tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Radiocontrast Nephropathy
Authors: Glenn M. Chertow
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
<scp>TNF</scp>‐alpha is a key mediator in the development of <scp>T</scp>h2 cell response to inhaled allergens induced by a viral <scp>PAMP</scp> double‐stranded <scp>RNA</scp>
Authors: J.‐P. Choi, Y.‐S. Kim, O. Y. Kim, Y.‐M. Kim, S. G. Jeon, T.‐Y. Roh, J.‐S. Park, Y. S. Gho, Y.‐K. Kim
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Background Viral pathogen–associated molecular patterns, such as ds RNA , disrupt airway tolerance to inhaled allergens. Specifically, the T h2 and T h17 cell responses are induced by low‐dose ds RNA and the T h1‐dominant response by high‐dose ds RNA . Objective In this model, we evaluate the role of TNF ‐α in the development of adaptive immune dysfunction to inhaled allergens induced by airway sensitization with ds RNA ‐containing allergens. Methods A virus‐associated asthma mouse model was generated via simultaneous airway administration of ovalbumin ( OVA ) and low (0.1 μg) or high (10 μg) doses of polyinosine–polycytidylic acid (poly[ I : C ]). The effect of TNF ‐α on T h2 airway inflammation was evaluated using TNF ‐α‐deficient mice and recombinant TNF ‐α. Results TNF ‐α production was enhanced by airway exposure to low and high doses of poly[ I : C ]. After airway sensitization with OVA plus low‐dose poly[ I : C ], TNF ‐α‐deficient mice exhibited less OVA ‐induced airway inflammation than did wild‐type ( WT ) mice. However, this did not occur upon sensitization with high‐dose poly[ I : C ]. In terms of T ‐cell response, the production of IL ‐4 from lung T cells after OVA challenge was enhanced by airway sensitization with OVA plus low‐dose poly[ I : C ] in WT mice, and this phenotype was inhibited by the absence of TNF ‐α. Moreover, the T h2 cell response induced by sensitization with OVA plus low‐dose poly[ I : C ], which was abolished in TNF ‐α‐deficient mice, was restored in these mice upon addition of recombinant TNF ‐α. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that TNF ‐α produced by airway exposure to low‐dose ds RNA is a key mediator in the development of T h2 cell response to inhaled allergens.
Preterm babies have greater risk of severe psychiatric conditions as adults, study finds
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Babies born prematurely are at significantly greater risk of a range of severe psychiatric disorders as adults, one of the largest studies to look at the effects of birth complications on mental health has found.

The study, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry ,1 found that babies born very preterm (<32 weeks) were most at risk of being hospitalised as adults for psychiatric conditions, in comparison with those born at term. Hazard ratios for hospitalisation in this group were 7.4 (95% confidence interval 2.7 to 20.6) for bipolar disorder, 2.9 for depression (1.8 to 4.6), 2.5 for psychosis (1 to 6), and 3.5 for eating disorders (1.3 to 9.6).

