tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Therapeutics in Neurology
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This second edition of a book that first appeared in 1975 has been expanded by 57 pages, which, taken together with burgeoning inflation, presumably is responsible for increasing its price from £8.00 to $63.75. Printed in Great Britain, the British spelling is used as would be expected, but so is the practice of omitting titles in periodical references (encompassing 36 pages). The exceptional medical publication,<i>Lancet</i>, has instituted the enlightened practice of listing titles in their references. Perhaps the manuscript of this book, which was likely to have reached the printer in early or mid-1979, hadn't the opportunity to be adjusted accordingly. The first 99 pages of the book are devoted to neuropharmacology. This section allows for a better understanding by the physician of the principles involved in the prescription of drugs to achieve desired effects. These initial chapters include clear descriptions of the blood-brain barrier, neurotransmitters and the neuromodulator
X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia and Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Thomas A. Fleisher, Robert M. White, Samuel Broder, S. Peter Nissley, R. Michael Blaese, John J. Mulvihill, George Olive, Thomas A. Waldmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We undertook clinical, immunologic, and endocrinologic studies of a family in which two brothers and their two maternal uncles had a similar disorder characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections were a prominent feature in two patients. All patients had short stature and retarded bone age during childhood, and the adults had delayed onset of puberty. The immunodeficiency was characterized by absent specific antibody production in vivo and impaired immunoglobulin production in vitro. Three of the four patients lacked circulating B lymphocytes, even though tonsils were present in those patients. All patients had deficient growth hormone responses to insulin and arginine or levodopa. These patients have an X-linked recessive disorder, but their immunodeficiency differs from the X-linked immune disorders in the World Health Organization classification; their X-linked pattern of growth hormone deficiency, without other endocrine abnormality, is also unique. (N Engl J Med. 1980; 302:1429–34.)
Reply to K. Jackson et al and W. Leppert
Authors: Janet Hardy, Steve Quinn, Belinda Fazekas, Simon Eckermann, Meera R. Agar, Odette Spruyt, Debra Rowett, David Currow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

...Our main point of contention is the belief, on the part of Jackson et al, that unblinded, nonrandomized, prospective audits can give a true indication of the efficacy or toxicity of a drug. Open-label studies do not meet the specific scientific definition of control. The gross underestimation and overestimation of effects in uncontrolled trials, especially studies that involve small numbers of participants, have been well documented. This issue is particularly emphasized by the high placebo response rate (27%) demonstrated in our blinded, randomized controlled trial...
UK urges rest of Europe to also ban export of "execution drugs"
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The UK government has banned the export of three more drugs used for lethal injections in the United States and has called on the European Commission to do the same for the whole of the European Union.

The decision to place export controls on pancuronium bromide, potassium chloride, and pentobarbital sodium follows an emergency export control put on thiopental sodium last year ( BMJ 2010;341:c6915, 30 Nov, doi:10.1136/bmj.c6915). …
Tolerance Toward Visitors In the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Frederick Stenn
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The rules imposed by the intensive care units of hospitals require the immediate family to limit visiting to very brief periods of time. This restriction is most unfavorable to good medical care. The critically-ill patient mainly has the right to die quietly. A man in his last moments certainly deserves to be left alone with his family. The few doubtful hours of a hapless soul are made speechless, helpless, and lifeless by the blood pressure cuff, the electrocardiogram electrodes, the central venous pressure, intravenous, rectal, and nasogastric tubes, the urinary catheter, the oral airway and tracheostomy tubes, or by large doses of sedatives or hypnotics. These surely are not worth more than a few moments spent by a mother caressing a loved one. The moan of the patient in the adjacent bed, the bustling nurse, the rushing intern, the beep of the cardiac monitor, the hum of
Cause of Kawasaki syndrome uncertain again
Authors: Kathryn Senior
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2006)

