tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Low-Energy Catheter Defibrillation in Man
Authors: M. MIROWSKI, MORTON M. MOWER, VINCENT L. GOTT, ROBERT K. BRAWLEY
Journal: Circulation (1973)

The effectiveness of low energy intraventricular catheter defibrillation was evaluated in 11 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery, in whom ventricular fibrillation occurred after anoxic arrest of 21-42 min. A distal electrode catheter was introduced through an atriotomy into the right ventricular apex. In eight patients the proximal electrode was a saline-soaked sponge placed on the superior vena cava, while in three this electrode formed an integral part of the superior vena cava cannula used in cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraventricular catheter defibrillation was accomplished in nine patients using 5-15 w-sec, considerably less energy than required for paddle defibrillation. There were no apparent short or long-term ill effects. Unsuccessful defibrillation in the two remaining patients was ascribed to difficulties in electrode placement. The effectiveness of low energy intraventricular catheter defibrillation in man, in addition to raising basic electrophysiologic questions, provides background for the development of the transvenous automatic defibrillator for protection of selected high-risk patients.
Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Authors: Sydne J. Newberry
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Probiotics are live microorganisms intended to confer a health benefit when consumed. One condition for which probiotics have been advocated is the diarrhea that is a common adverse effect of antibiotic use.To evaluate the evidence for probiotic use in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD).Twelve electronic databases were searched (DARE, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, MANTIS, TOXLINE, ToxFILE, NTIS, and AGRICOLA) and references of included studies and reviews were screened from database inception to February 2012, without language restriction.Two independent reviewers identified parallel randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and/or Bacillus) for the prevention or treatment of AAD.Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed trial quality.A total of 82 RCTs met inclusion criteria. The majority used Lactobacillus-based interventions alone or in combination with other genera; strains were poorly documented. The pooled relative risk in a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analysis of 63 RCTs, which included 11 811 participants, indicated a statistically significant association of probiotic administration with reduction in AAD (relative risk, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.68; P < .001; I(2), 54%; [risk difference, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.05], [number needed to treat, 13; 95% CI, 10.3 to 19.1]) in trials reporting on the number of patients with AAD. This result was relatively insensitive to numerous subgroup analyses. However, there exists significant heterogeneity in pooled results and the evidence is insufficient to determine whether this association varies systematically by population, antibiotic characteristic, or probiotic preparation.The pooled evidence suggests that probiotics are associated with a reduction in AAD. More research is needed to determine which probiotics are associated with the greatest efficacy and for which patients receiving which specific antibiotics.
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Hypercortisolemia in Polynesian Patients Treated With Antipsychotic Medication
Authors: Nicola R. Poa, Paul F. Edgar
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in the indigenous Polynesian population of New Zealand (Maori) than in Europeans. The aim of this study was to determine whether insulin resistance in Maori psychiatric patients was associated with antipsychotic treatment and to investigate the mechanism of an association.Thirty adult Maori psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic medication for >6 months and 30 healthy, age-, sex-, and BMI-matched control subjects were enrolled. Early morning fasting blood samples were analyzed for plasma levels of glucose, insulin, A1C, triglycerides, total cholesterol, IGF-1, cortisol, cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), and adiponectin.The patient group had significantly higher median fasting insulin plasma levels than the control group (P = 0.002), which were independent of BMI, age, and sex. In addition, the patient group had significantly higher total cortisol (P = 0.03) and lower CBG levels (P = 0.004) than the control group, resulting in significantly higher levels of free cortisol (P = 0.004). The patient group was also significantly more hypoglycemic (P = 0.026) and hypertriglyceridemic (P = 0.028) than the control group. There was no significant difference in BMI, waist circumference, A1C, total cholesterol, IGF-1, or adiponectin levels between the two groups.An increase in insulin resistance is seen in Maori psychiatric patients treated with antipsychotic medication. Therefore, Polynesian ethnicity should be considered in prescribing practice and general care of this group. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may have an important role in the mechanism by which this insulin resistance develops.
Colony-Stimulating Factors for Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Otavio A.C. Clark, Gary H. Lyman, Aldemar A. Castro, Luciana G.O. Clark, Benjamin Djulbegovic
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Current treatment for febrile neutropenia (FN) includes hospitalization for evaluation, empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, and other supportive care. Clinical trials have reported conflicting results when studying whether the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) improve outcomes in patients with FN. This Cochrane Collaboration review was undertaken to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of the CSFs in patients with FN.An exhaustive literature search was undertaken including major electronic databases (CANCERLIT, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, SCI, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register). All randomized controlled trials that compare CSFs plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone for the treatment of established FN in adults and children were sought. A meta-analysis of the selected studies was performed.More than 8,000 references were screened, with 13 studies meeting eligibility criteria for inclusion. The overall mortality was not influenced significantly by the use of CSF (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.08; P = .1). A marginally significant result was obtained for the use of CSF in reducing infection-related mortality (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.26 to 1.00; P = .05). Patients treated with CSFs had a shorter length of hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.82; P = .0006) and a shorter time to neutrophil recovery (HR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.46; P < .00001).The use of the CSFs in patients with established FN caused by cancer chemotherapy reduces the amount of time spent in hospital and the neutrophil recovery period. The possible influence of the CSFs on infection-related mortality requires further investigation.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN OUTBREAK OF MEAT POISONING AT LIMERICK
Authors: E. J. McWeeney
Journal: BMJ (1909)

