neither type is very economical
the liquid-fuel rocket is best
each type has certain advantages
the solid-fuel rocket is best.

Question: The author feels that a comparison of liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets shows that  _ .

The great advance in rocker theory 40 years ago shows that liquid-fuel rockets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its weak solid fuel. However, during the decade, large solid-fuel rockets with solid fuels about as powerful as liquid fuels have made their appearance, and it is a favorite layman's question to
inquire which one is ―better‖. The question is meaningless. One might as well ask whether a gasoline or a diesel engine is ―better‖. It all depends on the purpose, a liquid-fuel rocket is complicated, but has the advantage that it can be controlled beautifully. The burning of the rocket engine can be stopped completely: it can be reignited when desired. In addition, the thrust can be made to vary by adjusting the speed of the fuel pumps. A solid-fuel rocket, on the other hand, is rather simple in construction, though hard to build when a really at very short notice.
A liquid-fuel rocket has to be fueled first and cannot be held in readiness for very long after it has been fueled.
(82)However, once a solid-fuel rocket has been ignited, it will keep burning. It cannot be stopped and reignited whenever desired and its thrust cannot be varied. Because a solid-fuel rocket can be kept ready for a long time, most military employ solid fuels, but manned space-flight needs the fine adjustments that can only be provided by liquid fuels. It may be added that a liquid-fuel rocket is an expensive device; a large solid-fuel rocket is, by comparison, cheap. But the solid fuel, pound per pound, costs about 10 times as much as the liquid fuel. So you have, on the one hand, an expensive rocket with a cheap fuel and on the other hand a comparatively cheap rocket with an expensive fuel.


capable of lifting heavy space shift into orbit

Question: The most important consideration for manned space flight is that the rocket be _ .


size
fuel
construction
complicated engines

Question: Solid-fuel rockets are expensive to operate because of their _ .


the fuel is cheap
they are cheap to build.
they can be stopped and reignited.
they must be used soon after fueling.

Question: Which of the following statements is not characteristic of liquid-fuel rockets?


whether a liquid-fuel or a solid-fuel rocket is better depends on the purpose

forty years ago, large solid-fuel rockets with solid-fuel as powerful as liquid fuels were made

the thrust can be made to vary by adjusting the direction of the pump

Question: The author tells us that _ .


How to make payment online.
Ways of making delivery online
Advantages of an online-auction system.
How to use an online-auction system.

Question: What is the passage mainly about?

Everyone's at it , even my neighbors. I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn't done an eBay deal. So, I decided to try my hand at online auction.Buying for beginners: Sign up on www. ehay. co. uk. Most items ( e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a short description; others may be marked with "Buy It Now" and have a fixed price. You can buy these right away.
If the item is being auctioned, you offer the. highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (') for you. The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.
How to pay: Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before
placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders. The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card .
Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item. I
followed my friends' advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starring on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.
The big things in life: It' s easy to post a small item, but furniture is a big part of eBay and this
has to be collected or sent by deliverymen. Cheek the ways of delivery before you bid.


will get what he wants in ten days
should make payment immediately
has chances to make higher bids '
may check its picture and description

Question: After bidding for an item, a buyer


through an online payment system
through a local banking system
by sending the money to the seller
by paying the dallvex3rman directly

Question: The easiest way of making payment mentioned in the passage is


he wanted to be expected
he had written some storied
he wanted to please his father
he had dreamed of being a teacher

Question: The author took the job to teach writing because _ .

A year after graduation, I was offered a position teaching a writing class. Teaching was a profession I had never seriously considered, though several of my stories had been published. I accepted the job without hesitation, as it would allow me to wear a tie and go by the name of Mr. Davis. My father went by the same name, and I liked to imagine people getting the two of us confused. "Wait a minute" someone might say, "are you talking about Mr. Davis the retired man, or Mr. Davis the respectable scholar?"
The position was offered at the last minute, and I was given two weeks to prepare, a period I spent searching for briefcase  and standing before my full-length mirror, repeating the words, "Hello, class. I'm Mr. Davis." Sometimes I would give myself an aggressive voice. Sometimes I would sound experienced. But when the day eventually came, my nerves kicked in and the true Mr. Davis was there. I sounded not like a thoughtful professor, but rather a 12-year-old boy.
I arrived in the classroom with paper cards designed in the shape of maple leaves. I had cut them myself out of orange construction paper. I saw nine students along a long table. I handed out the cards, and the students wrote down their names and fastened them to their breast pockets as I required.
"All right then," I said. "Okey, here we go." Then I opened my briefcase and realized that I had never thought beyond this moment. I had been thinking that the students would be the first to talk, offering their thoughts and opinions on the events of the day. I had imagined that I would sit at the edge of the desk, overlooking a forests of hands. Every student would yell. "Calm down, you'll all get your turn. One at a time, one at a time!"
A terrible silence ruled the room, and seeing no other opinions, I inspected the students to pull out their notebooks and write a brief essay related to the theme of deep disappointment.


He would be aggressive in his first class.

He was well-prepared for his first class.

He got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.

He waited long for the arrival of his first class.