The cause of Kawasaki syndrome, a severe acute childhood disease, is proving to be a real mystery. In the 40 years since the syndrome was first described, its cause has been ascribed to 30 different infectious agents. In 2005, Jeffrey Kahn (Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA) and colleagues suggested a link with human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63, but since then other studies have not provided the hoped-for confirmation.
Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses
Authors: John P A Ioannidis, Nikolaos A Patsopoulos, Evangelos Evangelou
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<b>John Ioannidis</b>, <b>Nikolaos Patsopoulos</b>, and <b>Evangelos Evangelou</b> argue that, although meta-analyses often measure heterogeneity between studies, these estimates can have large uncertainty, which must be taken into account when interpreting evidence
Inadequate Functional Health Literacy
Authors: Ruth L. Gottesman, Mary S. Kelly
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Williams and colleagues concluded that many hospital patients cannot perform the basic reading tasks required to function in the health care environment. Many of these patients may have learning disabilities that make it even more difficult for them to understand their medical conditions and comply with their physician's instructions. In a recent study of 280 adults who sought help from an adult literacy program, we<sup>2</sup>found that the overwhelming majority were judged to have learning disabilities (a chronic, life-long condition resulting in a failure to learn to read, as well as a variety of other cognitive, language, perceptual, and academic deficits). Our findings indicate that such adults possess a constellation of problems and not simply an isolated reading deficit, including deficits in general information, oral language, memory and attention, auditory processing, visual perception and directionality, and social and emotional adjustment. Perhaps the
The Hazards of Farming
Authors: John H. Powers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

AGRICULTURE is annually responsible for more occupational deaths than any other major industry in the United States: 3100 lives were lost while men and women were living and working on farms in this country in 1962. Furthermore, fatal accidents comprise only a small proportion of the total; for every fatality there are approximately 100 serious, disabling, crippling injuries that often require weeks in the hospital, which most farmers can ill afford, and months of convalescence before rehabilitation is adequate for return to work.By recognition of the inherent dangers to which workers in other industries are exposed and by the . . .
Dantrolene Deposited in Connective Tissue?
Authors: Ormond L. Wilkie
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  A blind child, severely mentally retarded, with spasticity of the upper and lower extremities due to cerebral palsy also has an opacity of the left cornea. Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium) therapy was initiated on June 16, 1975, 25 mg a day, and was later increased to 50 mg a day, for the spasticity. On reexamination in September 1975, the corneal opacity had turned yellow, the same color as dantrolene sodium. I wonder whether this might be a deposit of the medication in the connective tissue constituting the opacity.
Legal Aspects of Medicine: Including Cardiology, Pulmonary Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine
Authors: John C. Kruse
Journal: JAMA (1989)

"No medical approach to death can be viewed apart from its impact on these other social and legal considerations" (p 198). This quote from the chapter "Brain Death and the Law" in<i>Legal Aspects of Medicine</i>I feel sums up the thrust of this rather nice book. As a matter of fact, if you delete the phrase "to death," it would be a timely reminder that little we do as physicians can be done in a medical vacuum; virtually every act of our daily practice has ramifications beyond the effort to heal our patients. Perhaps if we had more regard for these ramifications some of the medical-legal and medical-social problems that beset us would not be so troublesome. Vevaina, Bone, and Kassoff have assembled an impressive array of authors and persuaded them to deal with a wide variety of medical and legal problems in a pithy fashion. None of the
'Behavioral' vision test useful in infancy
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1978)