AN OUTBREAK OF MEAT POISONING.[SDM Bt A1171 absence of miliary tubercles in the meniuges in tuberculous meningitis, though a recognized pathological occurrence, is comparatively infrequent, and especially so when associ- ated with their absence also from the lungs and other organs; and the predominance of polymorphonuclear cells in the cerebro-spinal fluid is certainly rare in tuberculosis.With regard to the reason why tuberculous granulations are not always found in cases of generalized tuberculosis, it may be considered that while general tuberculous infec- tion usually takes the form of a pyaemia it may occasion- ally be only a septicaemia, and that the primary tuberculous focus in the first case discharges into the circulation clumps of bacilli with tissue debris, and that these clumps, becoming impacted in the smallest arterioles, cause the formation of miliary tuberculous granulations or "tuberculous pyaemic abscesses around the blocked vessels, but that in the second case separate bacilli only are discharged into the circulation in considerable numbers, and that these isolated bacilli do not get lodged in the small vessels.The diffuse leucocytic infiltration of the cerebral cortex and the cellulo-fibrinous inflammation of the meninges may be explained as being the result of the irritation of the toxins, and of the bacilli, which have found their way from the blood vessels into the cortical substance and into the cellular tissues of the meninges, these parts especially easily reacting to the tubercle bacillus.I wish to express my thanks to Dr. H. D.
Monoclonal Macroglobulinemia in Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Dennis F. Moore, Philip J. Migliore, C. C. Shullenberger, Raymond Alexanian
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Serum protein electrophoresis was performed in 63% of 1,069 consecutive patients with lymphoma. No monoclonal peaks of IgM specificity were found in sera from 345 patients with nodular lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease. Of the remaining 333 patients with diffuse lymphoma, 1.5% had an IgG peak, suggesting a coincidental relationship of IgG peaks to lymphoma. IgM peaks occurred in 3.6% of patients with diffuse lymphoma, a prevalence about 60 times more frequent than that in normal subjects. Such peaks were more frequent in older patients, suggesting an increased incidence of lymphomas producing monoclonal macroglobulins with advancing age. There was a close correlation between lymphoma mass and the level of the IgM peak in individual patients. Results supported the value of identifying monoclonal components in all patients with lymphoma, particularly those with diffuse lymphocytic infiltration.
Studies of Sleep in Strange Places May Benefit People With Common Ills
Authors: Lynne Lamberg
Journal: JAMA (1996)

STUDIES OF SLEEP and circadian rhythms in outer space, in a time isolation laboratory, under the sea, and in perhaps the most challenging research setting of all—6000 American homes—may yield numerous benefits to the public's health, according to talks and interviews at the annual joint meeting of the American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society in Washington, DC. <h3>Shuteye Aboard the Shuttle</h3> The US space shuttle mission that took place from June 20 to July 7, 1996—the longest so far—investigated the impact of microgravity on humans and other organisms. On board<i>Columbia</i>, four of the 7 astronauts recorded their sleep and other circadian rhythms in a study led by Timothy Monk, PhD, director of the Human Chronobiology Research Program at the University of Pittsburgh (Pa) School of Medicine. Although sleep studies were conducted on Skylab missions in the 1970s, "this is the first integrated study of sleep, circadian
Protein Content of Oedema Fluid in Lymphoedema
Authors: G. W. Taylor, J. B. Kinmonth, W. G. Dangerfield
Journal: BMJ (1958)

demonstrated the structural defects of the lymphatic system in primary lymphoedema.This report is con- cerned with some of the physiological disturbances caused by lymphatic malfunction in patients with primary lymphoedema.Method.-Oedema fluid was obtained from the sub- cutaneous tissue of patients suffering from chronic primary lymphoedema of the legs.A small-bore Southey tube was used to collect the fluid, and a sufficient quantity was obtained to enable the total protein concentration to be estimated by a biuret method in 38 patients.In addition, the albumin/globulin ratio and the paper electrophoretic pattern of this protein was determined in 20 patients.The hnajority of patients were ambulant up to the time of collection of the sample of oedema fluid.Reults Protein Content of Oedema Fluid.-Fig. 1 shows the protein level of the oedema fluids from 38 patients with primary tymphoedema.The patients are grouped into three SLIGHT MODERATE *2-48+ o26(SX).
Cryptosporidiosis in a Patient with Hemophilia, Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia, and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: KENNETH L. KOCH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

