it would allow them access to a better life in the West

Jewish children are born with excellent musical talent

they wanted their children to enter into the professional field

it would enable the family to get better treatment in their own country

Question: Jewish parents in Eastern Europe longed for their children to attend music school because  _ .

Violin prodigies, I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. Most of the great performers if the late 19th and early 20th centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world's greatest violinists the reason for this phenomenon. "It is very clear," he told me. "They were all Jews and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill-treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage." As a result, every Jewish parent's dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West.
Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field to nurture talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. "In Japan, a most competitive society, with stronger discipline than ours," says Isaac Stem, children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War II, that music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well. The Koreans and Chinese as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese.
That's a good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top of several generations of musicians, and four of his sons had significant careers in music.


enforce strong discipline on students who want to achieve excellence

treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full development

encourage people to compete with each other

promise talented children high positions

Question: Nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to societies that,  _ .


all-round development
the learning of Western music
strict training of children
variety in academic studies

Question: Japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to  _ .


A natural gift.
Extensive knowledge of music.
Very early training.
A prejudice-free society.

Question: Which of the following contributes to the emergence of musical prodigies according to the passage?


Jewish Contribution to Music
Training of Musicians in the World
Music and Society
The Making of Prodigies

Question: Which of the following titles best summarises the main idea of the passage?


noticed some of the boys on the field were heisting

guessed his presence would affect the boy's decision

learned some of the boys on the field knew Shay well

understood Shay did need a feeling of being accepted

Question: Not expecting much, Shay's father still asked the boy if Shay could play, mainly because the father _ .

Shay asked, "Do you think they'll let me play?" Shay's father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team, but the father also understood that if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.
Shay's father approached one of the boys on the field and asked if Shay could play, not expecting much. The boy looked around and said, "We're losing by six runs  and the game is in the eighth inning .I guess he can be on our team and we'll try to put him in to bat in the final inning.
Shay struggled over to the team's bench and put on a team shirt with a broad smile and his father had a small tear in his eye and warmth in heart. The boys saw the father's joy at his son being accepted.
In the bottom of the eighth inning, Shay's team scored a few runs but was still behind by three. In the top of the final inning, Shay put on a glove and played in the field. Even though no hits came his way, he was obviously joyful just to be in the game and on the field. In the bottom of the final inning, Shay's team scored again. Now, Shay was scheduled to be next at bat. Would they let Shay bat and give away their chance to win the game?
Surprisingly, Shay was given the bat. Everyone knew that a hit was almost impossible. The first pitch  came and Shay missed. The pitcher again again took a few steps forward to throw the ball softly towards Shay. As the pitch came in , Shay swung at the ball and hit a slow ground ball right back to the pitcher.
The pitcher could have easily thrown he ball to the first baseman and Shay would have been out and that would have been the end of the game.Instead, the pitcher threw the ball right over the head of the first baseman, beyond the reach of all teammates, The audience and the players from both teams started screaming,"Shay, run to first! "Never in his life had Shay ever run that far but made it to first base, wide-eyed and shocked..
Everyone should, "Run to second!" Catching his breath, Shay awkwardly ran towards second.By the time Shay rounded towards second base, the smallest guy on their team,who had a chance to be the hero for his team fir the first time,could have thrown the ball to the second baseman, but he understood the pitcher's intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman's head.
All were screaming，"Shay，Shay，Shay，all the way Shay." Shay reached third base when one opposing player ran to help him and shouted, "Shay, run to third." As Shay rounded third, all were on their feet, crying,"Shay, run home!"Shay ran to home, stepped on the home base and was cheered as the hero who the who won the game for his team.
That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece true love and humanity into this world. Shay didn't make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day!


believed they were sure to win the game
would like to help Shay enjoy the game
found Shay was so eager to be a winner
fell forced to give Shay another chance

Question: In the bottom of the final inning Shay was given the bat because the boys _ .


was obviously aware of the pitcher's purpose

looked forward to winning the game for his team

failed to throw the ball to the second baseman

saw that Shay already reached second base

Question: The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman's head, probably because that boy _ .


The pitcher did not throw the ball to the first baseman.

The audience and the players from both teams cheered for him.

The opposing players failed to stop his running to home.

One of the opposing players ran to help him.

Question: Which of the following has nothing to do with Shay's becoming the hero for his team?


True human nature could be realized in the way we treat each other.

Everyone has his own strength even if mentally or physically disabled.

Everyone can develop his team spirit in sports and please his parents.

The results of the game should not be the only concern of the players.

Question: What to you think is the theme of the story?


an alternative to museum display of artifacts.

a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeologicalprofession.

a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those thathave no such value.

the governmental regulation of archaeological sites.

Question: The primary purpose of the text is to propose

Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is thepoorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and evenless is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites onceexcavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second,there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality piecesbeing sold to the highest bidder.
I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one strokeprovide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I wouldpropose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authoritiessell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would providesubstantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sitesand the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegalexcavator's grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage inillegal activities.
You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, notmoney. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highestbidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientificvalue. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground hasscientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct inclaiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, youare wrong.
I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that areessentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus,archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugsin a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as melekhhandles have been found in abundance - more than 4,000 examples so far.
The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store theartifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enoughmoney even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again andbecome as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with thehelp of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the piecesstored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographedand the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchasercould even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become neededfor scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop ifartifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestineproduct would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot whenanother was available whose provenance was known, and that was datedstratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?


Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.

Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.

Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated fromeach other.

Such artifacts' often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are putin storage.

Question: Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a disadvantage ofstoring artifacts in museum basements?


Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although morerare, than royal seal impressions.

Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguingdifficulties to archaeologists.

Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could besold, are available in large quantities.

Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantitiesof salable artifacts.

Question: The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (line 2, paragraph 4) toemphasize which of the following points?


Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.

The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.

Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.

Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.

Question: The author's argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicateartifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?


Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.

An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand forthem will fall.

Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will besold to private collectors.

Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts forresale.

Question: The author anticipates which of the following initial denials of hisproposal?


Teamsters still have a large body of members.

Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.

unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

the government has improved its relationship with unionists.

Question: It can be learned from the first paragraph that

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. ⑥Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.


Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

Education is required for public-sector union membership.

Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

Question: Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?


illegally secured.
indirectly augmented.
excessively increased.
fairly adjusted.

Question: It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is


often run against the current political system.

can change people's political attitudes.

may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

Question: The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions


disapproval. appreciation. tolerance. indifference.

Question: John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of


A lack of mates.
A fierce competition.
A lower survival rate.
A defective gene.

Question: What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?

Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.


Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.

Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.

The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.

India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

Question: What does the example of India illustrate?


life has been improved by technological advance

the number of female babies has been declining

our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

Question: The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because 	.


Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution
Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution
The Evolutionary Future of Nature
Human Evolution Going Nowhere

Question: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?


are hunted for their meat and skins
migrate to other places
starve to death
die out

Question: Every year thousands of species of animals  _

Every year more and more plants and animals disappear never to be seen again.Strangely,it is the most intelligent but most thoughtless animal that is causing most of the problems-man.Nature is very carefully balanced and if this balance isdisturbed,animals can disappear alarmingly fast.Every day,thousandsof species of animals draw closer to extinction.There are countless numbers of species which may become extinct before they are even discovered.
In many lakes the fish are dying.Fishermen are worried because every year there are fewer fish and some lakes have no fish at all.Scientists are beginning to get worried too.What is killing the fish?
The problem is acid rain.Acid rain is a kind of air pollution.It is caused by factories that burn coal or oil or gas.These factories send smoke high into the air.The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories.Some of the harmful substances in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away.
The rain in many places isn't natural and clean any more.It's full of acid chemicals.When it falls in lakes,it changes them too.The lakes become more acidic.Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice.It hurts when it gets in your eyes.It also kills the plants and animals that usually live in lake water.That is why the fish are dying in lakes.
But dead fish may be just the beginning of the problem.Scientists are finding other effects of acid rain.In some large areas trees are dying.Not just one tree here and there,but whole forests.At first scientists couldn't understand why.There were no bugs or diseases in these trees.The weather was not dry.But now they think that the rain was the cause.Acid rain is making the earth more acidic in these areas.Some kinds of trees cannot live in the soil that is very acidic.
Now scientists are also beginning to study the effects of acid rain on larger animals.For
example,they believe that some deer in Poland are less healthy becauseof acid rain.If deer are hurt by the rain,what about people? This is the question many people are beginning to ask.No one knows the answer yet.But it is an important question for us all.


natural gas
the oonelayer depletion
acidic lake water
emissions of industrial enterprises

Question: Acid rain is caused by _


Dead fish in lakes is the only problem caused by acid rain

Scientists are sure that acid rain is not harmful for mankind.

If we don't make an attempt to stop acid rain we may never see some animals again.

There's no reason to worry about several trees that died of some unknown disease.

Question: Which of the following is true?


Acid rain is capable of dissolving some rocks and stones.

Fish are unable to live in the water containing acidic chemicals.

Coal,oil or gas form dangerous combinations after being burnt.

Scientists think that if some larger animals can be affected by acid rain,people may be in great danger.

Question: What is not mentioned in the text?


stays over the factories
is usually clean now
turns into air
can travel hundreds of miles

Question: Factory smoke _ .--


demonstrate his capability
give his boss a good impression
ask for as much money as he can
ask for the salary he hopes to get

Question: According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should _ .

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints  influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don't at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth's story:
I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle  offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.
It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but "nice" isn't a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you'll probably have to ask for it.
Performance is your best bargaining chip  when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market.
What will someone else pay for your services?
Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.


Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.

If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.

People should not be content with what they have got.

People should be careful when negotiating for a job.

Question: What can be inferred from Beth's story?


most people are overworked and underpaid

one should avoid overstating one's performance

most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises

Question: We can learn from the passage that _ .


persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract

try to get inside information about the organization

do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions

Question: To get a pay raise, a person should_ .


arrive at the negotiation table punctually

be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction

be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes

Question: To be successful in negotiations, one must_ .


It should cater to the needs of individual children.

It is essential to a person's future academic success.

Scholars and policymakers have different opinions about it.

Parents regard it as the first phase of children's development.

Question: What does the author say about pre-kindergarten education?

