Fancy packaging can help to engage new smokers.

It has little to do with the quality or taste of cigarettes.

Plain packaging discourages non-smokers from taking up smoking.

It has little impact on their decision whether or not to quit smoking.

Question: What do chain smokers think of cigarette packaging?

Any veteran nicotine addict will testify that fancy packaging plays no role in the decision to keep smoking. So, it is argued, stripping cartons of their branding will trigger no mass movement to quit.
But that isn't why the government-under pressure from cancer charities, health workers and the Labour party-has agreed to legislate for standardized packaging. The theory is that smoking should be stripped of any appeal to discourage new generations from starting in the first place. Plain packaging would be another step in the reclassification of cigarettes from inviting consumer products to narcotics.
Naturally, the tobacco industry is violently opposed. No business likes to admit that it sells addictive poison as a lifestyle choice. That is why government has historically intervened, banning advertising, imposing health warnings and punitive  duties. This approach has led over time to a fall in smoking with numbers having roughly halved since the 1970s. Evidence from Australia suggests plain packaging pushes society further along that road. Since tobacco as one of the biggest causes of premature death in the UK, a measure that tames the habit even by a fraction is worth trying.
So why has it taken so long? The Department of Health declared its intention to consider the move in November 2010 and consulted through 2012. But the plan was suspended in July 2013. It did not escape notice that a lobbying firm set up by Lynton Crosby, David Cameron's election campaign director, had previously acted for Philip Morris International. (The prime minister denied there was a connection between his news adviser's outside interests and the change in legislative programme.) In November 2013, after an unnecessary round of additional consultation, health minister Jane Ellison said the government was minded to proceed after all. Now we are told Members of Parliament (MPs) will have a free voice before parliament is dissolved in March.
Parliament has in fact already authorised the government to tame the tobacco trade. MPs voted overwhelmingly in favour of Labour amendments to the children and families bill last February that included the power to regulate for plain packaging. With sufficient will in Downing Street this would have been done already. But strength of will is the missing ingredient where Mr. Cameron and public health are concerned. His attitude to state intervention has looked confused ever since his bizarre 2006lament  that chocolate oranges placed seductively at supermarket check-outs fueled obesity.
The government has moved reluctantly into a sensible public health policy, but with such obvious over-cautiousness that any political credit due belongs to the opposition. Without sustained external pressure it seems certain Mr. Cameron would still be hooked on the interests of big tobacco companies.


Pass a law to standardise cigarette packaging.

Rid cigarette cartons of all advertisements.

Subsidise companies to adopt plain packaging.

Reclassify cigarettes according to packaging.

Question: What has the UK government agreed to do concerning tobacco packaging?


Premature death rates resulting from smoking have declined.

The number of smokers has dropped more sharply than in the UK.

The sales of tobacco substitutes have increased considerably.

Cigarette sales have been falling far more quickly than in the UK.

Question: What has happened in Australia where plain packaging is implemented?


Prime Minister Cameron has been reluctant to take action.

There is strong opposition from veteran nicotine addicts.

Many Members of Parliament are addicted to smoking.

Pressure from tobacco manufacturers remains strong.

Question: Why it taken so long for the UK government to consider plain packaging?


They fueled a lot of controversy.
They made more British people obese.
They attracted a lot of smokers.
They had certain ingredients missing.

Question: What did Cameron say about chocolate oranges at supermarket checkouts?


Through his observation of the country life.

Through the combination of different ideas.

By using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago.

Question: How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities?

The garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). After immigrating form England to the USA, and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer, he moved to Chicago, where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871. In those days, it was nicknamed "the Garden City", almost certainly the source of Howard's name for his later building plan of towns. Returning to London, Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s, drawing on ideas that were popular at the time, but creating a unique combination of designs.
The nineteenth-century poor city was in many ways a terrible place, dirty and crowded; but it offered economic and social opportunities. At the same time, the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive: though it promised fresh air and nature, it suffered from agricultural depression and it offered neither enough work and wages, nor much social life. Howard's idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement, the garden city. Howard's idea was that a group of people should set up a company, borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside; far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.
Garden cities would provide a central public open space, radial avenues and connecting industries. They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt, also owned by the company, containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions. As more and more people moved in, the garden city would reach its planned limit-Howard suggested 32,000 people; then, another would be started a short distance away. Thus, over time, there would develop a vast planned house collection, extending almost without limit; within it, each garden city would offer a wide rang of jobs and services, but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system, thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city.


in the countryside where the land was cheap

in the countryside where agriculture was developed

near cities where employment opportunities already existed

Question: According to Howard, garden cities should be built _ .


Each one would continue to become larger

People would live and work in the same place

Each one would contain a certain type of business

Question: What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph?


City and Countryside
The Invention of the Garden City
A New City in Chicago
A Famous Garden City in England

Question: What could be the best title for the passage?


more family-oriented
unusually popular
more profound
relatively formal

Question: Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are ________.

In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk ". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes , yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments  of other people's lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audiences are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation.
While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.


remain fascinated by them
are ready to face up to them
remain indifferent to them
are willing to get involved in them

Question: Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience ________.


A new type of robot.
Racist hatred.
Family budget planning.
Street violence.

Question: Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?


Question: Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both ________.


have monopolized the talk show circuit
exploit the weaknesses in human nature
appear at different times of the day
are targeted at different audiences

Question: We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows ________.


They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.

They were no longer considered necessities of life.

Question: What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.

"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."
Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.
Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico's taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.
The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.
Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.
Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.
Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.
While reformulating recipesis one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that
there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.


They are under growing pressures to balance their national budgets.

They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.

They practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.

The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.

Question: Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?


It did not work out as well as was expected.

It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.

It could not succeed without German cooperation.

It met with firm opposition from the food industry.

Question: What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?


Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients.

Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products.

Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers' needs.

Adjusting the physical composition of their products.

Question: What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty?


There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.

There is no hope of success without public cooperation.

There is on hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem.

There is no effective way to reduce people's sugar consumption.

Question: What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, "There is no silver bullet"(Line 4, Para 7)?


is advocated by California state governor

Question: We learn from the passage that the Digital Textbook Initiative  _ .