Question: What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 2?


write down their suggestions on the paper cards

cut maple leaves out of the construction paper

cut some cards out of the construction paper

write down their names on the paper cards

Question: Before he started his class, the author asked the students to _ .


They began to talk.
They stayed silent.
They raised their hands.
They shouted to be heard.

Question: What did the students do when the author started his class?


he got disappointed with his first class

Question: The author chose the composition topic probably because _ .


enjoy traveling
can buy love
usually commit suicide
are not always happy

Question: According to the passage, children of rich families _.

Life really should be one long journey of joy for children who are born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet.But experts on psychological research now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are a sign of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the rich who most often do away with themselves.
Dr. Robert Coles, an internationally famous doctor, is the world's top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-received book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich," says the 53-year-old doctor, such as better health, education and future work expectation. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can't buy love."
It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that's where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so much to choose from that they often become confused. Their parents'over favoring can make them spoiled. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which often makes them feel restless.
"But privileged children do have a better sense of their positions in the world," adds Mr. Coles, "and they are more self-assu red."
Today's rich parents perhaps have realized that their riches can be more of a burden than a favor to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money.


being rich has as many advantages as being poor

rich children often get too little entertainment

rich children sometimes can"t enjoy the thing they are most in need of

rich children aren"t given enough things

Question: Dr. Robert Coles believes that _.


It is love that is always lacking in rich and poor families alike.

Silver spoons can sometimes leave a bitter taste.

Rich children are often confused because they have so much to choose from.

Question: Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?


very expensive spoons
rich people
wealth
spoons made of silver

Question: The expression "silver spoons" in Paragraph 1 means _.


the rich are more likely to do away with themselves

money can bring a lot of things, including love

life is always happy for children of rich parents

rich parents should realize what is important in the family is love rather than money

Question: This article is written mainly to tell readers that _.


The methods used to observe auroras from outer space

The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles

The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras

The periodic variation in the display of auroras

Question: What does the passage mainly discuss?

The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.
To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.
The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.
Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.


Question: The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to


Question: The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to


its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth

it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere

it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind

Question: The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because


polar regions
electrons
atoms and molecules
aurora radiations

Question: The word "them" in line 16 refers to


Question: According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?


change from
connect with
add to
give off

Question: The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to


Question: The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to


magnetic storms do not affect Earth
solar flares are very intense
the speed of the solar wind is reduced
the excitation of atoms is low

Question: Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when


Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.

New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.

Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.

Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.

Question: The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras?


"magnetosphere" (line 6)
"electrons" (line 15)
"ionize" (line 15)
"fusion" (line 29)

Question: Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?


America has suddenly become a nation of old people

more elderly professors are found on American campuses

American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students

Question: "...Old is suddenly in" (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means " _ ".

For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs, coupled with the aging of the baby-boom  generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California's (USC) School of Gerontology .
Lawyers can specialize in "elder law," which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination . Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. "Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money," one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was "really bored with bacteria." So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she lied it. She says, "I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying."


from rendering special services to the elderly

by enriching their professional knowledge

by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests

Question: With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit _ .


Retirees are more generous in spending money.

The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.

There are more elderly people working than before.

Question: Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?


The volunteer workers in retirement homes.

College graduates with an MBA or law degree.

Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.

Question: Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?


will provide good job opportunities in many areas

will impose an unbearable burden on society

may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination

will create new fields of study in universities

Question: It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America's elderly population _ .


Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.

When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.

Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.

When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.

Question: According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?

Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180°centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.
The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of AfricA.the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.


usable. plentiful. economical. familiar.

Question: The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to


economical. familiar. plentiful. useful.

Question: The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to


They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.

Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.

Question: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?


Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.

Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.

Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.

Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.

Question: According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?


To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.

To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.

To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.

To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.

Question: In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?


Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.

More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.

Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.

A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.

Question: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?


the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.

the water above the rock is under very high pressure.

the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.

the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.

Question: According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because


locating.
increasing.
making use of.
estimating the size of.

Question: The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to


Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.

The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.

Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.

Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.

Question: How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?


it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.

these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.

these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.

it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.

Question: In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that


To meet his girlfriend.
To work as an engineer.
To spend his holiday.
To visit the Andersons.

Question: Why was Duret in New York?

Brave Frenchman Found Half??way Around the World
(NEW YORK)A French tourist highly praised for rescuing a two??year??old girl in Manhattan said he didn't think twice before diving into the freezing East River.
Tuesday's Daily News said 29??year??old Julien Duret from France is the man who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.
He lifted the little girl out of the water after she fell off the bank at the South Street Seaport museum. He handed the girl to her father，David Anderson, who had dived in after him.
"I didn't think at all."Duret told the Daily News. "It happened very fast. I reacted very fast."
Duret，an engineer on vacation, was walking with his girlfriend along the pierwhen he saw something falling into the water. He thought it was a doll，but realized it was a child when he approached the river, in an instant, he took off his coat and jumped into the water.
When he reached the girl, she appeared lifeless, he said. Fortunately，when she was out of the water, she opened her eyes.
Anderson said his daughter slipped off the bank when he was adjusting his camera. An ambulance came later for her, said Duret, who was handed dry clothes from onlookers. Duret caught a taxi with his girlfriend shortly after.
The rescue happened on the day before he left for France. Duret said he didn't realize his tale of heroism had greatly moved New York until he was leaving the city the next morning.
"I don't really think I'm a hero."said Duret. "Anyone would do the same thing."


