tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sex Chromatin Counts in Breast Cancer
Authors: Paul Peter Rosen
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The data presented by Alex S. D. Spiers, MD, and J. E. Turner, MD, in their letter (238:1812, 1977), which describes sex chromatin counts in buccal smears from women with breast carcinoma, are in agreement with a similar series reported recently from this institution.<sup>1</sup>No notable differences were found in the mean numbers of sex chromatin-positive buccal cells between three groups of women: "normal" women with no history of breast disease, those with biopsy-proved benign breast disease, and those with breast cancer. Of additional interest was the analysis of sex chromatin distribution and estrogen receptor protein (ERP) in breast carcinomas. Sex chromatin counts were obtained from imprints made directly from the same tumor samples submitted for ERP analysis at the time of biopsy. Substantially lower sex chromatin counts were found in ERP-negative primary tumors than in ERP-positive carcinomas. These results may explain the more favorable prognosis
To Err With Air
Authors: F. E. Templeton
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In "To Err With Air" Dr. Hartzell poses two problems in roentgenologic diagnosis of colonic lesions. The double contrast method is on its way out, and the machine is more important than the man. The "double contrast" method of examining the colon has been thoroughly tested and is generally accepted. Those who understand its advantages and disadvantages and use it properly gather a great deal of useful information. Those who misuse the method obtain poor films. Figure 2 in "To Err With Air" is a good example of a poor result. In attempting to set the machine over man, the author uses the "colon-filled-with-barium," spot films, and high voltage (100 to 125 kv) technique. The technique, like the double contrast method, has advantages and disadvantages. Small and even large lesions can and do become lost in a mass of barium. All parts of the colon cannot
Anaphylactic Shock after First Injection of Tetanus Serum
Authors: K. Brandl
Journal: BMJ (1943)

MEDICAL MEMORANDA MEDBRAILTOSL 1Lcortical atrophy on encephalography would certainly favour a vascular lesion and exclude encephalitis.To speculate on the occurrence of air embolism in other cases of whooping-cough complicated by convulsions, pareses, amaurosis, etc., both in those which recover and in those which are permanent, does not seem to us to be far-fetched.Small emboli may produce ischaemic effects which result in transient symptoms, and are comparable to the transient effects seen in the milder cases of caisson disease or in the pilots of rapidly climbing aircraft (Armstrong, 1939).Larger and more numerous emboli may produce permanent lesions by means of the focal infarctions which result, as in the more serious effects of caisson disease.We would suggest that the diagnosis of air embolism be more frequently entertained in cases of neuro- logical complications of whooping-cough, particularly those which follow severe spasms of coughing and are likely to be associated with a ruptured alveolus; furthermore, that the diagnosis of encephalitis be reserved for cases in which the spinal fluid shows some evidence of inflammatory change or the cerebral histopathology is undoubtedly encephalitic. SummaryA case of whooping-cough complicated by hemiplegia is presented.An interesting feature of the case was the occurrence of severe subcutaneous emphysema some days before the onset of the hemiplegia.The two phenomena are correlated, and the hemiplegia is con- sidered to be possibly due to air embolism.A brief summary of the literature is given.We should like to express our thanks to Dr. Norman Begg, medical superintendent of the Eastern Hospital, for his encourage- ment and critical help with this case; to Dr. T. V. L.
Biofeedback-Guided Control of Abdominothoracic Muscular Activity Reduces Regurgitation Episodes in Patients With Rumination
Authors: Elizabeth Barba, Emanuel Burri, Anna Accarino, Carolina Malagelada, Amanda Rodriguez-Urrutia, Alfredo Soldevilla, Juan-R. Malagelada, Fernando Azpiroz
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Effects of interferon alpha on autocrine growth factor loops in B lymphoproliferative disorders.
Authors: H E Heslop, A C Bianchi, F T Cordingley, M Turner, W Chandima, C P De Mel, A V Hoffbrand, M K Brenner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

The B lymphoproliferative disorders B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) produce a number of autocrine growth factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1, all of which may induce positive feedback growth loops. If such malignancies depend on these autocrine growth loops for survival, their interruption may be therapeutically valuable. Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) abrogates TNF- or IL-6-induced proliferation of HCL and B-CLL cells in vitro and has therapeutic activity in these diseases. We have investigated the possibility that IFN-alpha may act by interrupting autocrine growth factor loops. If purified B-CLL or HCL cells are cultured in the presence of TNF, there is induction of mRNA for TNF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6. However, culture in the presence of IFN-alpha in addition to TNF reduced the level of mRNA for all these cytokines, compared with cells cultured in TNF alone. While cytokine mRNA levels were diminished, levels of mRNA for the ribonuclease activator 2-5A synthetase were increased. Analysis of the kinetics of cytokine mRNA production showed that levels fall shortly after the rise of 2-5A synthetase mRNA. IFN-alpha may produce these effects by shortening the half-life of cytokine mRNA, since TNF mRNA half-life in B-CLL and HCL cells is substantially reduced when the cells are cultured with IFN-alpha. These data suggest that IFN-alpha may mediate its therapeutic effects in these malignancies by blocking autocrine growth factor loops.
