestines within the abdomen. Malrotation may cause intestinal obstruction or volvulus or may remain asymptomatic. The case presented here illustrates asymptomatic malrotation of the gut, first detected by cholescintigraphy.
Baroreflex sensitivity and variants of the renin angiotensin system genes
Authors: Antti Ylitalo, K.E.Juhani Airaksinen, Aarno Hautanen, Markku Kupari, Marion Carson, Juha Virolainen, Markku Savolainen, Heikki Kauma, Y.Antero Kesäniemi, Perrin C White, Heikki V Huikuri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Related ancillary staff.
Authors: J Knight
Journal: BMJ (1975)

general practice also.Of course, for the occasional complicated case of urinary tract infection CLED medium might be neces- sary, but dipslides are not intended for the full investigation of this relatively uncommon problem.Incidentally, Dr. Rosalind Maskell's letter (28 June, p. 752) appears to misinterpret the findings of Dr. Edwards and her colleagues and also to contain a serious non sequitur.They showed that it was the CLED surface (not the MacConkey) that produced most of the false positive results and so if Dr. Maskell wishes to avoid false positives she should be using MacConkey-only rather than CLED-only dipslides.-Iam, etc.,
908-111 Prognostic Value of Troponin T and CRP Levels in pts with Unstable Angina
Authors: Antonio G. Rebuzzi, Gaetano Quaranta, Giovanna Liuzzo, Giuseppina Caligiuri, Domenico Cianflone, Luigi M. Biasucci, Attilio Maseri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Performance of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk index in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-3 and -4
Authors: Stephen D. Wiviott, David A. Morrow, Paul D. Frederick, Robert P. Giugliano, C.Michael Gibson, Carolyn H. McCabe, Christopher P. Cannon, Elliott M. Antman, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Fundamentals of Radiology
Authors: Joseph Whitley
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Dr Lucy Frank Squire is joined by Dr Robert A. Novelline in revising and updating this classic medical student text on diagnostic radiology. The original 1964 edition was written specifically as an introduction to diagnostic radiology for medical students in their clinical years of training. The book concerns itself with teaching general principles of the subject, and it is not designed to be the reference book that the student might later wish to own in practice. This singleness of purpose made and makes this text unique. These traits, plus the author's skill, resulted in the largest-selling book published to date by Harvard University Press. Predictably, this edition will follow in the path of its predecessors. With this revision, the authors have introduced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and have added 330 new illustrations. Yet with skillful rewriting and deletion, the increase in the number of pages has been held
The extracellular nucleotide UTP is a potent inducer of hematopoietic stem cell migration
Authors: Lara Rossi, Rossella Manfredini, Francesco Bertolini, Davide Ferrari, Miriam Fogli, Roberta Zini, Simona Salati, Valentina Salvestrini, Sara Gulinelli, Elena Adinolfi, Sergio Ferrari, Francesco Di Virgilio, Michele Baccarani, Roberto M. Lemoli
Journal: Blood (2006)
Health effects of gasoline exposure. I. Exposure assessment for U.S. distribution workers.
Authors: T J Smith, S K Hammond, O Wong
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Personal exposures were estimated for a large cohort of workers in the U.S. domestic system for distributing gasoline by trucks and marine vessels. This assessment included development of a rationale and methodology for extrapolating vapor exposures prior to the availability of measurement data, analysis of existing measurement data to estimate task and job exposures during 1975-1985, and extrapolation of truck and marine job exposures before 1975. A worker's vapor exposure was extrapolated from three sets of factors: the tasks in his or her job associated with vapor sources, the characteristics of vapor sources (equipment and other facilities) at the work site, and the composition of petroleum products producing vapors. Historical data were collected on the tasks in job definitions, on work-site facilities, and on product composition. These data were used in a model to estimate the overall time-weighted-average vapor exposure for jobs based on estimates of task exposures and their duration. Task exposures were highest during tank filling in trucks and marine vessels. Measured average annual, full-shift exposures during 1975-1985 ranged from 9 to 14 ppm of total hydrocarbon vapor for truck drivers and 2 to 35 ppm for marine workers on inland waterways. Extrapolated past average exposures in truck operations were highest for truck drivers before 1965 (range 140-220 ppm). Other jobs in truck operations resulted in much lower exposures. Because there were few changes in marine operations before 1979, exposures were assumed to be the same as those measured during 1975-1985. Well-defined exposure gradients were found across jobs within time periods, which were suitable for epidemiologic analyses.
Signalling via testosterone: Communicating health and vigour
Authors: Alejandro Kacelnik, Sasha Norris
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Our commentary summarises the current understanding of how testosterone can be used as a mechanism to link quality to external traits potentially used in sexual signalling, particularly female choice. Testosterone-dependent traits may reveal male's status to rivals and immunocompetence to females. We highlight some interesting unanswered questions and suggest that cross-disciplinary collaboration would help solve them.