He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothes.

He went to the hospital in the ambulance.

Question: What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came?


David Anderson.
A passer??by.
His girlfriend.
A taxi driver.

Question: Who dived after Duret into the river to save the little girl?


A couple of days after the girl was rescued.

Question: When was Duret most probably found to be the very hero?


to clean the floor
to please the nurse
to see a patient
to surprise the story-teller

Question: When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was _ .

We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Very dirty floors." "Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, "But aren't you working late?" Mum just pushed harder, each swipeof the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book. After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, "Thank you." Outside, Mum told me, "Dagmar is fine. No fever." "You saw her, Mum?" "Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It's a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush."


It has strict rules about visiting hours.

The nurses and doctors there don't work hard.

Question: After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?


strange warm-hearted clever hard-working

Question: Which of the following words best describes Mum?


Question: The word "vast" in the passage is closest in meaning to

The city of Memphis, located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo, was founded around 3100 B.C. as the first capital of a recently united Egypt. The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance. First, and most obvious, the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center, standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country. The older predynastic (pre-3100 B.C.) centers of power, This and Hierakonpolis, were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta, which had been incorporated into the unified state. Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out, difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt (roughly 3000-2600 B.C.) required.
The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications, even before the unification of Egypt. The region probably acted as a conduit for much, if not all, of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt. Moreover, commodities (such as wine, precious oils, and metals) imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south. In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm, an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.
Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt. The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication and the national capital was, again, ideally located in this respect. Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times. It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade, transport, and communications than was previously appreciated. Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums. When the floodplain was much lower, as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times, the outwash fans (fan-shaped deposits of sediments) of various wadis (stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods) would have been much more prominent features on the east bank. The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain, forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis. The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers, making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.
Furthermore, the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the control not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes. The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert. In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East, to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi. Access to, and control of, trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt's rulers during the period of state formation. The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt. The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental. Moreover, the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage. As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement; this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.


Memphis was in a better location for maintaining administrative control.

Memphis had long been a regional administrative center by the time Egypt was united.

This and Hierakonpolis had never actually been incorporated into the unified state.

Egyptian rulers had failed to keep political control over This and Hierakonpolis in predynastic times.

Question: According to paragraph 1, why was Memphis a better choice for the capital of a united Egypt than either This or Hierakonpolis?


the reduction of the strategic importance of older centers of power

the opportunity for the recently united Egypt to become economically self-sufficient

the increase in political tensions between the rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt

the reduction of Egypt's dependence upon the Nile for trade and communications

Question: It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one consequence of the unification of Egypt was


Two simultaneous developments are described, as well as the reasons why neither one would have occurred without the other.

A hypothesis is presented, and then points in favor of that hypothesis as well as points against it are discussed.

A major event is described, and then the most obvious effects of that event are presented.

A decision is described, and then one likely motivation for that decision is presented.

Question: Which of the following best describes how paragraph 1 is organized?


Once internal trade was fully controlled from Memphis

Not until early dynastic Egypt established its state-directed economy

Only when local supplies of those goods had been completely used up

Question: According to paragraph 2, when did Egypt import goods from the Near East?


Question: The word "appreciated" in the passage is closest in meaning to


The level of the Nile floodplains was much higher in predynastic and dynastic times than in later times.

The sediment deposits of wadis were not as noticeable in predynastic and dynastic times than in later times.

The Nile valley at the point of Memphis was narrower in predynastic and dynastic times than it was in later times.

Frequent rainy periods may have caused a significant reduction of trade traffic during the predynastic and dynastic times.

Question: According to paragraph 3, recent research into the topography of the Memphis region in ancient times suggests which of the following?


Question: The word "vicinity" in the passage is closest in meaning to


It was at the junction of a major trade route with the Nile valley.

It was near land that could be used for animal grazing and for growing crops.

The nearby outwash fans led into wadis that could be used as desert trade routes.

Since foreign traders had settled in nearby Maadi, trade between the two cities could be established.

Question: According to paragraph 4 which of the following is NOT a reason Memphis was chosen as the capital of a united Egypt?


to have gone wrong
to have been helpful
to have occurred by chance
to have made a difference

Question: The phrase "to have been accidental" in the passage is closest in meaning to


To give an indication of the level of prosperity that Memphis is thought to have enjoyed from its earliest days

To compare the Memphis region to them in terms of their similar combinations of characteristics providing advantages for early settlement

To identify the models that the founders of Memphis followed in laying out the national capital

To suggest that the combination of desert pasturage and alluvial arable land in the same area was very common

Question: In paragraph 4, why does the author mention the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab?


Dr.Gates is a scientist who can always attract the public attention to his research.