The most important thing in the news last week was the rising discussion in Nashville about the educational needs of children. The shorthandeducators use for this is "pre-K"-meaning instruction before kindergarten-and the big idea is to prepare 4-year-olds and even younger kids to be ready to succeed on their K-12 journey.
But it gets complicated. The concept has multiple forms, and scholars and policymakers argue about the shape, scope and cost of the ideal program.
The federal Head Start program, launched 50 years ago, has served more than 30 million children. It was based on concepts developed at Vanderbilt University's Peabody College by Susan Gray, the legendary pioneer in early childhood education research.
A new Peabody study of the Tennessee Voluntary Pre-K program reports that pre-K works, but the gains are not sustained through the third grade. It seems to me this highlights quality issues in elementary schools more than pre-K, and indicates longer-term success must connect pre-K with all the other issues related to educating a child.
Pre-K is controversial. Some critics say it is a luxury and shouldn't be free to families able to pay. Pre-K advocates insist it is proven and will succeed if integrated with the rest of the child's schooling. I lean toward the latter view.
This is, in any case, the right conversation to be having now as Mayor Megan Barry takes office. She was the first candidate to speak out for strong pre-K programming. The important thing is for all of us to keep in mind the real goal and the longer, bigger picture.
The weight of the evidence is on the side of pre-K that early intervention works. What government has not yet found is the political will to put that understanding into full practice with a sequence of smart schooling that provides the early foundation.
For this purpose, our schools need both the talent and the organization to educate each child who arrives at the schoolhouse door. Some show up ready, but many do not at this critical time when young brains are developing rapidly.


Pre-K achievements usually do not last long.

The third grade marks a new phase of learning.

The third grade is critical to children's development.

Quality has not been the top concern of pre-K programs.

Question: What does the new Peabody study find?


When it is accessible to kids of all families.

When it is made part of kids' education.

When it is no longer considered a luxury.

When it is made fun and enjoyable to kids.

Question: When does the author think pre-K works the best?


She knows the real goal of education.
She is a mayor of insight and vision.
She has once run a pre-K program.
She is a firm supporter of pre-K.

Question: What do we learn about Mayor Megan Barry?


Teaching method.
Kids' interest.
Early intervention.
Parents' involvement.

Question: What does the author think is critical to kids' education?


Students with a bachelor's degree in humanities.

People with an MBA degree front top universities.

People with formal schooling plus work experience.

People with special training in engineering

Question: What kinds of people are in high demand on the job market?

If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training. A recent survey shows that companies the graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to work immediately with very little on-the-job training.
That's especially true of booing fields that are challenging for workers. At Cornell's School of Hotel Administration, for example, bachelor's degree graduates get an average of four or five jobs offers with salaries ranging from the high teens to the low 20s and plenty of chances for rapid advancement. Large companies, especially, like a background of formal education coupled with work experience.
But in the long run, too much specialization doesn't pay off. Business, which has been flooded with MBAs, no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval. The MBA may open doors and command a higher salary initially, but the impact of a degree washes out after five years.
As further evidence of the erosion  of corporate  faith in specialized degrees, Michigan State's Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices, Although companies tend to take on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level management. "They want someone who isn't constrained  by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture,"says Scheetz.
This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate. Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems, David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an engineering degree, "I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things," says Birch. Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes literature, history, mathematics, economics, science, human behavior-plus a computer course or two. With that under your belt, you can feel free to specialize, "A liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training is a very good combination in the marketplace," says Scheetz.


most MBA programs fail to provide students with a solid foundation

an MBA degree does not help promotion to managerial positions

MBA programs will not be as popular in five years' time as they are now

in five people will forget about the degree the MBA graduates have got

Question: By saying "…but the impact of a degree washes out after five years" (Line 3, , 3), the author means _ .


people who have received training in mechanics

Question: According to Scheetz's statement (Lines 4-5. . 4), companies prefer _ .


they are more capable of handling changing situations

they can stick to established ways of solving problems

they are thoroughly trained in a variety of specialized fields

they have attended special programs in management

Question: David Birch claims that he only hires liberal-arts people because _ .


Specialists are more expensive to hire than generalists.

Formal schooling is less important than job training.

On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly.

Generalists will outdo specialists in management.

Question: Which of the following statements does the author support?


introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food.

show the connection between food and nationality of food.

indicate that there are various ways to prepare food.

impress upon the reader the food value of fish.

Question: The reviewer uses a Polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to

Sensory Evaluation of Food
A Polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three times-in water, in butter and in wine. The early efforts of the basic scientists in the food industry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation, and distribution of safe and nutritious food. Our memories of certain foodstuffs eaten during the World War II suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. Bow, in the book "Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food," the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into problem of sensory evaluation of foods. An attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. As a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of the literature. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.
Of particular interest is the weight given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively. The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences. It is interesting to find that in spite of many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. Nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological nature of the taste stimulus. With regard to smell, systems of classification are of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective. The authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation, as does the theoretical proposition that weak physical binding of the stimulant molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism of stimulation.
Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. In this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted with various forms of deafness. It is well-known that extraneous noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of Prof. H. J. Eysenck on the "stimulus hunger" of extroverts and the "stimulus avoidance" of introverts.


mixed feelings.
indifference.
high praise.
faint praise.

Question: The reviewers appraisal of "Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food" is one of


sharply defined classifications of taste are needed.

more research should be done regarding the molecular constituency of food.

food values are objectively determined by an expert "smeller".

temperature is an important factor in the value of food.

Question: The writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, that


the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.

they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.

Question: The authors of the book suggest the use of deaf subject because


by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry

because they are capable of predicting new fashions

by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing

because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing

Question: Designers and big stores always make money  _ .

If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seem in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.


a waste of money
a waste of time
an expression of taste
an expression of creativity

Question: To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as  _ .


Question: The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the  _  of clothing.


New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.

The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.

The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.

Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.

