tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physician Participation in Human Rights Abuses in Southern Iraq
Authors: Chen Reis
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Physicians are known to have participated in human rights abuses in Iraq during Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime, but the nature and extent of that participation are not well documented.To characterize the nature of physician participation in human rights abuses, identify structural factors that facilitated physician participation, and assess approaches for accountability and for prevention of future physician participation in abuses.A self-administered survey in June and July, 2003, of a convenience sample of 98 physicians and semistructured interviews of hospital directors and physicians in 3 major hospitals with general surgical units in 2 cities in southern Iraq.Respondent reports of peer and self-participation in human rights abuses in Iraq since 1988.The majority of participants were male (88% [86/98]) and Shi'a Muslims (97% [95/98]). Respondents reported a mean of 6.8 years in practice. A total of 71% of respondents (65/91) reported that torture was a problem to an extreme extent in Iraq since 1988. The proportion of respondents indicating that, since 1988, their physician peers as a group were extremely or quite a bit involved in human rights abuses included 50% (42/83) for nontherapeutic amputation of ears as a form of punishment, 49% (39/79) for falsification of medical-legal reports of torture, and 32% (25/78) for falsification of death certificates. Fewer numbers of respondents (range, n = 2 to 6) reported participation in abuses themselves. More than half (52% [48/92]) indicated that physicians did not willingly participate in these abuses; 93% (52/71) reported that the Iraqi paramilitary force Fedayeen Saddam was responsible for initiating physician complicity. Fear of harm to oneself or family members was a common explanation for complicity. Respondents reported that physicians who refused to participate in abuses faced consequences including loss of job, imprisonment, torture, and disappearance. Respondents reported on preventive measures that should be undertaken to prevent physician involvement in future abuses, including increasing human rights and ethics education of physicians (99% [79/80]), legal provisions to ensure effective monitoring (97% [73/75]), punitive sanctions for physicians who commit abuses (96% [77/80]), and ensuring the independence of physicians from state authorities (95% [76/80]).Although not generalizable beyond the study participants, the findings of this study suggest that among those surveyed, physician participation in human rights abuses included falsification of medical-legal reports of alleged torture, physical mutilation as a form of punishment, and falsification of death certificates. As Iraq rebuilds, it is essential that the country address these violations and enact measures to prevent physicians from future complicity in human rights abuses.
Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of amiodarone, lignocaine, and penticainide in anaesthetised rats
Authors: J Y M Li, B J Northover
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Journal Article Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of amiodarone, lignocaine, and penticainide in anaesthetised rats Get access J Y M Li, J Y M Li Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom: J Y M Li, B J Northover. Correspondence to Dr Northover. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B J Northover B J Northover Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH, United Kingdom: J Y M Li, B J Northover. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 11, November 1992, Pages 1116–1120, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.11.1116 Published: 01 November 1992 Article history Received: 24 February 1992 Accepted: 01 June 1992 Published: 01 November 1992
SUCCESSFUL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IMMEDIATELY SUPPRESSES AND FURTHER NORMALIZES METALLOPROTEINASE-9 ACTIVITY IN GREATER EXTENT IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME THAN IN CHRONIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: Anastasiya Skoromna, Olena Koval, Georgiy Dzyak, Alexander Kuryata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Abused patients from closed care home may be at risk in new placements, investigation shows
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2012)

New concerns have been raised that some of the patients who were moved out of a disgraced private care home after “horrifying abuse” may have remained at risk in other homes.

NHS figures show that “safeguarding alerts” have been issued for at least 19 of the 51 former patients of Winterbourne View hospital, near Bristol, since they were moved to other care homes.

At least one case involved an assault, and in another a criminal inquiry was under way, according to a BBC Panorama programme broadcast on Monday 29 October.

Safeguarding alerts mean that incidents of concern have been reported to council staff, which could range from accidental …
On a cheerful note.An intangible elixir in the doctor's bag
Authors: D. Seegal
Journal: JAMA (1971)