Dr.Gates is a very famous scientist，though he wanted to be a sportsman at first

Dr.Gates is a scientist who always carries a notebook with him wherever he Goes.

Dr.Gates is very popular for his determination to become a baseball player

Question: 0f the four statements，which one best indicates the author's idea?

Dr.Harvey Gates，the noted scientist，might neverhave discovered the Kamron lizardin Blovia，ifit had not been for a childhood accident As a boy，hewas determined to become a baseball player，butwhen he broke his arm in practice at the age offourteen and was forced to stay off the playing fieldfor a while，he took notice of the natural worldaround him and liked what he saw
After he had recovered from his injury，he caught a squirreland raised it as a pet.Soonhe was bringing home snakes and other creatures from the woods near his school.
In 1962，he entered Blakeford College and majored in biology By 1966 he had received hisBachelorof Science degree and two years later at Drysdale University， he received hisDoctor of Science degree.It was while he was doing field research for his doctoral studies inSouth America in 1967 that he discovered and named the Kamron lizard.This animal wasdifferent from others of its kind in that it had only four toes on its front feet. In otherrespects，it was similar to others of the same family It could change its color and go for longperiods without food.


while making up his mind to become a baseball player

Question: In the first paragraph of the passage.the phrase"in practice"means" _ "


Question: In the second paragraph，the word"creatures"can best be replaced by " _ "，


after he had graduated from Drysdale University

right after he had finished his study for the doctor's degree

after he had received his highest degree

during the time when he was studying for the doctor's degree

Question: It was _ that Dr Gates discovered the Kamron lizard.


It possesses four toes on its front feet.

Question: Which of the following is not mentioned as a feature of the Kamron lizard?


established. competing. nearby. different.

Question: The word "rival" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

In 1977 ecologists Stephen Hubbell and Leslie Johnson recorded a dramatic example of how social interactions can produce and enforce regular spacing in a population. They studied competition and nest spacing in populations of stingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica. Though these bees do no sting, rival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sites.
Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers. They generally nest in trees and live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of workers. Hubbell and Johnson observed that some species of stingless bees are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies, while other species are not. Aggressive species usually forage in groups and feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps. Nonaggressive species feed singly or in small groups and on more widely distributed flowers.
Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of stingless bees to determine whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution. They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumpeD. distribution. They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.
Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions.So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting. They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies. What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
Hubbell and Johnson mapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accurately, and the nests of four of these species were distributed regularly. All four species with regular nest distributions were highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own species. The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area.
The researchers also studied the process by which the aggressive species establish new colonies. Their observations provide insights into the mechanisms that establish and maintain the regular nest distribution of these species. Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones, chemical substances secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species. The pheromone secreted by these stingless bees attracts and aggregates members of their colony to the prospective nest site; however, it also attracts workers from other nests.
If workers from two different colonies arrive at the prospective nest at the same time, they may fight for possession. Fights may be escalated into protracted battles.The researchers observed battles over a nest tree that lasted for two weeks. Each dawn, fifteen to thirty workers from two competing colonies arrived at the contested nest site. The workers from the two colonies faced off in two swarms and displayed and fought with each other. In the displays, pairs of bees faced each other, slowly flew vertically to a height of about three meters, and then grappled each other to the ground. When the two bees hit the ground, they separated, faced off, and performed another aerial display. Bees did not appear to be injured in these fights, which were apparently ritualized. The two swarms abandoned the battle at about 8 or 9 A.M. each morning, only to re-form and begin again the next day just after dawn. While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality, fights over occupied nests sometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle.


non-aggressive bees that forage on the same flowers.

bees of their own species from different colonies.

Question: According to paragraph 2, some species of stingless bees are aggressive mainly toward


the distribution pattern of bee colonies determines the degree of aggressiveness the bees display.

nests of nonaggressive bees have either a random or a clumped distribution, while nests of aggressive bees have a regular distribution.

nests of nonaggressive bees are generally both closer together and more regularly distributed than those of aggressive bees.

nests of aggressive bees tend to be more regular in shape than those of non-aggressive bees.

Question: According to paragraph 3, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized that


To determine whether the availability of potential nest sites played a role in the distribution of bee colonies.

To know exactly where in the study area the colonies of all the different bee species were located.

To be sure that suitable nesting sites were equally available in all parts of the study area.

To find out whether different species of bees preferred different types of trees as potential nest sites.

Question: According to paragraph 4, why did Hubbell and Johnson begin their study by mapping all the potential nest sites?


the order in which the colonies in the study area had been established.

the level of aggressiveness of each of the nine species.

the distribution pattern of the nests of five of the nine species.

the number of colonies of each of the nine species.

Question: According to paragraph 5, Hubbell and Johnson determined


To identify research results that contradicted Hubbell and Johnson's original hypothesis.

To indicate that research results confirmed that nest distribution was related to aggressiveness.

To introduce the hypothesis that, within the same species, not all colonies are aggressive.

To point out that both aggressive and nonaggressive species are equally successful at finding nest sites.

Question: Why does the author indicate that "The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area"(paragraph 5)?


tools to study.
opportunities for.
evidence of.
an understanding of.