Question: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?  _ .


women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at

women are better able to put up with discomfort

men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers

men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

Question: By saying "the conclusion to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that  _ .


Question: The Winners Club is a bank account intended for _ .

Winners Club
You choose to be a winner!
The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. It has been made to help you better manage your money. The Winners Club is a transaction accountwhere you receive a key-card so you can get to your money 24/7 - that's 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!
It's a club with impressive features for teenagers:
No account keeping fees!
You're no millionaire so we don't expect you to pay large fees. In fact, there are no account keeping or transaction fees!
Excellent interest rates!
You want your money to grow. The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two depositswithout taking them out in a month.
Convenient
Teenagers are busy - we get that. You may never need to come to a bank at all. With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet•••You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account. This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part-time job!
Mega magazine included
Along with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money. There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members.
The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers. And it is so easy to join. Simply fill in an application form. You can't wait to hear from you. It's the best way to choose to be a winner!


Services are convenient for its members.

Fees are necessary for the account keeping.

Question: Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club?


encourage spending
are free to all teenagers
are full of adventure stories
help to make more of your money

Question: The Winners Club provides magazines which _ .


be an Internet user
be permitted by your parent
have a big sum of money
be in your twenties

Question: If you want to be a member of the Club, you must _ .


To set up a club.
To provide part-time jobs.
To organize key-cards.
To introduce a new banking service.

Question: What is the purpose of this text?


efficiency must be raised in the poultry industry

raising poultry can provide more protein than growing grain

factory farming will do more harm than good to developing countries

hungry nations may benefit from the development of the poultry industry

Question: In this passage the author argues that ________.

Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that "hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry  industry". In fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition  in "hungry nations," the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.
Large scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources.
This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animal's process of digestion and cell replacement. Neither, in the ca se of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. In all, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.
This means one has to feed approximately 9-10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.
Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultry production throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. For instance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement in projects in several African countries. Britain's largest suppliers chickens, Ross Breeders, are also involved in projects all over the world.
Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourage it. In 1979, a firm in Bangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000 laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.
But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential famine relief protein food. At present, one of Bangladesh's main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enough food to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?


is insufficient for the needs of poultry

is fully utilised in meat and egg production

is inefficiently converted into meat and eggs

Question: According to the author, in factory, vegetable food ________.


alleviate malnutrition in Asian countries

create job opportunities in Asian countries

Question: Western governments encourage the poultry industry in Asia because they regard it as an effective way to ________.


the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat

expensive food that consumers can hardly afford

Question: The word "carcass" (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means "________".


detailed analysis of the ways of raising poultry in Bangladesh

great appreciation of the development of poultry industry in Bangladesh

critical view on the development of the poultry industry in Bangladesh

practical suggestion for the improvement of the poultry industry in Bangladesh

Question: What the last paragraph tells us is the author's ________.


Support from the votes.
The reduction of public expenditure.
Quick economics returns.
The budget for a research project.

Question: What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?

Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most government, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise ha brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines ‘our scientists' have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments , and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable  conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to ‘economics needs', that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are ‘near the market' and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal . This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts'. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.


impress the public with their achievements

Question: Scientist have to adapt their research to ‘economic needs' in order to ________.


They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.

They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.

They know it takes patience to win support from the public.

They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.

Question: Why won't scientists complain about the government's policy concerning scientific research?


their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong

sometimes they hide the source of their research funding

some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty

they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned

Question: According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ________.


It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds.

People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.

It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.

Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.

Question: Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?


analyzing a complicated scientific phenomenon and its impact on the Earth's surface features

describing a natural phenomenon and the challenges its study presents to researchers

discussing a scientific field of research and the gaps in researchers' methodological approaches to it

comparing two distinct fields of physical science and the different research methods employed in each

Question: In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

The Earth's magnetic field is generatedas the molten iron of the Earth's outer core revolves around its solid inner core. When surges in the molten iron occur, magnetic tempests are created.At the Earth's surface, these tempests can be detected by changes in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.For reasons not fully understood. the field itself reverses periodically every million years or so. During the past million years, for instance, the magnetic north pole has migrated between the Antarctic and the Arctic.
Clearly, geophysicists who seek to explain and forecast changes in the field must understand what happens in the outer core. Unlike meteorologists, however, they cannot rely on observations made in their own lifetimes. Whereas atmospheric storms arise in a matter of hours and last for days, magnetic tempests develop over decades and persist for centuries.Fortunately scientists have been recording changes in the Earth's magnetic field for more than 300 years.


They occur cyclically every few decades.

They can be predicted by changes in the Earth's inner core.

They are detected through indirect means.

They are linked to disturbances in the Earth's atmosphere.

Question: The passage suggests which of the following about surges in the Earth's outer core?


is more fully understood than the Earth's magnetic field

is more easily observed than the Earth's magnetic field

has been the subject of extensive scientific observation for 300 years

is involved in generating the Earth's magnetic field

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that geophysicists seeking to explain magnetic tempests ought to conduct research on the Earth's outer core because the Earth's outer core


stating a limitation that helps determine a research methodology

making a comparative analysis of two different research methodologies

assessing the amount of empirical data in the field of physical science

suggesting an optimistic way of viewing a widely feared phenomenon

Question: In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with


Unbiased. Indifferent. Critical. Appreciative.

Question: What's the author's viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes?