An Intangible Elixir in the Doctor's Bag Since the physician's appearance at the bedside is often accompanied by a casual, nonmedical, as well as medical dialogue, he must consider the impact of his conversation and attitude upon the patient. Although Abraham Lincoln remarked that each man had a responsibility for the look on his face, the medical schools in the past have done little to alert and prepare the students to maintain a warm, cheerful presence, beyond hoping that this quality would appear through the student's exposure to the exemplary tactics of good physicians. There is reason to believe that current discussions and plans to modify the curricula of medical schools will improve many scientific and communal aspects of the teaching enterprise. But it is yet to be shown that the new curricula will foster closer relationships between the students and their patients. A recent report indicates that in one
Rosiglitazone and Risk of Cancer
Authors: Matteo Monami, Caterina Lamanna, Niccolò Marchionni, Edoardo Mannucci
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Despite experimental data suggesting a protective effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists with respect to malignancies, results of available epidemiological studies on the incidence of cancer in rosiglitazone-treated patients are not univocal. The aim of this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials is to assess the effect of rosiglitazone on the incidence of cancer.Randomized clinical trials of rosiglitazone with duration of >24 weeks were retrieved through Medline and from the GlaxoSmithKline Web site, which reports main results of all trials sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline; incident malignancies were retrieved from the summary of serious adverse events. Proportions of outcome measures across treatment groups were compared by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI. Considering differences in the duration of follow-up among treatment arms in some of the trials, we also calculated the incidence of cancer in rosiglitazone and control groups.Eighty trials, enrolling 16,332 and 12,522 patients in the rosiglitazone and comparator groups, respectively, were retrieved. Rosiglitazone was not associated with a significant modification of the risk of cancer (OR 0.91 [95% CI 0.71-1.16], P = 0.44). The incidence of malignancies was significantly lower in rosiglitazone-treated patients than in control groups (0.23 [0.19-0.26] vs. 0.44 [0.34-0.58] cases/100 patient-years; P < 0.05).The use of rosiglitazone appears to be safe in terms of incidence of cancer, whereas its possible protective effect needs to be further investigated.
Aging: A Global Issue
Authors: Margaret A. Winker
Journal: JAMA (1997)

On December 4, 1996, we<sup>1</sup>announced that the editors of 80 major medical journals had voted on more than 200 proposed topics and had chosen aging to be the most important topic to be addressed in the second global theme issue. Eleven months later, the Global Theme Issue on Aging, cosponsored by Linda Clever, MD, editor of the<i>Western Journal of Medicine</i>; Richard Horton, MB, editor of the<i>Lancet</i>; George Lundberg, MD, editor of<i>JAMA</i>; Magne Nylenna, MD, editor of<i>Tidsskrift for Den norske Lægeforening [Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association]</i>; and Richard Smith, MD, editor of<i>BMJ</i>, has been published. Ninety-seven journals in 31 countries have participated and are listed below; the countries represented are shown on the map. (The citations for articles published in these journals are listed on the World Wide Web at http:// www.ama-assn.org/JAMA.) As demonstrated by articles in this issue of<i>JAMA</i>and in
EXPERIENCES OF A PSYCHIATRIST AS A MEMBER OF A SURGICAL FACULTY
Authors: WILLIAM J. HOCKADAY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