The Biologic Possibility of HIV Transmission During Passionate Kissing
Authors: Robert J. Woolley
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Piazza et al<sup>1</sup>report a study that concludes that "passionate" kissing is unsafe. (Actually, they say it is "[not] protective," a curious term. No intimate activity is itself "protective" against human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] transmission, although using a condom, for example, may be. I assume the authors mean "not protected" or "unsafe.") I find this conclusion doubtful. Since the authors base their conclusion on the presence of blood in saliva, I assume they agree that the saliva itself is not of major concern in HIV transmission.<sup>2</sup>It is only the blood—and only that quantity of blood transferred between partners—that results in infection. Further, it is infected leukocytes that are of concern, not free virus.<sup>3</sup> I present some rough calculations, always erring on the side of overestimating the infection risk: Assume that all of the after-kissing increase in saliva hemoglobin concentration found by Piazza et
Autoimmunity due to RAG deficiency and estimated disease incidence in RAG1/2 mutations
Authors: Karin Chen, Wilfred Wu, Divij Mathew, Yuhua Zhang, Sarah K. Browne, Lindsey B. Rosen, Meghann P. McManus, Michael A. Pulsipher, Mark Yandell, John F. Bohnsack, Lynn B. Jorde, Luigi D. Notarangelo, Jolan E. Walter
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Measurement properties of the Vitiligo Impact Scale‐22 ( <scp>VIS</scp> ‐22), a vitiligo‐specific quality‐of‐life instrument
Authors: V. Gupta, V. Sreenivas, M. Mehta, B.K. Khaitan, M. Ramam
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Vitiligo has a significant psychological impact which needs to be evaluated separately from the extent of depigmentation. We have developed a vitiligo-specific quality-of-life (QoL) instrument, Vitiligo Impact Scale-22 (VIS-22) for this purpose.To study the measurement properties of VIS-22 and compare it with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Skindex-16.Item-reduction analysis was used to reduce the number of items in the original VIS from 27 to 22. The 5-point Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) was used to evaluate the QoL followed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to assess patient-perceived severity. VIS-22, DLQI and Skindex-16 were self-administered. The validity of the VIS-22 was assessed in 161 patients, reliability in 69 patients and responsiveness in 72 patients and compared with DLQI and Skindex-16.Criterion validity was shown by strong correlation of VIS-22 with VAS (r = 0·7076). Convergent validity was evidenced by strong correlations with DLQI (r = 0·71) and Skindex-16 (r = 0·72). Known-groups validity was demonstrated by significantly higher scores in females, those with less education, patients with progressive disease and patients with vitiligo compared with controls (P < 0·001). Reliability was shown by excellent correlation of the scores between baseline and 2 weeks (r = 0·9053). VIS-22 was found to be responsive with scores at 12 weeks moving parallel to scores on VAS. Similar trends were noted with DLQI and Skindex-16.VIS-22 is a valid, reliable and responsive QoL instrument. It is comparable to DLQI and Skindex-16 in its measurement properties, while being specific to the needs of patients with vitiligo.