Open up most fashion magazines and you will see incredibly thin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonably expensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldn't clothes be comfortably durable and make a principle of being simple for the individual who wears them? Why are we constantly told that we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to our collection?
Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make piles of money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this year's sweater's length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashion industry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. In fact it is not only a phenomenon we can find in people's dressing.
Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the way we cut our hair, the makeup We buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controls our ideas.
You don't believe me? How many. Of your friends are vegetarians? Why are they vegetarians? Because it is fashionable!
Where does fashion come from? Often the reasons are quite logical. Scientists and historians study the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion.
When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. That's why guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful.
Why do guys shave their heads? In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects that lived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, like soldiers.
People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money? Changes in fashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over the world. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London, New York, Paris and Milan.
And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesn't it? When you are dressed in the latest style, dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, don't you?


comfortable and durable.
new and fresh.
expensive and fashionable.
simple and unique

Question: It is indicated by the author that clothes should be


helping you get rid of your shortcomings.

Question: The fashion industry makes profits by


incredible. amazing. reasonable. creative.

Question: The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and the. historians is


it can help promote technological development.

it can create more job opportunities for people.

it can make people achieve a great feeling.

Question: The passage mentions the advantages of fashion EXCEPT that


Traffic Safety.
Drunken Drivers.
Drunken Pedestrian Accidents.
A Severe Highway Safety Problem.

Question: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

While drunken driving may be on the decline, traffic safety experts remain baffled over how to cope with another alcohol-related hazard: drunken pedestrians ( ) .
Pedestrians struck and killed by cars often are extremely drunk. In fact, they are intoxicated more frequently-and with higher blood-alcohol levels- than drunken drivers who are killed in accidents, various studies have shown. Forty percent of adult pedestrians involved in fatal crashes have a blood-alcohol level of at least 0. 10-which by law in most states signifies intoxication- compared to only 25 percent of drivers in deadly accidents, according to recent federal data.
Some types of pedestrian accidents have been declining nationally, especially those involving children, but the number of adult pedestrians who are drunk when killed in traffic has remained relatively steady at 2,500 a year. The total number of pedestrians killed annually in U. S. traffic accidents is at least 7,000 or one of every seven highway deaths.
Pedestrian accidents have not received enough attention in the past, according to Kay Colpitts, who chairs a board's committee on pedestrians. Few methods exist to monitor walking habits, she said, and researchers have been mystified about how to prevent mishaps.
Studies have revealed some of the causes, which range from a lack of adult supervision for many children involved in accidents to long delays in traffic signals that may encourage jaywalking, speakers said at a meeting. The most challenging problem, however, is alcohol. Some researchers suspect that part of the problem, ironically, may be former drunken drivers whose licenses were suspended and who now are walking. Other researchers, emphasizing the larger social problem of alcohol abuse in general, say many drunken pedestrians are poor alcoholics who often face lonely deaths-and not only on highways.


long delays in traffic signals that may make people cross streets without paying attention to traffic rules

a lack of adult keeping eyes on many children involved in accidents

former drunken drivers whose licenses are not allowed to use for a time

Question: Among the causes of walkers' accidents, the most serious problem is_ .


are 15 percent less than drunken adult walkers

are at least 7,000 in US traffic accidents

Question: According to recent federal data, drunken drivers in deadly accidents_ .


walking accidents have not received enough attention in the past

few methods exist to confine walking habits

researchers find it difficult to work out ways to prevent unlucky accidents

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that pedestrian accidents have remained relatively high because_ .


town planning
social history
traffic system
traffic safety

Question: The passage was most probably written by a specialist in_ .


They want to prove that siestas help people become smarter.

They want to prove that siestas can make people happier.

They want to prove that siestas may prolong people's life.

They want to prove that siestas help cure some diseases.

Question: What do scientists expect to achieve in the study of daytime siestas?

Sloth may be seen as a sin, but some of history's most accomplished men were fond of lounging around. Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed napping. So did Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. Richard Buckminster Fuller advocated taking 30-minute naps every six hours. He is reported to have abandoned the practice only because" his schedule conflicted with that of his business associates, who insisted on sleeping like other men."
No one has yet proved a correlation between napping and artistic brilliance or professional success, but an intriguing study published this week in the Archives of Internal Medicine claims to find a link between daytime siestas and good health. A team of researchers led by Androniki Naska of the University of Athens Medical School and Dimitrios Trichopoulos of Harvard's School of Public Health followed over 23,000 Greek patients with no history of coronary disease, cancer or stroke, for an average of six years. Their conclusion: napping just might save your life.
The study found that the group of adults who took siestas（defined as 30-minute naps）at least three times a week had a third fewer deaths from heart disease than an equivalent group who did not sleep at all during the day. The benefit was greater for men than for women. （Whether women benefited at all was hard to estimate as there were too few deaths among them during the course of the study.）It was also greater for working men than for those who had retired. However, a number of previous studies done in the Mediterranean and in parts of Central America（where siestas remain common）have come up with conflicting results, but Dr Naska and Dr Trichopoulos argue that those studies have often been flawed. The subjects in some, for example, had survived heart attacks and may therefore have benefited more from napping than healthy individuals do.
Given that all of the subjects of this new study were Greek, could the much-celebrated Mediterranean diet deserve credit, rather than the siestas? The firm answer from Dr Trichopoulos is" No" . And he is in a good position to say so, for it was he who did the pioneering research that put olive oil and a plant-based diet on the scientific map in the first place. Unlike some other siesta studies, his was controlled for diet, smoking, exercise and other relevant variables. The earlier findings about the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are confirmed, he says, and napping seems to help on top of that.
Before buying a sofa for the office, however, it might be wise to consider the possibility of selection bias. Dr Trichopoulos concedes that" Type A"  personalities, whose hard-working lives may make them prone to heart attacks, are also much less likely to take naps during the day. That bias might be skewing the study's results. Even so, he advises, " Take a nap if you can."