The constant presence of a psychiatrist in a surgical faculty is a powerful motivating force per se, and his role in the eyes of the surgeons is of more importance than an active exchange of specific psychiatric information in the successful inception of a collaborative teaching program of this sort. Following such inception an increasing exchange of ideas will take place. The need for such an exchange between psychiatry and surgery is at least as great as is the need for correlative teaching in general. Some observations of a psychiatrist attempting together with a surgical faculty to meet this need have been described. Our program is young, and there are usually several good ways of doing the same thing. For these reasons, and because of the wide variation in local conditions, we do not offer this report as a model which is necessarily applicable in other medical schools. We do hope, however, that there will be an increasing collaboration among psychiatrists and surgeons in the correlative teaching of surgery.
STRABISMUS AS A SYMPTOM, ITS CAUSES AND ITS PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT.
Authors: LEARTUS CONNOR
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Landolt in his classical work says: "A strabismus operation, when undertaken without an exact knowledge of the optical and muscular functions of the eye, is but a rude and dangerous experiment." The reason for this statement springs from the fact that strabismus is merely a symptom of numerous pathologic and congenital defects, and its rational management calls for the study and removal, or correction of these, so far as is practicable. The story of strabismus well illustrates the persistency by which the profession traces a symptom to its origin, in order that its cause may be removed and the symptom cured. Failure of squint operations has led to such study as revealed the reasons for the past defects and the methods for future success. At present we know that some cases of squint are readily curable, that some are incurable, and others doubtful, calling for additional study ere they can
Abstract IA3-1: Variables for individualizing systemic therapy in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Gerold Bepler
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Selecting the best therapy for a specific patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has always been the goal for physicians when advising patients and their families. Unequivocal tried-and-true parameters are disease stage, general health status, and the social environment. Other variables, such as age, gender, and histopathology are taken into consideration, but their role in therapeutic decision-making is not firmly established. More recently, tumoral molecular markers, either alone or in combination (referred to as molecular signatures), have emerged as variables for clinical decision making. When evaluating the utility of such markers, it is important to distinguish between the prognostic and predictive utility of a marker. A marker associated with patients’ survival independent of therapy is of prognostic value, while a marker associated with patients’ benefit from a specific therapy is of predictive value. This distinction is best illustrated by ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementing group 1). In tumor specimens collected from participants in the International Adjuvant Lung Trial, ERCC1 was shown to be both prognostic and predictive. In patients randomized to the trial's control group; i.e., those that did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy, high levels of ERCC1 were associated with longer survival (the prognostic value). In contrast, when taking adjuvant chemotherapy into account, high levels of ERCC1 were associated with lack of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (the predictive value); i.e., only patients with low tumoral levels of ERCC1 derived benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. In practice, predictive markers are of greatest value since they can guide clinical decision making, while a purely prognostic marker is of little or no value to clinical decision making. Many other molecular parameters have since emerged that can be used for decision making. These include EGF receptor mutations, eml4/alk rearrangements, Kras mutations, RRM1 expression levels, TS expression levels, and oncogenic pathway signatures. All of these variables have emerged from laboratory investigations and correlative clinical investigations. Prospective validation studies are required to solidify current knowledge, and many are in progress. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):IA3-1.
Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of double-chambered right ventricle.
Authors: D Matina, N H van Doesburg, J C Fouron, R Guérin, A Davignon
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The echocardiographic features of 14 patients with double-chambered right ventricle are presented. Diagnosis was confirmed in 13 patients at cardiac catheterization and in one at necropsy. The ultrasonic diagnosis was based on the visualization in subxiphoid short-axis view of an anomalous muscle bundle at the lower margin of the right ventricular infundibulum; this structure was present in diastole and systole and the distal portion of infundibulum was wide and free of obstruction. Associated lesions were very frequent (especially ventricular septal defects, present in 13 patients). Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography is an easy, reliable, noninvasive means of assessing this disease in infants and children.
Clinical assessment of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with no prior cardiac or pulmonary disease
Authors: Paul D. Stein, William J. Fulkerson, Charles A. Hales, Mark A. Kelley, Kenneth V. Leeper, Harold I. Palevsky, John Popovich, Herbert A. Saltzman, Michael L. Tarrin, B.Taylor Thompson, Carol E. Vreim, John G. Weg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Abstract 2980: Role of <i>XPA</i> and <i>p53</i> genes in the induction of centrosomal amplification in mice exposed to Zidovudine (AZT)
Authors: Terri A. Nostrand, Dariya Momot, Miriam C. Poirier, Ofelia A. Olivero
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract In cultured cells, exposure to the highly-effective nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) Zidovudine (AZT) induces genomic instability, causing cell cycle arrest, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchanges, and shortened telomeres. In previous studies, we demonstrated for the first time that AZT induced centrosomal amplification (defined as &amp;gt; 2 centrosomes /cell), a novel manifestation of genotoxicity. Here, bone marrow cells from wild type C57BL/6J mice and their transgenic counterparts with genotypes XPA −/− p53 +/+, XPA−/−p53 +/− and XPA−/−p53 −/−, were cultured in vitro to obtain homogeneous populations of mesenchymal-derived fibroblasts. Wild type, and DNA repair- / p53-deficient cells (n=3/group) were exposed to 0, 10 or 100 μM AZT for 24 hr, and centrosomal amplification was examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with an anti-pericentrin antibody. Values for centrosomal amplification (% of cells with ≥2 centrosomes/cell) were 12.2, 15.2 and 19.7% in wild type (XPA +/+ p53 +/+) cells exposed to 0, 10 or 100 μM AZT, respectively. Values for centrosomal amplification were 18.0, 28.7 and 33.9 % for XPA −/− p53 +/+cells, and 21.6, 29.3 and 39.5% for XPA−/−p53 +/− cells, after exposure to 0, 10 and 100 μM AZT, respectively. For XPA−/−p53 −/− cells there were 18.4, 22.9 and 29.0% of cells with centrosomal amplification after exposure to 0, 10 and 100 µM AZT, respectively. Statistical analysis (by ANOVA) showed significance between each of the three transgenic groups, when compared to the wild type cells (p= 0.0025). The data suggest that loss of both XPA alleles confers genomic instability, but that additional loss of p53 does not further enhance instability. Whereas nucleotide excision repair is not considered to impact NRTI intracellular processing, these data would argue that lack of intact nucleotide excision repair enhances genomic instability in AZT-exposed cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2980.
Long-term follow-up of hemodynamic responders to pharmacological therapy after variceal bleeding
Authors: Salvador Augustin, Antonio González, Laia Badia, Laura Millán, Aranzazu Gelabert, Alejandro Romero, Antoni Segarra, María Martell, Rafael Esteban, Jaime Guardia, Joan Genescà
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Although it is assumed that hemodynamic responders to pharmacological therapy after a variceal hemorrhage are adequately protected from rebleeding, there is no evidence that either this response or its protective effect extend beyond the usual 2-year follow-up featured in available studies. We aimed to assess the maintenance of hemodynamic response and its impact on outcomes in a large cohort of hemodynamic responders during a long follow-up. One hundred three patients with cirrhosis admitted with acute variceal bleeding between 2001 and 2010 were prospectively evaluated. The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was determined 5 days after the bleeding and repeated 5-7 days after maximal tolerated doses of nadolol and nitrates. Hemodynamic responders (HVPG ≤ 12 mm Hg or ≥ 20% decrease from baseline) were maintained on drugs and followed up with annual HVPG measurements. Forty-eight patients (47%) were hemodynamic responders. The median follow-up was 48 months (range, 2-108 months). Long-term HVPG evaluations could not be performed in eight patients (four deaths, two rebleedings, two follow-ups <1 year). Among the remaining 40 patients, hemodynamic response was maintained in 26 (65%) and lost in 14 (35%). There were no baseline differences between the two subgroups. However, 100% of alcoholic patients who remained abstinent maintained long-term response, compared with 36% of nonabstinent alcoholics and 50% of patients with viral cirrhosis. Patients with loss of hemodynamic response rebled more during follow-up and showed a higher incidence of death or liver transplantation.After variceal bleeding, long-term maintenance of hemodynamic response to drug therapy is mainly restricted to patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who remain abstinent. The loss of this long-term response carries worse clinical outcomes.
Swine flu pandemic review panel seeks access to confidential documents between WHO and drug companies
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The chairman of the external expert review committee examining the World Health Organization’s management of the H1N1 pandemic said the panel wants access to confidential documents between the agency and drug companies.