California has a new program called the Digital Textbook Initiative. "Starting this fall with high school math and science, we will be the first state in the nation to provide schools with a state-approved list of digital textbooks." That was Governor in June, talking about his effort to get schools to use materials available free online. He listed reasons why he thinks digital textbooks make sense.
California approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive. And above all, he said, they help schools with their finances.
The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.
Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least 90% of the state's learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined 16 textbooks and approved ten of them.
Six of the ten were published by the CK 12 Foundation, a non-profit group that had been developing digital science and math books for about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to write and edit them. The money came from a group financed by the Khosla Family.
California cannot require schools to use the digital textbooks. Individual school districts will have to decide for themselves.
Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, says she does not expect widespread use right away. Her best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the first to use them, but only in addition to their traditional books.
School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.


help schools save money
benefit the environment
provide interesting materials
reduce students' heavy burden

Question: The main reason for promoting digital textbooks is to  _ .


It approved and produced 16 digital textbooks.

It paid teachers to write digital textbooks.

It is financed by California state government.

It makes money through developing digital textbooks.

Question: What does the author say about CK 12 Foundation?


will first be adopted by well-equipped schools

are certain to be approved by school districts

Question: According to Susan Martimo, digital textbooks  _ .


Schools are reluctant to print out copies.

The use of digital textbooks is not really free.

Training teachers to use the textbooks is not efficient.

Question: What can be inferred from the last paragraph?


implication contradiction interpretation confusion

Question: The word "paradox" (Line 1, Para. 1) means "_ ".

It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft," and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity of sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth's social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived form the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earth's geological history, ca easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things as they were long age, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.


a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences

our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems

our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct

we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena

Question: Accroding to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as "hard" and the social sciences as "soft" because _ .


new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciences

it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data

the records of social systems are more reliable

Question: The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because_ .


contradictory theories keep emerging all the time

the direction of their development is difficult to predict

our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate

Question: The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because _ .


theories of its origin and history are varied

only a very small sample of it has been observed

few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy

Question: We know less about the astronomical universe than we don about any social system because _ .


To explain a new requirement for graduation.

To interest students in a new community program.

To discuss the problems of elementary school students.

To recruit elementary school teachers for a special program.

Question: What is the purpose of the talk?

Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called " One On One"  helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Your education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching, that is, tutoring in math and English.
You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week.
Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors - he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week.
I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service ... and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.


To help education majors prepare for final exams.

To offer tutorials to elementary school students.

To provide funding for a community service project.

Question: What is the purpose of the program that the speaker describes?


He advises students to participate in certain program.

He teaches part-time in an elementary school.

He observes elementary school students in the classroom.

He helps students prepare their resumes.

Question: What does Professor Dodge do?


Contact the elementary school.
Sign up for a special class.
Submit a resume to the dean.
Talk to Professor Dodge.

Question: What should students who are interested in the tutorials do?


Faculty.
Students.
Residents
Graduated students.

Question: Whom do you think the speaker addresses?


it protects him against the harmful rays from space

it provides sufficient light for plant growth

it supplies the heat necessary for human survival

Question: According to the first paragraph, the atmosphere is essential to man in that  _ .

Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food, which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.
Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called rem. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage-a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crew accumulated a large amount of rems. So far, no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far.


exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is fatal

the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming

radiation is avoidable in space exploration

astronauts in spacesuits needn't worry about radiation damage

Question: We know from the passage that  _ .


is insignificant
seems overestimated
is enormous
remains unknown

Question: The harm radiation has done to the Apollo crew members  _ .


protection from space radiation is no easy job

astronauts will have deformed children or grandchildren

radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that  _ .


The Atmosphere and Our Environment
Research on Radiation
Effects of Space Radiation
Importance Protection Against Radiation

Question: The best title for this passage would be  _ .


Question: The early immigrants considered work  _ .

Work is a very important part of life in the United States. When the early Protestant immigrants came to this country, they brought the idea that work was the way to God and heaven. This attitude, the Protestant Work Ethic, still influences America today. Work is not only important for economic benefits, the salary, but also for social and psychological needs, the feeling of doing something for the good of the society. Americans spend most of their lives working, being productive. For most Americans, their work defines them: they are what they do. What happens then, when a person can no longer work?
Almost all Americans stop working at age sixty-five or seventy and retire. Because work is such an important part of life in this culture, retirement can be very difficult.
Retirees often feel that they are useless and unproductive. Of course, some people are happy to retire; but leaving one's job, whatever it is, is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. Many retirees do not know how to use their time or they feel lost without their jobs. Retirements can also bring financial problems. Many people rely on Social Security checks every month. During their working years, employees contribute a certain percentage of their salaries to the government. Each employer also gives a certain percentage to the government. When people retire, they receive this money as income. These checks do not provide enough money to live on, however, because prices are increasing very rapidly. Senior citizens, those over sixty-five, have to have savings in the bank or other retirement plans to make ends meet. The rate of inflation is forcing prices higher each year; Social Security checks alone cannot cover these growing expenses. The government offers some assistance, Medicare(health care)and welfare(general assistance), but many senior citizens have to change their life styles after retirement. They have to spend carefully to be sure that they can afford to buy food, fuel and other necessities.
Of course, many senior citizens are happy with retirement. They have time to spend with their families or enjoy their hobbies. Some continue to work part time, others do volunteer work. Some, like those in the Retired Business Executives Association, even help young, people to get started in new business. Many retired citizens also belong to " Golden Age"  groups. These organizations plan trips and social events. There are many chances for retirees.
American society is only beginning to be concerned about the special physical and emotional needs of its senior citizens. The government is taking steps to ease the problem of limited income. They are building new housing, offering discounts in stores and museums and on buses, and providing other services such as free courses, food service, and help with housework.
Retired citizens are a rapidly growing percentage of the population. This part of the population is very important and we must meet their needs. After all, every citizen will be a senior citizen some day.


doesn't only mean money but it is also psychological

Question: Why do Americans like working? Because working  _ .


have no financial problems still want to earn more money

have no financial problems still feel lost

have no financial problems feels it's hard to make ends meet

Question: We can safely put forward that retirees who  _ .


hadn't paid attention to the retirees' problems

has already solved a lot of retirees' problems

has just begun to pay attention to the retirees' problems

won't pay attention to the retirees' problems

Question: According to the passage the government  _ .


