into children's hats
into children's stockings
under children's beds
into children's shoes

Question: Father Christmas often puts the presents  _ .


Question: Father Christmas comes into the house through the  _ .

On Christmas Eve ----- the night before Christmas Day children are very happy. They put their stockings at the end of their beds before they go to bed. They want Father Christmas to give them some presents.
Mr. Green tells his children that Father Christmas is a very kind man. He comes on Christmas Eve. He lands on top of each house and comes down the chimney into the fireplace and brings them a lot of present.
Christmas Day always begins before breakfast. The children wake up very early. They can't wait to open the presents in their stockings. Then they wake up their parents and call: Merry Christmas!''
Do you know what Christmas means? Christmas Day is the birthday of Jesus Christ. When Christ was born, many people gave him presents. So today, people still do the same thing to each other.


Good morning!
Happy New Year!
Best wishes for you!
Merry Christmas!

Question: On the morning of Christmas Day, children wake up their parents very early and say  _ .


give presents
ask for money
ask for presents
give money

Question: On Christmas Day, people often  _  to children


The proposal is initially proposed by Bloomberg administration.

The proposal is merely proposed for the sake of mayoral race.

Investors should sponsor the program according to the proposal.

The proposal aims at paying for early education.

Question: What can we learn from Para.1 about Scott M. Stringer's proposal?

Piggybacking on a recent Bloomberg administration initiative, Scott M. Stringer, the Manhattan borough president, plans to propose on Tuesday that New York City experiment with an innovative method to help pay for early education. Mr. Stringer, a Democrat who is a likely contender for mayor in 2013, is advocating that the city explore the use of social-impact bonds, also called pay-for-success bonds, to expand access to Early Head Start, which helps pregnant mothers and families with children up to age 3. Such bonds-actually loans made by investors to pay for a program-typically require a government to pay the investors a return on their principal only if a program meets certain goals and helps that entity save money.
Mr. Stringer said that his proposal would not cost taxpayers anything and stood in marked contrast to what other likely mayoral contenders have recently suggested in education, which has emerged as a key early issue in the mayor's race.
Earlier this month, Bill de Blasio, the public advocate, proposed raising taxes on the wealthiest New Yorkers to pay for more prekindergarten classes and after-school activities for students in Grades 6 to 8. In June, state lawmakers approved a proposal from Christine C. Quinn, the City Council speaker, to make kindergarten mandatory for all 5-year-olds in New York City, potentially covering 3,000 students who enter first grade without having first gone to kindergarten.
" We are fooling ourselves if we think the same old approach to funding education will get us to where we want to be,"  said Mr. Stringer, who plans to discuss his proposal-and several others designed to allow working- and middle-class New Yorkers more access to legal services-during a speech to the New York City Bar Association.
To make the investment worthwhile for both investor and government, people who are experienced in the field say that an early-education program would likely require an investment of anywhere from $5 million to $25 million. But some critics fret that monetary incentives could distort the programs, or the way they are evaluated, and that the public sector could cater too much to potential investors.
In theory, Mr. Stringer's proposal was welcomed by both the Bloomberg administration and Goldman Sachs. Alicia Glen, head of Goldman Sachs's Urban Investment Group, which is investing in the Rikers Island project, noted that early education has attracted enormous interest, and that three or four other municipalities across the country were already trying to come up with early-education social-impact bonds.


Question: The writer's attitude to Scott M. Stringer's proposal can be said as  _ .


investors and the government would not afford the expenditure

the investment could not stimulate the program

monetary incentives might bring negative effects on the program

the public sector might commit corruption

Question: Regarding the expenditure in early-education program, many feared that  _ .


Goldman Sachs will invest in early-education

early-education will have a good development prospect

Alicia Glen put forward early-education social-impact bonds first

early-education needs to attract enormous interest

Question: It can be inferred from the last paragraph that  _ .


How to Collect Money for Early Education

Who Will Be the Winner in the Mayoral Race

Question: The most appropriate title for this text would be  _ .


all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards

the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving

consumers would believe many of the manufactures' claim

few products actually prove to be environment friendly

Question: According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that _ .

Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge  of environmental claims made by household products, according to a "green labeling" study published by Consumers International Friday.
Among the report's more outrageous  findings-a German fertilizer described itself as "earthworm friendly" a brand of flour said it was "non-polluting" and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier"
The study was written and researched by 's National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
" While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy," said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in , Western Europe, Scandinavia and the . It found that products sold in  and the  made the most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent  insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
"Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing," said report researcher Philip Page.
"Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading." he said.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as "environmentally friendly" and "non-polluting" cannot be verified. "What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO." said Page.


are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy

are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling

are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment

still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment

Question: As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers _ .


find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards

inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy

examine claims made by products against ISO standards

revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization

Question: A study was carried out by 's NCC to _ .


They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.

Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.

They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.

Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don't need.

Question: What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?


make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements

see all household products meet environmental standards

warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products

verify the efforts of non-polluting products

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to _ .


Christianity
religious advocation
mysterious thoughts
crazy belief

Question: By the word" religion" （Line 4, Paragraph 1）, the author means  _ .