Babies born moderately preterm (32 to 36 weeks) were found to have a smaller but still significantly greater risk of hospitalisation for …
ELUSIVE ERRORS IN CORONARY STATISTICS
Authors: Samuel A. Levine
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Medical decisions greatly depend on statistical evidence. Penicillin is preferable to aspirin in the treatment of pneumococcus pneumonia (except in a person highly allergic to penicillin) because it cures the patient more frequently. Insulin is more effective than sodium bicarbonate for the acidosis of diabetic coma because statistically more recoveries will result. However, many statistical surveys are not so decisive and some leave us in doubt. This has been true of certain studies concerning coronary artery disease (CAD). In the minds of many it is still uncertain whether anticoagulants are of value in the treatment of coronary thrombosis. The problem is even more complicated when the prognosis of patients with CAD is investigated. There are numerous factors in prognosis, some fairly obvious but others very elusive, that may falsify the results of statistical analysis. A consultant seeing more severely ill patients with acute coronary thrombosis may have a higher than
Comparison of a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet and Diets Rich in Stearic or Palmitic Acid in NIDDM Patients: Effects on lipids, glycemic control, and diurnal blood pressure
Authors: Hanne Storm, Claus Thomsen, Eva Pedersen, Ole Rasmussen, Christian Christiansen, Kjeld Hermansen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects on lipid levels, glycemic control, and diurnal blood pressure of two diets rich in one of the two quantitatively most important saturated fatty acids, stearic and palmitic acid, with a carbohydrate-rich diet in NIDDM patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 15 NIDDM patients participated in a randomized crossover study with three 3-week diet interventions separated by 2-week washout periods. Patients started with a diet rich in stearic acid (44 E% [percent of total energy] fat [13 E% stearic acid], 40 E% carbohydrate, 15 E% protein), palmitic acid (45 E% fat [16 E% palmitic acid], 40 E% carbohydrate, 15 E% protein), or carbohydrate (29 E% fat, 51 E% carbohydrate, and 18 E% protein), then were shifted to the other two diets in a randomized block design. At the start and end of each intervention period, fasting blood samples were drawn for analysis of lipids and blood glucose. In addition, diurnal blood pressure was measured. RESULTS At the end of the 3-week interventions, total cholesterol was significantly higher after the palmitic acid-rich diet than after the stearic acid-rich or carbohydrate-rich diets (5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 5.0 ± 1.2 and 4.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l, respectively; P = 0.03). No significant differences in triglyceride, LDL, or HDL cholesterol levels were seen after the three intervention diets. No difference in effects between the diet periods were seen for fructosamine, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, or diurnal blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, it has been demonstrated that a diet rich in palmitic acid was not as effective in lowering cholesterol levels as carbohydrate-rich and stearic acid-rich diets in NIDDM patients. No deleterious effects were seen on diurnal blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and glycemic control. Development of foods containing stearic acid rather than the more atherogenic saturated fatty acids may allow a wider choice of acceptable foods to NIDDM patients.
An open label, single dose study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effects on CD25 expression of ciclosporin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate and infliximab
Authors: P I Sidiropoulos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objective:</b> To explore the safety, efficacy, and lymphocyte activation of a triple therapeutic regimen with infliximab, methotrexate (MTX), and ciclosporin A (CsA) by an open label, pilot study. <b>Patients and methods:</b> 19 patients (mean age 52.9 years) with active rheumatoid arthritis (mean DAS28 7.3) after a mean of 16.8 infliximab infusions and dose adjustments of both infliximab and MTX were enrolled. CsA was added to a stable therapeutic regimen. Disease activity was evaluated by the DAS28. Lymphocyte activation was evaluated by assessing CD25 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Primary end points were safety and efficacy according to the EULAR response criteria at 24 weeks. <b>Results:</b> Eight patients (42%) discontinued treatment: adverse events (3), inefficacy (2) or non-compliance (2). One patient had a stroke and died. 5/11 (45%) patients who completed 24 weeks’ treatment were moderate responders. CD25 expression, both on unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin stimulated PBMCs in five patients assessed, was reduced (mean (SD) values from 37 (34)% to 15 (10)% and from 50 (15)% to 29 (20)%, respectively). <b>Conclusion:</b> In this group of patients with refractory, highly active disease, addition of CsA reduced lymphocyte activation, and resulted in a modest response and a high rate of discontinuation. In such patients, other new approaches need to be explored.
Molecular basis of apolipoprotein (a) isoform size heterogeneity as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Authors: C Lackner, E Boerwinkle, C C Leffert, T Rahmig, H H Hobbs
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a cholesterol-rich lipoprotein that is distinguished by its content of a glycoprotein called apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Apo(a) varies in size among individuals owing to different numbers of cysteine-rich sequences that are homologous to kringle 4 of plasminogen. The genetic basis for this variation is not understood at the genomic level. In this study we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and genomic blotting to identify a highly polymorphic restriction fragment from the apo(a) gene. The fragment contains multiple tandem repeats of a kringle 4-encoding sequence and varies in length from 48 to 190 kb depending on the number of kringle 4-encoding sequences. A total of 19 different alleles were identified among 102 unrelated Caucasian Americans. 94% of individuals studied had two different alleles which could be distinguished by size on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The degree of size heterogeneity was much greater than had been previously appreciated based on the analysis of the apparent molecular mass of the protein. The size of the apo(a) gene correlated directly with the size of the apo(a) protein, and inversely with the concentration of Lp(a) in plasma. Segregation analysis of the apo(a) gene was performed in families; siblings with identical apo(a) genotypes had similar plasma levels of Lp(a). These results suggest that in the normal population, the level of plasma Lp(a) is largely determined by alleles at the apo(a) locus.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Compared with Pentamidine for Treatment of<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>Pneumonia in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Fred R. Sattler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Study Objective: To ascertain the efficacy and toxicity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine when either is given alone during the entire treatment period for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Design: Prospective, randomized, noncrossover comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with pentamidine. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosage was adjusted to maintain serum trimethoprim at 5 to 8 µg/mL. Pentamidine dosage was reduced by 30% to 50% for an absolute rise in serum creatinine of more than 88 µmol/L (1 mg/dL). Setting: Tertiary care hospital and AIDS clinic. Patients: Thirty-six patients were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 34 with pentamidine. Pretreatment clinical features and laboratory test results were similar in the two groups. Measurements and Main Results: Thirty-six recipients of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 33 recipients of pentamidine completed therapy without crossover. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole caused a rash (44%) and anemia (39%) more frequently (P ≤ 0.03, whereas pentamidine caused nephrotoxicity (64%), hypotension (27%), or hypoglycemia (21%) more frequently (P ≤ 0.01). The (A - a)Do2 improved by greater than 1.3 kPa (10 mm Hg) 8 days earlier for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole recipients (95% CI for the difference in response, -1 to 17; P = 0.04). Thirty-one (86%) patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 20 (61%) with pentamidine survived and were without respiratory support at completion of treatment (95% CI for the difference in response, 5% to 45%; P = 0.03). Conclusions: For most patients with AIDS and P. carinii pneumonia, successful treatment with a single agent is possible. Toxicity associated with the two standard treatments is rarely life-threatening and may be diminished if the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosage is modified by pharmacokinetic monitoring and the pentamidine dosage is reduced for nephrotoxicity. Oxygenation improved more quickly and survival was better with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
A case of T-cell lymphoma associated with panniculitis, progressive pancytopenia and hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: K. TANAKA, Y. HAGARI, Y. SANO, S. SHIMAO, K. NANBA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