The Clinical Use of THAM
Authors: Gabriel G. Nahas
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Concerning the paper by Dr. Manfredi<i>et al</i>. inThe Journal, July 2, on the basis of our personal experience, we cannot concur with some of the generalizations of the authors. Trihydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM)<sup>1</sup>(a weak "base" according to Brønsted's classification) owes its buffering activity in vivo to its property of proton acceptor; it will react with carbon dioxide only in solution according to the reaction:and with organic acids in a similar way:. It is now established that THAM depresses ventilation and increases carbon dioxide storage in the body.<sup>2-4</sup>Therefore, its use in severe respiratory acidosis should<i>always</i>be associated with effective artificially controlled respiration. The effectiveness of THAM in correcting acidosis in the first two cases reported by Manfredi is to be related to the combination of artificial ventilation and to the diuresis produced by this amine buffer.
Autophagy induction by Bcr‐Abl‐expressing cells facilitates their recovery from a targeted or nontargeted treatment
Authors: Lisa C. Crowley, Baukje M. Elzinga, Gerald C. O'Sullivan, Sharon L. McKenna
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Abstract Although Imatinib has transformed the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), it is not curative due to the persistence of resistant cells that can regenerate the disease. We have examined how Bcr‐Abl‐expressing cells respond to two mechanistically different therapeutic agents, etoposide and Imatinib. We also examined Bcr‐Abl expression at low and high levels as elevated expression has been associated with treatment failure. Cells expressing low levels of Bcr‐Abl undergo apoptosis in response to the DNA‐targeting agent (etoposide), whereas high‐Bcr‐Abl‐expressing cells primarily induce autophagy. Autophagic populations engage a delayed nonapoptotic death; however, sufficient cells evade this and repopulate following the withdrawal of the drug. Non‐Bcr‐Abl‐expressing 32D or Ba/F3 cells induce both apoptosis and autophagy in response to etoposide and can recover. Imatinib treatment induces both apoptosis and autophagy in all Bcr‐Abl‐expressing cells and populations rapidly recover. Inhibition of autophagy with ATG7 and Beclin1 siRNA significantly reduced the recovery of Imatinib‐treated K562 cells, indicating the importance of autophagy for the recovery of treated cells. Combination regimes incorporating agents that disrupt Imatinib‐induced autophagy would remain primarily targeted and may improve response to the treatment in CML. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the green turtle and blue- tailed mole skink: statistical evidence for archosaurian affinity of turtles
Authors: Y. Kumazawa, M. Nishida
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

Turtles have highly specialized morphological characteristics, and their phylogenetic position has been under intensive debate. Previous molecular studies have not established a consistent and statistically well supported conclusion on this issue. In order to address this, complete mitochondrial DNA sequences were determined for the green turtle and the blue-tailed mole skink. These genomes possess an organization of genes which is typical of most other vertebrates, such as placental mammals, a frog, and bony fishes, but distinct from organizations of alligators and snakes. Molecular evolutionary rates of mitochondrial protein sequences appear to vary considerably among major reptilian lineages, with relatively rapid rates for snake and crocodilian lineages but slow rates for turtle and lizard lineages. In spite of this rate heterogeneity, phylogenetic analyses using amino acid sequences of 12 mitochondrial proteins reliably established the Archosauria (birds and crocodilians) and Lepidosauria (lizards and snakes) clades postulated from previous morphological studies. The phylogenetic analyses further suggested that turtles are a sister group of the archosaurs, and this untraditional relationship was provided with strong statistical evidence by both the bootstrap and the Kishino-Hasegawa tests. This is the first statistically significant molecular phylogeny on the placement of turtles relative to the archosaurs and lepidosaurs. It is therefore likely that turtles originated from a Permian-Triassic archosauromorph ancestor with two pairs of temporal fenestrae behind the skull orbit that were subsequently lost. The traditional classification of turtles in the Anapsida may thus need to be reconsidered.
Cancer and Diet
Authors: Alice J. Waller, Patricia A. McGraw, Virginia A. Schauss, Athanasios Theologides
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Patients with cancer frequently search their nutritional history for dietary factors supposedly etiologic in the genesis of their disease. After the diagnosis, they may originate changes in their diet in an effort to improve their general health and to control the cancer. We evaluated the frequency and the type of dietary changes initiated by patients after the diagnosis of cancer. We obtained a nutritional history in 100 consecutive patients with solid tumors admitted to the Medical Oncology Service at the University of Minnesota Medical Center. An arbitrary criterion for inclusion in the study was a diagnosis of cancer of at least three months prior to admission for the patient to have some time to consider and institute dietary changes. Eighteen patients started taking multivitamins or minerals or "nutrients" after the diagnosis. Three additional patients modified their diet and started taking multivitamins. Another four patients modified only their