As he lays out his vision for the future of open-source software, Mark Shuttleworth is enthusiastic, but he looks tired. He has been up late negotiating yet another deal as part of his mission to bring open source to a wider audience. A successful South African entrepreneur during the dotcom era, he wants open-source advocates to lose their religion and concentrate on ease-of-use instead. And he is putting his money where his mouth is. Since 2004, he has been using his fortune to fund the Ubuntu project, which makes a user-friendly version of Linux, the open-source operating system. Ubuntu is a Zulu and Xhosa term that roughly means" universal bond of sharing between humans" . Ubuntu's slogan is" Linux for human beings" , and it is aimed at mainstream computer users. For although Linux is popular on servers, it is not, so far, used on many desktops.
In part that is because open-source software tends to polarise opinion. It has many critics who suspect that software written by idealistic guys, and made available free to anyone who wants to download it, must be some kind of communist plot. Zealous believers, meanwhile, long for open source to triumph over the evil empires of commercial software. This clash is often depicted as an epic struggle between Linux and Microsoft's proprietary Windows operating system. But the truth is that most computer users do not know or care about the politics of open-source software. Mr Shuttleworth says most people simply want to read their e-mail, browse the web and so on.
" It's very easy to declare victory,"  says Mr Shuttleworth, describing the conceited attitude of some open-source supporters. " There are big chunks of the software world that depend on free software."  But Ubuntu's aim is not to conquer the software establishment and replace its products. Rather than seeing open-source software as one of two competing ideologies and focusing on the struggle, Ubuntu thinks about the user. Ubuntu is a complete bundle of software, from operating system to applications and programming tools, that is updated every six months and, says Mr Shuttleworth, will always be free. Taking the debate out of open source is intended to move adoption beyond politically motivated enthusiasts and encourage mass adoption of the software on its merits.
It is a bold scheme, but Mr Shuttleworth is not a man to think small. He was raised in a suburb of Cape Town, an unlikely place from which to join the internet revolution. Yet that was his goal from the day he first used a web browser. When he saw that the internet was switching from a text-based to a graphical medium, " I sensed that everything was going to change,"  he says. He spent a couple of years looking for the right way to get involved, given his situation. " I had to find something to do that was cutting-edge, without requiring much bandwidth or venture capital,"  he says. He succeeded handsomely by setting up a company, Thawte, that made digital certificates and security software to support internet commerce. He sold the firm for over $500m to VeriSign in 1999, near the peak of the dotcom boom.


Objective. Optimistic. Discouraged. Confused.

Question: How does the author feel about the Ubuntu project?


Mr Shuttleworth does not like to think about small projects

Mr Shuttleworth only cares about important and great things

Question: When mentioning" Mr Shuttleworth is not a man to think small"  （Line 1, Paragraph 4）the author means  _ .


Mr Shuttleworth focuses on the popularity and mass applicability of the open-source software.

Mr Shuttleworth intends to arouse the public awareness of the political controversy on open-source.

Zealous advocates only care about the political fight against Microsoft's commercial operating systems.

Zealous advocates are not aware of the open-source merits in terms of everyday use.

Question: What is the difference between Mr Shuttleworth and some zealous open-source advocates?


It is free to download from Internet and is updated regularly.

It is user-oriented and can therefore be used with ease.

It tends to replace the current commericial software.

It can be used by anyone who has access to Internet.

Question: Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of the Ubuntu software?


hoped to have the food first and pay later

could not afford anything more expensive

Question: The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits _ .

Compassion is a desire within us to help others.With effort, we can translate compassion into action.An experience last weekend showed me this is true.I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly.These old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slowness.But last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson.This untidy man walked up to my register with a box of biscuits.He said he was out of cash, had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboards.He asked if we could let him have the food on trust.He promised to repay me the next day.
I couldnt help staring at him.I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his way.I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world.I told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do so.I felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job.
Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up.If anything, he looked more pitiable.Charge it to me, was all he said.
What I had been feeling was pity.Pity is soft and safe and easy.Compassion, on the other hand, is caring in action.I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either.Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself.I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.


kind and lucky
poor and lonely
friendly and helpful
hurt and disappointed

Question: Which of the following best describes the old gentleman?


he expected someone else to pay for the old man

Question: The writer acted upon the store rules because _ .


Wealth is more important than anything else.

Helping others is easier said than done.

Experience is better gained through practice.

Obeying the rules means more than compassion.

Question: What does the writer learn from his experience?


develop closer relations
share the same culture
get to know each other
keep each other company

Question: In some countries, eating together at restaurants may make it easier for people to _ .

Meeting people from another culture can be difficult. From the beginning, people may send the wrong signal (）. Or they may pay no attention to signals from another person who is trying to develop a relationship.
Different cultures emphasize (）the importance of relationship building to a greater or lesser degree. For example, business in some countries is not possible until there is a relationship of trust. Even with people at work, it is necessary to spend a lot of time in "small talk", usually over a glass of tea, before they do any job. In many European countries-like the UK or France- people find it easier to build up a lasting working relationship at restaurants or cafes rather than at the office.
Talk and silence may also be different in some cultures. I once made a speech in Thailand. I had expected my speech to be a success and start a lively discussion instead there was an uncomfortable silence. The people present just stared at me and smiled. After getting to know their ways better, I realized that they thought I was talking too much. In my own culture, we express meaning mainly through words, but people them sometimes feel too many words are unnecessary.
Even within Northern Europe, cultural differences can cause serious problems. Certainly, English and German cultures share similar values; however, Germans prefer to get down to business more quickly. We think that they are rude. In fact, this is just because one culture starts discussions and makes decisions mom quickly.
People from different parts of the world have different values, and sometimes these values are quite against each other. However, it we can understand them better, a multicultural environment (） will offer a wonderful chance for us to learn from each other.


the English prefer to make long speeches

people from Thailand are quiet and shy by nature

even talk and silence can he culturally different

Question: The author mentions his experience in Thailand to show that _ .


By sharing different ways of life.
By accepting different habits.
By recognizing different values.
By speaking each other's languages.

Question: According to the text, how can people from different cultures understand each other better?


Multicultural Environment.
Cross-Cultural Differences.
How to Understand Each Other.
How to Build Up a Relationship.

Question: What would be the best title for the text?


become serious about her study
go to her friend's house regularly
learn from her classmates at school
share poems and stories with her friend

Question: In the eighth grade, what the author did before developing proper social behavior was to _ .