Question: The phrase "insights into〃 in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to


The use of pheromones tends to result in nest clumping.

Pheromones attract animals other than bees to prospective nest sites.

Pheromones tend to make bees aggressive.

Pheromones secreted by bees of one colony also attract bees of other colonies.

Question: According to paragraph 6, what is one result of using pheromones to mark nest sites?


intensified. transformed. combined. lengthened.

Question: The word "escalated" in the passage (paragraph 7) is closest in meaning to


They are more violent than battles over unoccupied nest sites.

They mostly occur between colonies of different species.

They are more frequent than battles over unoccupied sites.

They last longer than battles over unoccupied sites do.

Question: Paragraph 7 supports which of the following ideas about fights over occupied nests?


Question: The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.
Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their "high-tech" designs long ago.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.
Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure). Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance.
There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.
The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77"F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.


Question: The word they in the passage refers to


To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other

To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are

To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies

To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes

Question: Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?


Question: The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to


Increasing their ability to defend themselves

Allowing them to change direction easily

Increasing their ability to detect odors

Question: According to paragraph4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help these fishes by


They need to suck in more water than other fishes do.

They cannot open their mouths unless they are in motion.

Question: According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?


Question: The word channel in the passage is closest in meaning to


Gain speed by forcing water past their gills

Question: According to the passage, one of the adaptations of fast-swimming fishes that might be used to improve the performance of ships is these fishes' ability to


Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.

Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.

They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.

They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.

Question: According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?


They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.

They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.

They attach more importance to workers than equipment.

They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.

Question: Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.
While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is as lower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that to with these processes will disappear.


He is one of the most important executives in firms.

His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.

He is directly under the chief financial executives in the firms.

He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.

Question: What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?


workers who lack basic background skills

Question: The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ________.


the improvement of worker's basic skills

the rational composition of professional and managerial employees

the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees

Question: According to the passages, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ________.


American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.

Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.

The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm's hierarchy.

The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.

Question: What is the main idea of the passage?


the distance he stands away from the chart

the speed at which he recognizes the letters

Question: The Snellen eye chart measures one's eyesight by _ .

The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feetaway. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk. for instance,has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime on the sidewalk while perched on top of the Empire State Building+ It can make fine visual distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are farsighted. while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish. can see well in both the air and water because it is endowed with two foveae.-areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones. that provide visual distinctions. One fovea permits the bird, while in theair. to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus both eyes, like binoculars, on its prey at the same time. A frog's vision is distinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as "bug detectors", a highly developed set of cells in a frog's eyes responds mainly to movingobjects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldn't see them as food and would starve.
The bee has a "compound" eye. which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facets that divide what it sees into a pattern of dots. or mosaic. With this hind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as a single dot, a constant point of reference. Thus. the eye is a superb navigational instrument that constantly measures the angle of its line of flight in relation to the sun. A bee's eye also gauges flight speed. And if that isnot enough to leave our 20/20 "perfect vision" paling into insignificance. the bee is capable of seeing something we can't-ultraviolet light. Thus,what humans consider to be "perfect vision" is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasures of color vision.


It can identify small items more quickly than we do.

It can see ai a longer distance than we do.

It has more cones in che retina than we do.

Question: How is hawk's eyesight better than ours?


avoid farsightedness
be able to see underwater
move one eye at a time
focus its eyes on the prey

Question: Monocular vision enables the kingfisher to _ .


dividing what it sees into thousands of dots

using the sun as a constant point of reference

Question: A bee finds its direction by _ .


The differences between human eyes and other species' eyes.

The advantages of other species' eyes in comparison with human eyes.

The factors that make other species' eyes better than human eyes.

The standard that determines me "perfect vision" of human eyes.

Question: What is the main idea of the passage'?


Because he was ill.
Because he got up late.
Because he was caught in a traffic jam.
He was busy applying for a new job.

Question: Why was Sam late for his job?

A lot of us lose life's tough battles by starting a frontal attack-when a touch of humor might well enable us to win. Consider the case of a young friend of mine, who hit a traffic jam on his way to work shortly after receiving an ultimatum about being late on the job. Although there was a good reason for Sam's a being late-serious illness at home-he decided that this by-now-familiar excuse wouldn't work any longer. His supervisor was probably already pacing up and down preparing a dismissal speech.
Yes, the boss was, Sam entered the office at 9:35. The place was as quiet as a locker room; everyone was hard at work. Sam's supervisor came up to him. Suddenly, Sam forced a grin and stretched out his hand. "How do you do!" he said. "I'm Sam Maynard. I'm applying for a job. Which, I understand, became available just 35 minutes ago. Does the early bird get the worm?"
The room exploded in laughter. The supervisor clamped off a smile and walked back to his office. Sam Maynard had saved his job-with the only tool that could win, a laugh.
Humor is a most effective, yet frequently neglected, means of handling the difficult situations in our lives. It can be used for patching up differences, apologizing, saying "no", criticizing, getting the other fellow to do what you want without his losing face. For some jobs, it's the only tool that can succeed. It is a way to discuss subjects so sensitive that serious dialog may start a quarrel. For example, many believe that comedians on television are doing more today for racial and religious tolerance than people in any other forum.