The sooner in infancy that vision is tested, the better the chance of averting eye problems early in life. The challenge is to devise a valid test that can be administered easily and quickly to infants. The latest attempt to meet these criterions is a behavioral method called forced-choice preferential looking. It is being evaluated in Seattle, where it was developed by psychologists Davida Y. Teller, PhD, and M. Velma Dobson, PhD (at the University of Washington), as well as in Boston and Miami. So far, investigators say, the results are promising. Some early data were presented in Kansas City, Mo, at the first annual scientific meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology by Anne B. Fulton, MD, and co-workers at Harvard Medical School, and by John T. Flynn, MD, and colleagues at the University of Miami School of Medicine. In Boston the test usually takes five to ten minutes,
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) ligand, TCPOBOP, attenuates Fas-induced murine liver injury by altering Bcl-2 proteins
Authors: Edwina S. Baskin-Bey, Wendong Huang, Norihisa Ishimura, Hajime Isomoto, Steven F. Bronk, Karen Braley, Ruth W. Craig, David D. Moore, Gregory J. Gores
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) modulates xeno- and endobiotic hepatotoxicity by regulating detoxification pathways. Whether activation of CAR may also protect against liver injury by directly blocking apoptosis is unknown. To address this question, CAR wild-type (CAR+/+) and CAR knockout (CAR-/-) mice were treated with the CAR agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) and then with the Fas agonist Jo2 or with concanavalin A (ConA). Following the administration of Jo2, hepatocyte apoptosis, liver injury, and animal fatalities were abated in TCPOBOP-treated CAR+/+ but not in CAR-/- mice. Likewise, acute and chronic ConA-mediated liver injury and fibrosis were also reduced in wild-type versus CAR(-/-) TCPOBOP-treated mice. The proapoptotic proteins Bak (Bcl-2 antagonistic killer) and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were depleted in livers from TCPOBOP-treated CAR+/+ mice. In contrast, mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic effector myeloid cell leukemia factor-1 (Mcl-1) was increased fourfold. Mcl-1 promoter activity was increased by transfection with CAR and administration of TCPOBOP in hepatoma cells, consistent with a direct CAR effect on Mcl-1 transcription. Indeed, site-directed mutagenesis of a putative CAR consensus binding sequence on the Mcl-1 promoter decreased Mcl-1 promoter activity. Mcl-1 transgenic animals demonstrated little to no acute liver injury after administration of Jo2, signifying Mcl-1 cytoprotection. In conclusion, these observations support a prominent role for CAR cytoprotection against Fas-mediated hepatocyte injury via a mechanism involving upregulation of Mcl-1 and, likely, downregulation of Bax and Bak.
Autonomic Nervous System Abnormalities and Allergy
Authors: MICHAEL KALINER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Abnormal autonomic nervous system responsiveness may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic diseases. Therefore, we measured alpha- and beta-adrenergic and cholinergic responsiveness in allergic subjects. Allergic asthmatic subjects had an abnormal adrenergic (alpha = hyperresponsive; beta = hyporesponsive) and cholinergic (hyperresponsive) profile. However, subjects with allergic rhinitis and preallergic subjects (those with positive allergen skin tests without any disease manifestation) had equivalent beta-adrenergic and cholinergic abnormalities. Thus, all allergic subjects showed abnormal beta-adrenergic hyporeactivity and cholinergic hypersensitivity whereas allergic asthma was singularly associated with excessive alpha-adrenergic responsiveness. Autoantibodies against beta-receptors were found predominantly in subjects with beta-adrenergic hyporeactivity. The presence of these autoantibodies and the physiologic abnormalities associated with their presence suggests a causitive relationship.
The Proper Study of Mankind
Authors: Joseph Garland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

NEARLY four years ago one of the Journal's editorial writers selected "The Proper Study of Mankind," from Alexander Pope's "Essay on Man," as the title of an editorial, and it suggests to me a meaning or meanings of continuing import. It may also have some special significance for the present occasion, which marks the seventy-fifth anniversary of the inauguration of the Shattuck Lectureship and the delivery of the seventy-fourth lecture. In 1945, as many may remember, restrictions on travel precluded the possibility of an annual meeting of the Society, and a sabbatical year resulted.At decent intervals, during the long . . .
IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS TO INFECTIOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS
Authors: Richard E. Shope
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

Two intraperitoneal injections of either infectious or non-infectious rabbit papilloma suspensions actively immunize rabbits against papillomatosis. The capacity of the non-infectious suspensions to immunize is considered as evidence that they contain papilloma virus even though none can be demonstrated by the usual infection test.
Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Among Navajo Indians
Authors: Melvina McCabe, Dorothy Gohdes, Frank Morgan, Joanne Eakin, Margaret Sanders, Cheryl Schmitt
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

In the treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes, many Native Americans value their ability to integrate traditional and western medicine (1). However, there are limited data from clinical trials about the efficacy of herbs, and health care professionals have been concerned that herbal treatments might be harmful or lead patients away from evidence-based therapies and self-monitoring of blood glucose (2).