When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminateme and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share.
When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend. We were shy and "too serious" about our studies when it was becoming fashionable with our classmates to learn acceptable social behaviors. We said little at school, but she would come to my house and we would sit down with pencils and paper, and one of us would say: "Let's start with a train whistle today." We would sit quietly together and write separate poems or stories that grew out of a train whistle. Then we would read them aloud. At the end of that school year, we, too, were changed into social creatures and the stories and poems stopped.
When I lived for a time in London, I had a friend.He was in despairand I was in despair. But our friendship was based on the idea in each of us that we would be sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time. We met every Sunday for five weeks and found many excellent things. We walked until our despairs disappeared and then we parted. We gave London to each other.
For almost four years I have had a remarkable friend whose imagination illuminates mine. We write long letters in which we often discover our strangest selves. Each of us appears, sometimes in a funny way, in the other's dreams. She and I agree that, at certain times, we seem to be parts of the same mind. In my most interesting moments, I often think: " Yes, I must tell…."We have never met.
It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist，who will only fill up the healingsilence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.


our exploration of London was a memorable gift to both of us

we were unwilling to tear ourselves away from London

our unpleasant feelings about London disappeared

Question: In Paragraph 3, "We gave London to each other" probably means _ .


call each other regularly
have similar personalities
enjoy writing to each other
dream of meeting each other

Question: According to Paragraph 4, the author and her friend _ .


seek professional help
be left alone
stay with her best friend
break the silence

Question: In the darkest moments, the author would prefer to _ .


Unforgettable Experiences
Remarkable Imagination
Lifelong Friendship
Noble Companions

Question: What is the best title for the passage?


Because they don't like cooking themselves,

Because there are more choices in the restaurants.

Question: Why Americans cannot eat elaborately prepared meals at leisure?

When they do have the chance to eat at home often the working housewife prefers to prepare meals which can be quickly heated and consumed. It is no wonder, therefore, that America has become a sanctuary for fast food consumption.
This great transformation occurred after World War II when many women began to work full-time jobs and were spending less time at home with their families. Women, however, wanted to function well in the capacity of home-maker, as well as that of career woman but time became a precious commodity which had to be carefully used.
Therefore, it was necessary to make her life easier at home in the preparation of the family dinner. Simultaneously with women entering the job market there was also a shifting of the focus of home entertainment from the radio to the television.
Television became the latest fad in the fifties and no one wanted to miss his or her favorite televised program. The place for the evening's supper shifted from the dining room to the living room.
As the customs changed, so did the culture. The immediate solution for this was the invention of the TV dinner. These were frozen meals which were sectioned off into portions of meat and vegetables. They could easily be popped into an oven and prepared within minutes. The tin trays in which they were served were conveniently carried into the living room and dinner was consamed in front of a TV set. Cleaning up afterwards was no problem. The tin trays were easily tossed into the garbage.
From fast dinners at home the next step was quick eating while on the road. At this time also the love for TV was combined with the fascination for the automobile. It is not odd that with the development of the superhighways America saw the beginning of fast food chains. McDonald's paved the way with its variety of burgers and shakes soon to be followed by all kinds of other foods. Today dozens of fast-food chain franchises can be found along highways, in modem shopping malls and scattered throughout neighborhoods in America. Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Roy Roger's, Burger King and Wendy's are just a few of the fast-food chains which are now part of American culture. They offer chicken, donuts, tacos and pizza, all quickly produced in great quantities for the masses. These establishments have given shape to the modern lifestyles and diet of the American people.


few women would like to be homemakers any more

Question: Americans have been the consumers of fast food since


the attraction of the radio
their preference in fast food
the shift of home focus
the attraction of the television

Question: Americans began to have supper in the living rooms because of


the beginning of fast food chain franchises

Question: The fast food chains began to flourish with _


the changes of Americans' eating customs

Question: The main topic of the passage is _


some babies are born with a sense of direction.

people learn a sense of direction as they grow older

people never lose their sense of direction

everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

Question: Scientists believe that _ .

You either have it, or you don't-a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?
Scientists say we're all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don't use is, we lose it.
"Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around," says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. "However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills."
Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:
●If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.
●If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.
●Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.
Now you need never get lost again!


They never have a sense of direction without maps

They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction

They have a sense of direction and can find their way around

They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.

Question: What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?


tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolen

draw a map of the route to help remember where it is

avoid taking the same route when you come back to it

remember something easily recognizable on the route

Question: If you leave your bike in a strange place, you should _ .


use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs

count the number of landmarks that you see

Question: According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _ .


Sportsman.
Audience.
Both of them.
None of them.

Question: Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnicstructure of America?

It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington,and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played inthe two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell usmuch about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States.
Professional football in the United States is almost wholly playedby native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many ofthem black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh morethan 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weigh and muscles, for how fastthey can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggestcrowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.
The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseballWorld Series. Baseball was once America's favorite game, but has lost thatclaim to basketball.
Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness.Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important thanpure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread aroundmuch of the New World. In that Sunday's final, the final hit of the extrainning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player inthe game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash withHispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a gamethat may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the restof the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with adash of Japanese added for seasoning.
Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widelyenjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football,the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professionalsoccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by SouthAmericans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finallytaking up the most popular game in the world.
Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around theworld, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a gamelargely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, aversion of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived,is also gaining a keen national following.
Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchairenthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.


Native-born American citizens.
Europeans.
South Americans.
Both B and C.

Question: Who play professional football in the United States?.


Baseball.
Basketball.
Professional football.
Soccer.

Question: What is America's favorite game?


In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different.

Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many nativeAmericans play it.

It is the most popular game in the world, so many Americancitizens take up it.

Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, Americancitizens in large numbers do not like first.

Question: Which of the following statements about soccer is true?


Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changingethnic structure of the United States

In Washington, several games are played in one day

The American games are watched by native-Americans and played bypeople from different countries

Question: The author of the passage wants to tell us that  _ .


what the progress of Baldessari's art creating is

why Baldessari investigate the roles for art

Question: The main idea of this passage is  _ .