Sam Maynard saved his job with humor
humor is important in our lives
early bird gets the worm
humor can solve racial discriminations

Question: The main idea of this passage is  _ .


tried to hold back
tried to set
charged
gave out

Question: The phrase "clamped off" in Paragraph 3 means  _ .


Many lose life's battles for they are lacking in a sense of humor.

It wasn't the first time that Sam came late for his work.

Sam was supposed to come to his office at 8:30.

Humor is the most effective way of solving problems.

Question: Which of the following statements can we infer from the passage?


Ray had something urgent to take care of.

Question: From the first paragraph, we get the impression that

Text B
Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out.
The town had changed,but then it hadn't.On the highways leading in,the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility.This town had no zoning whatsoever.A landowner could build anything with no permit,no inspection,no notice to adjoining landowners,nothing.Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork.The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.
But in the older sections,nearer the square,the town had not changed at all.The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike.Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew,or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted.Only a few were being neglected.A handful had been abandoned.
This deep in Bible country,it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church,sit on porches,visit neighbours,rest and relax the way God intended.
It was cloudy,quite cool for May,and as he toured his old turf,killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting,he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton.There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played Little League for the Pirates,and there was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children.There were the churches-Baptist,Methodist,and Presbyterian-facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries,their steeples competing for height.They were empty now,but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.
The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it.With eight thousand people,Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns.But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants,and there wasn't a single empty or boarded-up building around the square-no small miracle.The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.
He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander.Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead.Ray had always assumed that the family money he'd never seen must have been buried in those graves.He parked and walked to his mother's grave,something he hadn't done in years.She was buried among the Atlees,at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.
Soon,in less than an hour,he would be sitting in his father's study,sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest.Many orders were about to be given,many decrees and directions,because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.
Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he'd climbed twice,the second time with the police waiting below.He grimaced at his old high school,a place he'd never visited since he'd left it.Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.
It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.


Lifeless. Religious. Traditional. Quiet.

Question: Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray's hometown?


close.
remote.
tense.
impossible to tell.

Question: From the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents was


considerate. punctual. thrifty. dominant.

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that Ray's father was all EXCEPT


Vision assistance is listed on the list of popular worker interests.

Vision assistance is becoming more and more popular among employees。

Vision assistance is considered as one of the employee benefits.

Vision assistance is the top concern of the employees.

Question: What is the meaning of the last sentence of paragraph one?

When companies consider their benefits mix.coverage for medical care is often top.of-mind.Yet there may be another,even more powerful concern driving employee coverage preferences：vision care.Roughly 75％of adults in the United States require some type of vision correction.and 84 percent of adults believe that vision benefits are somewhat or very important to them.As a result.vision assistance is moving higher and higher on the list of sought.after employee benefits.
What's driving the trend?One factor is the increasing power of eye examinations to detect systemic illness.In addition to identifying nearsightedness，farsightedness and astigmatism，routine eye exanls now play a role in diagnosing conditions such as diabetes，brain aneurysms，liver disease and stroke risk.
Early identification，in turn，translates into markedly lower expenditures for employers.In 2014，eye problems will cost companies an estimated$8 billion in reduced productivity.Making sure employees get the right eye care helps employers reduce these losses.At the same time，it boosts their ability to retain loyal workers.
So what's the best way to get patients into the exam chair?One way is to provide a vision plan that lowers out-of-pocketexpenses.Indeed，research shows that out-of-pocket expense--not premiums--is the number-one factor employees consider when choosing a-vision plan."And that's just smart."says independent insurance broker Shannon Enders.　　"Premiums make up only about 30 percent of total out.of-pocket expenses.So it pays to100k beyond the premium and see the real cost of a plan."
A study conducted by Service Excellence Group Inc.，a leading market research company,shows how the right vision insurance plan can result in across-the-boardsavings for employees.The study compared the prices customers with different insurance plans paid for the same popular pair of eyeglasses at independent doctors and retail chains.It found that customers with insurance plans that were most successful at keeping out-of-pocket expenses low saved hundreds of dollars.
With eyeglasses becoming as much of a fashion accessoryas a vision aid，forward-thinking companies are beginning to take note.Enders says more of his clients are saying yes to vision care plans."Employees care about their eyes，"he says."And offering benefits packages with the features employees care most about will become an even more important corporate strategy going forward."


Identilying nearsightedness,farsightedness and astigmatism.

Diagnosing diabetes，brain aneurysms，liver disease and stroke risk.

Identifying eyesight problems and detecting systemic illness.

Question: What are the functions of eye examinations?


It can reduce the losses caused by eye problems.

It helps the employers keep the employees.

It can lower the expenses of the employers and keep the workers.

It can help increase the employees'income.

Question: What are the advantages of right vision care plan for the employers?


The most successful vision insurance plan helps employees save the most money.

A vision insurance plan helps employees save hundreds of dollars at a time.

Eyeglasses at independent doctors cost more than in retail chains.