The old are offered discounts in stores.

Senior citizens are provided free courses, food service.

Question: Which of the following is not steps taken for the benefit of senior citizens by the government?


very old people enjoy living with their relatives

social services have nothing to do with very old people

very old people would like to live alone so that they can have more personal freedom

very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean

Question: It is implied in Paragraph 1 that _ .

Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values-this can't be repeated too often-are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.
Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results. And at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by pursuing the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there's life, there's hope.
When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your ability to have fun.


health and safety are more important than personal freedom

personal freedom is more important than health and safety

old people should keep their rooms clean

one should not take the risk of dealing with old people

Question: Some social workers think that _ .


the human body can't be compared to a car

the older a person, the more care he needs

too much emphasis has been put on old people's values

it is easy to provide spare parts for old people

Question: In the author's opinion,  _ .


the conclusion you have come to
your talk to the old people
whether age is happy or unpleasant
one's money or one's health

Question: The word "it" in the last paragraph refers to _ .


medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctors

old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich

the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is doubtful

it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death

Question: The author thinks that _ .


there are many murders in the recent history of hatred

the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago

it is another case of the gay being tortured to death

the city council president comes from Sylacauga

Question: What is implied in the first two paragraphs?

" This is not the type of place where this happens, "  city council president George Carlton told a reporter,  after the horror became public in his hometown,  Sylacauga,  Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper,  Texas,  a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago,  even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13, 000,  halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery,  Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries,  textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga,  like Jasper,  became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.
According to police,  Steven Eric Mullins,  25,  and Charles Monroe Butler Jr.,  21,  plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither,  39. On Feb. 19,  they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There,  says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley,  " they took him out of the trunk,  took an ax handle and beat him to death."  They set two old tires aflame,  says Bradley,  " then they put the body on the fire."  They did it all,  the deputy says,  because Gaither was gay.
Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race,  color,  religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. " It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama, "  says state Representative Alvin Holmes,  who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard,  a gay student,  was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October,  an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard,  Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay,  though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN： " Regardless of his personal life or anything,  he doesn't deserve to be killed for this."
" The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens, "  says Tracey Conaty,  spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
Before Gaither's murder,  activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27,  the task force will launch its " Equality Begins at Home"  campaign,  with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty： " These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message."  The March events,  says Urvashi Vaid,  director of the task force's policy institute,  will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid： " It's more than just a gay thing."


it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation

people want to extend the hate-crime law

people are indifferent to the gay student

Question: The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that  _ .


indifferent sympathetic outrageous considerate

Question: Alvin Holmes‘ attitude toward the gay victims is  _ .


failed to have any change in the legislation

Question: Similar to Matthew Shepard,  Gaither‘s death  _ .


people should be concerned about their gay neighbors

the gay people shouldn‘t be regarded as second-class citizens

the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go

more pro-gay campaigns should be launched

Question: The text intends to express the idea that  _ .


admiration. indifference. suspicion. repulsion

Question: The writer's attitude toward the arts is one of

Shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous. If men would steadily observe realities only, and not allow themselves to be deluded, life, to compare it with such things as we know, would be like a fairy tale and the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. If we respected only what is inevitable and has a right to be , music and poetry would resound along the streets. When we are unhurried and wise, we perceive that only great and worthy things have any permanent and absolute existence, --that petty fears and petty pleasure are but the shadow of reality. This is always exhilarating and sublime. By closing the eyes and slumbering, by consenting to be deceived by shows, men establish and confirm their daily life of routine and habit everywhere, which still is built on purely illusory foundation. Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men, who fail to live worthily, but who think that they are wiser by experience, that is, by failure. I have read in a Hindoo book, that "there was a king's son, who, being expelled in infancy from his native city, was brought up by a forester, and, growing up to maturity in that state, imagined himself to belong to the barbarous race with which be lived. One of his father's ministers having discovered him, revealed to him what he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince. So soul, from the circumstances in which it is placed, mistakes its own character, until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher, and then it knows itself to be Brahme." We think that that is which appears to be. If a man should give us an account of the realities he beheld, we should not recognize the place in his description. Look at a meeting-house, or a court-house, or a jail, or a shop. Or a dwelling-house, and say what that thing really is before a true gaze, and they would all go to pieces in your account of them. Men esteem truth remote, in the outskirts of the system, behind the farthest star, before Adam and after the last man. In eternity there is indeed something true and sublime. But all these times and places and occasions are now and here. God himself culminates in the present moment, and will never be more divine in the lapse of all ages. And we are enabled to apprehend at all what is sublime and noble only by the perpetual instilling and drenching of the reality that surrounds us. The universe constantly and obediently answers to our conceptions; whether we travel fast or slow, the track is laid for us. Let us spend our lives in conceiving then. The poet or the artist never yet had as fair and noble a design but some of his posterity at least could accomplish it.


should practice what the Hindoos preach.

frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.

Question: The author believes that a child.


appraise the present for its true value.

Question: The author is primarily concerned with urging the reader to


history and economics.
society and population.
biology and physics.
theology and philosophy.

Question: The passage is primarily concerned with problem of


It was built by middle school students
It has an attractive design
It was made in 1971
It won the fourth prize

Question: What is special about the car Helios in the text?

It's not the flashiest car in the world. Not even close. But the 1971 Volkswagen named Helios can do something most cars can't : run on solar energy-energy from the sun's light and head!
Joshua Bechtold, 14,and the other students at the Riverside School in Lyndonville, Vermont, worked They named their car after Helios, the sun god in Greek mythology。
The 4-year-old Tour de Sol encourages the use of "green",or environmen- tally friendly, cars to help reduce pollution and save enengy. It's not a race. Cars are judged on fuel efficiencyrather than speed. In the week-long event, 44 cars took the 350-mile tour from Waterbury, Connecticut, to Lake George, New York. Of the 23 student cars, Helios was the only one built by middle school students.
A teacher drove Helios, but the children talked with people wherever they stopped along the road."That was my favorite part,"says Anna Browne,15."We explained how the car runs."
Due in part to old, inefficient batteries，Helios finished fourth-out of four-in its kind, the sun-powered class."We were there for the fun of it,"Anna says,"We're proud of Helios,"says Ariel Gleicher, 14."It's a car that's good for the environment."