He has influenced generations of artists but John Baldessari's own celebrity came relatively late. A physically imposing 79-year-old, he seemed slightly uncomfortable at a press conference at the Metropolitan Museum, where a travelling retrospective of his work has just opened for its final stop. Asked to distil his art for the many who have not heard of him, he responded cheerfully that it was not the job of an artist to "spoon-feed" viewers but to make them feel intelligent.
For decades Mr Baldessari has made art that challenges convention. Though his work is heavily conceptual, it is not designed to alienateand is often very funny. In the wake of abstract expressionism, when painting was all, Mr Baldessari was investigating what it meant to make a painting, what the rules were, and how far he could stretch them. In the 1960s he created a series of works that featured mostly text on canvas, painted by sign professionals.
One, in black letters on canvas, reads "PURE BEAUTY". The words sit there like a taunt, a question, a declaration.
"I do not believe in screwing the bourgeoisie," Mr Baldessari explained in an interview. The irony in his work is not designed to reveal what is vacant in art, or what is silly about those who buy it. He just wants people to question what they are looking at. He pokes fun at the art establishment, but he lets viewers in on the joke. Art, he says, supplies"spiritual nourishment". Asked if a show at the Met sat uncomfortably with his subversive streak, Mr Baldessari did not miss a beat: "I would be happy to hang in a broom closet at the Met. It's a huge honour."
Mr Baldessari attributes some of his experimentation to having grown up in National City, California, a suburb just north of the Mexican border and well beyond the reach of any art scene. He was culturally isolated, but also free from the pressures of rejection. "I was trying to find out what was irreducibly art." His boldest early work was his "Cremation Project" in 1970, when he ceremonially burned nearly all the paintings he had made between 1953 and 1966. "I really think it's my best piece to date," he wrote of it at the time.
He supported himself by teaching, mainly at the progressive California Institute of the Arts in Valencia. He earned a reputation for being a revolutionary and generous teacher who inspired students to renounce painting and view art as something that happens in the brain. "Artists are indebted to him," said Marla Prather, who organised the show at the Met. He taught countless people how to make art from the ordinary stuff of life. Now the man himself is finally getting his due.


showing the ideas to people by means of holding a spoon

providing people with materials to create art

cheering up the people seeing the pictures

Question: The word "spoon-feed" (Line 4, Para. 1 ) means  _ .


Question: Which of the following is not the principal feature of Baldessari's work?


He hopes people can challenged what they see.

He uses irony to attract people to buy them.

He uses it to reveal what really matters in art.

Question: What's the purpose of John Baldessari's using irony in his works?


he needs much more money to run his travelling shows

he wants students to readjust their perspective on art

he thinks school is the best place to create art

he wants to talk students into giving up painting

Question: The highlight of John Baldessari's job as a teacher is that  _


How Hard Life is for Box Boys
Getting along with Customers
Why I Gave up My Job
The Art of Taking Tips

Question: What can be the best title for this text?

I'm seventeen. I had worked as a box boy at asupermarket in Los Angeles. People came to thecounter and you put things in their bags for them.And carried things to their cars. It was hard work.
While working, you wear a plate with your name onit. I once met someone I knew years ago. Iremembered his name and said, "Mr Castle, how areyou?" We talked about this and that. As he left, he said, "It was nice talking to you, Brett." Ifelt great, he remembered me. Then I looked down at my name plate. Oh no. He didn'tremember me at all, he just read the name plate. I wish I had put "Irving" down on my nameplate. If he have said, "Oh yes, Irving, how could I forget you?" I have been ready for him.There's nothing personal here.
The manager and everyone else who were a step above the box boys often shouted orders. Oneof these was: You couldn't accept tips. Okay, I'm outside and I put the bags in the car.For a lot of people, the natural reaction is to take a quarter and give it to me. "I'm sorry,I can't." They'd get angry. When you give someone a tip, you're sort of being polite. You take aquarter and you put it in their hands and you expect them to say, "Oh, thanks a lot." When yousay, "I'm sorry, I can't," they feel a little put down. They say, "No one will know." And they putit in your pocket. You say, "I really can't." It gets to a point where you almost have to hurt aperson physically to prevent him from tipping you. It was not in agreement with thestore's belief in being friendly. Accepting tips was a friendly thing and made the customer feelgood. I just couldn't understand the strangeness of some people's ideas. One lady actually putit in my pocket, got in the car, and drove away. I would have had to throw the quarter at her oreaten it or something.
I had decided that one year was enough. Some people needed the job to stay alive and fed. Iguess I had the means and could afford to hate it and give it up.


the writer didn't like the impersonal part of his job

with a name plate, people can easily start talking

Question: From the second paragraph, we can infer that _ .


some customers had strange ideas about tipping

the store forbade the box boys to take tips

he didn't want to fight with the customers

Question: The box boy refused to accept tips because _ .


The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy

The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century

The problems associated with the earliest factories

The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century

Question: What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber - all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.


were eventually able to use sophisticated technology

Question: Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who


recovered from
depended on
started on
contributed to

Question: The phrase "hinged on" in line 9 is closest in meaning to


The availability of natural resources found only in the United States

The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances

The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation

The availability of a large immigrant work force

Question: Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in the United States before 1914?


Question: The word "lured" in line 19 is closest in meaning to


adults
promises
goods and services
social opportunities

Question: The word "Others" in line 20 refers to other


nonproductive unacceptable nonessential unprofitable

Question: The word "expendable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to


created new and interesting jobs on farms

reduced the number of people willing to do farm work

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that industrialization


Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.

Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.

The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.

Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.

Question: What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming "capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive" (lines 23-24)?