A 36-year-old man had chronic, debilitating diarrhea due to cryptosporidiosis. This patient had longstanding common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent bacterial infections. Immunologic evaluation after discovery of Cryptosporidium showed lymphopenia with persistently reduced numbers of helper/inducer cells (OKT-4), variable numbers of suppressor/cytotoxic cells (OKT-8), OKT-4/OKT-8 ratio of 0.09, and increased levels of serum alpha-interferon, all of which describe the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium were found in feces from the patient's cat, thus identifying a possible source of his infection. The patient had disseminated candidiasis, cytomegalovirus pneumonia, and cryptosporidiosis when he died.
A 31/2 year old girl presenting with strabismus
Authors: C. E Stewart, C. M Wilson, A. R Fielder
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 3½ year old white girl attended the paediatric eye clinic. Her mother had noticed she had been screwing her eyes up and blinking excessively. This occurred mainly when she was reading and towards the end of the day, and it had worsened over six months. The child was otherwise well, was taking no drugs, and had been born at full term by normal delivery at a weight of 3200 g. She had not had any previous eye treatment. Her mother and maternal grandfather had had strabismus from early childhood. Testing revealed a constant slight right convergent strabismus for near and distance fixation (near 12 prism dioptres; distance 8 prism dioptres). Unaided vision of the right and left eyes was 6/30 (0.7) and 6/7.5 (0.1). Depth perception was negative. Ophthalmoscopy was normal and cycloplegic refraction revealed bilateral moderate hypermetropia (long sightedness) with significant anisometropia (difference in refractive error between the two eyes; +5.00 dioptre spheres (DS) in the right eye and +3.50 (DS) in the left eye). ### Short answers
Who in America Is Trying To Lose Weight?
Authors: John Horm
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

To describe the characteristics and weight-loss methods of persons who are trying to lose weight; to compare the knowledges and practices regarding weight loss between those persons trying to lose weight and those not trying to lose weight; and to evaluate trends in these knowledges and practices between 1985 and 1990.Large (approximately 120,000 persons per year), nationally representative random sample of the U.S. population.The 1985 and 1990 Health Promotion Disease Prevention Current Health Topics Supplements to the National Health Interview Survey.Random sample of the U.S. population.Proportions of the NHIS sample with characteristics of interest weighted to be representative of the U.S. population.Approximately 44 million persons 25 years or older were trying to lose weight in 1990; 61.8% of men and 59.6% of women were doing so by increasing their physical activity. Both proportions are significantly increased compared to the 1985 proportions of 56.9% and 56.2%, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of those persons who saw themselves as overweight were not trying to lose weight.More than one third of Americans see themselves as overweight, but fewer than two thirds of these persons are trying to lose weight. About 4% of self-perceived underweight persons and 11.4% of persons who think their weight was about right are also trying to lose weight. Most persons who are trying to lose weight are doing so by eating less, by increasing their physical activity, or by a combination of these methods.
754 PREDICTION OF SIGNIFICANT LIVER FIBROSIS IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION: THE TX-3 INDEX
Authors: L.L. Schiavon, R.J. Carvalho-Filho, J.L. Narciso-Schiavon, D.V. Barbosa, V.P. Lanzoni, M.L.G. Ferraz, A.E.B. Silva
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Specificity of Cognitive Deficits in Bipolar Disorder versus Schizophrenia
Authors: Claire Daban, Anabel Martinez-Aran, Carla Torrent, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Vicent Balanzá-Martínez, Jose Salazar-Fraile, Gabriel Selva-Vera, Eduard Vieta
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2006)