Question: How many sun-powered cars took part in the race?


The Making of Helios
1999 American Tour de Sol
Sun-powered Gars on the Road
Use of Green Cars in Connecticut

Question: What would be the best title for the text?


it could run as far as 350 miles
it was favored by many children
it had high-quality batteries
it was driven by clean energy

Question: The students felt proud of Helios because.


Northern Europe heard the gunshot loud and clear.

Question: Which of the following is compared to "a loaded weapon going off"?

If you leave a loaded weapon lying around, it is bound to go off sooner or later. Snow-covered northern Europe heard the gunshot loud and clear when Russia cut supplies to Ukraine this week as part of a row about money and power, the two eternal battlegrounds of global energy. From central Europe right across to France on the Atlantic seaboard, gas supplies fell by more than one-third. For years Europeans had been telling themselves that a cold-war enemy which had supplied them without fail could still be depended on now it was an ally. Suddenly, nobody was quite so sure.
Fearing the threat to its reputation as a supplier, Russia rapidly restored the gas and settled its differences with Ukraine. But it was an uncomfortable glimpse of the dangers for a continent that imports roughly half its gas and expects to be importing 80% of its gas by 2030 much of it from Russia. It was scarcely more welcome for America, which condemned Russia s tactics. And no wonder: it consumes one-quarter of the world's oil, but produces only 3% of the stuff. Over the coming years, the world's dependence on oil looks likely to concentrate on the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia. Russian oil had seemed a useful alternative.
Fear of the energy weapon has a long history. When producers had the upper hand in the oil embargo of 1973-74, Arab members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC. cut supply, sowing turmoil and a global recession. When consumers had the upper hand in the early 1990s, the embargo cut the other way. After Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990, the world shut in 5m barrels a day (b/d) of production from the two countries in an attempt to force him out.
With oil costing $ 60 a barrel, five times more than the nominal price in 1999, and spot prices for natural gas in some European and American markets at or near record levels, power has swung back to the producers for the first time since the early 1980s. Nobody knows how long todays tight markets will last. "It took us a long time to get there and it will take us a long time to get back," says Robin West, chairman of PFC Energy in Washington. A clutch of alarmist books with titles such as "The Death of Oil" predict that so little oil is left in the ground that producers will always have pricing power. The question is how worried consumers should be. What are the threats to energy security and what should the world do about them? The answers suggest a need for planning and a certain amount of grim realism, but not for outright panic. [452 words]


can still depend on Russia for the supply of gas

contended with their cold war enemy, Russia, for a long time

are glad to have Russia as their ally to supply them gas

worry about the possible unreliability of gas Supply from Russia

Question: The Europeans _


poses a threat to Russia's reputation as an oil supplier

wakes up to the dangers Russia's oil tactics may bring

is less vulnerable economically than European continent

has shifted its dependence on oil from the middle east to Russia

Question: According to the text, America _ .


leads to the decrease of oil supply
leads to the decrease of oil demand
signals an imminent global recession
may serve as a powerful weapon

Question: An oil embargo _ .


be well prepared for the grim future
be more optimistic than ever before
be no less worried than the producers
be no more worried than the producers

Question: In the face of the shortage of oil supply, the consumers should _


Gypsies Want to Form a Nation.
Are They a Nation.
EU Is Afraid of Their Growth.
They Are a Tribe

Question: The Best Title of this passage is

Europe's Gypsies, Are They a Nation?
The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent's Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place-at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union's present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.
Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.
However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of "self-rallying". It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.
At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.
The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world's best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.
So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora's box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. "The EU's whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them," says a nervous Eurocrat.
But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe's largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on. Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews.
"Gypsies deserve some space within European structures," says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.
One big snag is that Europe's Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest, Gypsies' shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from "being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe."
And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some-and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.
That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU's agenda in Central Europe, they are making ground.


Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.

They are scattered everywhere in the world.

Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.

They probably came from the International Romany Union.

Question: Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?


It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.

It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.

It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.

Question: What does the International Romany lobby for?


Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.

It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.

Gyspsies' demand may highlight the difference in the EU.

Question: Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?


Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.

Their potential unity stems from "being regarded as sub-human".

Question: The big problem lies in the fact that


interesting. important. established. understood.

Question: The word "crucial" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Information on past climates is of primary relevance to archaeology because of what it tells us about the effects on the land and on the resources that people needed to survive. The most crucial effect of climate was on the sheer quantity of land available in each period, measurable by studying ancient coastlines. These have changed constantly through time, even in relatively recent periods, as can be seen from the Neolithic stone circle of Er Lannic, in Brittany, France (once inland but now half submerged on an islanD. or medieval villages in east Yorkshire, England, that have tumbled into the sea in the last few centuries as the North Sea gnaws its way westward and erodes the cliffs. Conversely, silts deposited by rivers sometimes push the sea farther back, creating new land, as at Ephesus in western Turkey, a port on the coast in Roman times but today some five kilometers inland.
Nevertheless, for archeologists concerned with the long periods of time of the Paleolithic period there are variations in coastlines of much greater magnitude to consider. The expansion and contraction of the continental glaciers caused huge and uneven rises and falls in sea levels worldwide. When the ice sheets grew, the sea level would drop as water became locked up in the glaciers; when the ice melted, the sea level would rise again. Falls in sea level often exposed a number of important land bridges, such as those linking Alaska to northeast Asia and Britain to northwest Europe, a phenomenon with far-reaching effects not only on human colonization of the globe but also on the environment as a whole - the flora and fauna of isolated or insular areas were radically and often irreversibly affected. Between Alaska and Asia today lies the Bering Strait, which is so shallow that a fall in sea level of only four meters would turn it into a land bridge. When the ice sheets were at their greatest extent some 18,000 years ago (the glacier maximum), it is thought that the fall was about 120 meters, which therefore created not merely a bridge but a vast plain,1,000 kilometers from the north to the south, which has been called Beringia. The existence of Beringia (and the extent to which it could have supported human life) is one of the crucial pieces of evidence in the continuing debate about the likely route and date of human colonization of the New World.
The assessment of past rises and falls in sea level requires study of submerged land surfaces off the coast and of raised or elevated beaches on land. Raised beaches are remnants of former coastlines at higher levels relative to the present shoreline and visible, for instance, along the Californian coast north of San Francisco. The height of a raised beach above the present shoreline, however, does not generally give a straightforward indication of the height of a former sea level. In the majority of cases, the beaches lie at a higher level because the land has been raised up through isostatic uplift or tectonic movement. Isostatic uplift of the land occurs when the weight of ice is removed as temperatures rise, as at the end of an ice age; it has affected coastlines, for example, in Scandinavia, Scotland, Alaska, and Newfoundland during the postglacial period. Tectonic movements involve displacements in the plates that make up Earth's crust. Middle and Late Pleistocene raised beaches in the Mediterranean are one instance of such movements.
Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes, sometimes containing seashells or piles of debris comprising shells and bones of marine animals used by humans. In Tokyo Bay, for example, shell mounds of the Jomon period (about 10,000 to 300 B.C.E.)mark the position of the shoreline at a time of maximum inundation by the sea (6,500-5,500 years ago),when, through tectonic movement, the sea was three to five meters higher in relation to the contemporary landmass of Japan than at present. Analysis of the shells themselves has confirmed the changes in marine topography, for it is only during the maximum phase that subtropical species of mollusc are present, indicating a higher water temperature.