Traditional medicines, including herbal therapies, are commonly used among the Navajo Indians (3). During a randomized clinical trial on the Navajo Nation, 203 participants recruited between 2001 and 2003 were asked about their use of …
Disparities and Trends in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Among Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients (1998-2005)
Authors: A. Y. Chen, M. T. Halpern, N. M. Schrag, A. Stewart, M. Leitch, E. Ward
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), an acceptable alternative to axillary lymph node dissection for staging patients with breast cancer, was introduced to clinical practice in the late 1990s. We assessed demographic, clinical, and facility-related factors associated with SLNB in women with early-stage breast cancer and evaluated trends in these factors over time.Data on early-stage breast cancers (T1a, T1b, T1c, and T2N0) diagnosed between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2005, were extracted from the National Cancer Database, a hospital-based registry. Patient demographics, tumor stage, type of lymph node surgery, type of breast cancer surgery, health insurance, treatment facility type, and area-level education and income variables were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess predictive factors associated with SLNB, temporal differences in factors associated with SLNB, and differences in rates of SLNB by facility type, race/ethnicity, and type of health insurance over time.The total analytic study population included 490,899 women. The use of SLNB increased from 26.8% in 1998 to 65.5% in 2005. Factors associated with lower likelihood of SLNB over the study period included being older (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78 to 0.92 for those aged 72 or older compared with those aged 51 or younger), being of racial/ethnic minority (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.78 for African Americans compared with whites), having no health insurance (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.80 for uninsured compared with having private insurance), having certain government insurance plans (for Medicaid, OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.84, and for Medicare at age <65 years, OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.87, both compared with private insurance), residing in zip codes with lower proportion of high school graduates (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.89) or with lower median income (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.81), and receiving treatment in facility types other than a teaching or research hospital (for community hospital, OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.82 to 0.86; for community cancer center, OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.87). The associations with insurance status and sociodemographic characteristics were more pronounced in 2005 than in 1998. For example, the adjusted annual rates of SLNB in 1998 were 0.29 in whites, 0.26 in African Americans, and 0.35 in Hispanics; in 2005 the respective rates were 0.70, 0.64, and 0.67.Although use of SLNB increased from 1998 to 2005, disparities persisted in receipt of SLNB that are based on nonclinical factors, including sociodemographic characteristics and insurance status.
UK triples budget for building health links between NHS and developing world
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The UK government is going to more than triple its budget for supporting links between NHS organisations and health services in developing countries.

Up to £5m (€5.8m; $8.1m) a year will be available through the new health partnership scheme from April next year to expand existing and develop new links and to increase volunteering opportunities for NHS staff.

The scheme will support new activities through multi-country partnerships as well as expanding specific partnership projects between NHS departments and health institutions in a wider range of countries. A brokerage service called Healthbay will help match demand from developing countries with support in the UK and elsewhere.

NHS staff who volunteer to go to developing countries usually go for only two weeks. But …
Effects of Aprotinin on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis After Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats
Authors: Michael Buerke, Diethard Pruefer, Dennis Sankat, Justin M. Carter, Ute Buerke, Martin Russ, Axel Schlitt, Ivar Friedrich, Jochen Börgermann, Christian F. Vahl, Karl Werdan
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium has been attributed to neutrophil infiltration, inflammatory activation and cardiac necrosis/apoptosis. Serine protease inhibition with aprotinin is cardioprotective, but the mechanism is unknown.We studied aprotinin in a rat model of myocardial ischemia for 20 minutes and reperfusion for 20 minutes, 8 hours or 24 hours. Aprotinin (20,000 IU/kg) given 5 minutes before reperfusion significantly reduced leukocyte accumulation (P<0.01), myocardial injury (determined by CK depletion, P<0.01) and myocyte apoptosis (P<0.05) compared with vehicle treated rats. Differential gene expression analysis showed myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion increased expression of proinflammatory genes like P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, p53, and Fas (CD59). Aprotinin before reperfusion suppressed expression of these inflammatory genes. Finally, differential protein expression analysis demonstrated increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and p53 after myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion, and this effect was diminished by aprotinin.We demonstrated myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion induced leukocyte accumulation, inflammation, gene expression, protein expression and finally tissue injury and showed aprotinin limiting reperfusion injury through each of these stages, even after 24 hours of reperfusion. This effect seems partly attributable to suppression of proinflammatory genes and leukocyte accumulation. This work casts further light on the complex signaling of ischemia and reperfusion.
The Risk of Enucieatlon after Proton Beam Irradiation of Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Kathleen M. Egan, Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Johanna M. Seddon, Robert J. Glynn, John E. Munzenreider, Michael Goitein, Lynn Verhey, Marsha Urie, Andreas Koehler
Journal: Ophthalmology (1989)
P1243 SOFOSBUVIR PLUS RIBAVIRIN, AN INTERFERON-FREE REGIMEN, IN THE TREATMENT OF TREATMENT-NAIVE AND TREATMENT-EXPERIENCED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GENOTYPE 4 HCV INFECTION
Authors: P.J. Ruane, D. Ain, R. Meshrekey, J. Riad, M. Soliman, S. Mikhail, P.R. Wolfe, K. Kersey, B. Doehle, D. Jiang, W.T. Symonds
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)