One's possibility of dying from heart diseases is smaller.

One is surely to enjoy a long life with the habit of taking siestas.

Whether siestas benefit women is still unknown due to the limited member of women participating the test.

A working man usually outlives a working woman of similar age if he has the habit of siestas.

Question: Which of the following is TRUE about taking nap regularly?


sleeping a lot
taking a nap every few hours
relaxing oneself
being lazy

Question: The expression" lounging around" （Lines 1～2, Paragraph 1）most probably means  _ .


Because the research Dr Trichopoulos has done on napping is more convincing.

Because Dr Trichopoulos is a forerunner of research on Mediterranean diet.

Because Dr Trichopoulos knows nothing about the nutritious value of Mediterranean diet.

Because Mediterranean diet is notorious for its unhealthiness.

Question: Why is Dr Trichopoulos in a good position to deny the benefit from Mediterranean diet in this case?


The research fails to apply universally because it only studies a limited scope of sample that is short of representativeness.

Most of those who have great achievements usually have the habit of taking siestas regularly.

People who work under great pressure benefit more from napping than the retired.

Dr Trichopoulos's siesta study conflicts with previous studies, which mitigate the credibility of his study.

Question: Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?


a news item
part of an introduction to a book
part of a lecture
an advertisement

Question: This passage is most probably ________.

As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture (the relative efficiency of agricultural production compared to other areas in the economy) is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for the production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income  of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States.
In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it functions. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a consideration of its market structure.


the amount of food it produces
the per capita income of farmers
its industrial performance
the production of investment goods

Question: What is the most important to agriculture is ________.


the size of the working population
the organization of agriculture
the market structure
the general development of economy

Question: The performance of farmers essentially determines ________.


the structure of American farming population

the market structure of American agriculture

the various functions of American agriculture

the organization of American agriculture

Question: This passage will most probably be followed by a discussion of ________.


Her mother was reading it with interest.

Question: Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?

One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word "Poems" appeared in big, hot pink letters.
"Is it good?" I asked her.
"Yeah," she answered. "There's one I really like and you'll like it, too." I leaned forward.
"‘Patty Poem,'" she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:
She never puts her toys away,
Just leaves them scattered1. where they lay,… 1.
The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:
When she grows and gathers poise2., 2.
I'll miss her harum-scarum3. noise, 3.
And look in vain4. for scattered toys. 4.
And I'll be sad.
A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.
"It's you, honey," My mother said sadly.
To my mother, the poem revealed a parent's affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the "she" in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.
"What's wrong?" my mother asked.
"Oh Mama," I cried. "I don't want to grow up ever!"
She smiled. "Honey, it's okay. You're not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I'll still love you, okay?"
"Okay," I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person's world.
I have since fallen in love with other poems, but "Patty Poem" remains my poem. After all, "Patty Poem" gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.


Question: After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt _ at first.


it reflected her own childhood
it was written in simple language
it was composed by a famous poet
it gave her a hint of what would happen

Question: The writer's mother liked to read "Patty Poem" probably because _ .


discover the power of poetry
recognize her love for puzzles
find her eagerness to grow up
experience great homesickness

Question: It can be concluded from the passage that"Patty Poem"leads the writer to _ .


A cameraman.
A film director.
A crowd-scene actor.
A workman for scene setting.

Question: Who is the author?

About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studioto take part in a crowd-scene. Although our "act" would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.
We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene, setting up trees at the edge of a winding path. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was
wheeled into position. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. Since it was hot in the studio, it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path. A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in "snow". Two more fans were turned on, and a "strong wind" blew through the trees. The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.
The next scene was a complete contrast . The way it was filmed was quite unusual. Pictures in front taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen . An actor and actress stood of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water's edge on an island. By a simple trick like this, palm trees, sandy beaches, and blue, clear skies had been brought into the studio!
Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film "stars"!


The heavy snowfall.
The man-made scene.
The low temperature.
The film being shown.

Question: What made the author feel cold?


A new scene would be filmed.
More stars would act in the film.
The author would leave the studio.
The next scene would be prepared.

Question: What would happen in the "three minutes" mentioned in the last paragraph?


Restricted Endangered Prevented Rejected

Question: The word threatenedin the passage paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.
Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.
Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.
In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.
There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.
Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.
The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.
Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.
The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.


Increased stony content
Reduced water absorption
Increased numbers of spaces in the soil
Reduced water runoff

Question: According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?


Question: Theword delicate(paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning to


Adjusting to stresses created by settlement

Retaining their fertility after desertification

Attracting populations in search of food and fuel

Question: According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficulty


Openly Impressively Objectively Increasingly

Question: Theword progressively(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaning to


Failureto plant crops suited to the particular area

Question: According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated withraising crops?


Consisting of
Hidden by
Except for
Lacking in

Question: Thephrase devoid of(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaning to


Require more absorption of air by the soil

Question: According to paragraph 9, the ground's absorption of excess water is a factorin desertification because it can


Soil erosion
Global warming
Insufficient irrigation
The raising of livestock

Question: All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing todesertification EXCEPT


Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.