Recent changes in the shoreline that have resulted in the creation of new land.

Port cities that have lost shoreline due to the erosion of land.

The ocean's role in the formation of new land.

The importance of changes in shoreline to cities located inland.

Question: According to paragraph 1, the city of Ephesus in western Turkey is an example of which of the following?


The amount of land not covered by water was a greater during warmer periods.

Warmer weather encouraged the expansion of the range of flora and fauna.

As a result of colder weather,land bridges became exposed.

The rise of sea level occurred during periods of cold weather.

Question: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the effects of climate change during the Paleolithic period?


unable to return to their previous conditions.

completely destroyed by human colonization.

Question: By indicating that flora and fauna of isolated or insular areas were often irreversibly affected by the changes due to the Ice Age, the author means that the flora and fauna were


It may have been used by the people who first colonized North America.

It may have been large enough to support life.

It was probably still four meters under water during the glacier maximum.

Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of Beringia EXCEPT


It explains the idea that changes in coastlines do not necessarily result in significant alternations to existing marine life.

It illustrates the kind of impact that variations in land availability caused by climate change can have.

It provides a large amount of archaeological evidence that casts doubt on changes in sea level during the Paleolithic period.

It shows how ancient coastlines can serve as useful models in understanding recent changes in coastlines.

Question: What purpose does the discussion about the Bering Strait in paragraph 2 serve in the passage?


Question: The word "remnants" in the passage is closest meaning to


The height of the beach may have been raised or altered by human interventions in the shore environment.

The height of the beach may be the result of erosion over a brief period of time.

It is difficult to assess if the sea actually existed at that level for any significant period of time.

The surface of Earth may have shifted,moving the beach from its original positron.

Question: According to paragraph 3, why is the height of a raised beach not a straightforward indicator of past sea level?


A decrease in the pressure of thick ice sheets.

Question: According to paragraph 3, which of following causes an isostatic uplift?


taken from.
made up of.
suggesting.
covering.

Question: The word "comprising" in the passage 4 is closest in meaning to


The coastal land currently available is smaller than it was during the Japan period.

The height of raised beaches around Tokyo Bay is a poor indicator of ancient sea levels.

The water temperature in Tokyo Bay is lower at present than it was during the Jomon period.

Tectonic movement during the Jomon period was not responsible for the formation of Tokyo Bay's raised beaches.

Question: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Tokyo Bay?


Babylonians Subarians Akkadians Sumerians

Question: According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably the

Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C., they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.
Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.
But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.


distinguished segregated concentrated conquered

Question: The word "subjugated" in line 4 is closest in meaning to


equivalent to
important for
respected in
familiar with

Question: The phrase "synonymous with" in line 5 is closest in meaning to


They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.

They had established themselves in cities.

They had created bronze tools and weapons.

Question: According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the following EXCEPT:


Archaeologists
Sumerians
years
clay tablets

Question: The word "some" in line 14 refers to


They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.

Question: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?


in the early nineteenth century
more than 150 years ago
after the 1890's
in the mid-eighteenth century

Question: According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets inscribed in Sumerian?


It became well established around 3000 B.C.

It was used exclusively for business transactions.

Question: According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek and Latin?


Question: The word "excavating" in line 19 is closest in meaning to


by translating the work of the Subarians

by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages

by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages

Question: According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?


The differences between government and newspaper weather forecasting in the United States.

The history of publishing weather maps in United States newspapers

A comparison of regional and national weather reporting in the United States.

Information that forms the basis for weather forecasting in the United States

Question: What does the passage mainly discuss?

Newspaper publishers in the United States have long been enthusiastic users and distributors of weather maps. Although some newspapers that had carried the United States Weather Bureau's national weather map in 1912 dropped it once the novelty had passed, many continued to print the daily weather chart provided by their local forecasting office. In the 1930's, when interest in aviation and progress in air-mass analysis made weather patterns more newsworthy, additional newspapers started or resumed the daily weather map. In 1935, The Associated Press (AP) news service inaugurated its WirePhoto network and offered subscribing newspapers morning and afternoon weather maps redrafted by the AP's Washington, B.C., office from charts provided by the government agency. Another news service, United Press International (UPI), developed a competing Photowire network and also provided timely weather maps for both morning and afternoon newspapers. After the United States government launched a series of weather satellites in 1966, both the AP and UPI offered cloud-cover photos obtained from the Weather Bureau.
In the late 1970's and early 1980's, the weather map became an essential ingredient in the redesign of the American newspaper. News publishers, threatened by increased competition from television for readers' attention, sought to package the news more conveniently and attractively. In 1982, many publishers felt threatened by the new USA Today, a national daily newspaper that used a page-wide, full-color weather map as its key design element. That the weather map in USA Today did not include information about weather fronts and pressures attests to the largely symbolic role it played. Nonetheless, competing local and metropolitan newspapers responded in a variety of ways. Most substituted full-color temperature maps for the standard weather maps, while others dropped the comparatively drab satellite photos or added regional forecast maps with pictorial symbols to indicate rainy, snowy, cloudy, or clear conditions. A few newspapers, notably The New York Times, adopted a highly informative yet less visually prominent weather map that was specially designed to explain an important recent or imminent weather event. Ironically, a newspaper's richest, most instructive weather maps often are comparatively small and inconspicuous.