A 57‐year‐old woman with T‐cell lymphoma developed subcutaneous tumours and panniculitis and also a progressive pancytopenia.
A Multiplex Stethoscope.
Authors: H. A. Hare
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Philadelphia, Feb. 17,1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The interesting communication of Dr. A. M. Corwin, in theJournalfor Feb. 16, 1895, upon a double binaural stethoscope prompts me to send you the accompanying cut of a multiplex binaural stethoscope, which I have been using with much satisfaction to the class and myself, at the Jefferson Medical College Hospital for some months. By means of this instrument, which was made at my request by Mr. William Willis, a well-known instrument maker of Philadelphia, sixteen students can listen to the heart sounds or any other physical signs demonstrable by auscultation, if these sounds are not so indistinct as to be heard with difficulty even when using a single instrument. With large classes the difficulty is that only two or three men can listen to the heart sounds, while the description of the case is fresh in their memories, but with this multiplex
New Approaches to Assessing and Treating Early-Stage Colon and Rectal Cancers: Cooperative Group Strategies for Assessing Optimal Approaches in Early-Stage Disease
Authors: Al B. Benson
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The U.S. Gastrointestinal Intergroup (GI Intergroup), including the National Cancer Institute of Canada, has created a portfolio of clinical trials for patients with stage II and III colon and rectal cancer, integrating therapeutic strategies from recent advanced disease trials. Fluoropyrimidine-based combination therapy for metastatic disease, with either irinotecan or oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab, has resulted in significant improvement in response and disease-free and overall survival. Cetuximab and irinotecan have produced intriguing response and progression-free survival data from randomized phase II trials. Although patients with stage II and III rectal cancer are uniformly included in individual clinical trials, the GI Intergroup conducts separate trials in patients with stage II and III colon cancer, with the exception of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), which continues to merge both stages in their statistical designs. The U.S. chemotherapy platform for adjuvant therapy clinical trials is based on the positive adjuvant data from NSABP C-07 [FLOX with bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] and the MOSAIC trial (FOLFOX with infusional 5-FU). Three irinotecan-based adjuvant trials (one U.S. and two European) did not reach designated statistical end points. In addition, the GI Intergroup has consistently integrated molecular biological and other laboratory projects as important components of past and current trials. NSABP has recently completed accrual of patients to C-08, which is evaluating FOLFOX with or without bevacizumab in stage II/III colon cancer. E5202, the largest U.S. stage II colon cancer trial, determines patient risk by the initial evaluation of tumor 18q loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability status. Low-risk patients are observed, whereas high-risk patients are randomized to FOLFOX with or without bevacizumab. N0147 evaluates FOLFOX with or without cetuximab in patients with stage III disease. Two large rectal cancer trials have begun to accrue patients. NSABP R-04 compares neoadjuvant radiation with either continuous infusion 5-FU with or without oxaliplatin versus capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin. E5204 is the adjuvant comparison of FOLFOX with or without bevacizumab and is also available to NSABP R-04 patients.
Dehydration in the Elderly
Authors: Alexander Leaf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The hallmark of aging is a progressive decrease in homeostatic capability — a decreased response to an internal or external environmental perturbation. The article by Phillips and associates* in this issue of the Journal provides a clear example of this phenomenon.Phillips et al. report that after a 24-hour period of restricted water intake, an equal weight loss occurred in a group of elderly male subjects and a group of young male controls. The older group had greater increases in plasma sodium osmolality and arginine vasopressin concentrations. Despite these higher concentrations, the elderly elaborated a less concentrated urine and experienced . . .
Microscopie Electronique a Balayage et Pathologie Articulaire: Etude de la Membrane Synoviale Humaine
Authors: P. O'Connor
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

a result suggesting that these cells are sensitised with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis.Numerous remarkable autoantibodies of IgE class.The implication is that Type photographs of crystals of sodium urate, calcium salts,
Treatment of Haemangiomatous Naevi with Thorium X
Authors: R. E. Bowers
Journal: BMJ (1951)