Eyeglasses at independent doctors cost less than in retail chains.

Question: What does the study of Service Excellence Group Inc.suggest?


It takes a lot of money to look beyond the premium.

Considering the real cost of a plan costs too much.

The company should take employees'most concerned benefits seriously.

The company should vision insurance plan as a strategy.

Question: What can be learned from Shannon Enders'words?


didn't start till the Shakespearean age.

Question: Britain's public sentiment about the countryside

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.
In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever." It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience	a refreshing air.	Hill s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives	planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing	off-plan	building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.
The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.
The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.


gradually destroyed.
effectively reinforced.
largely overshadowed.
properly protected.

Question: According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now be


Labour is under attack for opposing development.

The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building.

The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

Question: Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?


highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.

reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

Question: The author holds that George Osborne's preference


the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

the town-and-country planning in Britain.

Question: In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\


the background information of journal editing.

the publication routine of laboratory reports.

the relations of authors with journal publishers.

the traditional process of journal publication.

Question: In the first paragraph, the author discusses

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.


It criticizes government-funded research.

It introduces an effective means of publication.

It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

It benefits scientific research considerably.

Question: Which of the following is true of the OECD report?


it provides an easier access to scientific results.

it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

Question: According to the text, online publication is significant in that


allow other online journals to use it freely.

complete the peer-review before submission.

Question: With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to


The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

Publication is rendered easier by online service.

Question: Which of the following best summarizes the text?


forming sugars
sustaining woody stems
keeping green
producing carbon dioxide

Question: A growing plant needs water for all of the following except	.

Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.
The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll  and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it.
Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates .


to form sugars
to derive energy from light
to preserve water
to combine carbon dioxide with water

Question: The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is	.


a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs

carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development

a plant needs more water than is found in its composition

the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss

Question: The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that 	.


The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.

The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.

Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.

Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.

Question: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?


the functions of carbon dioxide and water

the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide

Question: This passage is mainly about 	.


both writers and cooks have to work a long time every day

both are writers and cooks can earn a good living

Question: In this passage, good writing is compared to fine food in that _ .

Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. And good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the opposite, just as the cook has to undergo a particular training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at hisdesk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose is-schoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication.
You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.
There are still some faraway places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your business or social writing for you, for money. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service ofthat rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to work from. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves.
We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to papers. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put intomails or delivered by hand, but the daily figures must be extremely large. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes whatever he writes will be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some "letters-to-be-read" files or into a wastepaper basket. This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practicing the skills of interesting, effective writing.


a secretary who does your business or social writing

a person who ears a living by writing for others

Question: A public "scribe" (Para 2, Line 1) is _ .


they rely on quick notes
they have excellent secretaries
they have a computer to do it
they prefer making phone calls

Question: According to the passage, some managers don't have to do any letter writing because _ .


it will receive immediate attention
it will be dealt with by the secretary
it is likely to be neglected
it is meant to be delivered soon

Question: According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some "letter-to-be-read" file, _ .


to explain and persuade
to comment and criticize
to interest and entertain
to argue and demonstrate

Question: The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _ .


The Age of Reason
The need for Independent Thinking
The Value of Reason
Stirring People's Minds

Question: The best title for this passage is _ .

No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.


adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.

be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,

suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.

Question: According to the author, it is always advisable to _ .


acceptance of truth
controversy over principles
inordinate enthusiasm
a dread of heterodox speculation

Question: According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find _ .


enslaved by tradition
less than fully rational
determinded on controversy
having a closed mind

Question: According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as _ .


A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.

Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,

The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.

excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements _ .


America will become hotter
precipitation patterns will change
seas will become higher
hurricanes will become even fiercer

Question: Many experts believe that_

Hot as it is in much of America just now, many atmospheric experts predict that the weather will get worse.Global warming will jack up temperatures and change precipitation patterns, while baskers in beach-front properties will feel the lash of higher seas and possibly even fiercer hurricanes.
Most scientists agree that the subtropical areas, such as south-western America, will get hotter and drier.The governments 2000 National Assessment (much criticised by conservatives) projected that temperatures in America would rise by up to 5Celsius (9Fahrenheit) by 2100, with a sharp increase in the minimum winter temperature along the north-east coast.Fresh data will come next January, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports on the regional implications of global warming.Precipitation is harder to predict than temperature, and no one quite knows what will happen to the periodic E1 Nifio phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean.But scientists certainly expect more droughts and flooding in America.In sum, Extremes of the hydrologic cycle will become more extreme, according to Jim Hansen, a NASA scientist.That means more severe storms, as well as forest fires brought on by dry conditions.
Already such patterns are evident.Massachusetts was drenched in May (and Washington, D.C., got soaked in June).Seattle had 27 straight days of rain this winter.The first half of this year was the hottest ever recorded in America.It is, of course, impossible to attribute any specific event to global warming, but scientists say the weird weather is consistent with what the models predict.
If all these weather forecasts come true, where will be the best place to live? Probably not fast- growing south-western cities such as Phoenix or Las Vegas.With few trees and plants to cool things down through evaporation, and with heat pumping out of buildings and cars (what is called the urban heat island effect), these cities may roast.Up in the mountains, skiers too will have a tough time of it, as snowpacks melt.
For those who like rain, Canada may do nicely.Most models show Mexico getting drier and Canada wetter in the future, according to Isaac Held, a researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.By extension, northern parts of the United States will generally get wetter, and southern parts generally drier.The Pacific north-west may not be too bad.Summer temperatures west of the Cascades will rise by up to 1.7C, as against up to 2.2C for areas east of the mountains, predicts Clifford Mass of the University of Washington.Seattle may get cloudier in the spring and early summer.That is a bright spot of sorts, on an otherwise unhappy canvas.[442 words]