began again
held back
thought over
referred to

Question: The word "resumed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to


a growing interest in air transportation

the improvement of weather forecasting techniques

Question: According to the passage , one important reason why newspapers printed daily weather maps during the first half of the twentieth century was


A new system of weather forecasting
An air-mass analysis
Twice daily weather maps
Cloud-cover photographs

Question: What regular service did The Associated Press and United Press International begin to offer subscribing newspapers in the 1930's?


makes up for
combines with
interferes with
gives evidence of

Question: The phrase "attests to" in line 21 is closest in meaning to


newspapers
ways
temperature maps
weather maps

Question: The word "others" in line 24 refers to


Question: The word "drab" in line 24 is closest in meaning to


printed in foil color
included for symbolic reasons
easily understood by the readers
filled with detailed information

Question: In contrast to the weather maps of USA Today, weather maps in The New York Times tended to be


Question: The word "prominent" in line 27 is closest in meaning to


is not important to newspaper publishers

does not always indicate how much information it provides

reflects how informative a newspaper can be

Question: The author uses the term "Ironically" in line 28 to indicate that a weather map's appearance


broke previous their promises of maintaining confidentiality.

felt surprised and then disappointed about Chuck.

Question: When Chuck decide to co-operate with Conor O'clery on this book, many of the people in his life _

For most of his life Chuck Feeney has guarded his privacy obsessively. When he became a philanthropist, his gifts came on condition that his name never appeared on any press release or plaque; all donations would cease if confidentiality was breached. But when he decided to co-operate with Conor O'Clery on this book, many of the people in his life, released from their Trappist vows, let themselves go. The result is gripping.
An Irish-American, born in New Jersey in 1931, Mr Feeney made a fortune by co-founding Duty Free Shoppers (DFS) which first sold tax-exempt goods to American soldiers abroad and then tapped into the rise of mass tourism. When DFS was sold in 1997, it had delivered nearly $8 billion to its four main shareholders, of which Mr Feeney was the joint biggest, with 38.75% .
Tax avoidance is the flip side to Mr Feeney's philanthropic coin. He is addicted to it. "Chuck hates taxes. He believes people can do more with money than governments can," says a friend. In 1964 a young New York lawyer, Harvey Dale, told Mr Feeney that changes in the tax laws threatened his business, which was running risks that could put the founders in jail. On his advice, Mr Feeney and his co-founder, Robert Miller, transferred ownership to their foreign-born wives, from France and Ecuador, respectively. In 1974, through a deal with the American government, the firm turned the Pacific island of Saipan into a tax haven. Then, in 1978, Mr Feeney grouped his various investments, including his shares of DFS, in a holding company, General Atlantic Group Limited, in tax-free Bermuda. To escape the American taxman, everything was still registered in his wife's name.
Mr Feeney carefully shunned all outward evidence of wealth. But as soon as DFS became reliably profitable, he started the practice of giving 5% of his pre-tax profits to good causes. In 1982 he created a foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies, based in Bermuda. Two years later he signed over his fortune to the foundation, except for sums set aside for his wife and children. His net worth fell below $5m. When he broke the news to his children, he gave them each a copy of Andrew Carnegie's essay on wealth, written in 1889.
Mr Feeney has given his alma mater, Cornell University, more than $600m, dwarfing all other donations from a single alumnus to an American university. He has contributed hundreds of millions of dollars towards higher education in Ireland, South Africa and Australia. He has helped with health care in Vietnam. In 2004 he went to Cuba, where he met Fidel Castro, who seemed only too happy to accept his capitalist-tax-avoided dollars. But it was his support for the Irish peace process that caused the most controversy, including accusations (without foundation, it turned out) that he had financed the IRA.
Mr Feeney is committed to giving away all the money in his foundation by a fixed date-thought to be in about ten years-but his investment prowess makes this difficult. Currently, Atlantic Philanthropies is worth $4 billion (up from $3.5 billion in 2001) even though, over its lifetime, it has given away about $4 billion in increasing amounts. The trouble for Mr Feeney is that the foundation's assets are growing as fast as he tries to get rid of them.


he wanted to give more money to good causes.

he thought the government was corrupted.

he thought people could manage the society with their own money by themselves.

Question: Mr Feeney was dedicated to avoiding tax because _


made favorable tax policy for Mr. Feeney's firm

Question: Pacific island of Saipan  _  through a deal with the American government in 1974.


He made huge donations to Cornell University.

He contributed money to higher education.

He supported the health care in Vietnam.

He financed the IRA for the Irish peace process

Question: Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Mr. Feeney's charity activities?


he has made too much investment elsewhere to take back the money.

the foundation's assets are increasing too fast to be completely given away.

he has trouble in finding reliable means to donate all the money.

ten years is too long for him to give away all the money.

Question: It is difficult for Mr. Feeney to give away all the money in his foundation in about ten years since _


Question: The word "botched" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means _