Abstract 2246: Combined grape polyphenols regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling via a dual mechanism of Akt inhibition and AMPK activation
Authors: Amilcar Rivera-Rivera, Linnette Castillo-Pichardo, Suranganie Dharmawardhane
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Breast Cancer (BC) is the major prevalent cancer in women in the United States and Puerto Rico with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), often resulting in death. Recent studies have shown that the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical signaling cascade that drives MBC. We recently reported that a combined diet of grape polyphenols (resveratrol, quercetin and catechin: RQC) at equimolar concentration is effective at inhibition of mammary tumor growth and metastasis to lung and bones in nude mice. The objective of this study is to investigate a role for RQC in prevention of MBC via inhibition of the Akt/AMPK/mTOR pathway. We found that RQC at 5 μM each inhibits Akt and p70S6 kinase (downstream effector of mTOR) activities in a metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-435 cell line and MDA-MB-231 human BC cells. RQC at 5 μM demonstrated a 2-fold activation of adenosine monophophate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an endogenous inhibitor of mTOR that acts opposite to Akt. To determine the contribution of individual resveratrol, quercetin, and catechin to the effect of combined RQC on mTOR signaling, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with RQC at 1, 3 and 9 μM individually and in combination. Results show that at 1 μM, individual or combined RQC did not increase AMPK activity, while at 3 μM, only Quercetin increased AMPK activity. Individual compounds at 1 μM did not affect Akt activity, while combined RQC decreased Akt activity by 20%. At 3 μM, Akt activity is downregulated by all compounds individually and in combination with combined RQC exerting a higher inhibitory effect on Akt activity than individual compounds. In general, the combination of RQC was more efficient at inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway than individual compounds. Thus, RQC has the potential to be used alone or in combination with other cancer therapeutics to impede progressive BC. This study was sponsored by the Department of Defense/Breast Cancer Research Program award W81XWH-07-1-0330 to SD and the U54 grant No. CA-096297 to UPR Comprehensive Cancer Center. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2246. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2246
The Role of CXCL12-CXCR4 Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Development
Authors: Keiichi Katsumoto, Shoen Kume
Journal: Theranostics (2013)

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is the receptor for chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as stromal derived factor-1, Sdf1).CXCR4, a protein consisting 352 amino acids, is known to transduce various signals such as cell differentiation, cell survival, cell proliferation, cell chemotaxis and apoptosis [1,2].The expression of CXCR4 is observed in embryonic stem cells, blood cells, haematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells, angioblasts and smooth muscle cells [3][4][5][6][7][8][9].The CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling pathway has very important roles in the embryonic development.Mutant mice for CXCL12 or CXCR4 genes showed lethality due to defects in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, cardiogenesis, myelopoiesis, lymphopoiesis and germ cell development [10][11][12][13].Recently, we reported that CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling pathway has a crucial role in regional specification of the gut endoderm during early development [14].Here, we would like to focus on the role of CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling pathway in pancreatic development and summarize recent findings of its role in the induction of the pancreatic progenitor cells.
Fever in the Zambesi
Authors: D. Livingstone
Journal: BMJ (1861)

THE PROSTATE.UNDER this heading, I refer only to tumours which possess a so-called benign tendency.The prostate is liable to be affected by tumours of a cancerous kind, but these are very rare as compared with those now under consideration.It woould be difficult to find above thirtv recorded cases of undoubted cancer of the prostate; and a generalisation of the facts afforded by these, presents little which nieed be noted here.The simple turnours, on the otlher hand, are exceedingly common, as will be seen below.i. Simple Tumours.The formation of small isolated tumours in the substance of the prostate is a circumstance very frequently observed when making dissec- tions of the organ.They are of smnall size, ranging from that of a pea, or smaller, to that of a clerry; the latter size being rare.Their growth is slow; their con- sisteince is firm; their structure closely resembles that of the prostate itself, especially the stromal or non- glandular tissue of tho organ; their histological characters are altogetlher simple or benign, and wholly unlike those of any carncerous growlths.Perlhaps
Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study
Authors: L Parker, M Cole, A W Craft, E N Hey
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To explore the possible association between intramuscular vitamin K given to neonates and the subsequent development of childhood cancer. <b>Design:</b> Retrospective case-control study on the basis of hospital records. <b>Setting:</b> The former Northern Health region of England. <b>Subjects:</b> 685 children who were born and lived in the region and who developed cancer before their 15th birthday, and 3442 controls also born between 1960 and 1991 and matched only for date and hospital of birth. The notes of a further 701 index cases were untraceable. <b>Main exposure measure:</b> Administration of intramuscular vitamin K versus no exposure to vitamin K. <b>Results:</b> There was no association between the administration of vitamin K and the development of all childhood cancers (unadjusted odds ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.15) or for all acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (1.20; 0.75 to 1.92), but there was a raised odds ratio for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developing 1-6 years after birth (1.79; 1.02 to 3.15). No such association was seen in a separate cohort-based study not dependent on case note retrieval in which the rates of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children born in hospital units where all babies received vitamin K were compared with those born in units where less than a third received prophylaxis. <b>Conclusions:</b> It is not possible, on the basis of currently published evidence, to refute the suggestion that neonatal intramuscular vitamin K administration increases the risk of early childhood leukaemia. Any association may have been masked in earlier studies that did not use controls matched for time and locality by other unidentified factors affecting the spatiotemporal variations in incidence of leukaemia. <h3>Key messages</h3> Two studies that used controls matched for date and place of birth have now failed to confirm a 1992 study reporting an increased risk of non-leukaemic childhood cancer in babies given 1 mg of intramuscular vitamin K at birth Three other such studies have failed to confirm the increase in the risk of leukaemia also found in the 1992 study but were not large enough to exclude a near doubling of the odds ratio Three of the four case matched studies now available have found a significant increase in the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, first manifesting itself 1-6 years after birth A cohort study has not found any such increase in children born in units where all babies were offered vitamin K at birth compared with units where less than 30% received prophylaxis Regular low dose oral supplementation can be effective, making it unnecessary to give a form of treatment over which doubt still lingers