specialized in one aspect of the finished product only

Question: According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers


Question: The word "Traditionally" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Determining what extinct dinosaurs ate is difficult, but we can infer some aspects of their dietary preferences. Traditionally, this information has been derived from direct evidence, such as stomach contents, and indirect evidence, such as establishing a correlation between particular body characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs.
Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws. Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws. The advantage of teeth and claws as predatory tools is obvious. Now consider animals like cows, horses, rabbits, and mice. These animals have flat teeth at the back of the jaw that are analogous to and have the same function as grindstones. Unlike the meat-slicing and stabbing teeth of carnivores, the teeth of these animals grind and shred plant material before digestion.
More clues exist in other parts of the skull. The jaw joint of carnivores such as dogs and cats has the mechanical advantage of being at the same level as the tooth row, allowing the jaws to close with tremendous speed and forcing the upper teeth to occlude against the lower teeth with great precision. In herbivorous animals, rapid jaw closure is less important. Because the flat teeth of herbivores work like grindstones, however, the jaws mush move both side to side and front to back. The jaw joints of many advanced herbivores, such as cows, lie at a different level than the tooth row, allowing transverse tearing, shredding, and compression of plant material. If we extend such observations to extinct dinosaurs, we can infer dietary preferences (such as carnivory and herbivory), even though we cannot determine the exact diet. The duck-billed dinosaurs known as hadrosaurs are a good example of a group whose jaw joint is below the level of the tooth row, which probably helped them grind up tough, fibrous vegetation.
Paleontologists would like to be much more specific about a dinosaur's diet than simply differentiating carnivore from herbivore. This finer level of resolution requires direct fossil evidence of dinosaur meals. Stomach contents are only rarely preserved, but when present, allow us to determine exactly what these animals were eating.
In the stomach contents of specimens of Coelophysis (a small, long-necked dinosaur) are bones from juvenile animals of the same species. At one time, these were thought to represent embryonic animals, suggesting that this small dinosaur gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs. Further research indicated that the small dinosaurs were too large and too well developed to be prehatchling young. In addition, the juveniles inside the body cavity were of different sizes. All the evidence points to the conclusion that these are the remains of prey items and that, as an adult, Coelophysis was at least in part a cannibal.
Fossilized stomach contents are not restricted to carnivorous dinosaurs. In a few rare cases, most of them "mummies" (unusually well preserved specimens), fossilized plant remains have been found inside the body cavity of hadrosaurs. Some paleontologists have argued that these represent stream accumulations rather than final meals. The best known of these cases is the second Edmontosaurus mummy collected by the Sternbergs. In the chest cavity of this specimen, which is housed in the Senckenberg Museum in Germany, are the fossil remains of conifer needles, twigs, seeds, and fruits. Similar finds in Corythosaurus specimens from Alberta, Canada, have also been reported, indicating that at least two kinds of Late Cretaceous hadrosaurs fed on the sorts of tress that are common in today's boreal woodlands.
A second form of direct evidence comes from coprolites (fossilized bodily waste). Several dinosaur fossil localities preserve coprolites. Coprolites yield unequivocal evidence about the dietary habits of dinosaurs. Many parts of plants and animals are extremely resistant to the digestive systems of animals and pass completely through the body with little or no alteration. Study of coprolites has indicated that the diets of some herbivorous dinosaurs were relatively diverse, while other dinosaurs appear to have been specialists, feeding on particular types of plants. The problem with inferring diets from coprolites is the difficulty in accurately associating a particular coprolite with a specific dinosaur.


Carnivores' teeth for grinding and shredding are located in the front of their jaws.

Carnivore teeth are designed to break down food thoroughly before digestion.

Carnivores have teeth at the back of their jaws that are as sharp as their front teeth.

Carnivores have both sharp teeth for slicing meat and flat teeth for grinding meat.

Question: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the teeth of carnivores?


how certain kinds of teeth aid digestion

how the teeth of some familiar mammals differ from those of dinosaurs

why the back teeth of herbivores are larger than those of carnivores

why the back teeth of carnivores are just as sharp as their front teeth

Question: In paragraph 2, the author compares the teeth of cows, horses, rabbits, and mice to grindstones in order to explain


Question: The word "compression" in the passage is closest in meaning to


How the overall jaw size of a given dinosaur species relates to the type of food the species members ate

Whether a given dinosaur generally ate plants or generally ate meat

How much food a given dinosaur would have needed to eat to remain healthy

How an inadequate diet may have affected a given dinosaur's skull and jaw

Question: According to paragraphs 3 and 4, what can studies of living animals help scientists determine about individual dinosaurs?


Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were too advanced in their development to be embryos.

Juveniles of different sizes were found in the body cavity of the same adult.

Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were too large to be embryos.

Juveniles found in the body cavities of adults were in unhatched eggs.

Question: According to paragraph 5, all of the following support the claim that the adult Coelophysis Sometimes ate young Coelophysis EXCEPT:


Question: The word "restricted" in the passage is closest in meaning to


They are likely to be preserved because of their resistance to decay.

They contain some parts of plants and animals that are unchanged by the digestive process.

They are usually found in close proximity to other dinosaur fossils.

They are produced by both carnivores and herbivores.

Question: What explanation is given in paragraph 7 to support the idea that coprolites are a good source of information about what dinosaurs ate?


Question: The word "diverse" in the passage is closest in meaning to


Herbivores consumed much larger quantities of food than other dinosaurs did.

The diets of some dinosaurs were limited to relatively few kinds of foods.

Some herbivores experienced digestion problems as a result of eating certain plants.

The diets of some dinosaurs changed as different plants became available to eat.

Question: According to paragraph 7, what has the study of coprolites revealed about dinosaur eating habits?


Why did paleontologists once believe that Coelophysis gave birth to live young

Why is it unusual for the stomach contents of dinosaurs to be preserved

What are some dinosaurs in which the fossilized remains of plants have been found

What difficulty do scientists face in using coprolites to draw conclusions about dinosaur diet

Question: Which of the following questions is NOT answered in the passage?


Question: The author's attitude toward contemporary ethologists can best be described as

Chimps and children, gulls and Greeks-the ethnologists to their merry way, comparing bits of human cultural behavior with bits of genetically programmed animal behavior. True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animal But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior. Thus one ethnologist compares the presentation of a twig by a cormorant with gift-giving in humans. Yet the cormorant's twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture. but within the same culture in various social contexts Everything significant about it derives from its social context. Thus, ethnologists can accomplish little-beyond reminding us that we are animals-until they study humans as cultural beings.


In every culture studied, it was found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that place the receiver under obligation to the giver.

Most governmental taxation systems differentiate between gifts of property given to children during a parent's lifetime, and a child's inheritance of the same property from a parent dying without a will.

Some gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture, as in the almost universal custom of welcoming strangers with gifts of food.

In North America, generally speaking, money is an acceptable holiday gift to one's letter carrier or garbage collector, but is often considered an insult if given to one's employer, friends, or relatives.