When Catholic clergy or "pro-life" politicians argue that abortion laws should be tightened, they do so in the belief that this will reduce the number of terminations. Yet the largest global study of abortion ever undertaken casts doubt on that simple proposition. Restricting abortions, the study says, has little effect on the number of pregnancies terminated. Rather, it drives women to seek illegal, often unsafe backstreet abortions leading to an estimated 67,000 deaths a year. A further 5m women require hospital treatment as a result of botched procedures.
In Africa and Asia, where abortion is generally either illegal or restricted, the abortion rate in 2003 (the latest year for which figures are available) was 29 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. This is almost identical to the rate in Europe-28-where legal abortions are widely available. Latin America, which has some of the world's most restrictive abortion laws, is the region with the highest abortion rate (31), while western Europe, which has some of the most liberal laws, has the lowest (12).
The study, carried out by the Guttmacher Institute in New York in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and published in a British medical journal, the Lancet, found that most abortions occur in developing countries-35m a year, compared with just 7m in rich countries. But this was largely a reflection of population size. A woman's likelihood of having an abortion is similar whether she lives in a rich country (26 per 1,000) or a poor or middle-income one (29).
Lest it be thought that these sweeping continental numbers hide as much as they reveal, the same point can be made by looking at those countries which have changed their laws. Between 1995 and 2005, 17 nations liberalised abortion legislation, while three tightened restrictions. The number of induced abortions nevertheless declined from nearly 46m in 1995 to 42m in 2003, resulting in a fall in the worldwide abortion rate from 35 to 29. The most dramatic drop-from 90 to 44-was in former communist Eastern Europe, where abortion is generally legal, safe and cheap. This coincided with a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world's highest abortion rate, with more terminations than live births.
The risk of dying in a botched abortion is only part of a broader problem of maternal health in poor countries. Of all the inequalities of development, this is arguably the worst. According to a report published this week by Population Action International, a Washington-based lobby group, women in poor countries are 250 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women in rich ones. （2) Of the 535,000 women who died in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications in 2005, 99% were in developing countries, according to another report by a group of UN agencies, including WHO, also out this week. Africa accounted for more than half such deaths.As the UN report noted, countries with the highest levels of maternal mortality have made the least progress towards reducing it. A woman in Africa has a one in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth, compared with one in 3,800 for a woman in the rich world.


the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country's national wealth.

the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country's restricting measures on abortion.

the abortion rate cannot be lowered through the legal measures.

the abortion rate cannot be lowered by the implement of tightened abortion laws.

Question: The fact that the abortion rate in Africa and Asia in 2003 is almost identical to that in Europe implies that _ .


the abortion rate in countries with strict aboriton laws is higher than that of the counties with liberal laws.

there are much more abortions occuring in developing countries than in developed countries.

there was a dramatic drop in former communist Easter Europe between 1995 and 2005.

there was a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world's highest abortion rate between 1995 and 2005.

Question: The conclusion of the study can be proved by the following proofs offered in the passage except that  _


botched procedures of abortion in poor countries.

inequalities of development between rich and poor countries.

ignorance of and little emphasis on the maternal health in poor countries.

Question: Women in poor countries are much more likely dying in childbirth or pregnancy than women in rich countires because of  _


a study on the aborition rate between developed and developing countries.

a study on the aborition laws in different countries.

a study on the general maternal health condition in different countries.

a study on the influence of the aboriton laws on the abortion rate.

Question: The passage is mainly about _


critical questioning approving objective

Question: In the passage the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching" is ________.

We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (…) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.


made to remain in the same classes
forced to study I the lower classes
drawn to their studies
prevented from advancing

Question: By "held back" (Line 1) the author means "________"


learning ability and communicative skills

Question: The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________.


Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with other.

Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.

Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.

Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.

Question: Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?


argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class

recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities

offer advice on the proper use of the library

emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching

Question: The author's purpose in writing this passage is to ________.


she should have been doing her housework then

her girls weren't supposed to play the boy's game

Question: Mrs. Patrick was laughing guilnly because she thought.

It was Saturday. As always, it was a busy one, for "Six days shall you labor and do all your work" was taken seriously back then. Outside,Father and Mr. Patrick next door were busy chopping firewood. Inside their own houses, Mother and Mrs. Patrick were engaged in spring cleaning.
Somehow the boys had slipped away to the back lot with their kites. Now, even at the risk of having Brother caught to beat carpets , they had sent him to the kitchen for string. It seemed there was no limit to the heights to which kites would fly today.
My mother looked at the sitting room ,its furniture disorderd for a thorough sweeping, Agun she cast a look toward the window. "Come on, girls ! Let's take string to the boys and watch them
On the way we met Mrs. Patrick, laughing guiltily as if she were doing something
wrong, together with her girls.
There never was such a day for flying kited! We played all our fresh string into the boys' kites and they went up higher and higher.We could hardly distinguish the orange-colored spots of the kites. Now and then we slowly pulled one kite back, watching it dancing up and down it the wind, and finally bringing it down to earth , just for the joy of sending it up again.
Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. "Perhaps it's like this in the kingdom of heaven," I thought confusedly.
It was growing dark before we all walked sleepily back to house. I suppose we had some sort of supper. I suppose there must have been a surface tidying-up, for the house on Sunday looked clean and orderly enough. The strange thing was , we didn't mention that day afterward. I flt a little embarrassed.Surely none of the others had been as excited as I. I locked the memory up in that deepest part of me where we keep"the things that cannot be and yet they are."
The years went on, then one day I was hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my three-year-old insistently cried her desire to "go park ,see duck."
"I can't go!" I said. "I have this and this to do, and when I'm through I'll be too tired to walk that for."
My mother , who was visiting us , looked up from the peas she was shelling ,"It's a wonderful day,"she offered，"Really warm , yet there's a fine breczc. Do you remember that day we flew kites?"
I stopped in my dash between stove and sink. The looked door flew open and with it a rush of memories. "Come on."I told my little girl. "You're right , it's too good a day to miss."
Another decade passed. We were in the aftermath of a great war. All evening we had been asking our returned soldier, the youngest Patrick Boy, about his experiences as a prisoner of war. He had talked freely , but now for a long time he had been silent. What was he thinking of - what dark and horrible things?
"Say!" A smile slipped out from his lips. "Do you remember --- no, of course you wouldn't. It probably didn't make the impression on you as it did on me."
I hardly dared speak."Remember what ?"
"I used to think of that day a lot in POW camp, when things weren't too good. Do you remember the day we flew the kites?"


felt confused
went wild with joy
looked on
forgot their fights

Question: By"we were all beside ourselves", the writer means that they all.


The boys must have had more fun than the girls.

They should have finished their work before playing.

Her parents should spend more time with them.

All the others must have forgotten that day.

Question: What did the writer think after the kite-flying?


She suddenly remembered her duty as a mother.

She was reminded of the day they flew kites.

She had finished her work in the kitchen.

She thought it was a great day to play outside.

Question: Why did the writer finally agree to take her little girl for an outing?


the writer was not alone in treasuring her fond memories

his experience in POW camp threw a shadow over his life

childhood friendship means so much to the writer

people like him really changed a lot after the war

Question: The youngest Patrick Boy is mentioned to show that _ .


difference in life span between males and females of different species.

difference in life span among species of different mating patterns.

the reason of why human females outlive their male counterparts.

natural selection among males and females during evolution.