The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in thefuture.

Desertification will continue to increase.

Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.

Question: Itcan be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which ofthe following about the future of desertification?


because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume

because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume

because they failed to give detailed description of their background in their applications

because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselves

Question: According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected  _ .

Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves." he says.
Resume arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, Crossley concludes. "If they cannot take of these details, why should we trust them with a job?"
Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward, "To keep from losing the forest for the trees", says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, "We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else".
Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. "The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time." Says Garfield, "But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary." Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.
Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.


demand others to get everything absolutely right

know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances

pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives

are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do

Question: The word "perfectionists" (Para. 3, Line) refers to those who  _ .


Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked.

Don't forget details when drawing pictures.

Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it.

Careless applicants are not to be trusted.

Question: Which of the following is the author's device to the reader?


minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives

adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work

keeping one's goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked

Question: The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that  _ .


Don't Be a Perfectionist
Importance of Adjustments
Details and Major Objectives
Hard Work Plus Good Luck

Question: The best title for this passage would be  _ .


the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpoints

the legal privileges granted to foreigners

the excessive hospitality of the American people

the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

Question: Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of ________.

It's hardly news that the immigration system is a mess. Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers, and visitors who arrive in the U.S. legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished. But since Sept. 11, it's become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the weaknesses of our system into their plans. In addition to their mastery of forging passports, at least three of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers  were here on expired visas. That's been a safe bet until now. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)  lacks the resources, and apparently the inclination, to keep track of the estimated 2 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome.
But this laxness  toward immigration fraud may be about to change. Congress has already taken some modest steps. The U.S.A. Patriot Act, passed in the wake of the Sept. 11 tragedy, requires the FBI, the Justice Department, the State Department and the INS to share more data, which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border.
But what's really needed, critics say, is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security. Reformers are calling for a rollback of rules that hinder law enforcement. They also want the INS to hire hundreds more border patrol agents and investigators to keep illegal immigrants out and to track them down once they're here. Reformers also want to see the INS set up a database to monitor whether visa holders actually leave the country when they are required to.
All these proposed changes were part of a new border-security bill that passed the House of Representatives but died in the Senate last week. Before Sept. 11, legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies: universities, which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law, and business, which relies on foreigners for cheap labor. Since the attacks, they've backed off. The bill would have passed this time but for congressional maneuverings and is expected to be reintroduced and to pass next year.
Also on the agenda for next year: a proposal, backed by some influential law-makers, to split the INS into two agencies-a good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections, deportation and other functions. One reason for the division, supporters say, is that the INS has in recent years become too focused on serving tourists and immigrants. After the Sept, 11 tragedy, the INS should pay more attention to serving the millions of ordinary Americans who rely on the nation's border security to protect them from terrorist attacks.


limit the number Of immigrants to the U.S.

prevent the forgery of immigration papers

ward off terrorist suspects at the border

Question: We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S. government agencies to ________.


might stay on for as long as [hey wished

would live in constant fear of deportation

might have them extended without trouble

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that before Sept. 11, aliens with expired visas ________.


has been serving two contradictory functions

has ignored the pleas of the two powerful lobbies

has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation's security

has been too liberal in granting visas to tourists and immigrants indiscriminately

Question: It is believed by many that all these years the INS ________.


education and business circles cared little about national security

resources were not available for their enforcement

it was difficult to coordinate the efforts of the congressmen

they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor

Question: Before Sept. 11, the U.S. Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws because ________.


Bacteria and tiny plants undergo a change while they are buried in clay.

Carbon and hydrogen combine to form shale.

Ocean rocks are converted into organic compounds.

Oil and gas rise to the surface of sediment and are trapped in rocks.

Question: According to paragraph 1, petroleum is formed in which of the following ways?

Petroleum is defined as a gaseous, liquid, and semisolid naturally occurring substance that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons (chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen). Petroleum is therefore a term that includes both oil and natural gas. Petroleum is nearly always found in marine sedimentary rocks. In the ocean, microscopic phytoplankton (tiny floating plants) and bacteria (simple, single-celled organisms) are the principal sources of organic matter that is trapped and buried in sediment. Most of the organic matter is buried in clay that is slowly converted to a fine-grained sedimentary rock known as shale. During this conversion, organic compounds are transformed to oil and natural gas.
Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas even after they have formed.
It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. Petroleum migration is analogous to groundwater migration. When oil and gas are squeezed out of the shale in which they originated and enter a body of sandstone or limestone somewhere above, they migrate readily because sandstones (consisting of quartz grains) and limestones (consisting of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable than any shale. The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil and water do not mix, water remains fastened to the quartz or carbonate grains, while oil occupies the central parts of the larger openings in the porous sandstone or limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it tends to glide upward past the carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil becomes segregated from the water; when it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.
Most of the petroleum that forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap and eventually makes its way, along with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is estimated that no more than 0.1 percent of all the organic matter originally buried in a sediment is eventually trapped in an oil pool. It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years-young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away-and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years. This does not mean that older rocks produced less petroleum; it simply means that oil in older rocks has had a longer time in which to leak away.
How much oil is there in the world? This is an extremely controversial question. Many billions of barrels of oil have already been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional oil has been located by drilling but is still waiting to be pumped out. Possibly a great deal more oil remains to be found by drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be accurately estimated, the volume of undiscovered oil can only be guessed at. Guesses involve the use of accumulated experience from a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regions where rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas. Using this approach and considering all the sedimentary basins of the world, experts estimate that somewhere between 1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil will eventually be discovered.