Question: Which of the following statements from a report on a cross-cultural study of gift-giving would, if true, most strongly support the author's assertions concerning human gift-giving?


Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.

Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.

Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.

Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.

Question: What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?

Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economiclosses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led byAnnan, the former United Nations secretary general.
The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster,population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising theglobal death rates from illnesses including malnutrition and heal-related healthproblems.
But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk,who questioned its methods and conclusions.Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poorcountries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number woulddouble by 2030.
Roger PielkeJr.a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studiesdisaster trends,
said the Fo rum's report was "a methodological embarrassment" because there wasno way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid themuch larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development invulnerable regions. Dr. Pielke said that "climate change is an important problemrequiring our utmost attention. "But the report, he said, ''will harm the cause for action on bothclimate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed ."However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners whosupervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers wererough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen inDecember to negotiate a new international climate treaty.
In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations tofocus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerabilityto climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% ofthe human and economic losses from climate change arc occurring in poor countries, according tothe report.


It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.

It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.

It was warmly received by environmentalists.

It caused a big stir in developing countries.

Question: What do we learn about the Forum's report from the passage?


Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.

Question: What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum's report?


Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.

It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.

It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.

Its rough estimates arc meant to draw the attention of world leaders.

Question: What is Soren Andreasen‟s view of the report?


How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.

How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.

How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.

How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.

Question: What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?


Animals developed different strategies to survive.

Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.

Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.

A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.

Question: What is the passage mainly about?

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe  over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated. It is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.


It helped them maintain a constant normal body temperature.

It reflects rather than absorbs the sun-light.

It helps them keep cool during the night.

Question: Why light in color is important to large animals in deserts?


Drinking huge volumes of water in a short time.

Question: What will be fatal to non-adapted animals?


They can travel long distances looking for food.

Question: What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?


The body temperature can be extremely high and cold.

Tolerate the loss of body water and replenish it immediately.

Lost appetite under the condition of moderate thirsty.

Question: What is the following strategy not mentioned by the author?


Question: What does the word "residents" in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?

Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband's income. So this year she did something more than a hobby: She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden, Ms. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The family's old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said, "The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds, too; so it's a win??win situation all around."
They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy , have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. Others have increased the size of their existing gardens. Seed companies and garden shops say that not since the 1970s has there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. Now many gardens across the country have been sold out for several months. In Austin, Tex., some of the gardens have a three??year waiting list.
George
C. Ball Jr., owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40% over last year, double the average growth of the last five years. Mr. Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. The big one is the striking rise in the cost of food like bread and milk, together with the increases in the price of fruits and vegetables. Food prices have increased because of higher oil prices. People are now driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there is more time to garden.


More Americans are doing it for fun.
The price of oil is lower than before.
There's a growing need for fruits.
The cost of living is on the rise.

Question: Why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular?


Family Food Planning
Banking on Gardening
A Belt??tightening Move
Gardening as a Hobby

Question: Which of the following might be the best title for the text?


make the tree grow taller
improve the shape of the tree
get rid of the small branches
make the small branches thicker

Question: Pruning should be done to _ .

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.
First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.
One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly.


allows too many branches to grow in the middle

Question: Trees become unhealthy if the gardener _ .


To make a wound smooth
To prevent disease entering a wound
To cover a rough surface
To help a wound to dry

Question: Why is a special substance painted on the tree?


at intervals throughout the year
as quickly as possible
occasionally when necessary
regular every winter

Question: A good gardener prunes a tree_ .


To give pratical instruction for pruning a tree.

To give a general description of pruning

To discuss different methods of pruning.

Question: What was the author's purpose when writing this passage?


Question: The word" quarterback" （Line 2, Paragraph 1）most probably means  _ .

Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount, the white-maned Tallahassee, Fla., litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball, recalls law partner Fred Baggett, a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek, exclaiming, " I love you for giving us our president!"
But Richard has discovered that the Bushes' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election, he and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, are still owed more than $800,000 in legal fees. The firm, which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state, is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab: more than $2 million. The situation, Newsweek has learned, has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging（Richard says he's not among them）, Bush advisers are griping about" astronomical"  bills-including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. " What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching,"  says one former Bush campaign official. " Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this."
The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee, a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman （and now Commerce secretary） Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million-more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests, the Bushes imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations, a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers, air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as" observers,"  the" kitty ran dry,"  says one source.
The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg, the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess, hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not, that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment.


the ingratitude of the Bushes
the complaints of his law partners
the unpaid bills
Bush advisers' criticism

Question: The main problem Richard is facing now is  _ .


lawyers also benefited a lot from working for the Bush Camp

Al Gore lost the recount case because his Recount Committee raised far fewer funds than that of Bush's

Texan women are all very proud of having Bush as their president

the Bushes intend to become deadbeat clients because it does no harm to their relationship with law firms

Question: From the passage we can infer that  _ .


spent all the raised money to pay its lawyers

had got most of its funds from individuals

could have raised more money if they hadn't imposed a cap on individual donations

had to pay the bills of the army for their help in Bush's election

Question: According to the passage, the Bush Recount Committee  _ .


the Bush camp also owes electrical power companies and drug manufacturers a lot of money

richard and his company have invested their legal fees to expand their business

greenberg Traurig works for electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests

law firms don't want to lose influential clients even if they don't pay off their legal fees

Question: We can learn from the last paragraph that  _ .


the uses of life preservers
the design of life preservers
the materials for life preservers
the buoyancy of life preservers

Question: The passage is mainly about_ .

Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must design, reversible capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.
Sufficient buoyancy to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire.?The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.
The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated persons even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life be reversible that it is nearly impossible to get it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities. A suitable life also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.


adjustable comfortable self-evident self-righting

Question: According to the passage, a life be first of all _ .


with as few strings as possible
capable of being worn on both sides
according to each wearer's size
comfortable and light to wear

Question: United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made _ .


who has not been instructed how to use a life preserver

who has a little experience in using a life preserver

who uses a life preserver without permission

Question: By "the uninitiated individual" (Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to the person _ .