Question: The passage is mainly discussing about _

In the cause of equal rights, feminists have had much to complain about. But one striking piece of inequality has been conveniently overlooked: lifespan. In this area, women have the upper hand. All round the world, they live longer than men. Why they should do so is not immediately obvious. But the same is true in many other species. From lions to antelope and from sea lions to deer, males, for some reason, simply can't go the distance. One theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressures. If this theory is correct, the effect will be especially noticeable in those species where males compete for the attention of lots of females. Conversely, it will be reduced or absent where they do not.
To test that idea, Tim Clutton-Brock of Cambridge University and Kavita Isvaran of the Indian Institute of Science in Bengalooru decided to compare monogamous and polygynous species (in the latter, a male monopolises a number of females). They wanted to find out whether polygynous males had lower survival rates and aged faster than those of monogamous species. To do so, they collected the relevant data for 35 species of long-lived birds and mammals.
As they report, the pattern was much as they expected. In 16 of the 19 polygynous species in their sample, males of all ages were much more likely to die during any given period than were females. Furthermore, the older they got, the bigger the mortality gap became. In other words, they aged faster. Males from monogamous species did not show these patterns. The point about polygyny is that if one male has exclusive access to, say, ten females, another nine males will be waiting to topple the harem master as soon as he shows the first sign of weakness. The intense competitive pressure means that individuals who succeed put all their efforts into one or two breeding seasons.
That obviously takes its toll directly. But a more subtle effect may also be at work. Most students of ageing agree that an animal's maximum lifespan is set by how long it can reasonably expect to escape predation, disease, accident and damaging aggression by others of its kind. If it will be killed quickly anyway, there is not much reason for evolution to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in tip-top condition. Those resources should, instead, be devoted to reproduction. And the more threatening the outside world is, the shorter the maximum lifespan should be.
There is no reason why that logic should not work between the sexes as well as between species. The test is to identify a species that has made its environment so safe that most of its members die of old age, and see if the difference continues to exist. Fortunately, there is such a species: man. Dr Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past-as it still is, in some places. That may not please some feminists, but it could be the price women have paid for outliving their menfolk.


the most excellent ones.
the most powerful ones.
the most attrative ones.
the most aggressive ones.

Question: In the sentence "That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males...", "antlers, agression and alloy wheels" represent _


Polygamous species have shorter life spans than molygynous species.

Polygamous species aged faster than than molygynous species.

Polygamous males decrease faster in number as they grow older.

Monogamous males live as long as their females.

Question: Which one of the following statement is TRUE of points proved by the test of Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran?


resources should be devoted to reproduction rather than sustaining life.

resources should be used most efficiently.

species in the most dangerous environment should not waste the resources.

there is no need to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in best condition.

Question: The logic behind the fact that the species living in the most dangerous environment have the shortest lifespan is that _


Polygymy was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past.

The sex difference on life span is attributable to humans' biological past which should not be denied by feminists.

The logic does not work between the sexes as well as between species.

It was polygymy that accounts for human females' general longevity over males.

Question: The test conducted by Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran demostrates that _


It excludes interactions between more than two species.

It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

Question: Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.
At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.
In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is ;;inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.
The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.
The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.


Question: The word derives in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to


Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.

Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.

The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.

Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.

Question: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?


Influenced Infected strengthened destroyed

Question: The word devastated in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to


Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.

The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.

Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.

Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.

Question: Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about the Australian rabbit population?


The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.

The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.

The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.

Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.

Question: According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:


Indefensibly Substantially Unintentionally Partially

Question: The word inadvertently in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to


adding enriching carbohydrates
speeding the decay of organic matter
destroying enzymes that pollute it
contributing nitrogen to it

Question: According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil by


The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.

The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.

The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.

Question: According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?


To explain the concept of symbiosis by expanded descriptions of its principal types

To make a comparison between human relationships and symbiotic interactions in the natural world

To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructive

To argue that parasitism is a problem that can be solved by scientific intervention

Question: What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?


Polarity Reversal: A Fantastic Phenomenon of Nature.

Measurement of the Earth's MagneticField Intensity.

Formation of the Two Poles of the Earth.

A New Approach to the study of Geophysics.

Question: Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the passage?

There are some earth phenomena you can count on, but the magnetic field, someday is not of them. It fluctuates in strength, drifts from its axis, and every few 100,000 years undergo, dramatic polarity reversal-a period when north pole beco mes south pole and south pole becomes north pole. But how is the field generated , and why is it so unstable?
Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery. Using 80 meters of deep sea sediment core, they have obtained me asurements of magneticfield intensity that span 11 polarity reversals and four million years. The analysis reveals that intensity appears to fluctuate with a clear, welldefined rhythm. Although the strength of the magnetic field varies irregularly during the short term, there seems to be an inevitable long term dec line preceding each polarity reversal. When the poles flip-a process that takes several hundred thousand years-the magnetic field rapidly regains its strength and the cycle is repeated.
The results have caused a stir among geophysicists. The magnetic field is though t to originate from molten iron in the outer core,3,000 kilometers beneath the e arth's surface. By studying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify revers als dating back 170 million years, including the most recent switch 730,000 year s ago. How and why they occur, however, has been widely debated. Several theorie s link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts. But Peter Ol son, a geophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, says this is u nlikely if the French researchers are right. In fact, Olson says intensity that predictably declines from one reversal to the next contradicts 90 percent of the models currently under study. If the results prove to be valid geophysicists wi ll have a new theory to guide them in their quest to understand the earth's inne r physics. It certainly points the direction for future research.


Some regularity in the changes of the earth's magnetic field.

Some causes of the fluctuation of the earth's magnetic field.

The origin of the earth's magnetic field.

Question: What have the two French geophysicists discovered in their research?


its identification of the origin of the earth's magnetic field

the way the earth's magnetic intensity is measured

its explanation of the shift in the earth's polarity

the way the earth's fluctuation rhythm is defined

Question: The French geophysicists' study is different from currently prevailing theories in _ .


is likely to direct further research in the inner physics of the earth

has successfully solved the mystery of polarity reversals

is certain to help predict external disasters

has caused great confusion among the world's geophysicists

Question: In Peter Olson's opinion the French experiment _ .