Natural History of Haemangiomata Before considering how or whether these naevi respond to treatment, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of spontaneous resolution ; and for this purpose it is convenient to divide them into two common varieties?the flat and the raised. Histologically, the flat ( port-wine ) haemangiomata are composed of dilated capillary-like vessels, while the raised (straw berry) lesions contain not only dilated capillaries but also many large intercommunicating blood-filled spaces which give them the name of cavernous naevi. Many of these raised lesions contain both superficial and sub cutaneous elements or they may be purely subcutaneous ; but, apart from their position in the skin, the two varieties of cavernous naevus appear and behave the same in every respect. The so-called spider naevi are really very small haemangiectases, sometimes of toxic origin, as in liver disease. They are not true naevi.
Drinking before sedation
Authors: S M Greenfield, G J M Webster, F R Vicary
Journal: BMJ (1997)

without reference to patients' views, with no attempt to involve users in their planning and operation, and with limited efforts to assess patient satisfaction.Without evidence to support a need for uniform standards of service and care, and without a clear idea of what those standards should be, they are likely to maintain their independence of action, as practice rotas have always done.Uniformity is not necessarily a virtue in circumstances where needs and demands for care differ.The importance of flexibility in order to address local needs and circumstances, particularly where services are poor, lies at the heart of the recent government white paper on primary care. 18However, equality of access to uniformly high standards of care is an important goal for primary health care, and increasing variability in the organisation and delivery of out of hours services should not lead to increasing inequality.
Interleukin 18 and associated markers of T helper cell type 1 activity in coeliac disease
Authors: V M Salvati
Journal: Gut (2002)

Background: Coeliac disease (CD) is caused by a T helper cell type 1 (Th1) response in the small intestinal mucosa to dietary gluten. Paradoxically, interleukin (IL)-12, the major Th1 inducing factor, is undetectable in the mucosa of active CD. IL-18 is a recently described cytokine capable of promoting T cell interferon (IFN)-γ production and facilitating Th1 cell polarisation. Aim: To examine expression of IL-18 and IL-18-associated Th1 proteins in CD. Methods: IL-18 and IFN-γ RNA transcripts were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IL-18 and caspase-1 protein expression were assessed by western blotting. Caspase-1 activity was determined using a commercially available assay. RNA transcripts for the IL-18 receptor subunits, IL-1 receptor related protein (IL-1 Rrp) and accessory protein-like subunit (AcPL), and IL-18 induced Th1 specific T box transcription factor (T-bet) were measured by RT-PCR and Southern blotting. Results: IL-18 RNA transcripts were found in all mucosal samples analysed, with no difference between CD patients and controls. By western blot analysis, a large protein of approximately 24 kDa, corresponding to the immature IL-18, was detected in all mucosal samples from CD patients and controls. In contrast, mature IL-18 was only seen in CD patients. Immunoreactivity corresponding to both immature and mature caspase-1 was present in both CD and control samples. Tissue homogenates from CD patients and controls expressed similar levels of caspase-1 activity. IL-1Rrp and AcPL were seen in all samples but were expressed at greater levels in the mucosa of CD patients. T-bet was also upregulated in CD. Conclusions: Active IL-18 is expressed in CD as well as other markers of Th1 polarisation.
Immune Response Induced in Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Maintenance Therapy With Interferon 
Authors: J.-L. Pujol, D. J. Gibney, J. Q. Su, A. W. Maksymiuk, J. R. Jett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Journal Article Immune Response Induced in Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Maintenance Therapy With Interferon γ Get access Jean-Louis Pujol, Jean-Louis Pujol University of Montpellier and School of Medicine, Chest Department, Hópital Arnaud de VilleneuveMontpellier, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donna Jean Gibney, Donna Jean Gibney North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo ClinicRochester, Minn. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John Q. Su, John Q. Su North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo ClinicRochester, Minn. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Andrew W. Maksymiuk, Andrew W. Maksymiuk North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo ClinicRochester, Minn. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar James R. Jett James R. Jett North Central Cancer Treatment Group and Mayo ClinicRochester, Minn. Correspondence to : James R. Jett, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Division of Medical Oncology, East 18, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 85, Issue 22, 17 November 1993, Pages 1844–1850, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.22.1844 Published: 17 November 1993 Article history Received: 26 February 1993 Revision received: 09 August 1993 Accepted: 17 August 1993 Published: 17 November 1993