He would immediately sink to the bottom.

Question: What would happen if a person were supported by the life preserver in a wrong position?


Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.

The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.

The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.

Question: What is the text mainly about?

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations - major food sources  for the wolf - grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation , which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park' s red foxes, and completely drove away the park' s beavers.
As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today,the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk,deer,and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red fores have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.


Damage to local ecology.
A decline in the park's income.
Preservation of vegetation.
An increase in the variety of animals.

Question: What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?


Doubtful. Positive. Disapproving. Uncaring.

Question: What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?


Question: How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house?

Goldie's Secret
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. "We're moving house.'; "No space for her any more with the baby coming." "We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present." People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
I called her Goldie. If I had known what was going to happen I would have given
her a more creative name. She was so unsettled during those first few days. She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her. There was nothing I could do to make her happy, it seemed. Heaven knows what had happened to her at her previous owner's. But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down. Always by my side, whether we were out on one of our long walks or sitting by the fire.
That's why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk. We were a long way from home, when she started barking and getting very restless. Eventually I couldn't hold her any longer and she raced off down the road towards a farmhouse in the distance as fast as she could.
By the time I reached the farm I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking  the four puppies  I started to feel sympathy towards them. "We didn't know what had happened to her," said the woman at the door. "I took her for a walk one day, soon after the puppies were born, and she just disappeared." "She must have tried to come back to them and got lost," added a boy from behind her. '
I must admit I do miss Goldie, but I've got Nugget now, and she looks just like her mother. And I've learnt a good lesson: not to judge people.


I felt worried
was angry
ate a little
sat by the fire

Question: In her first few days at the author's house, Goldie.


saw her puppies
heard familiar barkings
wanted to leave the author
found her way to her old home

Question: Goldie rushed off to a farmhouse one day because she.


time effectiveness importance complexity

Question: The passage is organized in order of _ .


Charles Reznikoff always wrote works about testimony

Charles Reznikoff was always involved in the testimony affairs

Charles Reznikoff liked to write testimony

Question: By saying" it was a word that kept him close company" （Line 7, Paragraph 1）, the author implies  _ .

Charles Reznikoff （1894～1976）worked relentlessly, never leaving New York but for a brief stay in Hollywood, of all places. He was admired by Pound and Kenneth Burke, and often published his own works; in the Depression era, he managed a treadle printing press in his basement. He wrote three sorts of poems: exceptionally short imagistic lyrics; longer pieces crafted and cobbled from other sources, often from the Judaic tradition; and book-length poems wrought from the testimony both of Holocaust trials and from the courtrooms of turn-of-the-century America. Two of these full-length volumes were indeed titled" Testimony,"  as was an earlier prose work; it was a word that kept him close company. When asked late in life to define his poetry, it was not the word he chose.
" Objectivist,"  he wrote, naming his longstanding group, and mimicking poetic style with a single prose sentence:" images clear but the meaning not stated but suggested by the objective details and the music of the verse; words pithy and plain; without the artifice of regular meters; themes, chiefly Jewish, American, urban."  If the sentence sounds hard-won, this is perhaps because it was. Four decades earlier, he wrote in a letter to friends, " There is a learned article about my verse in Poetry this month, from which I learn that I am an objectivist."  The learned fellow was Louis Zukofsky, brilliant eminence of the Objectivists, " with whom I disagree as to both form and content of verse, but to whom I am obliged for placing some of my things here and there."  So read Reznikoff's conclusion in 1931, with its fillip of polite resentment.
Movements and schools are arbitrary and immaterial things by which poetic history is told. This must have rankled Reznikoff, who spent his writing life tracing the material and the necessary.
Born a child of immigrants in Brooklyn in 1894, he was in journalism school at 16, took a law degree at 21. Though he was little interested in legal practice, the ideas would be near the heart of his writing. Ideal poetic language, he wrote, " is restricted almost to the testimony of a witness in a court of law."  If this suggests a congenital optimism about the law, it made for astonishingly care-filled poetry. Reznikoff is unsurpassed in conveying the sense that the world is worth getting right. Not the glorious or the damaged world, but the world that is everything that is the case. Reznikoff's faith in the facts of the case takes on an intensity no less social than spiritual, no greater when surveying the Old Testament than New York. This collection gathers all his poems （but for those already book-length）by the technique of compressing onto single pages as many as five or six at a time. This can lessen the force; each is a sort of American haiku, though no more impressionistic than a hand-operated printing press. One such, numbered 69 in the volume" Jerusalem the Golden,"  runs in its length:" Among the heaps of brick and plaster lies a girder, still itself among the rubbish."  This exemplary couplet is sometimes taken to represent Reznikoff's poetry itself, immutable and certain amid the transitory.


approval indifference opposition suspicion

Question: Reznikoff's attitude to the fact that he was grouped as objectivist is  _ .


Question: The word" rankled"  （Line 2, Paragraph 3）probably means  _ .


Reznikoff was more interested in spiritual world than in social world

it is astonishing that Reznikoff wrote care-filled poetry

Reznikoff was greatly influenced by his legal experience in his poetry writing

Question: We can learn from the fourth paragraph that  _ .


show that the force is lessoned in this way

show that the poem is not impressionistic

Question: By citing the poem in the last paragraph, the author intends to  _ .


Because people can't agree as to what species to protect.

Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species.

Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.

Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.

Question: Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly controversial issue?

In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the 1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl , whose remaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992.
Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. But the developing countries may be impoverished , with populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation.
Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer , for example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's complex web life.


may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty

benefits developed countries rather than developing countries

should take priority over the control of human population

will help improve the living conditions in developing countries

Question: According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________.


will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries

is but a short-term relief to the food problem

can hardly alleviate the shortage of food

proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations

Question: According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food ________.


the impoverishment of developing countries

Question: Among "humanity's current problems" (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the scientists is ________.


to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems

to present the different views on humanity's current problems

to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current problems

to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through the cooperation of nations

Question: The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________.


refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis.

introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis.

describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis.

explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival.