Comparison of intravenous and pulmonary artery injections of hypertonic saline for the assessment of conductance catheter parallel conductance
Authors: P Steendijk
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objective: The conductance catheter provides a continuous measure of left ventricular volume. Conversion of raw data to calibrated absolute volume requires assessment of parallel conductance. Conventionally, parallel conductance is determined by injecting a small bolus hypertonic saline into the pulmonary artery and analyzing the signal obtained during passage of the bolus through the left ventricle. However, in some cases, a pulmonary artery catheter is not practicable. Therefore, we investigated whether intravenous hypertonic saline injections yield reliable parallel conductance estimates. Methods: In 13 anesthetized sheep (33±5 kg) parallel conductance was obtained by pulmonary artery and by intravenous injections. Measurements (triplicate) were done at baseline, during dobutamine and pacing, and repeated after embolization of the right coronary artery in order to assess the effects of enlarged right ventricular volumes. We used a multiple linear regression model to determine the relation between parallel conductance obtained by the two methods and to quantify the effects of dobutamine, pacing, and embolization. Results: The two methods show an excellent correlation with a systematic overestimation for intravenous injection. The mean parallel conductance obtained by pulmonary artery injection was 0.690±0.009 ohm−1 whereas intravenous injection yielded 0.739±0.015 ohm−1. Interanimal variability was 0.138 ohm−1. The difference between the two methods was relatively small, but highly significant (+0.049±0.012 ohm−1, P<0.001). Embolization resulted in significantly higher values (+0.141±0.017 ohm−1, P<0.001), but dobutamine and pacing did not significantly affect parallel conductance (+0.021±0.016 ohm−1, NS). There was no interaction between these interventions and the injection method, indicating that the relation between parallel conductances obtained by the two methods was maintained in all conditions. Conclusion: Parallel conductance obtained by intravenous injection was significantly higher (+7%) than by pulmonary artery injection. However, the relation between the two methods is highly linear with an excellent correlation and is not affected by large hemodynamic changes. The systematic difference between the two methods is likely due to increased conductivity of blood in the right ventricle which is present with intravenous injection but not with pulmonary artery injection. Determination of parallel conductance by intravenous injection is a good alternative for conventional pulmonary artery injection and may be applied in studies where pulmonary artery injection is problematic. This may include studies in very small animals or studies in patients prone to arrhythmias or with cardiac anomalies such as pulmonary artery stenosis. In addition, intravenous injection could be used in biventricular studies to obtain right and left ventricular parallel conductances from a single saline injection.
Hexyl Aminolevulinate–Guided Fluorescence Cystoscopy in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Patients with Non–Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review of the Current Literature
Authors: Michael Rink, Marko Babjuk, James W.F. Catto, Patrice Jichlinski, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Arnulf Stenzl, Herbert Stepp, Dirk Zaak, J. Alfred Witjes
Journal: European Urology (2013)
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Alfonse T. Masi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1989Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Peptic UlcerAlfonse T. Masi, MD, DrPHAlfonse T. Masi, MD, DrPHSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-3-246 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor:The article by Griffin and colleagues (1) on the use of prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and death from peptic ulcer in elderly enrollees in the Tennessee Medicaid program requires comment. The use of a selective and heterogeneous deceased case group, and of living subjects as the control group raise questions about the validity of the conclusions. Only 122 (25.9%) of 471 persons who died from peptic ulcer or upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of unknown cause between 1976 and 1984 who met screening criteria were included as "cases" in the study. A significant difference (P< 0.001) by...References1. Griffin M, Ray W, and Schaffner W. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and death from peptic ulcer in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:359-63. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Guess H, West R, and Strand L. Fatal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage or perforation among users and nonusers of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Saskatchewan, Canada 1983. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:35-45. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Armstrong C and Blower A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life-threatening complications of peptic ulceration. Gut. 1987;28:527-32. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Jick S, Perera D, Walker A, and Jick H. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospital admission for perforated peptic ulcer. Lancet. 1987;2:380-2. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Beard K, Walker A, Perera D, and Jick H. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospitalization for gastroesophageal bleeding in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1621-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. Griffin M, Ray W, and Schaffner W. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and death from peptic ulcer in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:359-63. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Gordis L. Should dead cases be matched to dead controls? Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115:1-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. McLaughlin J, Blot W, Mehl E, and Mandel J. Problems in the use of dead controls in case-control studies: I. General results. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:131-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Alfonse T. Masi, MD, DrPH PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1989Volume 110, Issue 3Page: 246-247KeywordsDrugsElderlyGastrointestinal hemorrhageNSAIDsPeptic ulcers ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1989 PDF downloadLoading ...