Question: The word "trapped" in the passage is closest in meaning to


the amount of organic matter found in layers of mud below the seafloor

the chemical changes that occur in oil and natural gas after they have formed

the fact that oil contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to be of organic origin

Question: All of the following are cited in paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter EXCEPT


It is more likely to occur along the base of continental slopes than on the continental shelves.

It only takes place in areas where the seafloor contains at least 8 percent organic matter.

It is a process that can be reversed through chemical changes that occur after the oil and gas have formed.

It involves a complicated series of chemical reactions.

Question: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the change of solid organic material into oil and gas?


To help explain why petroleum behaves differently from water in bodies of sandstone and limestone

To illustrate why petroleum migrates more rapidly through sandstone than it does through limestone

To help explain how water and petroleum can mix in certain aquifers

To account for the different molecular structures of oil and water

Question: Why does the author include the information that "The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals."?


Question: The word "encounters" in the passage is closest in meaning to


noticeable permanent protected appropriate

Question: The word "suitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to


It combines with the minerals found in groundwater.

Question: According to paragraph 4, what happens to most of the petroleum that forms in sediments?


Less petroleum will be found than in the past because the ratio of petroleum pools to volume of sediment will decrease.

Most of the petroleum will come from rocks that are less than 65 million years old.

Petroleum that has leaked away from older rocks will be the source of most new discoveries.

More petroleum will become available because the amount of trapped organic matter will increase.

Question: Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about future petroleum discoveries?


is a question causing strong disagreement

is a question that has existed for a long time

is a question composed of many related parts

Question: The phrase "is an extremely controversial question" in the passage is closest in meaning to


oil is located but has not yet been pumped out

experts accurately predicted the rock types and structures found there

the volume of oil can only be guessed at

intensive oil exploration has occurred over a long time

Question: According to paragraph 5, eastern Texas is an example of a geologic region where


Question: All of Lionel Hamilton's deeds can best be described as being  _ .

In 1999, as soon as he completed high school and following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, Lionel Hamilton enlisted to serve his country. He worked as a helicopter mechanic before ultimately becoming a pilot. He flew a Blackhawk and helped save countless lives by transporting soldiers out of danger.
Lionel still works on flying machines. Today, he oversees assembly at a GE jet engine testing facility in Peebles, Ohio. Lionel Hamilton is doing something else, too. He is answering a key question in the debate on how we build a growing and sustainable American economy. That question is not whether companies are hiring again. Manufacturing companies, large and small, are ready to hire. The question is: where can these companies find the qualified, skilled workers required for the high-tech jobs that define advanced manufacturing today?
It turns out that many companies are looking, with great success, at veterans like Lionel, both those just transitioning back to civilian life and those who have made that transition but are still looking for meaningful work. That is why the Manufacturing Institute, companies like GE, Alcoa, Boeing and Lockheed Martin, community colleges, veterans organizations, and others are launching a coalition to bolster the manufacturing talent pipeline by training veterans for jobs in advanced manufacturing. Our reason is not patriotism alone.
Manufacturing currently employs about 12 million people, and both the pay and benefits in those jobs exceed the national average. Approximately seven out of every 10 dollars of our country's R&D investments support manufacturing. The point is that while the methods of manufacturing have changed, it remains a critical component of our country's economic future. We know that there are 600,000 open high-tech jobs, just waiting to be filled. With transition support and training, vets can succeed in these jobs.


train veterans to be qualified and skilled workers

Question: According to Paragraph 3, manufacturing companies may be ready to  _ .


manufacturing is a high-income and high-profit sector

manufacturing companies support the training of veterans

high-tech jobs are just waiting to be filled

Question: The word" bolster"  （Line 5, Paragraph 3）most probably implies that  _ .


veterans are becoming more and more undervalued

intangible qualities are more valuable than technical proficiency

veterans are entirely optimistic to find suitable jobs

there are both opportunities and challenges along the road

Question: It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that


Manufacturing: We are ready to hire experienced workers.

Veterans: What can we do after transition

Veterans are the best choice for high-tech jobs in manufacturing.

Question: Which of the following is the best title for the text?


knows the subject very well and yet maintains a proper distance from him

is close to the subject and knows the techniques of biography writing

is independent and treats the subject with fairness and objectivity

possesses special private information and is sympathetic toward the subject

Question: According to the author, an ideal biographer would be one who ________.

The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. Too close a relation, and the writer may be objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul-the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a king's servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the king's biography-not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.
There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work with the position he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses: to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.
When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are in this class.
Biographers may claim that their account is the "authentic" one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is "authorized" by the subject, this presumably allows the biographer special access to private information. "Unauthorized" biographies also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, the "unauthorized" characterisation usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several "authentic" ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell the story of a life, perhaps not even the subject, and this has been proved by the history of biography.


the best biographies are meant to transform their readers

biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects' lives

the best biographies are the of heroes and famous figures

Question: The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that ________.


An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.

An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.

Authorized biographies have a wider readership.

Question: Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage?


it portrays the subject both faithfully and vividly

it contains interesting information about the subject's private life

it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsiders

it usually gives a sympathetic description of the subject's character

Question: An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because ________.


the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his job

the secret of a biographer to win more readers

the techniques required of a biographer to write a food biography

the characteristics of different kinds of biographies

Question: In this passage, the author focuses on ________.