More and more epidemiological, genetic and neuroimaging studies show similarities between bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Cognitive functions are known to be highly impaired in SZ and are increasingly studied in BD. When both populations are compared, the conclusions appear to be contradictory. The purpose of this review is to help define the profile of cognitive deficits in BD and in SZ.A systematic review of the literature of neuropsychological studies comparing BD and SZ was made, beginning in January 1990 and ending in January 2005. Thirty-eight studies met the required quality criteria and were included in this review.Bipolar patients exhibit extensive cognitive abnormalities with a pattern of deficits that is not unique to this disease. However, when compared to schizophrenic patients, bipolar patients demonstrate a lesser degree of deficits, particularly concerning premorbid and current intelligence quotient and perhaps attention, verbal memory and executive functions. When looking into effect sizes, there seem to be different profiles even in studies finding no significant differences.The neuropsychological differences reported between both groups could be due to the presence of psychotic features, to environmental factors (stressful events, duration of the disease and number of hospitalisations) and could also be related to differences during the neurodevelopmental phase. Further studies should confirm whether these results are truly related to different neurobiological backgrounds.
Emergency Care: Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Alvin M. Cotlar
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This publication is a "must" for every hospital emergency room. It should be required reading for all interns, residents, and full-time emergency room physicians, as well as for nurses and various technical assistants currently included among the personnel specializing in emergency room treatment. The opening chapters deal with the administrative, psychological, and even philosophical aspects of emergency room treatment. The very delicate problems of patients' "feelings" and the medicolegal aspects of patient management under emergency situations are very professionally presented. The book then gradually progresses from a really basic discussion of wounds and minor trauma to specialized considerations of treatment in such unique situations as aquatic injuries. Every chapter is a complete and informative monograph on a topic pertaining to emergency treatment. There are excellent chapters on the shock syndrome, metabolic and endocrine emergencies, the unconscious patient, and treatment of burns of all degrees. The chapter on chest pain and
TCT-449 COMPARISON OF PACLITAXEL-ELUTING BALLOONS WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS FOR TREATMENT OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF AN ALL-COMERS COHORT
Authors: Guillaume Marquis Gravel, Nicolas Noiseux, François Gobeil, Louis-Mathieu Stevens, Samer Mansour
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Appraising organised screening programmes for testing for genetic susceptibility to cancer
Authors: V. Goel
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Public health officials rely on criteria developed by Wilson and Jungner for assessing whether or not to implement population screening programmes. These criteria were developed over 30 years ago, when screening primarily focused on detecting early stages or precursors of chronic disease. With the introduction of testing for genetic susceptibility, particularly for cancer, it is important to assess whether these criteria can continue to be applied in the decision making process. We report on a workshop that assessed criteria for population screening in the context of testing for genetic susceptibility to cancer.

Many criteria for the evaluation of screening programmes have been proposed, 1 2 and most are similar to those proposed by Wilson and Jungner in a 1968 World Health Organization report.3 The criteria are based on a simple linear model of disease progression (figure) in which screening tests primarily detect a preclinical asymptomatic phase.

#### Summary points

Screening has expanded from early detection of disease or its precursors to include testing for susceptibility, such as genetic testing for cancer

The Wilson and Jungner framework for evaluating screening tests, produced for the World Health Organization in 1968, is commonly used for population screening

The relevance of this framework for testing for genetic susceptibility to cancer has not previously been assessed

A modified Wilson and Jungner framework can continue to provide a robust approach to evaluating testing for genetic susceptibility

The continuum of screening has expanded to include a range of other states. The figure illustrates another model for screening—screening for risk factors or susceptibility, the detection of risk factors for disease4 (such as blood pressure or cholesterol concentration), or the identification, through the detection of genetic markers, of individuals who have increased susceptibility to disease.5 Separate consideration of these forms of screening is important as the type of interventions …
Isolating patients in hospital to control infection. Part IV. Nursing procedures.
Authors: K D Bagshawe, R Blowers, O M Lidwell
Journal: BMJ (1978)

The title of this part is not intended to imply that it concerns only nursing staff.The subjects considered in the next few paragraphs concern all staff who have to deal with patients.Most precautions against transferring infection demand more effort, take more time, and directly or indirectly cost more than comparable procedures in normal circumstances.It is therefore desirable to eliminate unnecessary measures and to reach a work load that can be carried without strain by the available staff. Precautions BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF STAFFPatients and staff with symptoms or signs of communicable disease should be bacteriologically investigated and isolated or put off duty perhaps during the investigation and certainly if pathogens are found; this should be allowed for when the staffing establishment for an isolation unit is being defined.The need to search for carriers among patients and staff who have no indications of infective disease is less clear.For patients admitted to general wards and for most staff experience suggests that routine cultures of faeces and of throat and nose swabs yield little or no measurable advantage.Intestinal pathogens are rarely found and symptomless excreters of these seem rarely to do harm.There are three main reasons why routine screening for nasal and skin carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is not profitable: carriers are so numerous that it would be impossible to isolate them all among the patients and to put off duty all carriers among the staff; the carrier state is so variable that swabbing would have to be repeated very often; and there is no reliable method of converting carriers into non-carriers.Routine precautions against cross-infection must therefore take account of the existence of carriers in the whole hospital population.During outbreaks due to pathogens of recognisable species and type routine screening may become justified.
Neuroimaging correlates of pathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study
Authors: Jennifer L Whitwell, Dennis W Dickson, Melissa E Murray, Stephen D Weigand, Nirubol Tosakulwong, Matthew L Senjem, David S Knopman, Bradley F Boeve, Joseph E Parisi, Ronald C Petersen, Clifford R Jack, Keith A Josephs
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2012)