Question: What is the text mainly about?.

It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals， for example， gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight， but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals， with their relatively low metabolic rates， can survive well on a sporadic food supply， but can gen- erate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered， there- fore， one might assume that smaller， more active， animals could prey on larger ones， at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis， the great equalizer.
Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced， without oxygen， through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP)， the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles' wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte- brate are proportional to the size of the animal. If， for example， some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur， normally torpid， the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously， via anaerobic glycolysis， the energy of 3，000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors： the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.
There are limitations， however， to this compensa- tion. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good， at most， for only about two minutes at maximum effort， after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity， the lactic acid level is high in tthe body fluids， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted， via oxidative metabolism， by the liver into glucose， which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resyn- thesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid， a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort， for example， the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this inter- minably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately， muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.


reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues.

is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP.

is the material form which ATP is derived.

Question: According to the author， glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glyrolysis because glycogen


larger vertebrate conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates.

larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates.

the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size.

the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size，

Question: It is implied that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to its size because


produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert.

necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals.

reduce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals.

consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need.

Question: According to the text， a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can


College students in an introductory course on animal physiology.

Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis.

Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy.

Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals.

Question: Which of the following audiences is the author most probably addressing?


federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans

the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning

NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique

the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning

Question: We can learn from the first paragraph that 	.

When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."


the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law

the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control

it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning

it would be against ethical values to clone a human being

Question: The panel agreed on all of the following except that 	.


embryo research is just a current development of cloning

the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research

an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research

the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

Question: NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because 	_.


some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely

a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time

privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal

the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

Question: It can be inferred from the last paragraph that 	.


since the time of Charles V
since 1370
before the seventeenth century
since time of Cardinal Richelieu

Question: The Bastille had been a prison  _ .

Why was Bastille important to the citizens of Paris?The building of the Bastille had been started in 1370under Charles V By the seventeenth century it hadstopped to be important for defense.CardinalRichelieu turned it into a prison.It was not anordinary prison to punish common crimes.Its hugedoors closed only on enemies of the King TheBastille's workings were secret.Prisoners were takento it in closed vehicles.Soldiers on guard duty had to stand with their faces to the wall NOtalking was allowed Worst of all，a prisoner never knew if he would be there a day，a week，ayear，or forever.Only the King's letter could set him free
Over the years the number of arrests by King's letter had become fewer.By the time of itsfall.most of the prisoners were writers who had written against the corruptionsof thegovernment Voltaire，the famous French writer，spent a year there in 1717～1718，andanother 12 days in 1726. For those who believed in free speech and free thinking，the Bastillestood for everything evil.The day it was captured，only seven prisoners were foundinside.Still，the Bastille was hated by the people It was a symbol of the King's completepower.


Anyone who did something wrong could find himself suddenly in the Bastille

The Bastille was only for those who were opposed to the King.

Things done in the Bastille were hardly known to people outside

Question: According to the passage，which of the following statements is FALSE?


a lot of writers who had been against the government

some dozens of people who believed in free speech and free thinking

Question: At the time of its fall，the Bastille housed _ .


All prisoners in the Bastille had to stay there for life

Over the years the number of prisoners in the Bastille was getting more and more.

The King could put people in，or let them go out，as he wanted.

At the time it was captured，there were so few prisoners in it that it meant little to thepeople.

Question: Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?


tells how the prisoners were controlled by the King

tells how little was known about the Bastille

shows the inner workings of the Bastille

Question: This passage mainly  _ .


The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.

The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

Question: Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points-periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old　questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the　question "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use　of psychology is not what psychohisto-rians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic 　　tenet of historical method: that be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own　theories, are also convinced that theirs　is the "deepest" explanation of any　event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is　presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.


views past events as complex and having their own individuality

relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events

interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended

turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usual


presenting their material in chronological order

producing a one-sided picture of an individual's personality and motivations

uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusions

offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psychohistorians probably prevent them from


What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation

When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history first established

When do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical developments appropriate

What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians

Question: The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?


The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.

Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.

Question: The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?


a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable

an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare

an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units

a record of the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events

Question: The author of the passage suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as


signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians' claims for their work

draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians' method

emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians' method and that of psychohistorians

disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians' claims from her opinion of their method

Question: The author of the passage puts the word "deepest" (line 57) in quotation marks most probably in order to


Make general statement without reference to specific examples.

Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.

Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians' interpretation of events.

Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians' application of their methods.

Question: In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT:


the Romans
the Greeks
the Americans
the Europeans

Question: A water system for baths was built by over 3,000 years ago.

Baths and bothing have long been considered of medical importance to man. In Greece there are the ruins of a water system for baths built over 3,000 years ago. The Romans had warm public baths. In some baths, as many 3,000 persons could bathe at the same time.
Treating disease by taking bathing has been popular for centuries. Modern medical bathing first became popular in Europe and by the late 1700's has also become popular in the United States.
For many years frequent bathing was believed to be bad for one's health. Ordinary bathing just to keep clean was avoided, and perfume was often used to cover up body smells!
By the 1700's doctors began to say that soap and water were good for health. They believed that it was good for people to be clean. Slowly, people began to bathe more frequently. During the Victorian Age of the late 19th century, taking a bath on Saturday night became common.
In the United States ordinary bathing was slow to become popular. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, many Americans were know as "The Great Unwashed!" In one American city , for example, a person was only allowed to take a bathe every thirty days! That was a law!
Frequency of bathing today is partly a matter of habit. People know that bathing for cleanliness is important to health, Doctors know that dirty bodies increase the chance of diseases. As a result, in the United States, people generally bathe often. Some people bath once a day at least. They consider a daily bath essential (=necessary) to good health.


ruin one's business
cause disease
drive customers away
cause good health

Question: Dirty bodies can.


unimportant
good for health
harmful
important

Question: In the 18th century doctors believed that being clean was.


Everybody in America takes a daily bath.

Taking baths has become popular in the world.

Question: Which of the following gives the main idea of the passage?