is beyond prediction
is to become more frequent
usually leads to more forest fires
may bring more severe storms

Question: According to scientists, the periodic E1 Nifio phenomenon_


The hot climate in the first of this year.

Many consecutive days of rain in Seattle.

The wet weather of Massachusetts in May.

Question: Which of the following can be attributed to global warming?


extremely high temperatures
the fast-growing economy
not so fast growing economy
the scarcity of trees and plants

Question: Both Phoenix and Las Vegas are characterized by_


the rise of temperatures is to become faster

northern parts of the U.S.are more suitable to live in

Question: It can be inferred from the text that_


protect it from irresponsible development

provide financial security for future generations

Question: The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of 's "Last Great Places" is to _ .

Two hours from the tall buildings of  and  live some of the world's largest black bears. They are in northern 's , a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.
The streams, lakes, meadows , mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats  are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy  named the area one of America's "Last Great Places".
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the  of , , the conservancy's bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.
Altemose's family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family's land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.
Cook attributes the Conservancy's success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents
"The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community," Cook said. "The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort.
For more information on how you can help the Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world's other "Last Great Places," please call 1-888-564 6864 or visit us on the World Wide Web at www.tnc.org.


the population in the Pocono area is growing

wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly

the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened

farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast

Question: We learn from the passage that _ .


The setting up of an environmental protection website

Support from organizations like The Nature Conservancy

Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders

Inclusion of farmlands in the region's protection program

Question: What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?


Financial contributions from local business leaders

Consideration of the interests of the local residents

The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area

The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area

Question: What does Bud Cook mean by "having a local presence" (Line 1, Para. 5)?


an official document
a news story
an advertisement
a research report

Question: The passage most probably is _ .


but it made the author's heart sink deeper

so that the author could drive to the center with no fears

so that they could prepare for all he flaps

Question: On their way to the test center，Stan tried to comfort the author _ .

I was due to take my driving test at 11：30 am.It was a rainy morning with low clouds and as I approached the driving school at 9：50 am，my heart sank.My driving instructor. Stan，said something，trying to drive away my fears，but I was not impressed
We set off for the test centre with an hour to go I wanted a run round the test circuit ，but we got stuck in a traffic jam，and could only drive no faster than walking.
We arrived at the test centre at 11 am.Stan made me watch a group of six learners emerging from the building with their respectiveexaminers.Their instructors were looking out from two windows.We watched them drive off They must have been feeling very nervous
Stan took me round the probable test track，pointing out the traps.The weather became even worse It seemed to make me feel worse too.I had developed a couldn't-care-less mood，and was almost calm We returned to the test centre in time to see the six unfortunates returning.Their nerves must have been in a terrible state.
I sat in the waiting room until six examiners came in to call out our respective names. Mine showed no emotion as he asked me to go to my car I showed none either，but the tension began mounting again.


Six learners would be tested at the same time.

The learners were tested in the presence of their instructors

None of the six learners passed the test in the end.

The instructors were as nervous as the learners

Question: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?


Question: When the author was sitting in the waiting room，he was quite _ .


firm confidence
mixed emotions
increased nervousness
perfect calmness

Question: When it was his turn to take the test，the author went to his car with _ .


the influence of bad weather upon a test taker

the feelings of a learner before his driving test

Question: The passage is mainly about _ .


Question: Scientists were flying over a desert or hilly wasteland or a mountain region in order to search for _  in the ground.

Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour's flight one of the scientists wrote in his book, 'Look here for probable metal' Scientists in another airplane, flying over a mountain region,sent a message to other scientists on the ground,'Gold possible.' Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported,'This ground should be searched for metals.' From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back by radio one word,'Uranium'.
None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic powers for looking down below the earth's surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of location minerals in the ground---using trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants are growing.
This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.
At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada,a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxed were filled with small banches from te trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested .Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it.
Study of the roots , branches,and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amounts of gold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.
If the trees had not indicated that there was gold in the ground, the scientists would not have spent money to pay for digging into the deeper. They did dig and found more fold below. They dug deeper. They found large quantities of gold.


there were larger amounts of gold in the branches than in the seeds.

there were small amounts of gold in the roots than in the branches

there were larger amounts of gold in the seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk than seeds growing on the ends of branches.

there were more gold in the branches than in the roots

Question: The study of trees,branches and roots indicates that_ .