Harvey Fineberg, the head of the 29 member review committee, told reporters at the annual World Health Assembly, “We are aware we will want to have access to certain confidential documents that may be in place here at WHO, or elsewhere.” 

Mr Fineberg, who is also president of the Institute of Medicine in Washington, added that, “Some of the agreements with industry that we would like to examine have been considered confidential.” 

These documents include “contractual or letters of understanding with (the pharmaceutical) industry that have been considered private communications,” he said.

Dr Fineberg’s remarks …
Abstract 813: Prognostic impact of the expression of cancer stem cell markers CD166, CD44, EpCAM, ALDH1 and CD133 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Giandomenica Iezzi, Alessandro Lugli, Manuele G. Muraro, Valentina Mele, Isabel Hostettler, Luigi Tornillo, Vincenza Carafa, Giulio C. Spagnoli, Luigi Terracciano, Inti Zlobec
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic impact of the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD166, CD44s, EpCAM, ALDH1 and CD133 by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer and determine their value as potential biomarkers of clinical outcome. Methods: Using the tissue microarray technique, immunohistochemistry was performed on samples from 1420 primary colorectal cancer patients with full clinico-pathological data and 57 normal tissues. Expression was evaluated semi-quantitatively and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify reliable cut-off scores for positivity. Prognostic effects were subsequently validated using 101 randomly selected whole tissue sections. Invasive potential was tested using 3 colorectal cancer cell lines. Surgically excised colorectal cancer specimens were enzymatically digested and expression of CD166, CD44s and CD133 on tunour cells was evaluated by flow-cytometry. Cells were then injected in limiting amounts s.c. in NOD/SCID mice and allograft outgrowth was monitored by standard methods. Results: A significant increase in CD166, CD44s and CD133 expression and a decreased expression of EpCAM and ALDH1 was noted in tumour compared to normal mucosa (p&amp;lt;0.001, all markers). Loss of membranous CD166, CD44s and EpCAM expression was associated with features of tumour progression, in particular with an infiltrating tumour border configuration (CD166: p&amp;lt;0.001; CD44s: p=0.002; EpCAM:p=0.005). Loss of CD166 and CD44s had a significant negative impact on survival time (p&amp;lt;0.001), which was further confirmed by evaluating corresponding whole tissue sections (p=0.006). CD44-/CD166- cells from 3 colorectal cancer cell lines exhibited in vitro significantly higher invasive potential than their positive counterparts. On the other hand, the ability of cancer cells to initiate tumours in immunodeficient mice was significantly (p=0.03) correlated with their content in CD133+, but not in CD166+/CD44+ cells. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that loss of expression of CD166 and CD44s is linked to an aggressive tumour phenotype and, particularly, to the presence of an infiltrating tumour margin, possibly implicating these proteins in events at the invasive tumour front. Remarkably, the number of CD133+ cells, while important for tumour initiation in immunodeficient hosts, appears to be prognostically irrelevant in possibly immunocompetent patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 813.